Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter Volume 6, Issue 1

Transcrição

February, 1993
SPN
Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter
vol. 6 number 1
In this Issue
African (Black-footed) Penguin Studbook Update
1
Humboldt Penguin SSP Report
2
New Publication on Behavioral Enrichment
4
Recent Literature on Penguins
5
Short Notes
18
Some Like It Hot: Penguins in New Orleans
19
Publication infonnation:
SPN Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter
ISSN # 1045-0076
Indexed in: Wildlife Review and
Zoological Record
Printed on recycled paper.
SPN is published twice annually, with financial support from the Portland Chapter of the
American Association of Zoo Keepers, and the Metro Washington Park Zoo, and from its readers.
Subscription is free, to those with a serious interest in Spheniscus penguins. Contributions toward
printing and postage costs are welcome (and tax-deductible in the US); please make checks payable
to "Portland Chapter, AAZK," and send to the Editor at the address below.
Articles submitted for publication should be typed. For articles which include graphs (such as
line or bar graphs) please include a separate sheet giving the data used to generate the graph.
Authors who work on a Macintosh computer can help our editorial process by sending their work
on disk (accompanied by a paper copy just in case). Deadline for receipt of articles for the next issue
is April 1, 1993. Appropriate black-and-white photos and art work are welcome too.
The drawing which serves as our cover logo is reproduced by kind permission of the artist, Ann
Munson. Thanks to Bill Lemus for the drawing on this issue's back cover.
For those who want to check to see that they have all issues of SPN to date, the issues published
are as follows: vol. 1, no. 1, Sep. 1988
vol. 1, no. 2, Spring 1989
vol. 2, no. 1, Nov. 1989
vol. 3, no. 1, Nov. 1990
vol. 4, no. 1, Aug. 1991
vol. 4, no. 2, Dec. 1991
vol. 5, no. 1, Aug. 1992
vol. 6, no. 1, Feb. 1993 (present issue).
As you can see, there has been some inconsistency in both publication and numbering. Since
1990, each new calendar year begins a new volume number. Our intention has been to publish two
issues per year but sometimes pressure of other commitments has made this impossible.
Please address all correspondence to:
Cynthia Cheney, Editor
Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter
Washington Park Zoo
4001 SW Canyon Rd.
Portland, Oregon 97221 USA
Telephone: (503) 226-1561
FAX: (503) 226-6836
Studbook Update:
African (Black-footed) Penguins in North America
FREDERICK B.C. BEALL
THE 1991 NORTH AMERICAN REGIONAL
STUDBOOK
FOR
THE
AFRICAN
(BLACKFOOTED) PENGU1N CONTAINS
historical information on 1,519 specimens. The living population as of 31
December 1991 was 541 (149.162.230).
This represents a net gain of 42 specimens over the 31 December 1990
population.
Deaths numbered 73 specimens.
Twenty~four,or32.9%, of deaths were
of individuals more than one year old.
Two founders, one male (#52) and one
female (#55) were lost, at the ages of 25
and 26 years old respectively. Both
birds have living representatives.
However, the female is represented by
only 14 living offspring. None of these
have themselves been successful in reproduction.
First year mortalities number 49, or
67.1 %, of all 1991 deaths. Of the fust year
mortalities, 44 (90%) occurred during
the first three months, and 25 (51 %) during the first two weeks, of life.
Seventy-nine transfers occurred
both Nationally and Internationally.
There were no registered imports for
1991. Exports numbered 26 specimens
to two European facilities.
Egg production was realized in 30
of the 39 holding institutions. A total of
125 pairs produced 453 eggs. Sixty-five
pairs were successful at hatching one
or more. The number of known fertile
eggs was 186, resulting in a 41.1 % fertility rate for all eggs produced. Of the
eggs that were fertile, 144, or 77%,
hatched.
One hundred sixty, or 35.3%, of all
eggs were determined to be infertile.
An additional 107, or 23.6%, were of
n
unknown fertility.
African (Black-footed) Penguin Population
in North America
1990
1991
454
499
Number of Imports
0
0
N umber of Exports
0
26
Number of Hatches
122
141
Number of Deaths
77
73
Living 31 December
499
541
Living 1 January
Frederick B.C. Beall, Studbook Keeper
Franklin Park Zoo
Franklin Park Rd.
Boston, MA 02121
USA
SPN
Februrary 1993 page 1
Humboldt Penguin SSP Report
PATRICIA MCGILL, PH.D.
GAIL PERKINS
INTRODUCTION
THE CURRENT SSP POPULATION OF HUMBOLDT PENGUINS IS APPROXIMATELY 245 BIRDS
HOUSED IN 10 zoos AND AQUARIUMS IN
North
America.
The
first
masterplanning session targeted maintenance of 90% of the genetic diversity,
for 200 years: this would require a
minimum viable population of approximately 200 penguins. However,
little emphasis was placed on discussions of these targets and their
relevance for this species. Rather, in
this developing stage, the first challenge was to resolve the slow
population decline and stabilize the
population. At this time, finding space
for existing and new birds is a critical
issue.
Current Population Status
The SSP population appears at
present to be slowly increasing and
appears to have reached the target
MVP. However, many of the existing
individuals are older than 15 years,
and have not reproduced. The present
population is the highest it has ever
been; during the past 10 years the
population has fluctuated between 160
and 200, but since 1987 has increased
slowly, but steadily.
There are no Humboldt penguins
considered to be surplus to the SSP
population.
Demographic Trends
Reproduction is occurring in the
population and many founders or potential founders are surviving. During
1991,39 pairs hatched young and 30 of
those pairs had young survive. This is
Patricia McGill, Ph.D.,
Species
Coordinator
Gail Perkins, Studbook Keeper
Chicago Zoological Society
3300 Golf Rd.
Brookfield, Illinois 60513
USA
SPN
Febrnary 1993 page 2
a major achievement; in 1990, 21 of 23
breeding pairs had young survive and
in 1989, only 12 of 21 breeding pairs
produced surviving young. Life table
analysis of the studbook population
indicates a population growth rate (r)
of 0.003 (up from -0.01 in 1990). The
generation time (7) is 12 years and the
population growth rate per generation
(R o ) is 1.04. The key factors that produce this essentially zero growth are
an average 35% mortality prior to 30
days age and an age distribution with
13% of the population over 15 years.
Breeding is possible between ages 322, but peak production of young
occurs between 5-13 years. Despite a
maximum recorded life span of 29,
very few penguins live beyond 22. Of
the 56 deaths during 1991, 28 were
young of the year and 28 were older
birds.
Population Genetics
The genetic profile of the population remains very encouraging. There
are 85 potential founders in the population with 62 of those having living
descendants. However, 52 of those
have two or more descendants and
improving survival of young continues to increase this number.
Fractional founder contributions
currently range from 0-0.053. Although the founder contributions do
not approach parity, until now it was
decided to continue breeding the relatively represented birds because of the
unstable demographic picture and aging population. Now, recruitment of
poorly represented or unrepresented
founders must become a major focus.
Gene drop analysis indicated a
present retention of 80% of the founder
alleles (with a theoretical potential for
92%). The analysis shows 98% of the
wild gene diversity has been retained
at this time.
Special Concerns
Two new concerns have been identified this year.
(1) Space. There is a shortage of
space for existing and new birds. Two
significant events, coupled with improved breeding success, have
contributed strongly to this: (a) Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, in the face of
continuing facility and medical problems, decided to withdraw from the
SSP, at least for the present; and (b)
new management strategies at Sea
World of San Diego have identified
numerous surplus birds at that colony.
(2) Identifying sexes. Because of
the recognized risk following transport and the difficulty of managing
proper genetic pairing in a colonial
species, it is imperative that the sexes
of birds can be correctly identified
prior to their move into a breeding
colony. Creative strategies for managing related birds in a colonial setting
need to be pursued.
The key concerns that had been
identified in the past were hybridization with other Spheniscus species (now
eliminated) and medical risks, primarily avian malaria and aspergillosis.
During the 1990 masterplanningworkshop, a number of other concerns were
identified:
(1) High post-transfer mortality. At
times in the past, episodes of post-transfer mortality reached as high as 50%.
Because a number of strategies were
identified to reduce this risk, post-transfer mortality is now very low.
(2) High post-hatching mortality.
Over the entire studbook, mortality during the first 30 days is 35%; in some
individual years, this post-hatching
mortality has been as high as 45%. In
1991, this dropped to a new low of 26%.
(3) Aging population, particularly unrepresented founders. With
13% of the population over 15 years of
age, breeding of unrepresented
founders must become a high priority.
(4) Medical challenges. Although
significantly moderated, aspergillosis
continues to be a periodic threat to
both indoor and outdoor colonies. Increased interest in the problem has
turned attention to improving diagnostic, treatment and prophylactic
protocols. Attention to the threat of
avian malaria has reduced this risk.
Research
Research in nutrition continues to
focus on levels of supplementation,
resultant levels of nutrients in the
blood, levels of key nutrients in com-
monly fed fish and comparisons with
blood levels from the wild.
Results are still very preliminary.
The SSP received a donation for
promoting research on the species and
must actively promote use of these
funds.
Progress Toward Goals
The following activity toward accomplishing our established goals
took place during the past year:
(1) 100% of the recommended
moves were accomplished, including
the transfer of five eggs/hatchlings.
Unfortunately, because of decreased
space available and increased surplus,
we were not able to recommend as
many transfers as are needed.
(2) The priority given to hand
rearing young and attention to promoting successful parent rearing (via
supplemental feedings and/or hydration of chicks when needed) led to a
significant improvement in the number of young produced. For the first
please turn to page 4
Data Table (current through 1 June 1992)
Two years
ago
Participating institutions
One year
ago
Current
year
9
11
10
80.84.15
85.86.38
90.81.74
179
209
245
a
a
a
?
<10
<10
40
56
92
# surviving to 30 days
22 1
39
68
# SSP recommended hatchings
40
56
92
# of nonrecommended hatchings
a
a
a
21
26
56
Captive Population
#SSP animals managed
# SSP animals not required to meet goals
# animals in nonparticipant collections
desirable SSP but desirable for SSP
Total # of hatchings in SSP program
# of deaths of SSP animals
# transfers recommended
12
82
# of transfers completed
12
82
# of exports
a
a
a
a
a
a
# founders with represented descendants
56
61
62
# of imports
11989 data are based on survival to end of year
2An additional transfer of five eggs was recommended and completed
SPN
I-Iumboldt Penguin SSP Report
continued from page 3
time there is slightly positive population growth.
(3) An application for a Penguin
TAG has been submitted; one focus
will be cooperative management (both
spaces and husbandry) of the Spheniscus species.
(4) The first section of a husbandry
manual was begun. Under the leadership of the staff and associates of Sea
World, a survey and preliminary summary of hand rearing techniques was
completed.
5) Recognition should be extended
to all the participating institutions who
worked hard to improve the stability
of the population.
Short-term Goals for Upcoming
Year
(1) Accomplish approximately 50
transfers of birds, either to move offspring from their natal colonies or to
pair older birds who are not breeding
in their present locations.
(2) Identify at least three new institutions to join the SSP.
(3) Accomplish sexing of all
young birds by the time they are 6-12
months of age.
(4) As leaders in the Spheniscus
subcommittee of the new TAG: (a)
schedule and organize second
masterplanning session by early 1993;
and (b) continue work on husbandry
manual, finalize protocols and diet
analysis for hand rearing, begin guidelines for physical facility.
n
Promoting Natural Activity in Zoo Animals: a new source of ideas
Try this for penguins: Pebbles, twigs, and straw in the exhibit will be collected and moved by the animals when courting and building nests. The pebbles should be rounded and too large to swallow. Providing large, round stones massages
feet and prevents Bumblefoot disease through relief of the pad.
-From the Copenhagen Zoo's Behavioral Enrichment: A Catalogue of Ideas, 1990. (reprinted with permission from
The Shape of Enrichment, vol. 1, no. 1.)
Zoo keepers have long been concerned with increasing opportunities for their animals to exercise nonnal behavior
patterns of exploration, food-seeking, and play. Providing "toys" or "novel objects," scattering food items to promote
foraging, and adding trees, logs, ropes, or climbing structures, have been some of the methods used. As behavioral research in wos has become more common, and as visitors and staff alike have developed higher standards for zoo exhibits
and animal well-being, the use of ''behavioral enrichment" has come to be seen as a necessity rather than a luxury. Behavioral enrichment can provide many benefits: increasing activity and fitness; reducing conflict among members of a
group; lessening stereotypic behaviors; giving visitors a chance to observe an active animal.
Providing behavioral enrichment for penguins is perhaps more of a challenge than for animals like bears or primates.
Nesting material, as suggested above, is useful; feeding live fish from time to time, and providing some source of water
movement (a wave machine or water falling into the pool), can inspire penguins to chase and play more in the pool. What
other ideas might work?
A new publication can help those in zoos to share ideas in this field: The Shape of Enrichment began publication in August
1992 as "an open forum for keepers, trainers, curators, researchers, designers, and volunteers who have techniques and
approaches to captive enrichment." The first issue included articles on enrichment for drills, fur seals, condors, and orangutans, and on the use of browse in wos, plus short items like the one above, on otters, ostriches, sun bears, and others.
Subscriptions are $8; write to: The Shape of Enrichment, 1650 Minden Dr., San Diego, California 92111-7124.
If you have techniques that have worked with your penguins, please share them with others, through sending a brief
description to The Shape of Enrichment, and to SPN (address on inside cover).
SPN
February 1993 page 4
Recent Literature concerning Penguins
In aprevious issue (August, 1991), we published Dr. David DUffy's Selected Bibliography ofSpheniscus Penguins, which
gathered together Spheniscus literature up to 1987. The bibliography whichfollows covers the years since then, but includes
all species ofpenguin. Also, afew articles have been included which do not directly deal with penguins, but describe research
methods, habitat analysis, and the like that may be ofinterest in penguin research as well. Most of the items in this bibliography have been collectedfrom the past several years ofWildlife Review. Literature locatedfrom othersources will be printed
in future issues.We would appreciate receiving references or reprints ofpapers not included here, for future bibliographies,
which will eventually be combined and made available as a separate comprehensive penguin bibliography.
Adams, N.J. and CR. Brown. Dietary differentiation and trophic relationships in the sub-antarctic penguin community
at Marion Island. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 57(3): 249-258.1989. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African Omitho!., Univ. Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.] Aptenodytes patagonica, Eudyptes chrysolophus, E. chrysocome, and Pygos-
celis papua.
Adams, N.J. and CR. Brown. Energetics of moult in penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 120. 1988. Abstract only. [Percy Fitzpatrick
Inst. African Ornitho!., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.]
Adams, N.J. and N.T. Klages. Temporal variation in the diet of the Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua at sub-Antarctic
Marion Island. Colon. Waterbirds 12(1): 30-36. 1989. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African Ornitho!., Univ. Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.]
Adams, N.J. Embryonic metabolism, energy budgets and cost of production of King Aptenodytes patagonicus. and Gentoo Pygoscelis papua Penguin eggs. Compo Biochem. Physiol. A Compo Physiol. 101(3): 497-503.1992. [Percy Fitzpatrick
Inst. African Ornitho!., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.]
AdelWlg, D. and B. Culik. A method to obtain hand-reared Adelie Penguins for physiological experiments. Cormorant
16(2): 120. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Mar. Zool., Inst. MeereskWlde Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300
Kiel I, Germany]
Anderson, David J. Differential responses of boobies and other seabirds in the Galapagos to the 1986-1987 El Nino Southern
Oscillation Event. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 52(3): 209-216. 1989. [Dep. Bio!., Univ. Pa., Philadelphia 19104] Sula nebouxii,
S. dactylotra, and S. sula.
Austin, F.J. Virological studies on AdeIie Penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 120-121. 1988. Abstract only. [MRCNZ Virus Res.
Unit" Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56, DWledin, New Zealand]
Bannasch, R. Functional anatomy of the 'flight' apparatus in penguins. J. Mar. BioI. Assoc. U.K. 71(3): 708-709.1991. Abstract only. [ForschWlgsstelie Wirbeltierforschung, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, D-1136, Berlin, Germany]
Bennett, Kathy A. Behavioral observations of captive Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) with chicks. AAZPA
(Am. Assoc. Zool. Parks Aquariums) Reg. Con! Proc. p. 269-276. 1991.
Bennett, Kathy. Molt patterns of Black-footed Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at Baltimore Zoo. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(2): 1-4. 1991. [San Francisco Zoo, 1 Zoo Rd., San Francisco, CA 94132]
Bernard, Joni B.; Paul P. Calle and Duane E. Ullrey. Extraordinary dietary Vitamin A and D levels in Rockhopper Penguins «(Eudyptes crestatus). Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. p. 105-107. 1989. [Dep. Anim. Sci. Mich. State
Univ., East Lansing 48824]
Blackburn, N.; R.H. Taylor and P.R. Wilson. An interpretation of the growth of the Adelle Penguin rookery at Cape Royds,
1955-1990. N.Z.j. Ecol., 15(2): 117-121. 1991. [Datalogisk Inst., Arhus Univ., 8000 Arhus C, Denmark] Pygoscelis
adeliae in Antarctica.
Blackwell, Simon. More about banding: notes on individual identification used at Cotswold. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 2(1): 14. 1989. [Cotswold Wildlife Park, Burford, Oxford OX 18 4JW, England] Spheniscus humboldti and Eudyptes
chrysocome.
Blanchard, Kathleen A. and Martha C Monroe. Effective educational strategies for reversing population declines in sea. birds. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Con! 55:108-117. 1990. [Quebec-Labrador Found., At!. Cent. Environ.,
Ipswich, MA]
Boersma, P. Dee and David Stokes. Decline of Magellanic Penguins at Punta Tombo, Argentina. Pac. Seabird Group Bull.
19(1): 46-47.1992. Abstract only. [Inst. Environ. Studies, Dep. Zool., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195] Spheniscus ma-
gellanicus.
SPN
Recent Literature
Boersma, P. Dee. Asynchronous hatching and food allocation in the Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus . In: Acta
XX Congressus lntemationalis Ornithologici. Ben D. Bell, RO. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D. Heather, RA. Hitchmough,
CJ.R Robertson, and M.J. Williams, editors. VoI.II. p. 961-973. 1991. [lost. Environ. Studies, Dep. Zoot, Univ.
Wash., Seattle 98195]
Boersma, P. Dee. Status of wild and captive penguin populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6(12):381-382. 1991. [Inst. Environ.
Studies, Dep. Zool., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Boersma, P. Dee. Magellanic Penguins of Patagonia. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(1): 2-3.1988. [lost. Environ. Studies,
Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Boersma, P. Dee. Nesting sites for Spheniscus Penguins. SpheniscusPenguin Newsletter 4(1): 8-9.1991. [lost. Environ. Studies,
Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Boersma, P. Dee and Emily M. Davis. Sexing monomorphic birds by vent measurements. Auk 104: 779-783. 1987. [lnst.
Environ. Studies, Dep. Zool., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Boersma, P. Dee; Patricia Gandini; Estaban Frere; Tomas Holik and Victoria Lichtschein. Chronic petroleum pollution
oils Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in Argentina. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 19(1): 46.1992. Abstract
only. [lost. Environ. Studies, Dep. Zool., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Bosman, A.L. and P.A.R. Hockey. The influence of seabird guano on the biological structure of rocky intertidal communities on islands off the West coast of Southern Mrica. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 7:61-68. 1988.10 English with Afrikaans
summ. [Percy Fitzpatrick lost. Mrican Ornitho!., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Mrica]
Bost, C and P. Jouventin. Evolutionary ecology and ethology of penguins; with special reference to the Gentoo Penguin.
Connorant 16(2): 121. 1988. Abstract only. [CEBAS-CNRS, Villers en Bois, F-79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France]
Pygoscelis papua.
Bost, CA. and P. Jouventin. Laying asynchrony in Gentoo Penguins on Crozet Islands: causes and consequences. Ornis
Scand. 21(1): 63-70.1990. [CE.B.AS., CN.RS, 79360 Beauvoir/Niort, France]
Bost, CA. and P. Jouventin. Relationship between fledging weight and food availability in seabird populations: is the
Gentoo Penguin a good model? Oikos 60(1): 113-114. 1991. [CE.B.AS., CN.RS., 79360 Beauvoir/Niort, France]
Pygoscelis papua.
Bost, CA and P. Jouventin. The breeding perfonnance of the Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua at the northern edge of
its range. Ibis 133(1): 14-25. 1991. [Cent. Etudes BioI. Anim. Sauvages,CNRS., 79360 Beauvoir/Niort, France]
Bowles, AE. Recognition of familiar calls by the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)--how important are call timing,
spectral characteristics, and frequency modulation? J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90(4):2335. 1991. Abstract only. [HubbsSea World Res. lost., 1700 S. Shores Rd., San Diego, CA 92109]
Bowles, AE.; S.A. Ellis-Joseph and F.S. Todd. Re-uniting in three captive penguin species: perspectives on the factors
promoting long-tenn pair bonds in the wild. Connorant 16(2): 121-122.1988. Abstract only. [World Res. Inst., 1700
So. Shores Rd., San Diego, CA 92109] Aptenodytes forsteri, A. patagonica, and Pygoscelis adeliae
Brisbin,!. Lehr Jr. Birds as indicators of global contamination processes: the Chernobyl connection. In: Acta XX Congressus
lnternationalis Ornithologid. Ben D. Bell, RD. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D. Heather, RA Hitchrnough, CJ.R Robertson,
and M.J. Williams, eds. Vol. IV. p. 2503-2508.1991. [Savannah River Ecol. Lab., P. O. Drawer E., Aiken SC 29801]
Brown, Christopher R Energy requirements and food consumption of Eudyptes penguins at the Prince Edward Islands.
Antarct. Sci. 1(1): 15-21. 1989. [Dep. Zoo!' & Entomol., Rhodes Univ., P.O. Box 94, Graharnstown 6140, South Africa]
E. chrysolaphus and E. chrysocome.
Bucher, T.L.; M. A Chappell and K. R Morgan. Metabolism and ventilation in Adelie Penguin chicks. Am. Zool., 29(4):
56A 1989. Abstract only. [Univ. Calif., Los Angeles] Pygoscelis adeliae in Antarctica.
Bucher, Theresa L.; Mark A. Chappell and Kenneth R Morgan. The ontogeny of oxygen consumption and ventilation in
the Adelie Penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae. Respir. Physiol. 82(3): 369-388.1990. [Dep. Bio!., Univ. Calif., Los Angeles
90024]
Challies, CN. Periodic return of Whiteflippered Penguins to their breeding site and its influence on timing of laying.
Connorant 16(2): 122. 1988. Abstract only. [For. Res. Cent., For. Res. Inst., P.O. Box 31-011, Christchurch, New
Zealand] Eudyptula albosignata in New Zealand.
Chappell, M.A The cost of thennoregulation for breeding Adelie Penguins. Am. Zool. 29(4): 5A 1989. Abstract only. [Univ.
Calif., Riverside] Pygoscelis adeliae in Antarctica.
SPN
Chappell, M.A.; K.R Morgan and S.L. Souza. Wind and temperature effects on metabolism of chicks and adults of Ade1ie
Penguins. Connorant 16(2): 122-123. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. BioI., Univ. Calif., Riverside 92521]Pygoscelis adeliae..
Cheney, Cynthia. Banding penguins: a review of methods. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(2): 2, 7. 1989. [Washington Park
Zoo, 4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221]
Cheney, Cynthia. Captive reproduction in Spheniscids: a statistical overview. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(2): 8-9.1989.
[Washington Park Zoo,4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221]
Cheney, Cynthia.5pheniscus penguins: an overview of the world captive population. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 3(1):
12-16.1990. [WaShington Park Zoo,4001 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221]
Cherel, Yves and Vincent Ridoux. Prey species and nutritive value of food fed during summer to King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonica chicks at Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago. Ibis 134(2): 118-127. 1992. [Lab. Etude Regulations
Physiol., Assoc. Univ. Louis Pasteur, CN.RS., 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France]
Cherel, Yves; Vincent Ridoux and Gerald Kooyman. [The dive characteristics and diet of the Royal Penguin Aptenodytes
patagonica, in the Crozet Isles.] Alauda 59(1): 28. 1991. In French.[Lab. Etude Regulations Physiol., CN.RS.,
Strasbourg, France]
Cockrem, J.F.; G.R. Eynon and D.C Waddington. Melatonin and circadian rhythms in the Adelie Penguin. Connorant 16(2):
123.1988. Abstract only. [Ecol. Div., DSIR, Private Bag, Lower Hutt, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliae in Antarctica.
Collins, Teresa Kinsler. Black-footed Penguins at the Knoxville Zoo. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 5(1): 21-23. Spheniscus
demersus.
Cooper, J. New data on rarely recorded seabirds in Southern Mrica. Connorant 16(2): 114. 1988. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst.
Mrican Omithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.] Eudyptes chrysolophus and E. chrysocome.
Cooper, J.; CR Brown; RP. Gales; M.A. Hindell; N.T.W. Klages, et al. Food and feeding habitats of Crested Penguins.
Cormorant 16(2): 123-124.. 1988. Abstract only. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African Omithol., Univ. Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7700, South Mrica.]. Eudyptes.
Cooper, Wynston. Rockhopper penguins at the Auckland Islands. Notornis 39(1): 66-67. 1992. [Dep. Conserv., Box 743,
Invercargill, New Zealand] Eudyptes chrysocome ftlholi in New Zealand.
Costa, D.P.; B.S. Fadely and P. Dann. Energy expenditure and travelling speeds of free-ranging Little Penguins. Connorant 16(2): 124. 1988. Abstract only. [Long Mar. Lab., Inst. Mar. ScL, Univ. Calif. Santa Cruz 95064] Eudyptula minor.
Cranfield, Mike; Fred Beall; Mary Skjoldager and Donna Ialeggio. Avian malaria. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(2): 5-7.
1991. [Baltimore Zoo, Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, MD 21217] Spheniscus demersus.
Crawford, Robert J.M.; Anthony J. Williams; Rod M. Randall; Bridget M. Randall; Aldo Berruti; and Graham J.B. Ross.
Recent population trends of Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus of Southern Mrica. BioI. Conserv. 52(3): 229243. 1990 [Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, South Mrica]
Crissey, Susan D. Supplements available and nutrient content of fish fed to Humboldt Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin
Newsletter 3(1): 4-9. 1990. [Chicago Zool. Soc., Brookfield Zoo, 3300 Golf Rd., Brookfield IL 60513] Spheniscus
humboldti.
Croxall, J.P. and RW. Davis. Energy budgets and foraging behavior of free-ranging Pygoscelis and Eudyptes penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 124. 1988. Abstract only. [British Antarct. Surv., NERC, MadingJey Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET,
England]
Croxford, Lynda and Jan Forbes. Breeding Fairy Penguins at the Australian Reptile Park. Thylacinus 10(2): 9-12.1985.
[Australian Reptile Park, Gosford, N.5.W., Australia] Eudyptula minor.
Cruz, Justine B. and Felipe Cruz. Effect of EI Nino-Southern Oscillation conditions on nestling growth rate in the darkrumped petrel. Condor 92(1): 160-165. 1990. [School For. & Environ. Studies, Duke Univ., Durham, N.C 27707]
Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia in the Galapagos Islands.
Culik, B.; A.J. Woakes; D. Adelung; RP. Wilson; N.R Coria and H.J. Spairani. Energy requirements of Ade1ie Penguin
(Pygoscelis adeliae) chicks. J. Comp. Physiol. B Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 160(1): 61-70.1990. [Inst. Meereskunde,
Abteilung Meerswol., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiell, Germany]
Culik, Boris and Rory P. Wilson. Energetics of under-water swimming in AdeIie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) . J. Comp.
Physiol. B. Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. 161(3):285-291. 1991.[Inst. Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D2300 Kiell, Germany]
SPN
Recent Literature
Culik, Boris and Rory P. Wilson. Swimming energetics and performance of instrumented Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis
adeliae). J. Exp. Bioi. 158:355-368. [Inst. Meereskunde Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-23oo Kiell, Germany] 1991.
Cul1en, J.M. and P. Dann. Demography of Little Penguins at Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. Cormorant 16(2): 125.1988.
Abstract only. [Dep. Zoo!., Monash Univ., Clayton, Vic. 3168 Australia] Eudyptula minor.
Dann, P. and J.M. Cul1en. Life-time reproductive output of the Little Penguin. Cormorant 16(2): 125. 1988. Abstract only.
[Penguin Res. Corom. Manage., P.O. Box 403, Cowes, Vic. 3922, Australia] Eudyptula minor.
Dann, Peter and J.M. Cullen. The maximum swimming speed and theoretical foraging range of breeding Little Penguins,
Eudyptula minor, at Phillip Island, Victoria. Corella 13(2): 34-37.1989. [Penguin Reserve Cornm. Manage., Phil1ip
Island Penguin Reserve, P.O. Box 403, Cowes, Vic. 3922, Australia]
Dann, Peter. An experimental manipulation of clutch size in the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor. Emu 88(2): 101-103. 1988.
[Penguin Reserve Cornm. Manage., P.O. Box 403, Cowes, Phillip Island, Vic. 3922, Australia]
Darby, J.T. and P.J. Seddon. The breeding biology of the Yelloweyed Penguin. Cormorant 16(2): 125-126. 1988. Abstract
only. [Otago Mus., Great King St., Dunedin, New Zealand] Megadyptes antipodes in New Zealand.
Davis, L.S. Mate choice in penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 126. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56,
Dunedin, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliae in New Zealand.
Davis, Lloyd S. and John T. Darby, editors. Penguin Biology. Academic Press, Inc. 467 p. 1990. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Otago,
Dunedin, N.Z.]
Davis, Lloyd S. Mate choice and sexual dimorphism in penguins. In: Acta XX Congressus lnternationalis Ornithologici. Ben
D. Bell, RO. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D. Heather, RA. Hitchmough, CJ.R Robertson, and M.J. Williams, editors.
Vo!. III p. 1352-1360. 1991. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliae in
Antarctica.
de Lisle, G.W.; W.L. Stanislawek and P.J. Moors. Pasteurella multocida infections in Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) from Campbel1 Island, New Zealand. J. Wildl. Dis. 26(2): 283-285. 1990. [Cent. Anim. Health Lab.,
Wallaceville Anim. Res. Cent., Minist. Agric. & Fish., P.O. Box 40-063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand]
Drabek, Charles M. Heart and ventricle weights of Antarctic penguins. Can. J. Zool. 67(10): 2602-2604.1989. In English
with French surnm. [Dep. Bio!., Whitman Col!., Walla Walla, WA 99362] Aptenodytesforsteri, Pygoscelis antarctica,
and P. adeliae.
Duffy, David Cameron. Field studies of Spheniscus Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(1): 10-15. 1991. [The Seatuck
Foundation, P.O. Box 31, Islip, Long Island, N.Y. 11751]
Duffy, David Cameron. A selected bibliography of the Spheniscus Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(1): 16-21. 1991.
[The Seatuck Foundation, P.O. Box 31, Islip, Long Island, N.Y. 11751]
Duffy, D.C; RP. Wilson; M.-P. Wilson and B. Araya M. Sympatry of two penguin species on the coast of Chile. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 16(1): 25-26.1989. Abstract only. [Escuela Cienc. Ambientales, Univ. Nac., Heredia, Costa Rica]
Spheniscus humboldti and S. magellanicus.
Edgington, D.G. Behavioural and morphological sexing of the Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(2): 14-20. 1989. [Cotswold Wildlife Park, Burford, Oxfordshire, OX18 4JW England]
El1is-Joseph, S. A. Behavioural influences on incubation success in captive Adelie Penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 126. 1988.
Abstract only. [Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60814] Pygoscelis adeliae.
Ellis-Joseph, S. A. Penguins in zoos: progression from maintenance to management. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(2):
4-6.1989. [Lincoln Park Zoo, 2200 N. Cannon Dr., Chicago, IL 60814]
Ellis-Joseph, Sue. Patterns of incubation behavior in captive-housed Adelie Penguins: implications for long-term penguin
breeding programs. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(2): 8-11. 1991. [Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN 55124]
Pygoscelis adeliae.
Erasmus, T.; David H. Thomas and G.I.H. Kerley. Osmoregulation by pelagic seabirds. Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 19:14891497.1988. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth, South Africa] Spheniscus demersus in South Africa.
Fadely, Janey and Peter Dann. Vocal recognition by Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 19(1): 48. 1992. Abstract only. [217B Owen St., Santa Cruz, CA 95062]
Flach, E.J.; M.F. Stevenson and G.M. Henderson. Aspergillosis in Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at Edinburgh Zoo,
1964 to 1988. Vet. Rec. 126(4): 81-85.1990. [14 E. Mayfield, Edinburgh EH9 ISE Scotland]
Fordyce, RE. and CM. Jones. New fossil penguin material from New Zealand and the early history of penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 126-127.1988. Abstract only.[Dep. Ceol., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand]
SPN
Gales, N.J.; N.T.W. Klages; R Williams and E. J. Woehler. The diet of the Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytesforsteri, in Amanda
Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 2(1): 23-28.1990. [Antarct. Div., Channel Hwy., Kingston,
Tasm., 7150 Australia]
Gales, R; C. Williams and D. Ritz. Foraging behaviour of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor: initial results and assessment of
instrument effect. J. Zool. (London) 220(1): 61-85. 1990. [Zool. Dept., Univ. Tasmania, P.O. Box 252C, GPO Hobart, Tasm.
7001, Australia]
Gales, RP.; B. Green; K Newgrain and D. Pemberton. Comparative breeding energetics of penguins at Macquarie Island
and Heard Island. Cormorant 16(2): 127. 1988. Abstract only. [Zool. Dept., Univ. Tasmania, P.O. Box 252C, GPO
Hobart, Tasm. 7001, Australia] Pygoscelis papua, Eudyptes chrysolophus, E. chrysocome, and E. schlegeli.
Gales, RP. Free-living energetics of Little Penguins during the annual cycle. Cormorant 16(2): 127. 1988. Abstract only.
[Zool. Dep., Univ. Tasmania, P.O. Box 252C, GPO Hobart, Tasm. 7001, Australia] Eudyptula minor in Australia.
Gales, Rosemary and Brian Green. The annual energetics cycle of Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor). Ecology 71(6): 22972312.1990. [Ocean Sci Cent., Memorial Univ., Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada A1C 657]
Gales, Rosemary and David Pemberton. Recovery of the King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus, population on Heard
Island. Aust. Wildl. Res. 15(5): 579-585.1988. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Tasmania, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Tasm., 7001
Australia]
Gales, Rosemary and David Pemberton. Seasonal and local variation in the diet of the Little Penguin, Eudyptula minor,
in Tasmania. Aust. Wild/. Res. 17(3): 231-259. 1990. [Dep. Zoo\., Univ. Tasmania, Box 252 C, GPO, Hobart, Tasm.
7001, Australia.
Gales, Rosemary. Validation of the use of tritiated water, doubly labeled water, and UNa for estimating food, energy, and
water intake in Little Penguins, Eudyptula minor, during moult. Physiol. Zool. 62(1): 147-169. 1989. [Dep. Zool.,
Univ. Tasmania, Box 252C GPO, Hobart, Tasm. 7001, Australia]
Gales, Rosemary; Brian Green and Colin Stahel. The energetics of free-living Little Penguins Eudyptula minor during moult.
Aust. J. 2001.36(2): 159-167. 1988. [Dep. ZooI., Univ. Tasmania, Box 252C GPO, Hobart, Tasm. 7001, Australia]
Ghebremeskel, K. ; T. D. Williams; G. Williams; D. A Gardner and M. A Crawford. Dynamics of plasma nutrients and
metabolites in moulting Macaroni Eudyptes chrysolophus and Gentoo Pygoscelis papua Penguins. Compo Biochem.
Physiol. A Compo Physiol. 101(2): 301-307.1992. [lnst. Brain Chern. and Human Nutr., Hackney Hospital, Homerton
High St., London E9 6BE, England]
Ghebremeskel, K; G. Williams; J.F. Keymer and D.T. Horsley. Liver and plasma retinol (Vitamin A) in wild, and liver
retinol in captive penguins (Spheniscidae). J. Zool. (Lond.) 219(2): 245-250. 1989. [Dep. Nutr. Biochem., Inst. Zoo\.,
Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, England] Eudyptes crestatus, Spheniscus magellanicus, S. humboldti, S. demersus,
Aptenodytes patagonica, Pygoscelis papua, P. antarctica, and P. adeliae in the Falkland Islands.
Golombek, Diego A; Javier A. Calcagno and Carlos M. Luquet. Circadian activity rhythms of the Chinstrap Penguin of
Isla Media Luna, South Shetland Islands, Argentine Antarctica. f. Field Ornithol. 62(3): 293-298. 1991. In English
with Spanish summ. [Dep. Cienc. Bio\., Fac. Cienc. Exactas & Nat. (UBA), Ciudad Univ., Pab. II, 1428 Buenos Aires,
Argentina.] Pygoscelis antarctica.
Green, B. and L.S. Davis. The breeding energetics of Adelie Penguins at Cape Bird, Ross Island. Cormorant 16(2): 127-128.
1988. Abstract only. [Div. Wild\. & Eco\., CSIRO, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, ACT 2602, Australia] Pygoscelis adeliae.
Green, B. and RP. Gales. Water, sodium and energy turnover in free-living penguins: a review. Cormorant 16(2): 128. 1988.
Abstract only. [Div. Wildl. & Ecol., CSIRO, P.O. Box 84, Lyneham, ACT 2602, Australia]
Green, Brian; Nigel Brothers and Rosemary Gales. Water, sodium and energy turnover in free-living Little Penguins,
Eudyptula minor. Aust. J.Zool. 36(4): 429-440. 1988. [Div. Wild\. & Eco\., CSIRO, p.o. Box 84, Lyneham, AC.T. 2602,
Australia]
Green, K and G.W. Johnstone. Changes in the diet of Adelie Penguins breeding in East Antarctica. Aust. Wildl. Res. 15(2):
103-110.1988. [Antarctic Div., Channel Hwy, Kingston, Tasm. 7050, Australia] Pygoscelis adeliae.
Greenfield, L. G. and K.-J. Wilson. AdeIie Penguin colony estimations from aerial photography and ground counts. Polar Rec. 27(161): 129-130. 1991. [Dep. Plant & Microbiol. ScL, Univ. Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand]
Pygoscelis adeliae.
Groscolas, R Metabolic adaptation to fasting in penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 128. 1988. Abstract only. [Lab. Physiol. Anim.
Nutr., Univ. Bourgogne, B.P. 138,21004, Dijon, France] Aptenodytes forsteri and A. patagonica.
SPN
Recent Literature
Groscolas, Rene; Monique Jallageas; Jacques Leloup and Arthur Goldsmith. The endocrine control of reproduction in male
and female Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri). Proc. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 19: 1692-1709. 1988. [Lab. PhysioI.
Anim. & Nutr., (UA CNRS 273), Fac. Sci. Mirande, B.P. 138, F-21004, Dijon, France]
Handrich, Yves. Incubation water loss in King Penguin Egg: I. Change in egg and brood patch parameters. Physiol. Zool.
62(1): 96-118. 1989. [Lab. Etude Regulations PhysioI., Univ. Louis Pasteur, Cent. Nat\. Rech. SeL, 23 rue Becquerel,
67087 Strasbourg, France] Aptenodytes patagonica in the Crozet Archipelago.
Handrich, Yves. Incubation water loss in King Penguin Egg: II. Does the brood patch interfere with eggshell conductance?
Physiol. Zool. 62(1): 119-132. 1989. [Lab. Etude Regulations PhysioI., Univ. Louis Pasteur, Cent. Natl. Rech. Sci.,
23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France] Aptenodytes patagonica.
Haney, J. Christopher. Remote characterization of marine bird habitats with satellite imagery. Colon. Waterbirds 12(1):6777.1989. [Mar. Policy Cent., Woods Hold Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543] Pterodrama sp. in the US.
Harris, E.L. Humboldt Penguin husbandry at Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 1(2): 1,10-13. 1989.
[Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave. N., Seattle WA 98103-5897] Spheniscus humboldti.
Harrison, Nancy M.; Michael J. Whitehouse; Dennis Heinemann; Peter A. Prince; George L. Hunt, Jr., and Richard R Veit.
Observation of multispecies seabird flocks around South Georgia. Auk 108(4): 801-810. 1991. [Royal Soc. Prot.
Birds, Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, England] Eudyptes chrysolophus.
Hawke, D. J. Interactions with Hooker's Sea Lions on Otago Peninsula. Notornis 39(1):54. 1992. [57 Patterson Terrace,
Christchurch 3, N.Z.] Megadyptes antipodes in N.Z.
Hawkey, e.M.; D. T. Horseley and I.F. Keymer. Haematologyofwild penguins (Sphenisciformes) in the Falkland Islands.
Avian Pathol. 18(3): 495-502.1989. In English with French, German, and Spanish summ. [Dep. Vet. Sci., Inst. Zool.,
Zool. Soc. London, Regents Park, London NW14RY, England] Eudyptes crestatus, Pygoscelis papua, and Sphenis-
cus magellanicus.
Heinemann, D.; GL. Hunt and I. Everson. Poor correlations between Antarctic krill and their penguin predators: sampling biases or "suboptimal" predators? Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 16(1):30-31. 1989. Abstract only. [Manomet Bird
Observ., Manomet MA 02345]
Henry, Unda M. and Frank Twohy. Hand-rearing guidelines for the Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus humboldti). Spheniscus
Penguin Newsletter 4(1): 2-6. [Sea World of Calif., 1720 So. Shores Rd., San Diego CA 92109]
Horton, P. and D. Willis. First record of the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus.. S. Aust. Ornithol. 31(1): 20-22.1990.
[South Australian Mus., N. Terrace, Adelaide, S.A. 5000, Australia.
Imber, M.J. Concluding remarks: feeding ecology of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seabirds. In: Acta XX Congressus
Internationalis Ornithologici. Ben D. Bell, RO. Cossee, J.E.C. Flux, B.D. Heather, RA. Hitchmough, C.J.R Robertson,
and M.J. Williams, editors. VoI.III.p. 1413-1414. 1991. [Sci. & Res. Div., Dep. Conserv., P.O. Box 10420, Wellington,
New Zealand]
Jessop, R E. A Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi in Victoria. Aust. Bird Watcher 14(5): 191. 1992. {phillip
Island Penguin Reserve, P.O. Box 403, Cowes, Vic. 3922, Australia]
Johanneson, Hege and Stewart C. Nicol. Effects of cold exposure on oxygen consumption, ventilation and interclavicular
air-sac gases in the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor). J. Exp. Bioi. 154:397-405.1990. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Trondheim,
N-7055 Dragvoll, Norway]
Johnson, Kristine and James e. Bednarz. Crested Penguin dimorphism: reply to Williams. Gikos 55(1): 141-142. 1989. [Dep.
Ecol., Ethol. and Evol., Univ. IlL, Shelford Vivarium, 606 E. Healey, Champaign 61820] Eudyptes spp.
Jones, Hugh I. and Eric J. Woehler. A new species of blood trypanosome from Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) in Tasmania. J. Protozoal. 36(4):389-390. 1989. [Gwynedd Health Authority, Coed Mawr, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales]
Kerley, G. I. H.: e.G. Crellin and T. Erasmus. Gravimetric determination of water-repellancy in rehabilitated oiled seabirds. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18(11): 609-611. 1987. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000
South Africa] Spheniscus demersus in South Africa.
Klages, NorbertT.; Michael de L. Brooke and Barry P. Watkins. Prey of Northern Rockhopper Penguins at Gough Island,
South Atlantic Ocean. Ostrich 59(4): 162-165. 1988. [Port Elizabeth Mus., P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South
Africa]
Klages, Norbert T.W.; David Pemberton and Rosemary P. Gales. The diets of King and Gentoo Penguins at Heard Island.
Aust. Wildl. Res. 17(1): 53-60.1990. [Port Elizabeth Mus., P.O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa] Aptenodytes patagonicus and Pygoscelis papua.
SPN
Klages, Norbert T.W.; Rosemary P. Gales and David Pemberton. Dietary segregation of Macaroni and Rockhopper Penguins at Heard Island. Aust. Wildl. Res. 16(6): 599-604. 1989. Eudyptes chrysocome and E. chrysolophus.
Klomp, N. I. and R D. Wooller. Patterns of arrival and departure by breeding little Penguins at Penguin Island, Western
Australia. Emu 91(1): 32-35.1991. [BioI. ScL, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, W. A 6150, Australia] Eudyptula minor.
Klomp, N.L; CE. Meathrel and RD. Wooller. The protracted breeding regime of little Penguins in Western Australia.
Cormorant 16(2): 128-129. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. BioI. ScL, Murdoch Univ., Perth W.A 6150, Australia] Eu-
dyptula minor.
Klomp, N.L; CE. Meathrel; B.C Wienecke and R D. Wooller. Surface nesting by Little Penguins on Penguin Island,
Western Australia. Emu 91(3): 190-193. 1991. [BioI. ScL, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, W. A 6150, Australia] Eudyp-
tula minor.
Kooyman, G.L. and others. Emperor Penguin colony at Cape Washington, Antarctica. Polar Rec. 26(157):103-108. 1990.
[Scholander Hall, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093] Aptenodytes forsteri .
Kooyman, G.L. and P.J. Ponganis. Physiology of diving in King and Emperor Penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 129 1988. Abstract only. [Physiol. Res. Lab., Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Calif., San Diego, La Jolla 92023] Aptenodytes
patagonicus and A. forsteri .
Kooyman, G.L.; Y. Cherel; Y. Le Maho; J.P. Croxall; P.H. Thorson; V. Ridoux and CA. Kooyman. Diving behavior and
energetics during foraging cycles in King Penguins. Ecol. Monogr. 62(1): 143-163. 1992. [physiol. Res. Lab. 0204
Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Calif., San Diego, La Jolla 92093] Aptenodytes patagonicus .
Lamey, T.C Hatch asynchrony and brood reduction in penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 129. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool.,
Univ. Okla., Norman 73019]
Lamey, Timothy C Snares Crested Penguin in the Falkland Islands. Notornis 37(1): 78.1990. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Okla.,
Norman 73019] Eudyptes robustus.
Le Maho, Y.; J.-P. Robin; Y. Cherel; Y. Handrich and R Groscolas. Long-term fasting in penguins as nutritional adaptation to breed or molt. In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologid. Ben D. Bell, R.o. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D.
Heather, RA Hitchrnough, CJ.R. Robertson, and M.J. Williams, editors. Vol.IV p. 2177-2185. 1991.[Lab. Etude
Regulations Physiol., (Assoc. Univ. Louis Pasteur),CN.RS., 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France] Aptenodytes forsteri and A. patagonicus.
Lintermans, Mark. The distribution and breeding of the Little Penguin on Bowen Island, Jervis Bay. Corella 13(4): 123-125.
1989. [Parks & Conserv. Serv., p.o. Box 158, Canberra, A.CT. 2601, Australia] Eudyptula minor in Australia.
MacCoy, Douglas M. and Terry W. Campbell. Excision of impacted and ruptured uropygial glands in three Gentoo
Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) Annu. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. p. 259-260.1991. [Coral Springs Animal Hospital, 1730
University Dr., Coral Springs, FL 33071]
MacKnight, Karnrin; Derek Chow; Benjamin See and Neylan Vedros. Melioidosis in a Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 9(2): 105-107. 1990. [349 N. Grant St., San Mateo, CA 94401]
Martin, Michael R, Gavin W. Johnstone and Eric J. Woehler. Increased numbers of Adelie Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae,
breeding near Casey, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Corella 14(4): 119-122. 1990. [Woehler: Australian Antarctic
Div., Dept. Arts, Sports, Environ., Tourism & Territories, Channel Hwy., Kingston, Tasm. 7050, Australia]
McGill, Patricia A, editor. Spheniscus Penguins: Workshop on field studies and captive management--Panel Discussion.
AAZPA (Am. Assoc. Zool. Parks Aquari urns) Reg. Con! Proc. p. 83-86. 1990. [Chicago Zool. Soc., Brookfield Zoo,
Brookfield IL 60513] S. mendiculus, S. humboldti, S. magellanicus and S. demersus.
McLean, LG.; P.M. Johns and CM. Miskelly. Snares Crested Penguins: a preliminary life history table. Cormorant 16(2):
130. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand] Eudyptes
robustus.
McLean, Ian G. and Rodney B. Russ. The Fiordland Crested Penguin survey, stage I: Doubtful to Milford Sounds. Notornis 38(3): 183-190. 1991. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Canterbury, Christchurch, N. Z.] Eudyptes pachyrynchus in N.Z.
McLean, Ian G. Chick expulsion by a Fiordland Crested Penguin. Notornis 37(3): 181-182. 1990. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand] Eudyptes pachyrynchus in N.Z.
McOrist, S. and C Lenghaus. Mortalities of little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) following exposure to crude oil. Vet. Rec.
130(8):161-162.1992. [Dep. Vet. Pathol., Univ. Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland]
SPN
Recent Literature
Medway, David. Fiordland Crested Penguin near New Plymouth. OSNZ (Ornithol. Soc. N.Z.) News No. 62. p. 7-8. 1992.
Eudyptes pachyrynchus in New Zealand.
Miche, F.; B. Vivien-Roels; P. Pevet; C. Spehner; J.P. Robin and Y. Le Maho. Daily pattern of melatonin secretion in an Antarctic bird, the Emperor Penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri : seasonal variations, effect of constant illumination and of
administration of isoproteronol or propranolol. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 84(2):249-263. 1991. [Vivien-Roels: URA-CNRS
1332, Neurobiol. Fonctions, Rythmiques & Saisonnieres, Lab. Zoo!., 12 rue universite, 67000 Strasbourg, France]
Miller, G.D. and L.S. Davis. Reproductive success and mass changes during foraging of Adelie Penguins. Connorant 16(2):
131. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliae .
Mizutani, Hiroshi; Yuko Kabaya; P. J. Moors; T.W. Speir and Graeme L. Lyon. Nitrogen isotope rations identify deserted
seabird colonies. Auk 108(4): 960-964.1991. [Lab. Biogeochem. & Sociogeochem., Mitsubishi Kasei Inst. Life ScL,
11 Minamioya, Machida, Tokyo 194, Japan] Eudyptes chrysolophus in New Zealand.
Montague, T. Little Penguin diets.Connorant 16(2): 131. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool., Monash Univ., Clayton Vic. 3168,
Australia] Eudyptula minor in Australia.
Moore, Peter J. and Roger D. Moffat. Predation of Yellow-eyed Penguin by Hooker's Sealion. Notorn is. 39 (1):68-69. 1992.
[Sci. & Res. Div., Dep. Conserv., p.o. Box 10-420, Wellington, N.Z.] Megadyptes antipodes in N.Z.
Moore, Peter J. Population estimates of the Yellow-eyed Penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) on Campbell and Auckland
Islands 1987-90. Notornis 39(1): 1-15. 1992. [Sci. & Res. Div., Dep. Conserv., P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, N.Z.]
Moors, P. J.; D.J. Tisdall and G.W. de Lisle. Deaths of Rockhopper Penguins at Campbell Island from bacterial infection
by Pasteurella multocida. Cormorant 16(2): 131-132. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Conservation, P.O. Box 10-420,
Wellington, New Zealand] Eudyptes chrysocome in New Zealand.
Murie, J.O.; L.S. Davis and Ian G. Mclean. Identifying the sex of Fiordland Crested Penguins by morphometric characters. Notornis. 38(3); 233-238. 1991. [Dep. Zoo1., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9] Eudyptes
pachyrynchus in New Zealand.
Myrcha, A; A Tatur and R. Del Valle. Numbers of AdeIie Penguins breeding at Hope Bay and Seymour Island rookeries (West Antarctica) in 1985. Pol. Polar Res. 8(4): 411-422. 1987. Pygoscelis adeliae.
Naito, Yasuhiko; Tomohiro Asaga and Yoshikuni Ohyarna. Diving behavior of Adelie Penguins determined by time-depth
recorder. Condor 92(3): 582-586.1990. [Natl. Inst. Polar Res., 9-10 Kaga l-chome Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173, Japan]
Pygoscelis adeliae in Antarctica.
Nicol, Stewart. Respiratory properties of the blood of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp.
Physiol. 98(1): 17-21. 1991. [Dep. Physiol., Univ. Tasmania, G.P.O. Box 252C, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia]
Nisbet, Ian C.T. Long-term ecological studies of seabirds. Colon. Waterbirds 12(2): 143-147. 1989. (72 Cadman Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773]
Niven, B.S. and D. E. Abel. Logical Synthesis of Environment of King Penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus. Ecol. Modelling
56(1-4):291-311. 1991. Div. Sci. & Technol., Griffith Univ., Nathan, Qld. 4111, Australia]
Nordin, K. E. Vocalization of the Yelloweyed Penguin. Connorant 16(2): 132. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand]
O'Hara, Robert J. An estimate of the phylogeny of the living penguins (Aves: Spheniscidae). Am. 2001. 29(4): 11A 1989.
Abstract only. [Mus. Compo Zool., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA 02138]
O'Hara, Robert James. Systematics and the study of natural history, with an estimate of the phylogeny of the living penguins (Aves: Spheniscidae). Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard Univ., 183 p. 1989. From Diss. Abst. Int. B Sci. Eng.
50(8):3352.1990. Order no. DA8926216.
Place, Allen R. and Sue Jackson. Chitin digestion and assimilation by seabirds. In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis
Ornithologici. Ben D. Bell, R.O.
Cossee, J.E.C. Flux, B.D. Heather,
;~~~f~~:~;~~~:;~ffi~:
Biotechnol., Univ. Md., 600 E.
Lombard St., Baltimore 21202] (Eu-
dyptes chrysochome, Pygoscelis papua,
Aptenodytes patagonica.
SPN
~
Ponganis, Paul J. and Gerald L. Kooyman. Diving physiology of penguins. In: Acta XX Congress us Internationalis
Ornithologici. Ben D. Bell, RO. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D. Heather, RA. Hitchmough, CJ.R Robertson, and M.J.
Williams, editors. Vo!.III. p. 1887-1892. 1991. [Physio!. Res. Lab. A-004, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Calif., San
Diego, La Jolla 92093] Aptenodytes forsteri.
Proffitt, F.M. Chick recognition of parents' calls in Snares Crested Penguins. Connorant 16(2): 132. 1988. Abstract only.
[Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch, New Zealand] Eudyptes robustus in New Zealand.
Proffitt, Fiona M. and Ian G. McLean. Recognition of parents' calls by chicks of the Snares Crested Penguin. Bird Behav.
9(1-2):103-113.1991. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand] Eudyptes robustus in N.Z.
Reid, Walter V. and P. Dee Boersma. Parental quality and selection on egg size in the Magellanic Penguin. Evolution 44(7):
1780-1786.1990. [World Resour. Inst., 1709 New York Ave N.W., Washington, D.C 20006] Spheniscus magellanicus in Argentina.
Ricklefs, Robert E. Seabird life histories and the marine environment: some speculations. Colon. Waterbirds 13(1): 1-6, 1990.
[Dep. Bio!., Univ. Pa., Philadelphia 19104-6018]
Riveros-Salcedo, J. C. and L. Paz-Soldan. Moult of the Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti. Pac. Seabird Group Bull.
19(1):53-54. 1992. Abstract only. [APECO, Parque Jose Acosta 187, Lima 17, Peru]
Robisson, Patrice; Thierry Aubin and Jean-Claude Bremond. [Individual recognition in the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): respective parts of the temporal pattern and the sound structure of the courtship song.] c.R. Acad.
Sci. Ser. III Sci. Vie 309(9): 383-388. 1989. In French with English surnm. [Cent. Etude Bio!. Anim. Sauvages, Villieren-Bois, 79360 Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France]
Robisson, Patrice. Broadcast distance of the mutual display call in the Emperor Penguin. Behaviour 119(3-4): 302-316. 1991.
In English with French surnm. [Cent. Nat!. Rech. ScL, Cent. Etudes Bio!. Chize, 79360 Beauvoir Niort, France]
Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica.
Roby, Daniel D.; Karen L. Brink and Allen R Place. Relative passage rates of lipid and aqueous digesta in the formation
of stomach oils. Auk 106(2): 303-313. 1989. [Coop. Wild!. Res. Lab. & Dep. Zoo!.., South Ill. Univ., Carbondale 62901]
Macronectes giganteus and Pygoscelis papua .
Rosenberg, Daniel K.; Carlos A. Valle; Malcolm C Coulter and Sylvia A. Harcourt. Monitoring Galapagos Penguins and
flightless cormorants in the Galapagos Islands. Wilson Bull. 102(3): 525-532. 1990. [Coop. Wild!. Res. Unit, Dep.
Fish & Wild!., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis 97331-3803] Spheniscus mendiculus.
Sadleir, RM.F.S. and K.R Lay. Foraging movements of penguins, with emphasis on a study of Adelie Penguins. Connorant 16(2): 132-133. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Conserv., P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand] Pygoscelis
adeliae in the Ross Sea.
Schofield, Nancy Anne. The effects of diet and feeding regimen on growth-rates of Magellanic Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 4(2): 12-17,20.1991. [San Francisco Zoo, 1 Zoo Rd., San Francisco CA 94132] Spheniscus magellanicus.
Scholten, CJ. The respective role of male and female in establishing nest-sites and pair-bonds in the Humboldt Penguin
at Ernmen Zoo, The Netherlands. Connorant 16(2): 133. 1988. Abstract only.[Ernmen Zoo, Postbus 1010, 7801 BA
Ernmen, Netherlands] Spheniscus humboldti.
Scholten, CJ. Individual recognition of Humboldt Penguins. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 2(1): 4-8. 1989. [Pastoriepad
7,9993 TL Westerwijtwerd, Netherlands] Spheniscus humboldti.
Scholten, c.J. Choice of nest-site and mate in Humboldt Penguins. Spheniscus Penguin Newsletter 5(1)): 3-13.1992.
[Pastoriepad 7, 9993 TL Westerwijtwerd, Netherlands] Spheniscus humboldti.
Scholten, CJ. The timing of moult in relation to age, sex and breeding status in a group of captive Humboldt Penguins
(Spheniscus humboldti) at Emmen Zoo, the Netherlands. Neth. J. Zool. 39(3/4):113-125. 1990. [Pastoriepad 7, 9993
TL Westerwijtwerd, Netherlands]
Schultz, Albert. Recovery of Jackass Penguin from Cape Recife. Bee-eater 42(2):26. 1991. [2 Kemsley St., Central 6001, South
Africa] Spheniscus demersus in So. Africa.
Schwaller, Mathew R; Charles E. Olson, Jr.; Zhenqui Ma; Zhiliang Zhu and Paul Dahmer. A remote sensing analysis of
Adelie Penguin rookeries. Remote Sens. Environ. 28: 199-206.1989. [SAIC, 400 Virginia Ave., S.W., Washington,
IX 20024] Pygoscelis adeliae in Antarctica.
Scolaro, Jose Alejandro and Angela Maria Suburo. Maximum diving depths of the Magellanic Penguin. J. Field Ornithol.
62(2): 204-210.1991. In English with Spanish surnm. [Cent. Nac. Patagonico, CONICET, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina] Spheniscus magellanicus in Argentina.
SPN
Recent Literature
Scolaro, Jose Alejandro. Effects of nest density on breeding success in a colony of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Colon. Waterbirds 13(1): 41-49.1990. In English with Spanish summary. [SECYT-CONICET, Cent. Nac.
Patagonico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn 912, Argentina]
Seddon, P. J. Nest si te selection in Yelloweyed Penguins.Cormorant 16(2): 133-134. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. ZooI., Univ.
Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand] Megadyptes antipodes in New Zealand.
Seddon, P.J. and Y. van Heezik. Patterns of nest relief during incubation by Jackass Penguins Spheniscus demersus . Ostrich 62(1/2): 82-83. 1991. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African OmithoI., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South
Africa.]
Seddon, Philip J. and Lloyd S. Davis. Nest-site selection by Yellow-eyed Penguins. Condor 91(3): 653-659.1989. [Percy
Fitzpatrick Inst. African OmithoI., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa] Megadyptes antipodes in New
Zealand.
Seddon, Philip J. Behaviour of the Yellow-eyed Penguin chick. J. ZOol. (Lond.) 220(2): 333-343.1990. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst.
African OmithoI., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.]
Seddon, Phillip J. and Yolanda M. van Heezik. Hatching asynchrony and brood reduction in the Jackass Penguin: an
experimental study. Anim. Behav. 42(3):347-356. 1991. Spheniscus demersus .
Seddon, Phillip J. and Yolanda van Heezik. Effects of hatching order, sibling asymmetries, and nest site on survival analysis
of Jackass Penguin chicks. Auk 108(3): 548-555.1991. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African OmithoI., Univ. Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.] Spheniscus demersus.
Seddon, Phillip J.; Yolanda M. van Heezik and John Cooper. Observations of within-colony breeding synchrony in Jackass Penguins. Wilson Bull. 103(3):480-485. 1991. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African Ornitho!., Univ. Cape Town,
Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.] Spheniscus demersus.
Shuford, W. D. and L.B. Spear. Surveys of breeding Chinstrap Penguins in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Br.
Antarct. Surv. Bull. 81:19-30. 1988. Pygoscelis antarctica.
Slager, c.J. The penguin environment at Steinhart Aquarium: a model for successful captive rearing. Cormorant 16(2): 134.
1988. Abstract only. [Steinhart Aquarium, Calif. Acad. Sci., Golden Gate Park, San Francisco CA 94118] Sphenis-
cus demersus.
Smith, R.A. Modelling the niche requirements of the Yelloweyed Penguin. Connorant 16(2): 134. 1988. Abstract only. [New
Zealand Meteorol. Serv., P.O. Box 722, Wellington, New Zealand] Megadyptes antipodes in New Zealand.
Smith, Richard C. King Penguin egg incubation and chick
rearing-a group effort. Animal Keepers' Forum
18(10):327-330. 1991. [Lowry Park Zoo, Tampa,
FL] Aptenodytes patagonicus..
Speedie, Claire. An Erect-crested Penguin in the Southern Indian Ocean. Notornis. 39(1): 58-60. 1992.
[Penguin Reserve Cornm. Manage., Phillip Island Penguin Reserve, P.O. Box 97, Cowes, Vic.
3922, Australia] Eudyptes sclateri.
Speirs, E.A.H. Mutual calls and mate recognition in
Ad€lie Penguins. Cormorant 16(2): 134.1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56,
Dunedin, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliile.
Stokes, David L. and P. Dee Boersma. Effects of substrate
on the distribution of Magellanic Penguin
(Spheniscus magellanicus). Auk 108(4): 923-933.
1991. [Dep. Zoo!., Univ. Wash., Seattle 98195]
Stokes, David. Breeding site fidelity in Magellanic Penguins. Pac. Seabird Group Bull. 19(1): 54-55.1992.
Abstract only. [Dept. ZOO!. NJ-15, Univ. Wash.,
Seattle 98195] Spheniscus magellanicus.
SPN
Suburo, Angela Maria and Jose Alejandro Scolaro. The eye of the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniseus magellanieus ) : structure of the anterior segment. Am. J. Anat. 189(3): 245-252. 1990. [Inst. Neurobiol., Serrano 665,1414 Buenos Aires,
Argentina]
Suburo, Angela Maria; Maria Veronica Herrero and Jose Alejandro Scolaro. Regionalization of the ganglion cell layer in
the retina of the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniseus magellanieus). Colon. Waterbirds 14(1):17-24.1991. In English with
Spanish summ. [Inst. Neurobiol., Serrano 665, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina]
Taylor, R H. and P. R Wilson. Recent increase and southern expansion of Adelie Penguin populations in the Ross Sea,
Antarctica, related to climatic warming. N.Z. J. Eeol. 14:25-29.1990. [DISR Land Resour., Private Bag, Nelson, New
Zealand] Pygoseelis adeliae..
Taylor, RH.; P.R Wilson and B.W. Thomas. Status and trends of AdeIie Penguin populations in the Ross Sea region.
Cormorant 16(2): 134-135. 1988. Abstract only. [Ecol. Div., DSIR, Private Bag, Nelson, New Zealand] Pygoseelis
adeliae.
Tell, L. A. and B. L. Lasley. An automated assay for fecal estrogen conjugates in the determination of sex in avian species. Zoo BioI. 10(4): 361-367.1991. [Lasley: Dep. Reprod., School Vet. Med., Univ. Calif., Davis 95616]
Tennyson, Alan J.D. and Colin M. Miskelly. "Dark-faced" Rockhopper Penguins at the Snares Islands. Notornis 36(3): 183189. 1989. [222a Karori Rd., Wellington 5., New Zealand] Eudyptes ehrysoeome ehrysoeome, E.e.li/holi, and
.E.e.moseleyi.
Thompson, Michael B. and Kenneth M. Goldie. Conductance and structure of eggs of AdeIie Penguins, Pygoseelis adeliae
,and its implications for incubation. Condor 92(2): 304-312. 1990. [Zool. (A08), School BioI. ScL, Univ. Sydney,
Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia]
Tovar, H.; V. Guillen and D. Cabrera. Reproduction and population levels of Peruvian guano birds, 1980 to 1986. J. Geaphys.
Res. 92(C13):14445-14448. 1987. Phalaeroeorax bougainvillii, Sula variegata, and Pelecanus thagus.
Trivelpiece, W.Z. and S. Trivelpiece. The courtship period of AdeIie, Gentoo, and Chinstrap Penguins. Cormorant 16(2):
135. 1988. Abstract only. [Point Reyes Bird Observ., 4990 Shoreline Hwy., Stinson Beach, CA 94870] Pygoseelis
adeliae,P. papua, and P. antarctica.
Valle, CA.; F. Cruz;J.B. Cruz; G. Merlen and M.C Coulter. The impact of the 1982-1983 EI Nino Southern Oscillation on
seabirds in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. J. Geaphys. Res. 92(C13):14437-14444. 1987. Spheniseus mendieulus.
van Heezik, Y.M. Diet of the Fiordland Crested Penguin during the post-guard phase of chick growth. No tornis 36(2): 151156.1989. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. Mrican Omithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Mrica.] Eudyptes
paehyrynehus in New Zealand.
van Heezik, Y. M. A comparison of Yellow-eyed Penguin growth rates across fifty years: Richdale revisited. Notornis
38(2):117-123.1991. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. Mrican Ornithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Mrica]
Megadyptes antipodes in N.Z.
van Heezik, Y.M. Effects of a change in food supply on growth rates, fledging sizes and reproductive success in the
Yelloweyed Penguin. Cormorant 16(2): 135-136. 1988. Abstract only. [Dep. Zool., Univ. Otago, P.O. Box 56,
Dunedin, New Zealand] Megadyptes antipodes in New Zealand.
van Heezik, Yolanda and Lloyd Davis. Effects of food variability on growth rates, fledging sizes and reproductive success in the Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes. Ibis 132(3): 354-365. 1990. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. African
Ornithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Mrica]
van Heezik, Yolanda and Philip Seddon. Stomach sampling in the Yelloweyed Penguin: erosion of otoliths and squid
beaks. J. Field Ornithol. 60(4): 451-458. 1989. In English with Spanish summ. [Percy Fitzpatrick Inst. Mrican
Ornithol., Univ. Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.] Megadyptes antipodes.
Waas, Joseph R The risks and benefits of signalling aggressive motivation: a study of cave-dwelling Little Blue Penguins.
Behav. Eeol. Sociobiol. 29(2):139-146. 1991. [Dep. BioI., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6] [Eudyptula
minor in N.Z.]
Wallace, Roberta; Susan D. Crissey; Mary Jo Willis and Patty McGill. The effect of dietary Vitamin A (retinol) and Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) on serum status of Humboldt Penguins. Spheniseus Penguin Newsletter 5(1): 14-20. 1992.
[Milwaukee County Zoo, 10001 West Blue Mound Rd., Milwaukee WI 53226] Spheniseus humboldti.
Weavers, B.E. Movements at sea of Little Penguins from Phillip Island, Victoria. Cormorant. 16(2): 136. 1988. Abstract only.
[Arthur Rylah Inst., Natl. Parks & Wildl. Div., 123 Brown St., Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia. Eudyptula minor
in Australia.
SPN
Recent Literature
Weavers, Brian and Bernice Dowling. Observing the effects of a transmitter on a Little Penguin at the zoo. Thylacinus 14(2):
21-23. 1989. Eudyptula minor.
Weimerskirch, H.; J. C Stahl and P. Jouventin. The breeding biology and population dynamics of King Penguins Aptenodytes patagonica on the Crozet Islands. Ibis 134(2): 107-117. 1992. [Cent. Etudes BioI. Anim. Sauvages, Cent. Natl.
Rech. SeL, F-79360 Beauvoir Niort, France]
Whitehead, M.D. and G. W. Johnstone. The distribution and estimated abundance of Adelie Penguins breeding in Prydz
Bay, Antarctica. Proc. Nat. Inst. Polar Res. Symp. Polar BioI. 3:91-98.1990. [Dep. Bot. & Z001., Monash Univ., Clayton,
Vic. 3168, Australia] Pygoscelis adeliae .
Whitehead, M.D.; G.W. Johnstone and H.R Burton. The food, over seven breeding seasons, of the Adelie Penguin in Prydz
Bay, Antarctica. Cormorant 16(2): 136. Abstract only. [BioI. Sect., Antarctic Div., Channel Hwy, Kingston, Tasm.
7150, Australia] Pygoscelis papua.
Williams, G.; K. Ghebremeskel; I.F. Keymer and o.T. Horsley. Plasma a.-tocopherol, total lipids and total cholesterol in
wild Rockhopper, Magellanic, and Gentoo Penguins before and after moulting. Vet. Rec. 124(22):585-586. 1989.
[Dep. Nutr. Biochem., lost. Zool., Regent's Park, London NW14RY, England] Eudyptes crestatus, Spheniscus magellanicus , and Pygoscelis papua.
Williams, J. M. and P.J.B. Slater. Computer analysis of bird sounds: a guide to current methods. Bioacoustics 3(2):121-128.
1991. [Dep. BioI. & Preclinical Med., Bute Bldg., Univ. St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9 TS, Scotland]
Williams, T. D. and J.P. Croxall. Annual variation in breeding biology of Macaroni Penguins, Eudyptes chrysolophus, at
Bird Island, South Georgia. f. Zoo1. (Lond.) 223(2): 189-202. 1991. [British Antarctic Survey, Nat. Environ. Res.
Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET, England]
Williams, T. D. Foraging ecology and diet of Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis papua at South Georgia during winter and an
assessment of their winter prey consumption. Ibis 133(1): 3-13.1991. [British Antarctic Survey, Nat. Environ. Res.
Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET, England]
Williams, T.D. Aggression, incubation behavior, and egg-loss in Macaroni Penguins, Eudyptes chrysolophus, at South
Georgia. Oikas 55(1): 19-22. 1989. [British Antarct. Surv., NERC, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET,
England]
Williams, T.D. and J.P. Croxall. Is chick fledging weight a good index of food availability in seabird populations? Gikas
59(3): 414-416.1990. [British Antarctic Survey, Nat. Environ. Res. Council, High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge
CB3 OET, England]
Williams, T.o.; J.P. Croxall; Y. Naito and A. Kato. Diving patterns and processes in epipelagic and benthic foraging subAntarctic seabirds. In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Grnithologici. Ben D. Bell, RO. Cossee, J.E.C Flux, B.D.
Heather, RA. Hitchmough, CJ.R Robertson, and M.J. Williams, editors. Vo1.III. p. 1393-1401. 1991. [Dep. BioI.,
Queen's Univ., Kingston ON, Canada K7L 3N6] Pygoscelis papua.
Williams, Tony D. Growth and survival in Macaroni Penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus, A- and B-chicks: do females maximise
investment in the large B-egg? Gikas 59(3): 349-354. 1990. [British Antarctic Survey, Nat. Environ. Res. Council,
High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 OET, England]
Williams, Tony D.; Akiko Kato; John P. Croxall; Yasu Naito; Dirk R Briggs; Steven Rodwell and Tim R Barton. Diving
pattern and performance in nonbreeding Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua) during winter. Auk 109(2):223-234.
1992. [Dep. BioI., Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6]
Wilson, G.J. Fluctuations in the Adelie Penguin population at Cape Bird, Antarctica. Cormorant 16(2): 136-137. Abstract
only. 1988. [Dep. Entomo1., Lincoln CoIL, Canterbury, New Zealand] Pygoscelis adeliae.
Wilson, R, and M.P. Wilson. The foraging ecology of Spheniscid Penguins. Cormorant.16(2): 137. Abstract only. 1988. [Inst.
Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel1, Germany] Spheniscus demersus ,S. humboldti, S. magellaniCUS, and S. mendiculus.
Wilson, Rory P. and Marie-Pierre T.J. Wilson. Tape: a package-attachment technique for penguins. Wild1. Soc. Bull. 17(1):
77-79.1989. [Inst. Meereskunde & Univ. Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg 30, D-2300 Kiel1, Germany] Spheniscus demersus and Pygoscelis adeliae in South Africa.
Wilson, Rory P. The behaviour of diving birds. In: Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Ben D. Bell, RO. Cossee,
J.E.C Flux, B.D. Heather, RA. Hitchmough, CJ.R Robertson, and M.J. Williams, editors. Vol. III. p. 1853-1867.
1991. [Inst. Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D-2300 Kiel1, Germany]
SPN
Wilson, Rory P.; Hugo J. Spairani; Nestor R. Coria; Boris M. Culik and Dieter Adelung. Packages for attachment to seabirds: what color do Adelie Penguins dislike least? J. Wildl. Manage. 54(3): 447-451. 1990. [CE.B.A.S., CN.R.S.,
79360 Beauvior /Niort, France] Pygoscelis adeliae.
Wilson, Rory P.; John Cooper and Joachim Plotz. Can we determine when marine endotherms feed? A case study with
seabirds. J. Exp. Bioi. 167:267-275. 1992. [Inst. Meereskunde , Dusternbrooker Weg 20,0-2300 Kiel1, Germany]
Spheniscus demersus.
Wilson, Rory P.; Marie-Pierre T. Wilson;Rudi Link; Helgi Mempel and Nigel J. Adams. Determination of movements of
African Penguins Spheniscus demersus using a compass system: dead reckoning may be an alternative to telemetry. J. Exp. Bioi. 157: 557-564.1991. [Inst. Meereskunde, Dusternbrooker Weg 20,0-2300 Kiel1, Germany]
Woehler, Eric J. The distribution of seabird biomass in the Australian Antarctic territory: implications for conservation.
Environ. Conserv. 17(3): 256-261. 1990. [Dep. Eco\. & Evo\. Bio\., Dniv. Calif., Irvine 92717] pygoscelis adeliae and
n
Aptenodytes forsteri.
SPN
Short Notes
Young sire at Seattle
Common name change (in these
pages, anyway)
Vitamin excess causes deaths
Woodland Park Zoo (Seattle,
Washington, USA) Penguin Keeper
Erika Harris reports that the mate of a
year-old Humboldt male produced
fertile eggs, indicating successful
breeding at an unusually young age
for this male.
WPZG #910030, "Bingo,"was
hatched 6 March 1991, and showed
breeding behaviors from November
1991 (age 8 months); by 27 February he
was occupying a nest site and defending it and had been doing so for 2-3
months. Bingo began pair bonding at
age II months with a female, aged 2
years and 9 months, who subsequently
laid 2 fertile eggs. The estimated date
of fertilization would have been when
the male was 12 months and 2 weeks
old. Still in juvenile plumage when
these eggs were laid, young Bingo
completed his moult into adult plumage on 11 June 92.
Another juvenile male, "Tamale,"
also paired up and his mate produced
2 eggs, one fertile and one infertile,
with an estimated date of fertilization
indicating that the male was 12 months
1 week of age.
While it cannot be absolutely stated
that these two females bred with no
other, older, males, that seems unlikely
based upon observations of colony
breeding activity. At the time these
events occurred all breeding-experienced males were occupying nest
boxes with their mates but were not in
peak courtship behaviors. Both pairs
with the young males were strongly
bonded, based on keeper observation
of behavior, and had no observed associations with other individuals. There
was no competition from any more
mature unpaired males, and a surplus
of unpaired breeding age females existed.
Spheniscus demersus, the penguin of
southern Africa, has been known in English by the common names of
Black-footed Penguin, and Jackass Penguin, among others. The North
American Regional Studbook for these
birds has adopted the name African
Black-footed Penguin, and Dr. David
Duffy has championed a change to simply African Penguin.
The use of "African" in the name
presents several advantages. As Dr.
Duffy says, "Jackass is also used for
Magellanics and Humboldts, and BIackfooted is singularly Wlinformative. The
other three [Spheniscus species] have
geographic names, so why not the African Penguin? George Gaylord Simpson
The vulnerability of captive birds to
inadvertent vitamin overdoses was disastrously demonstrated in a recent
incident in Australia. Under the headline, Kindness kills rare Australian
birds, New Sdentist (Nov. 1,1992, p. 6)
reports that 21 of 23 captive helmeted
honeyeaters died of heart and kidney
failure when an improperly diluted
Vitamin l)3 supplement was given.
The dose the birds received was 15
times larger than intended. The wild
population of this species, Lichenostomus melanops cassidix, is believed to
number only about 70, all in one location, and the captive birds were to
have been the breeding stock to establish a second wild population.
SPN
(Penguins Past and present, here and there;
Yale Univ. Press, 1976), the godfather of
fossil penguinology, made the same
plea." [Duffy, Field Studies of Spheniscus
Penguins, SPN 4(1): 10. 1991]
In addition, such a name change
makes the public aware that some penguins live in temperate wnes, contrary
to the stereotypical penguin on an ice
floe. It also creates the potential for the
people of southern Africa to feel that this
is "their" penguin, and perhaps feel
even more protective of it.
And yet, changing overnight to simply"African Penguin" would cause
some confusion. For the purposes of this
publication, it seems best for the near
future to use the compromise"African
(Black-footed) Penguin," when the
name first appears in an article, and subsequently in that article use simply
"African Penguin." In this way, confusion will be avoided, while giving this
new name a chance to gain acceptance
and familiarity.
Directory Changes
Please make the following additions/corrections to the Directory
which accompanied the August 1991
issue:
Humboldt:
-Tiergarten der Stadt Niirnbergcorrect telephone number is 0911/546
0286
Add:
- Aalborg Zoo, M0IIeparkvej 63,
9000 Aalborg, Danmark. 14 Humboldts. Contact: Jens Lille0r, Curator.
- K0benhavn Zoo, Sdr. Fasanvej 79,
2000 Frederiksberg, Danmark. 36
Humboldts. Contact: Bengt Holst,
General Curator.
African (Black-footed):
- Stich ting Koninklij k Zoo I.
Genootschaap (ArtisZoo),Amsterdam, Netherlands-eorrect telephone
number is 020-52334000.
Add:
-Odense Zoo, Sdr. Boulevard 320,
5000 Odense c., Danmark. 3 African
(Black-footed). Contact: Steen Hedrup,
Curator.
Some Like It Hot: Penguins in New Orleans
CHRISTINA
ON SEPTEMBER I,
1990, THE AQUARIUM
OF THE AMERICAS OPENED IN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART,
$40 million facility displays live invertebrates, fishes, birds, amphibians, and
reptiles, focussing primarily on animals indigenous to North, Central,
and South America. In addition to this
thematic approach, the Aquarium also
displays animals with special aquatic
adaptations in its Living in Water Gallery. The most popular exhibit in this
area is the Penguin Panorama.
The Penguin Panorama is a polygonal-shaped display, approximately 600
square feet, featuring above and below
water viewing of a breeding colony of
Black-footed penguins, Spheniscus
demersus (see diagram). The glass-enclosed display is decorated with
molded, fiberglass-reinforced plastic
rock work, designed to simulate a
natural rocky shoreline. The penguins
have free access to an aquascaped
swimming area, 36" deep, that they
share with a variety of live fishes.
When not swimming, the penguins
can interact in three different areas.
The most popular is a 'beach' covered
with kitty litter to provide dry nonabrasive footing. The penguins can
also climb the rock work trail that
leads to a heavily planted upper level,
five feet above the beach. Additionally,
they can interact in 13 nest boxes
which are built into the display. The
nest boxes are made of the same fiberglass-reinforced plastic used for the
rock work, and each box has a floor
drain. Kitty litter is placed in the nest
boxes as a substrate.
The Penguin Panorama holds 4,000
gallons of artificial saltwater; the surface is skimmed by two skimmer boxes
New Orleans, LA USA
at opposite ends of the display. The
saltwater is drawn into two fiberglass
Fybroc model 1500 pumps, and
pumped through two Stark horizontal
rapid sand filters. The saltwater is then
pumped to an ozone contact tower for
sterilization, then through a de-gas
tower, and finally gravity feeds back
into the display through two supply
lines concealed in the rock work. The
water is pumped at a rate of 285 gallons per minute and the entire volume
of the display is recirculated every 14
minutes.
Water quality is monitored on a
daily basis, primarily because of the
live fish in the display. Water parameters tested include temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen, salinity, ammonia,
and nitrite. The water temperature is
maintained at 72° F, and the air temperature is usually 76° F.
A large skylight, utilized in addition to Power-glo full-spectrum bulbs,
provides a natural photo period. Other
display features include a 'live' microphone that allows the public to hear
the penguins' unique vocalizations, an
electrostatic air cleaner that removes
J.
SLAGER
particles as small as one micron from
the incoming air supply, and a nest box
with built-in video camera linked directly to a monitor in the public
viewing area.
The penguins are fed twice daily.
Their diet consist primarily of river
smelt and ocean smelt (family
Osmeridae), and occasional small
amounts of squid. A multi-vitamin
tablet (Seatab) is fed daily, and Vitamins B1, B6, Bl2, C, and E, as well as
brewers' yeast, calcium, cod liver oil,
and ferrous gluconate, are added on
selected days.
The Penguin Panorama was initially stocked with six adult and seven
juvenile, captive-bred, Black-footed
Penguins. Pairing and breeding activity began almost immediately and the
first chick hatched on June 5, 1991. To
date, five chicks have successfully
hatched and fledged. All eggs were
artificially incubated; four chicks were
hand-reared and one chick was parentreared. All future eggs will continue to
be artificially incubated, but barring
unforeseen problems, the majority of
future chicks will be parent-reared. n
Diagram and photos of this exhibit are
on the next two pages.
Christina J. Slager
Senior Curator of Birds
Aquarium of the Americas
1 Canal St.
New Orleans, LA 70130
SPN
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Plan, Penguin Panorama, Aquarium of the Americas.
Note orientation of nestbox entrances to provide visual isolation from one another.
\
View of the Penguin Panoramn from the visitors' area.
Partial view ofexhibit. Rockwork and nest boxes (openings visible near the center of the photo) are mnde offiberglass
reinforced plastic.
SPN
ll,.
Drawing by Bill Lemus, Newport Aquarium, Newport, Oregon

Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter Volume 6, Issue 1

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CONTENTS Page Abstracts of lo-Minute Papers, Fall Meeting 1966