A Study on the Phonetics and Phonology of the English language

A Study on the Phonetics and Phonology of the English language

Centro Interescolar de Línguas
– CIL 1 de Brasília –
A Study on the
Phonetics and Phonology
of the English language.
(Designed for the use of Brazilian teachers and students of English)
Prof. Nílson Brito
26/07/2013
Vowels
a - [ é ] : (90%) and, man, hat, at, banks,Sam, can,grammar, class,
practice, vocabulary, married, match, taxi, Japan,
nationality, blanks, England , Miami, ask, actor,
flag, address, last, bag, glasses, answer, parrot,
fast, black, dangerous, France, Spanish
Exceções: watch[uótch], what[uót], war[uór]
[êi ] : name, mane, hate, ate, same, late, page, phrase, face,
famous, paper, safe, age, make. Exceção: have [rév]
[ a ] : park, are, car, part, mark, chart, star, grammar,
Scarlett, card, partner, dark, Carla
[ ó ] : small, fall, call, tall, ball, all, wall.
* talk, walk, chalk.
* always, almost, altogether, although, already, also, false
2
e - [ é ] : (90%) Yes, help, next, guess, best, red, spell, pen, stress,
cell phone, credit card, Greg
[Ø ] : bite, rope, cake, like, Adele, love, late, came, date, Nicole
[ â ] : her, underline, teacher, verb, singer, number, player,
were, person, answer, German, prefer
i - [ ê ] : (90%) it, six, live, writ, nit, fit, sit, lit, flit, tit, fifty, picture,
Brazil, give, English, Victor, sister, Liverpool, written,
difference, fifteen, hit the ship, dictionary, Phillip, Chris
[ ai ] : write, life, ride, like, decide, underline, describe, nice,
exercise, wife, nine, white, five, driver
* night, fight, sight, light, right, flight, tight, highlighted
[ â ] : circle, dirty, first, third, thirsty, girl, shirt, bird, skirt, thirty
[ â ] : family, universe, unity, California, immigration
Exceções = [ ai ] : child, wild, mild.
o - [ ó ] : (90%) copy, Molly, more, clock, Polly, not, coffee, pocket,
short, exceção: women [wêmên]
[ a ] : money, come, some, Tom, on, from, London, complete,
pronunciation, common, contractions, Antonio, John,
person, conversation, Honda, consonants, blond, son
[ôu ] : note, coke, close, open, pole, hotel, stone.
[ ô ] : gold, old, folks, told, cold.
[ â ] : love, glove, dove, cover, above
3
u - [ â ] : (90%) underline, hurry up, Turkey, but, umbrella, such, us,
bus, number, husband, understand, hundred, tub, cut
[ iu ] : student, tube, use, cute, excuse, contribute, dude.
[ u ] : full, rule, bull.
Combination of Vowels
a - ai [êi] : wait, train, again, e-mail, Spain.
Exceções : hair[rrér], chair[tchér], pair[pér]
ay [êi] : play, stay, say, way, day.
au [ó ] : because, fault, caught, taught, daughter, Lauren,
Claudia, Paula, Mauricio, Laura
aw [ó ] : law, paw, raw, saw, draw, claw.
e - ea [ii ] : speak, teacher, eat, easy, meat, please, leave,
read, hear, meaning, repeat, cheap, dream, each
[é ] : bread, ready, breakfast, wear.
[â ] : learn, earth, pearl, heard, Earl, earnestly.
Exceção: great[grêit],
ee [ i ] : green, street, sheep, feet, meet, week, seeks,
queen, see, sleep, speed.
ei [ i ] : ceiling, either, weird, leisure.
ey [ i ] : money, Turkey, Shirley, honey, key, Whitney.
ew [iú] : new, few, chew, jew, curfew, stew, screw.
4
i - ia [aia] : dialogue, giant, dial, liar.
ie [ai] : die, lie, tie, pie.
[ i ] : piece, niece, thief, grief, believe, relief
o - oa [ôu ] : oak, load, coat, float, goat, soap.
Exceções: board, abroad
oi [ói ] : noise, choice, Detroit, avoid.
oy [ói ] : boy, joy, enjoy, Roy, soy, toy, Doyle
ou [au ] : our, count, noun, house, south, sound, around, about.
Exceções: group[grup], You[iú], country[kântri].
ow [au ] : how, now, brown, down, allow, wow!, vowel, town,
oo [ u ] : foot, soon, cook, look, room, school, good-looking
Exceções - * [â ] : blood, flood
* [ó ] : floor, door.
u - ue [ u ] : blue, clue, due, glue, true, sue.
ui [ u ] : juice, suitcase, cruise, fruit, recruit, suit.
5
Consonants
b - [ b] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[Ø] : numb, lamb, climb, comb, tomb, womb, crumb, dumb.
c - [c] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[tch] : check, change, chart, children, chop, chubby, chum,
church, cheap, each, French
Exceções: Chicago [xikágôu], Michigan[míxiguen]
d - [d] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
f - [f ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese exceção: of [óv]
g - [g ] :
[f ] :
[Ø] :
[dj] :
same pronunciation as Portuguese
neigh, enough, cough, rough, laugh.
(...gh)
light, eight, night, daughter, neighbor, sight. (...gh...)
orange, general, Geneva, ginger, giant, gipsy, Biology.
h - [rr] : how, hello, hi, Henry, hotel, hot, hospital, hint,
[Ø] : hour, honest, honor, historical, heir.
j - [dj] : joke, Jones, Jim, javelin, jeep, jabber, Janet Jackson
k - [k ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[Ø] : know, knight, knock-out, knot, knee, knob, knuckles,
6
l - [ l ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
* Se uma palavra termina em “L” e a próxima palavra começa
com vogal, o “L” forma sílaba com a vogal [la, le, li, lo, lu]:
special operation, fill in, Final Oral Exam , spell it,
tell a partner, small and cheap
m - [m] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
n - [n ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
p - [p ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[f ] : photo, philander, phony, phrase, philosophy, phone.
[Ø] : psychology, psychiatrist, psychic, psychotherapy,
psychopath, psychography, psychosomatic, psychosis.
q - [q ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
r - [r ] : Rob, tomorrow, right, reception, sorry, correct,
remember, terrible, reservation, relieve, restaurant,
s - [s ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[x ] : she, short, sheet, shoes, shelf, show, sheep,
shine, shot, ship, shock, shut, should, fish
7
t - [ t ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
[ r ] : letter, photo, city, Italy, United States, British,
beautiful, eighty, Rita is at a hotel. I’m not a doctor.
Peter got a job as a waiter. What are they?
Go to page fourteen. See you tomorrow, Sir.
I’m sorry, Peter, but I gotta get up at about eight o’clock,
tomorrow morning.
[Ø] : printer, sentence, Atlanta, center, twenty, dentist,
I want a coke, Monterrey, internet, intercontinental.
: listen, fasten, whistle, castle
: forty, party, artist, dirty, article, Marty, Carter, thirty
ð=
: then, the, they, their, other, this, these, that, those,
mother, father, brother, them, together,
θ=
: thanks, think, three, thirteen, thank you, with,
things, thunder, both, Cathy, thirty, Matthew
[x ] : information, conversation, vacation, reception,
station, question, education, emotion, revolution
v - [v ] :
w - [u ] :
x - [z ] :
[cs] :
same pronunciation as Portuguese
walk, wonderful, world, warm, woman, word.
xenofobia, xerox.
taxi, Mexico, exercise, box, Texas, expensive, text
Exceção: example [êgzémpâl]
y - [i ] : yes, you, yell, yawn, yellow.
* university, family.
[ai ] : why, sky, fly, cry, fry, dry.
* butterfly, firefly.
z - [z ] : same pronunciation as Portuguese
8
Comentários finais:
Em Inglês, não existem os sons [ssia], [ssie], [ssio] e [ssiu].
Quando tais grupos ocorrerem numa palavra ou na junção de duas
palavras, devem ser pronunciadas assim: [xia], [xi], [xio] e [xiu].
Exemplos:
Patricia, special, species, expression, sugar, sure, Russia,
Leticia, Mauricio ou então...
Is this your book? What’s your name?
O par “...re” terá sua pronúncia invertida [er=âr] quando
precedido da letra i. Exemplos: fire, hire, tire, wire, tired.
O par “...le” terá sua pronúncia invertida [el=âl] quando
precedido da letra i ou qualquer consoante. Exemplos: single, file,
syllable, people, little, jungle, castle, apple, bottle, possible, uncle.
Quando ocorrerem as letras “rl” juntas numa palavra, serão
pronunciadas “râl”. Exemplos: girl, world, pearl, Earl, Carl,
No par “Wh” o “h” pode ser aspirado ou não. [wh=u/ru].
Exemplos: What [uót], Where[uér], When[uén], Which[uêtch],
Why[uái] , Who[rú], white[uáite]
Two, to, too = todas tem a mesma pronúncia [tu]
there, they’re e their têm a mesma pronúncia:
= [zér]
(língua entre os dentes.) : They’re over there on their chairs.
9
Quando a sílaba tônica das palavras com três ou mais sílabas
for na primeira sílaba, a vogal da sílaba seguinte fica muda:
different [dêfrent], difference[dêfrens], several [sévrâl],
every [évri], chocolate [tchóklât], temperature [têmpratchâr],
favorite[fêivrêt], Literature [lêtratchâr]
Verbos onomatopeicos:
bark
snore
knock
neigh
roar
burp
sneeze
boo
rattle
- latir
- roncar
- bater (à porta)
- rinchar, relinchar
- rugir
- arrotar
- espirrar
- vaiar
- chacoalhar
(chaves)
yawn
belch
cough
ring
cackle
meow
clap
honk
screech
- bocejar
- vomitar
- tossir
- tocar (fone, campainha)
- cacarejar
- miar
- bater palmas
- buzinar
- cantar (pneus)