docredaqtorisgan
download 
Denúncia Transcrição
redaqtorisgan
redaqtorisgan `istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani~-s winamdebare nomeri XV-ea da, amdenad, saiubileo. roca am krebulis dafuZneba gadavwyviteT, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnografiis institutis socialur urTierTobaTa eTnografiuli Seswavlis ganyofilebaSi, darwmunebuli ar viyaviT, rom es gamocema aseTi warmatebuli iqneboda da seriul saxes SeinarCunebda. bolo 15 weliwadi qarTuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis urTulesi etapia. es is periodia, roca qveynis rTuli viTarebisa da Semdgom, faqtobrivad, gauazrebeli reformebis Sedegad, qarTuli mecniereba mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi samecniero dargebi, humanitaruli Tu teqnikuri, mecnierTa Tavdauzogavma da TiTqmis uangaro Sromam gadaarCina. samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom dResac, roca saxelmwifo axal etapze gadavida da garkveuli pozitivi aSkarad igrZnoba, samecniero sazogadoeba isev mZime problemebis winaSe darCa. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom qveynisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani da saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi saZirkveli _ mecniereba, saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli da araTu misi ganviTarebisTvis iRwvis vinme, aramed misi mniSvneloba saerTod ignorirebulia. Cven ar viciT, SevZlebT Tu ara am krebulis momdevno nomris gamocemas ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis saxeliT, vinaidan reforma, romelic samecniero sazogadoebasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe da misi protestis 3 fonze mimdinareobs, ukve aTi welia, faqtobrivad, institutebis daxurvas da maT gaurkvevel `mimarTulebebad~ gadakeTebas gulisxmobs. ar SegviZlia oriode sityviT ar SevexoT meore problemasac, romelic istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis winaSe dgas. saxelmwifosTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone instituts, miTumetes saqarTvelosTvis, romlis teritoriebis 20% okupirebulia _ quCaSi darCena emuqreba. meliqiSvilis gamzirze, #10-Si mdebare Senoba, romelic 1980 wels oficialurad gadaeca instituts, ramdenime wlis win ukanonod iqna gasxvisebuli, Tan ise, rom Cven amis Sesaxeb mxolod mogvianebiT SevityveT. imedia, Cveni Zalisxmeva orive mimarTulebiT Sedegs moitans da saxelmwifo erTxel da sabolood gaacnobierebs mecnierebis rols qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi, rac ase kargad icodnen Cvenma winaprebma jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi da rac ase kargad aqvT gaazrebuli Tundac Cvens mezobel (arafers vityvi evropasa da amerikaze) qveynebSi, sadac msgavs institutebs daxurvis reJimSi ki ar amuSaveben, aramed idealur pirobebs uqmnian moRvaweobisTvis. A aRniSnuli krebulis ToTxmetwliani arseboba, misi mniSvnelovani da aqtualuri TematikiTaa ganpirobebuli. faqtobrivad, ar darCenila qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis arc erTi dargi, romelic am krebulSi ar asaxuliyo: istoria (rogorc saqarTvelosi, ise sazRvargareTis qveynebisa), eTnologia (qarTveli da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis), enaTmecniereba, arqiteqtura, folkloristika, religia; `istoriul-eTnologiuri Zieba4 nis~ dadebiT mxared unda CaiTvalos isic, rom axalgazrda mkvlevrebsa da aseve, tradiciuli mimarTulebebisgan gansxvavebuli azris mqone avtorebsac, saSualeba eZleodaT daebeWdaT TavianTi naSromebi. krebulSi warmodgenili iyo gamoxmaurebebi ucxoel mecnierTa tendenciuri gamocemebis Sesaxeb, romelnic Cveni qveynis istoriis gayalbebas cdilobdnen, rac saxelmwifo interesebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. qveyndeboda polemikuri saxis statiebi da pasuxebi, recenziebi. samwuxarod, mravali, axlad wasuli qarTveli mecnieris Sesaxeb mogonebebis dabeWdvamac mogviwia... Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `istoriuleTnologiurma Ziebanma~ damsaxurebulad daimkvidra Tavisi adgili qarTul samecniero sazogadoebaSi (egzemplarebi igzavneboda ara mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed sazRvargareTis sxvadasxva qveynebis biblioTekebSi), rac upirvelesad, monawile avtorebis, mkiTxvelebisa da Sedgom saredaqcio kolegiis damsaxurebaa. winamdebare nomeric mravalferovani TematikiT gamoirCeva da wina gamocemebis msgavsad, uciloblad daainteresebs samecniero sazogadoebas, studentebsa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wres. 5 xaTuna ioseliani demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi mefis kurTxevis wesis amsaxveli erTaderTi unikaluri freska mogvepoveba – svaneTSi, sofel latalSi, “macxvariSis” eklesiaSi, sadac demetre I-is mefed kurTxevaa dawerili. demetre I-s Tavze gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen dasavleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris vardanis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi [4, 77]. vinaidan es saqarTveloSi erTaderTi freskaa, sadac mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaa asaxuli, mas mxolod am kuTxiT eqceoda yuradReba. mTavari ki _ is istoriuli informacia, romelsac aRniSnuli freska gadmogvcems _ yuradRebis miRma darCa. qarTul istoriografiaSi, wyaroTa simciris gamo, demetre I - is mefobis xana 1125-1156w.w. [3], saTanadod araa Seswavlili. misi moRvaweobis didi nawili, rogorc es mkvlevarTa mieraa aRiarebuli, bundovanebiTaa moculi, rac, Cans, qveyanaSi, samefo karze da umaRles wreebSi ganviTarebuli rTuli movlenebiT iqna ganpirobebuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT demetre I-is moRvaweobis Sefasebas, Cven mxolod mis gamefebasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis ganxilvas SevecdebiT. “qarTlis cxovrebis” monacemebis mixedviT, cnobilia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma, Tavisi Ze Tanamosaydred daisva. “TÂsiTa xeliTa dasua saydarTa 6 TÂsTa Ze TÂsi dimitri ... daadga Tavsa mSveniersa gÂrgÃni qvaTagan patiosanTa ... da Seartya welTa ZlierTa maxÂili, eha, rabam sÂanad xmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa da tansa axovansa” [1, 363]. anu daviTma Tavisi xeliT daadga gvirgvini rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartya maxvili, rogorc mTavarsardalma. qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia, rom demetre I-is Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, misi xelmeored mefed kurTxeva ar momxdara, ufro sworad, sakiTxi ase arc dasmula da, Sesabamisad arc aravis ukvlevia. Cveni interpretacia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sruliad gansxvavebulia. XII-XIII saukuneebSi, rodesac qveyanas ayvavebis da Zlierebis xana daudga, gaZlierda Sida institutebi – ara mxolod feodalur-klanuri, aramed demokratiulic (risi faqtebic aris wyaro-ebSi aRwerili). isini aRar eguebian qveynis erTpi-rovnul mmarTvelobas da TavianTi rolis gazrdas cdiloben. miTumetes, im viTarebaSi, roca mtkice da Zlieri mmarTveli, daviT aRmaSenebeli, romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi Seqmna da qveyanas ganviTarebis stimuli misca –_ ar hyavT mefed. Cveni azriT, es ar iyo mxolod piradi ambiciebis gamoZaxili, saxelmwifos erTeulebs TavianTi legitimuri uflebis dafiqsireba surdaT erTiani qveynis marTva-gamge7 blobaSi, vinaidan qveyanaSi ukve Seqmnili iyo ganviTarebis safuZvlebi momdevno etapisTvis, (isev daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebidan gamomdinare) rac ase mSvenivradaa “istoriani azmani SaravandedTanis” avtoris mier naTqvami: “SemyrelTa SÂidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa...” [2, 26-27]. Cans, daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg, demetre I, romelic daviTis mier iqna taxtze Tanamosaydred dasmuli, rTul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda da, garkveuli periodis mere, xelmeored, anu wesisamebr mouwia mefed kurTxeva. analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebiT, giorgi III-is mier Tanamosaydred dasmul mefe Tamars mimarTes qveynis didebulebma: “SemyrelTa SÂidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTa hkadres” da moTxoves wesisa da rigis mixedviT mefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremonia pirvelad ar iyo wesisamebr Catarebuli. amis Semdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradiciuli, sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politikuri viTarebis zemoxsenebuli peripetiebi, cxadia, rom miuxedavad Tanamosaydreobisa, samefos didebulebma, moiTxoves mefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi monawileoba gamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTa da sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa ...vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmad gÂrgÂnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awÂes monazoni Rirsi da 8 madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli antoni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gÂrgÂnisa, da calis-kerZisa kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srulyves moÃeleTa sÂanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa, saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadeba Ãrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTa Svidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27]. demetre I-is mefoba rTulad warimarTa [5], miuxedavad imisa, rom is saqarTvelos udidesi mefis memkvidre iyo. mas mouwyves SeTqmulebebi, taxtidan gadaayenes, iZulebiT berad Sedgomac mouwia, Semdgom isev dabrunda qveynis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi. Tumca, CvenTvis mTavari, misi rTuli da wyaroTa ar qonis gamo, TiTqmis Seuswavleli moRvaweobidan, mxolod erTi sakiTxis garkvevaa. mas, iseve, rogorc Tamar mefes, Cans, garkveuli periodis Semdeg, xelmeored mouwia mefed kurTxeva. “macxvariSis” eklesia, sadac demetre I-is mefed kurTxevaa freskaze gamosaxuli, demetres I-is gamefebidan TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli (TariRi freskasTanaa aRniSnuli).. demetre I-s Tavze gvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen dasavleT saqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris vardanis-Ze, svaneTis erisTavi. “demetre mefesa Ãrmalsa abmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [4, 77]. winaaRmdeg “qarTlis cxovrebis” cnobisa, sadac demetres gvirgvins adgams da xmals abams daviT 9 aRmaSenebeli, freskaze am misias angelozi da erisTavebi asruleben. Cveni daskvna aseTia: qveynis SigniT erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimdinare procesebi ikveTeba (da ara mxolod feodaluri separatizmisa, rac ukve ganviTarebul saxelmwifoze metyvelebs), amis fonze, problemebi eqmneba demetre I-s, romelic iZulebuli gaxda, miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis mier iyo Tanamosaydred dasmuli, xelmeored kurTxeuliyo mefed, “SvidTa samefoTa” didebulebisa da spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legitimacia mieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebac arafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTarebis ararsebobis gareSe, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSi freskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil versias. 10 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955. 2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tb., 1959. 3. mariam lorTqifaniZe, roin metreveli, saqarTvelos mefeebi, Tb., 2000. 4. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecniero aparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988. 5. j. stefnaZe, demetre pirveli, Tb., 1990. 11 Khatuna Ioseliani ABOUT THE CORONATION OF KING DEMETRE I Most of the period of the reign of king Demetre I, son of David the Builder, is deeply obscure for us. The chronicle “Kartlis Tskhovreba” says very little about it. According to the king David’s historian Demetre was consecrated as coruler of David the builder. After this nothing is known about his second coronation when he became a king. But fresco in Matskhvarishi church, Svaneti, gives us interesting information. This is the unique fresco in Georgia. This is the only one which depicts the scene of coronation. Till now the fresco was causing the attention only because of the mentioned scene, but the main thing was left beyond the observation of scientists. It is obvious that Demetre like Queen Tamar, who after being co-ruler had to be coronated for the second time, was consecrated once more as well in a traditional way with noblemen of the “seven kingdoms” (administrative regions of the country) and army to give full legitimacy to his kingship. If Demetre was not crowned for the second tame, no one could depict on the fresco the changed version of the coronation. Furthermore, this church is built and painted by the “will” of king Demetre. It seems that the heir of the strongest king who was crowned by this very king had to be consecrated for the second time that obviously shows and speaks about the strength of the “seven kingdoms” as well as about the order that was established in the country. 12 salome baxia-oqruaSvili stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi afxaz da Cerqez xalxebSi saukuneTa wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli stumarmaspinZlobis instituti, mTeli kavkasiis mosaxleobisaTvis universaluri movlena iyo [m. mowerelia, 1987; S. inal-ifa, 1965, 420-433; b. kaloevi, 1967, 168-175; i. yalmikovi, 1974, 190-199; yaraCalebi, 1978, 213-214; v.k. gardanovi, 1967, 289-327; da sxv.] Tumca, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa yofaSi es tradiciuli instituti, rogorc dadebiTi, ise negatiuri da rTuli TaviseburebebiTac gamoirCeoda. Sua saukuneebis kavkasiis mraval xalxSi saxelmwifoebis, gzebis, centraluri mmarTvelobis uqonlobis gamo da sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobaTa sustad ganviTarebis fonze, stumarmaspinZlobis instituti im mniSvnelovan saSualebas warmoadgenda, romelic safuZvels udebda tradiciuli xalxuri diplomatiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel eTnosTaSoris urTierTobebs. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis warmomadgenlebi garda im keTilSobiluri Jestisa, romliTac daRlil da gzaabneul mgzavrs exmarebodnen, am Cveulebis wyalobiT saerToadamianur zneobriv normebsac warmoaCendnen. mravali mxareTmcodne da mogzauri erTnairad fiqrobda, rom kavkasielebisaTvis stumarmaspinZloba mniSvnelovani zneobriobis, saTnoebis gamomxatveli instituti iyo, romelsac kavkasiis yvela xalxi erTnairad pativs miagebda. mosaxleobis yvela fenisaTvis stumari vinc ar unda yofiliyo igi, xelSeuxebel pirovnebas warmoadgenda. Raribebic 13 iseTive stumarTmoyvareni iyvnen, rogorc mdidrebi [l. lulie, 1859, 33; k. stali, 1910, 135; g. ribinski, 1894, 13, 17; f. tornau, 1964, 107; da sxv.]. stumarmaspinZlobis Cveulebis rituals Tavisufali qcevis wesebi ar gaaCnda. am SemTxvevaSi yvelas evaleboda kanonis Zalamde asuli wesebis dacva, romlis Sinaarsi da azri albaT XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis ukve simboluradac ki gamoiyureboda da garkveuli socialuri mniSvneloba dakarguli hqonda. magram rogorc tradiciuli kulturis elementi, igi eTnokulturuli qcevis sistemis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda, romelic ukve etikets utoldeboda. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriaSi am institutis funqcionirebam saerTo sakacobrio kulturaSi mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi roli Seasrula. Cveuleba ara marto erTi eTnosis farglebSi, aramed eTnikurad gansxvavebul warmomadgenlebsac erTmaneTis gacnobis, urTierTdamegobrebis saSualebas aZlevda. urTierTgatanisa da moraluri mxardaWeris garda am urTierTobaSi ekonomikuri, urTierTdaxmarebis faqtoric muSaobda. dRes maspinZeli Tu stumars TviT iRebda pativiscemiT, man kargad icoda, rom sxva dros, masac igive pativiscema eloda. stumarmaspinZloba ara marto moraluri da wminda valdebulebis, aramed usafrTxoebis, dacvis saSualebac iyo. mkvleli Tu Tavs moklulis ojaxs miandobda, igi garda TavSesafrisa, garantiasac iRebda, rom maspinZeli mas sakuTari sicocxlis fasad daicavda. sayovelTaod cnobili iyo, rom stumris mkvleloba an Seuracxyofa adaTiTa da 14 CveulebiTi samarTliT kavkasiis yvela xalxebSi sisxl-mesisxleobis wesebs eqvemdebareboda. afxazebSi stumari (`asas~) maspinZlis xelgaSililobiT, pativiscemiT, TavazianobiT da gamaspinZlebiT sargeblobda. stumari sasurveli iyo dRisiT, RamiT, zafxulSi Tu zamTarSi; stumris raodenobas, eTnikur warmomavlobasa da socialur mdgomareobas araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda. stumarmaspinZloba afxazebSi tradiciuli etiketuri wesebiT iyo datvirTuli. igi wminda kanons warmoadgenda, romlis Sesruleba yvelasaTvis aucilebeli iyo. `Tu afxazi stumarTmoyvare da purmariliani ar aris, mas sazogadoebaSi uTuod moralurad gakicxaven. afxazi stumars, rogor RmerTis wyalobas ise uyurebs. sufraze gamoaqvs yvelaferi, rac ki gaaCnia~ [g. ribinski, 1894, 13]. `ubralo glexi, qarTveli iqneba igi Tu afxazi lamazia da Tavis keTilSobilebas yovelTvis amJRavnebs. afxazeTis Rarib ojaxSic ki isini am keTilSobilebas yvelanair situaciaSi icaven~ [v. nemiroviC-danCenko, 1894, 228]. dasaxlebis formebis Seswavlis Sedegad dgindeba, rom Tanamedrove afxazebi amaRlebul borcvebze isliT daxurul sacxovrebel facxebSi (`afacxa~) cxovrobdnen. sacxovrebeli facxebis gverdiT erTi `asasairTa~ (sastumro saxli) aucileblad Sendeboda. sacxovrebeli nagebobebis formebis cvlasTan erTad, `asasairTa~ zogjer sacxovrebelSi SigniT inacvlebda. magaliTad, ganSi gazrdili tipis sacxovrebelSi, sastumros calke oTaxi eTmoboda. zogierT afxazur sazogadoebas, 15 sofels, romelic erT naTesaur ubnad iyo Camoyalibebuli, zogjer Crdilokavkasiuri `sayonaRos~ (sastumro, afx. `asasairTa~) msgavsad, soflis TavSi, jargvaluri tipis nagebobac hqondaT, romelic asasairTad gamoiyeneboda. T. saxokia XIX saukuneSi werda, rom `rac ar unda Raribi yofiliyo afxazi, igi cdilobda ori facxa hqonoda. erTi sajalabod da sacxovreblad, xolo meore _ sastumrod~ [T.saxokia, 1950, 310]. afxazebi sastumros, sacxovrebelSi iyo is Tu mis gareT, did yuradRebas uTmobdnen da bevrad ufro keTilmowyobili hqondaT, vidre sakuTari sacxovrebeli. `asasairTa~ saerTo ZalebiT mdidrulad ewyoboda, stumari am naTesauri koleqtivis yuradRebis qveS eqceoda. mis usafrTxoebaze Tu kvebaze yvela erTad zrunavda. `asasairTaSi~ stumris gamoCenisTanave yvela valdebulad Tvlida Tavs misalmeboda stumars da mis gamaspinZlebaSi Tavisi wvlili Seetana. zogjer arafris mTqmeli, magram Tavaziani da mSvidobiani saubriT unda gaerToT axalmosuli stumari, sanam misi sakadrisi gasamaspinZlebeli mravalferovani kerZebi momzaddeboda. karze momdgar stumars afxazi gulRiad xvdeboda, igi arasodes dausvamda kiTxvas, saidan an saiT midioda, vinaidan es mas uxamsobaSi CaeTvleboda. amis Tqma TviT stumris movaleobas Seadgenda. stumaric Cveulebriv, iseve Tavazianad da TavSekavebulad iqceoda, rogorc maspinZeli. stumari maspinZels mogzaurobis mizezs Tu gaacnobda da Tan daxmarebasac sTxovda, maspinZeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi valdebuli iyvnen, daxmareba gaewiaT. 16 afxazuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, stumrobis vada reglamentirebuli ar iyo, magram dauwereli kanoniT mas mxolod ori kviris manZilze SeiZleboda esargebla maspinZlis guluxvobiT, Semdeg ki usaTuod unda wasuliyo. mosvlisTanave ojaxis yvela wevri valdebuli iyo ezoSive misalmeboda stumars. ojaxisTvis ucxo adamianic ki, romelic sxvadasxva moulodneli mizezis gamo iZulebuli iyo TavSesafari eTxova, maspinZels anazRaurebas ar SesTavazebda, radgan igi mas gaanawyenebda. stumris statusiT usaxlkarosac SeeZlo afxazis ojaxSi Sesvla da misi maspinZlobiT sargebloba. stumarmaspinZlobis Cveleba ceremonialuri misalmebiT iwyeboda. saxlis yvela binadari, axalgazrda Tu moxuci stumars ezoSive egebeboda, rac maT pativiscemas ufro naTlad gamoxatavda [S. inal-ifa, 1984, 104-105]. pirveli saxlSi ojaxis uxucesi wevri Sevidoda, Semdeg ki stumari. mas yvelaze gamorCeul da moxerxebul adgils SeurCevdnen dasajdomad. sanam mamakacebi stumarTan saubrobdnen, qalebi da axalgazrda vaJebi samzad saxlSi fusfusebdnen. risi saSualebac hqondaT (qaTmis, xbos, Zroxis, Txis...) imas daklavdnen da stumrisTvis gasamaspinZlebeli gadanaxuli produqtiT sufris samzadiss Seudgebodnen. gadanaxul produqts `stumris wili~ (`asas ixu~) ewodeboda. sufris mTavari kerZi xorci da Rvino iyo. Tu ojaxs bevri ar hqonda, isini Cveulebriv sadilze Rvinos ar xmarobdnen, arc qaTamsa da raime sxva saklavs klavdnen, stumrisaTvis inaxavdnen. stumari sayovelTao pativiscemiTa da 17 yuradRebiT sargeblobda. mis sanaxavad naTesavebi da mezoblebi modiodnen. ojaxSi rac unda momxdariyo, maspinZeli valdebuli iyo SesaZleblobis farglebSi stumari gamoekveba da zrunva ar moeklo misTvis. stumari, rogorc aRiniSna, xelSeuxebeli pirovneba iyo. ojaxi mis usafrTxoebaze pasuxs agebda. afxazebi ise icavdnen stumarmaspinZlobis wesebs, rom odnavi darRvevac ki sazogadoebaSi gansjis sagani xdeboda. Tu ojaxSi ramdenime stumari movidoda da ojaxs ar SeeZlo maTi erTad miReba da ganTavseba, maSin isini mezoblad mcxovrebi Zmis, biZaSvilis, ZmisSvilis da a.S. ojaxebSi gadanawildebodnen, radgan isinic valdebuli iyvnen stumrisTvis TavSesafari, mfarveloba da mzrunveloba ar moekloT. afxazebi cdilobdnen stumarTmoyvareobis, stumarmaspinZlobis wesi ar daerRviaT. Tu ojaxs imdeni saSualeba ar hqonda, rom ramdenime dRe stumari Rirseulad mieRo, mezoblebi, romlebic umetesad axlo naTesavebi iyvnen taqtiT da SeumCnevlad gasaWirSi myofs produqtiT exmarebodnen. stumari amas verc amCnevda [S. inal-ifa, 1984]. stumars etiketis dacviT iRebdnen. sufra iwyeboda da mTavrdeboda xelis dabanis ceremonailiT. ojaxis axalgazrda, gauTxovari gogona an axalgazrda vaJi erT xelSi sapniT, meore xelSi wylis doqiT da mxarze pirsaxociT miuaxlovdeboda ojaxis uxuces mamakacs da mis stumars, romelTa Sorisac dialogi imarTeboda xelis dabanis Taobaze, isini erTmaneTs pirvelobas uTmobdnen. bolos mainc stumari imarjvebda da xels pirveli ojaxis uxucesi 18 ibanda, rac etiketiTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo. stumaris Semdeg iq myofi mamakacebi gaTvaliswinebul ceremonials ufros-umcrosobis dacviT agrZelebdnen. sufrasTan, TavSi, yvelaze sapatio, Tbil da moxerxebul adgilebs jer ojaxis uxucesi da misi stumari ikavebda, Semdeg maT gverdiT ufrosumcrosobiT sxva mamakacebi. axalgazrdebi ufrosebisagan moSorebiT, karebisaken sxdebodnen. afxazuri etiketis Tanaxmad Svils _ mamis, siZes _ simamris, ZmisSvils da disSvils _ biZis gverdiT jdoma ar ekuTvnoda. ufrosebis sadRegrZeloebis warmoTqmisas, axalgazrdebi fexze dgebodnen, ise rom umetesad fexze dgoma uwevdaT. yuradRebas iqcevs wesi, romelic afxazebs CrdiloeTidan CamohyvaT _ wasvlis win stumars gamosaTxovar sufraze saxalxod saCuqars gadascemdnen. maspinZeli valdebuli iyo stumrisaTvis raime mniSvnelovani saCuqari mieca. es is nivTi an sagani unda yofiliyo, romelzec stumari saubris dros mianiSnebda, Seuqebda Sinaur cxovels, cxens an unagirs da a.S. maspinZels Tavi valdebulad miaCnda, Zvirfasi ram daeTmo stumrisaTvis. TavisTavad cxadia, es wesi xelmokle mosaxleobaSi naklebad saxarbielo iyo, Tumca, mdidar ojaxebSi stumris gadakrul sityvas usaTuod Seasrulebdnen. stumarmaspinZlobis erTi aseTi saintereso masalis Tanaxmad, `sportul Sejibrebaze cxeniT mojiriTeebs Soris warmoSobili Cxubis Sedegad, axalgazrda kaci mokles. mkvlelma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs da pirvelsave ojaxSi SeiWra. mosulma maspinZels gulaxdilad uambo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da 19 mfarveloba sTxova. ojaxis ufrosma igi gadamala. mokle xanSi, samgloviaro procesiam mokluli axalgazrda am ezoSi Semoasvena. maspinZeli yvelafers mixvda, magram stumari mainc ar gasca. rodesac vaJi daasaflaves da yvela Tav-Tavis saxlSi dabrunda, gulmoklulma mamam Svilis mkvleli samalavidan gamoiyvana, usafrTxo gza aswavla da gauSva. wasvlis win uTxra _ `Sen Cemi erTaderTi Svili mokali, magram Seni sicocxle me momande da Cemi stumari gaxdi. me ver davarRvevdi stumarmaspinZlobis wess, amitom sicocxles gaCuqeb, magram wadi ise Sors, rom gzaze aRarasodes gadameyaro~ [S. inal-ifa, 1984, 116]. cxadia, zemoT naTqvami mxolod tradiciul stumarmaspinZlobis institutis funqcionirebas Seexeboda. magram iseve, rogorc mravali tradiciuli sxva sazogadoebrivi Cveuleba, istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi stumarmaspinZlobis institutic _ `asasTva~ _ cvlilebebs ganicdida socialuri garemo pirobebis SecvlasTan erTad. magaliTad, feodaluri urTierTobis gavlenis Sedegad stumarmaspinZlobis Zireuli wesebi icvleboda da feodalizmze morgebuli xdeboda. ase magaliTad, afxazeTis mTavari manuCar SarvaSiZe stumarmaspinZlobis instituts Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda. ojaxidan ojaxSi gadadioda, moulodneli stumrobiT, SeZlebul glexs maspinZlobas da masTan erTad lamazi glexis qalebis moyvanasac aiZulebda. urC qveSevrdomebs ki sastikad sjida. misi stumroba zogjer erTi da ori dRe ar grZeldeboda, rac ojaxs ekonomikurad da moraluradac anadgurebda. feodalebi cdilobdnen, wes-Cveulebebi Tavis sasa20 rgeblod da sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT, rac TviT tradiciis ganadgurebiTve mTavrdeboda. feodalur epoqaSi arsebuli stumarmaspinZlobis institutis saSualebiT cnobili xdeba, rom 1806 w. afxazeTis mTavarma qeleSbei SarvaSiZem Tavisi qveynis RalatisaTvis Serisxuli, Turqi didgvarovani Taiar-faSa mfarvelobis qveS miiRo. TurqeTis sulTanma qeleSbeis moRalatis gadmocema mosTxova. amis gamo maT Soris urTierToba daiZaba da gafuWda, magram SarvaSiZem stumarmaspinZlobis wess mainc ar uRalata [i. Salva inal-ifa, 1965, 430]. stumarmaspinZlobis wess miewereba gvian Sua saukuneebSi warmoSobili wesic, romlis Tanaxmad, glexs Tavisi mebatonis mitoveba SeeZlo Tu sxva Tavadis mfarvelobas moipovebda. afxazebSi aseT mfarvelobaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleboda, amitom glexi bunebrivia, axali patronis xelSi, Zvelis devnisagan daculi iyo. amave dros igi winandeli mebatonis begarisaganac Tavisufldeboda. afxazuri stumarmaspinZlobis institutis tradiciuli sistema yvelaze did msgavsebas, CerqezulTan amJRavnebda. cxadia, Cveuleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camotanis Semdeg, garemo pirobebsa da mkvidri mosaxleobis gavleniT, adgilze transformacias ganicdida da Taviseburebasac iZenda. adiRebi (Cerqezebi, jiq-abazebi, SafsuRebi, natuxaelebi, aSxarelebi, tapanTelebi, bJeduRebi, abaZexebi da sxv.) sakmaod mkacrad icavdnen stumarmaspinZlobis instituts, rac maTTvis maRali zneobriobis gamoxatulebad iTvleboda, romlis drosac stumari, sanam maT ojaxSi iyo, xelSeuxebeli 21 rCeboda. stumrisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri Senoba, am Cveulebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. igi kavkasiur literaturaSi `sayonaRos~ saxeliT iyo cnobili. SeZlebuli adiRebi am Senobas calke, sakuTari sacxovrebeli saxlis ezos gareT, iq, sadac sameurneo nagebobebi iyo Tavmoyrili, aSenebdnen. aseT sastumro saxls moxerxebuli adgili hqonda, mesriTa da wnuli RobiT sxva nagebobebisagan gamoiyofoda, piri gzisken hqonda miqceuli da win patara ezoc hqonda. sastumro saxlTan yovelTvis iyo Tavla, xolo mis win, mravalwliani Crdiliani xe idga, romelic specialurad cxenebis misabmelad da dasasveneblad gamoiyeneboda. sastumro oTaxis interieri maspinZlis sacxovrebel saxlze bevrad ukeTesad unda yofiliyo morTuli. kedlebi noxebiT iyo dafaruli, Wilofebze sawolis mowyobilobebi ewyo (baliSebi, gadasafareblebi da a.S.), kedlebze musikaluri instrumentebi ekida. marTalia, ubralo adiRebs mdidruli `sayonaRos~ aSeneba ar SeeZloT, magram cdilobdnen, sakuTar did saxlSi yvelaze saukeTeso oTaxi stumris misaRebad gamoeyoT da SeZlebisdagvarad mdidrulad moewyoT. adiRels sayonaRoSi mihqonda is, rac Rirebuli gaaCnda da maqsimalurad cdilobda mis keTilmowyobas [i. yalmikovi, 1974, 190-199; yaraCalebi, 1978, 213-214; v. gardanovi, 1967, 289-326] sayonaRo saxli adiRelTaTvis sazogadoebrivi da garkveuli azriT sakulto daniSnulebisac iyo. es gasagebicaa, radgan maTi warmodgeniT isini gamCeni RmerTis survilsac asrulebdnen [b. bRaJnakovi, 1985, 180]. 22 XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gavrcelebul yonaRobis Cveulebis Tanaxmad, adiReuri tradiciiT, stumars Tavisi vinaoba da gezi saiT hqonda aRebuli, SeeZlo ar gaemxila, magram amave dros misi guluxvobiT esargebla. aseT stumars maspinZeli arasodes ekiTxeboda arafers, radgan wesad ar iyo miRebuli. amitom, maspinZlobis dros igi sameurneo saqmeebs imizezebda da stumars marto tovebda. aseTi stumari daculi iyo, sanam igi am ojaxs ar datovebda. maspinZeli ganTavisufldeboda Tu ara pasuxismgeblobisagan, mas ar ainteresebda, stumars ra bedi eweoda [v. gardanovi, 1967, 305]. Tu stumari ojaxisaTvis nacnobi iyo, misi mosvlis Sesaxeb yvela naTesavi igebda da maSinve yvela sayonaRoSi misasalmeblad midioda. es yuradRebisa da Tavazianobis gamoxatuleba iyo. sayonaRos stumrisaTvis gamarTul gamaspinZlebaze, stumars, rogorc wesi, calke magida edga da iq geaxlebodaT. yvela kerZs, romelic SemohqondaT, jer mas gadahqonda, xolo Semdeg ufros-umcrosobis Cveulebis dacviT sxva mamakacebsac miawodebda. stumrebs, ojaxSi Tu axalgazrda mamakaci iyo, is emsaxureboda, Tu ara, maSin romelime axalgazrda naTesav mamakacs sTxovdnen. saklavis dakvla stumrisaTvis TiTqos savaldebulo ar iyo, magram Cveuleba amas iTxovda. amitom, xelmokle maspinZels naTesaoba umarTavda xels, rom stumari saTanadod gaestumrebina. gvianSuasaukuneebSi, feodalizmis epoqaSi, Crdilo kavkasiaSi stumarmaspinZlobis institutis gverdiT, yonaRobis institutic Camoyalibda. es 23 instituti garkveul adamianebs Soris, romlebic gansxvavebuli eTnikuri wris warmomadgenlebic SeiZleba yofiliyvnen, mudmiv megobrobas, erTmaneTisaTvis Tavdadebas, mudmivi da myari kavSiris arsebobas gulisxmobda. marTalia, es instituti garkveul dadebiT rols asrulebda kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxebis damegobrebaSi, magram igi calkeul konkretul SemTxvevebs Tu exeboda. yonaRobis instituti umetesad qurdebis da moTareSe damnaSaveebis damcveli, damxmare da xelisSemwyobi xdeboda. es kavSiri, romelsac orive mxare mtkiced icavda, iSviaTad Tu erTnairi mdgomareobisa da socialurad erT safexurze mdgom adamianebs aerTianebda. yonaRebi xdebodnen Tavadi an gvaris socialurad dawinaurebuli piri da misi mfarvelobis qveS myofi, romelTa Soris urTierToba aucileblad araTanabar saxes iRebda. marTalia, `yonaRi~ stumars aRniSnavs, magram yonaRobis institutsa da stumarmaspinZlobas Soris gansxvaveba iyo, rac uflebas gvaZlevs es ori instituti erTad ar ganvixiloT da amJamad stumrisa da maspinZlis urTierTobaze gavagrZeloT saubari. TavisTavad cxadia, stumari kargad iyo daculi maspinZlisa da misi naTesavebisagan. mtrebisaTvis misi gadacemis an Seuracxyofis faqts, miT umetes, Zarcvas an sikvdils aravin dauSvebda _ es yvelaze did danaSaulad iTvleboda. rogorc wesi, aseTi danaSauli adaTobrivi samarTliT sisxl-mesisxleobis sakiTxi xdeboda da sakmaod msxvil gadasaxads iTvaliswinebda. marTalia, aseT SemTxvevaSi kompoziciis sistema gamoiyeneboda, rac kidev ufro 24 zrdida danaSaulis grZnobas. amdenad, yvela cdilobda, rom stumari, sanam romelime maspinZlis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda, xelSeuxebeli yofiliyo. jer kidev XVII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, emilio dorteli d'askoli, romelic kargad icnobda Cerqezebs, werda _ `maT uyvarT stumris miReba Tavis saxlSi. iqneba es vaWari Tu keTilSobili, maspinZeli yvelanair siTbosa da pativiscemas uxatavs mas. rac ar unda keTilSobili da lamazebi iyvnen misi qaliSvilebi, isini stumars xels ukocnian, mis tansacmelze zrunaven... sanam stumari ikvebeba, ojaxis maspinZeli mas emsaxureba... TviTon mxolod stumris TxovniT jdeba sufrasTan. ojaxis wevri yvela mosulis sadRegrZelos, Taflis maTrobela sasmeliT (`buza~) svams. maspinZeli, misi coli, vaJebi da qaliSvilebic, romlebic Tavsaburavis gareSe arian, stumris winaSe, muxlebze dgebian, qalebi marcxena xels Tavze ideben, qcevis am formiT stumris mimarT keTilganwyobas gamoxataven. sanam stumari maT ojaxSia is da misi nivTebi gulmodgined aris daculi. magram, gzas daadgeba Tu ara, maSin darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom ara marto mis niTvebs, aramed TviT masac daemuqreba saSiSroeba. mas CerqezebSi datoveben monad an ucxo qveyanaSi gayidian. Cveulebriv stumarze Tu guli SestkivaT mas gamcileblis gareSe ar uSveben~ [adiRebi..., 1974, 64]. ufro mogvianebiT, sabWoTa mecnieri b. bRaJnakovi adiRes eTnikur jgufSi zemoT motanil masalasTan dakavSirebiT werda, `aucilebeli iyo pativcemuli 25 stumris soflis bolomde gacileba, xolo ucxoels iqamde acilebdnen, sanam mas usafrTxo adgilamde ar miiyvandnen [b. bRaJnakovi, 1985, 189-190], erTi saukunis Semdeg, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi k. glavani Cerqezuli stumarmaspinZlobis wesebis Sesaxeb igive cnobebs iZleva [adiRebi... 1893, 158]. amrigad, rogorc Cans, ucxo eTnikuri warmoSobis da ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlis, usafrTxoebis garantia stumars mxolod maspinZlis saxlSi hqonda, xolo rogorc ki igi maspinZlis ezos datovebda, stumars SesaZloa yvelaferi da maT Soris Tavisuflebac daekarga, monad eqciaT da gaeyidaT kidec. adaTebis krebulSi es faqti asevea Sesuli, rom SemTxveviTi ucxo stumarze, an sxva eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelze, romelic ojaxis axlobeli an nacnobic ki ar iyo, wasvlis Semdeg maspinZels mis usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgebloba exsneboda da SesaZloa, yofili stumris gaZarcvaSi, mkvlelobasa Tu damonebaSi monawileobac ki mieRo. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi stumarmaspinZlobis Cveulebis farTo gavrcelebis miuxedavad, kavkasiis mTielebSi adamianis mogzauroba Zalze saSiSi iyo. stumris statusiT ojaxSi Sesul adamianze mzrunveloba, xelgaSlili miReba, xolo wasvlis Semdeg, saxlidan moSorebiT misi dayaCaReba, cxadia, am ori sakiTxis mdgomareobas SeuTavsebels, amasTan maT `maRal zneobriobaze~ saubarsac gamoricxuls xdida, magram samwuxarod, kavkasiis mTielebisaTvis stumarmaspinZlobis aseTi forma miRebuli da gavrcelebuli iyo. Tavis droze m. kovalevskim yuradReba miaqcia stumarmaspinZlobis am SeuTavsebel mdgomareobas. 26 gamaspinZleba man saojaxo kultTan, kerasTan da aqedan winapris kultTan daakavSira, rom gardacvlil winaprebs aucileblad kveba sWirdebodaT. e.i. sanam stumars ojaxis kerasTan, winaprebis kultTan urTierToba hqonda, igi privilegiebiT sargeblobda, xolo saxlidan gasvlis Semdeg, es kavSiri swrafad wydeboda. Svilis mkvleli maspinZlis saxlSi sanam imyofeboda SurisZiebisagan daculi iyo, magram misi urTierToba kerasTan da winaprebis kultTan wydeboda Tu ara, maSinve SurisZiebis obieqti xdeboda. rac Seexeba, ucxo stumrisadmi maspinZlis damokidebulebas, igi aseve ojaxSi yofnis farglebiT izRudeboda. misi wasvlis Semdeg ojaxis ufross stumris bedi aRar aRelvebda, radgan mis winaSe igi valmoxdilad Tvlida Tavs, m. kovalevskis azriT, yvelaferi es gonivruli iyo da mTielTa yofaSi Camoyalibebul stumarmaspinZlobis wesebs Seesabameboda [m. kovalevski, 1890, 29]. v. gardanovma m. kovalevskis es ganmarteba `religiur-idealistur axsnad~ miiRo, TviTon ki igi `WeSmariti socialuri fesvebidan gamomdinare~ sakiTxad moixsenia [v. gardanovi, 1967, 307]. Cveni varaudiTac, stumarmaspinZlobis msgavsi wesi kavkasieli mTilebisaTvis mesaqonleobasa da miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad Crdilo kavkasiis mcxovrebTaTvis socialuri yofisa da ekonomikis amaRlebis mizans emsaxureboda. isini ZaladobiT, SeiaraRebuli TareSiT qonebis, adamianebis, saqonlis da yvelafris datacebiT, risi waRebac ki SeeZloT, ekonomikur pirobebs iumjobesebdnen. `TareSis industriis~ saxeliT cnobili profesiuli TareSis 27 CamoyalibebaSi sxvadasxva socialur institutebs, maT Soris stumarmaspinZlobasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. maspinZlobisaTvis gaweul xarjebs, anazRaureba esaWiroeboda. am rTul sakiTxze aq saubars ar gavagrZelebT, vinaidan igi ufro intensiur da damoukidebel kvlevas saWiroebs. amrigad, afxazuri da adiReuri eTnografiuli masalebis retrospeqtuli ganxilva, Crdilo kavkasiidan migraciuli gziT am institutis damkvidrebas adasturebs. Tumca, mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobasTan istoriul-eTnokulturuli kontaqtebisa da maTi gavlenis Sedegad `TareSis industriidan~ gamomdinare stumarmaspinZlobis institutTan dakavSirebulma am metad uaryofiTma Cveulebam jer transformacia ganicada da Semdeg saerTod gaqra. rac TavisTavad gasakviri ar unda iyos, radgan saqarTvelos teritoriaze, qarTvelebTan gverdigverd cxovrebam maTi yofis yvela aspeqtze zegavlena moaxdina. 28 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. m. mowerelia, 1987; m. mowerelia. stumar-maspinZlobis tradiciebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. Tb., 1987. 2. T. saxokia, 1950; T. saxokia. mogzaurobani. Tb., 1950. 3. adiRebi..., 1974; Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях евроейских авторов XIII-XI вв. Нальчик, 1974. 4. b. bRaJnakovi, 1985; Б.Х. Бгажноков. Прием почетного гостья в радиционной культуре адыгских (черкесских) народов. Этнические стереотипы. Л., 1985. 5. v. gardanovi, 1967; В. К. Гарданов. Общественный строй адыгских народов, М., 1967. 6. S. inal-ifa, 1965; Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Абхазы, Сухуми, 1965. 7. S. inal-ifa, 1984; Ш.Д. Инал-ипа. Очерки об абхазском этикете, Сухуми, 1984. 8. b. kaloevi, 1967; Б.А. Калоев. Осетины. М., 1967. 9. i. yalmikovi, 1974; И.Х. Калмыков. Черкесы, Чекресск, 1974. 10. yaraCalebi, 1978; Карачаевцы. Черкесск, 1978. 11. m. kovalevski, 1890; М. Ковалевский. Закон и обычай на Кавказе, т.I, M., 1890. 12. l. lulie, 1859; Л.Я. Люлье. О гостиприимстве у черкесов. газ. "Кавказ", №7, 1859. 13. v. nemiroviC-danCenko, 1894; В. Немирович-Данченко. Море. Абхазское поморье. М., 1894. 14. g. ribinski, 1894; Г. Рыбинский. Абхазия в сельскохозяйственном отношении. Тифлис, 1894. 15. k. stali, 1910; К.Ф. Сталь. Этнографический очерк черкесского народа. КС т. XXI, Тифлис, 1910. 16. f. tornau, 1864; Ф. Торнау. Воспоминания кавказского офицера. М., 1864. 29 Salome Bakhia – Okruashvili TRADITIONS OF GUEST-AND-HOST IN ABKHAZ AND CIRCASSIAN PEOPLES Institute of guests and hosts is a universal phenomenon for the whole population of the Caucasus region. In many nations of the Caucasus of middle centuries, due to absence of states, roads, central powers and at the background of weakly developed commodity-monetary relations, this institute was the significant means which formed the base for relations among ethnic groups which was characteristics to traditional people’s diplomacy. Representatives of various ethnic origin used to express their kind attitude and favor to others and helped the travelers who used to lose their way. Thanks to this institute they showed their human moral norms too. Irrespective of the fact that traditional system of regarding their guests with favor, that is “guest-and-host“ system of Abkhaz and Circassian peoples shows great semblance, retrospective consideration of ethnographic material of these peoples proves that due to centuries historic ethno-cultural contacts of Abkhazians with local/aboriginal Georgian people, this institute underwent partial transformation. 30 giorgi mamardaSvili afxazuri xalxuri gadmocemebis, Tqmulebebis da miTebis geografia folkloruli da miTologiuri masala mravalmxriv sainteresoa istoriisa da eTnikuri sakiTxebis mkvlevrisTvis. miTi, legenda, Tqmuleba, zRapari, ra Tqma unda, myari da uryevi samecniero koncefciebis Camoyalibebisa da zusti istoriuli realobis aRsadgenad ar gamodgeba, Tumca maTSi aris racionaluri marcvali, rac faqtTa mravaljer ganmeorebadobis, urTierTSedarebis da sxva momijnave mecnierebebis monacemebTan Tanaxvedris SemTxvevaSi garkveuli hipoTezebisa da samecniero msjelobebisTvis argumentebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas iZleva. afxazuri folklori, savaraudod, iseve da im moculobiT Seicavs da asaxavs istoriul sinamdvilesa da faqtebs, rogorc sxva xalxTa folklori. afxazebs, rogorc XX-saukunemde udamwerlobo xalxs mdidari zepirsityviereba aqvT: narTebis afxazuri versia da Tqmuleba abrskilze maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebia, romlebic msoflio folklorul Sedevrebis rigSic Tamamad SegviZlia davayenoT. garda amisa, afxazur zepirsityvierebaSi mravladaa gadmocemebi, romlebic mogviTxroben ama Tu im toponimis an gvaris warmoSoba-warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa afxazTa eTnogenetikuri gadmocemebi, romelTa variaciebi da simravle marTlac gasakviria 31 - amgvar gadmocemebs iSviaTad Tu SevxvdebiT qarTul folklorSi. afxazuri zepirsityvierebis bunebis Sesaxeb sakmaod srulyofil warmodgenas gviqmnis s.zuxbas mier gasul saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gamocemuli naSromi „afxazuri zepirstiyvaoba‟‟. am naSromSi Tavmoyrilia afxazuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi, gaanalizebulia maTi mxatvruli Tviseburebani. Tumca masala istoriul da eTnologiur WrilSi ar aris ganxiluli. am mxriv afxazuri folkloruli masalis damuSavebas sakuTari Sromebi miuZRvnes afxazma mecnierebma S.inal-ifam, S.salayaiam, l.akbam, i. anafSbam. maT yuradReba miaqces xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebSi Semonaxuli istoriuli warsulisa da am warsulSi afxazebis eTnografiuli yofa-cxovrebis SesaZlo anareklebs. am mxriv Zalian konkretul da argumentirebul analizs gvaZlevs salome baxia-oqruaSvili, romlis naSromi „afxazTa eTnikuri istoriis problemebi" afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxis mkvlevrebisTvis friad saWiro da gamosadegia. dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis eTnodemografiuli warsuli qarTveli da afxazi mecnierebis azrTa dapirispirebis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia. arian Tu ara dRevandeli afxazebi avtoqtonebi? saxlobdnen Tu ara qarTuli tomebi afxazeTis teritoriaze istoriis manZilze Tu isini aq muharjirobis Semdeg dasaxldnen kompaqturad [9, 6]. am sakiTxebze mravali naSromi arsebobs, da vgonebT urigo ar iqneba maTSi dafiqsirebul 32 mosazrebani da ideebi ganxilul iqnes afxazur folklorul masalasTan urTierTmimarTebaSi. afxazuri eTnografiis erT-erT fuZemdebeli S.inal-ifa afxazTa „ambavs‟‟ istoriis mamisgan, herodotesgan iwyebs da kolxebis egviptur warmoSobis Sesaxeb saubrobs. misi azriT kolxi, krebsiTi saxelia, mraval toms aerTianebs da am berZnebis mier kolxebad moxseniebul xalxSi afxazTa winaprebic aucleblad sagulisxmoa [10, 162]. inal-ifa iqve miuTiTebs, rom kolxTa egvipturi warmoSoba samecniero TvalsazrisiT „gaugebari‟‟ da miuRebelia. miuxedavad amisa, naSromSi mainc Cans erTgvari azrobrivi simpaTia afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis ideiisadmi. mkvlevars XVI saukunis Turqi mogzauris, evlia Celebis cnobebi mohyavs, romlis mixedviTac afxazTa winapars saxelad abazi erqva da is arabeTSi cxovrobda [10, 163]. arabeTidan afxazTa winaprebis ayrisa da samkvidros sxvagan saZebrad wasvlis motivi gadmocemebis yvela variantSi TiTqmis erTnairia: SemTxveviTobaa - afxazTa winaprebSi gasazrdelad mibarebuli arabi an Savkaniani bavSvebisaTvis an mezobeli arabi/Savkaniani xelmwifis SvilisTvis SemTxveviT Tvalis amoTxra [5, 203-205]. dazaralebuli mxaris SurisZiebas gamoqceulebi iZulebulebi arian mravali qveyana gaiaron da sacxovreblad siriaSi Cerdebian, ajamebis qveyanaSic cxobroben, zogi versiiT somxeTSic uxdebaT gaCereba, Tumca am qveynebSi uTanxmoeba mosdiT, ganicdian devnas da am adgilebidanac gamorbian [10, 169]. sainteresoa, Tu ras unda niSnavdes TiTqmis yvela legendaSi dadasturebuli Tvalis amoTxris scena. 33 erT-erTi versiaSi Tvalis SemTxveviT amogdebis scenas win uswrebs cnoba im xalxis sastiki cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, romelTa garemocvaSic afxazTa winaprebs uxdebaT cxovreba: isini cxovroben principiT „Tvali Tvalis wil, kbili kbilis wil" anu im principiT romliTac cxovrobda araqristianuli, qristemdeli sazogadoeba, romelsac qristem sxva, absoluturad sawinaaRmdego principi daupirispira. SesaZloa, am siuJets (Tvalis amoTxras) bibliuri safuZveli hqondes anu bibliuri gadmocemebis gaxalxurebuli varianti iyos. amas emateba isic, rom abazi (afxazTa winapari) zogi versiiT, Tavis xalxTan erTad egviptidan modis, rac aseve SesaZloa bibliuri siuJetis, egviptidan moses mier ebraelTa gamoyvanis gaxalxurebul/paganizebuli variants warmoadgens. bibliur ambebSic da afxazur gadmocemebSic egviptidan (arabeTidan afxazuri gadmocemebis zogierT variantSi) ltolvilebs mosdevT mdevari. afxazuri gadmocemebiT mdevari xan winaswarmetyvelia, xan ki arabTa qveynis sardali an wminda sardali am mdevars zog gadmocemaSi saxelic hqvia - zogan ltolvilebs ali misdevs, zoggan ki xazaraTaali [10, 169]. erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT xozreT-ali, muhamedis mier sinopsa da anatoliis midamoebSi mcxovrebi xalxisaTvis gasamusulmaneblad migzavnili kacia. muslimanobis miRebis aramosurne xalxi ayrila da dauwyia axali samkvidros Zebna. sainteresoa, rom am gadmocemaTa geografia, moqmedebis ZiriTadi arealebi egvipte/arabeTi da winaaziaa. TiTqos xalxuri zepirsityviereba xels uwyobs im samecniero koncefciebs, 34 romlis mixedviTac afxazur-adiReuri tomebi TavianTi axlandeli adgilsamyofelidan didi manZilis moSorebiT wina aziaSi, xeTebis samefos midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da isini lursmul teqstebSi moxseniebuli „qaSqebi‟‟ (adiRelebis winaprebi) [4, 9-10] da abeSla/afSilebi ( afxazTa winaprebi) arian [7, 17-23]. S.inalfas mier Caweril erT-erT gadmocemaSi afxazTa winapari Tavis umcros Zmas nautTan erTad evfratze cxovrobda. istoria afxaz-adiReelebis samxreTidan (egvipte, arabeTi/wina azia) wamosulobis Sesaxeb sakmaod did eWvs iwvevs. sxva sakiTxia lursmuli damwerlobis xeTur teqstSi moxseniebuli afxaz-adiRevelebis hipoTeturi winaprebis wina aziaSi moxsenieba, romlis Sesaxebac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa [4]. es sakiTxi Sors wagviyvans da miuxedavad imisa cxovrobdnen Tu ara afxaz-adiReelebis winapari tomebi mcire aziaSi, legendis safuZvelad es faqti ver gamodgeba - saeWvoa istoriuli mexsierebas amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi Seenaxa winaresamSoblos xsovna, Tanac konkretuli adgilebis miTiTebiT (md. evfrati, sinopi, anatolia). afxazTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil gadmocemaSi, Cveni azriT, ori Zlieri faqtoris gavlena igrZnoba - afxazTa warmoSobis istoria garkveulwilad bibliuri siuJetis mixedviT viTardeba da bibliur Targs ergeba, rac sruladac ar aris gasakviri - afxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleoba sakmaod adre eziara bibliur gadmocemebsa da ambebs, rac udamwerlobo xalxisaTvis Zlier saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gavlenis dasustebis Semdeg legendarul, gaxalxu35 rebul ambebad, Tavis Tavze morgebuli gadmocemis siuJetad iqca; 2) afxazTa Soris arsebul „bibliur‟‟ tradiciebis gamoyenebiT SesaZloa Turqebis mizanmimarTuli ideologiiT xdeboda afxazis Sefaruli daaxloveba musulmanur samyarosTan, anu maTi da musulmani eris (arabi, egvipteli, abesinieli....) „odindeli" Zmobis kanonizacia. yabardouli versiebiT Zmebi arian Cerqezebi, Turqebi da albanelebi da yvelani arabeTidan arian wamosulebi [10, 165], abazebis, lezgebis, arnautebis (albanelebis) da Cerqezebis yuraeSis tomidan wamosulobis isev da isev am xalxebis musulmanur qveynebTan mibmis survilis gamoZaxili SeiZleba iyos. gavixsenoT, rom albaneTi, lezgeTi da abazeTCerqezeTi osmaleTis imperiis ganapira CrdiloeTi mxareebia da swored aq am regionebSi sWirdeba am agresiul imperias kulturuli eqspansia, rasac XVI saukunidan neli tempiT, magram mainc anxorcielebs. gadmocemebs afxazTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb SesaZloa istoriuli faqtebis xsovnis kvalic aCndes. yvelaze adrindeli cnoba, romelic afxazTa SesaZlo winaprebis afxazeTis teritoriaze gansax-lebas mowmobs I saukunisaa [6, 43-44] eTnogenetikuri Tqmuleba-gadmocemebis didi nawili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs afxazur-adiReuri tomebis migraciebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da maT TandaTanobiT SemoRwevas dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. jiqTa moZraoba aRmosavleTidan dasvleTiT da maTi dasaxleba afxazeTis CrdiloeTiT dafiqsirebulia „qarTlis cxovrebaSic‟‟. Zalze niSandoblivia cnoba, romlebic paWanikebsa da jiqebs urTierTmezobel xalxad moix36 seniebs - erTi cnobiT paWanikni da jiqni qarTlis mefe azorkTan mosuli osi mefeebis bazuk da abazukis laSqarSi Canan (8, 45). aq paWanikebisa da jiqebis urTierTsiaxlovis garda yuradRebas iqcevs ovsi mefeebis saxelebi, rac Zalauneburad gvagonebs eTnonim abazs. meore cnoba ki ukve jiqTa TavianTi samSoblodan ayris konkretul mizezs da afxazeTis siaxloves dasaxlebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias. mizezi Turquli tomebisgan Seviwrovebaa: „iotnes paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan, da wavidnes paWanikni dasavliT kerZo, xolo jiqni damkvidrnes bolosa afxazeTsa~ (8, 157). SesaZloa es cnoba marTlac asaxavdes realobas, Crdilokavkasiuri tomebis moZraobas aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da mere maT infiltracias samxreT teritoriaze, dRevandeli afxazeTis miwaze. es procesi, raRa Tqma unda ar iyo erTjeradi, igi droSi gawelili movlenaa Crdilokavkasielebs uxsovari droidan aviwrovebdnen samxreT ruseTis stepebze momTabare xalxi (skviTebi, kimerielebi, hunebi, paWanikebi, xazarebi, yivCaRebi, monRolebi), SesaZloa am xalxTagan romelimesTan konfliqtSi myofi afxazTa winapari marTlac ayriliyo Tavis miwidan. SesaZloa, rom Turqulenovani momTabare afxaz-adiRevelis winapars sakmaod gansxvavebul tipaJad miaCnda da droTa ganmavlobaSi es „gansxvavebuloba‟‟ afxazebis winapris Savkanianebis garemoSi cxovrebad (gadmocemis mixedviT arabeTSi sami tomi iyo-erTi TeTrebisa, ori Savkanianebis. afxazebi TeTrebi iyvnen) gaformda. sainteresoa, ltolvili afxazebis mdevris saxeli xazaraTaali (sxva variantiT xozreT-ali). advili SesaZlebelia, 37 rom saxeli inaxavdes CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xazarebis batonobis xsovnas, Tumca isic SesaZloa rom xazari iyos krebsiTi saxeli regionSi gabatonebuli momTabare urdosi - is SeiZleba aRniSnavdes paWaniksac, yivCaRsac, monRolsac anu CdiloeT kavkasiaSi gabatonebul, savaraudod, yvelaze ufro Turqulenovan momTabareebs . amave gadmocemis bolo nawili legendis geografias garkveul naTels hfens - devnili afxazebi bolo-bolo yubans miadgnen. magram mixvdnen, rom am mxaris sicives ver gauZlebdnen, Tbili qveynis Zieba daiwyes da ase moxvdnen afxazeTSi. pirvelad lixnis mindorSi gadasaxldnen. Semdeg nel-nela mTebidan iwyes Camosaxleba maTma naTesavebma da ase dasaxldnen afxazeTSi. afxazTa nawili CrdiloeTSi darCa da dRes isini abazebi arian [10, 169]. gadmocemis es nawili ewinaaRmdegeba dasawyiss - samxreTidan daZruli abaz-afxazebi CdriloeTidan miadgnen yubans, rac TiTqmis warmoudgeneli ramaa - arabeTidan da Tugind mcire aziidan yubans CrdiloeTidan rom miadge uzarmazari manZilis gavla gixdeba da iseTi patara masisaTvis, rogoric Tugind gaerTianebuli afxazurCerqezuli tomebis winaprebi iqnebodnen adgilobrivebTan gauTqveflobac Zneli dasajerebelia. legendis is nawili, romelic arnautebisa (albanelebis) da afxazebis Zmobaze, erTixanoba afxazebis albaneTSi (arnautebis qveyanaSi) cxovrebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs TiTqos im faqtis argumentad gamodgeba, rom afxazebi evropis gavliT moxvdnen yubanispirSi. amave faqtis dasturad gamodgeba afxazeTSi gvari arnautis arsebobac, Tumca ori argumenti 38 srulebiTac ar aris sakmarisi, rom albanelTa da afxazTa „Zmoba‟‟ virwmunoT da winaaziidan afxazTa winaprebis, SavizRvis garSemo mogzauroba dasaSvebad miviCnioT. erTaderTi rac am gadmocemis istoriul safuZvlad gamodgeba aris afxaz-adiRelebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken, rasac „qarTlis cxovrebis" cnoba jiqTa mier yubanis midamoebis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb da agreTve gadmocemis mixedviT „mogzaur afxazTa‟‟ yubanSi CrdiloeTidan misvla adasturebs. afxazTa warmoSobis meore, gansxvavebuli versia, romelic afxazTa warmoSobas arabeTs (misreTi, egvipte) ar ukavSirebs, afxazTa afxazeTSi dasaxlebis sxva mizezebze saubrobs da am gadmocemebis geografias araferi aqvs saerTo arabeTTan da wina aziasTan. afxazeTSi pirveli afxazi afsha yofila, igi sxva qveynidan gadmosaxlebula, imitom rom iq, Tavis samSobloSi ramdeni Svilic gauCna imdeni daRupvia. afshas mama abazi iyoo, gvamcnobs gadmocema [3, 68]. gadmosaxlebis mizezi, raRa Tqma unda sxva iqneboda. uSviloba, STamomavlobis udReuroba, SeiZleba iyos maTi qveynis simwirisa da cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebis alegoria. afsha Tavisi xalxiT adgil saTamaSiaSi (saTamaSa, saTamaSia) daesaxla. es adgili kodoris xeobiskenaa da amave gadmocemis mixedviT aqve cxovrobdnen Crdilokavkasiidan gadmosaxlebuli anuebi. axal samSobloSi afshas Svili eyola, romelic liZavaSi, aseve mTisgadaRmidan mosuli aCbebis gverdiT daasaxla [3, 68]. 39 am gadmocemis mixedviT, afsha Tavisi ojaxiT, aCbebi da afshas afxazur miwaze damxvedri anuebis gvaric ki Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisaa. afshaze Tqmulebis erT-erT variantSi aCbebi (Zmebi, sami Zma aCba) afxazeTSi CrdiloeTidan, mTis gadaRmidan modian, afshas stumroben, Semdeg mas pirmSos paraven da isev ukan brundebian. afshas STamomavlis davaJkacebis Jams, aCbebi isev Cndebian afshasTan da memkvidris gadacemis nacvlad afxazeTSi dasaxlebis uflebas sTxoven. afsha iZulebulia maT miwebi dauTmos. afsha, zogierTi gadmocemiT afxazeTidan samSobloSi brundeba. erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, afsha Tavisi xalxiT aRmosavleTSi gadaixveweba. mis miwa-wyals albaT aCbebi epatronebian, Tumca adgilze rCebian da arsad midian anuas gvaris warmomadgenlebi [10, 173]. afshas aRmosavleTSi gadaxvewa, SeiZleba damaxinjebuli varianti iyos afxazTa samefoSi dedaqalaqis afxazeTis teritoriidan, anakofiidan quTaisSi gadatanisa. SesaZloa es faqti sulac ar ukavSirdebodes aCbebis gamoCenas Tu maTi uflebebis zrdas afxazeTis teritoriaze. sainteresoa TviT aCbebis adgili afxazTa eTnogenetikur gadmocemebSi: aCbas gvari im versiebSic figurirebs, romelic afxazTa winaprebis arabeTidan/egviptidan ltolvilobis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben - TvalmoTxrili arabi/Savkaniani biWi, romlis gamoc afxazebi ayrilan TavianTi miwidan afxazebs Tan wauyvaniaT. gzaSi maT ali dasdevnebiaT, Tumca purmarilis madliT afxazebi alis risxvas gadarCenilan. alis usinaTlo daulocia: sanam SensaviT usinaTlo ar mogevlinebaT 40 afxazeTSi Seni gvari imfebso. am usinaTlos ajbebisgan gvari aCba miuRia (5, 203-205). zogi gadmocemiT TvalmoTxrili arabeTidan aCbebis gvars mihyavs. afxazeTSi arsebobs gadmocemebi, rom aq Tavdapirvelad, Suasaukuneebamde aCbebi mefobdnen, Semdeg ki ServaSiZeema igdes xelT Zalaufleba [5, 203-205]. am azrs zogierTi mecnieric iziarebs [2, 188]. calTvala personaJis „popularoba~ (garda im axsnisa, romelSic gamoTqmuli iyo varaudi, rom es pasaJi SesaZloa qristemdeli epoqis angariSgebiani da Surismgebeli cxovrebis stilis Taviseburi perifrazi iyos) SeiZleba, istoriul pirovnebas, Teodosi meore, usinaTlos ukavSirdebodes. aseve niSandoblivia, rom Teodosi meores Semdeg afxazTa samefoSi dinastia icvleba, taxtze bagrationi ufliswuli bagrat mesame adis. amiT TiTqos sruldeba afxazTa arabeTidan/egviptidan devnilobis dros maTi mdevari winaswarmetyvelis /alis/ xazaraTaalis locva - winaswarmetyveleba: pirveli da bolo afxazi mefeebi, oriveni calTvalani iyvnen (Teodosis SemTxvevaSi mTlianad usinaTlo, Tumca Tqmuleba -gadmocemaSi amgvari gadacdoma advili dasaSvebia). egviptidan wamosvlis Tema gvxvdeba Cerqezul gadmocemebSi, romlis mixedviTac Tavadebi egviptidan wamosuli xalxisgan warmoiSvnen. es xalxi egviptidan gaqceula. cota xani yirimSi gaCerebula da Semdeg adiReelebSi daumyarebiaT wesrigi da saxelmwifo Zalaufleba SeuqmniaT. am „egviptelebis" meeqvse 41 Taobis warmomadgenlad Tvlian meToTxmetemeTxuTmete saukunis istoriul pirovnebas inals, romelic raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos calTvala gaxldaT [10, 173]. arsebobs gadmocemebi, romlTa mixedviT afsha berZeni iyo. afsham, aCbebisTvis miwebis daTmobis Semdeg, aCbebTan mxolod erTi kaci datova msaxurad, wylis mimtanad. mas aCbebma gvari CaCba misces [5, 364]. afshas aRmosavleTiT gadaxvewa, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, SeiZleba dedaqalaqis, samefo xelisuflebis anakofiidan quTaisSi gadatanas ukavSirdebodes. CaCba ki afshas datovebuli kacia. rogorc viciT, Semdeg es CaCbebi (ServaSiZeebi) xdebian afxazeTis gamgeblebi. pirveli CaCbebi ki bagrat meoTxis dros Cndebian, roca vinme oTaRo WaWas-Ze (anu CaCas-Zes/CaC-bas) mefis erT-erTi mxedarTmTavaria, romelic afxazeTis teritoriaze wesrigs amyarebs da anakofiis cixes brZoliT iRebs [8, 299]. savaraudod, afshas afxazeTSi datovebuli kacis aCbebis mier CaCbebad monaTvla da afxazeTis saqmeTa gamriged moxele WaWas-Zis/CaCbas (ServaSiZe) gamoCena erTidaimave istoriuli faqtis Janrobrivad urTierTgansxvavebul cnobebad SegviZlia miviCnioT da CaCbebis mier aCbebis Canacvlebis damadasturebel argumentad SegviZlia moviSvelioT. misreTi (egvipte) TiTqos Cans toponim miuseraSi. afxazurad mas msra qvia. S. inal-ifas mier Cawerili gadmocemis mixedviT aq abesinieli damnaSaveebi CamohyavdaT gemebiT. gadasaxlebis vadis dasrulebis Semdeg, maT uari uTqvamT samSobloSi dabrunebaze, abesiniidan ojaxebic CamosvliaT da 42 afxazeTSi gamravlebulan [10, 170]. ocian-ocdaaTian wlebSi 145 wlis mTxroblis cnobiT, afxazeTSi adre bevri arabi yofila misridan [10, 168]. zogierTi aZiubJel zangebs, narTebis eposSi aRweril narTebis SavkanianTa qveyanaSi laSqrobas da iqidan Savkanianebis narTebTan erTad afxazeTSi mosvlas ukavSirebs [10, 168; 1, 42-46]. sainteresoa, gadmocemebis mixedviT aCbebis gansaxlebis areali, maT mier afshas kuTvnili teritoriebis „dakanonebis" Semdeg. isini soWSi, aWandaraSi, lixnSi da abJuaSi saxldebian. niSandoblivia, rom aq samurzayanoze araferia naTqvami rogorc Cans gadmocemis Caweris dros ar arsebobda pretenzia samurzayanos mosaxleobis afxazuri warmoSobis Temaze. aCbebis garda gadmocemebis mixedviT, „ZirZvel afxazobaze" pretenziebi sxva gvarebsac SeiZleba hqondeT. zogi gadmocemiT afxazeTis pirvelmosaxleni anuas da jopuas gvaris xalxi yofila [10, 173]. arsebobs gadmocemebi, romelTa mixedviT afxazeTSi afxazebis dasaxlebamde qondriskaci awanebi da devebi cxovrobdnen [5, 154; 10, 168]. raRa Tqma unda, gadmocemebi ver aRgvidgenen realur suraTs, magram mravaljer, sxvadasxva formiT da sxvadasxvagan dafiqsirebuli azri, romlis mixedviTac afxazebi dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mosulebad miiCnevian, garkveuli daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva. anuebi afshas da aCbebs xvdebian afxazeTis teritoriaze. anuebi ixseniebian afshas wasvlis Semdegac - aRniSnulia, rom afshas aRmosavleTSi 43 gadasaxlebisas maT Tan ar gahyolian anuebi [10, 173]. am gvaris warmomadgenelia sruliad gansxvavebuli Tqmulebis gmiri - adreul dros, muhajirobamde afxazeTis teritoriidan afxazebi ayrilan da qedsiqiT gadaxvewilan. gasula dro. afxazeTi sxva modgmis xalxiT dasaxlebula. kidev ramodenime xnis Semdeg yubanis piras moTamaSe afxaz biWebs gaugiaT TavianTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, gamoukiTxavT yvelaferi moxucebisTvis, Semdeg wamosulan da TavianTi samSoblodan ucxotomelebi brZoliT gauyriaT. am brZolaSi gansakuTrebulad usaxelebia Tavi axalgazrda anuas. am Tqulebis epizods, romelic afxazeTidan afxazebis ayras exeba istoriul movlenasTan dakavSireba sakmaod Znelia - aseTi faqti istoriam ar icis. rac Seexeba yubanispireTSi (an CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi) mcxovrebTa mier samxreTi teritoriebis aTvisebas - am movlenas TviT am da sxva TqmulebebSi, agreTve narTebis eposis afxazur versiaSi moTxrobili ambebi miniSneben. qronologiuri da eTnodemografiuli TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gadmocema, romelic anuasTan erTad afxazeTSi pirvelmosaxled bganbebsac moixseniebs. gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom pirveli bganbas vaJiSvili dedis mier dalocvili yofila: sanam Cvens saxlis win mdgari muxis fesvi iqneba Senc nuraferi mogivao. dalocvil bganbas muhajirobamde ucxovria [5, 216-217]. raoden zRapruladac ar unda mogveCvenos es gadmocema, masSi moxseniebuli muhajiroba istoriisTvis lamis guSindeli dRea, TiTqmis mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebis qvemoT ar midis da Zalian saeWvoa, rom misi TariRi xalxur 44 mexsierebas metnaklebi sizustiT ar Semoenaxa. bganba, romelic pirveli afxazis (bganbas) Svilia da afxazeTSi mosaxle afxazebis meore Taobaa, rac ar unda jansaRi da dalocvili yofiliyo saukunenaxevarze mets mainc ver gastanda. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi meoce saukunis Sua wlebamde (im droisTvis rodesac es gadmocema Caiwera) arsebobda xsovna imisa, rom mosaxleobis garkveuli nakadi (bganbebis saxiT), afxazeTis teritoriaze meCvidmete saukunis meore naxevarSi dasaxlda afxazeTSi. Zalian niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom zogierT gadmocemaSi es bganbebi afxazeTSi mosaxle pirvel afxazebad arian moxseniebulni [5, 216-217]. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken mosaxleobis infiltracias, afxazeTis teritoriis Crdilo-kavkasielebisgan dasaxlebas afxazur gvarTa geniologiuri gadmocemebic mowmobs: zuxbas, kviwinias, marSans, kapbas, adleibas, inafSbas, aCbas [10, 175] gadmocemebis mixedviT maTi Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi CrdiloeT kavkasia yofila. savaraudod, Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisani unda iyvnen im gvaris warmomadgenlebic, romlebic TavianT fuZe salocavad fsxunixas miiCneven - anu es gvarebi CrdiloeTkavkasiidan afxazeTis teritoriaze gadmosasvlelad iyenebdnen fsxus xeobas, SesaZloa iq ramodenime xani cxovrobdnen, xdebodnen fshunixas „ymani", SemdgomSi saxldebodnen da Tan mihqondaT fshunixasadmi mowiwebisa da Tayvaniscemis xsovna. afxazeTis sxvadasxva mxareSi. fsxunixas loculobdnen: arisTaa, Cxufia, ptiSi, xvatiSi, aZinaa, adleiba, baRafSi, aSuba, 45 kiaxirfa, simsimi, saZba-CiCba, zuxba, amiWba, marSania, kviwinia, Cegemi, inal-ifa, bazba, trafSi [3, 62]. sxva afxazuri gadmocemebi afxazeTis pirvelmosaxleebad awanebs Tvlian. awanebi RvTis risxvas gaunadgurebia uwmindurobisa da uRmerTobis gamo cecxlSi amoubugia. awanebis ganadgureba sodomisa da gomoris ganadgurebis cnobil bibliur siuJets gvagonebs. awanebs RvTis keTilganwyobis nakleboba rom SeutyiaT, gadauwyvetiaT RmerTTan wasuliyvnen da caSi asasvlelad kibis keTeba dauwyiaT, Tumca es saqme bolomde ver miuyvaniaT [3, 156-158] - es siuJetic albaT bibliuri babilonis godolis siuJetis xalxuri analogia. sainteresoa narTebis eposis afxazuri versiis geografiac, sadac moqmedeba ZiriTadad yubanispireTSi xdeba. iSviaTad moqmedeba bzifis xeobaSi an didrifSTan inacvlebs (amb narT). am dasaxelebul punqtTagan samxreTiT moqmedeba TiTqmis ar xdeba. am mxriv niSandoblivia narTebis eposisa da abrskilze Tqmulebebis gavrcelebis urTierTSedareba. narTebis eposi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT afxazeTSi, bzifis xeobaSi, xolo abJuaSi abrskilze Tqmulebaa popularuli. abrskili, rom qarTuli amiranis „moZme" gmiria mecnierTa nawilis mier damtkicebulia da TviT Tqmulebebic amtkicebs am faqts - abrskils zogierT gadmocemaSi sulac amirani qvia [11, 7]. zogjer mas abla-skirsac uwodeben [11, 8], rac aSkarad migvaniSnebs, rom am saxelis formireba megrulenovan garemoSi moxda (skir Ze-s niSnavs megrulad; abla Ziris gvari 46 sakmaod bevria samegrelosa da samurzayanoSi (ablaZe/abulaZe, a- b(u)leiskiri da sxva.....)). narTebis eposis afxazuri gadmocemebi afxazebis winaprebad narTebs miiCnevs. narTebs afxazeTi dausaxlebiaT mkvidri mosaxleobis, awanebisa da devebis amoxocvis Sedegad. narTebis „samxreTul eqspansia" kargad Cans gadmocemebSi romlebic mogviTxroben samxreTSi, Tbil qveynebSi (sadac xarobs vazi da xexili) maTi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb. niSandoblivia, isic rom narTebs xexilis movlis saidumloebebs acnobs narTi cicvi, romlis dedac afxazeTSi pirvelmcxovrebi qondriskaci awanebis qaliSvili zilxaa. cicvis daxmarebiT devebs amarcxeben narTebi, maTgan miaqvT xexili da vazi da TavianT qveyanaSi axareben. cicvis gareSe narTebi devebs Semdom brZolebSic ver sjobnian [1, 173-175, 208-209]. arsebobs erTi gadmocema, romlic afxazeTis teritoriidan mosaxleobis CrdiloeTSi gadanacvlebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobas. gadmocemiT uxsovar dros afxazeTi quTaisamde iyo. qveyanas Warbmosaxleoba awuxebda - saxlebi ise mijriT idga erTmaneTTan, rom kata quTaisidan anapamde saxuravidan Camousvlelad mividodao. afxazTa mefes mTisgadaRmeli batonisTvis miuTxovebia qaliSvili. qorwilis Semdeg siZes simamris dasaCuqreba moundomebia, mas ki yvelaferze uari uTqvams da sakuTari xalxis dasasaxleblad miwa uTxovia. Tavisufali miwebi qedsgadaRmel batons mravlad hqonia da iq Casaxlebuli xalxisgan warmoSobilan dRevandeli abazebi [5, 210-212]. raRa Tqma unda, gadmocema 47 sainteresoa, Tumca metad saeWvoa, rom rodesac „afxazeTi quTaisamde aRwevda" (anu an afxazTa samTavros, afxazTa samefos an gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos epoqaSi) afxazeTidan mosaxleoba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuliyo. miTumetes, warmoudgenelia es procesi Semdgom epoqaSi, monRolebis batonobis periodSi, rodesac Crdilokavkasieli mosaxleoba Tavad ganicdida monRolTagan Seviwroebas da albaT Tavadve iyo Sewuxebuli mciremiwianobiT. afxazuri miTebi, legendebi, geniologiuri da eTnogenetikuri gadmocemebi istoriul, arqeologiur, eTnologiur monacemebTan unda Sejerdes. cxadia miTebisa Tu gadmocemebis informaciebidan gamomdinare ama Tu im xalxis an eTnikuri jgufis warsulis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovnad ar SeiZleba saubari. Tumca afxazuri folkloris am nimuSebis „geografiiT" SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom afxazur miTebSi, legendebSi da Tqmuleba-gadmocemebSi naTlad Cans afxazeTis teritoriis CrdilokavkasielTagan dasaxlebis xsovna, qedsiqiTeli mosaxleobis xan TandaTanobiTi infiltracia afxazeTis mkvidr mosaxleobaSi, xan ki maT mier aSkarad saomari qmedebebis Sedegad afxazeTis teritoriis udidesi nawilis eqspansia. 48 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. ambavi narTebisa, nakaduli, Tb., 1980. 2. g. anCabaZe, qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2006. 3. s. baxia-oqruaSvili, afxazTa eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, universali, Tb, 2010. 4. g. giorgaZe, Jurnali „artanuji" , X, 2000. 5. s. zuxba, afxazuri zepirsityvaoba, universitetis gamomc., Tb., 1988. 6. n. lomouri, ZirZveli qarTuli mxaris - afxazeTis istoriisTvis, Tb., 2008. 7. d. musxeliSvili, artanuji, X, 2000. 8. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, 1955. 9.Ачугба Е – Этническая революция в Абхазии veb gverdi apsnyteka.org 10.Инал-ифа Ш – Вопросы этно-културной истории абхазов сух 1976 г. 11.Салакаиа Ш – Абхазский народный героический епос 1966 г. 49 Giorgi Mamardashvili GEOGRAPHY OF THE ABKHAZIAN LEGENDS AND MYTHS The Abkhazian legends, like of all other peoples, have their own geography as well. Furthermore, we even can say that from this point of view the Abkhazian material we possess is more than enough. One part of the scientists (mostly Abkhazian scientists) thinks that the primary dwelling place and the distribution area of the Abkhazian – Circassian tribes was the Southwest Asia. These scientists connect them with proto-Hittites as well. One of the arguments to prove this viewpoint for them is legends as well. Some of the scientists base their arguments on Herodotus note about the Egyptian origin of the Colchis people. They assume that the ancestors of Abkhazians were as well belonging to the Colchis population and with the help of some west Georgian toponyms put forward the theory that the population of the Abkhazian-Circassian origin was living in the South. As if the field ethnographic material proves as well that Abkhazians moved from the South to the North. According to the legends Abkhazians believe that they came from the South (Arabia, Miṣr/Egypt). In these legends the ancestor of the Abkhaz people and those people, who are far from them from the scientific point of view (Arabs, Egyptians, Arnaut/Albanians and their kin Lezgians in the Caucasus), are brothers. The authentic origin of these legends is quite doubtful. We think that they should have been the result of the Muslim ideology of the aggressive Ottoman Empire. The idea of the kinship and genetic links of 50 the North Caucasian region peoples, Abkhazians, Circassians, Lezgians and Albanians, who like them were living in the outlying areas of the country with Muslim world, supposedly might be the part of the strategy of their conversion into Islam. The legends and folk stories in which the actions are taking place near Abkhazia and in most cases in Kuban and in the Caucasus beyond the mountain range are more natural and original. In a certain amount of folk stories it is said that the first inhabitants on the territory of Abkhazia were not Abkhazians. According to the Abkhazian legends the North Caucasian population settled on this territory after the annihilation of the “aboriginal” population or after the forced transmission of the territories to the “first Abkhazians” by the population who was living before they came. The Abkhazian version of the Nart sagas contains not a single reference about the interests of the North Caucasians towards the South territories. The contents of the legends about the origin of some Abkhazian surnames from beyond the ridge are alike the above mentioned legends. With the help of the analyses of such ethnogenetic and genealogical legends it is possible to view the migration processes of the North Caucasian population from the North to the South (from nowadays Adighe-Cercassia to nowadays Abkhazia). 51 qeTevan quTaTelaZe nayofierebis qalRvTaebis erTi saxe qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi kavkasiis xalxTa siaxloves, garda enobrivi monacemebisa, maTi sulieri kulturac amtkicebs. kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxis eposSi msgavsi siuJetebisa da simbolikis arseboba saerTo kavkasiuri mentaluri erTobis myari argumentia. viziareb mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmad, „folkloruli masalis SedarebiTma kvlevam warmoaCina, rom zog SemTxvevaSi qarTuli da CrdiloeT kavkasiuri masala urTierTSemavsebelia, anu nakluli teqstebis, an gaugebari adgilebis logikuri mTlianobis aRdgena xerxdeba mezobeli xalxis analogiuri teqstebis safuZvelze. aseTi magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba kavkasielTa folklorSi“ (17, 382). gansaxilveli sakiTxi Seexeba nayofierebis didi qalRmerTis erT saxes, romelic qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi ,,mzisa da mTvaris asulad“ aris moxseniebuli. msgavsi siuJeti da simbolika (RvTaebrivi manaTobeli frinvelis frTa, beWedi, rZeSi ganbanvis rituali) saerTo kavkasiur mentalobaze metyvelebs, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania istoriuli TvalTaxedviT. afxazur-adiReur, kerZod, abazur da xunZur variantSi RvTaebrivi warmoSobis qali ,,mzisa da mTvaris asulis“ saxelwodebiT cnobil zRapris teqstSi gvxvdeba (11, 96–104, 615–624), qarTul versiaSi ki ,,sakvirveli frTa“ (25, I, 335–340), sadac mzeTunaxavi qali jadosnuri frinvelis aRmzrdeli, anu patronia. frinvelis bumbuli RamiT mTvareze metad anaTebs. igi Zalian mZlavri 52 frinvelia, cidan Weqa-quxiliT eSveba (25, I, 1963, 338–339). abazuri teqstis mixedviT, manaTobeli bumbuli arwivisaa, igi „mzesaviT anaTebs“. ,,roca arwivi gamoCndeba, irgvliv yvelaferi ganaTdeba. arwivi iseTi xmauriT mofrindeba, iqaurobas gaayruebs“ (11, 98-99). xunZur variantSic frinveli arwivia da misi bumbuli ise anaTebs, rom ,,qveynierebas aciskrovnebs“ (11, 617). ,,misi frTebis Sxuilisagan ki didi qarborbala amovardeba“. rogorc vxedavT, RvTaebrivi frinvelis manaTobeli frTis sinaTle, mnaTobebTan aris Sedarebuli. abazur variantSi ,,mzisa da mTvaris asuli“ zRvaSi myofi veSapis mucelSi cxovrobs, xunZurSi ki - gveleSapis. orive variantSi veSapi/gveleSapi SuadRisas wylidan amodis. mzeTunaxavi qali ori saaTiT miwaze gadmodis veSapis (gveleSapis) piridan. es ukanaskneli, rodesac wylidan Tavs amohyofs, saSinlad acivdeba1 (11, 100–101, 621). qarTuli teqstis mixedviT, manaTobeli frinvelic da misi patronic erT kunZulze cxovroben (25, I, 338). mzeTunaxav qals ,,mze rom amodis, sZinavs, vinc winidan miva, hxedavs, ginda eZinos, ginda eRviZos, Tormeti nawnavi Tma aqvs“ (25, I, 38). abazur 1abazuri varianti: „zRvaSi erTi veSapi cxovrobs, im veSapis mucelSiki mzisa da mTvaris qali ... yovel dRe SuadRisas, veSapi napirTan modis da Tavs qviSaze debs. maSin misi Tavidan gadmodis qali da napirze or saaTs rCeba. gagrildeba da isev veSapis gul– mucels ubrundeba. veSapic zRvaSi Securdeba~ (11, 100–101). xunZuri varianti: „erT did okeaneSi cxovrobs erTi gveleSapi, romlis mucelSi mzisa da mTvaris mzeTunaxavi qaliSvili zis ... yoveldRe SuadRisiT gveleSapi wylis napirTan mova, ori saaTiT Tavs amoyofs. Tavs rom amoyofs wylidan saSinlad acivdeba, piridan mzisa da mTvaris asuli amova~ (11, 621). 53 variantSi qali iseTi lamazi iyo, rogorc mze da mTvare, igi mzesaviT naTels gamoscemda. zRapris am siuJetSi sayuradReboa cifri Tormeti2, romelic qalRmerT inanas wminda cifrad iTvleba. mzeTunaxav qals Tormeti raSi hyavs. abazur variantSic figurirebs cifri Tormeti. kerZod, Tormeti fuTi marili unda aWamon oqrosdumian cxvars; qals aseve, Tormeti raSis mowvelil, aduRebul rZeSi SeuZlia ganbanva; rZes Tormeti vedroian qvabSi Caasxamen; teqstSi ixsenieba Tormeti arSiniani TeTri da Tormeti arSiniani Savi qsovili da sxv. (11, 100, 620). miTologiaSi Tormeti erT-erTi sakraluri ricxvia. igi aRiqmeba, rogorc dasrulebuli cikli, kosmiuri mowesrigebuloba. msoflios TiTqmis yvela religiaSi inarCunebs simbolurobasa da 3 sakralurobas . manaTobeli frinvelis, an masTan dakavSirebuli sagnisa da mzeTunaxavis urTierTobis saintereso versia gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,saswaulTmoqmedi perangi“ (25, I, 236–243). mzeTunaxavis Citi niskartiT qsovs manaTobel jadosnur perangs, 2qarTuli poeziis saojaxo leqsebidan TormetTan mimarTebaSi gvaxsendeba leqsi ,,Tormeti vaJis dedama“, romelsac ,,minani“ hqvia. igi eqvsjer Sesula boselSi da 12 vaJi dabadebia: ,,minan ki ara nanulobs oris akvnisa rwebasa, eqvsjer boselSi Sesvlasa, Tormetis dabadebasa“ (3, 234). minanis saxe nayofierebis simboloa, romelic boselSi eqvsjer mSobiarobs da tyupi vaJebi SeeZina. misi fonetikuri saxesxvaoba unda iyos qarTuli miTologiidan ,,inani“. masac gauCenia tyupi oqrosqoCriani vaJebi, romlebic oqros akvanSi wvanan (13, 91). 3 Sdr. 12 zodiaqo, 12 Tve, 12 nayofi kosmiur xeze, egviptelebis warmodgeniT saiqios 12 kari, 12 RmerTi olimpos mTaze, miTras 12 moswavle, samoTxis 12 kari, qristes 12 mociquli da sxv. (28, 79– 80) 54 romelsac bevri saswaulis keTeba SeuZlia. Citi mzeTunaxavs tabudadebul oTaxSi hyavs gamoketili, romelic SemTxveviT, cnobismoyvareobiT Sepyrobili misi rCeulis mier iqna gafrenili (25, I, 239). Citis mflobeli mzeTunaxavi qali Suagul zRvaSi haerSi dakidebul oqros sasaxleSi cxovrobs, romelic RamiT gansakuTrebiT anaTebs. mzeTunaxav qals ,,mravalkeci saburveli aqvs pirze Camofarebuli, magram mainc egre anaTebs misi silamazeo“ (25, I, 237–238). mzeTunaxavs sasaxleSi mravalferovani samkurnalo da jadosnuri yvavilebisa da xilis baRebi aqvs (25, I, 239). TviTonac mebaRe-ufliswuls Seiyvarebs (25, I, 242). sainteresoa is faqti, rom msgavsad, amiranis RvTaebrivi satrfoc (yamar/kamari, qeTu (svan. varianti), mzeTunaxavi (gur. varianti) zRvis gaRma miuval koSkSi cxovrobs, romelic caze jaWviT aris Camokidebuli. guruli variantis mixedviT, is `casa da dedamiwas Soris aris moTavsebuli~ (24, 100). amirani didi Zebnis Semdeg, an jadosnuri sarkis daxmarebiT ipovis koSks. teqstis mixedviT, `mofrinavs amirani da ixedeba sarkeSi, casa da dedamiwas Sua erTi koSki dainaxa Camokidebuli, gars mSvenieri baRi hqonda, Sig mzeTunaxavi ijda~ (24, 100). vfiqrob, msgavs siuJetTan gvaqvs saqme. qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi xSirad gvxvdeba aseTi RvTaebrivi, sakraluri mniSvnelobis baRebi, romelTac mebaRe-ufliswuli mzeTunaxavis, an xelmwifis asulisaTvis aSenebs da uvlis4. erT-erT qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,mzis 4qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi ufliswulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 55 SemorCenili siuJeti mebaRe mzeTunaxavis jadosnur baRebs asuli“, aseTi baRi aqvs mzes, sadac nayofi „zogi mwife iyo, zogi maSinRa yvaoda, zogi maSin ikrifeboda, zogs ki Camosdioda“ (25, I, 103). msgavsi siuJetis mxriv, Zalzed sainteresoa qarTuli miTologiidan ,,Tamaris samoTxe“, sadac maradiuli zafxuli idga. ,,erTi piri xexili rom yvaoda, meore mwifda da ase enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs mTel weliwads“. miTis mixedviT, Tamaris samyofelSi, romelic ialbuzis mTaze mdebareobda, maradiuli sicocxle iyo. arc sneuleba sufevda, arc sikvdili. ,,ase imitom, iyo, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa da zamTarzafxulis gamCeni Suqurvarskvlavi, sxvanairad ciskris varskvlavi hyavda datyvevebuli.“ zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT cifr 12-Tan dakavSirebiT, niSandoblivia is faqti, rom Tamars sasaxlis meTormete oTaxSi hyavda gamomwyvdeuli frTiani sulRumi (zRapruli ucxo frinveli), romelic Suqurvarskvlavis zoomorfuli saxe unda iyos. Tamarma msaxurs Tormeti oTaxis klite Caabara da yvela oTaxis gaRebis ufleba misca, garda meTormetisa. cnobismoyvare msaxurma mainc gaaRo meTormete oTaxi. ,,gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrinda sulRumi da caSi gauCinarda. ca moiRrubla, qariSxali atyda, movida qarbuqi da Tovlma dafara mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT ... da daiwyo dro-Jamma dineba. amieridan dRemde zafxuls Semodgoma mosdevs, Semodgomas zamTari, zamTars - gazafxuli da ase aSenebdnen da uvlidnen, gamoZaxilia Sumerul miTologiaSi Suamdinareli mefeebis mebaReobisa, romelic z. kiknaZis swori SeniSvniT, sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa da mefis baRs sakulto daniSnuleba hqonda. aseT mebaRe-mefes ki inana/iSTari Seiyvarebda da xels umarTavda (14, .206-208). 56 brunavs weliwadi, erTmaneTs enacvlebian weliwadis droebi“5 (13, 79). rogorc vxedavT, sulRumi pirdapir ukavSirdeba ciskris varskvlavs, anu planeta veneras, romlic miTologiurad bunebis kvdoma-aRdgomas, anu ciklur cvalebadobas gansazRvravs. qarTuli eposis sxva nimuSebis mixedviT Tamari TviTon aris Sedarebuli Suqurvarskvlavs _ `Sena xar Suqurvarskvlavi, cas Sen gauxsen karia~ (20, 349). sainteresoa is faqti, rom „mzisa da mTvaris asulis“ abazur da xunZur teqstSic ganixileba zamTrisa da zafxulis Tema, romlebic gamudmebiT „mtrobdnen“ erTmaneTs. mze da mTvare aRniSnaven, rom „zamTari da zafxuli gamudmebiT brZolaSi iqnebiano“ (11, 103, 624). SeiZleba paraleli gaivlos da zRapris abazur da xunZur teqstSi moxseniebuli `mzisa da mTvaris asulic~ ciskrisa da mwuxris varskvlavad migveCnia, romelic astralurad planeta veneras ganasaxierebs. rogorc vxedavT, zemoaRniSnul variantebSi RvTaebasTan dakavSirebulia Wangiani frinvelebi (arwivi, sulRum/sonRuli), romlebic miTologiurad ukvaSirdebian zecas da sinaTles. isini RvTaebis zoomorfuli saxe arian da xSirad exmarebian RvTaebis rCeul monadireebs. amiT isini gansazRvravdnen didi qalRmerTis erT-erT uZveles funqcias _ nadirobis mfarvelobas. marTlac, saqarTveloSi nadirobis erT-erTi saxeoba iyo damWeri, `SavardnisnairTa~ mtacebeli frinvelebiT nadiroba, 5TamarTan mimarTebaSi „zamTar–zafxulis gamCeni Suqurvarskvlavi“, gvxvdeba agreTve TqmulebaSi „Tamar mefe da Suqurvarskvlavi“ (25, III, 239–240). 57 romlebic `orbis“ saxelis qveS iyvnen gaerTianebuli, Tumca ufro xSirad am saxeliT arwivi moixsenieboda (22, 13). am informacias amyarebs TeTri wyaros raionSi SemorCenili toponimebi: samSvildis uZvelesi saxelwodeba, `orbis cixe~, `yornibudis klde“, romelic sofel vaneTTan (orbeTis s/sabWo) kldis saxelwodebaa, aseve sofel didi kldeisis (kldeisis s/sabWo) midamoebSi `Zeri budes klde“, sadac Zeras bude gaekeTebina. rogorc Cans, samSvilde da misi Semogareni mxareebi mtacebeli frinvelebis bunebrivi budobisTvis xelsayrel adgilebs 6 warmoadgenda . zogadad am tipis frinvelis, romelic zesknelis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, gaRmerTeba ganpirobebuli iyo, nadirobis warmatebul procesSi maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis gamo. mtacebel frinvelebze, garda nadirobis procesSi gamoyenebisa, yovelTvis iyo didi moTxovna, 6vaxuStis cnobiT, xramis xeoba gamoirCeoda frinvelTa, gansakuTrebiT ki kakabTa simravliT (6, 322, 323, 329), romlebzec, albaT, zemoaRniSnuli gareuli frinvelebiT nadirobdnen. aseve sainteresoa samSvildesTan mdinare WivWavis saxelwodeba, romelic sulxan saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, beRuras niSnavs6. SesaZloa, igi samSvildeSi myofi sanadirod gawvrTnili gareuli frinvelebis mTavari sazrdo da maTi dageSvis obieqti iyo. `dasturlamalSi“ specialuri punqtia `Sevardnis budeebisa“, romelic iTvaliswinebs am frinvelis movla-patronobisa da gamravlebis sakiTxs. i. batoniSvili CamoTvlis mtacebeli, nadirobisTvis dageSili frinvelebis 12 saxeobas: mimino, qori, Savardeni, bari, (bora? _ q. q.), arwivi, sonRuli, TonRruli, alali, marjani, SavTvali, sirkaWkaWi da jinxva (xaJo) (7, 463). gansakuTrebiT Semtevi da dauRalavi wiTeli qori yofila, romelsac Savi ena unda hqondes; arwivs SeeZlo jeiranisa da irmis Seyeneba, sonRuli weroze da batze nadirobis dros gamoiyeneboda. mas erTi miteviT SeeZlo 10-12 wero Camoegdo miwaze. 58 radgan maTi frTa, romelic gansazRvravda gatyorcnili isris mimarTulebis siswores, isris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali iyo. xalxur poeziaSi isari `orbis frTianis~ saxelwodebiT moixsenieba. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saxelwodeba `orbis cixe~, romelic `arwivis cixes~ niSnavs, ukavSirdeboda toponim `samSvildes~, romelic mSvild-isris warmoebis erT-erT keras warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi. SesaZloa, samSvildeSi amzadebdnen konkretulad nadirobisTvis gankuTvnil isrebs (maT Soris, msxvili nadirisTvis), romlebsac `orbis~ saxelis qveS gaerTianebuli gareuli, mtacebeli frinvelis frTiTac amkobdnen (22, 30). mtacebeli frinvelebi, garda imisa, rom SesaniSnavad iwvrTnebodnen sanadirod da am process ufro egzotikurs xdidnen, isini, aseve, qarTul miTologiur samyaroSi warmoadgendnen RvTaebis atributs, simbolos, an rogorc aRvniSne, mis zoomorful saxes, romelic gansakuTrebiT Seeweva keTili saqmis mqnel monadires, an ufliswuls, amitom isrisTvis arwivis, an sxva mtacebeli frinvelis frTis gakeTebas, marto praqtikuli datvirTva ar unda hqonoda, aramed simboluric. TiTqmis yvela xalxis miTologiur cnobierebaSi arwivi asocirdeba sameufeo ZalauflebasTan, simdidresa da ZlierebasTan. igi miiCneoda mmarTvelTa da meomarTa, rogorc Zalauflebis, Zlevamosilebisa da sidiadis simbolod. arwivi haeris mflobelia da universaluri simbolo zesknelis, anu cis. Mmas axasiaTebs siswrafe, maxvili mzera, rac miTologiurad arwivis simarjviT aris axsnili. zemoaRniSnuli gamomdinare, TiTqmis yvela 59 xalxis miTologiaSi arwivi mzis simboluri frinvelia. xalxTa warmodgeniT, arwivs SeeZlo freniT mieRwia mzesTan da Serwymoda mas, amitom arwivi ganasaxierebs xedvasa da sulier sawyiss adamianSi, romelic zecisken miiswrafis. Zvel romSi iyo tradicia, rodesac gardacvlili imperatoris sxeulis dawvis dros gauSvebdnen arwivs, rogorc simbolos adamianis sulis zecaSi gadasvlis (27, 823). miTologiuri tradiciiT, arwivi mzis garda Weqa-quxilis simbolosac warmoadgenda, rac dafiqsirebulia zemoaRniSnuli zRapris abazur da xunZur teqstebSi. anu igi asocirdeboda rogorc sinaTlesTan, aseve nayofierebasTan, radgan Weqa-quxils xSir SemTxvevaSi Tan axlavs masazrdoebeli wvima (22, 32). qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi mravali siuJetia daculi, agreTve, rodesac monadire exmareba zRaprul da sanadiro frinvelebs _ arwivs, faskunjs, TeTr qors, Sevardens (TeTri, wiTeli da Savi), daixsnis maT gvelis an gveleSapis Tavdasxmisagan. frinvelebi TavianT bumbuls iZrobdnen da daxmarebis mizniT gadascemdnen monadires. am ukanasknels gansacdelis Jams mxolod unda moewva bumbulis bolo. grZneuli frinvelebi maSinve monadiresTan Cndebodnen da exmarebodnen mas gaWirvebis dros 7. 7qarTuli xalxuri poeziis mixedviT, nadirobis procesSi arwivi marTlac rom nadirTRvTaebis saxea, miuTiTebs leqsi, `monadire da arwivi~. leqsis mixedviT, monadire eubneba arwivs: `me da Sen arwivo RmerTm egre SamagTvalao, modi waiRe nawili, me mets ar wavitanao~ (25, IV, 31). igi xalxur poeziaSi `mxarkverianis“ saxeliT ixsenieba da monadire mklavis Zalas uqebs mas. kargi monadire xSirad Sedarebulia arwivs: `nu exumrebiT mindias, mTebis arwivis Svilsao~7. mamac vaJkacs saqarTveloSi asec daitirebdnen: `zeiTken waxol, qori ginda, qveiTken waxol _ Savardeni, TeTrsa qorisa naSobo, Savard- 60 qarTuli miTosis mixedviT, orbi, an am rigis frinveli RvTaebrivi, monadire lekvis, yurSas dedaa, yurSas povnas yvela monadire eSureba, radgan igi warmatebuli nadirobis momtania. `orbisfrTian“ yurSasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze sainteresoa qarTuli xalxuri zRapari `yurSa da ivane qvacixiseli~8. mtacebeli frinvelis mier, romelic nadirTRvTaebis saxea, lekvis gamoCeka dafiqsirebulia, agreTve, uZveles qarTul saweso saferxulo leqsSi, `qalsa visme erqva SroSanio~, romlis sakraluri beWdis TvalSi amosul naZvis xis Tavze orbi abreSumis budeSi iagundis kvercxs debs da margalitis lekvs Ceks. leqsis erT-erT variantSi orbis magivrad saintereso kosmologiuri simbolo qoria moxseniebuli romelic naZvis wverze ibudebs (`naZvis wversa qors bude edga~). mis paralelurad SeiZleba davasaxelod agreTve, erT-erT saferxulo leqsidan nisagan naqnaro~ (25, IV, 297.). TeTri qori xSirad gvxvdeba qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi, rogorc monadiris damxmare frinveli da albaT, nadirTRvTaebis erT-erTi saxe. 8 zRapris teqsti Sedgenilia e. virsalaZis mier raWis 1960 wlis eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT, (25, III, 288). teqstis mixedviT, `Zvelad swamdaT, rom ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel, orbis budeSi, sxva bartyTa Soris, erTi lekvi gamoiCekeba xolme orbis kvercxisagan. yurSa orbis lekvi yofila. lekvs beWebze orbis frTebi hqonda da Turme araCveulebrivi monadire ZaRli iyo, or naxtomze jixvs eweoda, mesame gadaxtomas saTakilod sTvlida, misi yefa cis grgvinvas hgavda, yur-tuCi oqrosi hqonda, Tvalebi ki mTvaris odeni.Yyoveli monadire natrobda yurSas povnas, radgan nadirobaSi iRbliani iyo.Mmagram deda orbi am lekvs gamoCekisTanave aiyvanda xolme maRla da miwaze daaxeTqebda, rom adamians ar Caegdo xelSi da ar gaezarda. yovelwliurad, gazafxulze, sagangebo ferxuls Caabamdnen xolme qalebi da vaJebi da cekviTa da simReriT SesTxovdnen gazafxulis RvTaebas, raTa orbs gamoeCeka amgvari lekvi, ar daeRupa da maTTvis eCuqebina~ (10, 175). 61 _ `lerwamisa xesao qori mojda wversao~ (Sdr. lerwmisgan warmoSobili `lerwmis qali~). isic RvTaebis atributi, an misi zoomorfuli saxea. leqsis qarTlur variantSi yurSa `yornis lekvad“ aris moxseniebuli“ (10, 37-38). svanur variantSi ki orbi Ceks lekvs. `qali SroSanis”, romelic eZRvneboda gazafxulis mosvlis momaswavebel RvTaebas, MatributikaSi naZvis xisa da qoris garda moixsenieba moli - axlad amosuli balaxi da bostani: `qalsa visme erqva SroSanio, xuTsa TiTsa ecva beWedio, beWdis Tvalsa moli mosulao, molis Tavsa naZvi asulao~ (25, III, 175). leqsis erTi variantiT: `beWdis Tvalsa sanTeli enTo, sanTlis Tavsa bostani iyo, bostansa moli mosula, mols Sua naZvi asula~ `naZvis wversa qors bude edga~ (25, IV, 22). am leqsSi SesaniSnavad aris warmodgenili RvTaebis atributis beWdisa9 da misi Tvalis simboluri datvirTva, rogorc samyaros mcire modelisa. gazafxulis momaswavebeli RvTaeba Tavad warmoadgens samyaros kosmiur RerZs, romelsac xuT TiTze simbolo-niSani beWedi ukeTia. beWdis Tvali aris samyaros centri, sadac viTardeba bunebis aRorZinebis sqema: beWdis TvalSi mosuli moli da bostani axlad aRorZinebuli bunebis simboloa. centrSi amosuli naZvi (`sicocxlis 9beWdis Tema ufro dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT.. 62 xe~10) ki _ maradiuli sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis simbolo (28, 738). ,,qali SroSani“ zogadkavkasiuri qalRvTaebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saxea (21, 126). n. abakelias mosazrebiT, `TvalSi, wreSi _ molis saxiT warmodgenilSi amosuli maradmwvane xe, sakraluri principiT Tu ganvixilavT, moZravisa da uZravis maCvenebelia. an ufro zustad simboloTa agebuleba, romelzec aq aris laparaki, efuZneba wrisa da RerZis gamosaxulebas~ (1, 205). mTeli am samyaros modeli, romelic zemoaRniSnuli simbolikiT aris wrmodgenili, TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rogorc sicocxlis maradiulobas, aseve, ciklur procesebs, weliwadis droTa monacvleobas (miTologiurad bunebis kvdoma-aRdgomas), romelic usasrulobaSi maradiuli wrebrunviT xorcieldeba. qali TviTon ganasaxierebs sicocxlis xes, rogorc samyaros kosmiuri RerZs. xe aris universaluri, bunebrivi simbolo sezonuri gardacvalebisa da regeneraciis (mkvdreTiT aRdgomis). qalRvTaeba gvevlineba rogorc bunebis, masSi mimdinare sasicocxlo da cikluri procesebis mfarveli da warmarTveli. frinvelsa da mzeTunaxavTan mimarTebaSi Zalze sainteresoa, agreTve, qarTuli xalxuri zRapari, `eTerisa da abesalomis ambavi“, sadac orbi maRal xis kenweroze Tavis budeSi zrdis da uvlis ulamazes eTers (25, III, 61). erT-erT xalxur leqsSi abreSumis budeSi moixsenieba Sevardeni: `Sevardeni amofrinda abreSumis budidana~. `frTa gaSlili~ 10aseve, SeiZleba miviCnioT, `piramiduli kviparosi~, romelsac qarTul wayaroebSi `alvis xe~ (Sdr. `mironis xe~, `xeTufala~) hqvia. 63 Sevardeni moixsenieba, agreTve, leqsSi `iagundis maranSia~. `lileos~ uZveles teqstSic, liles oqros galavnis `qim-qongurebze Sevardnebi~ sxedan (19, 8.). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qalRmerTis ipostasis _ `mzisa da mTvaris asulis~ silamaze Sedarebulia mnaTobebTan, igi dakavSirebulia naTebasTan da zogadad sinaTlesTan. aRniSnuli maSinve gvaxsenebs inana-iSTaris daxasiaTebas Sumerul-aqadur teqstebSi: ,,cad amomxdari“, ,,cis didi dedofali“, ,,wminda CiraRdani, cis aRmavsebeli“, ,,sinis (zuenis) didi asuli“, ,,almasi mzeebr manaTobeli“: ,,odes mwuxrisas cad amobrwyindeba, wminda CiraRdniT zesknels ra aRavsebs, mTvare-mzis darad cad ra dadgrebis, qvemo da zemo qveynebi cnoben“ (14, 254). qalRmerTisTvis damaxasiTebeli TvisebebiT da epiTetebiT aris daxasiaTebuli aseve, inanas kultis msaxuri, an misi ,,asuli“ qalebic, mag.: ,,cis kideze mokaSkaSe sxivi, dilis mTiebi SuadRemde manaTobeli“. mzeTunaxavi qalis silamaze mzisa da mTvaris naTebis brwyinvalebas aris Sedarebuli, romelic ,,mzesaviT naTels gamoscemda“ (11, 101). anu, igi arc mzea da arc mTvare, mxolod RamiT mzesaviT anaTebs. qarTul xalxur eposSi ,,mzisa da mTvaris asulad“ warmoCindeba RvTaebrivi warmoSobis mzeTunaxavi qali, RvTaebis ipostasi `anana~ (25, I, 435–436 ), romelsac zemoaRniSnuli `mzisa da mTvaris asulis~ msgavsad, aduRebul rZeSi banaoba SeuZlia11. igi baRSi 11qarTuli Cveulebrivi xalxuri zRaparSi `anana”, romlis siuJeti scildeba zRapris struqturas da mraval miTosur plasts 64 moseirne ufliswuls `dawerili qaRaldis~ saxiT, ecxadeba, romelic Semdeg mSvenier qalad iqceva. misi mcenareuli saxea mwvanili (kama da prasi12). marTlac, ufliswulis baRSi mwvanilis ori kvali iyo gavlebuli, aqedan erTi kvali prasis iyo, meore ki _ kamis. ufliswuli ise ar isadilebda rom im kvlebTan ar damjdariyo. anana ufliswulis rCeulia. sanam ufliswuli ananasTan daqorwindeboda, man Roris sisxlSi amoTxvrilma sikvdilis scena gaiTamaSa. ananam sisxlSi moTxvrili xelmwifis Svili rom dainaxa SesZaxa: `mzeo _ dedav, mamav _ mTvarev13, varskvlavebo, Cemo mzeo CamouSviT oqros skami, aRar aris xelmwifeo!” am sityvebis Semdeg marTlac gaixsna ca da Camovida oqros skami, xelmwifis Svilic adga da ananas gadaexvia. isini col-qmari gaxdnen (25, I, 435436)14. cis gaxsna da oqros skamis CamoSveba swored Seicavs, qalRmerT inanasTvis (an misi msgavsi qalRvTaebebis) damaxasiaTebeli atributikaa Semonaxuli. `anana” grZneuli qalia, igi mTidan ibarebs irmebs, wvelis maT da irmis aduRebul rZeSi banaobs, TiTistariT abreSums rTavs. qalRmerTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli arabunebrivi qmedebis mibaZviT ufliswulis Cveulebrivi mokvdavi colebi iRupebian. ufliswuli sabolood `ananasTan” rCeba. 12 Sdr. `qali SroSanis~ bostani. mwvanili axlad aRorZinebuli bunebis simboloa. miTologiuri TvalTa xedviT, `prasi~ am SemTxvevaSi samyaros simbolo-modelia. rac Seexeba `kamas~, garda samkurnalo Tvisebebisa, mas bostanSi mavne MmRrRnelebisgan damcavi funqciac hqonda. kamas Tesavdnen bostneulis rigTa Soris Txunelas winaaRmdeg, mis dasafrTxobad, romelic garbis kamis sunze (21, 152, 164). 13abazur da xunZur teqstSi mze mamrobiTi sqesis aris, igi mTvaris `qmaria~ (11, 103, 623). 14ufliswulis mier Roris sisxlSi amoTxvra, sikvdilis scenis gaTamaSeba da mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, romlis Semdeg igi anansTan 65 qalRmerTis astraluri saxis _ ciskris varskvlavisTvis, anu qarTul eposSi moxseniebuli `SuqurvarskvlavisTvis~ aris damaxasiaTebeli. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom uZvelesi qarTuli leqsi mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis Sesaxeb _ `mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare mama Cemi” _ aseve swored inana/ananas kultzec miuTiTebdes. SesaZloa, aq Sumerul miTologiaSi mTvaris asulad cnobili ,,cis dedofali“ - inanas msgavsi RvTaeba vigulisxmoT, romlis astraluri saxe SumerSi da aseve misi msgavsi qalRmerTebis astraluri saxec planeta venerasTan aris gaigivebuli. igi ciskris da mwuxris varskvlavad aris cnobili. inana, rogorc mwuxris varskvlavi da mTvaris asuli, misi Casvlis Semdeg gamoCndeba caze. z. kiknaZe miiCnevs, rom ,,am varskvlavad danaxuli inana siyvarulis qalRmerTia, qorwinebis dedofali, iseve rogorc afrodite“, romelsac safo erT-erT fragmentSi ,,saqorwino mwuxris varskvlavad“ moixseniebs (14, 254). logikurad, rogorc ciskris varskvlavi da `mzis asuli~ igi iqneba ganTiadisas, rodesac sinaTliT ixsneba ca. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, zRapris qarTuli versiis mixedviT, mzeTunaxav qals ,,mze rom amodis, sZinavs~, anu igi mzes ver xedavs, amitomac aris `mzeTunaxavi~. qorwindeba, maSinve gvagonebs inana-dumuzis, kibela-atisasa da afrodite-adonisis RvTaebriv wyvils da maT urTierTobas. mkvdreTiT aRdgenadi mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebebis urTierToba mewyvile did qalRmerTebTan sakraluria, romelTa astralur saxes planeta venera warmoadgenda. 66 sulxan saba orbalianis ganmartebiT, ciskris varskvlavi aris `mTiebi~, anu `afroditi~15 (16, I, 338), romelsac agreTve, `aspirozis~ saxeliTac moixseniebs (16, I, 70): ` afroditi igi ars, romelsa ciskris varskvlavad uჴmoben. ese movlis simrgvalesa cisasa erTsa weliwadsa. odesme vals Rame da odesme dRisiT. odes saciskrod aRmovals ewodebis mTiebi, xolo odes samwuxrod aRmovals ewodebis afroditi…... amisas ityvian saxe aqvs qalwulisa, ჴelTa aqvs purio~16, rac misi nayofieri bunebis ganmsazRvreli unda yofiliyo (16, I, 73). sulxan saba orbeliani zedmiwevniT ganmartavs ciskrisa da ganTiadTan dakavSirebul saxelwodebebs. Mmkvlevari `ciskars uwodebs `mowevnasa ganTiadisasa” (16, I, .338); `riJuraJi/gariJraJi” gaciskrebis Sedegia 16, II, 11). anu es sityvac ciskarTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro konkretulad: `gaciskreba-ars uwinaresi ganTiadisa, xolo ganTiadi ars mowevna naTlebisa, xolo riJuraJi aRmoCena naTlebisa ... xolo alioni ra dRe da Rame gairCeodes~ (16, I, 152). 15afrodites erT-erTi saxelia `diona~ (27, 189), an `anadiomena~. afrodite mcire aziuri warmoSobisaa. garda silamazisa da siyvarulisa, afrodite iTvleboda agreTve, nayofierebis, maradiuli gazafxulisa da sicocxlis qalRmerTad. aqedan momdinareobs misi epiTetebi: `wminda baRiani~, igi yovelTvis aris vardebis, iebis, narcisebis, SroSanis garemocvaSi. igi aris agreTve, qorwinebisa da mSobiarobis mfarvelic, agreTve `bavSvis gamomkvebavi~. Tavisi aRmosavluri warmoSobiT igi axlos dgas finikiur astratasTan, babilonur iSTarTan da egviptur isidasTan (27, 189, 76). afrodite moixsenieba agreTve, rogorc `urania~ - ciuri, rogorc amaRlebuli ciuri siyvarulis qalRmerTi. 16 Sdr. mTvaris asul inanas atributikaSi gamosaxuli xorblis TavTavebi 67 sainteresoa, qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi SemorCenili masala, romelic aseve, ukavSirdeba ciskarsa da ganTiads. qarTuli enis qiziyur dialeqtSi SemorCenilia sityva `nanaT~ (Sdr. naTeba/ganTiadi), rac gariJraJs, ganTiadis pirvel niSans niSnavs (23, 408); xevsurul dialeqtze `dilaTeneba~ gaTenebis dros, ganTiads aRniSnavs (23, 207); gurul da qiziyur dialeqtze `dilabneli~ ki adre dilas, gamTeniis xans, alions niSnavs (23, 207) fSaurad `siskari~ (ciskari) varskvlavis aRmniSvnelia, romelSic bunebrivia, `ciskris varskvlavis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili planeta venera igulisxmeba da igi zemoaRniSnuli qalRmerTis astralur saxes warmoadgens.17 Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi `ganTiadi~ ciskrisa da dilas mniSvnelobiT aris moxseniebuli, aseve, `dila~ _ ciskrisa da ganTiadis da `ciskari~ _ ganTiadisa da dilis (2, 57, 142, 517). mag.: `viTarca aRmovida ganTiadi~ _ `aRmosvlasa oden ciskrisasa~; `viTarca Tana warhvidodes ganTiad~ _ `viTarca Tana warhvidodes diliT~ (2, 57). aseve, sainteresoa: `ganTiad-ganTiad _ dilaobiT~, an `ganTiadiTgan _ diliT~ (2, 57). qarTuli folkloruli masalis mixedviT, cis gamxsnelia `Suqurvarskvlavi~ _ `Sena xar (RvTaebis erT-erTi hipostasi Tamari – q.q.) Suqurvarskvlavi, cas Sen gauxsen karia~. cis gaxsna xdeba agreTve, rodesac RvTaebis erT-erTi ipostasi zemoaRniSnuli 17qarTul enaSi damkvidrda `varskvlavis~ aRmniSvneli qalis saxeli eTeri. (Sdr.erT-erT qarTul xalxur zRaparSi xelmwifis asulis `varskvlavas~ satrfos abesalomi hqvia) (25, I, gv.474). 68 `anana~ mimarTavs mzesa da mTvares _ `mzeo _ dedav, mamav _ mTvarev~ (25, I, 435-436). qarTul xalxur saakvno simRerebSi da saymawvilo nimuSebSi, yrma, romlis mfarveladac miiCneva bunebis didi deda - RvTaeba `nana~, `ciskris varskvlavs~ aris Sedarebuli, romelic RvTaebis astralur saxes warmoadgens _ `nani, nana, nanina, tkbili ZiliT daiZine... Sen xar varskvlavi ciskrisa” (25, IV, 261). megruli `nana~-s mixedviT, yrma, romelic akvanSi wevs mzisa da mTvaris msgavsia, caze dabadebulia, mzisa da mTvaris `gazrdilia~. (12, 221). saintereso saxea agreTve, narTul eposSi moxseniebuli 99 narTis deda `saTanei guaSa~, romelic didi qalRmerTis arqetipi unda iyos. igi mnaTobs aris Sedarebuli, romelic Tavis umcros Svils nanas umReris: `mzes ecileba qali mnaTobi, mnaTobi qali saamod mReris (18, 54). v. bardaveliZis TqmiT, `ciskris varskvlavs~ ganasaxierebda svanuri `lamaria~ (5, 63). nadirobis qalRmerTi, igive, `diofali dalic~ astralurad mTiebs, anu ciskris varskvlavs ukavSirdeboda (10, 112)18. 18zemoaRniSnuli qalRmerTebs, romelTa astraluri saxe Suqurvarskvlavia, aerTianebT isic, rom maT ukavSirdebaT, nayofierebis bunebis ganmsazRvreli simbolo – mcenare. mag.: `naTel marexi“ `velze gaSlil yvavils da kanafis TeTr Reros~ aris Sedarebuli. `ananas~ mcenareuli saxea mwvanili (kama da prasi) (25, I, 435), rogorc axlad aRorZinebuli bunebis simbolo. Tamari iwodeba, rogorc `ia da vardi~18. lamariasTan asocirdeba mwvane foTlebi (18, 42), `qali SroSanTan~ dakavSirebulia bostani, axlad amosuli moli da masze _ sicocxlis xe naZvis saxiT. qarTuli xalxuri eposidan sainteresoa, agreTve, `mindorT qali~ da `velis yvavili~. am mxriv, paraleli SeiZleba gavaloT Sumeruli miTologiaSi moxseniebul didi qalRmerT inanasTan, romelsac `velis dedofals~ uwodeben, radgan mas Tavze `velis gvirgvini~ axuravs, 69 zemoaRniSnuli qarTuli miTis mixedviT, Suqurvarskvlavi (ciskris varskvlavi) gansazRvravs dro-Jamisa da weliwadis droebis monacvleobas, rac bunebis aRorZinebas (kvdoma-aRdgomas), miTologiurad ki mkvdreTiT aRdgomas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare, ar gamoricxav, rom RvTaebis ipostasis ,,mzisa da mTvaris asulis“ astraluri saxe planeta venera iyo. qarTul enaSi planetis („marsis“, an „veneras“), rogorc mocimcime varskvlavis saxelwodebad damkvidrda `marex–marix“. „marix– varskvlavi“ igive „Suqur–varskvlavia“, Sinaarsobrivad igi ufro qaluri sawyisis aRmniSvnelia. am mosazrebas amyarebs uZvelesi qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSi, saweso leqsi „darCi CvenTan naTel marexo“, romelic „ananas“ (inana) msgavsi qalRvTaebis mimarT erT–erT uZveles mavedrebel teqstad unda miviCnioT. igi gazafxulis mosvlisa da bunebis aRorZinebis mauwyebeli vedrebaa, romelsac nayofierebis didi qalRmerTi gansazRvravs da warmarTvs. ,,naTel-marexSi“ Cemi azriT, aseve planeta venera, igive „Suquevarskvlavi“ („marix varskvlavi“/„ciskris varskvlavi“) igulisxmeba, romelic qarTul da kavkasiur miTosSi „mzisa da mTvaris asulad“ warmoCindeba. „– darCi CvenTan naTel marexo, mTaSi maisi mobrZandeba. rogorc nayofierebis niSnis ganmsazRvreli (14, 239, 251, 264). am mxriv, sainteresoa aseve, xeTur teqstebSi moixseniebuli `mindvris iSTari~ (4, 2010, 304.) (Sdr. xevsuruli `mindoris jvari~). zemoaRniSnuli kuTxiT, qarTuli eposidan Zalzed saintereso saxea `lerwmis qali~, an `isris masris sandlis qali (Sdr. gadaxlarTuli lerwmebi iSTaris simboloa.) 70 velze gaSlili yvavili xar, TeTri Rero xar kanafisa. TvlebiT savsea Seni skivri, laliTa da iagundiTa, oqrosferi dalal–kavebi oqros xvavad mxrebze gayria. nursad waxval naTel marexo, TeTrad mogvirTe gazafxuli~; (19, 12–13). zemoaRniSnuli zRapris teqstis samive versia erTmaneTs avsebs, rogorc siuJetis mxriv, aseve, simbolikiTac. afxazur-adiReuri (abazuri) da xunZuri versiebi TiTqmis identuria19, romelTac amdidrebs simboluri sagnebiT datvirTuli qarTuli teqsti. teqstTa siuJetis Sejerebis Sedegad mzeTunaxavi qali, anu „mzisa da mTvaris asuli“, romelic RvTaebis ipostasia, flobs skivrs, sadac savaraudoT Zvirfaseuloba unda hqonoda. aseT skivrs flobs zemoaRniSnuli naTel-marexi da aseve, narTuli eposidan agunda-mzeTunaxavi, romelsac sadafis samziTvo skivri aqvs (15, 284). bunebrivia, aseTi skivrebi Tavis ZvirfaseulobiT sakraluria. mzeTunaxavi flobs aseve, beWeds, rogorc Zalauflebis, TviTmyobadobis simbolos. aq beWedi warmoCindeba, rogorc niSani da ara sagani, romelic mis RvTaebriobas usvams xazs. beWedi mzisa da mTvaris gamgeblobaSia, romelsac qals misi rCeuli moutans. am beWeds ,, mzisa da mTvaris asuli“ Tavis rCeuls aZlevs mZime davalebis Sesrulebis dros, romlis daZlevac Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis SeuZlebelia. 19afxazurSi - lurja ulayi, cxvari; xunZurSi - Wreli kvici, erkemali. 71 beWdis daxmarebiT vaJi Tormet raSs mowvelis, aduRebul rZeSi ganibaneba da uvnebeli rCeba (25, I, 340). mZime davalebis SesrulebaSi Tavis rCeuls aseve exmareba qarTul eposSi ,,isris, masris, sandlis qali“, anu igive ,,lerwmis qali“ 20. man nekidan beWedi moiZro da vaJs misca, romelmac warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi rTul davalebas (25, I, 472). rogorc vxedavT, RvTaebis ipostass saswaulTmoqmedi beWedi nekze ukeTia. aseTi beWdis Tema farTod aris gavrcelebuli qarTul xalxur eposSi, mag.: RvTaebis erT-erT saxes ,,Tamars“ - ,,dauZaxe Tamarsa, Tamar Cveni rZalia, nek beWedi abia“. ,,beWdis RvTaebrioba“ gamoixateba imaSi, rom misi saSualebiT, qalRvTaebis rCeuli saswaulT-moqmedi saqmis Tanaziari da Semsrulebeli xdeba, rac Cveulebrivia RvTaebisaTvis, ubralo mokvdavisTvis ki SeuZlebeli. beWedi aris dasturobis simbolo, romelic mis mflobels saSualebas aZlevs Caswvdes RvTaebrivi saidumlos arss. xunZur variantSi beWedi oqrosia. RvTaebriobis, simdidris, xvavisa da baraqis simbolo, jadosnuri natvris beWedi aqvs qarTuli eposidan ,,mzis asuls“ - ,,miwaze dadeb sufra gaiSleba. sufraze dadeb sasmel-saWmeli Camorigdeba, Camoitan qveviT - WurWeli darigdebao“ (25, I, 101). wiTelTvliani saswaulTmoqmedi beWedi moixsenieba qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,natvrisTvali“, romelic mis mflobels nebismier survils usrulebs. am beWdis 20mzeTunaxavis xelis saTxovnelad misul ufliswuls rTuli davaleba unda Seesrulebina - rkinis kunZi nafotebad eqcia, wyliT savse jami ,,alvis xeze“ ise unda aetana, rom arc erTi wveTi ar daRvriliyo. vaJi am davalebas Tavs ver gaarTmevda, rom mas ,,lerwmis qali“ ar daxmareboda (25, I, 472). 72 mflobelma iseTi baRi gaaSena, sadac zogi xexili yvaoda, zogi mwifda, zogi ki ikrifeboda“ (25, II, 66). aseTi natvrisTvali gvxvdeba aseve, qarTul xalxur zRaparSi ,,koWli monadiris Svili”, sadac natvrisTvals devi iZleva. jadosnur beWeds qarTul eposSi flobs aseve, „amirani“ da qarTuli eposis mravali personaJi. garda amisa, rogorc aRvniSne, beWedi simbolurad SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc samyaros modeli, romlis centrSic, Tvalis saxiT, zis samyaros kosmiuri RerZi - ,,sicocxlis xis“ simbolo da igi pirdapir ukavSirdeba ,,bunebis did dedas“21. kavkasiur mentalobaSi beWedi - misi geometrouli forma wre - romelic mTel kosmoss moicavs, aRiqmeba, rogorc samyaros modeli, romelsac warmarTuli azrovnebiT mze da mTvare warmarTaven. maTi asuli ki beWdis mflobelia, igi samyaros cvalebadobas (miTologiurad kvdoma-aRdgoma) warmarTavs. Zalzed sainteresoa „mzisa da mTvaris asulis kavSiri wyalTan. teqstis xunZuri variantis mixedviT, mas mTeli cxovreba wyalSi gautarebia. abazur variantSi ufro dakonkretebulia, sadac „mzisa da mTvaris asuli“ aRniSnavs, rom „mTeli cxovreba zRvaSi maqvs gatarebulio“ (11, 104). am mxriv, saintereso saxea narTebis eposidan „ZerasamzeTunaxavi“, romelic zRvis fskerze sadafis ulamazes sasaxleSi cxovrobda. sasaxles „iatakad lurji mina ego, saxuravad ciskris varskvlavi exura“ 21Sdr. „sicocxlis xisa“ da qalis erTmaneTSi gardasaxva, romelic simbolurad erT mTlians warmoadgens 73 (15, 42). Zerasa mzeTunaxavsac SeuZlia Tavis rCeulTan erTad vercxlisfer Tevzad gadaiqces (15, 46). am mxriv, qarTul eposSi qalRmerTis paralelur saxed kvlav unda davasaxeloT „lerwmis qali“, romelic aseve dakavSirebulia erT-erT gamnyofierebel stiqiasTan _ wyalTan22. qali ibadeba wylidan aRmocenebuli lerwmisgan. lerwami ki RvTaeba iSTaris mcenareul saxed aris miCneuli. gansacdelis Jams qali Tevzad iqceva da kvlav wyals ubrundeba. Tevzadqceuli qali im adgilamde midioda, sadac xelmwifis saqoneli wyals svamda. Tevzi afrTxobda saqonels, romelic wyurviliT ixoceboda. aqedan Cans, rom RvTaeba gansazRvravs saqonlis wyliT uzrunvelyofas. am adgilebSi Tevzis daWera sastikad akrZaluli iyo. Tevzi, iseve rogorc wyali, asocirdeba nayofierebasTan 23. kavkasiur variantebSi moxseniebuli „veSapi/gveleSapi“, romlis mucelSic cxovrobs „mzisa da 22 qvesknelidan dabrunebuli iSTari miwaze amovida cxovelmyofeli wylis WurWliT xelSi, romlis saSualebiTac mkvdreTiT aRadgina mkvdari dumuzi (26, 98-99). bunebisa da wylis nayofierebis erT RvTaebaSi gaazreba miTologiuri samyarodan maSinve gvagonebs „anahitas“ kults, romelic iTvleboda bunebis gamnoyierebel, gamnayofierebeli wylebis sparsul RvTaebad – „notio miwisa da wm. wyalTa qalRmerTi“ (9, 54; 8., 32). qarTul xalxur eposSi wyalTan mimarTebaSi saintereso siuJetia wyliani WurWlidan qalis gadmosvla. „zRapari sakvirveli qalisa“ mogviTxrobs, rom tabudadebul oTaxSi, sadac Sesvla ar SeiZleba, wyliT savse WurWeli dgas. tabus darRvevis Semdeg qali WurWlidan gadmodis da uCinardeba. masac aqvs beWedi, romelsac Tavis rCeuls Cuqnis. qals aseve, baRic aqvs, romelic rogorc aRvniSne, ZiriTadad qarTul zRaprebSi sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa. qalis rCeuls misi mama mebaRed aiyvans, rac aseve sakraluria (25, I, 305–306). 23 Sdr. oliangos „aiazmas“ (wm. wyali) eklesia, sirieli qalRmerTis taZrebTan gaSvebuli Tevzebi. 74 mTvaris asuli“, berZnul drakons Seesabameba. miTologiaSi miRebulia, rom igi aris igive „gveli“, cecxlismfrqveveli urCxuli, „frTosani gveli, romelsac arwivis msgavsad frTebi da Wangebi aqvs. am mxriv, gveleSapi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs gvelsac da frinvelsac, rogorc sulisa da materiis, zecisa da miwis simbolos. Tavdapirvelad gveleSapi/drakoni pozitiuri simbolo iyo da gansazRvravda wyals. igi identificirdeboda RvTaebebTan, miwaze ki imperatorTa da mefeTa warmomadgenlad iTvleboda. Semdeg misi simbolo gaxda ambivaleturi, gansazRvravda ra madlian wvimas, romelic moyveboda Weqa–quxils, amave dros elvisa da wyaldidobis damangrevel Zalasac“ (28, 344). drakoni SeiZleba iyos mzisa da mTvaris, mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTic, keTilica da borotic. drakoni da gveli urTierTSemcvleli simboloebia. isini ganasaxiereben rogorc qaosur, dauokebel da idumal bunebas, aseve, rogorc aRvniSne, cxovelmyofel Zalas wylisas. drakonis gaorebul simbolizms adasturebs is, rom mas SeuZlia warmogvidges, rogorc wvimis RmerTi, aseve, mis sawinaaRmdegod, ar misces wvimas mosvlis saSualeba. erT SemTxvevaSi gveleSaps aigiveben zRvasTan da zRvis fskerTan, meore SemTxvevaSi ki mTis mwvervalebTan (28, 344). igi wylidan ufro gazafxulze amodis (9, 145–146). gveleSapi miTologiuri gagebiT flobs, an ganagebs raime sivrces, an icavs gansakuTrebiT Zvirfass. mogvianebiT, gveleSapi, rogorc negatiuri simbolo, msxverplis gareSe wyals ar aZlevs adamianebs (Sdr. wylis sanacvlod mzeTunaxavi qalis Sewirva). q. sixaruliZis azriT, 75 „es SedarebiT gviandeli versia indoevropul models Seesabameba. ufro adrindel miTologiebSi gveleSapi, rogorc wylis mflobeli da gansaxiereba, sicocxlis energiis matarebeli iyo. misi sinkretuli bunebidan gamomdinare, igi sxvadasxva sferos codnas ganasaxierebda, amitom masTan naziarebi gmirebi fizikur ZalasTan erTad sibrZnesac iRebdnen“ (17, 382). zemoaRniSnuli kavkasiuri zRaprebis teqstma Semogvinaxa ufro Zveli versia gveleSapTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. igi Tavis wiaRSi icavs yvelaze Zvirfass _ `mzisa da mTvaris asul~ mzeTunaxavs. aRniSnuli saerTo kavkasiuri mentalobis arqaul Strixebze metyvelebs. am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, igi „mzisa da mTvaris asulis“ mfarveli da guSagia da masTan erTad binadrobs zRvis fskerze. igi qalRmerTTan erTad unda gansazRvravdes wylis nayofierebas. amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli masalis safuZvelze SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kavkasiur mentalobaSi arsebobda nayofierebis qalRmerTis erTi saxe, romelic „mzisa da mTvaris asulia“. igi dakavSirebulia sinaTlesTan, nayofierebasTan da wyalTan. RvTaeba dro–Jamisa da samyaros cvalebadobas (miTologiurad kvdoma-aRdgomas), bunebis aRorZinebas warmarTavda. 76 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. n. abakelia, simbolo-analogiebi da implicituri `Teologia~ erT saweso saferxulo simReraSi, kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli, XII, Tbilisi, 2006. 2. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1973. 3. g. alibegaSvili, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis nimuSebi, Tbilisi, 1992. 4. antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, t. I, Tbilisi, 2010. 5. v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi saarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tbilisi, 1941. 6. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, IV, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT, s. yauxCuSvilis mier, Tbilisi, 1973. 7. batoniSvili ioane, xumarswavla I, kalmasoba, w.I, Tbilisi, 1990. 8. n. gafrindaSvili, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 1972. 9. a. gelovani, miTologiuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“ 1983. 10. e. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tbilisi, 1964. 11. kavkasiis xalxTa folklori, kulturul urTierTobaTa centri – kavkasiuri saxli, Tbilisi, 2008. 12. n. kapanaZe, bavSvis aRzrdis xalxuri sistema qarTul folklorsa da eTnologiaSi (saakvno sim77 Rerebi), saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `tbeloba~, 2009 wlis oqtomber-noemberi (masalebi). 13. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia, Tbilisi, 2007. 14. z. kiknaZe, Sumeruli miTologia, Tbilisi, 1976. 15. narTebi, osuridan Targmna m. cxovrebovam, cxinvali, „irisToni“, 1988. 16. orbeliani sulxan-saba, leqsikoni qarTuli, t.I, Tb., 1991; t. II, Tbilisi, 1993. 17. q. sixaruliZe, kavkasielTa folkloris saerTo siuJetebi, kavkasiologiuri Ziebani,#3, Tbilisi, `Tbilisis univrsitetis gamomcemloba~, 2011 18. q. sixaruliZe, kavkasiuri miTologia, Tbilisi, 2006. 19. qarTuli poezia, t. 17, Tbilisi, 1985. 20. q. quTaTelaZe, nayofierebis qalRvTaebis saxelwodebebi qarTuli eposisa da wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul mentalobaSi, kavkasiologiuri Ziebani, #3, Tbilisi, `Tbilisis univrsitetis gamomcemloba~, 2011. 21. q. quTaTelaZe, nayofierebis qalRvTaebis mcenareuli saxe da masTan dakavSirebuli mcenareTa saxelwodebebi qarTul enasa da folklorSi, qeTevan quTaTelaZe, Sromebi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis stamba, Tbilisi, 2012. 22. q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTlis politikur centrTa istoriul-etimologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2010. 23. al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tbilisi, 1974. 78 24. m. Ciqovani, mijaWvuli amirani, Tbilisi, 1947. 25. xalxuri sibrZne, xuT tomad, qarTuli zRaprebi, I, II, III, IV, Tbilisi, nakaduli, 1963, 1964, 1965. 26. Всеобщая история религий народов мира, Москва, 2007. 27. Мифологический словарь, Москва, 1990 28. Энциклопедия символов Москва Санкт-Петербург, 1990. 79 Ketevan Kutateladze ONE OF THE FERTILE GODDESS IN GEORGIAN AND CAUCASIAN EPOS The existence of resembling plots and symbol in the epos of different Caucasian peoples is the weighty argument of the common Caucasian mental unity. The woman of divine origin is “The daughter of the Sun and the Moon”. In Abazian and Khundzian variants she is met in the texts of the tales by the same title, in the Georgian variant it is met as “Astonishing Feather”. Beautiful woman is the owner of the magic bird. The bird’s (Eagle) feather is the luminary. According to Georgian epos “The picture of Beauty” lives on the sea, in the dragon’s stomach and arises only for two hours. According to Georgian tale “The picture of Beauty” sleeps when the sun rises, she sees everybody, who comes from the front, being asleep or awakened, and has 12 plants”. She also has 12 fast horses. In Georgian and Caucasian texts the mentioned figure 12 is sacred, the Goddess Inana. In Georgian and Caucasian (Abazian and Khundzian) epos simultaneously with “The daughter of the Sun and the Moon” we meet the Beautiful “Anana”, who is also the daughter of the Sun and the Moon. “The daughter of the Sun and the Moon” has a trunk and magic ring – the symbol of deity, which she gives to her chosen one in the danger times. From this side we can name her parallel face of the “Lertsmis Kali” (“Reed Woman”), who is connected with water (comp. symbol of Ishtar) and helps her chosen one by means of the ring to carry out his hard mission. Such a ring has Tamar, “Kali Shroshani” (“Lily of the Valley Woman”), the ring with its stone is the small model of the world. The astral face of the goddess we consider “Shukurvarskvlavi” (Day brake star), or Venera planet, whose poetic face in Georgian epos is the “Bright Marekh”. 80 medea gogolaZe vaxtang mefis da miqael mTavarepiskoposis konfliqtis motivebi xelisuflebis centralizaciisa da qveynis ZlierebisTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria saxelmwifosa da eklesiis erTianoba. uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo vaxtang gorgasalis mier (V saukunis II naxevari) gatarebuli saeklesio reforma, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, SesaZloa, qveynis, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikis WrilSi ganvixiloT. Eeklesiis reorganizaciis Sedegad, vaxtangma gazarda saepiskoposo kaTedrebis raodenoba da, rac mTavaria, SemoiRo kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba. amis niadagze vaxtang mefesa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs Soris didi konfliqti moxda. juanSeris Txzulebis, ,,cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa”-s mixedviT, ,,WeSmariti mRvdeli” miqaeli vaxtangs WeSmarit qristianobas aswavlida da ebrZoda mazdeanobas da mis agentebs qarTlSi. Tumca, vaxtang mefis saeklesio reformaSi, qalkedonit mTavarepiskopos miqaelis adgili ar moiZebna. vaxtangma miqaelis magivrad qarTlis eklesiis meTaurad, umaRlesi saeklesio titulis, kaTalikosis pativiT, mRvdeli petre, xolo episkoposad, monazoni samoeli moiwvia bizantiidan, romlebic man pontoze laSqrobis dros gaicno. Ees rom miqaelma gaigo, ,,daumZimda mas zeda da iwyo reca amboxebad da mizezobad”, mociquli miugzavna mefes da SeuTvala: ,,Sen dagiteobia qriste da cecxlsa esav”. vaxtangma mociqulisve daabara pasuxi da uaryo braldeba: ,,ubralo var, RmerTman icis! Mmagra warmivlenia 81 mociquli moyvanebad kaTalikosisa da episkoposTa”. esma ra miqaels, rom es sinamdvilea, ganizraxa amboxebiT SeeCerebina es saqme. man dawyevla da SeaCvena vaxtangi: ,,krul yo mefe da yovelni spani misi”. vaxtangma urTierTobis gamwvavebas Serigeba arCia, Tavad mivida gaborotebul miqaelTan, Camovida cxenidan da mis kalTas emTxvia. Ppativmoyvare episkoposma uRirsi saqcieli Caidina: ,,ganZra man ferÃi, da miamTxÂa pirsa mefisasa fandakiTa da Semusra kbili misi”. didad ganrisxebulma mefem mas iuda da vercxlis moyvare uwoda da Tan daamata: ,,raJams gesma umTavresisa Senisa qarTlad moyvaneba, da aRegzen SuriTa borotad, viTarca iuda petresiTa”. mefem miqaeli gaaZeva eklesiidan da gagzavna konstantinepolis patriarqTan saTanado sasjelisTvis, ,,aw migavlino Sen patriarqisa kostantinepoled, da viTarca jer iyos, gangikiTxos”. Ppatriarqma miqaeli mZimed dasaja, gaagzavna ra, RamisTevis, anu, uZilobis monasterSi, ,,da eqsoria yves miqel episkoposi monastersa mRÂZareTasa‟’ [1, 196-197]. konstantinepolis patriarqma Seasrula vaxtangis Txovna da antioqiis patriarqTan kaTalikosad kurTxevisTvis gaagzavna petre, iq akurTxes aseve episkoposebad samoeli da sxva Tormeti mRvdeli. Mmale yvela gamogzavnes qarTlSi. vaxtangma mcxeTaSi aRaSena sveticxoveli, sadac dasves qarTlis kaTalikosi petre. samoeli mcxeTis episkoposad ganaCines, xolo danarCenebi qarTlis sxva eparqiebSi. vaxtang mefis mier gatarebul saeklesio reformaze mogviTxrobs agreTve sxva qarTuli 82 matiane ,,moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ‟‟. wyaros mixedviT, rodesac vaxtangi gamefda mTavarepiskoposi iyo ioveli, romlis drosac mefe gaiwvies iranSi. misi dabrunebisas mTavarepiskoposi ukve aris miqaeli. mefisa da mRvdelmTavris konfliqtze ,,moqcevaÁs‟‟ Satberdul variantSi qronistulad naTqvamia, rom miqaelma ,,miamTxÂa ferÃi pirsa mefisasa vaxtangs... xolo mefeman waravlinna mociqulni saberZneTa da iTxova mefisagan da patreaqisagan kaTalikozi. xolo man mosca petre kaTalikozi. da ese iyo qarTlis moqceviTgan :ro: welsa... pirveli kaTalikozi iyo petre” [3, 93]. Tu ra niadagze moxda aseTi mwvave konfliqti mefesa da mRvdelmTavars Soris, ,,moqcevaÁs” matianeSi ar Cans. wyaros WeliSuri redaqcia ufro konkretul miniSnebas iZleva - miqaelma ,,miamTxÂa ferÃi gorgasals romlisaTÂs mizezisaTÂs, da ganaZo eklesiisagan” [3, 93]. Ee. i. miqaelma mefes fexi DCaartya raRac mizezis gamo, magram Tu ra mizezi igulisxmeba, verc WeliSuri variantiT vgebulobT. juanSeris Txzulebis motivi am dapirispirebisa, qarTlis avtoritetuli mTavarepiskoposis miqaelis Rirsebisa da Tavmoyvareobis Selaxva, gaziarebulia istorikos vaxuSti bagrationis mierac [2, 113]. Mmagram Semdgomi drois istoriografias aRar akmayofilebs konfliqtis ase gaazreba da damatebiT argumentebs eZebs. mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom qalkedonit miqaels vaxtangi monofizituri poziciebidan daupirispirda [6, 380-383]. sawinaaRmdego mosazrebiT, monofizit miqaels vaxtangi diofizituri pozici83 ebidan upirispirdeba [7, 293]. sxva mosazrebiT, gamoiricxeba aRniSnuli konfliqtis konfesiuri aspeqti da Tavs iCens eTikuri mxare, vaxtangi mTavarepiskoposs saeklesio qonebis miTvisebaSi sdebs brals, uwodebs ra mas ,,vercxlis moyvares” [4, 103]. bolodroindelma kvlevebma konfliqtis sxva motivi warmoaCina. cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia miqaels marTlmadideblobis e. i. qalkedonitobis mtkice damcvelad miiCnevs. qarTlis mTavarepiskoposad misi ganCinebiT vaxtangma probizantiur politikas daudo saTave. juanSeri mas ,,WeSmarit episkopozsa” da ,,WeSmarit mRvdels” uwodebs. juanSeris Tanaxmad, miqaeli win aRudga qarTlSi mazdeanobis gavrcelebis mcdelobas, riTac igi qarTlSi WeSmariti sjulis damcvelad mogvevlina. mematianisve cnobiT, miqaeli aswavlida vaxtangs qristes sjuls. sakiTxis ukeT warmoCenisTvis ganvixiloT bizantiaSi arsebuli religiuri situacia. bizantiis imperiaSi arsebuli monofiziti samRvdeloebis da mrevlis winaaRmdegobis gamo imperatorma zenonma konstantinepolis patriarq akakiusTan erTad 482 wels gamosca e. w. henotikoni, romlis mTavari mizani diofizitTa (qalkedonitTa) da monofizitTa Serigeba iyo. zenonis es tolerantuli politika monofizitTa mimarT gulisxmobda diofizitebis daTmobebeze wasvlas, mTel rig dogmatur sakiTxebze. aqedan gamomdinare, diofiziti miqaeli, iseve rogorc mravali misi Tanamoazre bizantieli mRvdelmsaxuri ar emxroboda henotikons, xolo qveynis politikuri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, bizantiuri orientaciis 84 gamomxatveli, henotikonis momxre vaxtang mefe dapirispirebuli aRmoCnda qarTlis eklesiis meTaurTan. metic, vaxtangma patriarq akakiusisa da imperator zenonis mxardaWeriT qarTlis kaTalikosad henotikonis momxre petre akurTxa [5, 23-25]. eklesiis reorganizacias didi mniSvneloba hqonda avtokefaliis TvalsazrisiT. kaTalikosobis dawesebiT qarTuli eklesia damoukidebeli xdeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba qveynis politikurma mdgomareobam, misma prestiJma. rac mTavaria, imperiis xelisufleba qarTlis mefes am saqmeSi mxars uWerda. bizantia-irans Soris garTulebuli urTierTobis fonze mniSvnelovani iyo samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis pozicia. saqarTvelo maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qristianuli poziciebis erT-erTi mTavar damcvelad gvevlineboda. rogorc aRiniSna, kaTalikosis Tanamdebobis SemoRebasTan erTad, vaxtangma episkoposebadac axali sasuliero pirebi ganaCina, riTac Seasusta miqaelis gavlena da Zalaufleba da, vfiqrobT, swored am safuZvelzea saZiebeli es konfliqti. miqaeli, saxelganTqmuli mwyemsmTavari, marTlmadideblobis didi damcveli iyo. igi sastikad ebrZoda ara mxolod mazdeanobas, aramed qristianuli eklesiis wiaRSi gaCenili mwvaleblobis yovelgvar gamovlinebas. miqaeli cnobilia mobidan episkoposTan dapirispirebiT da misi wignebis dawviT. is miiCneva vaxtang mefis WeSmarit qristianad aRmzrdelad. miqaelis gavlena imdenad didi Cans samefoSi, romMyvela piroba arsebobda sasuliero ierarqiac misi SexedulebiT Camoyalibebuliyo, mis mierve 85 iqneboda dakompleqtebuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi. gamomdinare aqedan, ar aris gamoricxuli miqaels sasuliero xelisuflebis saeroze upiratesobisa ambicia gasCenoda. ideologiur-politikuri dava saero-sasuliero xelisuflebebis primatobis sakiTxze xom Cveulebrivi movlena iyo mTeli Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaroSi. miqaelic, SesaZloa, am tendenciis gamtarebelia. Zlieri mefisTvis mTavarepiskoposis es miswrafeba miuRebelia da avtoritetul, magram ambiciur mRdelmTavars am gziT iSorebs _ kaTalikosis taxtze sxva kandidaturas svams da masStabur saeklesio reformaSi mis rolze uars ambobs. vfiqrobT, es dapirispireba gaxda miqaelis ganrisxebis da protestis aseTi uxeSi formiT gamoxatvis mizezi da ara ideologiuri dava. axali religiuri doqtrinis – henotikonis mxardaWera, rasac, logikurad, mwyemsmTavrisTvis aseTi Seuferebeli saqcieli, rac gamoixata, jer mefisa da misi spis dawyevlaSi, xolo Semdeg mis fizikur SeuracxyofaSi, ar unda gamoewvia. 86 wyaroebi da literatura: 1.qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955. 2.qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973. 3.Zveli qarTuli agiografiis literaturis Zeglebi, t, I, Tb., 1963. 4.z. aleqsiZe, vaxtang gorgasalsa da miqael mTavarepiskoposs Soris konfliqtis gamo., Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan, Tb., 1976. 5. g. mamulia, qarTlis eklesia V-VI saukuneebSi, Tb., 1992. 6. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I Tb., 1979. 7. s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. I, Tb., 1949. ……… 87 Medea Gogoladze THE MOTIVES OF THE CONFLICT OF KING VAKHTANG AND ARCHBISHOP MICHAEL Vakhtang Gorgasal, the king of Kartli, carried out significant church reforms in the 5th century. He established the supreme spiritual rank. King Vakhtang did not present Archbishop Michael in this rank that caused the conflict between them. Michael gave the king a physical assault. There are different viewpoints about this conflict in the historiography. One part of the scientists believes that the reason of this conflict was Vakhtang’s being Monophysite (or Dyophisyte) and Michael’s being Dyophisyte (or Monophysite). Other part of scientists believes that it was the reason of issuing the Zeno’s Henoticon that meant the reconciliation of Monophysites and Dyophisytes. King Vakhtang took the side of Henoticon that caused the anger of the Chalcedon Council supporter Archbishop. It is a quite sound argument, but we think that the main reason of Michael’s anger, which was exposed by the behavior inexcusable for a clergyman, was his not being presented in a rank of Catholicos. 88 TinaTin ximSiaSvili espaneTis baRebis landSafturi arqiteqtura algambra generalifi sabaRe-saparko xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTareba uZvelesi droidan iwyeba. baRebi gaCnda maSin, rodesac adamianebma momTabareobidan miwaze damkvidreba daiwyes. baRi gaCnda ufro adre, vidre soflis meurneoba, radgan adamianebma, pirvel rigSi SemoRobes ra TavianTi teritoriebi, daiwyes maTTvis sasargeblo mcenareebis gazrda. rac Seexeba dekoratiul mebaReobas, es aris xalxis, kulturis, misi gazrdili esTetikuri moTxovnilebis niSani. amitom SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom sabaRe-saparko kulturas imdenive xnis istoria aqvs, ramdenic msoflio civilizacias. dRes baR-parkebis kulturas umeteswilad, arqiteqturis istorikosebi swavloben, radgan baRi Taviseburi formaa xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebis sinTezisa _ filosofiis, literaturis, poeziis, yofis esTeTikuri formebis, ferweris, arqiteqturis, musikis da maTi ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeba. baRis esTeTikuri aRqmisaTvis aucilebelia mTeli arsebiT CaRrmaveba baRis arsebobis epoqis kulturaSi. bevri mcenare da yvavili, romelic Tavis droze Zvirfas da egzotikur mcenareebad 89 iTvleboda, karga xania ukve aseTad aRar gveCveneba. baRis, rogorc xalovnebis nawarmoebis, swori aRTqma Tanamedrove pirobebSi, xelovnebis da yofis istoriis sferoTa safuZvlian codnas moiTxovs. swrafad cvalebad cocxal bunebriv garemoSi, ramdenime weliwadSi SeiZleba moxdes seriozuli cvlilebebi pirvelad mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT, miTumetes, saukuneebis manZilze momxdarma uamravma omebma, mmarTveli wreebis da sazogadoebrivi formaciebis cvalebadobam ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom sadReisod ar Semogvenaxa arc erTi uZvelesi periodis baRi da parki. warmodgena imaze, Tu rogorebi iyvnen isini Zvel xanaSi, SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod freskuli naxatebisa da arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli masalebidan. sabaRe-saparko mSeneblobis ganviTareba mimdinareobda sxvadasxvagvari faqtorebis zegavleniT, rac dakavSirebuli iyo sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad etapebTan, qveynis kulturul donesTan, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri Zlierebis xarisxsa da sazogadoebriv wyobilebasTan. arabebis mier iberiis naxevarkunZulis dapyrobis Semdeg, XII–XIV ss. Camoyalibda espanurmavritanuli baRis tipi. maT dekoratiul 90 elementebs warmoadgendnen mcire zomis auzebi, kaskadebi, feradi qvebiT Semkuli kedlebi da sxva. arabuli baRebis kompoziciur filosofiur safuZvels warmoadgenda bunebis mudmivi ganaxlebis idea. mkacri geometriuli dagegmareba, calkeuli sivrceebis Caketiloba, wylis da maradmwvane nargavebis siuxve, ferebis simkveTre da maiolika -es aris aRmosavleTis baRebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. arabi mebaReebi kargad uxamebdnen xelo-vnur landSafts arsebul bunebriv faseulobebs. arabebisagan espaneTis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg, maT mier Seqmnili sasaxleebi, meCeTebi, baRebi da sxva faseulobani gadavida espanelebis xelSi, romelTac dRemde ufrTxildebian, rogorc qveynis istoriul kulturul saganZurs. arabuli periodis islamurma baRebma udidesi gavlena iqonies evropuli baRis esTeTikaze. aseTi tipis baRi gansxvavebulia Tavisi kompoziciursivrculi gadawyvetiT, gamwvanebis xerxebiT, wyalsatevebis xasiaTiT, gzebis dekoratiuli mopirketebiT da, pirvel rigSi, asaxavs islamis religiur principebs da regionis klimatur Taviseburebebs. 91 X saukunis dasawyisSi, arabeTis Zalaufleba espaneTSi Zlieri iyo. am periodSi Camoyalibda kordovas xalifati. arabTa batonobis periodSi pirineis naxevarkunZulze mimdinareobda qveynis sawarmoo Zalebis intensiuri ganviTareba. espaneTSi erTmaneTs Sexvda ori gansxvavebuli kultura _ Sua saukuneebis evropuli kultura da maRal ganviTarebuli aRmosavleTis kultura. arabebi espaneTSi farTod iyenebdnen xelovnur sarwyav sistemebs. maT Seitanes mTeli rigi axali sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi: brinji, Saqris Warxali, TuTis xe, forToxali, limoni. xalifati vaWrobiT dakavSirebuli iyo mTel musulmanur samyarosTan. amdenad, romis imperiis droindeli espanuri qalaqebi _ kordova, sevilia, granada da valensia, arabebis batonobis periodSi gadaiqcnen msxvil samrewvelo-kulturul centrebad. swored espaneTSi Seiqmna baRis axali tipi espanur _ mavritanuli baRi-patio. am baRis ganmasxvavebeli niSania Caketili interieruli xasiaTis (baRebi garSemotymuli iyo SenobebiT an kedlebiT) gegmis regularoba. nakveTis simcire, wylis nagebobaTa sistemebi _ arxebi, auzebi da Sadrevnebi warmoadgendnen am baRis ZiriTad elementebs. arabi 92 mebaReebi iyenebdnen maradmwvane nargavebs, iseTebs rogorebicaa: bza, mirti, tuia, dafna, forToxlis da limonis xeebi. zog SemTxvevaSi mcenareTa erTferovneba qmnida saerTo kompoziciis simSvides. kordovaSi -jer kidev aris SemorCenili am periodis baRebi. XIIIs. bolos, xalifatis gafurCqvnis periodSi, granadaSi Seiqmna 14 aTasamde mdidruli vila, romelTa umSvenieresi nimuSebi dRemdea SemorCenili. erT-erT aseT nimuSs warmoadgens algambras sasaxlis baRi, romlebic aSenebuli iyo granadas mmarTvelis muxamed I-is da misi STamomavlebis mier XIII-XIV ss. sasaxle aSenebuli iyo borcvis Tavze alkasabas cixesimagris adgilze. am borcvis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi ganTavsebulia qalaqgare rezidencia generalifi. rodesac espaneTis jarma qalaqi daibruna, am kompleqsis udidesi nawili dangreuli iqna. garkveuli periodi algambra iyo samefo rezidencia da karl V-is periodSi aq daiwyo grandiozuli sasaxlis mSenebloba renesansis stilSi, Tumca igi ver damTavrda. 1845 wlamde algambra iyo cixesimagre da saxelmwifo cixe da mxolod 1890 wlis xanZris Semdeg saxelmwifom gamoyo Tanxebi sasaxlis da baRis aRsadgenad. algambras sasaxle warmoadgens sxvadasxva saxlis saTavsebis kompleqss, romlebic kompoziciurad gaerTianebulia ori mTavari ezo patioebis irgvliv. dasavleTis ezo e.w. mirtis ezoiyo mmarTvelTa maRali wris Sekrebebis centri. misi zomebia 23X37m, orientirebuli Crdilo93 samxreTze. ezos CrdiloeT mxareze aRmarTulia koSki komaresi, romlis pirvel sarTulze ganTavsebulia elCebis darbazi zomiT 9X9m-ze, xolo gadaxuruli gumbaTiT koSkis win ganTavsebulia para-duli darbazi-de la barka; misgan dasavleTiT meCeTia. mirtis ezo yvela mxridan SemosazRvrulia SenobebiT da qmnis Sida baRs, romlis centrSia arxi da Sadrevani. arxis gaswvriv dargulia mirtis buCqebi da mowyobilia yvavilnarebi. am baRze orientirebulia saTavsebi. mirtis darbazis aRmosavleTiT, lomis darbazia, romlis zomebi 16X28m-ia. am darbazis mTavari RerZi aRmosavleT-dasavleTiTaa mimarTuli, xolo darbazis centrSi ori urTierTgadmkveTi arxia. am arxebis gadakveTaze qvabis formis Sadrevania ganTavsebuli, romelic oTxi lomis zurgze devs. arxebi da Sadrevani am darbazis ZiriTadi elementebia. kompleqsis Crdilo nawilSi ganTavsebulia lindaraxis mcire zomis regularuli baRi SadrevniT msxvilfoTliani xeebiT da gakreWili buCqebiT, rac ufro intimur xasiaTisaa. dedoflis piradi oTaxis win mcire zomis ezo-baRia ganTavsebuli am baRSia Sadrevani, oTxi piramiduli formis xe da geometriulad ornamentiani filebiT mokiwyluli iataki. 94 sazafxuli rezidencia generalifi (generalifi niSnavs maRal baRs) ganTavsebulia amave borcvis zeda nawilSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT mimarTulebiT. legendis mixedviT, mavrintanel mefes uwinaswarmetyveles, rom misi Svili daiRupeba, rodesac igi Sexvdeba da Seiyvarebs qals. amitom mefem es sasaxle auSena Tavis vaJiSvilis, raTa izolaciaSi hyoloda da qalebs ar Sexvedroda. sasaxle aSenebuli iyo 1319 wels da SemdgomSi mravaljer gadakeTda. landSafturi arqiteqtura kacobriobis mxatvruli da zogad-kulturuli memkvidreobis uzarmazari da usazRvro sferoa. 95 Tinatin Khimshiashvili GARDENS IN SPAIN The history of the art of making gardens and parks, the development of the garden and park construction process are given in the article. These processes mainly are described, on the example of Alhambra Generalife Spanish gardens. The article deals with the new type Spanish Mauritanian gardens designed in Spain, garden patio. Islamic gardens of the Arabic period had a great influenced on the esthetics of the European gardens. Gardens of this type are different in its compositional-spatial resolution. It must be mentioned, that the Spain is the meeting place of two different cultures – Medieval European culture and highly developed Eastern culture. Arabs were widely using artificial irrigation systems in Spain. They brought in the country different kinds of crops, plants, such as: rice, sugar, mulberry tree, orange and lemon. The distinguishing feature of the Mauritanian garden is closed interior. The main elements of this garden were: bars surrounded by buildings, or regulation of the plan by walls, small space, plot, system of buildings for water: channels, pools, fountains. The article tells about the gardens of this time mainly balus of Alhambra Generalife in Cordoba, its planning, planting of greenery and other elements peculiar for gardens and parks. It also is underscored in the article, that landscape architecture is a huge and boundless sphere of the artistic and generally cultural heritage of mankind. 96 xaTuna TodaZe qarTul-bizantiuri samonastro cxovrebis paralelebi (XI s.) qarTuli da bizantiuri samonastro cxovrebis Sesaswavlad erT-erT saukeTeso wyaros samonastro wesebi anu tipikonebi warmoadgens. 2000 wels vaSingtonSi gamoqveynebulma ormocdaaTi tipikonis da anderZis inglisurma Targmanma saSualeba mogvca aqamde CvenTvis ucnob wyaroebs gavcnobodiT da qronologiuri principiT Segvedarebina qarTul masalasTan. Cvenamde moRweuli VIII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli tipikonebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or nawilad daiyos: sakuTriv, saqaTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli monastrebis wesebi da bizantiis teritoriaze arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis gangebani. kvlevis garkveul etapze erTmaneTs SevadareT XI saukunis meore naxevris ori tipikoni _ petriwonis monastris wes-gangeba da miqael ataliates wesdeba.1 es ukanaskneli inglisurad Targmna da komentarebi daurTo cnobilma amerikelma bizantistma alis-meri TalboTma. bizantiur wyaros amjerad XI saukunis dasawyisis meore qarTul gangeba _ aTonis iverTa monastris tipikoni SevadareT. miqael ataliate, savaraudod, 1020-1030 wlebSi daibada. niWieri ymawvili SemdgomSi senatori da msajuli gaxda. igi cnobilia agreTve, rogorc 10341079 ww. `istoriis~ avtori. ganawesi 1077 wels 1 ix. x. TodaZe `ori monasteri _ ori samyaro~. (msgavsebagansxvavebani). poeturi sulis mecnieri giorgi nadiraZe _ 80, Tbilisi, 2012. gv. 293-307. 97 daiwera. teqstis mixedviT ataliatem raidestoSi marmarilos zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze da konstantinopolSi iafad SeiZina miwebi erTiani saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebisaTvis: glaxakTa saxlisaTvis raidestoSi da yovladmowyale macxovris monastrisaTvis konstantinopolSi. imis SiSiT, rom SemdgomSi misi dawesebuleba saeklesio xelisufalT ar miesakuTrebinaT miqael ataliatem proteqtorati daawesa, romelsac misi vaJi Teodore Caudgeboda saTaveSi, Semdeg misi pirdapiri an gverdiTi STamomavlebi gaagrZelebdnen. 1079 wels miqael ataliate jer kidev cocxali iyo, radgan imperator nikofore III (1078-1081 ww.) saimperatoro, beWdiT damowmebuli sigeli miiRo. rodis gardaicvala ataliate ucnobia, 1085 wels gardacvlili Cans misi vaJi Teodorec. am wlis CanawerebSi moxseniebulia wignebi, romlebic dawesebulebas misi sikvdilis Semdeg gadaeca. 1094 wels vlakerniis sinods eswreboda monastris ucnobi xelmZRvaneli. es bolo dokumentia, sadac es saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebaa moxseniebuli. SemdgomSi, savaraudod, is romeliTac didma monasterma an sapatriarqom SeierTa. petriwonis wesdeba 1083 an 1084 wels daiwera taoeli qarTveli grigol bakuraianisZis mier. man 1083 wels daaarsa monasteri qalaq filipopolis maxloblad, rodopis mTis kalTebze.* aTonis iverTa monasteri X s. bolos _ 875 wels daarsda. mas Tavdapirvelad ioane xelmZRva* monasteri amJamadac arsebobs, mas axla baCkovos saxeliT icnoben (sofelia erT kilometrSi), monasteri qarTvelebs aRar ekuTvnis. 98 nelobda, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJi eqvTime**. tipikonic, albaT, eqvTimes winamZRvrobis (1005-1019 ww.) periodSi daiwera. samwuxarod, Cvenamde am gangebis mxolod fragmentma moaRwia da mis Sesaswavlad erTaderT wyaros giorgi mTawmindelis `cxovreba ioanesi da efTÂmesi~ warmoadgens. grigorl bakurianis Zis tipikoni 33 Tavisagan Sedgeba. damatebiTi sami Tavi monastris qonebis aRweras eZRvneba. `Sinaarsi am wmida wignisa, romelic WeSmaritad asaxavs monazvnur cxovrebas da romelic gadmoRebulia Cvens mier xSirad xsenebuli yovladwminda panagiis monastris tipikonidan _ xolo mciredi Cvens mier aris damatebuli~ [1.7]. ataliates berZnuli ganawesi sruli ar aris. samonastro liturgiuli wesebis Sesaxeb is mwir informacias gvawvdis. alis-meri TalboTi varaudobs, rom es sakiTxebi detalurad unda yofiliyo ganxiluli amJamad dakargul tipikonSi, romelic ataliates mtkicebiT dawerili iyo [3. 19]. wesdebis Tanaxmad, petriwonis monasterSi 50 monazoni unda yofiliyo, garda winamZRvrisa [1. 55]. aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi giorgi mTawmindelis sityvebiT eqvTimes winamZRvrobisas `samarisa sulisa zrunvaÁ uxdeboda~ [2. 343]. roca 1057-58 ww. qarTlis erisTaviT-erisTavi liparito berad aRkvecila monasterSi isev 300 monazoni yofila [6. 35-36]. SesaZloa ivironSi ZmaTa raodenobis ** monasterSi amJamad berZnebi arian damkvidrebulni. vgulisxmobT s. yauxCiSvilis redaqcias. 99 dawesebuli ricxvi 300 iyo. tipikonis nawyveti am sakiTxze dums. rac Seexa bizantiur monasters, miuxedavad imisa, rom ataliate umaRlesi socialuri fenis warmomadgeneli iyo, mis mier daarsebuli monasteri ki aristokratiulad iTvleboda, berebis raodenoba ganawesis mixedviT Svidi unda yofiliyo. `vbrZaneb, rom Cems monasterSi berebis ricxvi SvidiT Semoifarglos, Tumca dResdReobiT mxolod xuTi beria~... radgan garemoebebi metis saSualebas ar iZleva... radgan Svidi wmindaa da erTaderTi, ...vbrZaneb, rom rogorc ki RvTis SewevniT situacia gamoswordeba, monasterSi Svidi beri iyos, winamZRvris, meTaurisa da mekaris CaTvliT [3. mux. 27]. bizantiurisagan gansxvavebiT orive qarTuli monasteri damoukidebel da ekonomikurad Zlier erTeuls warmoadgenda. samive monasterSi monazonTa qcevis wesebi, rasakvirvelia, mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli. maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba wirva-locva iyo. ar SeiZleboda RvTismsaxurebaze dagvianeba, uyuradReboba, CurCuli, wirvis umizezod datoveba. akrZaluli iyo senakebSi Tavmoyra da Woraoba, gabutva, Cxubi, senakebSi saWmlis momzadeba, trapezze dagvianeba da xmauri, winamZvRvrisadmi daumorCilebloba da sxv. monasterSi unda yofiliyo simSvide, morCileba da simdable. bizantiuri tipikonisagan gansxvavebiT qarTuli monastrebis ber-monazonTaTvis Sroma iseve savaldebulo iyo, rogorc locva. SesaZloa, garkveulwilad swored es aqcevda maT ekonomiurad Zlier organizaciad. ataliates monasteri, rogorc 100 aRvniSneT, Semowirulobebze iyo damokidebuli. gansxvavebulia kidev erTi wesi. bizantiuri tipikonis mixedviT, berebs ufleba hqondaT hyolodaT msaxuri. wesdebis ormocdameore Tavi gardacvlili berebis msaxurTa pensiebs Seexeba. `roca monastris beri uflis winaSe warsdgeba, mis msaxurs SeuZlia ormoci dRe glaxakTa saxlSi dayos daTxovnis gareSe, Tu kargi znis aRmoCndeba, ufleba miecema yoveldRe kvebon. Tu ara, yovelwliurad 12 sawyare xorbals miiRebs~ [3. mux. 42]. grigol bakurianisZe, tipikonis meoTxe Tavis mixedviT, piriqiT, krZalavs monasterSi msaxurTa damkvidrebas. `SeiZleba vinme didebulTagan an fufunebiT mcxovrebTagani movides. aseTebi momsaxureebis dayenebas saWiroeben. nu SevqmniT amisgan raime uwesobas [1. 41]. warCinebulTa Zmobis wevrad miRebas erideboda eqvTime aTonelic `mravalni movidian safasiTa didiTa, raÁTamca moiparsnes. daiTrgunis Jam raodenmen merme ubrZanis: `SegÂndeT ver mogparsavT. Tquen xar kacni saxeloani, odes safase mosceT eklesiasa gansunebiT gnebavs yofaÁ da nuukue ver gagisuenoT da merme SeswuxdeT da kualad Zmani yovelni Zlierad Surebian... xolo ukueTu vinme movides ZmaÁ mSromeli da mdabali, ityÂn mamaÁ viTar grwmenin, Zmano amaTi mirCevnia SewynarebaÁ vire aTasimca vin drahkani momca~ [2. 355]. qarTul tipikonebsa da ataliates wesdebas sxvadasxva damokidebuleba aqvT saWurisebTan mimarTebaSic. ataliate, pirdapir moiTxovda, rom misi berebi saWurisebi yofiliyvnen, `xorcis ltolvaTagan Tavisufalni~ [3. mux. 30]. saerTod, bizantiur monastrebSi saWurisebs yvelgan ar 101 iRebdnen. amerikeli mecnieri aleqsandre kaJdani, romelmac XI-XII ss-is biznatiuri tipikonebi Seiswavla, wers: "Какой-то степени мешало постригу и оскопление - во всяком случае евнухов принимали не во все монастыри, особенно строгие препоны чинили им афонский уставы" [7.57]. aTonis qarTuli monastris tipikonis fragmenti am sakiTxze cnobas ar gvawvdis. Tumca darwmunebiTYSeiZleba iTqvas, rom saWurisebi arc ivironSi iyvnen. eqvTime aToneli monasterSi uwverulebis damkvidrebasac ki krZalavda. tipikonis mixedviT momavali kadrebis momzadeba mxolod monastridan moSorebiT SeiZleboda. moZRvrad ki gamocdili da gansakuTrebuli sulieri TvisebebiT dajildoebuli adamiani unda daeniSna. `kualad ukuTu ZmaTa vieTme moiyvannian TÂsni naTesavni uwuerulni, mamaca hnebavn, raÁTamca iswavles swavlaÁ da ÃelovnebaÁ. garna monastresa ara daimWirnis, aramed gare sofelTa gagzavnis, sada icodis umjobesi da sulieri da gamocdili ikonomosi, da mun aRizrdian, da odes wuerTa Seimosnian, maSin Semouyvannis monastrad [2. 356-357]. grigol bakurianisZec `mraval wmida mamaTa msgavsad~ krZalavda saWurisebis monasterSi damkvidrebas. wesdebis meCvidmete Tavi `imis Sesaxeb, rom ueWvelad aikrZalos saWurisTa Semosvla monasterze, agreTve axalgazrda ymawvilTa~. am sakiTxs eZRvneba: `Sesaxeb saWurisTa, anu egreTwodebul yverulTa, da uasako Wabukebisa, radgan mravalni wminda mamaTagan krZalavdnen maT saeklesio saidumloTa gamo, raTa ar momxdariyo usiamovneba, da imTaviTve daaweses es, aseve darCes samudamod, da arc samsaxuris sababiT, arc rame Tanamdebobis gulisTvis ara102 vis aseTs ar Caabaron samonazvne saqme, vinaidan aseTi ram warmoadgens uSverebas da uwesobas [1. 97-99]. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, romelic qarTul wesdebebsa da bizantiur tipikons Soris arsebobs, administraciuli sakiTxebisa da finansebis marTvaSi SeimCneva. ataliate Tavis dawesebulebis proteqtorad Tavis vaJs niSnavs da samemkvidreo xazs awesebs [3. mux. 20]. dawesebulebis TviTmmarTvelobis uflebas igi mxolod misi STamomavlobis xazis dasustebis SemTxvevaSi iZleva, magram sakmarisia gamoCndes romelime gverdiTi Stos naTesavi, Tundac qali, rom mmarTveloba kvlav memkvidreobiT wess ubrundeba `Cveni uflisa da macxovris _ ieso qristes Semdeg, memkvidred, batonad da mmarTvelad vniSnav Cems sanatrel vaJs --- lord Teodores da mis pirdapir STamomavlebs, Zeebs, imaT Zeebs da a.S. ---- Tu vaJiSvilebi ar arian, maSin qaliSvilma unda itvirTon memkvidreoba...~ [3. mux. 10]. qarTveli domestikosi meTvramete TavSi, imis Sesaxeb, rom monasteri Tavisufali iyos Cemi naTesavebis mxriT raime uflebis gamocxadebisagan da zianisagan yvela danarCeni yovelgvari saxis masSi arsebuli gamosaRebisagan~, piriqiT krZalavs naTesavebze mmarTvelobis gacemas. `msurs, rom es Cveni yovlad wminda monasteri Tavisufali iyos yvela imaTgam romelnic moindomeben TavianTi mavne xeli Seaxon mas, agreTve yvela rogorc ucxo, ise Cveni naTesavi pirisagan, amJamad rom arseboben da Cven Semdegac rom iqnebian...~ [1. 99-101]. Teodore da misi memkvidreebi winamZRvrisa da e.w. mouravis daniSvnis uflebiTac sargeblobdnen [3. mux. 26]. 103 grigol bakurianisZis tipikonis mixedviT axali winamZRvari misma winamorbedma unda daayenos, oRond ara naTesaobiT da megobrobiT, aramed Zmebis arCeviT da damtkicebiT [1. 45]. asevea aTonis monastris tipikonis mixedviTac `... da esreT ganewesa raTa TiToeuli mamasaxlisi~ Semdgomad Tvissa aRsrulebisa sxuasa dauyevnebdes winaZRuarsa Rirssa da saTnosa~ [2. 340]. Teodore finansuri privilegiebiTac sargeblobda. mas Semdeg rac tipikoniT dadgenili xarjebi daifareboda. Semosavlis 1/3 xazinaSi unda Senaxuliyo 2/3 Teodores gadaecemoda [3. 24]. grigol bakurianisZe amis uflebas aravis aZlevda. petriwonis monasteri TviTTmarTvelobis da erTianobis principze iyo dafuZnebuli. Zmebs sruli ufleba hqondaT qonebis momxveWeli winamZRvari an vinme naTesavi monastridan gaeZevebinaT. unda aRiniSnos, rom petriwonis wesdebasa da aTonis qarTvelTa monastris gangebac gansxvavebulia. ataliates monasterSi da petriwonis qarTvelTa savaneSi Zmebi sam dasad iyofian. gansxvavebulia maTi sazRauric, romelic fuladi Tu sakvebis saxiT miecemodaT. aTonis monasterSi aseTi dayofa arsad Cans. savaraudod, Zmebis dasebad dayofa bizantiur monastrebSi swrafad damkvidrda. 1053 wels gardacvlili mama lazare, romelic galesios mTaze monastris damaarsebeli iyo, sam dasad dayofaze ambobda. wesi erTia, rac Seexeba sam dasad dayofis Cveulebas, igi damkvidrda Cveni Taobis sisustisa da uZlurebis gamo [4. 9]. grigol feraZe aRniSnavda: `wm. eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebi ar iyvnen brma mimbaZvelebi da yvelaferi rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo 104 berZnuli berobisTvis ar gadmouRiaT, isini irCevdnen mxolod imas, rac sasargeblod da daucileblad miaCndaT [5. 13]. rogorc Cans, ase iqceodnen qarTveli qtitorebic. amaze metyvelebs grigol bakurianisZis mier panagiis monastris tipikonze damatebuli Tavebi. rogorc vnaxeT, qronologiuri Tanxvedris da imis miuxedavad, rom XI s-is meore naxevris orive gangeba qtitoruli, xolo aTonis monastris wesdeba winamZRvars ekuTvnis, petriwonis da aTonis qarTuli tipikonebi met siaxloves iCens erTmaneTTan, vidre ataliates bizantiuri wesebi. saerTod tipikonebs Soris uamravi gansxvavebaa. yvela monasters mainc Tavisi specifikuri wesebi hqonda. wyaroebi da literatura: 105 grigol bakurianis Zis tipikoni (petriwonis wesdeba) georgika V. gamosca simon yauxCiSvilma, Tbilisi, 1963. 2. g. mTawmindeli. `cxovreba ioanesi da efÂimesi~ Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 325-372. 3. Rule of Michael Ataties for his Almshouse in Rhaidestos and for the momnastery of Christ. Panoiktirmon in Constantinople. - Buzantine Monastic Foundation Documents. A Complete translate at the Surviving Founder Typika and Testamenst, edited by Jonn Thomas and Angela Constantinides Gero. Published by Dombartion Oaks Research Library and Collection. Washington, D. C. 2000. 4. Testament of Lazanus of Mount Galesios. 5. g. feraZe. DIE ANFANGE DES MONCHITUMS 14 GEORGIAN LAUGURAL DISSERTATION ZUR FRLANCUNC DER DOKTOR - WIRDE GENEFIMILT VOR DER PHKOSOPH ISHEN FAKULTQA ZU BONN. VOM GREGOR PERADSE, DRUCK VON FRIEDRICH ANDREAS PERTHES VON FRIEDRICH ANDREAS PERTHES, A. G. GOTHA, 1927. 6. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. gv. VII, Tb., 1984. 7. А. Капсдан. "Византийский монастырь XI-XII вв. как социальная греппа". Византийский временник, т. 31. 1. Khatuna Todadze 106 COMPARISON OF GEORGIAN AND BYZANTINE MONASTERY LIVES (11TH CENTURY) One of the best source for studying of the monastery live in Georgian and Byzantium are the monastery regulations, or typicons. Georgian typicons of 8th-13th centuries could be conditionally classified into two groups, the monastery regulations of the monasteries in Georgian territories and regulations of those located in Byzantium. At the certain stage of research we compared two typicons of 11th century: regulations of Petritsoni Monastery and Michael Attaleiates’s Ordinance. The latter was translated and commented by famous American Byzantinist, Alice-Mary Talbot. Further we compared with the Byzantine source the other Georgian regulations of early 11th century – typicon of Iviron Monastery at Mount Athos. irma kvaSilava 107 “wminda giorgi ilorisao, gerisao, qurmuxisao... Tavzardamcemo mtrisao!” (iloris, geris da qurmuxis wm. giorgis salocavebis Sesaxeb) yoveli eri gansakuTrebul pativs scems romelime wmindans, romelic loculobs erisTvis, qveynisTvis da ifaravs gansacdelTagan. wminda giorgi aris saqarTvelos upirvelesi mfarveli anu `uZleveli winambrZoli qarTvelTa erisa da mfarveli Cveni eklesiisa~. amitom aris igi gerbi saqarTvelosi, vinaidan saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganuyoflobis, erTobis mtkice simboloa. mTavarmowame giorgis saxeli erovnul saxeladac ki aqvT SeTvisebuli, romelic XI-XII ss-Si gansakuTrebiT popularuli xdeba [1, gv. 187]. "Культ св. Георгия настолько прочно вкоренился в возрении грузинского народа, что вне предстовления об этом святом, как о родовом патроне, житье -битье патриархального грузина, как будто совсем немыслимо. Поэтому-то и неудивительно, что Грузию обычно считают страной св. Георгии [2, 223]. niSandoblivia, rom qarTuli folklori wminda giorgis yovelTvis dadebiTad warmoadgens. garda amisa, dReobebsa da xatobis ritualze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom qarTveli eris sarwmunoebriv warmodgenaSi ufrosobiTa da ZlierebiT pirveli adgili swored wminda giorgis ukavia. interesmoklebuli ar iqneba TiTo-orola im Tqmulebis gaxseneba, sadac uZleveli wminda mxedari, adamianebis dauRalavi mzrunveli da qomagia, TiTqos qristeze aRmatebuli Tavisi RvawliT da keTil 108 muSakobiT. kerZod, didi warRvnis legendis qarTul variantSi, qristes mier mowveulni RvTaebani miiReben gadawyvetilebas, rom warRvniT msoflio moespoT. kidec Seudgnen ganzraxvis Sesrulebas. es ambavi wminda giorgim SemTxveviT gaigo, igi aRSfoTda, adamianTa modgmis mosalodnelma daRupvam daaRona. bolos dedamiwaze sicocxlis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza gamonaxa, noe daibara da kidobnis gakeTeba daavala da ase gadaarCina kacTa modgma mosalodnel safrTxes [3, 107]. aRniSnuli folkloruli masala gvarwmunebs, Tu rogor aRmerTebs xalxi Tavis rCeul wmindans. saamisod ar arsebul Tvisebebs, gmirobas, xasiaTs miawers, oRond ucvlelad hyavdes, rogorc xalxis da qveynis mfarveli. erT-erTi Tqmulebis mixedviT, mecxvare cxvris saTxovnelad misul wvimisa da setyvis momyvan wm. elias da macxovars _ iesos uariT istumrebs im motiviT, rom `cxvars rogor mogcem, sawyal kacs Wirnaxuls utialeb, avs ar arCev da kargso~. qriste macxovarsac igives hkadrebs, cxvars rogor mogcem, avi da kargi ver gagirCeviao. bolos saTxovnelad misul wm. giorgis ekiTxeba, vin xar, cxvars rom mTxovo? me var wminda giorgi, xalxisa da qveynis mfarvelio! mTeli fara waiyvaneo-miugebs mecxvare [4, 201]. mTavarmowame giorgi uflis rCeuli mravalfunqciuri da mswraflSemwe wmindania. misi moRvaweoba mokled mis troparSi gvaqvs mocemuli, saxeldobr; tyveTa ganmanTavisuflebeli da glaxakTa xelis aRmpyrobeli, sneulTa mkurnali da mefeTa uZleveli winambrZoli mxedari, gveleSapis mkvleli 109 da selinis mefis asulis ganmanTavisuflebelia, e.i. sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebis maradiuli simboloa. `ukve gasagebia, Tu ratom airCia `did veSapTa~ mier dasanTqmelad ganwirulma patara qarTvelma erma, wm. giorgi Tavis mfarvelad da xelmZRvanelad. ratom Secvala mTvaris kulti, `wm. giorgis kultad~, ratom daukavSira Tavisi ganmanaTlebeli kapadokieli qalwuli nino sisxliT naTesaobiT wminda giorgis da ratom aSenebda Tavisi gaqristianebis pirvel wlebSive taZrebs ZiriTadad wm. giorgis savedrebelsadideblad, maSin, rodesac Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi Zlevamosili mxedari jer kidev rigiT wmindanad moiazreboda~ [5, 13]. saqme imaSia, rom wm. giorgis saxeSi qarTveli xedavda ara mxolod kapadokiel wmindans, aramed qristianul RmerTs, Zalismier mebrZol aspeqtSi borotebis winaaRmdeg. `Cveni winaprebis rwmeniT, wm. giorgi qarTvel ers ieso qristem mouvlina~ [6,38]. igi raindul saqmes jer RvTis da jvaris daxmareba - SewevniT asrulebs, mere ki Tavisi vaJkacoba - mamacobiT [7,12]. swored am sanukvari idealebiT, maradiuli faseulobebiT cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi. medgrad imarjvebdnen rogorc xilul da uxilav mterTan, ise usamarTlo wuTisofelTan WidilSi. amitom `giorgoba aris usaRvToesi anderZi CvenTa mama-papaTa, romelnic mTavarmowame giorgis hbaZavdnen mxedrobaSiac da mamuliSviloba da qristianoba moiTxovda, mowameobaSiac~ [8, 3]. Sesabamisad, sruliad bunebrivad unda CaiTvalos, rom misi saxeli saficrad iqca qarTvelebisTvis. 110 `megrelma Tu rame Tavisi simarTle unda daumtkicos moyvass, - etyvis wm. giorgis madlma, es aseao! es ficis formula srulebiT sakmarisia maficarma Tavisi simarTle saCino hyos. igive megreli, roca gaborotebulia vizedme, wm. giorgis saxeliT daiwyevleba, mavans wminda giorgim kiseri mougrixoso! amis Tqma sakmao iqneba, wminda giorgim usminos damawyevars vedreba da saWirod dainaxos damwyevlelis dasja! [9, 62]. xatze daficeba zogadad miRebuli iyo qarTul sazogadoebaSi. xalxSi imdenad Zlieri yofila wm. giorgis saswaulmoqmed xatisadmi Tayvaniscema, rom erTmaneTs am xats aficebdnen. saqarTvelos dauZinebel mters, Sah-abass erT-erTi molaparakebis dros SeumCnevia, rom luarsab mefis bediT dainteresebuli imereli elCebi, ra xSirad da didi mowiwebiT aficebdnen giorgi saakaZes mravalZalis wminda giorgis. Sahi dainteresebula am eklesiiT da rodesac mouxsenebiaT aqauri jvar-xatis siZliereze Tavisi oqroTi mooWvili xmali Seuwiravs [10, 128]. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom oqonis xati, qarTvel mefeTa sawinamZRvro oqonis xat-jvarcmasTan erTad, sigelebSi `Tavdebad~, gorijvris wminda giorgi meoxad moyavdaT. aRarafers vambobT svanebze, fSav-xevsurebze, romlebic locvis dros wm. giorgis RmerTis msgavsad scemen Tayvans da RmerTze Zlieradac miaCniaT [11, 7]. wminda giorgi Tu ara, vin miuZRvis saymos laSqrobebs giSris fafariani nisla cxeniT?! amitom aTqmevina molaSqre meomar RvTaebs Semdegi sityvebi: `me viyavi, wminda giorgi,/CemTan ra gagidiodaT, 111 lurjas Semohkras maTraÃi, /zRvaze xmeliviT dioda, gaRma aiRis begara, /gamoRma gamodioda~ [12,11]. ra Tviseba ar miewereba mTavarmowame wminda giorgis, romeli erTi SeiZleba CamoTvalo, mtyuanmarTlis garCeva, mesaqonleobis mfarveloba, damnaSavis aRmoCena da Sesaferisad dasja, Svilierebis, mosavlianobis momateba da a.S. ufro metic, vis xeze mexi daecemoda, is ojaxi xatisagan iTvleboda damizezebuli da galaxuli - `Jvarili~. amitom ojaxs unda eloca `ganalini~. exvewebodnen iloris wm. giorgis - daefara maTi ojaxi mexisa da cecxlisagan. Semdeg batkans an Tikans sawiraviT waiyvandnen ilorSi da iqac loculobdnen [13,325]. samegreloSive sruldeboda `sajgego~, ojaxis gamravlebisa da yovelive faTerakisagan damcveli rituali, romelsac Semodgomaze pirvel saxare xbos wiravdnen. ara marto locvisa da vedrebis dros ixsenebda mlocveli wminda mxedars, aramed megruli Selocvebisa da wyevla-krulvisas kadnierad mimarTavda; vinaidan swamda misi pirveladoba, mswraflSemweoba. amave rwmeniT aaSena Cvenma winaparma uricxvi raodenobis sadidebel-savedrebeli taZarsaydrebi da qristianuli dawinare-qristianuli saidumloebis yovlismomcvel saxebad gulSi samudamod Caikira. TuSuri gadmocemis mixedviT, samas samocdasami wm. giorgi yofila. is qajebs tyved Cavardnia. uTqvamT, es wmindania da unda gamovcadoTo. sami dRe da Rame wisqvilis borbalze miukravT, ise tanjes, ver mokles. sami dRe da Rame sakireSi Caagdes, is ar daiwva. mere samas samocdasam nawilad 112 daWres, exlac ar mokvdebio? `Saimosa suyvela angelozebad da gafrindnen. yvelas imas Tavisi saxeli hqvia da yvelani wminda giorgis naWrebi arian da imisi moZmeebia. saxelebi imaT hqviaT: kopala, laSari, ÃaÃmati, laR iaÃsaric. SeiZleba erTis niSi aTgan iyos~ [14, 425]. uZleveli mxedari erT-erTi sastikad wamebuli wmindania. gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos RmerTma mis sxeulis nawilebi qveyanaze gaanawila da sadac isini moxvda, yvelgan salocavi daawesa. saqarTveloSi weliwadis yovel dRes izeimeboda giorgoba, romelic wmindanis saxelobis romelime taZarTan, xatTan an mis mier aRsrulebul saswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ar darCenila saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxe, romelic Tavs ar iwonebdes mTavarmowame wm. giorgis wminda nawiliT an saswaulmoqmedebiT. saxeldobr, zRvis donidan 4000m. simaRleze mdebare beTlemis mRvimesac moxeveebi wm. giorgis sabrZanisad Tvlidnen, saidanac iverielTa dasaxmareblad daeSveboda xolme mTavarmorwmune... saeklesio gadmocemiT, laTinebi qarTvelebs `sartylis qristianebs~ uwodebdnen. - wm. giorgim Tavisi sartyliT Sekra veSapi da misca mefis asuls, romelic am veSapisTvis samsxverplod gaewiraT [15, 425]. cnobilia, rom wm. giorgis Tavis qalis nawilebi Casvenebuli yofila gorijvris wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiis kuTvnil jvarSi. m. janaSvilis cnobiT, Tavad amilaxvrebs igi goridan 3 km-ze mdebare sof. oTaraSenSi gadaubrZanebiaT [16, 36]. 113 samegreloSi, abaSis raionSi, sujunas wm. giorgis eklesiaa, romelsac `marCqileni~ wm. giorgid ixseniebdnen, es imitom, rom am eklesiaSi wm. giorgis yuri yofila Catanebuli. xalxi ambobda, rasac SesTxov, aucileblad Seismenso, amitom SeurqmeviaT `marCqileni~ anu Semsmeneli wm. giorgi. aq dacul wm. giorgis xats hqonia sanawile zed warweriT. sanawileSi yofila: 1. wm. giorgis TiTi; 2. wm. giorgis Zvali; 3. wm. giorgis nawili; 4. WeSmariti xorci [17, 10]. Cvenamde moaRwia erT dros gelaTis monastris kuTvnilma wminda giorgis Tavis qalis Txemma, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros quTaisis isto-riul muzeumSi iyo daculi... guriaSi Semoqmedis monasterSi daculi iyo wm. giorgis sisxli, TeZos Zvali qvaTaxevis monasterSi [18, 270]. sazogadod, unda iTqvas, rom wm. giorgi friad cnobili wmindania sxva xalxTa Soris, magram qarTvelTa rwmeniT, wm. giorgis abaria es qveyana, xolo zeviTa qveyana ki RmerTs [19, 545]. xalxuri gadmocemiT, xevSi, beTlemis gamoqvabuli xom wm. giorgis sabrZanebelia. aqedan dahyurebs Cvens codvil qveyanas wmindani da ara gamoepareba ra, rac ki am wuTisofelSi usamarTloba xdeba. roca gauWirdeboda Cvens samSoblos, maSinve gamoagelvebda TeTrons da win miuZRveboda qarTvelebs brZolis velze [15,77]. kacTaTvis RvTisa da mamulis siyvarulis mqadagebeli, msgavsad qristesa, moyvasisaTvis Tavis gamwirveli wmindani qarTveli xalxis ideali gaxda, romelic mudam mzad aris daexmaros gansacdelSi myof an gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil 114 adamians. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, ilia II brZanebs, kaxeTSi mas `piroflian giorgis~ anu daRlil giorgis uwodeben, es imas niSnavs, rom igi mudam exmareba gaWirvebul adamians. misive TqmiT, sakanSi STagdebul mowames, romelic sisxlisgan icleboda, esma xma uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi: giorgi nu geSinia, me SenTan var. es yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes Cven, roca gansacdelSi vimyofebiT. miT ufro, rom saqarTvelo Zalian xSirad aris am mdgomareobaSi~. wm. giorgis saswaulmoqmedi xatebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda, mag.: svaneTSi ar arsebobs iseTi eklesia, rom ar inaxebodes wminda mxedarTa amsaxveli Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebi - gansakuTrebiT wminda giorgis. SedarebiT popularulia gveleSapis mlaxvravi wm. giorgis saxeba, romelic aris qristes eklesiis borotebisa da codvaze gamarjvebis simbolo, xolo xati, romelzec igi diokletianes klavs, simboloa eklesiis gamarjvebisa mis xilul mtrebze, maTze, vinc qristianobas cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda da cdilobda jalaTis xeliT kacTa gulebidan amoeglija qristes saxeli [15, 23]. saqme imaSia, rom wm. giorgis saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT scemdnen Tayvans rogorc istoriulad arsebul pirovnebas. misi gmiroba ara marto sulieri, simboluri, mistikuria, aramed fizikuri, amqveyniuri. giorgoba noembris 23 ricxvSi, mTel qristianul samyaroSi mxolod saqarTveloSi aRiniSneba, rogorc saero dResaswauli. borbalze sastiki wamebis dRe, miiCneva macxovris jvarcmis tolfasad. qarTvelebis 115 msgavsad, wm. giorgis Tayvaniscemis masStabebi araqarTvel mosaxleobasac gadaeca. sulieri kulturiT, mrwamsiT, Taviseburi idealebiT, zne-CveulebebiT (e.w. saRmrToebi, daficeba), ritualebi ufro metad yovlisSemZle da keTilmoqmed wm. giorgis saxels daukavSirda, romelmac aTqmevina brZen qarTvel kacs,L wm. giorgi visac swyalobs, RmerTic imas wyalobso, an `wminda giorgi, qarTvelTa meoxi, gvedriT ar dagvkargo~! TiTqmis igives imeorebs osi uxucesi ludiTa da xabizginiT xelSi didebisa da vedrebis tradiciul ritualSi: `vasTirjo (os. wm. giorgi), TuTiro da vaCillav, Tqveni imediT vsuldgmulobTo~. isini rasakvirvelia, didebul wmindanebs da eklesiis mnaTobebsac ar iviwyebdnen da Seavedrebdnen duxWir yofas - `gurjistanis brwyinvale eklesiebo, kargi TvaliT gadmogvxedeTo~ [20, 2]. rogorc x. mamisimediSvili wers, osi mamakaci ase iloceba: RvTisa da vasTirjis wyaloba ar mogvakldeso [21, 123]. amrigad, wm. giorgi sruliad saqarTveloSi saerTo siwminded iTvleba, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc mfarvels, mwyalobels da mama-papaTa did mSvenier salocavs. sakvlevi Temis sakiTxi iloris, geris da qurmuxis wm. giorgis eklesiebi, SesaZloa xelovnebis Zeglebs ar warmoadgendnen, magram xalxis gulSi mtkiced aqvT adgili damkvidrebuli. samive taZari ganTqmulia giorgobis dResaswauliT: `dReobisTvis didis ambiT emzadebian. yvela Tavis saRmrTo movaleobad Tvlis, ar gamoakldes dReobas. ar iqneba ar daunTos qveynis 116 patrons wm. giorgis sanTeli, ar dauklas saRmTo...~ [22,178]. rogorc zaqaria edili werda, qurmuxis wminda giorgis dResaswauli iyo erTaderTi dReoba mTel saingiloSi darCenili uZvelesi droidan, romelic aq mcxovrebi yvela erovnebis da mrwamsis warmomadgenlisTvis saerTo salocavad iTvleboda [23, 106-107]. Zvelad aq RvTismSoblis taZari yofila, magram xati wm. giorgis saxeliT aris darCenili. igive rogorc rkonSi, gerisTavSi da sxv. 1894w. ganaxlebul am patara qurmuxis eklesias wm. giorgis saxeli misces, magram es patara eklesia `didi saydris~ saxeliT darCa [24, 23]. ingiloebi mogviTxroben, rom qurmuxis eklesiis siRrmeSi, fuRuro lodSi cxovrobs TviT wm. giorgi da RvTismSobeli. maTi locva-kurTxeviT aris, rom ingiloebi aqamde urjuloTagan uvneblad cxovroben. `Tu ojaxis romelime wevri ver midis salocavad, misTvis qurmuxis saydridan moaqvT erTi muWa miwa da aWmeven. am miwas ingiloebi `TuTias~ uwodeben [10, 185]. sxva cnobiT, Tqmulebis mixedviT, im mRvimis karipiridan aRebuli TuTia (wminda miwa), rom iqonio da wyalSi nalesi dalio, gargebs da sxvadasxva sneuleba ver Segawuxebs [22,71]. rac mTavaria, lxinsa da WirSi ingilo saSvelad RmerTsa da qurmuxis saydars Seavedrebs Tavs: `RmerTo da qurmuxis saydaro, nu mogvakleb purs, wyals da sarCo-sabadebelso~. am gansazRvruli rwmenisa da sasoebis gamo, TxovniT mimarTa saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma 117 ilia II-m 2007 wels azerbaijanis ministrTa sabWos rwmunebuls faSa zades, raTa man xeli Seuwyos qarTvel momlocvelebs daubrkoleblad aRavlinon locva qurmuxis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi. sapasuxo werilSi naTqvamia, qurmuxis wm. giorgis saxelobis taZarSi RvTismsaxureba im motiviT Sewyda, rom igi kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglad aris gamocxadebuli. kaTolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m Seix iul islam alah Suqur faSa zades Seaxsena, rom Tbilisis juma meCaTic kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglia, magram iq, TbilisSi mcxovrebi muslimebi daubrkoleblad ganagrZoben msaxurebas [25,15]. molaparakebis Sedegad, uwmindesisa da unetaresis, ilia II-is CareviT, 2007w. 23 noembers istoriul hereTSi, amjamad azerbaijanSi, xornabujisa da hereTis episkoposma melqisedekma (xaCiZem) sasuliero pirebTan erTad, qurmuxis wm. giorgis taZari moiloca da savedrebeli paraklisi gadaixada. taZari ver itevda rogorc qristian, ise muslim momlocvelebs, romelTagan zogierTi azerbaijanis sxvadasxva kuTxidan iyo Camosuli. `Segewias~ - `dagimadlas~ - aseTi tradiciuli formiT ulocavdnen erTmaneTs hereli qristianebi giorgobas [26, 8]. aravin icis qarTvelTaTvis rodis gaixsneba geris wm. giorgis eklesia, romelic uZlieresi salocavad iTvleba liaxvis xeobis qarTvelTa da osTaTvis. rodis gacocxldeba xatobaze mimavali mlocvelis mistikuri mimarTva. `gwyalobdeT~ an `Tqveni mwyalobelic iyoso~. amJamad, geris wm. giorgis eklesiis samarTalmemkvidred osebi iTvlebian da ise gakadnierdnen, qarTvelebis SromiT da locviT naSeneb 118 saydars, osebis sarwmunoebriv centrad warmaodgenen. osebisgan usamarTlod Sewuxebulma qarTvelebma `gerisToba-giorgoba~ barSi, sof. arboSi gadmoitana, sadac XI s-is wm. giorgis darbazuli eklesiaa. mlocvelebi arboSic imave wesebs asrulebdnen, rasac gerSi misdevdnen. geri iyo wm. giorgis xatis mTis sabrZanisi, xolo arbo-barisa. `arbos geris jvris umcros Zmas uwodeben da geris gamo arboc saxelganTqmulia qarTlSi~ [27,205]. sof. geri (amJamad cxinvals ekuTvnis), cxinvalidan 22 km-ze mdebareobs, zRvis donidan 1480 m-ze. geris wm. giorgis salocavi ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis nagebobaa, mogvianebiT SekeTebuli. gerisToba iwyeboda agvistos bolos da sam kviras grZeldeboda. es rac xatobas Seexeba, Torem qristeSobis damlevamde ganuwyvetliv midiodnen SeTqmulebi, sneulebisgan ganTavisuflebulni an sneulebi. `wminda giorgis mSveneba, Sors miadgeba gorasa, SoriT moiyvans mlocavsa, avadmyofsa da monasa!~ xatobis mesame geris bolo arboSi imarTeboda. aRniSnuli dReoba iyo saerTo salocavi, rogorc socialurad, ise erovnulad gansxvavebuli adamianebisaTvis. maTi ricxvi imdenad didi iyo, rom sami kviris ganmavlobaSi `1350 suli cxvari da 500 suli msxvili saqoneli daikla, sawiravis fuli, sanTeli, mitkali, Zafi, jvrebi, qaTmebi, qadebi, arayi, ludi, Rvino da sxva ram mravali~ [28,3]. geris wm. giorgis eklesia imdenad mcire zomis iyo, ramdenime aTeuli kaci Tu moTavsdeboda, magram iseTi saxelganTqmuli, rom mlocveli da madidebeli 119 arasodes aklda. rogorc imdroindeli korespondentebi werdnen, am eklesiis Semosavali weliwadSi aTas Tumans aRemateboda, magram arc gza hqonda, arc mosasvenebeli adgilebi, arc galavani. magram osi mnaTeebisagan da qarTveli mRvdlebisagan dalocvili mavedrebeli, yovelwliurad sasoebiT, imediT, siyvaruliT moilocavda saTayvanebel salocavs momaval gerisTobamde. gerisa da iloris wminda giorgis saswaulmoqmedi salocavebi amaod elodebian qarTul enaze wirvalocvas da mavedrebel mrevls. iloris eklesia qalaq oCamCiridan 3 km-ze mdebareobs, romelic amJamad, ruseTis mier aris okupirebuli. afsidiT dasrulebuli erTnaviaini nageboba XIs-is I meoTxeds ganekuTvneba. taZars CrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT da dasavleTiT minaSenebic axlavs, mas mzrunveli xeli arasodes ar aklda, Tumca Cvens droSi am taZarze `zrunvam~ TviTneburi xasiaTi miiRo. iloris eklesias gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs, iq qarTul enaze wirva-locva TiTqmis arasodes Sewyvetila. yovel noemberSi, giorgobaze mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sanTel-sakmevliT, saklavebiT stumrobdnen am didebul salocavs. imdenad didi iyo momlocvelTa raodenoba da taZris Sesawiri, rom am SemosavlebiT yovelwliurad afxazeTSi ramdenime eklesiis aRdgenas da mSeneblobas eyreboda safuZveli. miuxedavad imisa, rom taZari zRvisgan arc Tu ise Sors gaxldaT, zRva ki savse iyo mekobreebiT, eklesiis gaZarcvas veravin bedavda gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, naqurdali uklebliv ubrundeboda saswaulmoqmed taZars. 120 rogorc frangi mogzauri Jak fransua gamba werda, `afxazebi da megrelebi gansakuTrebiT Tayvans scemen iloris eklesias da dausruleblad SeuZliaT laparaki iq momxdari saswaulebis Sesaxeb~ [29,88]. yovel giorgobaze odiSis samRvdeloeba aRasrulebda xaris Sewirvis rituals, romelic wm. giorgis SerCeuli iyo. Zvel droSi xaris nacvlad samsxverplo zvaraki iyo iremi, romelic gadmocemis Tanaxmad Tavad midioda taZarSi. msgavsi gadmocema arsebobs sofel kaleSi mdebare wminda giorgis saxelobis eklesiaze, romelsac `irmis rqis eklesias uwodeben. aq irmebi TavianTi nebiT midiodnen da ewirebodnen mas~ [30, 3]. xari da iremi qarTul miTologiaSi pirveli adgilis dasakaveblad TiTqmis erTmaneTs ejibreba. iloris eklesiasTan arsebul TqmulebebSi, iremsac sapatio adgili uWiravs, vinaidan taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb werilobiT wyaroebSi aranairi cnoba ar Semonaxula, legendas unda verwmunoT. TiTqos adgilobrivma Tavadma nadirobisas is iremi daWra, romelic wm. giorgis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeboda. am ambiT SeZrwunebulma Tavadma wm. giorgis sadideblad iloris taZari aaSena [31, 20]. siwmindeTa da saswaulTa simravle izidavda ara marto qristianebs, aramed mahmadianebsac. ilorSi popularuli iyo gadmocema im Turqis Sesaxeb, romelmac ar irwmuna ilorSi wm. giorgis mier xaris saswaulebrivad moyvanis SemTxveva da rodesac Tavisi xari amoicno, man col-Svili odiSSi Camoiyvana, qristes rjulze moeqca da iqve dasaxlda. cnobilia, rom XVIII s-Si afxazeTi 121 muslimanobisken miidrika. afxazeTis mTavris, umemkvidro jiqeSia SarvaSiZis gardacvalebis Semdeg, mmarTvelad moiwvies, baTumSi mcxovrebi misi umcrosi Zma zurab ServaSiZe. igi islamis aRmsarebeli iyo da ar surda emarTa afxazi xalxi, romelic Rvinos svamda da Roris xorczec ar ikavebda Tavs. xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg, zurab SarvaSiZe daTanxmda dabruneboda qristianul rjuls da monaTluliyo iloris yovlisSemZle taZarSi. asec moxda. aRniSnul pirovnebaze swored im muslimanis moqcevis saswaulma imoqmeda, romelic zemoT aRvniSneT da ase realurad aRiqmeboda imdroindeli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi. JamTa svla Tavis ucvlel kanonzomierebas miyveba. legendad iqca ilorSi wm. giorgis xaris moyvanis saswauli. lamis legendad iqca TviT iloric, sadac Zvelad Turme TaRidan oqros saswaulmoqmedi saswori eSveboda. modaveni mis qveS dgebodnen, wmindanisadmi locvas aRavlendnen da sasworis pina marTlisken ixreboda. magram erTxel wm. giorgis motyueba ucdiaT da wmindans saswori samudamod wauRia zecaSi. amis Semdeg damkvidrebula e.w. ginoCama _ xatis samsjavroze damnaSavis gadacema. vimedovnebT male dadgeba Jami, rodesac iloris taZarSi zecidan oqros saswori daeSveba da mtyuanmarTali samarTlianad ganisjeba. RmrTis samarTali marTalia urmiT dadis, magram Cvename usaTuod moaRwevs. niSandoblivia, erT-erT lomisur sadidebelSi mTielebis simRera, romelic iloris wm. giorgisac miesadageba: 122 `wminda giorgi cxenze zis, muxli da niavqaria, mxarze hkidia maTraxi, samocdasami mxaria, visac daartyams daaCnis, magis dakruli mwaria~. aseTi sworupovari da qeduxreli wminda mxedari hyavs mfarvelad saqarTvelos da mis kurTxeul miwaze mcxovreb yvela erisa warmomadgenels. 123 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. g. akofaSvili, wminda giorgis saxe qarTul feodalur kulturaSi, `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, kr. VII, 1999. 2. Л. Меликсет-Беков, Страна св. Георгия, известия кавказского отдела императорского русского географического ообщества, т. XXIV,#2 Тиф. 1916. 3. osuri zRaprebi da legendebi, Tb., 1957 4. xalxuri sibrZne, qarTuli eposi, III, Tb., 1964. 5. kal. cincaZe, qvaSveTis wminda giorgis eklesia tfilisSi, Tb., 1994. 6. v. abramiSvili, gorijvari, Tb., 1994. 7. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. II, Tb.,1945. 8. m. janaSvili, giorgoba, gaz. `iveria~, #86. 9. T. saxokia, eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1956. 10. iambe cixis naSalo, Tb., 2001. 11. wminda giorgi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1956. 12. qarTuli xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1992. 13. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, Tb., 1941. 14. g. boWoriZe, TuSeTi, Tb., 1993. 15. saqarTvelos imedi, Tb.,2012, wigni 6. 16. М. Джанашвили, Гори и его окрестности, Тиф. 1904. 17. dekanozi k. kaWarava, sujunis wm. giorgis eklesiis istoria, Tb., 2010. 18. e. bubulaSvili, saqarTvelos eklesiis siwmindeebi, Tb., 2007. 19. qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, t. II, Tb., 1991. 124 g. CoCiSvili, dResaswaulebi oseTSi, gaz. `droeba~, 1883, #258. 21. x. mamisimediSvili, jvar-xatTa sakulto teqstebi, Tb., 2009. 22. m. janaSvili, saingilo, wign. Zveli saqarTvelo, t. II, tf. 1913. 23. z. edili, saingilo, Tb. 1997. 24. g. marjaniSvili, hereTi, Tb., 2005. 25. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis 2007 wlis qronika, gaz. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2008. 4-9 ivnisi. 26. s. kereseliZe, giorgoba hereTSi, gaz. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, 2012, 29 noemberi-5 dekemberi 27. i. megreliZe, warwerebi da sxva siZveleebi patara liaxvis xeobaSi, calke amonabeWdi, 1957. 28. d. dgvriseli, Cveneburi ambebi, geris xeoba, gaz. `iveria~, 1903, 23 agvisto. 29. J.f. gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Tb., 1987. 30. g. qurasbediani, wminda giorgis saxelTan dakavSirebuli Tqmulebebi, Tb. 2001. 31. А. Кация, Илори, Сух. 1963. 125 Irma Kvashilava “ST. GEORGE OF ILORI, OF GERI, OF KURMUKHI... YOU, WHO TERRIFY ENEMY” Great martyr (megalomartyros) St. George (Giorgi) is a patron saint of Georgia and Georgian people has a special honor towards him. In each part of the country, all over it, there are many beautiful churches and sacred place dedicated to him. Though some churches and places of veneration are now on the occupied territories, they are still venerated as before. It must be mentioned that Ilori in Abkhazia, Geri in Ossetia, Kurmukhi- the “Great Church” in Saingilo are the common places for veneration for the entire Georgia and people living in this country. How intimately St. George, this great martyr, brave knight, fighter against evil, who unites Georgia, became linked to everybody, enemy or friend is discussed in the article. St. George is not only megalomartyros, almighty, miracle worker but expresses warrior spirit and force, Georgian ardour, ideal of national hero which inspires and gives vitality to those who glorify him. 126 daviT WiTanava ,,wamxaris’’ RvTismSoblis xati zugdidis raionis sofel kokSi, soflis sasaflaosTan, mdinare enguris marcxena sanapirodan daaxloebiT 2 kilometrSi, dgas wminda giorgis saxelobis axlad aRdgenili eklesia. Aaq SemorCenili iyo Zveli eklesiis kedlis naSTi, romlis erT-erTi moCuqurTmebuli, daaxloebiT ori metris simaRlis qva dResac eklesiis aRmosavleTiT, Sesasvlel karTan aris CaSenebuli [7, 159]. am eklesiaSi inaxeboda Zveli RvTismSoblis xati, romelzec gazeT `kvalis~ furclebidan cnobas gvawvdis o. WiWinaZe; misive sityvebiT, `kokis soflis wminda giorgis eklesiaSi vnaxe am JamaT erTi Zveli RvTis-mSoblis xati. dawerilia xatis gverdze xucuriT, aso mTavruliT mxedruli asoebiT. rogorc miambes iqaurma moxucebulebma, es RvTismSoblis xati 127 unaxavT `wamxaris~ (`wamxari~, rogorc miambes, afxazeTis erTi sofelTagania) eklesiis nangrevebSi da moutaniaT axlandel kokis wminda giorgis eklesiaSi sadac amjamad aris. amasTanave miambes, rom xatze warweraSi moxseniebuli manuCar ServaSiZe Zvirfasi oqros kuboTia dasaflavebulio ,, wamxaris‟‟ eklesiis ubanSi magram sad, romel adgilze aris, ar viciT; sasaflao ar Canso. xatze warwera amovikiTxeT, Zlivs rogorc iqna, sruliad da gigzavniT redaqciaSi. xati Zvelia, isic upatiuraT aris eklesiaSi da SeiZleba momavalSi sul daikargos Tavisi warweriT. amisTvis saWiroT davinaxe am zewarweris amokiTxva da gamogzavna dasastambavaT. `q. dedao. RTisa Cvenisa macxovrisao, qalwul mariam, Sendave aRvimsTob msaxurebad, rom aRmiRe mona ese Seni da myav mravlisa gansacdelisagan xsnili da keTil dReobasa da bednierebasa SemTxveuli, romlisTvis kvaladve mowyalebiTman moxedvaman Senmam momca suli me monasa Sensa SarvaSiZes manuCars, raTamca eklesia ese wamxarisa mravlis wliTagan da mravlis dRiTgan dacemuli da datovebuli darRveuli aRmeSenebina da ganmeaxlebina da viTar ganvizraxe, myis viwye ganaxlebad da mravliTa RTawliTa da xarjiTa gardavxure da ganvawyobine Sinagan da garegan, viTarca taZari RTisa da miviyvane mwyemsmTavari Cveni da sulieri mamaCemi – caiSeli mitropoliti grigol da vakurTxebine saydari ese saxelsa zeda RvawliT Semosilisa wmindis giorgisaTa da davayene xucesni mwirveli mlocvelad da msaxurad eklesiisa amis da Sevwire mojalabe koCaia cxadaia Tavis col-SviliT msaxuraT ama 128 eklesiasa zeda mRvdelTaTvis; xolo wminda ese xati Seni movaWedine da davsdev amav eklesiaSi Sina simrTeled da mSvidobad Cvenda da meuRlisa Cemisa dadianis asulisa qeTevanisa da ZeTa CvenTa mravalJamierobad amave qveyanasa Sina da Semdgom sicocxlisa Cvenisa mocemad Cvenda romels ganumzade moyvareTa TvisTa amin welsa Cyib. y-d wmidao deda RvTisa Seiwyale am xatis mamkobi meunargia pepu... „‟ kokis eklesiaSive imyofeba barZimferxumi, romelzedac aweria Semdegi: `qriste Seiwire Sensa wamxarisa amis sakurTxevelisa Sina sirmisa barZimfeSxumi Cvenda codvaTa mosatevebelad da meuRlisa Cemisa dadianis asulis qeTevanisa da ZeTa da asulTa CvenTa simrTelad. amin. SarvaSiZe manuCar. welsa Cyib~ [8]. aq moxseniebuli grigoli, aris caiSeli episkoposi grigol Ciqovani (1777-1823), xolo qoronikoni udris 1812 wels. xatis mamkobi ki yofila pepu meunargia. xatis warweraSi moxseniebuli da wamxaris eklesiis aRmdgeni manuCar ServaSiZe iyo samurzayanos ukanaskneli mflobeli. misi meuRle qeTevani ki aris levan V dadianis (1804-1840) da. manuCar ServaSiZis pirveli meuRle iyo giorgi malaqias Zis beJan abaSiZis asuli TaTia [2, 199, 206]. manuCar ServaSiZe moklul iqna 1813 wels xutunia ServaSiZis mier. manuCar ServaSiZe, levan dadianis mxares ibrZoda afxazeTis samTavros dauflebisTvis brZolaSi, romelma ukanasknelmac 1809 wels mas gadasca samurzayano samarTavad [4, 140, 141]. manuCar solomonis Ze 129 ServaSiZes, samurzayano_afxazeTis samTavros samarTavad gadacemis dros, didi niko dadiani ase axasiaTebs: ,,ara Tu siZeobisTvis pativsca esreT, aramed vinaTgan iyo igi kaci saxelovani da saqmesa Sina marjve‟‟ [2, 199]. saarqivo monacemebiT, kokis wminda giorgis eklesiaSi 1908 wels msaxurobda mRvdeli nestor cxakaia, medaviTne avqsenti Sonia, mamasaxlisi wuleiskiri [5, 59]. wamxari moxseniebulia 1525-1550 wlebiT daTariRebul biWvinTis iadgarSi, sadac levan dadadiani da misi orive Ze giorgi da mamia biWvinTis RvTismSobels, sxva adgilmamulebTan erTad, swiraven ,,wamxars gamkervalias”. Aaq moxseniebuli levan dadiani unda iyos levan I (1532-1572), xolo maTi Svilebi giorgi III (1572-1582) da mamia IV (+1590), romlebic SemdgomSi samegrelos mTavrebi iyvnen [6, 129]. am sabuTSi moxseniebuli wamxars ,,Sewiruli gamkervalia”, rogorc Cans aris gvarsaxeli, ramdenadac XVI saukunis afxazeTis sakaTalikoso glexebis did davTarSi, xoiris sasaxlis gamosavlis nusxaSi naxsenebia xaxuta gamkervalia, romelsac marTebs ,,smai, da Wamai, laSqrobai da samsaxuri” [3, 31]. A gamomdinare aqedan, unda vivaraudoT, rom XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi wamxarSi eklesia ukve idga. Tumca danamdvilebiT viciT, rom momdevno saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, levan II dadianis dros (1611-1657) lambertis rukaze moxseniebul wamxarSi eklesiaa aRniSnuli da is miTiTebulia wifurias dasavleTiT, md. enguris marjvena 130 mxares, romel ukanasknelSic am periodSi misionerTa sacxovrisi da ori eklesia idga. T. beraZis azriT, lambertis rukaze moxseniebuli Zamchaz–unda iyos wamxari. amJamad amgvari saxelwodebis sofeli ar arsebobs. sofel Tagilonis erT ubans dRes ewodeba wamxari da iq SemorCenilia gvianfeodaluri eklesiis nangrevebi. lambertiseuli wamxari swored aq unda yofiliyo [1, 79]. zemoT warmodgenili xatis warweris safuZvelze naTelia, rom wamxaris eklesia wminda giorgis saxelobis iyo, romelic caiSelma mitropolitma grigorim misi ganaxlebisTanave xelaxla akurTxa. misi kurTxeva unda momxdariyo swored maSin, rodesac samegrelos mTavarma levan V dadianma (1804_1840) 1811 wlis didi Jamianobis da tyveTa syidvis gaZlierebis gamo samurzayanoSi Tan waiyvana Tavisi biZa Wyondideli mitropoliti besarioni da caiSeli mitropoliti grigoli. aseve, masTan erTad iyo misi siZe, im Jamad ukve samurzayanos gamgebeli manuCar solomonis Ze ServaSiZe. mas mtrobda xutunia leonis Ze ServaSiZe, romelic im dros bediis cixeSi iyo gamagrebuli da swored 1813 wels man veragulad mokla manuCar ServaSiZe [2, 203]. dResdReobiT CvenTvis ucnobia wamxaris eklesiis Tundac SemorCenili nangrevebis mdgomareoba. rogorc xatis warweridan Cans, wamxaris eklesia XVIII saukunis bolos ukve dangreuli yofila da is manuCar ServaSiZes aRudgenia. isic naTelia, rom es eklesia aRgdgenis Semdgomac, anu 1812 wlis Semdgom, kidev erTxel Cans dangreuli. danamdvilebiT ucnobia manuCar ServaSiZis mier aRdgenili am eklesiis 131 meored dangrevis mizezic, Tumca SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom manuCar ServaSiZis mier aRgdgenili es eklesia misi mokvlisTanave daengria (1813 wels) xutunia ServaSiZes, romelic savaraudod qristianul sarwmunoebis mimdevari ar iyo. wamxaris RvTismSoblis xati rogorRac nangrevebSi gadarCenila da 1893 wels, is ukve inaxeba sofel kokis wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiaSi. xolo kokis wm. giorgis qvis eklesia unda daengriaT gasabWoebis dros da wamxaris RvTismSoblis xatic swored am periodSi Cans dakarguli, an ganadgurebuli. SesaZloa misi adgilsamofeli Semdgomma kvleva-Ziebam gamoavlinos kidec. erTaderTi, rac dResdReobiT danamdvilebiT viciT is aris, rom es xati saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis fondis koleqciebSi ar inaxeba. 132 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. T. beraZe, XVII saukunis pirveli naxevris odiSis ruka, ,,Zeglis megobari‟‟, 21, Tb., 1970. 2. n. dadiani, qarTvelTa cxovreba, Tb., 1962. 3. s. kakabaZe, afxazeTis sakaTalikozo glexebis didi davTari, Tb., 1914. 4. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,Y Tb., 1992. 5. caiSis sakaTedro taZari, redaqtori_dekanozi amirani (Sengelia), zugdidi_caiSi, 2002. 6. a. xaxanaSvili, gujrebi, quT., 1891. 7. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010. 8. o. WiWinaZe, gaz. kvali, 1893, #22. 133 Davit Chitanava CAPTION ON THE "TSAMKHARI" ICON OF THE VIRGIN MARY The article is about the church, located in Abkhazia, inscription on the "Tsamkhari" icon of the Virgin Mary, which was published in 1893 in the newspaper, "Kvali". Nowadays this icon is believed to be missing. Inscription on the icon is dated 1812 years. It informs us that the decorator of the icon was Pepu Meunargia. According to icon inscription, Tsamkhari church was renewed in 1812 by Manouchar Shervashidze, which was the last owner of Samurzakano. In the inscription, Manouchar's wife Qetevani is referred to as Levan V Dadiani's (1804-1840) sister. Caishi Bishop Grigol is also referred to, who is Grigol Chiqovani (1777-1823). Tsamkhari is being referred in Bichvinta Iadgari dated by 1525-1550 years AD, from which it is clear that in the first half of the XVI century, the church has already stood in Tsamkhari. However, we know for sure that in the first half of the next century, during Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657), on a Lambert's map, the church is referred in a Tsamkhar, and it is indicated to be on the west of Tsipuria, on the right side of Enguri river, in which during this period two churches and housing of missionaries has been. Based on the label of the icon presented above, Tsamkhari Church must have been named after the Virgin Mary. Nowadays we do not even know the condition of the church remnants. According to the inscription Tsamkhari church was demolished at the end of the XVIII century, which was renewed by Manouchar Shervashidze. However, it appears that afterwards the church renewal, i.e. after 1812, once again seems to be demolished, but reason of demolishing for the second time, after being restored by Manouchar Shervashidze is unknown. It probably should have happened long before Sovietization, to the extent that in 1893 the icon was kept in the St. George's church of the Koki village. Koki St. George Stone Church had to be destroyed while Sovietization and the Tsamkhari Virgin Mary icon seem to be lost, or destroyed during this period. Maybe its location will be revealed after further research. 134 aleqsandre TvaraZe vend graf fon kalnainis samxedro tyveobis aRweriloba – sabWoTa saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelovani wyaro sabWoTa periodis saqarTvelos yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli epoqidan bevri avTenturi, obieqturi wyaro ar mogvepoveba. im droidan SemorCenili dokumentebi, garkveuli gamonaklisebis garda, umTavresad gvTavazoben yoveldRiurobis suraTs, romelic ZiriTadad Tavsdeba oficialuri propagandis mier SemuSavebul sqemaSi. rogorc originaluri wyaro, XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevris sabWoTa saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovania vend graf fon kalnainis wigni, romelic germaniaSi daibeWda 2003 wels (Wend Graf von Kalnein, Georgisches Tagebuch, Fünf Jahre kriegsgefangen im Kaukasus [qarTuli dRiuri, xuTi weli kavkasiis tyveobaSi], hrsg. von Oliver Reisner, Osnabrück: Fibre Verlag, 2003. 323 gverdi. wignis gamomcemelia oliver raisneri. wigns Tan erTvis gamomcemlis saintereso bolosityvaoba). avtori siRrmiseul informaciebs gvTavazobs rogorc samxedro tyveTa banakebze, maTi mmarTvelobis struqturaze, ise qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da religiur realiebze. germaneli samxedro tyveebis saqarTveloSi yofnis istoria, ramdenadac vici, praqtikulad Seswavlili ar aris. am dros samxedro tyveebma sakmaod mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes 40-iani wlebis meore naxevris sabWoTa saqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi: aaSenes 135 mravali nageboba, gaiyvanes sxvadasxva gzebi, aages industriuli sawarmoebi. samxreT kavkasiaSi mTlianobaSi iyo 11 sammarTvelo punqti samxedro tyveTa banakebisTvis, maT Soris afxazeTSi (soxumi da oCamCire), qarTlSi (rusTavi, Tbilisi, molotovo), imereTSi (tyibuli). maT daqvemdebarebaSi iyo 116 SedarebiT mcire banaki, samxedro tyveTa 7 samuSao batalioni da samxedro tyveTa 3 hospitali (dasasvenebeli banakis CaTvliT). kavkasiis samxedro tyveTa pirveli banaki daarsda TbilisSi 1942 wels. danarCeni banakebi gaixsna 1944 wlidan. tyveebis pirveli partia gaanTavisufles da ukan gauSves 1946 wels. umravlesobas ukan dabrunebis ufleba mieca sami an oTxi wlis Semdeg, rodesac dasrulda didi samSeneblo proeqtebi. 1949 wlis dasasrulidan 1950 wlis dasawyisamde tyveTa yvela banaki gauqmda. samxreT kavkasiidan germaniaSi daaxloebiT 60. 000 tyve dabrunda. danarCeni 25. 000 savaraudod aq daiRupa. samxreT kavkasiaSi myofi germaneli tyveebis daaxloebiT naxevari gadanawilebuli iyo banakebSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze. iZulebiTi Sroma sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoiyeneboda rogorc saSualeba socialisturi ekonomikis aRmSeneblobisTvis. samxedro tyveebis saqarTveloSi muSaoba ganuyofeli nawili iyo meoTxe xuTwledis samuSao gegmis [2, 319-320]. fon kalnaini tyved Cavarda vermaxtis upirobo kapitulaciis Semdeg. is jaris nawilebTan erTad brundeboda germaniaSi, bohemiis teritoriaze daapatimres Cexebma da Semdeg danarCen tyveebTan erTad gadasces sabWoTa armias. sabWoTa saqarTvelos banakebSi gaatara xuTi weli. raki icoda rusuli, 136 aZlevdnen samuSaos banakis xelmZRvanelobaSi. aqedan saSualeba hqonda siRrmiseulad gascnoboda banakebis struqturas, aseve gviani stalinizmis xanis ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas qveyanaSi. sakuTari dakvirvebebi, mravali saubari patimrebTan, banakebis qarTvel da rus personalTan, xSiri kontaqtebi mosaxleobasTan gvaZleven cocxal suraTs samxedro tyveebis, sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebis Sesaxeb. fon kalnaini, rogorc germaneli samxedro tyve, movlenebs uyurebs da afasebs germanelis, evropelis perspeqtividan. amitom garkveul stereotipebs da winaswar kliSeebs monografiaSi vxvdebiT. magram mTlianobaSi misi wigni aris neitraluri wyaro, romelic emyareba sakuTar dakvirvebas da gamocdilebas. mis monografias Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT erTgvari Sualeduri adgili uWiravs samogzauro literaturas (miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorma am SemTxvevaSi erTgvari iZulebiT imogzaura) da omis literaturas Soris (Tumca aq ufro omis Semdgomi periodia aRwerili).2 garda amisa, fon kalnainis wigni Tavsdeba agreTve zogad konteqstSi, romelic ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi germanelebis cxovrebis istorias.3 2 adreuli axali drois da Tanamedroveobis germanul samogzauro literaturaze, romelic kavkasias da saqarTvelos exeba, bevri qarTveli mkvlevari muSaobs, magaliTad: gia gelaSvili, goCa saiTiZe, dali kandelaki, beJan javaxia, elene gogiaSvili. statiis specifikidan gamomdinare, aq Sesabamisi bibliografiis TandarTvis aucilebloba ar aris. 3 saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi mcxovreb germanelebTan dakavSirebiT ix.: avTandil sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1995; saqarTveloSi germanelebis istoriis sakiTxebi, 137 fon kalnaini daibada 1914 wels ludvigslustSi (meklenburgi), gaizarda avstriaSi. swavlobda xelovnebis istorias, arqeologias da romanistikas bonSi 1935-1939 wlebSi. meore msoflio omis dros ibrZoda safrangeTSi da ruseTSi. 1950 wels tyveobidan dabrunebis Semdeg disertacia daicva 1953 wels. 1957 wlidan iyo ceeringerebis muzeumis direqtori baden-badenSi, 1964-1979 wlebSi _ diuseldorfis xelovnebis muzeumis direqtori. 1979 wlidan aswavlida axali xelovnebis istorias zalcburgSi, cxovrobda zeekirxenSi (avstria), sadac gardaicvala 2007 wels. saqarTveloSi yofnisas ganawilebuli iyo rusTavis da WiaTuris samxedro tyveTa banakebSi, sadac muSaobda banakebis mmarTvelobaSi sxvadasxva postebze, buRaltrad, Tarjimnad, aseve ubralo muSad mSeneblobebze. winamdebare statias, bunebrivia, ar aqvs fon kalnainis monografiis safuZvlianad ganxilvis, an aRniSnuli wignis masalaTa gaTvaliswinebiT gviani stalinizmis epoqis sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva mocemulobebis gaanalizebis pretenzia. raki wigni, rogorc qarTveli specialistebisTvis, ise farTo sazogadoebisaTvis praqtikulad ucnobia, minda aq ubralod mokled mimovixilo „qarTul dRiurSi“ mocemuli mTavari sakiTxebi Tu Temebi. Semdg. gari augsti, mTargmn. germanulidan aleqsandre feldmaieri, Tbilisi: Sps “mwignobaris” st., 2011. 138 rusTavis samxedro tyveTa kolonia fon kalnainis mixedviT, rusTavSi mdgomareoba banakebSic da moqalaqeebs Sorisac sakvebiT momaragebasTan dakavSirebiT gaxldaT Zalian mZime. puris gacemisas imarTeboda namdvili brZolebi, xolo karaqi da xorci garkveul xans gamqrali iyo. samxedro tyveebs banakis xelmZRvaneloba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi kvebavda mxolod qatos an kombostos supiT, rasac emateboda normirebuli puris mcire raodenoba [1, 98-101]. sakveb produqtebs saxelmwifo fasebiT qarxnebisa da fabrikebis specialur maRaziebSi mxolod iq dasaqmebulebi iRebdnen. „Tavisufal“ bazarze, anu bazarSi yvelaferi samjer Zviri iyo [1, 78]. Tavidan daasaqmes sawyobSi, sadac uxvad iyo amerikuli daxmarebiT miRebuli konservebi, Saqris tomrebi _ sent-luisidan, fqvilis tomrebi _ ilinoisidan. magram aRniSnuli daxmareba banakis sawyobidan ZiriTadad Sav bazarze midioda. sawyobis gamges garkveuli drois Semdeg fon kalnainis iq muSaoba, rogorc damatebiTi mowmis, aRar moewoneba da am samuSaodan gaanTavisufleben, ris Semdegac gadaiyvanen buRaltrad [1, 80-82, 88-92]. fon kalnainma SeamCnia, rom sikvdilis SemTxvevebi banakSi iyo SesamCnevad iSviaTi. erT-erTi eqimisgan gaigo: mZime avadmyofebi gadayavdaT TbilisSi samxedro tyveebis lazareTSi, sadac isini masiurad iRupebodnen. banakSi gardacvalebis ufleba ar hqondaT, raki es xelmZRvanelobisTvis ar iyo sasurveli. bevri verc aRwevda Tbilisamde da kvdeboda gzaSive. tyveTa gardacvalebis mTavari mizezi iyo mZime samuSao pirobebi da sakvebis 139 sistematuri ukmarisoba. maTi nawili ukve iseTi gamofituli mohyavdaT banakSi, rom aRar SvelodaT araferi [1, 105]. banakis ufrosma moifiqra saSualeba, rogor gaeCinaT damatebiTi Semosavali: “romeli qarTveli ityvis araoficialur Semosavalze uars?” gaxsna saxelosno da Sekriba iq germaneli tyveebi. mosaxleoba unda moemaragebinaT sxvadasxva samomxmareblo sagnebiT, tansacmeliT, fexsacmeliT. oficialurad mTeli Semosavali unda yofiliyo saxelmwifosi, magram sxvadasxva gzebiT Tanxis nawili darCeboda banakis xelmZRvanelobasTan. aq Tavi mouyares mkeravebs, mewaReebs, mesaaTeebs, durglebs. gaxsnes patara saxelosnoebi da male veRar audiodnen SekveTebs. moqalaqeebi modiodnen specialurad Tbilisidan. masala unda moetanaT TviTon, ukveTavdnen kostiumebs, fexsacmels, avejs. garda imisa, rom germaneli xelosnebis naxelavi mowonebiT sargeblobda, xalxi ambobda, rom TbilisSi xelosnebi ityuebian. erT-erTi klienti yveboda, rogor miutana TbilisSi tyavi mewaRes. am ukanasknelma misi kuTvnili tyavi gayida, xolo fexsacmels Zirebi gaukeTa xisa da muyaosgan. germanelötyveebTan aseve Ciodnen, rom normirebulma sistemam mospo kargi xelosnoba: yvelaferi keTdeba Cqara da uxarisxod. saxelosnos erqva “Sirpotrebi”, anu “farTo moxmarebis saqoneli”. sabWoTa kavSirSi swored es yoveldRiuri moxmarebis sagnebia, askvnis fon kalnaini, romlebic yvelas sWirdeba da arsad ar iSoveba. moqalaqeebi eZeben iaf tansacmels bavSvebisaTvis, sasadilo magidas sastumro oTaxi140 saTvis, amis nacvlad ki mzaddeba tankebis liTonis damcavebi. samxedro tyveebi dainteresebuli iyvnen saxelosnoebSi saqmianobiT. gamomuSavebul Tanxas TviTon ar iRebdnen, magram sanacvlod aRar gadiodnen mSeneblobebze, SedarebiT ukeT iyvnen uzrunvelyofili sakvebiT [1, 93-97]. WiaTuris samxedro tyveTa kolonia WiaTuraSi WirdebodaT buRalteri da fon kalnaini Tavisi TanamSromlebis daxmarebiT moaxerxebs am adgilis miRebas. rusTavis stepebis Semdeg WiaTurisken matarebliT mimavali, iqaur bunebas aRwers, rogorc samoTxes: tyiani ferdobebi, xeobebi, mTis mdinareebi, megobruli soflebi ayvavebul baRebSi, leRvis xeebi, rododendroni, maradmwvane mcenareebi, pirveli palmebi. axsendeba legendaruli oqros sawmisi da kolxeTi. rodesac WiaTuraSi dilis mzeSi patara CanCqeris qveS wevs, Tavi hgonia arkadiis princi [1, 108-112]. Tumca male gamoirkveva, rom samxedro tyveebs aq gacilebiT ufro daundobel pirobebSi amuSaveben, vidre rusTavSi. samxedro tyveebs Tavidan davalebuli hqondaT manganumis samrecxaos aSeneba. muSaobdnen maRal kldovan kedelze sxvadasxva doneebze. iyo autaneli sicxe. ar iyo daculi usafrTxoebis araviTari pirobebi. zeda terasebidan ganuwyvetlad cvioda qvebi. vinc muSaobda qveda terasebze, imyofeboda sikvdilis mudmivi safrTxis qveS. lazareTi savse iyo ubeduri SemTxvevebis dros daSavebulebiT. filtvebi saSineli mtverisgan yvelas gamomSrali hqonda. aseTi tipis samuSaos xangrZlivad ver gauZlebda vercerTi adamiani, miT umetes 600 grami puris da wyalwyala 141 supis dRiuri racioniT. sabolood rusTavSi Sepirebuli kurortidan bevri araferi darCenila [1, 113-115]. erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi da nacionaluri politika fon kalnaini axasiaTebs agreTve calkeul erovnebebs sabWoTa kavSirSi, exeba sabWoTa mTavrobis nacionalur politikas. qarTvelebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom samxedro tyveebisadmi zogadad simpaTiiT arian ganwyobilni da mtruli damokidebuleba aqvT bolSevikuri reJimis mimarT [1, 135]. xazs usvams qarTvelebis musikalurobas: maTi simRerebi gamoirCeva rTuli polifoniiT, melodiebi momajadovebelia. maTi musika arc evropulia, arc – aRmosavluri. maTi melodiebis smenisas msmenels albaT Sua saukuneebis bizantiuri eklesiebi gaaxsendeba [1, 144]. mis ufross zinCenkos SorapanTan stumrad mihyavs qarTvel TavadTan, romelsac koleqtivizaciis dros garSemo mTeli mamulebi da venaxebi CamoarTves. Tavadi zinCenkosgan davalebulia, raki rusi samxedro miexmara Tavisi Svilis samsaxurSi mowyobaSi. aRniSnavs, rom zamTarSi qarTul saxlebSi aris gausaZlisi sicive. fon kalnaini aRwers qarTuli sufris mimdinareobas da mis wesebs: Rvino Zalian kargia, magram ar SeiZleba misi ylupebad daleva; Tu vinme amas gaakeTebs, maSinve kargavs TanameinaxeTa pativiscemas (sufraze ar xmarobdnen dana-Cangals, ramac dRevandeli qarTveli mkiTxveli SeiZleba gaakvirvos) [1, 149-153]. fon kalnainisTvis moulodneloba iyo sabWoTa ebraelebis megobruli da koreqtuli damokidebuleba 142 germaneli samxedro tyveebisadmi. am garemoebas xsnis imiT, rom albaT isini germanel samxedro tyveebSi xedavdnen adamianebs, romlebmac icodnen, Tu ra iyo ukeTesi, sabWourze umjobesi cxovreba, Tu sistema. ebraelebi xom sabWoTa kavSirSi pirvelebi iqnebodnen, vinc moisurvebda kapitalistur sistemaze gadasvlas. fon kalnaini SeniSnavs, rom ebraelebs mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi eWiraT sabWoTa kavSirSi: dawyebuli qveynis finansTa ministridan, damTavrebuli samSeneblo organizaciis inJineriT an mTavari buRalteriT, yvelgan warmodgenilni iyvnen. maT ar hqondaT is partiuli stereotipebi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo sabWoTa funqcionerebisaTvis. amgvarad qmnidnen mZlavr, „miwisqveSa“ gaerTianebas da axerxebdnen bolSevikuri sistemis pirobebSic mogebis naxvas [1, 117-119]. saintereso unda iyos agreTve fon kalnainis informacia sabWoTa erovnul politikasTan dakavSirebiT: WiaTuraSi yvelgan xedavda qarTul warwerebs da arsad ar iyo rusuli warwera. aseve wignis maRaziebSi (magaliTisTvis asaxelebs wignis maRaziebs Tbilisis matareblebis centraluri sadguris mimdebare teritoriaze) versad ver naxa rusuli literatura, iyideboda mxolod qarTuli an naTargmni literatura. es miaCnia sabWoTa nacionaluri politikis Sedegad kavkasiis xalxebTan mimarTebaSi. bolSevikuri xelisufleba amgvarad cdilobda caristuli rusifikaciis fonze sakuTari Tavis ukeT warmoCenas [1, 138, 156-158]. 143 sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura sabWoTa kavSirSi fon kalnainis dRiuri agreTve naTel suraTs gvaZlevs, Tu rogor Camoyalibda TiTqos uklaso sazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva socialuri fenebi. magaliTad Cveulebrivi matareblebiT mgzavrobdnen muSebi, glexebi, vagonebi savse iyo fuTebiT, tom-rebiT, yuTebiT. yvelaferi ise gaxldaT gadaWedili, rom adamians nabijis gadadgma gauWirdeboda. maSin, rodesac egreT wodebuli vercxlis matarebliT mgzavrobda uzrunveli publika, romelic zRvaze midioda dasasveneblad, an iqidan brundeboda. rusTavSi aseve aRmoaCina, rom fabrikis sasadilos aqvs ori darbazi: erTi saerTo, naklebad sufTa, uxeSi personaliT. xolo meore, ufro mcire darbazis magidebze TeTri, sufTa sufrebi iyo gadafarebuli, momsaxure personalic megobruli da gaRimebuli gaxldaT. didi darbazi gankuTvnili iyo ubralo muSebisTvis, xolo mcire – direqtorebisTvis, inJinrebisTvis, maTi mdivnebisTvis. arcerT muSas TavSi azradac ar mouvidoda, Sesuliyo ufro mcire sasadiloSi. fon kalnainis mixedviT, sabWoTa kavSirSi revoluciis da klasobrivi brZolis ideebs aqtualoba dakarguli hqondaT. Teoriul doqtrinaSi isini ucvlelad gaxldaT SenarCunebuli, maT citirebas mudmivad axdendnen presaSi, propagandaSi, istoriis gakveTilze, literaturaSi. magram realobaSi uklaso sazogadoebis idea cariel Sablonad iyo gadaqceuli. amis kidev erTi magaliTi gaxldaT, rogor iSenebdnen TbilisTan axlos mTavrobis wevrebi TavianTTvis vilebis specialur 144 kolonias. sabWoTa kavSiris gmirebs magaliTad hqondaT specialuri pensia mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo maT aZlevda pirad avtomanqanas mudmiv mflobelobaSi. vend fon kalnaini aRniSnul gamovlinebebs Tvlida wanamZRvrebad, saidanac unda Camoyalibebuliyo biurgerTa axali fena [1, 183-187]. erTmaneTs adarebs agreTve dasavlur qveynebSi da sabWoTa kavSirSi mopovebul qonebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi iqmneba soliduri safuZveli momavlisTvis, STamomavlobisTvis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi es xSirad aris erT dReSi naSovni qoneba, romelic aseve erT dReSi SeiZleba gaqres. is damokidebulia saxelmwifos wamier keTilganwyobaze. sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba SeZlebul adamians itans im dromde, vidre imis safrTxe gaCndeba, rom qonebis mflobeli SeiZleba damoukidebeli gaxdes. rodesac adamiani saxelmwifos keTilganwyobas kargavs, qreba materialuri keTildReobac. sabWoTa kanonmdebloba yovelTvis gamzadebulia, rom damrRvevis winaaRmdeg amoqmeddes. mizezi SeiZleba iyos Zalian martivi: magaliTad nkvdm CaTvala, rom konkretulma pirma kapitalizmisken sazRvari gadalaxa. amitom yvela erideba Tavisi qonebis Cvenebas [1, 121]. totaluri parva da tyuili, romliTac sazogadoeba cxovrobs WiaTuraSi, rogorc iTqva, buRalterad daiwyo muSaoba. jgufi, romelic safinanso ganyofilebaSi iyo mokalaTebuli, Sedgeboda qarTvelebis, berZnebis da somxebisagan, romelTac xelmZRvanelobda ebraeli. 145 qalaqidan gamogzavnil xorcs gzaSive miyiddnen restorans. aseve asxvisebdnen axali TeTreulis naxevars. Saqris didi nawili midioda agreTve Sav bazarze. sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelas unda raRaciT cxovreba da meore ar unda Caerios mis saqmeSi, Tu ra gziT Soulobs saarsebo saxsars. am SemTxvevaSi marto samxedro tyveebs ar eqceodnen cudad. iseve Zarcvavdnen TavianT Tanamemamuleebs, rodesac amis saSualeba hqondaT. kontroli saerTod iSviaTi iyo. komisiebi sabWoTa kavSirSi isedac komikuri gaxldaT, xolo WiaTuraSi srul burleskTan hqondaT saqme. komisiis sxdomebi mimdinareobda iqauri kargi Rvinis, da ara gasakontrolebeli sabuRaltro wignebis niSnis qveS. komisiis mosvla, rogorc wesi, winaswar icodnen. kontroliorebi mkacri saxeebiT Caujdebodnen sabuRaltro davTrebs, erTi-or muqarasac gamourevdnen, magram amasobaSi banakis ufrosis coli sufras gaSlida. stumrebs SesTavazebdnen axali Rvinis gasinjvas. TviTkritikis saxiT banakis ufrosi TviTon miuTiTebda maT garkveul saeWvo punqtebze. daafiqsirebdnen ramdenime mcire nakls, Semdeg ki yvelaferi sruldeboda Rvinis smiT. komisiis wevrebs, rogorc wesi, Tan hqondaT specialuri WurWeli, romliTac Rvino saxlSic mihqondaT. komisia ZiriTadad mxolod maSin iyo saSiSi, Tu is modioda moskovidan. mas Tan axlda partiuli centraluri biuros asketuri suliskveTeba, romelic ase gansxvavdeboda saqarTvelos Senelebuli da zarmaci cxovrebis wesisgan. am dros iyo didi Tavis mtvreva, rogor gadaefaraT puris, Saqris Tu 146 TeTreulis danaklisi. ramdenime dRe gamwarebulebi muSaobden, Jonglirebdnen angariSebiT, werdnen damatebiT qviTrebs. Tumca, rogorc wesi, am tipis organizaciebi adre Tu gvian moskovis komisiis msxverplni xdebodnen [1, 122-125]. fon kalnainis mixedviT, qurdoba kavkasiaSi, sadac rusuli da aRmosavluri erTmaneTSia Sereuli, erTgvari sportia. matareblebi da sadgurebi savsea jibis qurdebiT, romlebTan SedarebiTac maTi evropeli kolegebi mokrZalebul diletantebad Canan. aqve mogviTxrobs erTi eqspeditoris qaliSvilis istorias. gogona midioda matarebliT oCamCireSi. atarebda yavisfer, karg fexsacmelebs. matareblis ganyofileba TiTqmis savse iyo. gogonas cota xans CaeZina da rodesac gaiRviZa, fexsacmelebi aRar ecva. Zilis dros viRacam gaaZro. ganyofilebaSi aravis warbic ar Seuxria, arcerTma ar icoda, rodesac maT mimarTes, vin iyo qurdi [1, 131-132]. rodesac fon kalnaini Tavisi sabuRaltro davTrebiT WiaTuridan rusTavSi Cavida kontrolze, iq daamSvides, ar unda iRelvos, raki konkretuli detalebi maT ar ainteresebT. mTavaria sabolood fon kalnainis da maTi ricxvebi Tanxvdes erTmaneTs. Tu saidan modis fon kalnainis ricxvebi, es maTi saqme ar aris. SekiTxvaze, ra unda gaakeTos, Tu Catardeba inventarizacia da gansxvavebebi dafiqsirdeba werilobiT, isev daawynares, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi kidev aris ricxvebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba. iZulebulia tyuili aRricxva kidev ramdenime Tve gaagrZelos. amis Semdeg misTvis TandaTan naTeli gaxda, ratom hkidia bewvze buRalteris bedi sabWoTa 147 kavSirSi da ratom aris is ase axlos cixesTan. komisiasTan agreTve rCeba piradi morigebis SesaZlebloba. mTlianobaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelas aqvs SiSi pasuxismgeblobis winaSe. TiToeuli bednieria, Tu is konkretuli saqmisTvis ar aris pasuxismgebeli. yvela cdilobs sxvaze gadavides pasuxismgebloba, rom problemebis SemTxvevaSi sxvam agos pasuxi. evropels garkveuli dro Wirdeba, vidre muSaobis am stils mieCveva. yvelgan rCeba gaurkvevlobis da arasandoobis gancda, rac evropelisTvis, romelic miCveulia sizustes da mkafioobas, Zneli misaRebia [1, 162-165]. qalaqebis aRwera fon kalnaini aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad mTeli sabWoTa gaWirvebisa, Tbiliss mainc aqvs didebuleba, romelic yvelafris mnaxvel evropelsac gulgrils ar datovebs. Tbiliss adarebs lieJs, sadac aseve midian mTisken dakidebuli savaWro quCebi. puSkinis da lermontovis mier aRwerili Zveli Tbilisidan, saidanac aqlemis qaravanebi midiodnen sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, bevri araferi iyo darCenili. negatiuri STabeWdilebebidan gamoyo, rom gzebze didi ormoebia, tramvais vagonebs SuSebis magivrad xis firfitebi aqvT, Zeglebi TabaSirisgan aris damzadebuli, mdinare nagaviT aris savse, gazonebi mouvlelia. zogierT maRaziaSi naxavT delikatesebs, magram mosaxleobis didi nawili cxovrobs puriT da margariniT. qalaqSi bevri manqanaa, magram qalaqgareT ver gadian, raki iq benzinis Casasxmeli sadgurebi ar aris [1, 156-160]. quTaisma da WiaTuram germanel tyveze mTlianobaSi sasiamovno STabeWdileba datoves: 148 quTaisi lamazi samxreTuli qalaqia, sadac quCebSi izrdeba palmebi da limonis xeebi [1, 174]. WiaTura amfiTeatralurad aris ganlagebuli da Zveli saxlebi xis SuSabandebiT, Tu uxvi baRebiT lamazi sanaxavia. ucxoelebi WiaTuridan gauZevebiaT 1928 wels. inglisTan Tu ingliselebTan sasamarTlo davis procesi 1939 wels, rodesac omi daiwyo, jer kidev grZeldeboda [1, 136-137]. religia da mecniereba Zalian moewona WiaTuris mRvimevis pitoreskuli monasteri. ramdenime germanel tyves banakis xelmZRvanelobam iq asvlis ufleba misca. Sexvdnen monastris winamZRvars. fon kalnaini manamde fiqrobda, rom bolSevikebma yvela eklesia daketes. monastris winamZRvarma mouTxro, rom saqarTvelos eklesiebi gadaurCnen 1917-1920 wlebis sisxlian wlebs. mosaxleobasac ise ar Seuqcevia zurgi sarwmunoebisTvis, rogorc ruseTSi. saeklesio RvTismsaxurebas atarebdnen yovel kviras, is akrZaluli ar iyo, magram eswreboda mxolod ramdenime adamiani. monasteri gareSe Tvalisagan ase dafaruli rom ar yofiliyo, albaT kidev ufro moeridebodnen iq misvlas. salocavad ZiriTadad qalebi midiodnen, Tumca did dResaswaulebze, gansakuTrebiT aRdgomas, eklesia yovelTvis savse iyo. fon kalnaini ambobs, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Rrmad swamT mecnieruli progresis. erTi didi foladis fabrikis TanamSromelma, romelic ar iyo Tavgadakluli bolSeviki, uTxra mas: mecnierebam yvelafers naTeli mohfina; rac dRes kidev ar viciT, momavalSi gavigebT misi wyalobiT. hqonda adre vinmes 149 warmodgena mzis sistemis an radiotelegrafiis Sesaxeb? momdevno 100 weliwadSi yvelaferi gvecodineba. aRniSnul rwmenas iziarebs sabWoTa adamianebis umravlesoba. es aris aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi teqnikis gaRmerTebis, yovelgvari sentimentis, zebunebrivis, cxovrebidan, landSaftidan, literaturidan gaZevebis Sedegi [1, 191198]. sabWoTa propaganda, mdgomareoba banakebSi 1946-1947 wlebidan sabWoTa xelisufleba cdilobda samxedro tyveebi propagandistuli saSualebebiT ideologiurad Tavis mxares gadaeyvana. avrcelebdnen propagandistul gazeTebs. tyveebSi Seqmnes antifaSisturi moZraoba. amis sawinaaRmdego umravlesobas araferi hqonda da gawevriandnen. Tumca aRniSnuli moZraoba TandaTanobiT iqca komunistur gaerTianebad. iq mowodebuli informacia, wers fon kalnaini, Tavidan sruliad absurduli gveCveneboda: libknexti, roza luqsemburgi, adleri da telmani arian xalxTa didi megobrebi; berlinSi spartakistebis ajanyeba gaxldaT germaniis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena; marSali pilsudski iyo tirani diqtatori da xalxis mteri; wiTeli CineTi da demokratiuli saberZneTi Cveni WeSmariti mokavSireebi iyvnen. magram aRniSnuli Teoriebi iseTi patiosani darwmunebulobiT gviqadages da imdenjer gagvimeores, rom bolos Cvenc viswavleT es yvelaferi, rogorc am qveynis saxareba. Semdegi nabiji iyo muSaTa brigadebs Soris Sejibris inicireba. brigadirebi samuSao SejibrSi iwvevdnen erTmaneTs. daiwyo brigadaTa gamalebuli 150 muSaoba. gamarjvebuls ajildovebdnen wiTeli vimpeliT. iZulebiTi samuSao uceb gadaiqca nebayoflobiT, aRmafrTovanebel Sromad. propgandistuli manqana aamuSaves mTeli ZaliT. banakis SesasvlelTan aRmarTes didi dafebi, romlebzec yvelaze warmatebul brigadebs da maT procentebs aRniSnavdnen. es iyo kargad mofiqrebuli saSualeba, raki yvelas surda sakuTari Tavis dafaze naxva. iwyeboda 150 %-iT da adioda dRiuri normis 200, 300, 400 %-iT Sesrulebamde. did Sexvedrebze acxadebdnen yovelTviur Sedegebs. zogierTi brigadiri, pativmoyvareobidan gamomdinare, lamis sikvdilamde amuSavebda Tavis brigadebs. tyveebsac unda gaeziarebinaT sabWoTa muSebis cxovrebis ideologiuri safuZveli, mudmivi socialisturi Sejibris idea [1, 199-204, 257]. propagandistuli saSualebebis nawili iyo samSobloSi safosto baraTebis gagzavna. vinc kargad muSaobda, SeeZlo TveSi erTi safosto baraTi daewera. vinc kidev ukeT muSaobda mas TveSi ori baraTis gagzavnis nebas rTavdnen. xolo vinc Zalian kargad muSaobda, mas SeeZlo TveSi sami baraTi gaegzavna germaniaSi [1, 69]. „nkvd“ informacias agrovebda yvelaze, uTvalTvalebda yvelas, moqmedebda moulodnelad da yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe, ZiriTadad pirovnuli eWvis safuZvelze. uceb mzareuli qreba Tavisi postidan. Tarjimans kldovan kedelze uSveben samuSaod. aravin icoda Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Tu ara da visi meSveobiT. yvela yvelasgan yvelaze uaress elodeboda. raki fon kalnainma icoda inglisuri da daiwyo qarTulis Seswavla, CaTvales saeWvo 151 pirovnebad da daabrunes isev rusTavis tyveTa banakSi. aq garkveul xans mouwia uSiSroebis samsaxuris cixeSi yofna. Semdeg samuSaod uSvebdnen ukve mZime ubnebze [1, 206-219. 1948 wlis bolodan rusTavis tyveTa banaki gaamagres rogorc cixe-simagre. Robe aamaRles, daamontaJes proJeqtorebi, Ram-RamobiT mavTulxlarTebTan abamdnen ZaRlebs. samxedro tyveTa banaki gadakeTda sareJimo banakad, sadac Tavi mouyares omis damnaSaveebs, politikurad saSiS pirebs. kavkasiis sxvadasxva mxareebidan Camoiyvanes “saeWvo pirebi”, somxeTidan, Savi zRvis mimdebare regionebidan, groznos da yubanis mxaridan. dapatimrebulebi erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli xalxi iyo: partiis yofili wevrebi, adamianebi, romelTac naTesavebi ucxoeTSi yavdaT, an ucxo ena icodnen, Tarjimnebi, mexanZreebi, fostis muSakebi, satyeo samsaxuris TanamSromlebi, policielebi. yvela SemTxvevaSi maTi dapatimreba damokidebuli iyo nkvd-s adgilobriv oficrebze, romlebic moskovidan wamosul generalur brZanebas TavianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT ganmartavdnen [1, 251-253]. fon kalnains unda rusi klasikosebis xelaxla wakiTxva. erTxel rusTavis banakis mmarTvelobis TanamSromelTan, vinme osipovTan erTad midis TbilisSi. osipovs Txovs, rom wignebis maRaziaSi gaiaron, raTa iyidos puSkinis da lermontovis wignebi. osipovi dafiqrebuli eubneba, rom amisaTvis jer nebarTva unda aiRos nkvd-sgan. kalnainma uTxra: “me xom mxolod ramdenime klasikosi mainteresebs, romlebic daaxloebiT 100 wlis win gardaicvalnen”. 152 osipovma amaze miugo: „ar arsebobs mwerali, romelsac ar qondes garkveuli tendencia. yvelas aqvs garkveuli tendencia, puSkini iqneba es Tu lermontovi. saidan unda vicode me, rom es tendencia TqvenTvis, rogorc tyvesTvis, sasurvelia?“ [1, 199-204]. vend fon kalnainis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi Tu zogadad sabWoTa kavSirSi erTi Tviseba yvelas saerTo aqvs. es aris yvelafris gasaidumloebis saocari meTodi. dawerili furceli arasodes arsad ar devs magidaze. mis gasagonad erTmaneTs aravin araviTar informacias ar awvdis. werilobiT miTiTebas ar urTaven zepir axsnas. yvelafris safuZveli aris werilobiTi dokumentebi. aseve ar saubroben sajaro sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. misi mgzavrobebis dros fon kalnains arasodes hqonda pirdapiri kiTxvis dasmis ufleba. aseT dros yvela sabWoTa moqalaqe xdeba Caketili da misgan modis undobloba. pirdapir kiTxvaze tipiuri pasuxia: ratom gainteresebT es? ar aqvs mniSvneloba Tqven dainteresdiT romelime geografiuli punqtiT, Tu romelime fabrikis saxeliT. erTma inJinerma qalma, romelmac Tavisi pasuxis absurduloba im momentSi verc gaicnobiera, rodesac vkiTxe saaTi, undoblad miTxra: ratom gainteresebT? [1, 286]. saxelmwifos da mosaxleobis damokidebuleba germaneli tyveebisadmi germaneli samxedro tyveebisadmi qarTvelebs mTlianobaSi dadebiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT. fon kalnaini imasac ki ambobs, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba maTdami, tyveebisadmi, sakmaod ucnaur pativiscemas iCenda, ufro mets, vidre sakuTari 153 Tanamemamuleebisadmi [1, 142-143]. Tumca gansxvavebuli iyo tyveebisadmi damokidebuleba tyibulSi, sadac iqaurebi daarwmunes, rom germaneli tyveebi, yvelani, arian „ss“-is TanamSromlebi, gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSaveebi da yvelas daaxloebiT „rqebi“ aqvs Tavze. mosaxleobam es yvelaferi advilad irwmuna da amitom tyibulSi mudmivi Sexla-Semoxla hqondaT adgilobrivebTan. tyibulis maRaroebSic samxedro tyveebs mZime pirobebSi uxdebodaT muSaoba, usafrTxoebis zomebi warRvnamdeli iyo, amuSavebdnen dReSi Tormet saaTs, zogs TveobiT ar enaxa mze. pirobebi imdenad cudi iyo, rom adamianebi SimSilisgan ixocebodnen. ufro asakovani Stabsoficrebisgan sul mcire ori mesamedi daiRupa. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba germaneli mecnierebisadmi, romlebic agreTve tyved Caigdes berlinis aRebis Semdeg, gansxvavebuli iyo. soxumSi karg pirobebSi moxvdnen berlinis yofili kaizervilhelmis institutis wevri mecnierebi. maT iq mTeli kvartali gamouyves. cxovrobdnen sufTa vilebSi, samecniero aparaturis nawili wamoiRes berlinidan. profesorebs karg xelfassac uxdidnen, hqondaT sakuTari manqanebi da laboratoriebi. magram mosaxleobasTan kontaqtis uflebas ar aZlevdnen. maTi sacxovrebeli kvartali iyo daculi, aseve SemoRobili gaxldaT pliaJis da tyis is nawilebi, sadac germaneli mecnierebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi isvenebdnen [1, 254-255]. raTa aemaRlebinaT tyveebis samuSao motivacia, 1945 wlidanve SemoiRes gansxvaveba normirebuli sakvebis raodenobaSi: 600 gram purs iRebda is, vinc 154 100 procentiT asrulebda samuSaos, 700 grams iRebdnen 110 procentiT, xolo 800 grams – 120 procentiT Sesrulebisas. es iyo sakmaod veraguli sistema, radgan danamati tyves eZleoda mxolod ori kviris Semdeg, rac normis zemoT daiwyebda samuSaos Sesrulebas. magram bevri imdenad Zalagamoclili iwyebda Sromas, rom mcire normebiT veRar axerxebda energiis aRdgenas. 1946 da 47 wlebi umosavlo iyo, amitom racioni saerTod 400-600 gramze daiyvanes. es gaxldaT daundobeli TamaSi racioniT, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusi inJinrebis da prorabebis xasiaTze iyo damokidebuli, Sesrulebul procentebs aRiarebdnen Tu ara. samxedro tyveebs ar uxdidnen kuTvnil xelfass. samxedro tyveTa lazareTi iRebda yoveldRiurad 30 adamianis sakveb porcias, maSin rodesac iq iwva magaliTad 40 avadmyofi. faqtiurad amgvarad modioda miTiTeba, ramden adamians hqonda avad gaxdomis ufleba [1, 225-226, 230]. Tumca 1947 wlidan sabWoTa funqcionerebi mixvdnen, rom damSeuli, Zalagamoclili tyveebiT xuTwledis gegmas ver Seasrulebdnen. 1948 wels tyveebi ukve regularulad iRebdnen kuTvnil xelfass, daaxloebiT 800 maneTs. aRniSnuli xelfasi im drois sabWoTa kavSirSi, miT umetes tyveebisTvis, garkveuli mniSvnelobis Tanxa iyo. radgan 1947 wlis dekemberSi fulis reformis Semdeg fasebi mkveTrad daeca. puri, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelafris sazomi iyo, Rirda sami maneTi, erTi kilo xorci – 22-32 maneTi, erTi kvercxi – ori maneTi. aqve fon kalnaini saintereso informacias gvawvdis im drois sabWoTa saqarTveloSi garkveuli profesiebis saxel155 faso Skalis Sesaxeb. muSebs Soris foladze momuSaveebi qmnidnen erTgvar aristokratias. maTi xelfasebi ukeTesi iyo, vidre mSeneblobaze dasaqmebulebis. mSeneblobaze da miwaze momuSaveebi iRebdnen 400-600 maneTs, liTonze momuSaveebi _ 700-1.200 maneTs, sawyobis gamge _ daax. 500 maneTs, prorabi – 1.200 maneTs, buRalteri – 1.100 maneTs. raki xelfasebi maRali ar iyo, muSaTa umravlesoba cxovrobda mxolod Savi puriT da kartofiliT, rasac SeiZleba cota margarinic damateboda. karaqi kilo Rirda 60 maneTi da Cveulebrivi muSa mis yidvas ver axerxebda. rac SeexebaT ufro maRali rangis moxeleebs, inJinrebs da smenis ufrosebs, maT hqondaT 2. 000 maneTi, organizaciis ufross – 3. 000 maneTi [1, 272-274]. fon kalnains, rogorc iTqva, agreTve uxdeboda Tarjimnad muSaoba germaneli tyveebis dakiTxvebis dros. aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi yovel dakiTxvas garkveuli stereotipebiT iwyebdnen: darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom tyveebis erTma kategoriam, policielebma, dacvis TanamSromelebma, ss-is diviziebma principialurad Caidines saSinelebebi. amitom praqtikulad yvela maTgani windawin ganwiruli iyo, rom omis damnaSavis iarliys miakravdnen. magaliTad Tbilisis sasamarTloSi, sadac calkeul tyveebs braldebodaT samxedro danaSauli, es xdeboda Zalian swrafad, konveieris saxiT. braldebulebs dacvis ufleba hqondaT, magram ar arsebobdnen mowmeebi, ar iyo dokumenturi damamtkicebeli masala [1, 287]. rogorc motanili monacemebidan Cans, vend fon kalnainis wigni sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebis Sesaxeb mravalferovan masalas 156 gvTavazobs. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasurvelia vend fon kalnainis wignis Targmna da Sesabamisi masalis integrireba gviani stalinizmis xanis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevaSi. aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelebis erTgvari susti mxarea, rodesac Cvens Sesaxeb ucxour cnobebSi ZiriTadad pozitivis gamoyofa gvinda. wyaroebisadmi amgvar damokidebulebas Tavisi obieqturi axsnac aqvs, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cveni istoriis ganuwyvetel sirTuleebs. magram albaT Tanabrad saintereso da mniSvnelovani unda iyos, Tuki, rogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxour wyaroebs, erTgvari kritikuli perspeqtividanac wavikiTxavT. vend fon kalnainis dRiuri am kuTxiTac saintereso wyaroa, raTa gavecnoT XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis evropelis xedvas sabWoTa saqarTvelos cxovrebaze. 157 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. Wend Graf von Kalnein, Georgisches Tagebuch, Fünf Jahre kriegsgefangen im Kaukasus, hrsg. von Oliver Reisner, Osnabrück: Fibre Verlag, 2003. 2. Reisner, Oliver, Nachwort, in: Wend Graf von Kalnein, Georgisches Tagebuch, Fünf Jahre kriegsgefangen im Kaukasus, hrsg. v. Dems., Osnabrück 2003. 3. saqarTveloSi germanelebis istoriis sakiTxebi, Semdg. gari augsti, mTargmn. germanulidan aleqsandre feldmaieri, Tbilisi, Sps “mwignobaris” st., 2011. 4. a. sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1995. 158 Aleksandre Tvaradze WEND GRAFS VON KALNEIN GEFANGENSCHAFTSDARSTELLUNG IM KAUKASUS – EINE WICHTIGE QUELLE FÜR DIE GESCHICHTE SOVJET-GEORGIENS Wend Graf von Kalnein wurde nach der bedingugslosen Kapitulation der Wehrmacht in Böhmen festgenommen. Er wurde mit weiteren Kriegsgefangenen nach Kaukasus geschickt, wo er fünf Jahre in der Kriegsgefangenschaft verbringen musste. Die Erinnerungen über seine Kriegsgefangenschaftszeit schrieb er unmittelbar nach seiner Rückkehr nieder. Sie wurden jedoch erst 2003 veröffentlicht. Die Gefangenschaftszeit verbrachte er in den Lagern von Rustavi und Tschiatura. Da von Kalnein die russische Sprache beherrschte, durfte er verschiedene Posten in der Lagerverwaltung bekleiden. Daher hat er tiefen Einblick in das Leben der Gefangenenlager, in die alltägliche Lebenswelt des sowjetischen Georgiens gewonnen. Wend von Kalneins „Georgisches Tagebuch“, eine authentische Quelle, liefert wichtige Informationen über die Kriegsgefangenenlager Rustavi und Tschiatura, über verschiedene Nationen im sowjetischen Vielvölkerstaat und über Minderheitenpolitik, über die gesellschaftliche Schichtung, über Religion und Wissenschaft in der Sowjetunion u. v. a. m. Seine Darstellungen bilden insgesamt eine wichtige Quelle sowohl für die Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Kaukasien wie auch für die georgische Geschichte in der Zeit des Spätstalinismus. 159 avTandil sonRulaSvili eqvTime TayaiSvilisa da irodion sonRulaSvilis epistolaruli memkvidreobidan gamoCenil mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes eqvTime TayaiSvils axlo urTierToba akavSirebda irodion sonRulaSvilTan. farTo sazogadoebisaTvis SedarebiT naklebad aris cnobili i. sonRulaSvilis pirovneba da amitom mokled aRvniSnav mis Sesaxeb. irodion Tomas Ze sonRulaSvili (1881-1958) daibada sofel diRomSi glexis ojaxSi. saSualo ganaTleba miiRo TbilisSi, saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mzrunvelobiT 1903 wlis agvistoSi q. odesaSi gaemgzavra, sadac daamTavra odesis universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo dargi. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg irodioni TbilisSi brundeba da maswavleblad iwyebs muSaobas, magram sul male, 1909 wlis oqtomberSi igi akeTebs arCevans, romelic sabolooa mis cxovrebaSi. arCevans, romelsac nirSeucvlelad mihyveba da emsaxureba ukanasknel amosunTqvamde: igi muSaobas iwyebs saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebaSi, romelic 1907 wels daarsda. 1910 wels irodioni sazogadoebis sabWos wevri xdeba, rac mis udavo avtoritetze metyvelebs. imxanad aseve daarsda sazogadoebis siZveleTa muzeumi: irodions daevala koleqciebis dacva da damuSaveba. igi ganagebda sazogadoebis samkiTxvelosac. im droidan daiwyo misi megobroba am sazogadoebis TavmjdomaresTan eqvTime TayaiSvilTan, rac sikvdilamde gagrZelda. eqvTimem 160 irodion sonRulaSvilTan erTad Seadgina `saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis rusul-qarTuli fulebis koleqcia~ [6, 13-14]. pirveli msoflio omis dros safrTxe Seeqmna qarTul muzeumsa da mis saistorio saganZurs. eqvTime TayaiSvilma gamoiZaxa irodion sonRulaSvili, rezo gabaSvilTan erTad, da gamoucxada: yvela samuzeumo nivTi saswrafod yuTebSi unda CavalagoT, CavWedoT da, TaTrebs rom ar darCeT, kievSi waviRoTo. `kievSio?! kievSi ra unda Cvens nivTebs?!~ _ iyvira irodionma. gabaSvilmac mxari auba. amaod irwmuneboda eqvTime TayaiSvili _ Turqebi dagvRupaven da es saganZuric dagvekargebao, irodioni Tavisas ambobda: `mxolod Cems gvamze Tu gadaitanT muzeumidan Tundac erT nivTsaco~. bolos imaze SeTanxmdnen, rom kuboebi SeekraT, nivTebi Sig CaeketaT da diRomSi TviTon irodion sonRulaSvilis mamulSi saidumlod CaeflaT. cnobili sazogado moRvawis aleqsandre sarajiSvilis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1914 wels sazogadoebis xazinadaroba miendo sabWos wevrsa da saqmis mwarmoebels irodion sonRulaSvils, romelic amave dros muzeum-biblioTekis gamgis pirvel TanaSemwed iTvleboda. irodionis xelfasi 600 maneTs Seadgenda. eqvTime TayaiSvili ki irodionisaTvis 700 maneTs moiTxovda, maSin roca sazogadoebis mdivans sergi gorgaZes mxolod 300 maneTi eZleoda, droebiT mowveul muzeum-biblioTekis gamges iustine abulaZes ki _ mxolod 50 maneTi [5, 108]. 161 eqvTime TayaiSvilis zrunva irodionisadmi mxolod megobruli urTierTobiT ar iyo gamowveuli. irodionis saqmianoba metad Sromatevadi da sapasuxismgeblo iyo. irodionis mokrZalebuli Tanamdeboba ver itevda im did Sromas, romelsac es adamiani eweoda. akademikos roin metrevelis sityviT `swored aseTi Cumi da keTilsindisieri xalxi sWirdeboda didi saqmeebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas, organizaciul mogvarebas~ [5, 189-190]. mogvianebiT irodioni Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi `eTnografiuli muzeumis arsebobis dros direqtoris movaleobas asrulebda~ [2, 135]. Tavisi politikuri mrwamsiT irodioni erovnul-demokrati iyo. 1912 wels erovnuldemokratebma daaarses yovelkvireuli Jurnali `klde~. Jurnalis damaarsebeli iyo rezo gabaSvili (vaJi ekaterine gabaSvilisa). mogvianebiT rezo gabaSvils sxva qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad mxarSi amoudga da TanamSromlobda irodioni. 1917 wlis 4-20 ivniss Catarda erovnuldemokratiuli partiis damfuZnebeli yriloba. yrilobam airCia komiteti, romlis SemadgenlobaSi arCeul iqna ir. sonRulaSvili. komitetma airCia prezidiumi, molared _ irodioni. 1921 wlis maisidan saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoeba gaerTianda ganaTlebisa da socialisturi kulturis muSakTa profesiul kavSirSi. aRniSnuli profesiuli kavSiris gamgeobis arCevaSi monawileobas iRebda sazogadoebis 162 wargzavnili aTi delegati, maT Soris iyo irodion sonRulaSvilic. emigraciaSi wasul eqvTime TayaiSvils qarTuli wigniTa da gazeTiT amaragebda irodioni. eqvTime parizidan TbilisSi Tavis megobars ioseb megreliZes werda: `soso Seni Wirime, Cemi Ria werili irodions waakiTxe, gaigebs Cems ambavs. Seudarebeli, saucxoo da dauokebeli adamiania, patiosani da uangaro, Cemgan SvilsaviT miCneuli da CemTvis Tavdadebuli...~[7, 83]. ucxoeTidanac zrunavda eqvTime TayaiSvili saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis biblioTekis gamdidrebaze. igi dabejiTebiT avalebda irodions, sakuTari unikaluri biblioTeka, romelic eqvTimem TbilisSi datova, `saistoriosaeTnografio muzeumSi gadaetana karadebianad~. igio _ werda eqvTime irodions, _ sazogadoebas hqondes mTlianad, Cemi anderZiTac is sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa; rom davbrundebi, me ukan ar gamovitan, iqedan visargebleb~. 1922 wlis 1 ianvars irodionisadmi gagzavnili werilidan Cans, rom irodions Seusrulebia eqvTimes Txovna. `miTxres, Cemi wignebi gadagizidavs sazogadoebaSi; Zlier gamaxara am ambavma. imedi maqvs, karadebsac gadaitandi da SiT moaTavsebdi wignebs... CemTvis didi bedniereba iqneba, Tu Cemi biblioTekidan erTi nafleTi qaRaldic ar daikargeba, sxvas ise ar vidardeb~ [6, 16]. 1923 wlis 17 marts Salva amiranaSvilma safrangeTSi myof eqvTime TayaiSvils werili gaugzavna, sadac aRniSnavda: `... am werilTan erTad gigzavniT irodion sonRulaSvilis werilsac, rome163 lic me TqvenTvis piradad unda gadmomeca. magram isev vamjobine fostiT gamomegzavna, vinaidan Cemi Camosvla, sul Tu ara, sakmaod didi xniT gadaidva. irodionma da s. gorgaZem orivem didi mokiTxva damabares da zogi Sinauri ambavic~. momdevno wlis gazafxulze eqvTime wers: `metad verafriT gamaxarebdi ise, rogorc cnobiT, rom Cveni ivane (javaxiSvili _ a. s.) sazogadoebis Tavmjdomared agirCeviaT da is daTanxmebula. ivane piradadac umwikvlo adamiania, didi pirovneba da didi Cveni mecnieria. axla me sruliad damSvidebuli var da darwmunebuli var, sazogadoebis mecnieruli muSaoba da saqmeebi kargad wava. Zalian gTxovT yvelas, SeumsubuqoT tvirTi da yovelgvari TanamSromloba da Semweoba aRmouCinoT sazogadoebis saqmeebSi~ [4, 74]. es sixaruli gasagebicaa. e. TayaiSvili jer kidev peterburgSi moRvawe iv. javaxiSvils sTavazobda amave sazogadoebis xelfasian Tavmjdomareobas, oRond ki TbilisSi gadmosuliyo. 1926-1927 wlebSi eqvTimes mdgomareoba uaresdeba. 1928 wlis zafxulSi meuRle dauavadda, ramdenime operacia gadaitana da 1931 wlis 8 marts gardaecvala. eqvTimes kidev ufro gauWirda. igi parizidan TbilisSi wers irodions: `Cemi sioble Cemi martoobaa da umweo mdgomareoba usityvoTac kargad unda warmoidginos yvelam~. eqvTime suliT mainc ar ecemoda, bunebiT optimisti iyo. imave wels werda irodions: `daveci, fexi movitexe (erTi bavSvobaSi hqonda motexili _ a. s.) 164 parizis saavadmyofoSi vwevar, Cemi mdgomareoba erTob mZimea, jerjerobiT verca vdgebi da verc vjdebi,... es aRsasrulis dasawyisia. nino aRara myavs. Cemi am mdgomareobaSi movla marto mas SeeZlo...~ da aqve dasZens: `me, xom ici, mtkice xasiaTis arseba var sazogadod~. mogvianebiT eqvTime isev irodions werda: `me aq wylidan amovardnil Tevzsa vgavar. bevri ubedureba gadavitane... moklebuli var saSualebas Tavis dargSi ganvagrZo muSaoba da Tanac Rone gamomelia, Segneba aseTi mdgomareobisa mZimed mawevs gulze da naRvels mgvris. magram me mainc sasowarkveTilebas ar vecemi, mwams Cvens Semdeg Cvenze ukeTesebi movlen da rac Cven ver gavakeTeT, isini gaakaeTeben~. eqvTime kvlav avlens nebisyofis utexobas da Tavis rCeul mowafesa da megobars mamaSvilurad arigebs: `pesimistoba ar varga, energias ukargavs adamians~ [4, 85-86]. mas Semdeg, rac 1945 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili safrangeTidan dabrunda, irodioni iyo misTvis yvelaze axlobeli adamiani, uimisod erT dResac ver Zlebda. akademikosi vaxtang beriZe amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda: `Cven yvelani am sakvirveli megobrobis mowmeni viyaviT mas Semdeg, rac TayaiSvili safrangeTidan dabrunda.~ irodioni,ukve samoc wels gadacilebuli, ise eqceoda eqvTimes, rogorc sakuTar mamas, dRedaRam misTvis zrunavda. auRelveblad ver uyurebdnen Tanamedroveni maTs urTierTobas (orive jiuti iyo da, albaT, zogjer daetakebodnen kidec erTmaneTs). erTxel eqvTimes uTqvams mis Sesaxeb _ `У него гвоздь в голове~ [1, 284]. 165 evropidan axlad dabrunebuli eqvTime irodions diRomSi, mama-papeul ojaxSi daupatiJebia. masTan erTad yofilan kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate, samson fircxlava da ioseb megreliZe. irodions mamis Sesandobari daulevia, ioseb megreliZesac auwevia Wiqa da uTqvams _ gaanaTloso. es sityva Zalian mowonebia samson fircxalavas, cremlebi wamouvida Turme, eqvTimes ki uTqvams: _ `Wame samson, cremlebiT ver gaZRebio!~ [4, 270]. siyrmiTve Zlier mtkivani fexi da xSiri gaciveba Zalian uzRudavda moxuc eqvTimes Sinidan gamosvlis saSualebas, metadre Camosvlidan 2-3 wlis gasvlis Semdgom: erTxans Tu dawesebulebebSi, sesiasxdomebze da sxvagan dadioda (TviTonac kiTxulobda moxsenebebs) da sakuTari avtomanqaniT Tbilissa da mis midamoebsac ki moivlida xolme, mere da mere TiTqmis sul binaSi gamoiketa da zogjer loginSi mwoliarec ki muSaobda. amasTanave smena da mxedvelobac Sesustebuli hqonda, xeli ukankalebda da wera umZimda _ teqnikurad, ra Tqma unda. am dros mxolod misi namowafari da megobari irodion sonRulaSvili Cveulebisamebr erTgulad mxarSi edga da exmareboda muSaobaSi [3, 177]. 1952 wlis martidan, rodesac bolSevikebis satrapma ruxaZem yovelmxriv Seaviwrova eqvTime da faqtobrivad Sinapatimroba miusaja, veRaravin bedavda masTan misvlas. am periodSi ZiriTadad ioseb megreliZe da irodioni dadiodnen eqvTimesTan. rogorc Tavad ioseb megreliZe igonebs _ `irodion sonRulaSvili iyo usayvarlesi maswavleblis 166 uerTgulesi mzrunveli. bevri Svili ver gaukeTebs mamas imas, rasac irodioni axerxebda eqvTimesaTvis~. 1953 wlis 21 Tebervals gardaicvala saqarTvelos `meWurWleTuxucesi~, 1958 wlis Semodgomaze _ irodion sonRulaSvili. mis dakrZalvas mSobliur sofelSi apirebdnen. Salva amiranaSvilisa da ioseb megreliZis iniciativiT, igi usa-yvarlesi maswavleblis eqvTime TayaiSvilis gverdiT daikrZala vakis sasaflaoze. 1963 wlis 10 Tebervals e. TayaiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT misi neSti vakis sasaflaodan qarTvel moRvaweTa didubis panTeonSi gadaasvenes. aRniSnuli epistoleebi maswavleblisa da mowafis megobrobis naTeli magaliTia da Rirseul winaparTa mamulisadmi siyvarulis nimuSs warmoadgens. 167 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. v. beriZe, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, 1987. 2. l. gudiaSvili, mogonebebis wigni, Tbilisi, 1979. 3. e. TayaiSvili, rCeuli naSromebi, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1968. 4. i. megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tbilisi, 1989. 5. r. metreveli, saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio 6. sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1982. 7. v. sonRulaSvili, sonRulaSvilebi, Tbilisi, 2007. 8. e. ubilava, ganZeulis guSagi, Tbilisi, 1980. 168 Avtandil Songulashvili FROM THE EPISTOLARY INHERITANCE OF EKVTIME TAKAISHVILI AND ORION SONGULASHVILI A great scientist Ekvtime Takaishvili was in a very close relationship with Orion Songulashvili. Due to the help of Ekvtime Takaishvili, Orion Songulashvili graduated from the Science Department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Odessa. Then he starts to work in the Georgian historical and ethnographic society serving there until the end of his life. Orion supplied emigrated Takaishvili with the Georgian books and newspapers. We can see a lot of interesting information about the life of Georgian association in France from the letters of these two outstanding people in emigration. The above mentioned epistle is an obvious example of friendship of disciple and teacher and represents the great love of our ancestors for the country. 169 irma kvaSilava saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi postsabWour periodSi saqarTveloSi berZnebis pirveli dasaxlebebis gaCena Zv. w. aR-is VIII saukunes, Savi zRvis sanapiroebis intensiur berZnul kolonizacias ukavSirdeba. es sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi gacilebiT ukeT aris Seswavlili, vidre berZenTa xelmeore migraciis problemebi, amitom aTvlis wertilad XIX saukune miviCnieT. miTumetes XIX saukunis saqarTvelos berZen mosaxleobas araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia im berZen mosaxleobasTan, romelic Zvelad gaCnda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. antikuri epoqisa da adreuli Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZeni mosaxleoba ukvalod gaqra: maTgan erTi nawili samSobloSi dabrunda, meore ucxoelTa Semosevebis Sedegad gawyda, mesame _ gaiTqvifa adgilobriv qarTvel mosaxleobaSi (k. anTaZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., 1973). saqarTveloSi berZeni mosaxleobis gansaxlebis dinamikas v. jaoSvilis monografia pasuxobs (v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., 1996). saqarTvelos teritoria uZvelesi droidan iyo moqceuli intensiuri migraciebis arealSi. aqtiuri migraciuli procesebi saqarTvelosa da mis mezobel regionebs Soris mimdinareobda. saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba ara Tu upirispirdeboda migrantebs, piriqiT qmnida pirobebs maTi integrirebisaTvis. saxeldobr, erekle mefis Zalisxmevis Sedegia berZenTa pirveli mcirericxovani dasaxlebebis gaCena aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. anatoliidan da 170 giumiSxanidan Camosulma berZnebma daiwyes axtalisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi oqros, vercxlis, spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebis damuSaveba. es iyo 1778 wels, berZnebma samTamadno samuSaoebiT garkveuli Semosavali SesZines samefo xazinas. 1785 wels omar xanma saqarTveloze Semosevis dros, gaJlita an tyved waasxa axtalis samTamadno budobebis raionSi mcxovrebi daaxloebiT 1,0 aTasi berZeni. swored s. yauxCiSvili da p. guguSvili arian is pirveli avtorebi, romlebmac Seiswavles berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi (s. yauxCiSvili, quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. IV, 1942 da t. VI, 1946w.) da TurqeTis safaSoebidan somexTa da berZenTa gadmosaxleba (p. guguSvili, saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, t. 1, 1949). saqarTveloSi gabatonebis pirvelive wlebSi, rusuli mmarTveloba sasurveli eTnikuri situaciis Sesaqmnelad praqtikuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas Seudga. erT-erTi pirveli talRa berZeni kolonistebisa ruseT-TurqeTis dapirispirebas mohyva. ruseTis mefis mTavrobam miiRo zomebi TurqeTis imperiidan kavkasiaSi organizebulad gadmoesaxlebina berZnebi da somxebi, Caesaxlebina isini TurqeTis mosazRvre raionebSi da uerTgulesi winamavali razmebi hyoloda (i. axuaSvili, berZnuli axalSenebi qvemo qarTlSi, J. mnaTobi, #12, 1989). qarTvelTa denacionalizacia, qristiani da araqristiani mosaxleobis kolonizacia, qarTvelebis gaberZneba da sxva eTnikuri procesebi asaxulia mitropolit anania 171 jafariZis monografiaSi `qarTvelTa denacionalizacia XVII-XX saukuneebSi~, Tb., 1997. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove berZnebi, umTavresad, e.w. pontos berZnebi arian, romlebic TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTis raionebidan gadmosaxldnen. enobrivad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi iyofodnen berZnulenovnebad (elinofonebi) da Turqulenovnebad (urumebi). elinofonebi laparakobdnen berZnuli enis pontos kilokavze, romelic VI-VII ss-Si iRebs saTaves... berZnuli enis pontur kilokavze metyveleben afxazeTsa da aWaraSi mosaxle berZnebi. walkis raionis berZnebis ZiriTad masas urumebi (Turqulenovani berZnebi) warmoadgendnen. afxazeTSi mosaxle berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT saTanadod aris Seswavlili s. yauxCiSvilis statiaSi, xolo yofa-cxovreba dasaxlebidan anu XIXs-dan XXs-is 90-ian wlebamde asaxulia berZeni avtoris n. ioanidis naSromSi (Н. Иоаниди, Греки в Абхазии, Сух. 1990). afxazeTSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mosaxleobis berZnebis, moldavelebis, estonelebis Camosaxlebis da sameurne Sroma-saqmianobis, rwmena-warmodgenebis zogierTi sakiTxebi ganxilulia m. ivaSCenkos CanawerebSi, romelic gamouqveynebelia da iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi inaxeba (М. Ивашченко, этнографические заметки, 1942). aWaraSi berZnebis migracia ruseT-TurqeTis interesTa Sejaxebas mohyva. saerTod, eTnodemografiuli situaciis Secvla ruseTis imperiis gaZlierebas da saqarTveloSi misi winsvlis istorias daukavSirda, iseve rogorc afxazeTSi, aseve aWaraSic berZeni 172 moaxalSeneebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan daclil adgilebSi ganaTavses. barisa da mTis mosaxleobis bunebriv-migraciuli procesebi da ucxoeTidan moaxalSeneebis Semoyvanac, baris daclili teritoriebis mosaxleobiT gajerebas emsaxureboda. es procesebi erTis mxriv, ekonomikuri wonasworobis dacvas uwyobda xels, meore mxriv, istoriulgeografiuli karCaketilobis moxsnas, sazRvargareTidan Semosuli Tu romelime qarTuli eTnografiuli jgufis kulturuli potencialis zogadqarTul modelSi integrirebas. saqarTveloSi mimdinare eTno-kulturuli procesebi da eTnikuri umciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis analizi ganxilulia ramdenime vrcel, avtorTa jgufis mier Seqmnil monografiebSi, rogoricaa `eTnosebi saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 2008 da `socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi~, Tb., 2011). saqarTvelos polieTnikur regionebSi mcxovreb eTnikur jgufebs dRemde SenarCunebuli aqvT eTnikuri TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, ena, religia da tradiciuli kultura. saqarTvelos mravalenovan da mravalerovan qveyanaSi odiTganve cxovrobdnen sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac yovelTvis hqondaT saSualeba daecvaT TviTSegneba, sarwmunoeba da kultura. is, rac dRes erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis egidiT xdeba msoflios demokratiul qveynebSi, saqarTveloSi mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, aseTi pozicia ekavaT Cvens winaprebs _ wers a. sonRulaSvili Tavis naSromSi `erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 2005). 173 rogorc irkveva, walkis raionis umravles soflebSi urumebi cxovroben. TrialeTi moicavs dRevandeli walkis raions, romelic XIXs-Si Sedioda Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi. sainteresoa, am periodis statistikuri aRweriloba, mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mixedviT (`Тифлисская губерния, Борчалинский уезд~, 1914). walka istoriuli TrialeTis teritoriaze mdebareobs. TrialeTis eTnikuri procesebi, saerTod XIX s-Si aq Semoxiznuli mravali eTnikuri jgufis yofa da kultura asaxulia eTnologebis naSromebSi, rogoricaa g. Citaias, eTnografiuli mogzaurobidan aRbulaRis raionSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, tf. 1928, t. 4); l. faSaevas «Этнические процессы в Триалети», жур. «Мацне» (серия истории), #1, 1977, misive «Некоторые календарные праздники урумов, жур. «Мацне» (серия истории), #1, 1983. walkis urumebis ojaxi da saojaxo yofa safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili l. faSaevas sakvalifikacio naSromSi «Семья и семейный быт цалкских урумов», Тб., 1972. TrialeTis winareqristianuli da qristianuli xanis sakulto Zeglebi, sacxovrebeli Tu sameurneo nagebobani, reliefis, havis, niadagis saxesxvaobani T. Ciqovanma saTanadod gaanaliza (T. Ciqovani, TrialeTi, Tb., 1976w.). berZnebis saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi yofa asaxulia m. mixailovis monografiaSi (М. Михаилов, культуры и быт греков Грузии, Тб., 1980). amave Sinaarsis naSromTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba «Народы Кавказа», т. II, М., 1962 da `berZnebi saqarTveloSi~, Tb., 1990. 174 dasaxelebul naSromebs Cvens sakvlev sakiTxTan mxolod arapirdapiri Sexeba aqvT. cxadia, mTavari dasayrdeni Cveni savele muSaoba gaxlavT, rodesac uSualo Sexeba gvqonda migrantebTan. Tumca saqarTveloSi mosaxle berZnebis Sesaxeb postabWour periodSi imdenad mwiri istoriografiuli bazaa, realuri suraTis misaRebad, saWiro gaxda am Temaze arsebuli yvela naSromis met-naklebad gaTvaliswineba. aseve iribi Sexeba aqvs Cvens sakvlev sakiTxTan a. aklaevis statias walkis raionis mosaxleobis eTnikur TviTSegnebasa da enobriv situaciaze (А. Аклаев, этноязыковая ситуация и особенности этнического самосознания грузинских греков, жук. «Советская этнография», №5, 1988). agreTve l. boWoriSvilis naSroms walkeli qalis Tavsaburavze, romelic saqarTvelos eTnografiis masalebSia dabeWdili. gacilebiT did daxmarebas gviweven perioduli presis Zveli da Tanamedrove masalebi. saxeldobr, gaz: `kavkazi~, `saqarTvelos respublika~, `rezonansi~, `alia~ da a.S. Jurn: `saarqivo moambe~, `saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba~, `Советская этнография~ da misTana. berZnul migracias aWaraSi aqvs sakuTari istoria. cnobilia, rom mcire aziis mkvidr qristianebs _ maT Soris berZnebs, erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxe emuqreboda. TurqeTis mTavroba yovel Rones xmarobda imperiis araTurqi mosaxleobis (berZnebis, somxebis, lazebis da sxva) gamuslimanebisaTvis. amas xels uwyobda qveSevrdomi berZnebis mimarT warmoebuli TurqeTis mTavrobis politika. `kidev ufro metad is politika, romelsac 175 awarmoebda TurqeTi evropis kapitalisturi qveynebis mimarT. davimowmoT CvenTvis ukve sakmaod nacnobi faqti: ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris sxvadasxva periodSi warmoebul omebSi, erT-erTi mebrZoli mxarisaTvis yars-ardaRanis olqebis mierTeba, Cveulebriv gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda xolme mcire aziis berZnebis gadmosaxlebis procesSi. aWaris teritoriac, romelic berZenTa emigraciamde ukve didi xnis win Turqebs hqondaT okupirebuli, anatoliiis trapezundis (trapizonis) msgavsad, ganxeTqilebis vaSlis funqcias asrulebda ruseTisa da TurqeTis politikaSi~ [1, 65]. mxolod 1878 wels gaaTavisufles aWara TurqTa batonobisagan. XIXs-is 70-ian wlebSi warmoebul ruseT-TurqeTis omTa simZime gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTs, kerZod, afxazeTs da aWaras daawva. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdgom, aWara moeqca ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. `TurqeTis xelisufleba ver Seurigda strategiuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani saporto qalaqis _ baTumis dakargvas da dakargulis dabrunebas Seecada aWaris muslimani mosaxleobis gadmobirebis gziT~ [2, 57-58]. aRniSnuli propagandis Sedegad, aWaris bevri sofeli dacarielda. swored amitom carizmi dainteresebuli iyo daesaxlebina pirvel rigSi es dacarielebuli daba-soflebi da amiT gaemagrebina ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebi. aseT sando elements warmoadgenda berZnuli mosaxleoba, romelic baTumSi, rogorc zRvispira, saporto qalaqSi adrec yofila damkvidrebuli. `isini ZiriTadad gamoCndnen 1846 wlidan~, romlebic iyvnen sxvadasxva profesiis 176 adamianebi _ TerZebi, mWedlebi, xuroebi, eqimbaSebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom baTumSi Camosuli berZnebi erTgvarad momTabare cxovrebas eweodnen. isini baTumSi Camodiodnen Semodgomis dasawyisSi da rCebodnen gazafxulis miwurulamde. maTi aseTi qcevis mizezi gaxldaT didi SiSi baTumSi gavrcelebuli ciebisa, romelic umTavresad zafxulobiT iCenda Tavs. am ciebiT Zalze bevri xalxi ixoceboda. magram bolos da bolos berZnebi SeeCvivnen baTums, mis ciebiT gajerebul havas da TandaTan iwyes aq dasaxleba~ [3, 3]. berZenTa Camosaxleba umtkivneulod rodi xdeboda. migraciis simwvaves emateboda klimaturi pirobebic. saxeldobr, axalSeneli informatori i. papaianidi (dabadebuli 1935w.) igonebs Zvelebisagan gagonils. `cidan mkvdari frinveli cviodao~, dablobSi malaria boboqrobda, amitomac xalxi midioda maRlobSi, sadac iyo sufTa haeri da wyali~ [4, 76]. mcireaziel berZenTa masiuri da perioduli Camosaxleba aWaris soflebSi iwyeba XIXs. 80-iani wlebidan, rodesac TurqeTis imperiaSi gamefebuli autaneli socialuri da politikuri Cagvris gamo, trapizonis vilaieTidan aiyara berZenTa Svidi sofeli. nawili soflebis mosaxleobisa samSoblos daubrunda [4, 75]. berZnebis garda, aWaraSi da saerTod saqarTveloSi, am dros bevri araqristiani eZebda da poulobda TavSesafars. demografiuli procesebi iseTi tempiT ganviTarda, rom sul male q. baTumi polieTnikur qalaqad gadaiqca. Camosaxlebuli berZnebis raodenoba dRiTidRe izrdeboda. saxeldobr, 1890 wlisTvis 1995 suli saxlobda, 1897w. 2764 177 berZeni, 1926w. 2844 adamiani, 1959w. ki _ 11668. es baTumSi, xolo rac Seexeba mTel aWaras, 1979 wels mTlianad saxlobda 7000 berZeni. 1998 wels ki _ 2837. aseTi mkveTri Semcireba ganpirobebuli gaxldaT maT mudmiv sacxovreblad gadasaxleba istoriul samSobloSi _ saberZneTSi [3, 5]. saerTod, saqarTveloSi berZnuli mosaxleobis zrdis procesi mxolod XXs. 40-iani wlebis bolos Seferxda, saqarTvelos berZnuli mosaxleobis ricxvis meqanikur SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT [1, 71]. berZenTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi gvxvdeba qalaqebSi _ baTumsa da qobuleTSi, xolo soflebSi aWyvaSi, dagvaSi, kvirikeSi (qobuleTis raioni) da axalSenSi (xelvaCauris raioni). mTavroba maT asaxlebda saxazino da muhajirTa miwebze; dagva da axalSeni iyo is pirveli soflebi, romelmac miiRo Camosaxlebuli berZnebi, romlebic saxldebodnen kompaqtur jgufebad. maT Soris iyvnen SesaniSnavi kalatozebi, qvismWreli ostatebi, mkalavebi, mWedlebi da a.S. Camosulebi cdilobdnen samosaxlod aerCiaT maRlobi adgilebi, radgan arajansaRi klimati, malariis kera daxvdaT. pirvel xanebSi, roca miwa sakmarisad iyo, calkeuli ojaxebi flobdnen miwis did nakveTebs. SedarebiT gvian Camosuli berZnebi miwebs yidulobdnen adgilobriv mkvidrTagan. yidvisas dgeboda sabuTi `Tafi~, ris safuZvelzec, mowmeebis TandaswrebiT, miwis nakveTi umtkicdeboda ama Tu im pirs [4, 76]. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad inaxavda adgilobrivi jiSis saqonels, radgan Camoyvanili jiSi ver egueboda adgilobriv klimatur da ekologiur pirobebs. axalmosaxleni 178 metwilad erTsarTulian saxlebs iSenebdnen, romelic Cveulebriv ori oTaxisa da verandisagan Sedgeboda. saxlis interierisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo buxari, romlis orive mxares iyo niSi xatebiT. yofiT urTierTobaSi berZnebSi igrZnoboda Zlieri konservatizmi. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan mWidro sameurneo-kulturuli urTierTobis procesSi, mravali tradiciuli wes-Cveuleba da rituali droTa viTarebaSi Seerwya da SeeTvisa erTmaneTs. 1990-iani wlebisaTvis aWaraSi berZnuli mosaxleoba metwilad Tavmoyrili iyo qobuleTis raionSi (3.839), Semdeg xelvaCaurSi (625), xuloSi (22), qedaSi (8), SuaxevSi (2). `saqarTvelos sxvadasxva teritoriaze sxvadasxva dros dasaxlebul berZenTa Soris aWaraSi gadmosaxlebul berZnebs yvelaze wmindad hqondaT Semonaxuli berZnuli ena da tradiciebi. isini ganaTlebisa da kulturis sakmaod maRali doniTac gamoirCeodnen~ [1, 67]. rogorc T. komaxiZis monografiidan irkveva, baTumSi berZenTa simravles berZenTa sazogadoebis Seqmna gamouwvevia. misi Tavmjdomaris i. efremidis mier gamoyofil miwis nakveTze auSenebiaT berZenTa sazogadoebis eklesia. aqve funqcionirebda sazogadoebrivi skola. xolo 1883 wels baTumSi daarsebula berZnuli saeklesio samrevlo saswavlebeli. interesmoklebuli ar iqneba im faqtis xazgasma, rom nacionalur da religiur Cagvras gamoqceuli berZnebi pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave eklesiaze an samlocveloze iwyeben zrunvas. ase mag: `borjomis raionis sof. cixisjvarSi Camosaxlebulebs, romelTa umravlesoba gvarad sevastovebi yofilan, maSinve patara, magram 179 metad lamazi eklesia auSenebiaT. es ara imdenad saWiroebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom rjulis erTianoba daedasturebinaT da TavianTi ostatobac eCvenebinaT~ [5, 19]. rogorc irkveva, berZnebs sakulto nagebobis, eklesiis gareSe cxovreba ar SeuZliaT. postsabWour periodSi, rodesac mrevli Semobrunda eklesiisken, saeklesio mSenebloba aWaris berZnul mosaxleobaSi farTod gaiSala. Zveli, JamTa siavisgan dazianebuli samlocveloebi aRdga. niSandoblivia, rom saqarTveloSi arsebul berZenTa gansaxlebaSi ar SeiniSneba raime specifikuri momenti. mosaxleobis zrda, ganawileba soflisa da qalaqis mosaxleobas Soris ar gviCvenebs mniSvnelovan gadaxrebs saerTo respublikuri maCveneblebisagan~ [1, 83]. rasakvirvelia, demografiuli viTareba radikaluri Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma procesebma (ekonomikuri krizisi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi) ganapiroba cxovrebis donis mkveTri dacema, gaizarda umuSevroba, gaCnda ltolvilTa didi raodenoba, samuSaos saZebnelad ucxoeTSi wavida uamravi adamiani. yovelive aman ganapiroba mosaxleobis socialuri struqturis, eTnikuri Semadgenlobis da sxva parametrebis cvlilebebi. Seicvala mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba. aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, araqarTuli mosaxleobis nawili, maT Soris berZnebi daubrundnen Tavis istoriul samSoblos. Tumca rogorc berZeni informatorebi acxadeben, maTi nawili kvlav saqarTveloSi apirebs dabrunebas [6, 180 150]. maT Cvens qveyanasTan aseTi didi siyvaruli akavSirebT. saberZneTSi mcxovrebi berZnebi umetesad soflis meurneobas misdevdnen da aqac igive gaagrZeles. aWarisa da afxazeTis berZnebi meTambaqoebaSi, meCaiobaSi, mebostneobaSi, mebaReobaSi da agreTve meTevzeobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmulni. cnobilia, rom baTumSi pirveli Tambaqos fabrikis mepatrone berZeni iyo, romelic samSobloSi dabrunda. mis yofil sacxovrebel saxlSi amJamad aWaris arqiteqtorTa SemoqmedebiTi saxlia ganlagebuli. aWaraSi mcxovrebi berZnebi dasaqmebulni iyvnen mrewvelobaSi, vaWrobaSi, xelosnobaSi (isini saukeTeso qvisxuroebi arian), kulturasa da ganaTlebaSi. devnilobis mZime xvedris miuxedavad, saqarTvelo aRmoCnda is fuZe, sadac berZnebma myudro da saimedo navTsayudeli ipoves. saqarTvelos berZenTa federaciis prezidentis baton kiriakos iordanidis TqmiT, swored amitom igrZnoba aq ase mZlavrad berZnuli suli [7, 7]. ufro met simarTles Seicavs aWaraSi mcxovrebi berZeni diriJoris odisei dimitriadis ganacxadi _ me mxolod fizikurad, sxeuliT var berZeni, suliT ki _ qarTveli var. aWaraSi berZenTa diasporis SenarCunebasa da mis Semdgom ganmtkicebaSi did rols asrulebs 1990w. baTumSi daarsebuli berZenTa sazogadoeba, romlis saqmianobas asaxavs beWdviTi sityvis organo _ gazeTi `baTumi~. Tavisi qmedebiT da daniSnulebiT berZenTa sazogadoeba sakonsulos rols asrulebda [3, 51]. am sazogadoebis saqmianoba 1995w. saqarTveloSi 181 gaxsnilma saberZneTis saelCom gaagrZela. sazogadoebis dafuZneba moiTxova aWaridan q. salonikSi repatrirebulma mosaxleobam. aWaridan saberZneTSi Casaxlebuli berZnebis ZiriTadi masa q. salonikSi cxovrobs. aq 1997 wels daarsda sazogadoeba `baTumi~, riTac Cveni kuTxidan gadasaxlebulma berZnebma gamoxates TavianTi siyvaruli im kuTxisadmi, im qalaqisadmi, sadac isini aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen [3, 68]. cxadia, Zalian rTulia postsabWour periodSi araqarTveli mosaxleobis migraciaze, imigraciaze sando cnobebis mopoveba. 2002 wlis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis pirveli sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT, aWaraSi berZnebis raodenoba Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba. aq sul 2168 berZeni cxovrobs. aqedan q. baTumSi 587 berZenia. qedisa da Suaxevis raionebSi saerTod ar gvxvdebian. TiTqmis igive suraTia xulos raionSi, aq mxolod 2 berZeni cxovrobs. xelvaCaurSi _ 91, xolo yvelaze didi raodenobiT isini qobuleTis raionSi binadroben _ 1487 [8, 304]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, q. salonikSi moiyara Tavi, rogorc saqarTvelodan gasaxlebulma berZnebma, ise saSovarze gasulma qarTulma mosaxleobam. dReisaTvis q. salonikSi aranakleb ocdaaTi aTasi saqarTvelodan wasuli berZeni cxovrobs, romlebmac miiRes moqalaqeoba, xolo Casul qarTvelTa umravlesoba aralegalurad cxovrobs. berZnebs axsovT is sikeTe, megobroba da mezobloba, rac saqarTveloSi daxvdaT da Sesabamisad xels umarTaven aralegalurad Casul Cvens Tanamemamuleebs. am megobrobis naTeli dadasturebaa 1998w. Catarebuli 182 saberZneTis kulturis dReebi, mravalferovani programiT: koncertebiT, simpoziumebiT, gamofenebiT da misTana. aRsaniSnavia, sagareo saqmeTa ministris movaleobis Semsruleblis, baton georgios papandreus misasalmebeli sityva kulturis dReebis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. `rom gadavxedoT Cvens istoriul warsuls, masSi xSirad ikveTeba saqarTvelos berZnebis Tema. isini yovelTvis gamoirCeodnen TavianTi Zirebisa da Rirebulebebis erTgulebiT, inaxavdnen erovnul tradicias, ufrTxildebodnen TavianT TviTSegnebasa da dedaenas. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma berZnebma, romlebmac qarTul miwaze mkvidrad gaidges fesvebi, yvelaze mZime Jamsac ki, SeinarCunes TavianTi rwmena msoflmxedveloba, maRali idealebi~ [7,8]. saberZneTis kulturis dReebidan sul samiode Tve iyo gasuli, rodesac baTums ewvia pontoel berZenTa sakmaod ricxvmravali, 200 kaciani warmomadgenloba. am delegaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen saberZneTis parlamentis wevrebi, qalaqebis merebi, sazogado moRvaweebi, agreTve folkloruli ansamblebi. winaswar gaxldaT dagegmili konferenciis Catareba Temaze: elinizmi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi [3, 86]. amrigad, berZnebi saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis uamrav adgilebSi cxovroben, magram aWaris berZnebis erTsulovneba da erTianoba TiTqos ganumeorebelia, rogorc erTmaneTTan ise damxvdur mosaxleobasTan. Camosaxlebidan dRemde maT erTad, udrtvinvelad daZlies, rogorc socialuri, 183 ekonomiuri, ekologiuri, demografiuli Tu sxva umniSvnelovanesi problemebi. aWaris garda, berZenTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi gvxvdeba afxazeTSi. saerTod, saqarTveloSi berZnuli dasaxlebebi umeteswilad ganlagebulia saqarTvelos samxreT, samxreT-dasavleT da Crdilo-dasavleT regionebSi. esenia: walka, TeTriwyaro, dmanisi, marneuli, wiTelwyaro, axalcixe, borjomis raionebi. sxvagan saqarTveloSi berZeni mosaxleoba an saerTod ar iyo, an ramdenime aseuli mcxovrebiT ganisazRvreboda. cnobilia, rom afxazeTis eTnikuri aWreleba XIXs-is meore naxevars ukavSirdeba, Tumca carizmis xelisuflebas ukve XIX s-is 30-iani wlebisTvis hqonda dagegmili: TurqeTis samflobelos mosazRvre saqarTvelos miwebi saukeTeso pirobebs warmoadgenda rusebis dasaxlebisaTvis. mdidari bunebis miuxedavad, samegrelos, guriisa da imereTis kolonizacia gauvali Waobebisa, uRrani da gautexeli tyeebisa da miudgomeli mTagrexilebis pirobebSi jerjerobiT rusebisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom Zveli kolxeTis gaudaburebuli adgilebi TurqTa pronvinciebidan gadmosaxlebuli qristianebis meoxebiT unda aeyvavebinaT [9, 541]. amisTvis xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna 1866-1867 wlebSi, rodesac saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris urTierToba gamwvavda da Turqebma daiwyes represiebi mcireaziel berZenTa winaaRmdeg. `aseT ambebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom 1868 wlis ganmavlobaSi 200 komli anatolieli berZeni dasaxlda Savi zRvis olqSi~ [10, 131]. 1866 wlis 184 cnobili afxazTa ajanyebis Semdeg, sakmao teritoria aRmoCnda Tavisufali. afxazeTis mkvidri mosaxleoba 1877-1878 wlebis omis periodSic, didi raodenobiT gaixizna TurqeTSi. cxadia, afxazeTis dacarielebuli soflebi didxans ar darCeboda dausaxlebeli da auTvisebeli. afxazeTis nayofieri miwa-wyali, hava, klimati mimzidvel pirobas qmnida nebismieri rjulis adamianis dasasaxleblad. `aseT pirobebSi sando elements warmoadgenda TurqeTis mosisxle mteri, berZnoba. masze dayrdnoba ruseTis mTavrobas ufro uSiSrad SeeZlo, vidre adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, romelmac Turqebis pirvel moaxloebisTanave 1877w. afxazeTSi arsebuli socialuri usworobiT gamowveuli grZnobebi ajanyebad aqcia~ [10, 136]. migrantebis dasaxlebas SesaZloa stiqiuri xasiaTi hqonoda, magram maT imdenad kargi pirobebi daxvdaT, organizebuli migraciis SemTxvevaSi rom xdeba xolme. saxeldobr, `maT gankargulebaSi imdeni miwa iyo, rom TviTon erT meoTxedsac ver amuSavebdnen: danarCenebs isini an hyidnen (ris wyalobiTac msxvili miwismflobelebi gaCndnen) an imaragebdnen (albaT, momavalSi gadmosaxlebul mcireaziel TvistomTaTvis)~ [10,143]. konkretulad mcire aziis romeli dasaxlebidan arian aqauri berZnebi wamosuli zustad ar aris dadgenili. berZnebis masobriv da etapobriv gadmosaxlebas xels uwyobda ruseTis mTavrobis dapirebebic, rogoricaa 15 wlis manZilze samxedro samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba, 30 desetina miwa, TiTo xari, mewveli Txa da TiToeul ojaxs kidev mciredi 185 fuladi daxmareba. garda amisa, mTeli am afxazTa ajanyebebisa da areulobis dros afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul berZnebsa da maT soflebs icavda sagangebod gamoyofili jaris nawilebi. es ar yofila SemTxveviTi RonisZieba, radgan mTeli zemoT aRniSnuli saomari moqmedebis manZilze, afxazeTSi gamorboda mcireaziel berZenTa da maT Soris sxva modgmis mcireaziel ltolvilTa axal-axali nakadebi. zemoT ganxiluli areulobebis periodSic da sxva, SedarebiT mSvidobian drosac afxazeTSi dasaxlebuli berZeni kolonistebi, rogorc wesi aqtiurad icavdnen im adgilebs, sadac isini damkvidrdnen. ase iyo saqarTveloSic. ase iyo mTeli amierkavkasiis farglebSic da mis gareTac [1, 64]. niSandoblivia isic, rom afxazeTisa da aWaris berZen kolonistebs sxva kolonistebTan SedarebiT, ganaTlebisa da kulturis maRali donec gamoarCevda. berZenTa pirvel axalSenebs 1869 wels _ aleqsandrovka, olginskoe da georgievskoes, swrafad miemeta 1879 mariinskoe, 1880 wels mixailovka, 1882w. _ konstantinovka da ekaterinovka _ 1880 wels. afxazeTis berZnul axalSenebs ruseTis samefo sagvareulos brwyinvale warmomadgenelTa da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis saxels (mixailovka) arqmevdnen. ise gaizarda afxazeTSi berZnuli mosaxleoba, rom 1934 wlis monacemebiT, 31 soflis ZiriTad mosaxleobas isini Seadgendnen. saerTod, 1940-ian wlebSi afxazeTis 96 sofelSi moipoveboda berZnuli mosaxleoba [10, 153; 125]. berZenTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad soxumis raionis soflebSi 186 gvxvdeboda. agreTve qalaqebSi: soxumSi, gagraSi, gudauTaSi. afxazeTSi XIXs-is II naxevarSi intensiurad mimdinareobda araqarTvelebis Camosaxleba. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT modiodnen somxebi, berZnebi, moldavelebi, estonelebi, rusebi, bulgarulebi da a.S., romlebic damkvidrnen, rogorc qalaqebSi, ise soflebSi. ase Seiqmna axali berZnuli da somxuri soflebi afxazeTSi. berZnuli mosaxleobis swrafi kolonizaciis Semdeg, mosaxleoba aq ganuxrelad izrdeboda bunebrivi matebis xarjze. zrdis procesi XXs. 40-ian wlebis bolos Seferxda. jer kidev 1926 wels afxazeTSi aRmocenda moZraoba saberZneTSi gadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT. 1930w. saqarTvelodan saberZneTSi gamgzavrebis msurvelebi 1200-1400 kacs Seadgendnen. maTi saberZneTSi gamgzavrebis mizezebi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: 1) ZaldatanebiTi gawevrianeba kolmeurneobebSi; 2) ekonomikuri siduxWire da SimSilis zRurblze yofna; 3) mcire miwianoba da mousavlian miwebze dasaxleba; 4) saskolo saqmis mougvarebloba [2, 61]. gadasaxlebis uflebis mopovebis Semdeg, berZenTa nawili dabrunda samSobloSi. 1949 wlis sakavSiro dadgenilebis mixedviT, specgadasaxlebis wesiT da rigiT saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis sabWoTa socialuri respublikebidan gadasaxlebul iqnen: 1) saberZneTis yvela qveSevrdomi; 2) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi, romlebsac im momentisaTvis ar gaaCndaT moqalaqeoba; 3) saberZneTis yofili qveSevrdomebi, romlebmac SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba miiRes [11, 42]. saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis avtono187 miuri respublikis sadireqtivo organoebis gadawyvetilebiT gasaxlebul iqnen berZeni erovnebis pirebi, sxva qveynebis qveSevrdomebi da moqalaqeobis armqoneni. afxazeTidan yazaxeTSi gadasaxlebulebis nawili (anu is pirebi, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebodnen specgadasaxlebas) _ sul 1362 adamiani, TviTneburad dabrunda afxazeTSi da dasaxlda gulrifSisa da soxumis raionebSi, agreTve uSualod q. soxumSi [11, 46]. rogorc irkveva, berZnebs axasiaTebs xSiri adgilmonacleoba. kerZod, berZeni erovnebis warmomadgenelTa nawili, romelic samamulo omamde saberZneTSi wavida, 50-ian wlebSi kvlav brundeba saqarTveloSi, es procesi mraval siZnelesTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xolo yaxazeTSi arakanonierad gasaxlebul berZnebs mTavrobam, zarali aunazRaura [2, 61]. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi inaxeba masala, romlebic afxazeTSi mcxovrebi berZeni migrantebis sabWouri cxovrebis wess gvacnobs. misi cnobiT, XIXs-is 70-80-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebuli berZeni kolonistebi trapizonis vilaieTidan iyvnen. kalatozobiT cnobili berZnebi zafxulobiT gadmodiodnen samuSaos saZebnelad da zamTarSi, samSobloSi brundebodnen. maTi kldovan-mTiani da naklebad nayofieri miwebi ubiZgebdaT eZebnaT ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi. saamisod afxazeTi maTTvis saocnebo mxare aRmoCnda. trapizonSi berZnebis mTavari saqmianoba friad Sromatevadi kulturis _ Tambaqos moyvana gaxldaT da aqac igive gaagrZeles. misdevdnen agreTve mesaqonleobas da miwaTmoqmedebas, mefutkreobas da 188 mefrinveleobasac. sofelSi ZiriTadad soflis meurneobiT iyvnen dakavebuli, xolo qalaqSi xelosnobiTa da vaWrobiT. Zalze sainteresoa maTi rwmena-warmodgenebi. saxeldobr, saqonlis mfarvelad wm. dimitri gvevlineba. sazafxulo saZovarze saqonels bednier dReebSi mierekebian, rogoricaa orSabaTi, paraskevi da SabaTi. miwis damuSavebisas wm. giorgis evedrebian da SeTxoven mosavlis siuxves. qorwili umeteswilad kvira saRamos imarTeba. amindi damokidebulia ianvris pirveli Tvis Tormet dReze. Tu rogori amindi iqneba Tvis TiToeul dRes, zustad igive iqneba sxva dReebSi. mag: Tu sami ianvari wvimiani iyo, igive aminds unda velodoT vTqvaT imave wlis sam marts da a.S. axali wlis dadgomisas wm. basili dids simReriT mimarTaven. maTTvis yvelaze did dResaswaulad jvarTamaRleba iTvleba. RmrTismSoblis safarvelis xsenebis dRes micvalebulebs _ saflavze gasvliT da trapeziT moixsenieben [12, 4-20]. ivaSCenkos mixedviT, 1930 wels, afxazeTSi berZnebis raodenoba 29703 adamians ar aRemateboda. erovnuli umciresobani ekonomikurad, kulturulad, enobrivad da sayofacxovrebo doniT sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze iyvnen. berZnebSi farTod damkvidrebuli iyo konservatiuli urTierTobi. yofiT urTierTobaSi berZnebSi igrZnoboda Zlieri konservatizmi. aq Tavs iCenda adrindeli sacxovrisidan moyolili tradiciuli wesCveulebebisa da ritualebis Serwyma. isini Rrmad religiurebi iyvnen. marTlmadidebel qristianebs swamdaT xis, wylis, mTis, mzis da sxva kultebi. 189 gvalvis dros wvimis gamosawvevad sxvadasxva magiur ritualebs mimarTavdnen. axali wlis dReebSi axalgazrdoba mdinareebTan da wyaroebTan iyrida Tavs, raTa wylis RvTaebisTvis axali weli mieloca [13, 432]. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebidan kulturulad da ekonomikurad yvelaze CamorCenili Tbilisis mazris walkis raionis berZnebi iyvnen. ukeTes pirobebSi imyofebodnen aWarisa da afxazeTis berZnebi. 1926-1927ww. saswavlo wels saqarTveloSi 36 berZnulenovani skola iyo. am skolebisTvis kadrebs leningradis universitetSi amzadebnen. q. soxumSi mcxovrebi berZnebisTvis berZnulad gamodioda gazeTi `Красный табаковод~. am periodSi gaixsna soxumSi berZnuli dramatuli Teatri [14, 62]. berZnebi gulgrilobas iCendnen sabWouri cxovrebis wesisadmi. saqarTveloSi partiis wevri berZeni 80 adamiani iyo, afxazeTSi _ 32, aWaraSi _ 38. komkavSirelTa raodenoba mTlianad 468 wevriT ganisazRvreboda. afxazeTSi 1000 berZen glexze 1 partiis wevri modioda. profkavSiris wevrad 1538 berZeni iricxeboda [2, 65]. es miT ufro sainteresoa, vinaidan berZeni emigrantebis didi nawili ruseTis saxelmwifoSi cxovrobda. 1989 wlis sakavSiro aRwerilobis mixedviT, afxazeTis teritoriaze 14664 berZeni iTvleboda, rac mTlianad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis 14,6%-s Seadgenda [15, 70]. 1990-ian wlebSi dawyebul migraciul procesebSi, berZnebi, sxva eTnikur jgufebTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoi190 rCeodnen. amaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula saberZneTis mTavrobam, romelic xels uwyobda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi mcxovrebi berZnebis saberZneTSi imigracias. `1992-1993ww. afxazeTis teritoriaze mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad, afxazeTis berZnuli mosaxleoba, romelic 1989 wels 14700 adamians Seadgenda, saberZneTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT, TiTqmis mTlianad gadasaxlda saberZneTSi~ [6, 159]. amdenad, gareSe Zalebis mier inspirirebulma afxazur-qarTulma konfliqtma adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da Semosuli migrantebis erToba gaTiSa. gamoiwvia mwvave politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisi, rac met-naklebi sixSiriT dRemde grZeldeba. berZenTa kavkasiaSi (maT Soris saqarTveloSi) gadmosaxlebis saqmes, pirobebs da process xelmZRvanelobda 1810w. sagangebod Seqmnili `kavkasiaSi TurqeTidan qristianTa gadmosaxlebis komiteti~. maT dasasaxleblad adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan daclili gaukacrielebuli adgilebi SeirCa, romelTa aTviseba sasurvel Sedegs iZleoda. aseTi regionebis ricxvSi TrialeTi, dRevandeli walkis raioni aRmoCnda. qarTvelebiT mudam mWidrod dasaxlebuli kuTxe XIXs.-is damdegs gaukacrielebuli iyo. `samagierod momravldnen `elni muhamedianni _ nomadi Turqebis STamomavalni, romlebmac TandaTanobiT daikaves TrialeTis qedis samxreTi kalTebi~ [16, 14]. 1829w. ukve daiZra berZen kolonistTa ojaxebi TrialeTisaken. pirveli sofeli, romelSic isini dasaxldnen beSTaSeni iyo. es iyo gadmosaxlebulTa pirveli jgufi, socialurad 191 Sereuli statusis mcxovreblebi (xelosnebi, vaWrebi, miwaTmoqmedni). berZnebis meore jgufs sasuliero wodebis migrantebi miematnen. mogvianebiT mesame da meoTxe jgufic SemouerTdaT, romlebic walkis midamoebSi, arsebul nasoflarebSi dasaxlda 18291831ww. walkis raionis 31 sofelSi 7052 berZeni da somexi saxlobda. erovnebis mixedviT maT Soris umravlesobas berZnebi Seadgendnen [17, 557]. kolonistebisadmi mocemuli bevri piroba da SeRavaTi mxolod qaRaldze darCa. administraciisgan Seviwroebul migrantebs arc ukan dasabrunebeli gza hqondaT. TurqeTis samflobeloebSi ara marto samoqalaqo, aramed sarwmunoebrivi Cagvrac elodaT da nebiT Tu uneblieT sabolood beds Seurigdnen. 1832 wlisTvis gadmosaxlebulebma TrialeTis 18 soflis miwa-wyali Seavso. `maT umravlesobas uwodes im Zveli Turquli soflebis saxelebi, saidanac isini gadmosaxldnen: avranlo (sof. Tezi), barmaqsizi, kariaqi (yof. bWiTi), qvemo xaraba (babia), yarakomi (lipi) da sxva [18, 159]. sabWoTa periodSi da postsabWour saqarTveloSi iyo dayenebuli sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnul soflebs Zveli qarTuli saxelebi dabruneboda, magram amJamadac araqarTuli saxelwodebebiT gvevlinebian. amdenad, walkaSi XIXs-is manZilze berZnebis raodenoba yovelwliurad izrdeboda. Tu 1832w. maTi ricxvi 3381 adamians aRwevda, 1864w-is, ukve 9245 Seadgenda [19, 65]. walka droTa ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazraSi Sedioda. erTerTi statistikuri aRwerilobis mixedviT, aRniSnul 192 mazraSi berZnebi Semdeg soflebSi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. mag. akranloSi 1634 adamiani, edilqilisaSi 1167, qumbiaTSi _ 1915. qariaqSi 1204, barmaqsizSi _ 1655 da a.S. [20, 118-126]. berZen emigrantTa saqarTveloSi Camosaxleba periodulad aqtiurdeboda. XIXs-is 80-ian wlebSi, maTi kolonizacia afxazeTsa da aWaraSi swrafi tempiT wavida. TrialeTSi (walkaSi) mcxovrebi berZnebis ZiriTad masas urumebi warmoadgenen, romlebic marTlmadideblebi arian, magram Turqulenovani. `amasTan erTad eTnografiuli niSnebiTac ufro qarTul-kavkasiur-osmalur samyaros ganekuTvnebian, vidre berZnuls~ [21, 309]. aWaris berZnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic dasaxlebisTanave samlocveloebis mSeneblobas iwyebdnen, borCalos mazraSi mcxovrebi urumebi, mza taZrebs TavianT samrevlo eklesiebad gadaaqcevdnen, xolo axali eklesiebis aSenebas, Zveli qarTuli taZrebis masalis xarjze iwyebdnen [22, 3]. amrigad, walkis raionSi Camosaxlebuli migrantebi, rogorc teritorias ucvlian saxelwodebas, ise im miwaze ganTavsebul Zeglebzec acxadeben pretenzias. Tumca ar SeucvliaT dasaxlebis uZvelesi forma _ soflis struqtura da sacxovrebeli. Tanamedrove soflebi xasiaTdebian sworad gayvanili farTo quCebiT, baR-bostnian karmidamoebSi Cadgmuli axali tipis saxlebiTa da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis obieqtebiT. sacxovrebel nagebobebTan erTad, yvela sxva kuTxeebisgan gansxvavebiT, ganviTarebuli mesaqon193 leobis maRalma kulturam, walkis raionSi da saerTod, TrialeTSi moiTxova boslis mSeneblobis gansakuTrebuloba, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom gvianobamde SemorCa asi, as oci da zogjer orasi kv.m. farTis mqone boslebi [16, 68]. mesaqonleobidan miRebuli sxva produqtebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda nakels, romelsac sasuqadac iyenebdnen da wivasac amzadebdnen, romelic SeSis magivrobas uwevda mosaxleobas, vinaidan ZiriTadi saqmianoba mecxoveleobas ukavSirdeba, sakvebic xorcisa da rZis produqtebisgan Sedgeboda. `berZenTa saerTonacionalur sakvebad SeiZleba miviCnioT gansakuTrebulad momzadebuli flavi (pilaki), fafa _ `xasila~, kvercxiani Wamadi _ xaixana, mxlana da a.S. [1, 100]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebul berZenTa kveba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba irgvliv mdebare raionebis mcxovrebTa kvebisagan. maT SeiTvises is sakvebi, romelic qarTul tradiciul samzareulos warmoadgens da SesaniSnavad floben maTi momzadebis xelovnebas. rac Seexeba urumebis samoss, mosarTavebs, masze aisaxa is qarTul (Wanuri) da Turqul-somxuri kulturis mZlavri zegavlena, rasac ver aicilebda polieTnikur samxreTSi mobinadre urumoba. Zirfesvianad gadaxalisebulma urumebma, Zvel sacxovrebel garemoSi Seqmnili aTad-Cvevani JamTa srbolas ar gaayoles da samSoblodan motanili tradiciebi axal samyofelSic adrindeli cxovelmyofelobiT gaagrZeles. Tanmoyolili sulieri da materialuri yofis ganviTareba Zveleburi gziT wavida da erTi saukunis manZilze is adgilobrivi 194 (qarTuli) kulturis elementebiTac gamdidrda. amgvari viTareba, walkis teritoriaze dabinavebuli urumebis yvela ganStoebis (`fasenni~, `ovani~, `groni~ anu `qiRiselni~) cxovrebaSi TiTqmis Tanabari siZlieriT aisaxa, magram TiToeuli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburi elferi dRevandlamde mainc Semoinaxa [23, 127]. Tanamedrove pirobebSi berZenTa samosi da samkaulebi arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba qarTvelTa samosisa da mosarTavebisagan. es savsebiT bunebrivia. xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis procesSi TandaTan xdeba tradiciaTa Serwyma. kerZod, naTlisRebis, dakrZalvis da qorwinebis zogierTi wesebi saerTo qarTul wesCveulebebs dauaxlovda. walkaSi, TeTriwyaroSi da dmanisSi mcxovrebi urumebis kalendaruli dResaswaulebi, maT sameurneo saqmianobas ukavSirdeba. isini Seiqmna saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadmosaxlebamde didi xniT adre. qarTul miwa-wyalze maT daxvdaT adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis tradiciuli zne-Cveulebani, romlebic miiRes da gamoiyenes TavianTi rwmenisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebisaTvis `urumebisTvis~ wm. giorgi iyo yovlisSemZle~ [20, 108]. am wmindans mimarTavdnen avadmyofobisas, mogzaurobisas, uSvilobisas, uxvi mosavlis misaRebad da a.S. swiravdnen cxvars, xars, mamals. msxverplSewirvis rituali msgavsia qarTve-lebSi dRemde SemorCenil `saRmrTo~-s ceremonialTan. saerTod, religiur dResaswaulebSi samsxverplo cxovelis Sewirva da saerTo puroba gavrcelebul tradicias warmoadgenda. saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli berZnebi 195 religiurobiT, marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis aRmsareblobiT gamoirCevian. saeklesio dResaswaulebs _ mariamobas, naTlisRebas, Sobas, aRdgomas da sxva saTanado msaxurebiT, aRsarebaziarebis miRebiT egebebian [24, 13]. maT Soris Zalian popularulia wm. konstantines da dedofal elenes xseneba. pativs miageben macxovris winamorbedis wm. ioane naTlismcemels, wm. petres da pavles, winaswarmetyvel ilias. wm. dimitri Tesalonikelis xseneba ukavSirdeba Turqebisagan q. salonikis ganTavisuflebas da saerTo erovnul dResaswaulad aRiqmeba [26, 163]. cxadia, didmarxvisTvis saTanadod emzadebian. Sesabamisad icaven yveliers, xorciels da msgavss akrZalvebs. yvelieris da xorcielis SabaT dReebSi micvalebulTa saflavebs moinaxuleben da winaparTa sulebisTvis Sendobas gamoiTxoven. berZnebi gansxvavebulad aRniSnavdnen barbarobas. `am dRes berZeni gogonebi dadian kardakar, mRerian simRerebs janmrTelobisa da nayofierebis Sesaxeb. gogonebs am dRes uZRvnian tkbileulsa da kamfetebs Wrel xelsaxocSi gaxveuls. am wmindanis dRes iSleba ritualuri sufra, cxveba sawesCveulebo mrgvali puri, sakmevliT nakmevi. mas Wamen lukma-lukma, nawils aWmeven Sinaur cxovelebs~ [1, 103]. aRsaniSnavia, rom qristeSobidan naTlisRebamde morwmune adamianebi cdilobdnen gansakuTrebuli siwmindiT da sifrTxiliT yofiliyvnen. maTi rwmeniT, am TormetdRiani akrZalvis safuZveli aixsneba im garemoebiT, rom wyali nakurTxi ar aris da macxovris naTlisRebamde, arawminda sulebs TiTqos meti Zala SeswevT zianis misayeneblad. 196 Zalze sainteresoa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis ara marto religiuri, aramed saxalxo dResaswaulebi. saukeTesod aris Seswavlili walkeli urumebis materialuri da sulieri kulturis zogierTi sakiTxebi da amaze ar SevCerdebiT. XIX sis bolos, e.i. 1897 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis naxevari (maTi ricxvi 40-aTass aRwevda) borCalos mazraze modioda [26, 144]. sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze, adgili hqonda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis samSobloSi dabrunebis mcdelobas. sabWour xanaSi periodulad xdeboda berZnebis gasaxleba, ramac didi materialuri da moraluri ziani miayena am xalxs. miuxedavad amisa, 1989 wels saqarTveloSi berZnebis raodenobam 100 aTas miaRwia. isini umravlesobas warmoadgendnen walkis raionSi _ 27 aTasi, rac raionis mosaxleobis 61,0% iyo. Tumca 1990-ian wlebSi, maTSi gaurkveveli momavlis SiSi warmoiqmna, rac saqarTvelos berZnebs qveynis datovebisken ubiZgebda. saberZneTis xelisuflebam uzrunvelyo berZnebis samSobloSi imigracia da Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi berZnebis raodenoba imdenad Semcirda (2002w. monacemebiT), rom 15-aTass ar aRemateba [6, 158]. am etapze, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis raodenoba SesaZlebelia gacilebiT Semcirebuli iyos, miuxedavad imisa, rom emigrirebulTa nawili kvlav saqarTveloSi brundeba. rogorc informatorebi acxadeben, maT socialurekonomiurad amJamad ar uWirT; masobrivi umuSevrobis miuxedavad, Semosavlad Tvlian im gzavnilebs, rasac samSobloSi dabrunebuli ojaxis wevrebi an axloblebi ugzavnian. walkaSi ZiriTadad sapensio 197 asakis adamianebi SemorCnen, romlebic saxelmwifosagan iReben pensias an socialurad daucvelTa Semweobas garkveuli raodenobiT. berZnebi SromismoyvareobiT gamoirCevian. walkis raioni mSromeli adamianisTvis nayofieri regionia. aq yvelas aqvs baRi, bostani, saTibi ojaxis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. ase rom kargad movlili meurneobiT, wesrigiT, Tanamedrove avejiT isini arafriT ar gansxvavdebian adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisgan. piriqiT, materialurad ufro uzrunvelyofilni arian [24, 7]. saqarTveloSi darCenili berZnebis socialurekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi Zalisxmevas iCens saberZneTis mTavroba da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso berZnuli organizaciebi, romlebic sistematurad axorcieleben humanitarul programebs [6, 160]. raionSi faqtobrivad axalgazrdebi ar darCnen, xolo xandazmulebi met nugeSs da mxardaWeras saWiroeben. cxadia, aRar arsebobs kulturul saganmanaTleblo, sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo obieqtebi, arc fabrika-qarxnebi funqcionirebs, sadac axalgazrdoba dasaqmdeboda da gauZRveboda sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. am etapze walkaSi mcxovrebi berZnebis saxlebSi emigrirebulTa axlo naTesavebi cxovroben; saxlebis nawili gayidulia, nawili ki upatronod aris mitovebuli da gaZarculia. saqme imaSia, rom stiqiuri movlenebis Semdeg, XXs-is 80-iani wlebidan aq etapobrivad xdeboda saqarTvelos mTis regionebSi dazaralebuli mosaxleobis Camosaxleba. Warbi mosaxleobis organizebul migracias XXs-is 40-50-an wlebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi sakavSiro 198 mTavrobac mimarTavda. 1987 wels didTovlobisa da stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo, bolnisSi, dmanisSi, gardabanSi dazaralebuli svanebi daasaxles. 19972003 wlebSi ekomigrantebis ricxvi qvemo qarTlSi gaizarda. Tavdapirvelad xelisufleba TavisTavze iRebda maT transportirebas, saxlebiTa da miwis nakveTebiT uzrunvelyofis xarjebs. berZnebi iafad hyidnen saxlebs, rasac mTavroba ekomigrantebisTvis iTavisebda. `ukanasknel wlebSi, rodesac saberZneTSi gamgzavrebulebi iq damkvidrnen, ekonomikurad momagrdnen; amave dros, 2005w. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ormagi moqalaqeobis kanoni miiRo, saxlebi da sakarmidamo nakveTebi wasulebs kerZo sakuTrebaSi daukanondaT, berZnebma gadaifiqres saxlebis gayidva an gaaormages gamosasyidi fasi. xelisuflebam an SeaCera sacxovreblebis Sesyidva, an naxevari fasi gadaixada im imediT, rom axalmosaxleebi TviTon daamatebdnen Tanxas~ [27, 82]. saxlebis ukanonod dakavebam da sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo problemebma berZnebs, somxebsa da ekomigrantebs Soris dapirispireba gamoiwvia, ramac religiuri Sinaarsi SeiZina. kerZod, berZnebsa da Camosaxlebul aWarlebs Soris, sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebuloba mTel rig SeuTavseblobas iwvevs. Tumca walkeli aWareli ekomigrantebi TandaTan qristiandebian da Segueba, Tanacxovreba qristian berZnebTan momavalSi ar gauWirdebaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom ekomigrantebs jer adaptaciis procesic ar daumTavrebiaT. aq Tavis adgilas ganvixileT aWaraSi mcxovrebi berZnebis sanimuSo 199 megobroba, mezobloba aWarlebTan, romelic albaT gagrZeldeba usazRvrod da usasrulod. amrigad, saberZneTs, rogorc erT-erT uZveles kulturis qveyanas, odiTganve mWidro kavSir-urTierTobani hqonda saqarTvelosTan. araviTari istoriuli wyaro ar arsebobs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove berZnul mosaxleobas raime kavSiri hqondes im Zvel berZnul mosaxleobasTan, romelic Zv. w. VII saukunidan gaCnda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Cvens qveyanaSi amJamad mcxovrebi berZnebi, umTavresad e.w. pontos berZnebi arian, romlebic TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT raionebidan gadmosaxldnen. maTi pirveli dasaxleba XVIIIs-is II naxevarSi gaCnda, XIXs-Si gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gamoirCeoda da met-naklebad gagrZelda XXsis 30-ian wlebamde. migrantebi saxldebodnen Zvel nasoflarebSi; xelisuflebisgan garkveuli mxardaWeris aRmoCenis gamo, saqarTveloSi mosaxle sxva umciresobaTa Soris raodenobrivad mexuTe adgili eWiraT. ZiriTadad mosaxleobdnen walkaSi, afxazeTsa da aWaraSi, saqarTveloSi sxvagan cixisjvarSi, miqelawmidaSi aTeuli ojaxebiT binadrobdnen. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT, berZnebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. amJamad qveynis masStabiT 15-aTasamde berZenia, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 0,3%-s Seadgens. 1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTSi mimdinare saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad, afxazeTis berZnuli mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad gadasaxlda samSobloSi. saqarTveloSi darCenil mosaxleobaze zrunaven rogorc adgilobrivi, ise saberZneTis Sesabamisi organoebi da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso berZnuli organizaciebi. 200 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. berZnebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1990. 2. sonRulaSvili a., erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2005. 3. komaxiZe T., Zmao ZmiTa xar Zlieri, baTumi, 2000. 4. demurova l., axalSeneli berZnebis yofisa da kulturis istoriidan, Jurn. `Woroxi~, #4, 1982. 5. gelaSvili v., cixisjvari, Jurn. `saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba~, #10, 1982. 6. eTnosebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008. 7. saberZneTis kulturis dReebi saqarTveloSi, 2-17 ivnisi, 1998. 8. futkaraZe T., g. belova, demografiuli mdgomareoba q. baTumSi 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, wign. baTumi _ warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, kr. 1, 200.9 9. guguSvili p., saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, t. 1, Tb., 1949. 10. yauxCiSvili s., berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi, quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis Sromebi, t. VI, 1946. 11. alaverdaSvili d., berZnebis, Turqebis, iranelebisa da sxva warmomavlobis mqone pirTa gadasaxleba 1949-1950 wlebSi, Jurn. `saarqivo moambe~, #4, 2009. 12. Ивашченко М., Этнографические заметки, 1942. masala inaxeba iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivSi. 13. Народы Кавказа, т. II, М., 1962. 201 14. Аклаев А., Этноязыковая ситуация и особенности этнического самосознания грузинских греков, журн. «Советская этнография», №5, 1988. 15. Иоаниди Н., Греки в Абхазии, Сух., 1990. 16. Ciqovani T., TrialeTi, Tb., 1976. 17. yauxCiSvili s., berZnebis dasaxlebis istoria saqarTveloSi, quTaisis a. wulukiZis saxelobis saxelmwifo institutis Sromebi, t. IV, 1942. 18. axuaSvili i., berZnuli axalSenebi qvemo qarTlSi, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, #12, 1989. 19. Тифлиская Губерния, Тиф. 1914. 20. Пашаева Л., Этнические процессы в Триалети, журн. «Мацне» (серия истории), №1, 1977. 21. mitropoliti anania jafariZe, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, Tb., 1997. 22. Такаишвили Е., Тифлисская губерния, Борчалинский уезд, журн., «СМОМПК», Тиф. 1913. 23. boWoriSvili l., walkeli qalis Tavsaburi, Jur., `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, VIII, 1956. 24. kvaSilava i. savele dRiuri, walka, 2012, dekemberi. 25. Михаилов М., Культура и быт греков Грузии, Тб., 1982. sakvalifikacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis misaniWeblad. 26. anTaZe k., saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tb., 1973. 27. socialuri usafrTxoebis eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi, Tb., 2011. 202 Irma Kvashilava GREEKS IN GEORGIA IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD Since ancient times Georgia was a part of the intensive migrations area. The relations of Georgians with Greeks take place from the 8th century BC, but modern Greek population of Georgia is not related at all with those ancient Greeks. The Greeks living now in Georgia, so called “Pontian Greeks”, found themselves in Georgia after the Russo-Turkish war. The Russian government settled them mainly on the territories that borders with Turkey. Thus, in the 19th century the new colonies of Greeks appeared. The social, economic, ecological and demographic problems of physically, as well as ethnically, saved migrants are discussed in the article. More or less the integration process of Greeks with local population, mechanisms of protecting national traditions and identity and other nuances, is studied as well. Together with the history of Greek diaspora, social problems of the repatriated Greeks are not of less interest. The mutual aid between Georgians seeking labor abroad and the Greek population who met them in Greece should have been an example for other peoples who are in conflict with Georgians. Greeks in Georgia were actively involved in industry, workmanship, trade, culture and education. They left their mark in building the Georgian state. 203 vaxtang sonRulaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damokidebuleba religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi dRevandel msoflioSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi metad aqtualuri da problematuria. Tanamedrove epoqam axali moTxovnebi da gamowvevebi daayena dRis wesrigSi da wlebis, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli da damkvidrebuli wesebi gadasinjvis da axleburad gaazrebis winaSe dadga. Bbunebrivia, nebismier movlenas gansxvavebulad da sakuTari poziciebidan gamomdinare afasebs da aRiqvams saxelmwifoc da eklesiac. TiToeul maTgans saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli tradicia, funqcia da valdebuleba gaaCnia. swored amitom, aqedan gamomdinarea ori sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis, mrwamsis da ideologiis matarebeli sistemis damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebisadmi. nebismieri saxelmwifos, eris arsebobis da ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa sakuTari warsulis codna, istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, am yovelives Tanamedrove epoqaze morgeba da sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisad urTierTobis Semdgomi gansazRvra-ganviTareba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebTan. eris arsebobis aucilebeli da ganmsazRvreli niSania, rom msoflio istoriis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils swored saxelmwifos da religiis urTierTmimarTebis problema warmoadgens. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc saqarTveloa, sadac saxelmwifos da eklesiis urTierTobis Taviseburi da gansakuTrebuli 204 forma Camoyalibda. am damokidebulebis erTi-erTi gamovlenaa saxelmwifos da eklesiis mimarTeba religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi. gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da istoriulad arsebuli sinamdvilis warmoCena mraval problematur sakiTxs mohfens naTels. XI-XII saukuneebi mravalmxrivi etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi da aravin daobs imaze, rom drois am qronologiur monakveTSi mravali kardinaluri mniSvnelobis movlena xdeba Cvens qveyanaSi: dawyebuli saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianebidan damTavrebuli religiuri, kulturuli, ekonomikuri viTarebis aRorZinebiT. XI-XII saukuneebi gardamtexi etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi. swored amitomac, aRniSnuli periodi mravalmxrivaa Seswavlili. Tumca naklebad gvxvdeba gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba aRiniSnos levan aleqsiZis statia, `ucxoelTa da ucxo sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba.~ calkeul naSromebSi warmodgenili informacia mxolod zogadi xasiaTisaa da problema am kuTxiT ar dasmula. erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebis rjulSemwynareblobis politika dReisaTvis yvelasTvis cnobili da saamayo faqtia. samwuxarod, qarTul wyaroebSi naklebad gvxvdeba informacia erTiani saqarTvelos mefeTa da sasuliero wodebis warmomadgenelTa politikis Sesaxeb am sferoSi. ZiriTadi informacia qarTul Tu ucxour wyaroebSi SemorCenilia daviTis da Tamaris moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. 205 amitom rTulia XI-XII saukuneebis sruli suraTis aRdgena religiuri umciresobebisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. cnobili faqtia, rom XI-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, aseve mogvianebiTac, arsebobda erovnuli reJimisa da sarwmunoebiTi Tavisuflebis principi, romelic rjulSemwynareblobis dRevandel gagebas uaxlovdeba da im droisaTvis uCveulo movlena iyo. `dasavleT evropis, aRmosavleTisa da ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, ebraelebi saqarTveloSi uflebrivad gaTanabrebulni iyvnen qristian mosaxleobasTan. isic sagulisxmoa, rom kaTolikur eklesiasTan urTierTobis sabolood Sewyvetis saqmeSi (1054) qarTuli eklesia, XIII saukunis Sua wlebamde loialurad ekideboda orive mxares. rjulSeuwynarebloba kaTolikeTa mimarT, romelic esoden Zlieri iyo bizantiaSi, ruseTSi, sxva marTlmadideblur qveynebSi, ucxo iyo qarTvelTaTvis~ (10. 21) rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi religiuri umciresobebi arcTuise saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi iyvnen amaTuim qveyanaSi damkvidrebul ZiriTad religiur aRmsareblobasTan mimarTebaSi. am mxriv arc saero xelisufleba iCenda did yuradRebas maTdami, Tumca erTaderTi razec saxelmwifo daTmobaze midioda da garkveul SeRavaTebsac aniWebda vaWrebi iyvnen. Aam yovelives Tavisi obieqturi mizezi hqonda. religiuri Seuwynarebloba ara marto Suasaukuneobrivi evropis erTerTi urTulesi problemaa, aramed axali droisac. swored es problema iyo mravali saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezi. cnobilia, rom safrangeTisa da sxva qveynebis xelisufalni maT saxelmwifos 206 teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa mimarT masobrivi fizikuri ganadgurebis zomebsac ki iRebdnen (mag. barTlomes Rame _ 1572 wlis 24 agvisto). mxolod XVI saukuneSi iwyeba rjulSeuwynareblobis problemis, saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi gadawyvetis cdebi. pirvelad evropaSi sarwmunoebaTa Tavisufleba augsburgis (1555) da vestfaliis (1648) traqtatebiT iqna aRiarebuli, romlebmac kaTolikur da protestantul sarwmunoebaTa Tanasworuflebianoba gamoacxades. Aam principma religiuri Semwynarebloba xelmwifis sarwmunoebamde daiyvana da yvela mefis, maTi sarwmunoebis miuxedavad, saerTaSoriso Tanasworuflebianoba aRiara, rasac winaT kaTolikuri eklesia uaryofda. amgvarad, XI-XIII saukuneebSi (ufro gvian periodSiac) dasavleT evropis qveynebis eklesia da saxelmwifo uaryofdnen ara marto ucxoelTa, aramed Tavisi qveSevrdomebis sarwmunoebaTa Tavisuflebas da gaafTrebulad ilaSqrebdnen sarwmunoebaTa Tavisuflebis mqadagebelTa da sxva rjulis mimdevarTa winaaRmdeg (1, 147-148). XI-XII saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi ucxoelis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali swyvetda, romlis samflobeloSic savaWrod an sxva saqmianobisaTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. Eevropis qveynebSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-wesebi iyo gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxedavad dacvis sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar iyo uzrunvelyofili. safrangeTSi, germaniasa da evropis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi moqmedebda wesi, romlis mixedviTac Tu sxvis samflobelo teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli 207 erTi wlisa da erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ver moipovebda adgilobrivi feodalebis mfarvelobas, ukanasknels ufleba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad eqcia, qoneba ki CamoerTmia. dasavleT evropis samarTali icnobs e.w. `sanapiro uflebas~ _ stiqiuri ubedurebis dros zRvis napirze gariyuli gemi ekipaJiTa da mgzavrebiT, agreTve mTeli maTi qonebiTurT adgilobrivi feodalis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom papma 1079 wels dagmo e.w. `sanapiro ufleba~ lateranis msoflio krebaze, italiasa da germaniaSi igi XVIII saukunemde mainc moqmedebda. moulodneli mogebis ufleba ucxoels ar aZlevda qonebis vinmesTvis anderZiT datovebis, an gasxvisebis uflebas. ucxoelis sikvdilis Semdeg misi mTliani qoneba adgilobriv feodals unda gadascemoda sakuTrebad. ucxoelebs sxva saxis SezRudvebic hqondaT im droisaTvis, rac xazs usvamda maT Seviwroebul mdgomareobas. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare SemTxveviT aRar Cans ucxoelis mimarT gamoyenebuli gamoTqma: `ibadeboda Tavisufali, kvdeboda monad~. mxolod zogierT ucxoel vaWrebs eZleodaT mefis wyalobis sigelebi, romlebic vaWris usafrTxoebis dacvisaTvis iyvnen mowodebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi iyvnen dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise sxva qveynebidan Camosuli sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevarni. XII saukunidan kaTolikuri eklesia ibrZvis religiuri erTobis principis danergvisaTvis. Tavisi rjulSeuwynareb-lobiT gamoirCeoda kaTolikuri eklesia, romelic simkacres iCenda ara mxolod 208 ebraelebisa da mahmadianebis, aramed marTlmadideblebis mimarTac. ase rom, aRebuli periodis dasavleT evropis qveynebSi uaryofilia rogorc ucxoelTa, aseve ucxo sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa Tavisufleba. daaxloebiT igive mdgomareoba mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis qveynebSic. ufro metic, islamma imTaviTve mkveTrad gaavlo zRvari muslimanebsa da aramuslimanebs Soris. Mmuslimobis principebma Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova mahmadianur samarTalSi e.w. SariaTSi~. `SariaTis~ principebi politikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi iyo gabatonebuli. igi `urjuloebs~ ufro did religiur Tavisuflebas aZlevda, vidre dasavleT evropis qveynebis kanonmdebloba, magram `SariaTiT~ miniWebuli SedarebiT farTo qonebrivi da saproceso uflebebi damamcirebel xasiaTs atarebda. mahmadianur qveynebSi mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze religiuri fanatizmi saxelmwifo politikamde iyo ayvanili. aRmosavleTis qveynebi moqmedebdnen ra principiT: `ar SeiZleba arsebobdes raime Tansaworoba mahmadiansa da urjulos Soris~, barbarosulad sdevnidnen qristianebs, ramac aiZula dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa mesveurebi emoqmedaT vaWrebis usafrTxoebis dacvisaTvis zomebis misaRebad~ (5, 269-270) aseT situaciaSi, bunebrivia qarTvel mefeTa tolerantuli politika udavod wingadadgmuli da humanuri nabiji iyo Sua saukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sistemis fonze. aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesafaseblad, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia ganisazRvros ra ganapirobebda qarTveli mefeebis mxridan rjulSemwynareblobas sxva religiuri umciresobebisadmi. pirvel rigSi 209 aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom amgvari politika ara imdenad keTili nebis gamoxatuleba iyo, ramdenadac im didi saxelmwifoebrivi politikis mizanis, rasac qarTveli monarqebi axorcielebdnen. religiuri da eTnikuri mravalferovneba damaxasiaTebeli mxolod saqarTvelosTvis ar yofila da es Cveulebrivi, sazogado movlena iyo Sua saukuneebSi. amitom sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis monarqebs sakuTari SemuSavebuli sistema gaaCnda da amis mixedviT moqmedebda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom XI-XII saukuneebi erT-erTi gamorCeuli etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi da saqarTvelo Tavisi siZlieris kulminacias aRwevs, qarTveli monarqebi radikalur qmedebebs saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi ar mimarTavdnen. ra ganapirobebda am faqts? 1. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebda mudmiv dainteresebas Cveni qveyniT. Aamitom es yovelive xels uwyobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mravaleTnikurobas da mravalkonfesiurobas. 2. amas garda, savaWro-ekonomikuri kavSirebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg es urTierTobebi kidev ufro metad gaizarda da Sesabamisad imata sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenelTa Semosvlam saqarTvelos teritoriaze. `ucxoeTTan vaWrobas mowmobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni aRmosavleT da dasavleT qveynebis monetebi. imaves metyvelebs saqarTveloSi msxvili sakredito, gamsesxebel-damgiravebeli amxanagobis arseboba, romelic aqtiur rols asrulebda samefos sagareo vaWrobaSi~ (1, 142) levan aleqsiZis azriT, `saqarTveloSi ucxouri elementis SemoWris 210 erTerTi mizezi isic iyo, rom TiTqmis mTeli amierkavkasiis miwebis SemoerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos samefos sazRvrebSi moeqca saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebi da qalaqebi _ anisi, dvini, kari (somxeTi), ganZa, bardavi, bailakani (rani), Samaxia, yabala (Sarvani) da sxva, romelic qarTul qalaqebTan da gzebTan erTad axlo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris saerTaSoriso vaWrobis erTerT umniSvnelovanes magistralad iqcnen~ (1, 143) zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis azriT, aseTi tolerantuli damokidebuleba sxva xalTa mimarT imiTac aixsneba, rom sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi (somxebi, ebraelebi, muslimebi) ar misdevdnen qarTvelTaTvis tradiciul saqmianobas, aramed umetesad vaWrobaSi, xelosnobaSi iyvnen dakavebulni. qarTveli xelisufalni, ki romlebic dainteresebuli iyvnen qveynis da, Sesabamisad, misTvis saWiro xelosnobis ganviTarebiT, iZulebulni iyvnen, maT rjuls ar Sexebodnen (10, 61) 3. qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba _ `sakuTari meobis gadasarCenad da qveynis damoukideblobis dasacavad ori gza arsebobda: an qveyana Zalian Zlieri unda yofiliyo, an gamoeCina Semwynarebloba, ufro moqnilad emoqmeda da ucxo elementi, Tundac garkveuli daTmobebiT, qveynis sasargeblod mimarTul procesebSi CaerTo. qarTveli istorikosebi marTebulad SeniSnavdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul periodebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo sakmao siZlieres aRwevda, igi mainc ar iyo ise Zlieri, rom sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis mimarT mxolod Zala gamoeyenebina da maTi daTrgunvis gzas dasdgomoda. Aamitom, mas ufro moqnili, gonivruli da realuri 211 gza hqonda arCeuli, iCenda rjulSemwynareblobas da saboloo jamSi Tavis ZiriTad mizansac aRwevda, mosul xalxs Tavisi saxelmwifos sasargeblod iyenebda~ (10, 61). cnobili faqtia, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli yovelmxriv uwyobda xels savaWroekonomikuri urTierTobis ganviTarebas. amisTvis sxva mraval RonisZiebaTa Soris aSenebda xidebs da gahyavda gzebi. `raodenni xidni mdinareTa sastikTa zeda aRaSena~ da `raodeni gzani, sawyinod savalni, qva-fenil yvna~. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdeg dawyebuli procesi qveynis gaZlierebisa da aRorZinebisaTvis Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles stadias aRwevs daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi. Bbunebrivia, qarTvel monarqTa mTavar mizans qveynis samxedro-politikur gaZlierebasTan erTad savaWroekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToeba da socialuri Tu ekonomikuri safuZvlis gazrda iyo. es swrafva ki, bunebrivia ganapirobebda saqarTvelos CarTulobas farTo savaWro sferoSi: qveyana Rebulobda sxvadasxva sarwmunoebisa Tu erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, romelTa xelSi iyo savaWro berketebi. amisTvis ki erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebs garkveul daTmobaze wasvlac uxdebodaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis rjulSemwynareblur politikaze cnobebs gvawvdian ucxoeli avtorebi, romlebic Tavis dadebiT damokidebulebas ver malaven daviT IV-sadmi. Aalfarikis cnobiT: `daadgina, rom qalaqis im nawilSi, sadac muslimanebi cxovrobdnen, aravis yoloda Rori da aravis daekla igi maT Soris. Mman moWra maTTvis moneta xalifasa da sultnis saxeliT da misca maT ufleba namazisa da Tavisuflead locvisa. agreTve, 212 rom arc qarTveli, arc ebraeli da arc somexi ar Sevidoda ismailis abanoSi da rom paraskev dRes minbaridan ilocos xalifasa da sulTnisaTvis da misTvis. Man daawesa yovelwliuri gamosaRebi qarTvelebisaTvis _ 5 dinari, igi ise keTilad epyroboda muslimanebs da maT sarwmunoebas, mecnierebas, xalxs da sufiebs, rom aseTi pativi maT ar hqondaT TviT muslimebs Soris.~ (8, 42). analogiur suraTs gvixatavs meore arabi istorikosi ibn-al-jauzi, Tumca mas ramdenime axali momentic aqvs motanili. Aal-jauzis cnobiT, mefe daviTi SviliTurT (demetre) paraskeobiT meCeTs ewveoda xolme,, sadac locvasa da yuranis kiTxvas usmenda. wasvlisas igi didZal fuls wiravda. `man (daviT aRmaSenebelma) auSena mqadageblebs, sufiebs da asketebs sasaxleebi, awyobda mejlisebs... Tu romelime mahmadiani Tbilisidan wasvlas daapirebda. aZlevda amis uflebas da sakmao raodenobiT samgzavro fuls. iseve rogorc alfariki, al-jauzi daaskvnis: mahmadianebs ufro meti pativiT epyroboda, vidre TviT muslimanuri xelmwifeni (1, 159). al-fariki aRniSnavs, rom misi saqarTveloSi yofnisas daviT aRmaSeneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg 1154 wels mis mier muslimTaTvis miniWebuli yvela piroba ZalaSi iyo. es ganpirobebuli iyo Semdegi garemoebebiT: daviT aRmaSeneblis amgvari damokidebuleba mahmadia-nebisadmi ekonomikuri interesiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Mmas surda TbilisSi mahmadiani vaWar-xelosnebis mizidva da damagreba, raTa saqarTvelodan maTi wasvliT qveynis ekonomikas ziani ar miyeneboda. (6, 64). aRsaniSnavia daviT 213 aRmaSeneblis politika somxebis mimarT. igi yovelmxriv uwyobda maT xels qveynis ekonomiur cxovrebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad mefem aRadgina Zveli cixe-simagre gori. gaaSena qalaqi da didi raodenobiT daasaxla somxebi, romelTaTvis metad privilegiuri pirobebi Seqmna. daviT aRmaSenebelma daasaxla somxebi ara marto gorSi, aramed qveynis sxva qalaqebsa da kuTxeebSic. aseTive rjulSemwynareblobas iCenda daviT aRmaSenebeli ebraelebis mimarTac. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom ebraelebi TbilisSi qarTvelebTan SedarebiT ufro SeRavaTian gadasaxads ixdidnen (4 dinari 5-is magier) da aqtiurad monawileobdnen uZravi da moZravi qonebiT vaWrobaSi. dasavleT evropis, aRmosavleTisa da Zveli ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi ebraelebi uflebrivad gaTanabrebuli iyvnen qristian mosaxleobasTan (1, 161). ivane javaxiSvils sagangebod mohyavs muhamed alhamavis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli islamis didi mcodne iyo da ganjis yadis xSirad imazec ki ekamaTeboda Tu yurani rogor da saidan warmosdgao. somexi istorikosi maTe urhaeli wers daviTis somxebTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb: `is (daviT aRmaSenebeli) aRmoCnda mimRebi da moyvaruli somexTa tomisa… man aaSena somexTa qalaqi qarTvelTa qveyanaSi. ganamtkica eklesiebi da monastrebi mravlad, xolo qalaqs saxelad uwoda gora. Ddidis sixaruliT da aRfrTovanebiT eqceoda mas mTeli somexi xalxi~ (6, 275) qarTvel mefeTa tolerantuli politika sxva mraval faqtorTa Soris gamomdinareobda iqidanac, rom saqarTvelo 214 muslimanur saxelmwifoebs Soris imyofeboda da lavirebuli religiuri politikis warmoeba aucileblobas warmoadgenda. aleqsandre TvaraZe saintereso dakvirvebas awarmoebs am mimarTulebiT da samxedro tolerantobis Canasaxs jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis dros poulobs: `juanSerTan qarTvelebi da sparselebi vaxtangis gamarjvebisaTvis RmerTze loculoben TavTavianTi religiebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia Semdegi faqti: qristianebi da cecxlTayvanismcemlebi erT RmerTze loculoben sxvadasxvagvari formiT! amdenad, pirvelive qarTul nawarmoebSi, sadac dafiqsirebulia samxedro-qristianuli msofmxedveloba Tavisi Camoyalibebuli formiT, mocemulia religiuri tolerantobis nimuSic. marTalia es religiuri tolerantobis gamovlena mainc gamonaklisi ufroa am SemTxvevaSi qronikis saerTo suraTis fonze, magram TavisTavad ufro mniSvnelovan precendentTan unda gvqondes saqme. radgan renesansamde sruli religiuri tolerantulobis idea igive dasavleT evropisaTvis ucxoa. miuxedavad imisa, rom e.w. rainduli tolerantulobis nimuSebs maRali Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropul kulturaSi uxvad vxvdebiT~ (4, 24-25). `rjulSemwynarebloba anu tolerantoba daviTis xelSi Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg amierkavkasiis xalxTa darazmvis kargi saSualeba iyo. amave dros misi gamoyenebiT igi qveynis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamosworebasac cdilobda. Aase, rom am politikis saboloo mizani isev saqarTvelos gaZliereba iyo. amitom gasagebia, rom daviTis 215 saxelmwifo, mas Semdeg rac man somxuri mosaxleobis didi nawili SemoierTa, iq qarTuli diofizituri sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa gamravlebas Seecdeboda. ra Tqma unda, SeizRudeboda Sesabamisad monofizitoba. qarTuli eklesiis mesaWeebi am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos karnaxiT moqmedebdnen. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da eklesiis miznebi aRniSnul mxareSi diofizituri eklesia-monastrebis gamravlebas moiTxovdnen. Dgasagebia, rom aRniSnul mizezTa gamo, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos rjulSemwynarebluri politika yovelTvis daculi ar iyo. jemal stefnaZis azriT: XII saukuneSi qalkedonisturi propagandis sabuTad am mxareSi Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ZiriTadad X-XII saukuneebSi aSenebuli somxuri eklesia-monasterTa gverdiT qarTul eklesiaTa mSeneblobis faqti. am eklsiamonastrebs (qoberi, `Zeli WeSmariti~, oskipari da sxva) saxelmwifoebrivi daniSnuleba hqondaT: maT am raionebSi diofizitoba unda daenergaT, radganac diofizitoba am mxareSi gamodioda rogorc qarTuli nacionaluri religia. Aam amocanis Sesruleba saboloo jamSi, mxaris `gaqarTvelebas~ niSnavda. Ggarda axali eklesia-monastrebis agebisa, xdeboda agreTve monofizituri eklesia-monastrebis diofiziturad gardanaTvlac. somexi saeklesio moRvaweni naTlad xedavdnen im process, rac qvemo qarTlSi xdeboda. Aamitom isini mTeli qveynidan ikribebodnen am mxareSi, raTa qalkedonizmisaTvis gza gadaeWraT da antiqalkedonizmi daecvaT. Mmagram selCukebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTvelebs am etapze sruliadac ar awyobdaT somxur mosaxleobasTan urTierTobis 216 garTuleba. piriqiT, isini maTi religiuri daaxloebis momxreni iyvnen~ (6, 63). sainteresoa zaqaria al-kazvinis cnoba aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca Tbiliss SecdomiT xosro anuSirvanis agebulad miiCnevs: `Tbilisi gamagrebuli qalaqia. Mmis iqiT islami araa. igi xosro anuSirvanma aago da ishak ibn ismailma banu umaias mavlam gaamagra. Mmas al-qurris mdinare hyofs. misi mcxovreblebi musalimebi da qristianebi arian. alqurris erT-erT napirze locvisaken mouwodeben meore napirze ki zars reken. Hyvebian, rom qalaqi fiWiT iyo gadaxuruli da roca al-muTavaqilma ishak ibn ismailTan sabrZolvelad iq buRa gagzavna, ishaki buRasTan saomrad gamovida. buRam cecxlis wamkideblebs ubrZana, maT qalaqs cecxli esroles. Dda igi gadawves. qalaqi mTlianad daiwva, vinaidan fiWvis xis iyo. daiRupa 50000 kaci. is sakvirvelebaTaganaa Zalian cxeli abano, romlisTvisac wyals arc acxeleben da arc qaCaven, radgan igi cxel wyarozea agebuli. erT-erTi vaWari yveboda, rom es abano muslimTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. masSi urwmuno sruliad ar Sedis. Qqristianuli religia iq aSkaraa da qalaqic maT olqSia. iq aris saknebi, eklesiebi da dinari, romelsac ferferas uwodeben. igi sufTa kargad Cazneqili dinaria. Mmasze siriuli warwera da kerpTa gamosaxulebaa. yoveli dinari kargi oqros miskalia. Aaravis SeuZlia misi gayalbeba. is aris abxazTa qveynis fuli da iWreba misi mefeebis mier. Tfilisidan gaaqvT.~ (2, 40). hoded al-alemis cnobiT, `tfilisi didi, ayvavebuli qalaqia, magari, gaSenebuli da mravali 217 simdidris mqone. Oori patnezi aqvs da (islamobis) sazRvars warmoadgens urwmunoTa mxrisaken. Mmas mdinare mtkvari Suaze Caudis~ (3, 15) XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTvelos politikur sazRvrebSi sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis xalxebi cxovrobdnen. Aam istorikosebs aRniSnuli sarwmunoebisadmi TavianTi damokidebuleba gaaCndaT. maT aSkarad sZulT maramarTlmadideblebi. Mmag. Tamaris pirveli istorikosis sityviT monofizitebi Svidgzis wyeulni da SeCvenebulni arian, xolo mahmadianebi _ bilwebi. Bbasili ezosmoZRvari aRfrTovanebulia qristianobis aRmavlobiT da mahmadianTa dasustebiT. igi, iseve rogorc pirveli istorikosi, uTanagrZnobs saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebas mahmadianuri qveynebis aoxrebaSi. Mmagram am sarwmunoebaTa winaaRmdeg aSkara brZolis mowodeba maT ar aqvT. Tamaris istorikosTa damokidebuleba sxva sarwmunoebebisadmi, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos religiuri politikiT iyo ganpirobebuli. saqarTvelos eklesia oficialurad tolerantizms aRiarebda, sinamdvileSi ki diofizituri eklesiis mrevlis gadidebas cdilobda~ (7, 29) msgavs politikas atarebda Tamaric XII saukunis miwuruls somexTa or monasters Soris dava amtydara Zvrifasi jvris Taobaze. ivane aTabagis brZanebiT qalaq dvinSi moiwvies sasamarTlo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen didebulni, marzpani ivane tbeli, memna jayeli, didi Wyondideli da sxva. Aamas garda yadi Tbilisisa, yadi anisisa da yadi dvinisa. amasTanave surmanis ganTqmuli Seixi, agreTve anisis arqiepiskoposi da episkoposni mijnisisa da haRbatisa. 218 sasamarTlos daeswro agreTve saqarTvelos mwignobarTuxucesi-Wyondideli, rogorc saxelmwifo interesebis warmomadgeneli da am sasamarTlos momwvevi. `am…nabijiT saqarTvelos umaRlesma saxelmwifo xelisuflebam imaze miuTiTa, rom aseTi saqmeebis garCevis dros is ar Tvlis saWirod angariSi gauwios konfesiur gansxvavebebs, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi qristianebi da mahmadianebi sruliad Tanasworni arian da rom is mTavar mniSvnelobas akuTvnebs codnasa da gamocdilebas da ara imas, Tu romel sarwmunoebas ekuTvnis kaci~. `am sagangebo sasamarTloSi _ askvnis iv. javaxiSvili, _ is aris gasaocari da gasaxareli, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi maSin sami rjulis samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelT _ qarTvel marTlmadidebelTa, somexgrigorianebisa da mahmadian yadiebisa da Seixis saerTo moqmedeba da Tanxmobrivi mSvidobiani TanamSromloba SesaZlebeli yofila. ucxoelebis mimarT ,mfarvelobiT cnobili iyo Tamar mefe. Tamaris Tanamedrove ivane SavTeli `abdulmesianSi~ sagangebod axasiaTebs saqarTvelos mefes, rogorc `ucxoT moyvares~. XIII saukuneSi erT-erT msxvil sakredito, gamsesxebel _ damgiravebel amxanagobaSi _ urtaRSi _Tanaswori uflebebiT Sediodnen ebraeli, somexi da muslimani. udavoa, rom aseTi saxis kompaniebi da kompanionebi XII saukuneSic arsebobda. (1, 163). rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTul wyaroebSi Riad ar Cans sasuliero xelisuflebis damokidebuleba qarTvel monarqTa rjulSemwynarebluri politikisadmi. Tumca, savaraudoa, rom eklesia mxars 219 uWerda samefo xelisuflebis politikas religiuri umciresobebisadmi, Tumca kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda TviTon qristianobis SigniT gaCenil eresebs. Aamas mowmobs `wigni, romeli mowera didman efTvme didsa bersa giorgis~. Ees aris XI saukune, kerZod, 1005-1019 wlebi. Aam dokumentSi warmodgenilia is wignebi, romelic miuRebelia qristianuli eklesiisaTvis. `...origenes mwvalebelsa mravali wigni daewera da ara Seiwynarebs eklesiai. [d]a evsebi pamfielisa wigni aris da mravalTa saqmeTa warmoityჳs da Txr[o]baTa TჳTo-saxeTa filosofosobiTa daweril[n]i ganwvalebani CaurTvan; amisTჳs ara Seiwynarebs eklesiaჲ. igi qarTulad uTargmnia da uwinares mravlisa Jamisa, sicocxleesave mamisa Cemisada moewera muniT stefane ebikopossa da ekiTxa Tu Sesawynarebel ars. Kargica mravali sweria, garna RuarZlica mravali CaurTavs da miT uჴmar ars. antioqisa moqcevai ara Sesawynarebel ars da sxuaჲ raime ars. sweria Tomaჲs saxarebad. igica ucxoჲ ars. wigni, romelsa abukorova h[r]qჳan, wvalebaჲ cxadi vhgoneb Tu araჲ sweria; garna ucxoTa raTme saqmeTa metyuel ars da eklesiaჲ saberZneTisai ara Seiwynarebs. da sxuaჲ raჲme ars adamis cxorebaჲ da arca mas Seiwynarebsda sxuaჲ ars wigni siyrme uflisaჲ da arca mas Seiwynarebs. da mociqulTa cxorebani zogni ganryunilni arian mwvalebelTagan; wmidisa maTe maxarebelisaჲ sxuaჲ raჲme ars. Dda wmidisa andriaჲsi wmidisa giorgisi ars wamebaჲ WeSmariti, romeli eklesiaTa Sina 220 ikiTxvebis, da kualad sxuaჲ raჲme ars ucxoჲ da ucxoni raჲme saqmeni swerian da ara Sesawynarebel ars. da wmidisa kჳrikes wamebasa sweria. viTarmed sxuani vieTme daweres wamebaჲ ucxoჲ qristeanTa wesisagan da sxuani eseviTarni raime natyuvarni: zogisa saxelebi ara vici. Aaw ese viTarmed romeli sxuaTa mwvalebelTa dauweria igi aw ese viTarime, romeli sxuaTa mwvalebelTa dauweria, igi TჳT sacnaur arian~ [9. 5, 6] amrigad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos da eklesias Tavisi mimarTeba gaaCnda qveyanaSi mcxovrebi religiuri da eTnikuri unciresobebisadmi. zemoT ganxiluli masala safuZvels gvaZlevs gansxvavebuli kuTxiT davamuSavoT da SevxedoT am metad mniSvnelovan problemas. 221 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. l. aleqsiZe, ucxoelTa da ucxo sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba, Tsu Sromebi, 1968, #125. 2. zaqaria al-kazvinis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, arabul teqsts Sesavali waumZRvara, qarTuli Targmani daSeniSvnebi daurTo oTar cqitiSvilma, sqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebi, t. XI, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1975. 3. hoded al-alemi, Targmani SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT v. TofuriZisa, Tbilisi, 1937. 4. al. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi istoriografiuli da kartografiuli masalis safuZvelze, Tbilisi, 2004. 5. r. metreveli, narkvevebi feodaluri saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1972. 6. j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelos politikuri urTierToba kavkasiis xalxebTan XII saukuneSi, Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974. 7. j. stefnaZe, kulturisa da azrovnebis donis sakiTxisaTvis XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul istoriografiasa da poeziaSi, kr. saqarTvelos feodaluri istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1966. 8. j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII saukunisa da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1985. 9. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqsti gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1963. 222 10. g. joxaZe, XIII-XIV saukuneebis saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 2003. Vakhtang Songulashvili THE ATTITUDE OF THE GEORGIAN STATE AND THE CHURCH TOWARDS THE RELIGIOUS AND ETHNICAL MINORITIES IN THE XI-XII CENTURY Nowadays the issue of religious and ethnical minority is very important and problematic all over the word and of course Georgia is not an exception. The modern epoch has put into its agenda the new challenges and demands. Due to this the laws established over the centuries are to reviewed and considered again. Of course, any kind of event, both the state and the church perceives and evaluates differently. Surely, each of them has its own created for centuries traditions, the roles and responsibilities. That’s why the attitude to the current national events of the two completely different in view, believes and ideology can not be the same. Every nation for its further existence and development is obliged to know its own history. The historical experience will certainly help the state to establish the new and important relations with the other states that can enable it to fit the modern epoch and act on its interest. It is not possible to assess the current events of modern world without considering the religious factor. Everyone knows that the faith is the important feature of the existence of different peoples. The main part of the world history represents the problematic relations between state and religion. Of course Georgia is not an exception, as here was established a peculiar and special form of the relations of state and church. One of the main reasons of this situation is 223 the relationship and attitude of church and state toward the religious and ethnic minorities. The XI-XII century is a very diverse stage in the history of Georgia. No one doubts that in above mentioned period our country faced many important and cardinal events: from the political unification of Georgia, ending with a religious, cultural and economic renaissance. Only one thing is obvious here: the period of XI- XII is the turning point of the history of Georgia. Therefore, there are done a lot of researches in the Georgian historiography, in the fields of specific issues about the above mentioned period. But we can claim that less often me meet the researches about the relations of Georgian state and church towards the religious and ethnical minorities. 224 xaTuna ioseliani XII-XV saukuneebis svaneTis istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebi svaneTis istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebi, faqtobrivad Seuswavlelia metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRemde ar gamxdara srulfasovani mecnieruli kvlevis obieqti. geografiuli kuTxiT svaneTi bevrad ukeTesada gamokvleuli, vidre istoriul-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. svaneTis Sua saukuneebis administraciuli dayofa, urTierTmimarTeba svaneTis sam nawils Soris (zemo svaneTi, qvemo svaneTi da kodoris (dalis)A xeoba, dRemde Seuswavlelia. bundovania, ra administraciuli “olqebisgan” Sedgeboda es kuTxe, ra sazRvrebSi moiazreboda, sad iyo am olqebis centrebi da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mdidari da saintereso masala gvxvdeba werilobiT ZeglebSi, folklorul da eTnografiul monacemebSi. gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani gaxda svaneTis samTavros sazRvrebis sakiTxi misi ruseTTan mierTebis Semdeg. Seiqmna komisia, romelsac unda daedgina samTavros sazRvrebi, am komisiaSi Sedioda besarion niJaraZe, romelsac dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili es mogzauroba svaneTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [2]. sxvadasxva kuTxiT kvlevebs vxvdebiT S. CarTolanis, g, gasvianis, r. yenias, a. silogavas SromebSi. TiTqmis wyaros tolfasia e. TayaiSvilisa da b. niJaraZis naSromebi. Cveni mizani am statiaSi svaneTis XII-XV saukuneebis istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebis 225 ganxilvaa, werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis safuZvelze. kvlevis momaval mizans ki warmoadgens svaneTis samive regionis _ zemo svaneTi (dRevandeli mestiis raioni), qvemo svaneTi (dRevandeli lentexis raioni) da kodoris, anu dalis xeoba _ istoriulgeografiuli suraTis Seqmna, Tavisi Sida daraionebiTa da istoriuli sazRvrebiT. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemebis safuZvelze saSualeba gveZleva met-naklebad mainc gavarkvioT rogori iyo miTiTebuli periodis svaneTis administraciuli suraTi. Suasaukuneebis svaneTis, rogorc erTi mTliani politikur-administraciuli erTeulis ganmsazRvrelad, svaneTis werilobiT ZeglebSi, mkafio formulirebaa Camoyalibebuli: “erTobili xevi suaneTisa”, “erTobili xevi lalvers SemoRmarT da uSguls CamoRmarT”, “sruliad suaneTisa xevi uSgulsa da lalvers Sua”, “erTobili xevi uSqulsa da lalvers Sua” da a.S. aseTi formulireba gvxvdeba XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, XV saukunis bolomde. am sazRvrebSi igulisxmeba “sruliad svaneTi”, e.w. zemo svaneTi (dRevandeli mestiis raioni), rogorc svaneTis ZiriTadi politikuri (da ara teritoriuli) erTeuli, balszemo da balsqvemo nawilebiT. am teritoriaze iyo ganTavsebuli svaneTis erTiani, mmarTveli administraciuli erTeuli (saerisTavo, Semdgom balsqvemoT samTavro), romelic, Cans politikuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvani iyo im periodSi. rac Seexeba sazRvrebis saxeldebul adgilebs _ uSguli svaneTis ukiduresi Crdilo-aRmosavleTi 226 administraciuli (da ara mxolod dasaxlebis maCvenebeli, vinaidan aq Semodioda Tundac cana-c) punqtia, xolo lalveri, rogorc sabuTebidan Cans, dasavleTi sazRvaria. lalveris lokalizeba rTulia, vinaidan is, sabuTebis monacemebiT da Cven mier moZiebuli masaliT, oTx adgilas davadastureT. Cans, es saxelwodeba konkretuli, erTi adgilis ki ara, aramed punqtis bunebriv-geografiuli xasiaTis aRmniSvnelia. toponimi “lalveri” wyaroebSi sxvadasxva formiT gvxvdeba: “lalver, lalaver, larver, larvel” [3]. Tumca, misi ZiriTadi forma, Cans “lalveria”, vinaidan am saxiT yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba rogorc dokumentebSi, ise eTnografiul masalaSi. terminis Sinaarsi nawilobriv gaurkvevelia. mTxrobelTa axsniT, is rbilmiwian adgils, mdelos unda niSnavdes; “laara – mdelo, saTibi, ver- miwa” [5]. amdenad, is SeiZleba sruliad sxvadasxva adgils erqvas da asecaa. CvenTvis saintereso lalveri ki, romlis lokalizebac, samwuxarod bolomde ver movaxdineT adgilze kvleviT, sabuTebis mixedviT svaneTis ukiduresi dasavleTi administraciuli punqti unda iyos, vinaidan, miTiTebulia: “uSguls CamoRmarT da lalvers SemoRmarT”, rac “uSguls qveviT da lalvers zeviT” niSnavs, agreTve “uSgulsa da lalvers Sua” svaneTis qveS, svaneTis yvela Temia CamoTvlili, romelnic Tavisi ZiriTadi eklesiebis “TavsdebobiT” arian warmodgenilni: “mTavarmowame setisa, macxovari laSxeraSisa, mTavarmowame xidisa, mTavarangelozi kaSaSisa, 227 mTavarmowame sufisa, mTavarangelozi fxotrelisa, macxovari qarTuanisa, mTavarangelozi labesyaldisa, mTavarangelozi mezrisa, mTavarangelozi gulasa, macxovari latalisa, macxovari mulaxisa, macxovari wuremisa, mTavarmowame ifarisa, macxovari hadisa, kvirike kalisa, RvTismSobeli uSgulisa” [3, 112]. es dokumenti mkvlevarTa mier XV saukunis boloTi TariRdeba, Tumca eWvi gvaqvs, rom XV saukunis I - naxevrSi unda iyos Sedgenili (ris safuZvelsac qvemoT damowmebuli meore dokumenti iZleva). “erTobili svaneTis” aRmniSvnelad, XIII-XV saukuneebis sabuTebSi da Weduri xatebis warwerebSi, sxvadasxva epiTetebia gamoyenebuli: “erTobili suaneTi”, “erTobili xevi”, “suaneTisa yoveli xevi”, “sruliad xevi”, “xevo bednierisa suaneTisao”, “didisa suaneTisaTvis” [3, 105-107; 1,62,65]. zemo svaneTi geografiulad balis qediT or nawilad iyofa. swored aqedan momdinareobs dRes damkvidrebuli saxeldebebi: “balszemo da balsqvemo” svaneTi. es formulireba aSkarad, SedarebiT gviandelia vinaidan balis qedi, rogorc Sida administraciuli sazRvari, mxolod XV saukunis bolos Sedgenil sabuTebSi gvxvdeba. manamde, anu “erTobili suaneTis” arsebobis pirobebSi, balis qeds, rogorc gamyofs, mxolod geografiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rac dokumentebSic Sesabamisadaa formulirebuli: “zemo xevi da qvemo xevi”, “amer-imeri” [3, 106]. Cans, rom bunebrivi dayofis principi iseTivea, rogorc zogadad saqarTvelosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: amer-imeri, aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi saqarTvelo, 228 rac calsaxad geografiul principzea dafuZnebuli. eTnografiuli masaliTac analogiuri suraTi vlindeba, dRevandeli formulireba aseTia: “leqvaaviS (leqva-dasavleTisken) – dasavleli anu balsqvemoeli, qvemoxeveli” da “leJaaviS (leJaaRmosavleTisken) – aRmosavleli, anu balszemoeli, zedaxeveli”. gamoiyeneba agreTve “muCvaabir” – “Cvab” dasavleTi, aqeda _ dasavleli da “muJaabir” – “Jaab” aRmosavleTi, Sesabamisad _ aRmosavleli (5). svaneTis “erTobili xevi” eklesiurad or nawilad iyofoda, balszemo svaneTi cageris saepiskopos ekuTvnoda, xolo balsqvemo – caiSels: “Tu qvemo xevs gamoaCndes – caiSelman daiWiros rjuli ... cagerelman – zemoT daiWiros [3, 111]. werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebiTa da eTnografiuli masaliT Cans, rom “erTobili svaneTi” Temebis (xeobebis) gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. yvela sabuTi, romelic svaneTisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTaa Seqmnili, dgeba yvela Temis (xevis) monawileobiT. sabuTebSi CamoTvlilia Sida administraciuli, yvela Semadgeneli nawili, romelTac sruli ufleba da agreTve movaleobac hqondaT saerTo sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileobis miRebisa. es Cans, Tavdapirvelad erTiani svaneTis saxeliT Sedgenili sabuTebis TavSi moTavsebuli formulirebebidan: “suaneTisa yoveli xevi”, “sruliad xevi”... [3, 105, 107]. yovel dokumentSi, romelic “erTobili svaneTis” saxeliT iqmneba, aris CamonaTvali im Temebisa, romelnic monawileoben am dokumentis 229 Sedgenasa da, Sesabamisad, dadgenilebis ganxorcielebaSi. sainteresoa, rom Temebi ar fiqsirdebian TavianTi saxelwodebiT. isini warmodgenilni arian Temis mTavari salocavis saxeliT, rac sruliad logikuria ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis svaneTisTvis, aramed mTeli saqarTvelosTvis. am periodSi sazogadoebis administraciul da kulturul centrs eklesia (Temis mTavari salocavi) warmoadgenda. amdenad gasagebia, rom “erTobili svaneTis” saxeliT Sedgenil dokumentebSi monawile Temebi ara Tavisi, aramed TavianTi mTavari eklesiis saxeliT da “TavsdebobiT” arian dafiqsirebulni: “mTavarmowame setisa, deda RmrTisa uSgulisa, macxovari mulaxisa, mTavarmowame fxotrelisa, macxovari latalisa” da a.S. [3]. XV saukunis bolos, romelic saqarTvelosTvis uaRresad mZime periodia, analogiuri procesebi ganviTarda svaneTSic. erTiani saqarTvelos da saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis moSlam, “erTobili xevis” dayofa da teritoriebis dakargva gamoiwvia. 1503 wliT daTariRebuli “jafariZeebis sasisxlo sigelis” Tanaxmad, svaneTs CamoerTva misi organuli nawili, “raWis mTiuleTi”, dRes raWis kuTvnili teritoria; qvemo svaneTi dadianebma daipyres. SigniT mimdinare procesebma ki, zemo svaneTis or nawilad – svaneTis samTavrod da e.w. “Tavisufal svaneTad” dayofa ganapiroba. es procesebi naTladaa asaxuli svanur werilobiT ZeglebSi. XV saukunis bolos Sedgenil or dokumentSi, manamde mxolod geografiuli sazRvari _ balis qedi, ukve administraciul gamyofad fiqsirdeba. formu230 lireba “erTobili suaneTi” am dokumentebSi, nacvlad wina saukuneebis faqtologiisa, “uSgulsa da lalvers Soris”, mxolod balszemo svaneTs moicavs, rac moxseniebulia “atkversa da belas Suaman”formulirebiT: “Tquen, xevsa balszemoca da atkversa qvemoTca”; “Tquen xevsa dagrComodes bals zemoTaca da atkvers qvemoTaca” [3, 119-120]. belas//balis qedi cnobilia, rac Seexeba meore, am SemTxvevaSi aRmosavleTiT ukidures sazRvars – “atkveri”, uSgulidan qvemo svaneTSi gadasasvleli uReltexilis saxelwodebaa.A (“caanxan anRrix i ihaalh atkveri zagarTeJi” -canadan modian da uaxlovdebian atkveris zegans) [4, 36; 5.]. amasTanave, icvleba monawile Temebis Semadgenloba. dokumentSi, romelic XV saukunis dasasruls miekuTvneba, CamoTvlili eklesiebi, mxolod balszemo svaneTis Temebis salocavebia: “macxovari latalisa, macxovari muJalvisa, macxovari wuremisa, mTavarmowame grdaSisa, macxovari elisa, mTavarmowame ifarisa, wm. kvirike kalisa, deda RmrTisa uSgulisa”. sabuTis boloSi calkea moxseniebuli mTavarmowame setisa [3, 109]. am dokumentebis monacemebis mixedviT Cans is rTuli procesebi, romelic saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, svaneTSic mimdinareobda. es iseTive mravali aspeqtis momcvelia, rogorc sxva kuTxeebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. aq ikveTeba Sida problemebis garkveuli speqtri, romlis ganxilva am statiis farglebs scildeba da Cveni momavali kvlevis sagania. 231 amrigad, XII-XV saukuneebis svaneTis administraciul-teritoriuli suraTi, werilobiTi dokumentebis mixedviT ase gamoiyureba: XV saukunemde, zemo svaneTi erTiani administraciulpolitikuri da erTerTi wamyvani erTeulia, romlis mmarTvelebi saqarTvelos samefo karze mniSvnelovani privilegiebiT sargebloben, misi sazRvrebi mTis raWidan “lalveramde” grZeldeba. geografiuli TvalsazrisiT dayofilia “balszemo da balsqvemo” suaneTad, “imer-amerad”, “zeda xevad da qveda xevad”. XV saukunidan, aRniSnuli geografiuli dayofa administraciul-politikur xasiaTs iZens: balsqvemo svaneTSi yalibdeba “svaneTis samTavro”, balszemo nawili ki, tradiciuli, “erTobili suaneTis” saxelwodebiT, calke erTeulis saxiT yalibdeba. balszemo svaneTis SemadgenlobaSi igulisxmebian Semdegi Temebi (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken principiT): latali, lenjeri, mestia, mulaxi, muJali, wvirmi, ifari, adiSi, kala, uSguli. TviToeuli Temi, sinamdvileSi, lokaluri administraciuli erTeulia, romelic soflebis sakmaod did raodenobas moicavda, dadgenili iyo sazRvrebi, gaaCnda Tavisi moqmedi da “TavsdebobiT” mosaxseniebeli eklesia, romlis saxeliTac is monawileobas Rebulobda erTiani interesebis ganxorcielebaSi. 232 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss. warwerebi svaneTis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze, Tb., 1987. 2. b. niJaraZe, eTnografiuli werilebi svaneTze, t. II, Tb., 1964. 3. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi da samecnierosacnobaro aparati daurTo v. silogavam, Tb., 1986. 4. svanuri prozauli teqstebi, t. I, Tb., 5. x. ioseliani, svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiuri. 233 Khatuna Ioseliani THE HISTORIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE 13TH-15TH CENTURIES SVANETI On the basis of the written sources and ethnographical material a picture of the administrative-territorial arrangement of Svaneti is given in the article. For denoting an administrative unit local population used the terms: “United Svaneti” (Ertobili Svaneti), “the United Gorge of Svaneti” (Ertobili Khevi Svanetisa), “United Gorge between Ushguli and Lalveri” (Ertobili Khevi Svanetisa Uhgulsa da Lalvers Shua)...The epithets of these administrative unities are following: “Fortunate Gorge of Svaneti”, “For Great Svaneti” etc. Till the 15th century “United Svaneti” (Ertobili Svaneti) was covering the territory of nowadays Upper or the Enguri Valley Svaneti. It was consisted of so called “temebi” (communities), which in fact were the administrative unites and were actively participated in solving the important for “United Svaneti” issues. Some administrative units are mentioned in the written sources with the names of the sanctuaries which were the main places of veneration and carriers of the most important religious as well as administrative functions. For example: “Mother of God of Ushguli”, “Savior of Mulakhi” etc. 234 zurab sulaberiZe Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis istoriidan samecniero literaturaSi adreul Sua saukuneebs xSirad moixsenieben rogorc „bnel periods“ kacobriobis istoriaSi. aseTi Sefasebis mTavar mizezs V-X saukuneebis evropis qveynebis kulturis mkveTri dacema warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi antikuri kulturis memkvidreobis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavar iniciatorad romis papi leo pirveli gamodioda. aseT pirobebSi, gansakuTrebli zianis qveS ganaTlebis dargi aRmoCnda [129-130]. Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropa gamoirCeoda ganaTlebul adamianTa deficitiT rogorc glexTa fenaSi, ise maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebSic. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia movi-yvanoT, ostgoTebis cnobili beladi Teodorixi, romelic wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo. imis gamo, rom ar SeeZlo xelmowera, iyenebda dafas, sadac misi saxeli iyo amokveTili. sicocxlis bolo dRemde ar icoda aseve wera-kiTxva frankTa imperiis damaarsebelma karlos didma. adre Sua saukuneebis evropis qveynebSi qristianuli ideologiis gavrcelebam da ganviTarebam imTaviTve ganapiroba winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba antikur saganmanaTleblo da sulier RirebulebebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebis evropis civilizacia ZiriTadad mainc antikuri epoqis social-ekonomikur da kulturul safuZvelze idga, 235 evropis sazogadoeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mainc skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili antikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. cnobili rusi mecnieris pavle uvarovis SexedulebiT, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, swavlebis ZiriTadi safuZveli kaTolikuri eklesiis ideologiaze iyo damyarebuli. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo ioanes saxarebis 1:1-3 Si Caweril sityvaze: „dasawyisSi iyo sityva, sityva iyo RmerTTan da sityva iyo RmerTi. is dasawyisSi RmerTTan iyo. yvelaferi misi monawileobiT gaCnda, mis gareSe araferi Seqmnila.“ am sityvebis mixedviT, Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobaSi yvelafris sawyiss RmerTi warmoadgenda. adamianis cxovrebis mTavar mizans RvTis gacnobiereba warmoadgenda. adamians mTeli Tavisi cxovreba bibliis kiTxvasa da interpretaciisTvis unda mieZRvna. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qadagebasa da locvas gansakuTrebulad didi mniSvneloba hqonda daTmobili Sua saukuneebis saswavlo sivrceSi. es tradicia ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis, aramed me-18-19 saukunis evropis saganmanaTleblo procesis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. Sua saukuneebis ideologebis mixedviT, yoveli qristiani, pirvelyovlisa RvTis moswavle iyo. amitomac im periodis Teologiuri literaturis ZiriTadi nawili dawerilia gomiliis (qadagebisa) da didaskaliis (maswavlebelTa Segonebis) komentarebisa da glosariebis JanrSi [8, 23-24]. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi skolebs gacilebiT adre Caeyara safuZveli vidre universitetebs. jer kidev adreqristianul epoqaSi, mravali antikuri 236 epoqis moazrovne ieso qristes miiCnevda rogorc skolis damaarseblad da „upirveles maswavleblad“. cnobili moazrovne paladiusi axasiaTebda qristes rogorc „arqipastors, arqimaswavlebels ..“ amgvari Sefaseba damyarebuli iyo axali aRTqmis rig adgilebze, romelSic asaxulia ieso qristes moRvaweoba. mag: ieso dadioda galileaSi, aswavlida xalxs sinagogebSi, qadagebda sasixarulo cnobas samefos Sesaxeb da kurnavda adamianebs nebismieri avadmyofobisa da uZlurebisagan“ [maTes 4, 23]. aseve, markozis, lukas da oanes saxarebebSi gvxvdeba mravali adgili iesos saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa agreTve is garemoeba, rom Tu antikuri sazogadoebis ideals warmoadgenda moqalaqe, meomari, fizikuri da sulieri srulyofilebisadmi mizanmimarTuli adamiani (akme), Sua saukuneebis dasawyisis evropaSi es Sexeduleba arsebiTad icvleba da religiuri ideologia adamianebs mouwodebda, rom ar dawafeboda gansakuTrebul cxovrebiseul idealebs da Sinaganad bavSvs unda damsgavseboda. aRniSnuli Sexedulebis argumentad samRvdeloebas mohyavda axali aRTqmis wignis maTes 18:1-4 muxlebi, sadac ieso qriste mis moswavleebsa da adamianebs mouwodebda, rom „ Tu ar mobrundebiT da bavSvebiviT ar gaxdebiT, ver SexvalT zecier samefoSi... vinc am bavSviviT daimdablebs Tavs, is iqneba yvelaze didi zecier samefoSi...“. aseve, adre Sua saukueneebSi antikuri filosofiisadmi winaaRmdegobis kvali kargad Cans axali aRTqmis rigi Tavebidan, maT Soris 1 kornTelTa 3:19237 Si Cawerili sityvebidan: „radgan am qveynierebis sibrZne ugunurebaa RvTisaTvis“. V-X saukuneebis evropis mwignobari sazogadeobisTvis biblia da vergiliusi faqtobrivad warmoadgenda cxovrebis ganuyofel wignebs. aseve sqolastizmis epoqis msoflmxedvelobis mTavar qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda cnobili moRvawis, netari avgustines qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis 4 ZiriTadi dogma: 1.„Semqmnelis Seasaxeb“, 2.„codvis Sesaxeb“; 3. „gamosyidvisa“ da 4. „aRdgomis Sesaxeb“. amgavar pirobebSi adre Sua saukuneebis evropis qveynebSi aRmocenebas iwyebs 4 tipis skola: 1. samonastro skolebi, romelic Tavis mxriv dayofili iyo or kategoriad: skolebi, romlebic zrdidnen momaval sasuliero pirebsa da saero mosamsaxureebs. 2. episkoposis rezidenciasTan arsebuli kaTedraluri skolebi romlebic aseve amzadebdnen momaval sasuliero da saero momsaxureebs. 3. samrevlo skolebi, romlebic zrdidnen momaval mRvdlebs. sadac swavlobdnen 7-15 wlis asakis mozardebi, romlebic swavlobdnen weras, kiTxvas, gamoTvlas, saeklesio galobas da a.S [20, 99; 119120]. saeklesio skolebi winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen yvelafer imas, rac qristianuli ideologiis interesebSi ar Tavsdeboda. aRniSnulma garemoebam ganapiroba arasaeklesio swavlulTa kavSirebis Seqmna, ris safuZvelzec mogvianebiT aRmocenda salernos samedicino skola, boloniisa da paduis iuridiuli skolebi da sxv. aseve, qalaqis macxovrebelTa fena 238 TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad qmnis axali tipis saswavlo dawesebulebebs - saqalaqo skolebs, romelic amzadebdnen momaval magistrantebs, gildiisa da manufaqturis muSebs. am tipis saswavleblebis arseboba Sua saukuneebis evropaSi saintereso iyo im TvalsazrisiTac, rom swored am skolebSi daiwyo pirvelad swavleba mSobliur enaze, ramac Semdgom gazarda moTxovnileba mTargmnelebsa da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobaze. me-13 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis evropul enebze Targmnil iqna aristoteles Txzulebebi, aseve, arabi maTematikosebis, geografebis, astronomebisa da eqimebis aRiarebuli Sromebi. adre Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi, swavleba mimdinareobda romauli skolebis msgavsad. sadac swavlebis atmosfero gamoirCeoda mkacri konservatulobiT. saswavlo disciplinebis swavlebis speqtri aseve SezRuduli iyo. moswavleebi swavlobdnen e.w. `Tavisufal xelovnebas~ (artes liberales) romelic Seicavda e.w. triviumis sagnebs: gramatikas, ritorikasa da logikas an dialeqtikas. zemoaRniSnul sagnebs uwodebdnen rogorc formirebis xelovnebasartes formales[3, 62]. didi yuradReba eTmoboda aseve e.w. kvadriumis mecnierebebs (ariTmetikas, geometrias, astronomiasa da musikas). aseve calke samecniero dargad iwyebs Camoyalibebas medicina da iurispodencia [19, 41-43]. swavlebis tradicia, mecnierebaTa Svid nawilad dayofis - sam logikur da oTx maTematikur nawilad, momdinareobda klasikuri periodis berZnuli filosofiidan. berZeni filosofosebis azriT, pirveli sami aerTianebda sokratamdeli periodidan 239 arstoteles CaTvliT arsebul filosofiur moZRvrebebs, romelTac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda moswavleTa logikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. gamorCeulia aristoteles Txzulebebi: „kategoria“, „topika“ da „ontologia“, romelnic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didi interesiT iswavleboda saskolo ganaTlebis sistemaSi [3, 62]. rac Seexeba maTematikuri disciplinebis dayofas oTx nawilad, Zvel antikuri moazrovneTa azriT, is emyareboda piTagoras an piTagora-platonis ontologias, romelsac mogvianebiT aqtiurad gamoiyenebdnen neoplatonizmis mimdevrebi. piTagoras ontologia gansazRvravda maTematikis oTx disciplinad dayofas. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda erTianobis, umaRlesi codnis Secnobis safexurebs: ariTmetika swavlebas ricxvebis Sesaxeb, musika swavlebas harmoniis Sesaxeb, geometria swavlebas sigrZis, ganfenilobis Sesaxeb xolo astronomia ki swavlebas kosmosis, rogorc samyaros ganfenilobis harmoniis Sesaxeb [3, 63]. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi aseve me-12 saukunidan Camoyalibebas iwyebs aRzrdis axali mimarTuleba raindebis aRzrda. samxedro teqnikis ganuviTareblobam, mudmivma samxedro dapirispirebam feodalebs Soris, raindebis aRzrdis aucilebloba ganapiroba. raindebisTvis ucxo iyo fizikuri da gonebrivi Sroma. maTTvis elementaruluri ganaTlebis miRebac ki ar warmoadgenda aucileblobas. magram raindebs unda SeZlebodaT: mTamsleloba, curva, xmalaoba, nadiroba, Wadrakis TamaSi, leqsebis Seqmna da musikalur instrumentze dakvra. 240 specifikuri xasiaTis matarebeli iyo qalebis aRzrda-ganaTleba Sua saukuneebis evropis saxelmwifoebSi. feodalTa ojaxis qalebi, mxolod qalebis zedamxedvelobis qveS myof ojaxebSi izrdebidnen da maTi aRzrdiT dakavebulni iyvnen specialuri aRmzrdelebi. XII-XIII saukuneebis saganmanaTleblo praqtikaSi farTo gavrcelebas hpovebs eklesia- monastrebSi qalTa aRzrda-ganaTlebis tradicia. aq moswavleebi swavlobdnen laTinurs, ecnobodnen biblias, iTavisebdnen keTilSobiluri urTierTobis unarCvevebsa da sxv. eklesiac Tavis mxriv dainteresebuli iyo qalebis religiuri ganaTlebis meSveobiT gavlena moexdina maT meuRleebze - feodalebsa da raindebze. im qalebis ganaTleba ki, romlebic miekuTvnebodnen araprivilegirebuli sazogadoebis wres, Semoifargleboda mxolod sameurneo saqmianobiT, xelgarjilobis swavlebiTa da religiuri wesebis dacviT. Sua saukuneebis evropis ganaTlebis ganviTarebaSi xazgasasmelia frankTa imperatoris karlos didis Rvawli, romelic sicocxlis bolo wlebSi gatacebuli iyo damwerlobis xelovnebiT. karlosi mfarvelobda ganaTlebul adamianTa fenas. mis mier 789 wels gamocemul iqna specialuri brZaneba, e.w. kapitulacia, romelic aRniSnavda, rom eklesiamonastrebSi garda sasuliero cxovrebisa yuradReba unda miqceoda Tavad sasuliero pirebis ganaTlebas. unda amaRlebuliyo religiuri ganaTlebis done da gamosworebuliyo is xarvezebi, rac SeiniSneboda sasuliero pirebis mier gamocemul werilebSi [13, 130-131]. 241 karlos didis iniciativa sisruleSi ver iqna moyvanili, radgan imperiaSi ganaTlebuli kadrebis saTanado raodenoba sakmarisi ar iyo. magram samefo karze organizebul iqna specialuri skola, sadac amzadebdnen momaval saxelmwifo moRvaweebs. karlos didisave brZanebiT, aaxenSi agebul iqna samefo sasaxle, romelic gaxda im periodis ganaTlebis centri, sadac cxovrobda da moRvaweobda Sua saukuneebis udidesi moRvawe al kuini [13, 131]. frankTa imperatoris amgvarma moqmedebam ganapiroba evropis kulturuli ganviTareba, romelic istoriaSi „karolinguri aRorZinebis“ saxeliT aris cnobili. es procesi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar gagrZelebula. karlosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, kulturulma cxovrebam kvlav monastrebis kedlebSi gadainacvla. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi qalaqebis aRmocenebaganviTarebis Sedegad, bunebrivad dadga sxvadasxva dargis specialistebis - eqimebis, saxelmwifo moxeleebis, mosamarTleebis, pedagogebisa da sxv. aucileblobis sakiTxi, rac umniSvnelovanesi saganmanaTleblo sistemis - universitetebis warmoSobis winapiroba gaxda [16, 310-314]. universitetebis warmoSoba ganapiroba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis moTxovnilebam, rom qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikur sarbielze ganaTlebuli xalxi yofiliyo. aseTi pirebi saWiro iyo rogorc saero, ise saeklesio sferoSi. ganaTlebuli kadrebis deficiti gansakuTrebulad SeiniSneboda Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qveynebis sasamarTlo sistemaSi [18, 6-7]. 242 me-12 saukunisTvis evropaSi safuZveli eyreba pirvel umaRles saswavleblebs: seviliis parizis, tuluzis, kembrijis, oqsfordis, boloniisa, valensiis da sxva. universitetebis warmoSoba efuZneboda saskolo bazas. eklesiasTan da monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi moRvawe pedagogebi drodadro axdendnen gamoyofas da qmnidnen sakuTar korporacias - universitetebs. am gziT Camoyalibda boloniis, parizis, fraiburgis da sxva evropis cnobili universitetebi [16, 317]. Sua saukuneebis evropis umaRles saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi ZiriTadad funqcionirebda ori erTmaneTisgan met-naklebad gansxvavebuli - franguli da italiuri sistema. gansxvaveba italiur da frangul sauniversiteto cxovrebas Soris mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Tu italiis universitetebSi korporaciuli avtonomiis gafarToebisTvis brZola mimdinareobda universitetsa da qalaqis xelisuflebas Soris, parizSi - episkopossa da universitetis kanclers Soris. kanclers gaaCnda diplomis gacemisa (licentia docendi) da umaRles saswavleblebSi disciplinuri uflebamosilebis gansazRvris ufleba. am garemoebebis gamo, parizis universiteti didi xnis manZilze inarCunebda sqolastizmis tradicias. Tumca brZola universitetis avtonomiis gafarToebisaTvis mTeli me-13 saukunis manZilze grZeldeboda universitetis kanclersa da saepiskoposos xelisuflebas Soris. mxolod 1246 wlisTvis pap inokent IV-is CareviT universitets mieniWa sakuTari beWedi [11, 325]. universitetebs CamoyalibebisTanave gaaCndaT sazogadad aRiarebuli avtoriteti, ama Tu im 243 universitetis mier miniWebul samecniero xarisxebs gaaCndaT saerTo evropuli mniSvneloba [12, 234-235]. pirveli universitetebi imTaviTve warmoadgendnen Sua saukuneebis mecnierebis mTavar centrebs. evropis yvela qveyanaSi sauniversiteto ganaTlebis miReba erTiani sistemiT mimdinareobda, sadac swavlebis ena laTinuri iyo. Sua saukuneebis universitetebis swavleba efuZneboda kaTolikuri eklesiis doqtrinas. umaRlesi saswavleblebis cxovrebaSi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni sxvadasxva religiuri ordenebi - franciskanelTa, dominikanelTa da sxva. aRniSnuli procesi ar yofila umtkivneulo rogorc oficialur eklesiasTan, ise studentebTan urTierTobaSi [10, 37]. Tumca araerTi didi warmomadgeneli am ordenebisa, amSvenebda Sua saukuneebis universitetebs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia albert magnusi da Toma aqvineli. universitetis sistema iyofoda fakultetebad, naciebad da kolejebad [12, 239-245; 4, 23-28]. fakulteti Tavidanve warmoadgenda yvelaze did organos sauniversiteto cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi ZiriTadad funqcionirebda Tavisufali xelovnebis, samarTlis, medicinisa da Teologiis fakultetebi. maswavleblebi da studentebi iTvlebodnen fakultetis wevrebad, rogor wevrebi „studium generate“. unda aRiniSnos, rom evropis universitetebis safakulteto sistema mowyobili iyo parizis univeristetis safakulteto modelze. parizis modeli bevrad warmatebuli iyo, ris gamo is misaRebi gaxda mTeli centraluri da samxreTdasavleTi evropisTvis. SedarebiT gansxvaebuli iyo 244 boloniis universitetebisgan, romlebic ZiriTadad orientirebulni iyvnen erTi disciplinis irgvliv ganaTlebis micemaze. aseve universiteti dayofili iyo 2 nawilad: pirvelSi erTiandebodnen apenininis naxevarkunZulze dabadebuli studentebi da leqtorebi, xolo meoreSi ara apeninis mkvidri leqtor-studentebi. profesorebsac gaaCndaT TavianTi korporacia - collegium doctorum. boloniis modeli faqtobrivad naklebad gamoiyeneboda Sua saukuneebis evropaSi [17, 109-111]. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mniSvnelovani nawili administraciuli funqciisa fakultetze modioda. fakultets hyavda xelmZRvaneli - dekani (decanus) da xazindari (receptor); fakultets gaaCnda aseve medali, beWedi da wesdeba. pirveli dekanebi msoflios sauniversiteto istoriaSi Cndebian me-13 s-Si parizsa da monpelieSi. me-14 saukunidan aRniSnuli Tanamdeboba gvxvdeba sxvadasxva qveynebisa da qalaqebis umaRles saswavleblebSi. rac Seexeba meore formas korporaciisa- naciebs, es warmoadgenda e.w saTvistomoebs. Tavdapirvelad saTvistomoebi spontanurad aRmocendnen studentebisa da leqtorebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, mogvianebiT ki universitetis Semadgeneli nawili gaxdnen. universitetebis cxovrebaSi saTvistomoebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. xSiri iyo, roca saTvistomoebis Tavmjdomareebi irCevdnen reqtorebs da Sediodnen universitetebis mmarTvelobaSi. parizis universitetSi warmodgenili iyo Semdegi erovnuli saTvistomoebi: franguli, pikarduli, normanuli da inglisuri. saTvistomos marTavda sabWo, romelic 245 yovel TveSi irCevda prokurors (procura¬tor). saTvistomoebs gaaCnda sakuTari beWedi, registraciis, Semosavalisa da gasavlis Jurnali. mogvianebiT universitetebs daemata kidev erTi axali korporacia kolejebis saxiT. koleji anu domus scholarium, Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda, rogorc pansioni Raribi studentebisTvis. mogvianebiT, ki es pansionebi gardaiqmnen avtonomiuri an naxevrad avtonomiuri uflebebis mqone akademiur dawesebulebebad. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi cnobili iyo parizis universitetTan arsebuli koleji [hospitia], wm. Tomas koleji [St. Thomas du Louvre], daaxloebiT 1257 wels rober sorbonis mier daarsebuli koleji da sxv. rac Seexeba kolejebis saswavlo mimarTulebebs, is ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo gramatikis, xelovnebisa da Teologiis mimarTulebiT. rogorc aRniSnulia samecniero literaturaSi, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Zalze iSviaTobas warmodgenda samedicino kolejebi. kolejebis xelmZRvanelobis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen eklesiebisa da universitetebis administraciis warmomadgenlebi. kolejebs xelmZRvanelobda e.w. provizori (provisor), romelsac weliwadSi erTxel irCevdnen [14, 289]. mTeli sauniversiteto sistema moiTxovda mkacr wesrigs. ara mxolod saswavlo weli, aramed dRis ganrigic winaswar iyo gawerili studentebisa da leqtorebisTvis. zafxulSi mecadieneoba iwyeboda aranakleb dilis 5 saaTze [ordinariae], ZiriTadi leqciebi sruldeboda dilis 8-9 saaTisTvis. sauzmis 246 Semdeg da saRamos imarTeboda klasgareSe kiTxvebi (extraordinariae)[14, 290-291]. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi saartisto fakultetis maswavleblebi erTmaneTs Soris inawilebdnen wignebs. yovel artists mudmivad uwevda wignebis SerCeva iseTnairad, rom siRrmiseulad ver axerxebdnen specialobis sagnis aTvisebas. gansakuTrebiT mwiri iyo profesuris raodenoba maRal kursebze. mag. medicinis fakultetze mxolod erTi docenti kiTxulobda yvela Teoriul disciplinas, meore docenti ki praqtikuli medicinis yvela kurss. Sua saukuneebis universitetis cxovrebaSi urTierTobebis araerTi maxinji faqti arsebobda. mag: profesorebis dasmena, TanamSromlebis TvalTvali da sxv. e.w. "nokomaqes eTikis" mixedviT, parizSi dawesebuli iyo 12 kvirian saswavlo semestri. students, romelic swavlobda medicinis specialobaze, unda moesmina 50 leqcia hipokrates aforizmebis Sesaxeb, aseve 38 leqcia e.w. „cxelebis wignis“ Sesaxeb da sxv. [5, 320-32]. leqciis kiTxvisas docenti ikavebda misTvis gankuTvnil adgils kaTedraze. sqolarebi isdnen skamze, xolo mosamzadebel safexurze myofi studentebi, romlebsac artistebs uwodebdnen, iyo SemTxveva, rom isxdnen iatakze [12, 240]. aseve misaRebi iyo sxvadasxva meTodebiT dasja artistebisa, rac maRali kursis studentebTan urTierTobaSi dauSveblad miiCneoda [9, 83]. Sua saukuneebis universitetebis auditoriebi, im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli safexureobrivi mwkri247 vebiT, merxebiTa da skamebiT, mogvagoneben Tanamedrove universitetebis auditoriebs. qvemoT ganTavsebuli iyo muxis masiuri magida, sadac leqtorebi maTTvis gankuTvnil kaTedras ikavebdnen da auditoriis winaSe leqciebs kiTxulobdnen. studentebi ismendnen leqcias da axdendnen Canaweris gakeTebas. studentTa asaki gansxvavebuli iyo. mravalferovani iyo aseve studentTa Semadgenloba erovnulobis TvalsazrisiT: espanelebi, germanelebi, frangebi, ingliselebi. erovnuli mravalferovneba maT ar uqmnida aranair bariers saswavlo proceSi, radgan yvela evropelisTvis Sua saukuneebis samecniero enas laTinuri warmoadgenda. saswavlo procesSi didi adgili eWira diskusiebs. xSiri iyo magistrebsa da artistebs Soris mimdinare diskusiis dapirisperebaSi gadasvla. aseT disputTa Soris cnobilia pier abeliaris diskusia parizis universitetis profesorTan giliom SamposTan, romelic urTierTdapirispirebaSi gadavida [2, 353]. aRniSnuli diskusia damTavrda imiT, rom profesori Sampo iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina abeliaris simarTle da axalgazrdas Tavisi kaTedra dauTmo [1, 288-289]. saswavlo kursi univeristetSi gansazRvruli iyo xangrZlivi periodiT. magaliTad, Teologiis kursi Tavidan gaTvlili iyo 8 weliwadze, Tumca iyo tendencia kursis xanrZlivobis gazrdis Sesaxeb. aseve, mag: xelovnebis specialobis kursdamTavrebuls 4 weli unda mieZRvna bibliis da 2 weli petre lombardelis „sentenciebis“ [azrebis] SeswavlisTvis. xolo magistrisa da doqtoris xarisxis misaRebad 248 studenti saWiroebda damatebiT 4-5 wliani saswavlo kursis gavlas. rac Seexeba asaks, studentTa asaki aq bevrad axalgazrda iyo, vidre Tanaedrove periodSi [7, 183]. me-12 saukunis Sua saukuneebis evropis qeynebis inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi didi gavlena iqonia codnam aristotelizmis Sesaxeb. yovelive amas xeli Seuwyo, didi filosofosis Semoqmedebis laTinur enaze Targmnam. me-13 saukunis 10-iani wlebidan evropis universitetebSi TiTqmis yvelgan daiwyo aristoteles filosofiuri swavlebis devna. am ideis erT-erTi novatori iyo romis papi grigori X, romelmac gamosca specialuri bula aristoteles swavlebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb [7, 187-188], magram me-13 saukunis 60-iani wlebisTvis parizis universitetSi aristoteles swavleba ukve daSvebuli iyo [10, 53]. me-14 saukunis dasasrulidan adamianis statusis amaRlebisTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda neoplatonizmis ideebis gaTaviseba. romelic mxatvars aRmoaCenda rogorc Semoqmeds, romelic SemoqmedebaSi axdenda materiis gardaqmnasa da RvTaebrivi ideebis Semotanas [10, 55]. me-15 saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropaSi 65 universiteti emsaxureboda umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas. es ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda saukunis dasasruls da man 79 miaRwia [15, 352]. maT Soris yvelaze prestiJulad iTvleboda parizis, boloniis, kembrijis, oqsfordis, praRis, haidelbergis da krakovis univesritetebi [6]. 249 aseTi saxis mqone, religiuri gavlenis qveS myofi Sua saukuneebis saganmanaTleblo sistema, mTlianobaSi mimarTuli iyo feodaluri sazogadoebis gaZlierebisken. romis kaTolikuri eklesiis zegavleniT, codnaganaTlebis miReba koncentrirebuli iyo eklesiebsa da monastrebSi, ris Sedegad religiur xelisuflebas uadvildeboda kontroli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis Sida cxovrebaSi. universitetebsa da saswavlo dawesebulebebze Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas cdilobdnen evropis monarqebi da samefo xelisuflebis administraciis warmomadgenelebic. saukuneebis manZilze universitetebis akademiuri warmomadgenlebisa da studentebis didi brZolis fasad, umaRlesma saswavleblebma SeZles mieRwiaT garkveuli avtonomiisa da privilegiebisaTvis. aseTi saxiT evropulma universitetebma ganvles xangrZlivi, rTuli da saintereso gza saeklesio da samonastro skolebidan, saqalaqo da manufaqturuli organizaciis gzis gavliT Zlier korporaciamde, romelic mogvianebiT Camoyalibda rogorc patara saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi. 250 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. Абеляр П. История моих бедствий //Августин Аврелий. Исповедь; Абеляр П. История моих бедствий.- Москва, 1992. 2. Всемирная история. Энциклопедия. Т.1 /Глав. Ред. М. Аксенова.- Москва 1997 3. Гайденко В, Смирнов Г. Западноевропейская наука в средние века, Москва, 1989 4. Гештор А. Средневековый университет: Управление и ресурсы.//ALMA MATER.- 1996.- № 5.- С.23-28. 5. Гофф Ж. Ле Цивилизация средневекового Запада.- М.: Наука, 1992 6. Документы по истории университетов Европы, Воронеж, 1973 el. versia: http://www.vostlit. info/Texts/Dokumenty/Italy/XII/Univers/vved.phtml?id=6 006 7. Коплстон Ф. История средневековой философии».Москва, 1997 8. Пиков Г. Из истории европейской культуры; Учебное пособие / Новосибирский государственный университет. Новосибирск, 2002. 9. Поэзия вагантов /Отв. Ред. Ф.А. Петровский.- Москва 1975 10. Уваров П.Ю. История интеллектуалов и интеллектуального труда в Средневековой Европе. - Москва, 2000, 11. Уваров П.Ю. История средневековых университетов по франко-бельгийской историографии начала 80-х годов 20 в. // Средние века. Вып. 50. Москва, 1987, С.325. 251 12. Университет / Энциклопедия Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона (1890 - 1916гг.), 1890, репринтное издание, Т.58.Москва 1993 13. Хрестоматия по истории средних веков /Под ред. Н.П. Грацианского и С.Д. Сказкина. Т.2.- Москва, 1950 14. Хрестоматия по истории средних веков /Под ред. Н.П. Грацианского и С.Д. Сказкина. Т.1. Москва 1949 15. Энциклопедия: «Всемирная история». Том 1. /Гл. Редактор М. Аксѐнова.- Москва, 1997 16. Ястребицкая А.Л. Средневековая культура и город в новой исторической науке. Перевод с фр. Отрывка из книги А.Б. Гоббена об университетах. - Москва, 1995 17. Denifle H., Die Universitaten des Mittelalters bis 1400. Berlin, 1885 18. Dmitrishin Al., Deconstructing Distinctions. The European University in Comparative Historical Perspective, Journal of World History Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Número 5 (juny 2013) el. resursi: www.entremons.org, gv. 6-7 19. Muther Th. Zur Geschichte der Rechtswissenschaft und der Universitaten in Deutschland. 1876, gv.41-43 20. Pedersen O., The first Universities, Cambridge 1997, gv. 99-120. 252 Zurab Sulaberidze FROM THE HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS IN WEST EUROPEAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES One of the most significant features in the history of the Medieval Western Europe was a process of cultural and educational degradation. The medieval society skeptically adjusted basic antique values of education and culture. The main spiritual source for the literate society of the above mentioned period was the Bible and "Eneida” by Vergil. Four main dogmas of the well-known Scholasticism figure Aurelius Augustine had an important place in the medieval educational ideology, as well. The new cities foundation and development of the public relations caused the needs of having different specialties that conditioned the creation of the medieval universities. At the turn of the 15th-16thcenturies it was possible to get higher education at 79 universities in Europe. The most prestigious among them were the universities of Paris, Bologna, Cambridge, Oxford, Prague, Heidelberg and others. At that time getting the proper education was possible almost exclusively in the Church institutes(monasteries, temples),that gave the Church officials the desirable chance to achieve control and run the educational system. The royal authorities were also actively interfering in the activities of the educational institutions. Autonomy of board and some privileges of the high education institutions were gained only after a century of fighting of the academic circles’ representatives and students 253 igor kekelia ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciisaTvis enguris xeoba uZvelesi droidan iqcevda ucxoel da qarTvel mecnier-mogzaurTa yuradRebas, masze gamavali mniSvnelovani strategiuli, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri komunikaciebiT. enguris xeobaSi mdebare punqtebis _ anakliisa da ruxis aRweris Semdeg vaxuStis naSromSi gadmocemulia enguris xeobis geografiuli mdebareoba: ,,ruxs zeiT, am wyalzed, mTasa Sina ars saafacio saTavidam“ [3, 778-779]. mis mierve Sedgenil rukebze saxeldebuli obieqti xan mdinaris marcxena napirzea aRniSnuli, xan marjvenaze. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteresda odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvlevari Tamaz beraZe. ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciis kuTxiT warmoebuli kvleva gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi gamoqveynebul naSromSi man Semdegi saxiT Camoayaliba: is faqti, rom vaxuStis Tavis rukaTa meore atlasis arc erT Sesabamis rukaze saafacio, rogorc punqti, ar aRuniSnavs, im garemoebiT unda aixsnas, rom saxelovan mecniers eWvi epareboda am saxelwodebis punqtis realurad arsebobaSi. vaxuStis cnobis Tanaxmad, saafacio iseTive feodaluri erTeulia, rogoricaa salipartiano, magram saqme isaa, rom odiSis am nawilis sofelTa toponimia ar icnobs punqts ,,saafacios“ saxelwodebiT. mis arsebobaze arafers gveubneba xalxuri gadmocema da vinaidan 254 werilobiT wyaroebSic araferia cnobili afacias, rogorc feodaluri gvaris Sesaxeb, saafacios feodaluri erTeulis arsebobac eWvs iwvevs. saafacioSi, daaskvnis mkvlevari, SeuZlebelia vigulisxmoT sof. ruxis erTi ubani safarcvanio, vinaidan araa savaldebulo Zvel droSi damoukidebel soflad misi miCneva. amasTanave, rac mTavaria, farcvaniebis gvareulobidan, vaxuSti bagrationis mier nagulisxmevi saafacios feodaluri erTeuli ver Seiqmneboda, radgan am gvaris kacni glexebi iyvnen [1, 61]. T. beraZis aRniSnuli msjeloba rom damajerebelia, amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom ruxeli farcvaniebis gadmocemiT, maTi winaprebi XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Camosaxlebulan salipartianodan. gadmocemis siswores adasturebs erTi saistorio wyaroc, saidanac irkveva, rom salipartianos soflebidan – kurZudan da namkoludan 85 komli glexis (maT Soris – Todua 14 komli, farcvania – 13 k; janaSia – 12 k; okujava – 3 k; facia – 3 k; naWyebia – 2 k.) ruxSi Camosaxleba momxdara 1859 wels, niko dadianis iniciativiT, romelsac TiToeuli axalmosaxle ojaxisaTvis engursa da kuCxiobonus Sua ufasod miucia 15 qceva miwa da 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela gaunTavisuflebia gadasaxadisagan. Semdeg gadasaxadis saxiT dawesebula 5 maneTi da erTi koka Rvino TiTo ,,gramotaze“. amis 255 gamo sofel ruxs, rac niko dadianis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, nikosia darqmevia (26, Canaw. 898). prof. p. cxadaias TqmiT, nikosia sofels 1926 wlamde erqva (24, 269). ,,yazayiSi gazeTis“ 1932 wlis №181 ki gvamcnobs, rom nikosias 1932 wlis 15 seqtembers daubrunda Zveli saxeli ruxi. safarcvanio ubania sajanaSiosa da qvemo saToduos Sua. p. cxadaias cnobiT, radganac ,,gramotas“ Camoyolili farcvaniebi waCxuruSi (martvilis r.) yovel wels salocavad ver midiodnen, ,,sawaCxuro lagvani“ aq, ruxSi mouwyviaT [6, 272]. sakvlevi toponimis (,,saafacio“) lokalizaciaze msjelobisas sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sof. ruxSi mosaxleobs 30 komlamde facias gvariskaci da maTi dasaxleba iwodeba safaciod. udaod TvalSisacemi garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad (,,saafacio“ – ,,safacio“) vaxuStiseuli saxelwodebis amosavali Ziris mniSvnelobis SeZlebisamebr mkafiod ilustirebisaTvis ruxSi mdebare faciebis gvaris kompaqturi dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli saxeli ,,safacio“ mainc ver gamodgeba, kvlav im umTavresi garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom faciebic (farcvaniebis msgavsad) glexebi iyvnen da, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom vaxuStis mixedviT, saafacio marTlac garkveuli feodaluri erTeulis saxelwodeba iyo, glexTa gvareuloba am erTeulis saxelis ,,naTlia“ ver iqneboda. 256 amave dros angariSgasawevia Semdegi Tvalsazrisic: vaxuSti bagrationi SesaZlebelia arasworad iZleodes am feodaluri erTeulis saxels, an zustad ver gansazRvravdes mis mdebareobas, magram isic Zneli dasajerebelia, rom mas saerTod moegonebinos ,,saafacios“ arseboba [1, 61]. enguris xeobaSi, saafacios, rogorc soflis Tu feodaluri erTeulis, arseboba da zogierT rukaze misi aRniSvna, Zneli saTqmelia, vaxuStis subieqtur mosazrebas mivaweroT, Tu xalxur gadmocemaze dafuZnebul Tvalsazrisad miviCnioT. Tumca ufro sarwmunod is garemoeba gvesaxeba, rom mecnieri saafacioze werisas xalxisagan miRebul cnobebze dafuZnebul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs, oRond – araswori saxiT. T. beraZe ganagrZobs msjelobas saafacios garSemo da varaudobs, rom vaxuStiseul saafacioSi SesaZlebelia werilobiT wyaroebSi XIII s-dan moxseniebuli odiSis Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos – afaqiZeebis (adg. gamoTqmiT afaqiebis) feodaluri erTeuli saafaqiZo//saafaqio viguli-sxmoT. am gvarSi Semonaxuli erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad afaqiZeTa samflobelo erT dros md. maganamde aRwevda, rac vaxuStis mier mocemuli ,,saafacios“ teritorias nawilobriv emTxveva. T. beraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs XVII s. pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul sabuTSi ,,saqoCaqiZeos“ moxseniebis faqts, rac iyo ,,dadianis 257 levanis wyaloba mamuli“. wyarod miTiTebulia prof. sargis kakabaZis mier gamoqveyenebuli ,,afxazeTis saeklesio glexebis didi davTari“. toponimi ,,saqoCaqiZo“ dasturdeba md. enguridan ramdenime km-iT daSorebul sof. CqvalerSi (walenjixis r.). saqoCaqiZo, masSi Semavali jgalis cixesasaxliT, vrceli ,,qveyana“ unda yofiliyo. rac, T. beraZis azriT, nawilobriv Tavsdeba vaxuStis rukaze mocemul teritoriaze. ,,saafacio“ SesaZlebelia damaxinjebuli ,,saqoCaqiZo“ iyos. erTi ram cxadia, daaskvnis mkvlevari, rom vaxuStiseuli saafacio romeliRac realurad arsebuli feodaluri erTeulis gamomxatvelia, Tumca saxelovani mecnieri mis saxelsa da mdebareobas arazustad gadmoscems [1, 62]. saafacios mdebareobis Sesaxeb T. beraZis mosazrebis analizi mocemulia d. WiTanavas naSromSi, romelic saanalizod miuTiTebs istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad T. beraZis mier warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromis Sesabamis gverds. toponimi ,,saafacio“ am mxareSi verc d. WiTanavas daufiqsirebia. mkvlevari emxroba im azrs, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi afaciebis feodaluri saxli da gvareuloba ar ixsenieba, Tumca damatebiTi masala ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciis Taobaze mas ar warmoudgenia [7, 381-382]. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs zugdidis rnis sof. WkaduaSSi dadasturebuli toponimi 258 ,,saafaqioS CxouSia“. ase ewodeba mdinares, rac warmoadgens CxouSiis marcxena mdgenels. mis saTavesTan mdebare farTo vakes ,,saafaqio“ hqvia (saxelmdebni akonkreteben: saanTioS CxouSia, TordinefiS CxouSia//yaliCefiS CxouSia, Tudoleni CxouSia, naoCuS CxouSia, saafaqioS CxouSia). sainteresoa isic, rom engur-Waniswylis wyalgamyofze, sof. WkaduaSsa da jvars Soris mdebare maRlobi da sofelic saafaqiod iwodeboda. WkaduaSis nawils rom afaqiebi (afaqiZeebi) flobdnen, mowmobs soflis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, walen-jixis raionis sof. didi eweris sazRvarze, sajin-jolaSi mdebare sasaflaosa da naeklesiaris saxelwodeba naoxvam(u)//buWueS oxvame informatorebi aq eklesiis aSenebas Tavad buWue afaqias miaweren [6, 397]. d. WiTanava sof. WkaduaSis siZveleebze saubrisas p. cxadaias naSromidan [6] Sesabamisi gverdebis miTiTebiT imowmebs sofelSi toponimebad dadasturebul naeklesiar adgilebs. asaxelebs naoxvamus//buWueS oxvames da am eklesiis mSeneblad SecdomiT Tavad buWue alanias miiCnevs [7, 139]. ,,saafacios“ likalizaciis saqmeSi garkveul samsaxurs gviwevs mari broses naSromi, raSic, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, aRwerilia samegrelosa da afxazeTis istoriuli siZveleni. frangi qarTvelologi nabakevis maxloblad asaxelebs Zvel cixesimagres saoxocios saxelwodebiT da mis 259 SemogarenSi, enguris SesarTavTan mdebare samlocvelos da Rrma Was, rasac megrelebi Turme mahmetis inWas eZaxdnen [2, 140]. broses zemoT damowmebuli cnoba iZleva imis safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier moxseniebuli ,,saafacio“ realurad arsebobda enguris marjvena mxares, axlandeli galis raionis nabakevis Temis SemogarenSi. nabakevi galidan 25 km-iT aris daSorebuli. arqanjelo lambertis rukaze dafiqsirebulia Naalbachia-s formiT. 2003 wels gamoqveynebul samurzayanos geografiul saxelwodebaTa nusxaSi (5) vaxuStiseuli ,,saafacio“ da broseseuli ,,saoxocio“, samwuxarod, ar dasturdeba, magram Rrmad varT darwmunebuli, rom orive toponimi erTi da imave obieqtis saxelwodebis varianti unda iyos. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom mari broses moRvaweobis periodi (1802-1880 ww.) 100 wliT aSorebs vaxuStis fundamenturi naSromis Seqmnis dros, rac ufro met sandoobas hmatebs frangi qarTvelologis naSromSi damowmebul cnobebs. 260 wyaroebi da literatura: 1. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, ,,saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli“, IV. Tb., 1971. 2. mari brose, arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, teqsti frangulidan Targmna xaTuna wiklaurma, Tb., 2011. 3. vaxuSti “aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973. 4. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi, tf., 1921. 5. p. cxadaia, v. jojua, samurzayanos geografiuli saxelwodebani, Tb., 2003. 6. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxel-wodebani, II. zugdidis raioni, Tb., 2007. 7. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da saero nagebobebi samegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010. 8. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. V, Тифлис, 1879, Canaw. 898. 261 Igor Kekelia FOR THE LOCALIZATION OF ,,SAAPATSIO~ The well-known scientist and public man of XVIII century in Vakhushti Bagrationi’s fundamental work are given the descriptions of the different parts of Georgia according to the natural consequence and military-political division of these places. The geographical atlases with the maps of the different parts of Georgia are very important. They were made by Vakhushti in 1735-1745 years. On these maps we can see the historical-geographic parts of the country, settlements, relief and hydrography. In this review of Vakhushti Bagrationi with his maps and other written sources, there are given the materials about historical Geography of the Enguri Valley. 262 eka avaliani CemiPpasuxi b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenziaze: “ramdenime arasasiamovno sityva eka avalianis wignze: Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoria: ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”, Tb. 2012. winasityvaoba 2012 wels gamoica Cemi monografia, Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoria: ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”, wigni I, 197 gv. wignis redaqtorebi: zurab kiknaZe, maia RambaSiZe, nino Ciqovani. rogorc avtorma, imTaviTve gavTvale redaqtorebis SerCevis sakiTxi da mizanSewonilad CavTvale, rom pirvel wigns hyoloda ori eqsperti Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis ganxriT, profesorebi zurab kiknaZe, vinc qarTul enaze “aametyvela” Zveli Suamdinaruli wyaroebi da maia RambaSiZe – pirveli Taobis asiriologiis kursdamTavrebuli, Tsu profesori. orive profesori kargad icnobs Suamdinarul wyaroebs da artefaqtebs da, am TvalsazrisiT, maTi rCevebi CemTvis Zalzed yuradsaRebi iyo.EerTi eqsperti avirCie istoriis TeoriaSi da meTodologiaSi, romelic kargad icnobs istoriis dargSi aprobirebul Tanamedrove meTodebs da meTodologias, es iyo profesori nino Ciqovani. Cemi gadawyvetileba mimaCnda gamarTlebulad, radganac kvleva miznad isaxavda Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis regionuli, transregionuli da periferiuli sistemebis kompleqsur modelirebas sivrceSi da droSi, amave dros, Zveli istoriis calkeuli Temebis da problemebis (empiriuli 263 masalis) Teoriul interpretacias da reinterpretacias. bunebrivia, aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT kvleva bevr aspeqts moicavda da mec kompleqsuri amocanebis gzaSesayarze aRmovCdi. Tu ufro konkretulad davasabuTeb mecnierul midgomebs, me miznad visaxavdi, erTgvari siaxle Semometana meTodologiis TvalsazrisiT, dargSi ontologiuri da epistemologiuri kvlevebis sinTezis fonze, bolomde ameTvisebina yvela aprobirebuli meTodi (veyrdnobodi arqeologiur, anTropologiur, kulturologiur, narativistul meTodebs) da Sedegad, vaxdendi calkeuli epoqebis istoriul modelirebas, istoriuli dinamikis warmoCeniT. am midgomebis nawilobrivi aprobirebis safuZvelze, 2001 wels gamovida Cemi monografia saTauriT “Zveli civilizaciebis formireba maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da centralur mediteranul samyaroSi”, redaqtorebi grigol giorgaZe, guram lorTqifaniZe da nana tonia, mogvianebiT ki, 2002 wels davicavi sadoqtoro disertacia. aqve minda davZino, rom dasavluri akademiuri sivrcisTvis es midgomebi ar iTvleba siaxled, ukve XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan integraluri kvlevis gverdiT, farTod inergeba Teoriuli, interdisciplinuri da multidi-sciplinuri kvlevebi da sxvadasxva mecnieri gansxvavebul xedvas, mignebas da modelirebas gvaTavazobs. me, rogorc mecnieri, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi vemzadebodi am kvlevisaTvis, vswavlobdi CemTvis saintereso problemebs, gavecani wamyvani qarTveli da dasavleli mecnierebis Sromebs, saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis muzeumebSi gamofenil 264 artefaqtebs, viyavi Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis teritoriaze ganfenili urbanuli centrebis araerTi eqspediciis monawile da TviTmxilveli. rasakvirvelia, Cveni kvleva, Tavisi masStaburobis gamo, ver Caeteoda erTi wignis farglebSi da didi codnis dagrovebas moiTxovda. amdenad, etapobrivad unda momxdariyo dagrovili codnis gaazreba, gadamuSaveba, ganxilva, gaziareba da inteleqtualur naazrevad gadaqceva. Cveni kvlevis pirveli nawili daeTmo Semdeg TavebSi gadmocemul Temebsa da problemebs: Tavi I. Sesavali, ras gulisxmobs cneba – “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi”? terminebisa da koncefciebis Tanamedrove gaazrebisaTvis. qveTavebi: cneba “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” da Tanamedrove xedvebi; “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” cneba da sxva monaTesave terminebis dazusteba; termini “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” da misi geografiuli ganfenilobis aspeqtebi; Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis lokaluri, regionuli da transregionuli sistemebi; Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoria da qarTuli realoba; dargis qronologiuri mijnebis problema. Tavi II. dargis Teoriuli kvlevebi, midgomebi, meTodologia da meTodebi XXI saukuneSi. qveTavebi: dargis zogadi konceptualuri sakiTxebi da axali midgomebi; Zveli istoria da qalaquri cxovrebis inovaciebi. Tavi III. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis winare istoriuli (preistoriuli) xana. 265 Tavi IV. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis urbanizacia da qalaquri cxovreba. qveTavebi: iq sadac gaCnda pirveli qalaqi, ukve daiwyo istoria; damwerlobis sistemis ganviTareba SuamdinareTSi; uruqis kulturis gavlenebi da mezobeli regionebi; uruqis kulturis dasasruli. Tavi V. SuamdinareTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis formireba, adredinastiuri periodi. qveTavebi: SuamdinareTis qalaqebidan momdinare werilobiTi dokumentebi da wyaroebi; istoriuli agenti Tu miTiuri gmiri? Tavi VI. samxreT SuamdinareTis politikuri centrebis ganviTareba. qveTavebi: samxreT SuamdinareTis politikuri centrebis ganviTareba; pirveli politikuri konfliqti – umasa da lagaSs Soris sasazRvro dava; sxva Suamdinaruli qalaqebis istoria, teritoriuli saxelmwifoebis mSenebloba. Tavi VII. adredinastiuri xanis Suamdinaruli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis fizikuri da socialuri landSaftis/sivrcis konstruireba. qveTavebi: Sumeruli sazogadoebis pirveli kaci – Princeps Civitas da qalaqebis uzenaesi RvTaeba; babiloniis mezobeli regionebi adredinastiur xanaSi. Tavi VIII. Suamdinaruli religiis sakvanZo sakiTxebi. qveTavebi: uZvelesi Suamdinaruli artefaqtebi da religiis Casaxva; Suamdinaruli miwawylis didi qalRmerTebis kulti; Sumerul-aqaduri sinkretizmi; Suamdinaruli panTeonis kompoziacia da ikonografia; asuris mfarveli RvTaebani; gardacvaleba da dakrZalvis tradicia; qalaqi nifuri – qveynis religiuri centri; Suamdinaruli wminda ala266 gebi da nekropolisebi (uris nekropolisis magaliTze). Tavi IX. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis politikuri panorama, SuamdinareTi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruls. qveTavebi: Zv.w. III aTaswleulis bolo, politikuri centralizaciis tendenciebi, aqadis aRzeveba; sargonis epoqis istoriuli agentebi; ucxotomelebi SuamdinareTSi, pirveli gardamavali xana; uris mesame dinastiis aRzeveba, Zv.w. 21122004ww; qalaqi uri, rogorc maradiuli qalaqis simbolo; uris dacemis Semdeg. Tavi X. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. qveTavebi: axali saxelmwifos warmonaqmnebi; mefe xamurabi, rogorc epoqis istoriuli agenti; xamurabis memkvidreebi da dekadensis pirveli niSnebi; diplomatiuri komunikaciebi Zvel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, babilonis da maris magaliTze; qalaqi aSuri da qaneSis savaWro kolonia Zv.w. XIX–XVIII ss. SuamdinareTi da misi mikro-saxelmwifoebis politikuri istoria, eSnunasa da elamis saxelmwifo modeli; Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebis regionuli sistema, dasavleTis sivrce: qalaq-saxelmwifo mari da iamxadis samefo. cxrili: Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mefeTa sia, dinastiebi. monografiaSi gamoyenebulia sxvadasxva avtoris Sromebi, qarTul, rusul da evropul enebze dawerili samecniero literatura (200-ze meti avtori), ZiriTadad sWarbobs anglo-amerikuli skolis warmomadgenlebis Sromebi, rac bunebrivia – dargi swored am skolebSi ganviTarda. naSroms aqvs 267 9 gverdiani inglisurenovani rezume, erTvis rukebi, sqemebi, diagramebi, cxrilebi (mefeTa sia, dinastiebi) da artefaqtebis ilustraciebi. wignSi ganxilulia sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Zveli urbanuli centrebis, kerZod, qalaqebis da qalaq-saxelmwifoebis Temas. es Temebi sajarod ganxilulia, gaazrebulia da aprobirebulia saerTaSoriso grantis “maradiuli qalaqebi, uZvelesi kosmopolitiuri centrebidan Tanamedrove megapolisebamde” samuSao Sexvedrebis dros, 2009-2012 wlebSi. samuSao SexvedrebSi monawileobdnen Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis da aRmosavleT mediteranuli samyaros aRiarebuli mkvlevarebi, profesorebi: jek sazoni da devid oueni (aSS, kornelis da vanderbiltis universiteti), jon beinsi da angus bovie (oqsfordis universiteti), goCa cecxlaZe (melburnis universiteti) da axalgazrda Taobis niWieri mkvlevrebi.Mkolegebisgan didi gamocdileba SeviZine, bevri megobruli SeniSvna da rCeva movismine, rac gaviazre da SeZlebisdagvarad avsaxe Cems SromaSi. Cemi madliereba maT mimarT imiT gamovxate, rom aRniSnuli monografia mokrZalebul saCuqrad gavugzavne, maTi daJinebuli moTxovniT, or egzemplarad, sakuTriv maTTvis da universitetis bibiloTekisTvis. b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenzia da Cemi pasuxebi b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenzia daibeWda kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebulis XV nomerSi, gv. 156-162. (2013 w.), romelic gamodis iv. javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis institutis bazaze, magram sazogadoebriv sawyisebze da misi redaqtoria q-ni i. 268 tatiSvili. me ar mxvda wilad bedniereba, rom Tavad SemeZina aRniSnuli Jurnali, Tumca oficialur viTarebaSi, sasamarTlos msvlelobis dros, b-nma Temur Toduam gadmomca b-ni jemal SaraSeniZis recenziis qseroasli. amdenad, veyrdnobi am dokuments, rogorc oficialur wyaros. aRniSnuli recenzia, rogorc CemTvis gaxda cnobili, gadaeca reqtors, akademikos lado papavas. guldasmiT gavecani b-ni jemal SaraSeniZis mecnierul kritikas da SeniSvnebs, aqve msurs madloba gadauxado mas imisaTvis, rom man Seiswavla Cemi naSromi da sajaro forma misca mecnierul polemikas, rasac Cven mxolod mivesalmebiT! radganac ar minda, rom daikargos recenziis paTosi da aseve, wamoWrili aqtualuri sakiTxebidan raime damrCes pasuxgaucemeli, gadavwyvite, b-ni jemalis teqstis gaswvriv, ganvaviTaro Cemi mosazrebani Semdegi sistemiT:Bb-ni jemalis recenziis teqsti gatanilia BbrWyalebiT (miseuli punqtuaciis dacviT), mas mosdevs Cemi Ppasuxi; iqve vuTiTeb nawilobriv im literaturis mcire nawils, rasac veyrdnobi. 1) “wignis avtori Tavisi monografiiT erTob problemuri amocanis gadawyvetas isaxavs miznad: mas surs, rom Seiswavlos Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleulis droindeli Zveli SuamdinareTis saxelmwifoebis – Sumerisa da Zveli babilonis politikuri, socialekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxareebi da gamokveTos maTi gavlenis sferoebi maSindeli viTarebis mixedviT sakmaod vrcel regionze–aRmosavleTiT mdebare elamis saxelm269 wifodan mokidebuli TiTqmis xmelTaSuazRvispireTis sanaxebamde dasavleTiT.” recenzia, gv.156. monografiaSi warmodgenil problemebze xelaxla aRar SevCerdebi, rac Sesaval nawilSi gamotanilia TavebSi da qveTavebSi, dakvirvebuli mkiTxveli kargad gaecnoba iq gaSlil problematikas. veTanxmebi b-n jemals imaSi, rom monografiaSi me wamovWri problemur amocanas, Tumca aqve davazusteb, rom ara mxolod erTs, rac radikalurad gansxvavdeba recenzentis mier aRqmuli da danaxuli realobisgan, romelsac aviTarebs recenziis dasawyisSive (Sdr. Cemi sarCevis Tavebs da qveTavebs). b-n jemals ver daveTanxmebi imaSi, rom Zv.w. IV saukuneSi SuamdinareTSi iyo saxelmwifoebi – Sumeri da Zveli babiloni, radganac aRiarebulia, rom Zv.w. 3500 wlamde SuamdinareTSi aris “preistoriuli xana”. amdenad, aq aTvlis wertilad am qronologiuri zRvris dadeba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, aramarTebulia. Zv.w.3500-3100ww. TariRdeba “uruqis kultura”, uruqi aris mxolod qalaqi, mas “protoqalaqsac” uwodeben da is ar aris miCneuli saxelmwifo erTeulad. davazusteb am nawils: saxelmwifos axasiaTebs kompleqsuri administraciuli sistema, Zalauflebaze orientirebuli da saxelmwifo organizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli administraciuli institutebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi, rac uruqis SemTxvevaSi ar dasturdeba. uruqSi Cndeba mxolod erTi administraciul-urbanuli instituti – taZari.SumerSi da aqadSi pirveli qalaqebi Cndeba Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan da mxolod Zv.w. 2900-2700 wlebiT TariRdeba adredinastiuri I periodi. am 270 periodidan iwyeba qalaqebis istoria, an, ufro sworad, qalaq-saxelmwifoebis saxelmwifoebrivteritoriuli erTeulebad formireba, rac droSi gawelili procesia. b-n jemalTan kidev meqneba pretenzia wignis Qqronologiuri qargis damaxinjebul aRqmasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod, misi TqmiT, vikvlev “Zv.w. IV-II aTaswleuls.” aq gaugebaria mis mier miTiTebuli bolo qronologiuri mijnac – Zv.w. II aTaswleuli, radganac me mkafiod miweria bolo Tavis saTaurSi Tavi X. Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, Cemi wigni Tavdeba Zv. w. XVII saukunis 20-ani wlebiT da saubaria maris qalaq-saxelmwifoze da, gakvriT, regionSi xeTebis gamoCenaze. zustad 6 saukune mrCeba kidev sakvlevi, rom bolomde aRvwero Zv.w. II aTaswleuli, es Sroma jer ar damisrulebia da arc gamomiqveynebia. vinc dargSi muSaobs (an ar muSaobs), SesaniSnavad esmis, Tu am 6 saukuneSi ramdeni qalaqi da saxelmwifo erTeuli ganadgurda an warmoiqmna regionSi, rogor Seicvala eTnikuri da demografiuli foni da, Sesabamisad, rogor Seicvala istoriis dinamika da traeqtoria! amis dasturad sul patara magaliTic ki sakmarisia,Sumeruli eTnosi meore aTaswleulis bolos gadaSenebulia! minda gamovTqva Cemi mosazreba b-ni jemalis mier miTiTebul teritoriuli ganfenilobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT. namdvilad pirvelad mesmis, rom “SuamdinareTis-saxelmwifoebs – Sumersa da Zvel babilons” raime Sexeba hqonda teritoriasTan, rogorc is moixseniebs, “xmelTaSuazRvispireTis 271 sanaxebamde dasavleTiT”. Tu “dasavleTSi” gulisxmobs mars da iamxadis, es qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi siriaSi mdebareobdnen (iamxadi Tanamedrove alepo, mari ki lokalizirdeba Sua evfratze, am nawils “zemo SuamdinareTsac uwodeben”). amdenad, “xmelTaSuazRvis sanaxebamde” rogor gadis Sumeris da Zveli babilonis “kavSirebi”, rbilad rom vTqva gaugebaria. Tu am sakiTxis codnas mainc momawers bni jemali am wignis farglebSi, madlobas ver gadavuxdi, radganac es aris dargSi seriozuli ganacxadi, rasac me ver davasabuTeb! Tu is daasabuTebs, maSin is dargs axali aRmoCeniT gaaocebs! literatura: M. Van de Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2007; M. Van de Mieroop, The Ancient Mesopotamian City, Oxford , 2004; Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed.,J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000; R.Wallenfels (edr.in Chief) and J. Sasson (consulting edr.); The Ancient Near East, An Encyclopedia for Students, v.1., New-York, London 2000. 2) “SeiZleba ar iyos uadgilo avtoris mier sakiTxis dasma imis Sesaxeb, rac tradiciuli terminis “Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis” magivrad SemoviRoT axali, ufro zusti da ramdenadme gamokveTili Sinaarsis mqone termini ”Zveli axlo aRmosavleTis istoria”. am sakiTxis dasabuTebas eZRvneba arc Tu ise urigod dawerili da misaRebi argumentebiT Semagrebuli msjeloba, romelic monografiis pirveli da meore TavebisaTvis gankuTvnil adgils 5-30 gv. ikavebs.” recenzia, gv. 156. 272 b-ni jemali is profesoria, vinc 2006 wlidan kiTxulobs Tsu humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze “Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis” savaldebulo kurss, da Tu me, rogorc is miwodebs, dargSi “ucodinarma”, miviyvane Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis koncefciis reviziamde, es Cemi pirdapiri Tu iribi mecnieruli aRiarebaa! magram sinamdvileSi, dargis koncefcia da termini sulac ar aris axali da Cemi dazustebuli, es dargis xangrZlivi ganviTarebis Sedegia! b-ni jemali axla am kurss ukve aRar kiTxulobs, samwuxarod, situacia kidev ufro damZimda, kursi or profesors mihyavs, romlebsac dargze mxolod zedapiruli warmodgena aqvT (erT-erTi profesoris naSromze vfiqrob, rom davwer recenzias axlo momavalSi). b-no jemal, raxan Tqven mixvdiT, rom dargis koncefcia Cemi gavlenis wyalobiT unda SecvaloT, iqneb mixedoT am saqmes, radgan me Tavis droze es ar gamakeTebineT! gagiziarebT Cems mosazrebas imis Taobazec, rom arsebuli silabusi unda Seicvalos da profesiul dones pasuxobdes.studentebma Sveba unda igrZnon! 3) “wignis am nawilSi wamoyenebuli zogadi postulatebis faqtobrivi monacemebiT Semagrebas ki eTmoba monografiis danarCeni nawili (gv. 31-151), sadac sakmaod skurpulozuradaa aRnusxuli is konkretuli realiebi, rac wignis SesavalSi dasmuli mTavari problemis _ Zveli SuamdinareTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba-gavlenis suraTis realur saxes warmoaCenda. magram samwuxaroa, rom wignis swored es nawili – umTavresi da faqtobrivi 273 masalis Semcveli didi mniSvnelobis mqone monakveTi iwvevs mkiTxvelSi ukmayofilebis grZnobas masalis naklebi sisruliT warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT.” recenzia, gv.156. b-no jemal, raxan Tavidanve avirCie principi, rom uyuradRebod ar davtovo Tqveni arcerTi azri, am nawilzec mogaxsenebT: Tu postulatebis gasamagreblad skurpulozurad aRvnusxav da momyavs konkretuli realiebi. vfarav yvela aspeqts da maxasiaTebels konkretuli Temis garSemo da es moicavs 31-151 gverdebs, Tqven ratom giCndebaT ukmarobis grZnoba masalis simcirisTan dakavSirebiT? Tqven xom MmTeli SuamdinareTis istoriis problematika (Tanaavtori r. rcxilaZe) da empirika (faqtobrivi masala) mxolod 77 gverdSi CaatieT? (Sdr. Zveli aRmosavleTis istoria gv. 39-117, 1988w.). Tu mipasuxebT, rom wignis formati gzRudavdaT, gagigebT, magram ar mesmis, 1988 wlis Semdeg am Cavardnis gamosworebas ratom ar ecadeT? miT umetes, rom jer kidev am wigniT aiZulebdiT (es dRemde grZeldeba) studentebs, eswavlaT “Zveli aRmosavleTi”? 1988 wlidan dargSi axali artefaqtebi gamoCnda, romelsac qarTuli sazogadoeba 1988 wels ar icnobda, gamoCnda axali firfitebic, romelic erayidan aSS-s universitetebSi moxvda da gamoqveynda da axla isev eraySi igzavneba. iqiT iyos am Tqveni naSromis sakiTxi, es Tqveni sazrunavia, magram kategoriulad ar dageTanxmebiT imaSi, rom wignSi mwiria faqtobrivi masala. ar wamomiWria arc erTi problema, romelic arsebuli faqtobrivi masaliT ar myardeba da dasturdeba. Tu 274 faqti ar arsebobs, arc problema wamoiWreba (es xom mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiria!) da TuFfaqtebi erTeulia, me ver gavakeTeb artefaqtis xelovnur fabrikacias! Tqveni SeniSvnis sapirwoned kidev gavimeoreb, rom Cemi wignis Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis es monakveTi mxolod Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevars moicavs (wigni I) da win erT aTaswleulze meti maqvs aRsaweri! 4) “aSkarad Cans, rom moxseniebuli wignis umetesi da ZiriTadi nawili dawerilia ara Zveli Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis monacemTa safuZvelze, aramed zedmetad kompilaciuri xasiaTisaa”. recenzia, gv. 156. b-no jemal, dasazustebelia, Tu ras gulisxmobT gamoTqmaSi “Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis monacemebi”, mxolod empirikas? zogadad, pirvelwyaroa artefaqtebi, werilobiTi, literaturuli teqstebi da epigrafikuli masala (umjobesia, Tu am masalas konteqstic axlavs Tan). Tqvengan gansxvavebiT, me erTic nanaxi maqvs da meorec. Tu Tqven ggoniaT, rom es mxolod teqstebia da imas, rom Suamdinaruli teqsti ar aris Cemi deSifrirebuli da naTargmni, geTanxmebiT, me am naSromSi wyaroebis deSifrirebas da Targmans ar visaxav miznad, da arc arasdros movkideb xels imas, rac brwyinvaled aris gakeTebuli Cemamde, im specialistebis mier, vinc konkretulad am saqmes emsaxurebian. ise, Tqvens deSifrirebul teqstsac gamoviyenebdi, aseTi Tu iqneboda da Tan sando! 275 kompilaciis sakiTxs rac Seexeba, me, Tqvengan gansxvavebiT, kompilaciasa da gamoyenebul literaturis Soris seriozul gansxvavebas vxedav; me ar vTvli, rom Tqven pioneri xarT, vinc dargSi wamoayena problemebi, aRmoaCina artefaqtebi, Seiswavla werilobiTi wyaroebi, istoriul konteqstSi Casva da moaxdina dargis Teoretizacia, ris gamoc (da mxolod amitom) ambobT uars sxvisi Sromebis aRiarebaze. me mirCevnia kompilatori miwodoT, vidre es Sexedulebebi gaviziaro XXI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi! 5) “wignis dasaxelebul nawilSi Sesuli masalis udidesi umetesoba amoRebulia ZiriTadad inglisurenovani popularuli naSromebidan. avtori TiTqmis sityvasityviT mihyveba publikacias: Van de Mieroop M., A History of Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC. Oxford , 2007. rogorc vxedavT, gansaxilveli wignis saTauric am gamocemidan aris aRebuli: damatebulia mxolod mTlad arc Tu ise gasagebi Sinaarsis fraza: “ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi.” recenzia, gv. 157. namdvilad ar vici, b-ni jemali sityvas “popularuli” ra mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, “aRiarebuli” Tu samecniero-popularuli? magram wigni marTlac Rirebulia, dargSi axalia da Zalian momwons. rac Seexeba am wignidan amoRebuli masalis umetesobas, ver daveTanxmebi recenzents. mas rom undodes, Zalian bevr sxva avtors naxavda, visac veyrdnobi Cemi mosazrebis gasamyareblad (Sdr. sqolioebi da gamoyenebuli literatura), vis azrsac, ubralod, viziareb, vis azrsac vsesxulob an ubralod, visac am problemaze aqvs gamoTqmuli saRi 276 mosazreba. b-no jemal! am midgomas hqvia dRes dargis Tanamedrove kvlevebi! da imaSi, rom me momwons es avtori da xdeba misi damowmeba sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi, ra aris cudi? rogorc Tqven brZanebT, “sityvasityviT” rom ar mivyvebi avtors da sxva problematikas vikvlev, martivad darwmundeba gonieri mkiTxveli, Seadarebs am ori wignis sarCevebs da gamotanil sakvlev problemebis Tematikas da iqve naTeli xdeba yvelaferi. Tqven, iqneb, sarCevi mainc SegedarebinaT, Tu ufro Sors ver waxvediT! kidev axali braldeba saTaurTan dakavSirebiT. bno jemal, Tqven acnobierebT ras werT? maSin momiwevs axsna, dargs hqvia “Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi” (me amas versad ver gaveqcevi, Cemi kvlevis obieqtia), aqvs Tavis “qronologiuri qarga” (da verc am nawils gavukeTeb revizias), miznad visaxav istoriuli procesebis dinamikaSi asaxvas am regionSi da qronologiaSi, es sami aspeqti erTiandeba wignis saTaurSi. Tu TqvenTvis “ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi” gaugebaria, maSin iqneb “istoriuli procesebis dinamika” iyos gasagebi? Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTi traeqtoriebs icvlis maSin, rodesac Cndeba (an piriqiT, nadgurdeba) axali xalxi, axali qalaq-saxelwifoebi, saxelmwifoebi da imperiebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi. 6) “avtori Zalze Taviseburad uTiTebs Tavis ZiriTad wyaros, mkiTxveli, Tu am ori wignis detalur Sedarebas ar moindomebs, ver mixvdeba, es miTiTeba rame konkretuli debulebis gaziarebas niSnavs, Tu mTeli pasaJebis, sqemebisa da a.S. gadmoweras. Sesabamisad, sesxebis am formas mTlad 277 plagiati, albaT, ar ewodeba, magram mecnierul keTilsindisierebasTan mas namdvilad araferi aqvs saerTo.” recenzia, gv. 157. b-no jemal Tqven, albaT, ar gekuTvniT es “aRmoCena”, imitom, rom pirvelad zustad es kiTxva, sakonkurso gasaubrebaze Tqvenma kolegam, levan gordezianma damisva, Semdeg ar momca saSualeba, bolomde mepasuxa. axla dro, formati da viTareba maZlevs amisTvis srul Tavisuflebas. Aar mesmis “Taviseburad miTiTebuli wyaros” da “ ZiriTadis” mniSvneloba? Tu TqvenTvis, orivesTvis, es wyaro aris ZiriTadi, imitom rom sxva wignebi, romelic me maqvs miTiTebuli, ar gaqvT SeZenili da wakiTxuli, maSin is “ZiriTadi” TqvenTvis xdeba da ara CemTvis (ixilavs am miTiTebul wignebs mkiTxveli)! rac Seexeba monografiaSi miTiTebis wess, sqolios miTiTeba aucilebelia, roca: 1) veyrdnobi sxva avtors Cemi mosazrebis gasamyareblad; 2) sxva avtoris azrs bolomde viziareb; 3) sxva avtoris azrs vsesxulob, Tu sityvasityviT vsesxulob, saWiroa brWyalebis da sqolios miTiTeba, Tu nawilobriv viziareb da vukeTeb interpretacias, maSin sqolios vjerdebi; 4) movixsenieb sxva avtors, visac am problemaze aqvs gamoTqmuli mosazreba. es aris saerTaSoriso standarti, Tu am wess Tqven “Tavisebur” miTiTebad TvliT, albaT, Tqven ors, gaqvT SemuSavebuli “sakuTari sistema”, rasac recenziaSi axsenebT, magram ar gvizustebT! sqemebis sakiTxic ar minda upasuxod damrCes, rac kvlav kolegis, gordezianis kiTxvasTan mabrunebs. naSromSi mravali sqemaa, me momwons es stili, roca 278 naSromi gamdidrebulia sqemebiT, diagramebiT, magram am sqemebis didi nawili Cemi Seqmnilia, nawili – nasesxebi. nasesxebi sqemebi (miTiTebuli pirvelwyaroTi) or kategoriad iyofa: pirveli exeba qronologiaSi gadatanil istoriul procesebs da meore – mefeTa sias da dinastiebs. Tqven TvliT, rom “mefeTa sia” da “dinastiebis sqema” Van de Mieroop M., A History of Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC.Oxford, 2007 wignidan aris amoRebuli. amaSic cdebiT, es aris brinkenis nusxa, romelic isesxa openheimma da Tqven rom wigni SegiZeniaT gordezianTan erTad, misma avtorma (Van de Mieroop) da mec saerTo pirvelwyaroTi vixelmZRvaneleT, oRond sworedac rom mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT: me es avtorebi 151-e gverdze mivuTiTe! es avtorebi da maTi Rvawli keTilsindisierad avsaxe. ai, Tqven ki am mxriv ar gamoirCeviT keTilsindisierebiT! kargad maxsovs, profesor gordezianis “gonivruli SeniSvna”, ratom gadmoitane es mefeTa sia am TanamimdevrobiTo, romanovebis dinastia xom ar iyoo? gana marto romanovebis dinastiis asaxvis dros aris Tanamimdevroba da saxelebis miTiTeba saWiro?! pativcemulebo! dargSi unda sceT pativi sxvis Rvawls, aRmoCenebs, dadgenil normas! Aaba, Tqven Tqvens nebaze am dinastiebs da mefeebis Tanmimdevrobas aravin dagalagebinebT! Aamas hqvia faqtebiT gamyarebuli sistema! A mecnieruli eTika gvkarnaxobs, wigni qarTulia Tu inglisuri, seriozulad unda gaecno, kritikac seriozuli unda iyos, rasakvrvelia, Tu paskvilebis werisTvis ar xar motivirebuli da codnaSic moikoWleb! 279 7)”TxrobaSi avtori SigadaSig urTavs adgilebs enciklopediuri gamocemebidan, zogjer seriozuli monografiuli gamokvlevebidanac, magram uknaskneli Zalze iSviaTad xdeba”. recenzia, gv. 157. b-no jemal, ar gifiqriaT imaze, rom dainteresebuli mkiTxveli da kritikosi Seadarebs Cemi wignis sqolioebSi moyvanil literaturas da Tqven braldebaze dafiqrdeba?! es wigni xom iyideba? sul mcire, rac SeiZleba ifiqros, rom Tqven ver ansxvavebT erTmaneTisgan calkeul problemaze gamocemul kvlevebs, monografiebs da enciklopediur gamokvlevebs. ukve meore sakiTxia, Tqven ratom amaxinjebT am Tanafardobas. am SemTxvevaSi, veyrdnobi statistikur monacemebs: Cemi samecniero erTeulebi gatanilia sqolioebSi, saeTro statistikuri monacemiT, daaxloebiT erT gverdze 5 sqolio, zogadad meryeobs 3 miTiTebuli erTeulidan 10-mde; gamoyenebul literaturaSi 214 erTeulia. am Temas aRar ganvavrcob, ukve zemoT visaubre. magram statistikas kvlav movuxmob: Tqven Zveli SuamdinareTis istoriis modelirebaSi daeyrdeniT 16 avtors (mxolod qarTulenovani da rusulenovani literatura, Sdr. “literatura” gv. 484-485). aqedan 3 naSromi Tqvenia da ori 1988 wlisTvisac ki sakmaod moZvelebuli – TariRdeba 1968 wliT. yvelaze axali literatura miTiTebulia Tqveni avtorobiT 1983 da yvelaze Zveli – 1961wliT. 1988 wels gamocemulia zurab kiknaZis brwyinvale “Suamdinaruli miTologia” (1979), romelic Tqvens miTiTebul literaturaSi ar xvdeba, albaT, ar mogwonT da imitom! magram anacvlebT Tqveni zemoT miTiTebuli naSromiT 280 “Sumerebi da maTi kultura” (1983). Tqven ar mogwonT da ar ixseniebT dasavleTis arc erTi cnobili avtoris naSroms, krameris erTi wignis garda (Tumca mas mravali STambeWdavi kvleva aqvs). es faqtic Tqvens rafinirebul mecnierul gemovnebaze da keTilsindisierebaze metyvelebs! 8) “amasTanve gvinda xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom ver naxavT wignis TiTqmis vercerT gverds, romelzedac ar gvxvdebodes met-naklebi xarisxisa da donis uzustobani, xSirad aSkara da mkvlevrobis pretenziaze mqone avtorisaTvis yovlad miutevebeli Secdomebi. yvela maTganis aRricxvas Cven namdvilad rom ver SevZlebT, mxolod zogierTze mivuTiTebT.” recenzia, gv. 157. b-no jemal, roca yvela cdomilebaze mimiTiTebT met-naklebi seriozuli xarisxis da donis kritikiT, pirobas gaZlevT, rom me amomwurav pasuxebs gagcemT. 9) “avtori xSirad ukritikod imeorebs ucxoeli mkvlevrebis mier daSvebul aSkara Secdomebs, an arasworad aqarTulebs maT azrs, radganac ar esmis kargad, razea saubari. movitanT ramdenime magaliTs: uruqis xanaSi (Zv.w. IV aTaswl. Sua xanebi) TiTqos “dadginda weliwadi, romelSic 12 Tve iyo, xolo TiToeuli Tve 30 dRisgan Sedgeboda. mas emateboda damatebiT erTi Tve, weliwadis gamotovebiT, raTa erTiani solaruli cikli dafiqsirebuliyo (gv. 47). avtori amisTvis Van de Mieroop-s uTiTebs. am ukanasknels uweria “an additional month was added intermittently….”SigadaSig/periodulad erTvoda damatebiTi Tve (gv. 33). rac sworia, magram dazustebas saWiroebs”, sinamdvileSi damatebiTi (e.w. 281 diri “zedmet”) Tves Sumerebi urTavden ara yovel meore weliwads (es xom Sumerebis mxridan didi Secdoma iqneboda!) aramed yovel me-5 wels (es garemoeba karga xania gamokvleulia NN.Schneider-isa daT.Gomi-is mier).” recenzia, gv. 157. b-no jemal, ar ivargebs aseTi midgoma, mwamebT uyuradRebobas, zedapirulobas, enis ucodinarobas da Tan amaxinjebT Cems teqsts, konteqstidan glejT calkeul Ffrazebs. me miweria (momyavs ucvlelad es pasaJi): “gviani uruqis xanidan zoma-wonis erTeulebis aRsanusxavad gaCnda metrologiuri niSnebi. drois aRsaniSnavad dadginda weliwadi, romelSic 12 Tve iyo, xolo TiToeuli Tve 30 dRisgan Sedgeboda. amas emateboda damatebiTi erTi Tve, weliwadis gamotovebiT, raTa erTiani solaruli cikli dafiqsirebuliyo” (sqolio 6. Bgv. 47, miTiTebuli avtori Van de Mieroop gv. 31-33). recenziaSi Tqven werT, TiTqos me miweria: “uruqis xana (Zv.w. IV aTasw.Sua xanebi)”. ar minda ciliswameba an ucodinaroba dagabraloT, magram rogor moviqce?! jer erTi,GCems mier miTiTebuli definicia _ gviani uruqi ar aris “uruqis xana” da misi erTi monakveTia, miTumetes Tqveneuli CanarTi, qronologiuri qarga “Zv.w. IV aTasw.Sua xanebSi” ar aris swori, adreuli uruqi iwyeba da moicavs Zv.w. 3500-3200 ww., roca gvian uruqs Seesbameba Zv.w. 3200-3100/3000ww. Tqveneuli fraza rom moviSvelio, faqtobrivi masala,“Suamdinaruli pirvelwyaroebis monacemebi” ganapirobebs kulturis qronologiur daTariRebas! Tqven dargis qronologiaze 282 pirvelkurseli studentis codna gaqvT! es ar ekadreba kritikiT dakavebul mwerals! literatura: M.Liverani,Uruk ,The First City, London, 2006 gv.84; Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed.,J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000 gv.4.Sdr. qronologiis sqemas agreTve gv.796.-798. Aamave gamocemaSi, H.J. Nissen , “Ancient Western Asia before the Age of Empaires”. meore sakiTxi exeba isev Cems keTilsindisierebas, avtoris (Van de Mieroop gv. 31-33.) am grZel pasaJebs brWyalebis gareSe gadmovcem, Cemi erTi patara pasaJi miTiTebuli avtoris msjelobas ar asaxavs bolomde, me am msjelobas ar mivyvebi, Tumca viziareb. Tqven amtkicebT, rom es debuleba sworia, magram dazustebas moiTxovs, vis aswavliT Wkuas _ me Tu meirups? kargiT, iqiT iyos es sakiTxi, magram mogyavT ori avtoris gvari, Tqveni azris dasturad N(T.Gomi da N.Schneider), magram ar uTiTebT naSromis saTaurebs da swored aq unda dagesesxoT marTebul sityvas: “TiTqosda” gesmiT es sakiTxi. ar gesmiT, b-no jemal, es sakiTxi, arc meirupze da arc Cemze ukeT, da ai ratom: T.Gomi: marTlac, am avtors aqvs gamoqveynebuli naSromi kalendarze: Tohru Gomi, “On the Position of the Month iti-ezem-dAmar-dSin in the Neo-Sumerian Umma Calendar”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 75 (1985), 4–6. Mmagram Cemi susti ucxo enebis codnis kvalobazec naTelia, rom es naSromi uruqis xanas ki ara, axal Sumerul xanas exeba. sad vcuravT axla Cven? axal Sumerul xanaSi _ Zv.w. 2120 saukuneebSi, Tu isev uruqSi varT? 283 es wigni ar maqvs da, gamogitydebiT, arc avtors vicnob, magram internet resursis daxmrebiT Sevdivar oqsfordis universitetis Suamdinaruli kalendris garSemo arsebul literaturis katalogSi da iq vnaxulob bibliografias. Ggasaubrebaze Tqvens mier naTqvam frazas Tu daveyrdnobi, “oqsfordSic arian debili profesorebi”, magram dasavluri universitetis xibli imaSia, rom yvelafers aRnusxaven da mecniers uadvileben cxovrebas. Tqveni meore avtoric aq aris, Nikolaus Schneider, Die Zeitbestimmungen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur III (Rome 1936). ratomRac esec uris III periodze wers da isev axal Sumerul xanaSi mabrunebs. Aamitomac ar ginaxavT es avtorebi Tqven da saTaurebic ar iciT am wignebis! http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=calendars&s[]=go mi#pre-sargonic_and_sargonic_calendars 10) “aseve arasworia, rom TiTqos uruqis xanaSi ganisazRvra wonis erTeulis _ talantis sidide (gv. 47). am azrsac avtori Van de Mieroop-s miawers, amjerad samarTliand. cnobili ki aris, rom talantis zoma gacilebiT gvian dadginda (amazec arsebobs I.J.Gelb-isa da A.Solonen-is naSromebi)” recenzia, gv.158. b-no jemal, minda kidev erTxel agixsnaT, rom avtoris saxeli da gvari misi naSromis gareSe aris marto saxeli da gvari, naSromis saTauri akademiur recenziaSi aucileblad unda mieTiTos! winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es araseriozulia da araseriozul kiTxvebs seriozuli mecnierebi ar pasuxoben!B axla gadaval Van de Mieroop-s “dacvaze”, ixileT gv. 320321, avtoris mier 2 TavisTvis akuratulad Sedgenili da gamoyenebuli literatura (rasac Tqven 284 edavebiT ukve mas), internet resursi (leqsikuri teqstebis monacemebisTvis). sxvaTa Soris, Tqveni avtorebi gakvriTac ar arian naxsenebi, Tu Tqveni wina magaliTiT vimsjelebT, iqneb arc ki hqoniaT maT am Temaze aseTi gamokvleva? me girCevT, Tu Van de Mieroop-s mimarT raime pretenzia gaqvT, Tavad miswereT (misamarTs me mogawvdiT), an inglisurad gamouqveyneT recenzia da daelodeT pasuxs! Aisev meirupis “kritikas” mihyveba Cemi recenzentis Semdegi pasaJebi: 12) “amave avtors miewereba kidev erTi uzustoba: TiTqos aqadis dinastiis mefem maniSTusum (da ara “maniSTusum “rogorc wignis avtori wers) mis mier Sesyiduli 3 aTas heqtarze meti miwa TiTqos “gadasca mis erTgul xalxs sakuTrebaSi” (gv. 105). Van de Mieroop-i ufro rbilad wers (gv.^66): “Tumca Sesyidvis fasi ar iyo uCveulod dabali, cxadia, rom maniSTuSum iZulebiT gaayidvina mflobelebs miwa, raTa Tavisi mxardamWerebisTvis misi darigebis SesaZlebloba Hhqonoda.” recenzia, gv. 158. b-no jemal, ra uzustobazea laparaki, ver gavige. da verc mkiTxveli gaigebs, radganac mima-xinjebT teqsts.Mme vwer: ”savaraudod, mefe mani-STusus zegavlena mouxdenia miwis mepatroneebze da es miwebi SedarebiT iafad miuRia. mefe maniSTusus es miwebi gadaucia misi erTguli xalxisTvis sakuT-rebaSi” (gv. 104-105).. SeadareT es teqsti Tqvens moyvanil Van de Mieroop-is teqsts. me Aar mesmis, misi teqstis “sirbileSi” Tqven ras gulisxmobT, magram am sakiTxSi Cemi azri bolomde emTxveva mis azrs. 285 meore Tema _ sakuTari saxelebis (onomastikonis) sakiTxi _ Zalze problemuri Temaa Zveli istoriis dargSi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu mkvdar enebzea saubari. sxvadasxva avtori SeiZleba gvTavazobdes saxelis miseuli amokiTxvis versias. axla am sakuTari saxelis Sesaxeb oriode sityva minda vTqva, maniSTusu-s, Cemeuli versiis da maniSTuSu-s, Tqveneuli variantis Sesaxeb. arc Cemi da arc Tqveni versiebi ar aris farTod aRiarebuli, ufro miRebulia variantebia Maništisu (maniSTisu) an Maništišu (maniSTiSu) da ara maniSTusu, an maniSTuSu. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri iyenebs Cems da Tqvens miTiTebul versiasac (Tqveni versia miRebulia rusulenovan gamocemebSi). onomastikonis Temas aRar davubrundebi, am mimarTulebiT recenzenti sxvaganac gvaxvevs Tavs Tavis versiebs, me davakonkreteb sakiTxs, upiratesobas dasavleTSi miRebul versiebs vaniWeb! literatura: Neo–Sumerian Administrative Tablets from The Yale Babylonian Collection, I part, eds., M.Sigrist, T.Ozaki 2009, 56 gv.; The Babylonian Laws-Hammurabi king of Babylonia, Clarenden Press 1955, 127gv. iqve ixile damowmebuli lit-ra. Tqveneul variants imowmebs Van de Mieroop-i. 13) “amave avtorisagan momdinareobs e. avalianis morigi Secdoma: TiTqos Sumeris saxelmwifos “periferiaSi mimdinare procesebs centrTan (igulisxmeba qveynis dedaqalaqi uri _ j.S.) akontrolebda mefis moxele e.w.sukal-maxi” (gv. 119). es gancxadeba araa swori. suqalmaxs ar evaleboda periferiebSi mimdinare procesebis kontroli. igi iyo saxelmwifos sagareo saqmeebis uwyebis meTauri, 286 romelic ijda ara dedaqalaqSi, aramed misgan ramdenadme moSorebiT mdebare lagaSSi. suqalmaxis saxeloSi Sedioda agreTve qveynis SigniT mimdinare safosto saqmianobis zedamxedvelobac (am sakiTxze arsebobs Cemi monografiuli gamokvleva, romelsac avtori, Cans ar icnobs. Tu icnobs, masze miTiTebas igi mainc ar ikadrebda, radganac e. avaliani principulad ar scnobs ucxoeli, gansakuTrebiT inglisurenovani mkvlevrebis garda aravis _ arc rusebs da miTumetes arc qarTvel aRmosavleTmcodneebs!).” recenzia, gv. 158. b-no jemal, kidev erTxel gTxovT, ar gindaT voluntaruli tipis perifrazebi da pasaJebis “daCexva”, “mimateba” da “gulisxmoba”, sityvebis dakleba da a.S., maSin brWyalebi mainc mospeT! Aar gekadrebaT am asakSi es ymawvilkacuri cuRlutoba. me vwer: ”politikurad daqvemdebarebul regionebSi uris mefeebma daadgines TavianTi samxedro reJimi, mmarTvelebi samxedro generlebi iyvnen (miTiTebulia sqolio). periferiaSi mimdinare procesebs centridan akontrolebda mefis moxele e.w. kancleri, sukalmaxi” (miTiTebulia sqolio) (gv. 119). axla gadavideT Tqvens brladebaze da moviSvelioT mecnieruli statistika: uri III xanaSi sukal-maxi-s pozicia sazogadod miCneulia didi veziris Tanamdebobad, sityva-sityviT ki niSnavs “uzenaes macnes”, igive premier ministrs Sdr. W.W.HHallo, Early Mesopotamian Royal Titles, American Oriental Series 53, New Haven, 1957 9-121gv. ). am periodSi Uuri III-s saxelwifo iyofa centrad da provinciebad/periferiad, mmarTvelis (ensi) garda, 287 provincias ganagebda centridan daniSnuli generali, romelic ijda provinciaSi da isini pirdapir miTiTebas iRebdnen kancler sukal-maxisgan, an mefisgan, gv. 20. Sdr.PP. Steinkeller, “The Administrative and Economic Organization of UR III State: The Core and the Periphery”, in McGurie Gibson and R. D. Biggs eds., The Organization of Power.Aspects of Bureaucracy in AncienT Near East, Chicago, The Oriental Institute 1987 gv. 19-41. gavagrZeloT xazi, me arsad vwer (Tqven gulisxmobT amas), rom sukal-maxi ijda q. urSi, me vwer, rom ijda “centrSi da iqidan akontrolebda” (gv. 119). axla davazustoT, Tu ra iTvleba centrad mag xanebSi: uri, uruqi, girsu, lagaSi da sxv. qalaqebi iTvleba centrad, Sdr.PP. Steinkeller, gv. 19. da ara marto uri, Tqven rom ggoniaT da”varaudobT” da Tan me mawerT am azrs! lagaSSi lani, misi vaJi urSulfa da SviliSvili ir-nana ikaveben am Tanamdebobas, cnobilia agreTve ramdenime cilindri ir-nanas saxeliT girsudan. didi veziris tituli vrceldeba elamSic, Sumerulis gavleniT. Tqven am sakiTxSi ar eTanxmebiT Van de Mieroop-s, magram ras erCiT Cikagos brwyinvale skolis warmomadgenel P. Steinkeller-s, esec debili oqsfordeli profesori xom ar aris? harvardis profesoria! da aseve cnobil mkvlevars, Dominique Charpin-s, isini xom am azrs iziareben _ uris III xanaSi periferiebs marTavdnen samxedro avtoritetis mqone mmarTvelebi, vinc eqvemdebarebodnen kanclers (SUKKAL.MAḪ). b-no jemal, ar SemiZlia ar Sevexo Tqvens braldebas, rom qarTvel da rus mecnierebs ar vixsenieb Cems kvlevaSi, orive skolis warmoma288 dgenlebs vixsenieb (ix. gamoyenebuli literatura), magram Tqven ara!Aamasac qvemoT avxsni, Tu ratom ara: 1974 wels gamovida Tqveni naSromi, D.M.Scharaschanidze, "Die Sukkal-mäh des alten Zweistromland in der Zeit Der Ur 3 Dyn.von Ur” Semdeg gamocemaSi: AActa Orientalia, 22, 1977, 103-12, sadac Tqven am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT halosgan gansxvavebul pozicias ayalibebT. 1992 isev ibeWdeba W.W.HHallo-s naSromi E”Ebrium at Ebla”, Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblite Language, gamomcemelebi Cyrus H.Gordon & Gary A.Rendsburg, sadac is Tqvens pozicias moixseniebs da ar geTanxmebaT, Cans, arc gordoni da rensburgi iziarebdnen Tqvens azrs, sxvebis msgavsad, imitom rom isini ar gbeWdaven halos gverdiT! rbilad rom vTqva, ar mindoda amis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi gaegoT, magram Tqven maiZuleT! literatura: Dominique Charpin, The History of Ancient Mesopotamia in: Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed., J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000, gv.812. 14) “gv. 119-ze gansaxilveli wignis avtori wers: Zv.w. 21-e saukuneSi “uris dinastiis princesa daqorwinda iranel ufliswulze”. saocaria, rogor unda vivaraudoT am Soreul warsulSi Tundac cnebisa da misi Sesabamisi politikuri erTeulis “iranis” arseboba. es Secdomac Van de Mieroop-s ekuTvnis, e. avaliani ki uneblied mis tiraJirebas axdens”. recenzia, gv. 158. b-no jemal, ar aris es Secdoma da arc Van de Mieroop- s mosvlia es Secdoma. termin “irans” Zvel periodTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc geografiul-kulturul da politikur cnebas, ise gamoiyeneben da ara rogorc mxolod politikur erTeuls, im irans, 289 Tqven rom ggoniaT! naxeT aseTi Sroma Art and Archaeology of Western Iran in Prehistory, avtori Oscar, White Muscarella, Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed., J.Sasson, Michigan, 2000, gv. 981-999. avtors ganxiluli aqvs “Zveli iranis” (sityva-sityviT) kulturebi, urbanuli centrebi da sxva, winare istoriidan dawyebuli, rkinis xaniT damTavrebuli! iqve ixileT sxva avtorebis Sromebi da codna gaiRrmaveT! 15) “gv. 131 wignis avtoris mixedviT, ”xamurabis saxels miewereba samarTlis kodeqsis Seqmna”. xamurabis “kodeqsi” ar Seuqmnia da arc SeiZleboda im epoqaSi Seeqmna. mas mxolod kanonebis krebulis avtoroba miewereba.…amitomac aSkarad mcdaria terminis “xamurabis kodeqsis” xmareba, rasac, samwuxarod, qarTveli iuristis naSromebSiac vxedavT. aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebasac avtori Van de Mieroop-s miawers.” recenzia, gv. 158-159 . b-no jemal, rbilad rom giTxraT, aqac voluntarul interpretacias akeTebT, Van de Mieroop-s ki ara, S. Greengus vuTiTeb mag sqolioSi, rac Seexeba Tqvens kategoriul uaryofas am terminisa, ra vqna, me jek sazonis avtoritetis da argumentebis ufro mjera, visac seriozuli Sroma aqvs am sakiTxSi, vidre Tqveni, amitom vimeoreb miseul termins “hamurabis kodeqsi”. xom xedavT, qarTvel iuristebsac Tqvenze meti codna aqvT mag mimarTulebiT! Semdeg am “daxvewil” stilSi grZeldeba avtoris “SeniSvnebi” recenziis 159gv-ze. am SeniSvnebs pasuxi rom keTilsindisierad gavce, vSiSob, ar davarRvio mecnieruli eTikis normebi! aba, rogori pasuxi unda 290 gavce aseT SeniSvnas: “naram-sinma kiššatu-s (unda iyos naramsuenma) daumata dingiri, RvTis aRmniSvneli niSani…da …axali koncefcia Semoitana ”mefe oTxi mxarisa”, avtori Caufiqrdeba am frazas da inanebs, ra ususuri Secdoma dauSva uneblied.” Bb-no jemal, iyos TqvenTvis “naramsueni”, me upiratesobas b-n zurab kiknaZis versias vaniWeb _ “naramsins.” ise, arc mag frazas aklia “Cafiqreba” da arc am naSromis sqolioSi miTiTebis Semrcxveba: P. Michalowski, Memory of Deed: The Historiography of the Political Expansion of the Akkad State. In: Akkad: The First world Empire. Structure, Ideology, Traditions, ed.M.Liverani, History of the Ancient Near East studies 5. Padua, 1993, 88. am situaciaSi ki marTla mrcxvenia yofna, oRond “sxvis” gamo! neta, piotr mixalovski, miCiganis universitetis Zveli enebisa da Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis profesori, ielis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli doqtori, “inanebda” imis gamo, ususuri Secdoma rom dauSva “uneblied” da jemal SaraSeniZem aRmouCina?! recenzenti 160-161 gverdebze kvlav am tipis, yovlad dausabuTebel argumentebs iSveliebs da “Secdomebis koriantelSi” madanaSaulebs, xan sruliad ucodinars miwodebs, ar indobs arc im avtorebs, visac veyrdnobi, Tumca arsad iSveliebs Tavisi azris gasamyareblad sxvaTa Sromebs. xandaxan es braldebebi XXI saukuneSi imdenad miamiturad dasmul sakiTxebad gveCveneba, rom Tavs vikavebT imisgan, rom emeritus profesors es avuxsnaT! b-ni jemali, magaliTisTvis, ase “gvamecadinebs”: “avtors SeiZleba vuTxraT, rom uruinimgina aris igive 291 uruqagina, rac man, rogorc Cans, ar icis”. recenzia, gv. 160. recenzents vpasuxob, sakuTari saxeli UUru’inimgina, romelic ase gamoiTqmis, da miRebulia dargSi, dasavleTSi XXI saukuneSi da Tqveneuli versiisgan (uruqagina) gansxvavebulia, ratom aris Cemi ucodinrobis samxili? iqneb piriqiT, Tqveni ucodinarobis dasturia! rusebmac xom Secvales es araswori versia? dargis zogierTi mkvlevari orives axsenebs, magram Cems versias aniWebs mecnierul upiratesobas Sdr. Hallo, William W. "Reforms of Uru-inimgina (2.152)." Context of Scripture Online. Editor in Chief: W. Hallo. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 23 November 2013 http://www. encquran.brill.nl/entries/context-of-scripture/ reforms-of-uruinimgina-2-152-aCOSB_2_152 http://www.encquran.brill.nl/entries/context-of-scripture/ reforms-of-uru-inimgina-2-152-aCOSB_2_152?s.num=1# COSBIBLSB.2.152_Bibliography momyavs citata: “The last ruler of the “First Dynasty of Lagash” (ca. 2570–2342 BCE) is known in the literature variously as Uruinimgina or Uru-kagina (ca. 2351–2342 BCE)1 (sqolioSi motanilia am saxelis wakiTxvis variaciebi Edzard 1991, Lambert 1992, Selz 1992). rogor moviqce me, rogorc mecnieri, Tqveni lanZRva miviRo, Tu Tqveni ucodinroba vamxilo? netav, marTla sad gadis zRvari mecnierul keTilsindisierebasa da uzneobas Soris?! 161 gv. recenzenti wers: “avtors moZalebulad emCneva ucxourenovani samecniero literaturiT gataceba _ mis wignze TandarTuli literaturis 292 siaSi gvxvdeba iseTi wignebis dasaxeleba, romlebic, etyoba, TvaliTac ar unaxavs mas. aseTebia, magaliTad, Semdegi: (amaze uTiTebs sxva avtoris meSveobiT, aSkarad Cans, rom wignis SesavlisaTvis, germanulis arcodnis gamo, arc gadauxedavs mas). A recenziis am nawilSi b-ni jemali brals gvdebs dasavluri samecniero literaturiT zedmetad gatacebaSi da amave dros gamoTqvams azrs, rom zogierTi maTgani TvaliTac ar gvinaxavs. imis mtkiceba rTulia, Tu fizikuri Sexeba ra wignebTan mqonda warsulSi sxvadasxva bibiloTekaSi muSaobis dros, es nawili morig ciliswamebas ufro hgavs, vidre akademiuri recenziis stils mihyveba; Tumca am wignebTan wvdomis xarisxi, recenzentTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti da xangrZlivi rom mqonda, amas adasturebs Cemi dasavleTis biblioTekebSi muSaobis gamocdileba, rac Cvens recenzents, ubralod, ar gaaCnia, martivi mizezis gamo – man ar icis arc erTi dasavluri ena, ver eswreba saerTaSoriso konferenciebs da ver monawileobs saerTaSoriso samecniero forumebsa da proeqtebSi, rac XXI saukuneSi marTlac warmoudgenelia dargSi muSaobis dros! germanuli da faranguli enis bazisuri codna, Cems SemTxvevaSi, gamarTlebulia inglisuri enis srulfasovani codniT, amave dros, maRali teqnologiebis XXI saukuneSi ar warmoadgens sirTules wignis garkveuli pasaJebi internetuli resursebis daxmarebiT Targmno, leqsikoni gamoiyeno, es Targmani gadaamowmo da Semdeg moiSvelio, Cans, Cveni oponenti am mxrivac moklebulia Tanamedrove codnas da mxolod sakuTar codnas aRiarebs! 293 161 gv. recenzenti wers: “Thureau-Dangin F., Les Cylindres de Goudea, Paris 1905 (unda iyos: 1925), Tu unaxavs, rasakvirvelia, ratom uTiTebs maTze? sakuTar naSromSi xom versad vxvdebiT maTi gamoyenebis kvals! Ees wignebi kidevac rom enaxa avtors,MmaTi monacemebiT veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver isargeblebda igi, radganac CamoTvlil gamocemebSi Sumerulenovani lursmuli teqstebis mxolod avtografebia gamoqveynebuli; maTze ki Sumeruli lursmuli damwerlobisa da enis sruli ucodinarobis gamo xeli ar miuwvdeba mas”. recenzentis mier miTiTebuli wigni pirvelad gamoica 1905 wels da ara 1925 wels, rogorc es Cvens pativcemul emeritus profesors hgonia da Secdomas gvisworebs! b-n jemals SeuZlia ixilos es wigni veb-gverdze, Cems mier qvemoT miTiTebul misamarTze, iqve gadaamowmos gamocemis weli da, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gadmoiweros kidec: http://www.forgottenbooks.org/books/Les_Cylindres_de _Goudea_1200048134 kvlav ver daveTanxmebi recenzents, rom am wignSi Sumerulenovani lursmuli teqstebis mxolod avtografebia gamoqveynebuli, aq gamoyenebulia gudeas cilindrebis teqstebis transkripcia, transliteracia, Sesabamisi komentarebi da saubaria gramatikul da leqsikis sakiTxebze. Sumerul teqstebs Tan erTvis franguli Targmani. es unda icodes Cvenma gamocdilma recenzentma!Ggamoyenebuli literatura ar niSnavs damowmebul literaturas, mecnierma unda waikiTxos dargSi sxvadasxva literatura, gaiazros, gaacnobieros da sakuTari warmodgenebi Seiqmnas garkveul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, man citirebaSi 294 SeiZleba ar gamoiyenos, magram gamoyenebul literatura ki unda miuTiTos, Tu gascnobia. b-ni jemali Kkategoriulia Cveni enis codnis Sefsebis sakiTxSi, srul ucodinars gviwodebs, me ki sakuTar codnas am mimarTulebiT mokrZalebuls davarqmevdi da iq, sadac vfiqrob, rom sxva mecnierebi ukeTes kompetenciebs floben, maT Sromebs daveyrdnobodi, rasakvirvelia, gadamowmebis da konteqsturi gaazrebis Semdeg. am urTierTobebs hqvia mecnieruli da kolegialuri TanamSromloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kargad vicnob Sumeruli teqstebis katalogebs da piradad mimuSavia am katalogebze da firfitebTan, b-ni jemalis saxeli arsad Semxvedria, arc erTi Targmnili firfitis gaswvriv! baton jemals xelSic ar sWeria originaluri Sumeruli artefaqti, firfita lursmuli teqstebiT, an sad unda hqonoda amis SesaZlebloba?! bunebrivia, ar minda niSnismogebiT saubari, magram arc ciliswameba da sajaro damcirebaa koreqtuli b-ni jemalis mxridan. 161-162 gv. recenzenti wers: “ise gamodis, rom am wignebis miTiTebiT igi aSkarad cdilobs Tavis gamoCenas araspecialistebisa da farTo sazogadoebis winaSe, rasac zogjer axerxebs kidec (erTma araspecialistma, mecnierebis sul sxva dargSi momuSave soliduri avtoritetis mqone mkvlevarma CvenTan saubarSi gakvirvebiT ganacxada: eka avalianis mier sakuTar wignebze TandarTuli umdidresi da vrceli bibliografiis Tundac Semdgeneli rogor SeiZleba, rom iseTi dabali kvalificirebis mkvlevari iyos, rogorc ambobeno. Cvenma mosaubrem ar icoda, rom Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis, enebisa 295 da kulturis Sesaxeb cnobebis Semcveli internetuli gverdebi savsea msgavsi literaturuli CamonaTvaliT, riTac gulsrulad da mizanmimarTulad yovelTvis sargeblobs Cveni ”aRmosavleTmcodne” avtori). ra gaewyoba, am lirikul gadaxvevazec momiwevs pasuxis migebeba b-ni jemalisaTvis: pativcemulo recenzento, ar geCvenebaT Tqveni antireklama Cems wisqvilze dasmxmul wylad?! Tu dRes qarTul sazogadoebaSi araspecialistebi da farTo sazogadoeba, rogorc Tqven ambobT, Cems wignebs kiTxulobs da interesdeba dargiT _ Zveli istoriiT (raRac manqanebiT vaiZuleb maT amis gakeTebas, mec mikvirs, Tu rogor), gana es Cemi, rogorc mecnieris, aRiareba da damsaxureba ar aris? Tqven ver warmoidgenT, rogor gamaxareT am sityvebiT, radganac verc ki vifiqrebdi, Tu farTo sazogadoeba giorgi meliqiSvilis, grigol giorgaZis da zurab kiknaZis garda, dargSi Cemi Taobis mecnierebsac Tu icnobda saxelebiT, icnobda da dros uTmobda maT kvlevebs. Mmadlobeli var, rom Tqven da araspecialisti, soliduri reputaciis mqone qarTveli mecnieri (samwuxarod, ar asaxelebT pirovnebas), saubrobT Cems wignebze, msjelobT maT avkargianobaze, rogorc Cans, Tqven “avze” da is “kargze”, esec didi stimulia CemTvis! magram bolo nawilSi veRar dageTanxmebiT, ara marto literaturis CamonaTvaliT, aramed seriozuli gamokvlevebiTac gvanebivrebs internet resursebi, zogjer wvdoma am literaturaze ufasoa, zogjer ki fasiani. 296 ar mesmis Tqvens mier gamoyenebuli sityvis “gulsrulad” mniSvneloba da verc qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi (mTavari red. arn. Ciqobava) moviZie igi, magramFvvaraudob, rom raRac “bejiTobasa” (“gulianad”) da “srulfasovnebis“ kompoziti unda iyos, am azrs mimyarebs meore sityva“mizanmimarTuleba”, rasakvirvelia, bejiTad Seswavlili masala unda gaaanalizo, gaiazro, gaiTaviso da mizanmimarTulad, anu saTanado konteqstSi gamoiyeno, amas hqvia Zveli istoriis interpretacia da epistemologiuri kvlevebis ganviTareba. arsad miTqvams, rom var aRmosavleTmcodne _ Orientalist (Tqven brWyalebSi svamT am termins, ironizirebis konteqstSi). aRmosavleTmcodneoba, igive orientalistika, ar ikvlevs Zvel maxlobel aRmosavleTs (Ancient Near East), mas sxva qronologia da kvlevis obieqti aqvs, Sesabamisad, dargis sxva koncefciac. Tu sabWouri skolis termins iyenebT, maSinac uadgiloa Tqveni SeniSvna, Zveli indoeTi da CineTi, rogorc mkvlevars, naklebadD mizidavda da Tqven, icnobT ra “gulsrulad” Cems kvlevebs, es ar unda gamogparvodaT! 162 gv. recenzenti wers: “yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia mxolod gulistkiviliT aRvniSnoT: ra dasanania, rom amgvari wignebi kidev iwereba da, samwuxarod, momavalSic daiwereba amisgan Tavdacvis raime efeqturi saSualebebis ararsebobis gamo. saerTaSoriso kavSirebis gafarTovebis kvaldakval ucxoeTidan bevri cudi ram SeviTviseT da maT Soris MSemdegic: axla rasac ginda, imas dawer da Tanxebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso 297 ydaSi Casmul mdare xarisxis naSromsac ki gamoaqveyneb”. pativcemul recenzents minda guli davumZimo, radganac vmuSaob or monografiaze da maqvs garkveuli samecniero gegmebi momavlisTvis. rac Seexeba amgvari literaturidan Tavdacis efeqtur saSualebas, vSiSob, rom ar arsebobs! b-n jemals am mwvave problemasTan dakavSirebiT SemiZlia gavuziaro Cemeuli mosazreba: Tqven unda daweroT ukeTesi naSromi, b-no jemal! Tqvens mier dawunebuli avtoris Sromebis kiTxvaze dro aRar dakargoT, Tu am prevenciulma meTodmac ar gaWra, maSin es wignebi dawviT koconze da gulzec mogeSvebaT! ucxoeTidan vin ra SeiTvisa, konkretuli adamianis gemovnebis sakiTxia, vin rogor moipovebs Tanxebs, es Temac ar meCveneba mecnieruli davis an gansjis sagnad (radgan qarTul realobaSi amis gamoZiebam SeiZleba Sors wagviyvanos Tqvens SemTxvevaSi), xolo mdare xarisxis naSroms rom verc Zvirfasi garekani (esec Tqveni SemTxvevaa) da verc avtoris regaliebi (esec Tqveni SemTxvevaa) uSvelis, amaSic araerTxel davrwmunebulvar, radganac es naSromebi “Cawolilia”. yavlgasuli literaturiT arc qarTveli studenti tyuvdeba, arc profesionali da arc faro sazogadoebaSi iwvevs raime interess. dasavleTSi (am SemTxvevaSi me ar vgulisxmob dasavleT saqarTvelos da Tqveni “ucxoeTis” sapirwoned Semomaqvs es cneba, radganac “ucxoeTi” Zalze farTo mniSvnelobis matarebelia qarTul enaSi), romelic Tqven ase ar mogwonT, ubralod ar scnoben am naSromebis avtorebs, rogorc mecnierebs, 298 arc aravin TanamSromlobs maTTan, radganac seriozul konferenciaze rom dagidasturon monawileoba, sul mcire, jer ori Savi oponenti waikiTxavs Sens Teziss, Tu ar moewonaT, ar dagiSveben, radganac ufrTxildebian sxvis da sakuTar dros, amaSia dasavleTis mokrZalebuli xibli, dro fasobs! ise ar minda davasrulo Cemi pasuxi, rom megobruli rCeva ar mivce b-n jemals. gaufrTxildiT Tqvens da Cems dros, umjobesia es dro seriozul mecnierul kvlevas dauTmoT da ara “omebiada”-s weras. diax, omebiada jemal SaraSeniZis bolo naSromis saTauria, Tsu gamomcemlobaSi dabeWdilis. saTauri ki Zalian maxsenebs homerosis “iliadas”, oRond ilioni Zveli qalaqis, troas meore saxelia! aris prefiqss “ada”-Si “raRac antikuri”, magram SaraSeniZe Sors aris homerosisgan! 2006 wlidan b-ni jemali Hhumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetze daniSnulia sagamomcemlo eqspertTa jgufis ufrosad da misi dasturis gareSe profesori ver dabeWdavs Sromas Tsu gamomcemlobaSi, universitetis saxeliT! calke Temaa misi leqciebis saTaurebidan gamomdinare kursis Sinaarsi, xarisxi da pedagogiuri keTilsindisierebis sakiTxebic! Tumca es sxva Temaa da scildeba recenziis pasuxs. da mainc, minda madloba gadavuxado b-n jemals, am saTno mecniers, recenziisaTvis da, rac MmTavaria, imisTvis, rom Cvens polemikas sajaro saxe misca. 299 aleqsandre TvaraZe recenzia wignze: ebstorfis msoflio ruka, komentirebuli gamocema, gamomc. hartmut kugleri, t. 1-2, berlini: akademi-ferlag, 2007 (DIE EBSTORFER WELTKARTE, KOMMENTIERTE NEUAUSGABE IN ZWEI BÄNDEN, HRSG. V. HARTMUT KUGLER, UNTER MITARBEIT VON SONJA GLAUCH UND ANTJE WILLING, DIGITALE BILDBEARBEITUNG: THOMAS ZAPF, BD. 1: ATLAS, BD. 2: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UND KOMMENTAR, BERLIN: AKADEMIEVERLAG, 2007). 2007 wels berlinSi ebstorfis msoflios ruka hartmut kuglerma gamosca or tomad. ebstorfis msoflios ruka TariRdeba 1235 an 1300 wliT. es aris Sua saukuneebidan SemorCenili erT-erTi unikaluri, didi formatis ruka, romelic savaraudod amSvenebda ebstorfis qalTa monastris (CrdiloeT germania) sakurTxevels. daaxloebiT 3, 57 m. diametris ruka uxvad aris dasuraTebuli. ruka faqtiurad aris msoflios erTgvari istoria, sadac vxvdebiT suraTebs miwieri samoTxis, aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebis Tu aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva saocrebebis Sesaxeb. ruka sainteresoa saqarTvelos istoriis konteqstSic, raki gvTavazobs kolxebis, qalaqi dioskuriis, oqros sawmisis, qalaq derbentis da misi mcvelebis gamosaxulebebs. gamocemis pirvel tomSi mocemulia rukis maRali xarisxis 300 reproduqciebi. ebstorfis ruka pirvelad misi gamocemis istoriaSi dayofilia 61 segmentad. TiTo gverdze datanilia TiTo segmentis reproduqcia, xolo momdevno gverdze mosdevs teqsti, romelic aRniSnul segments ekuTvnis (laTinuri originali da germanuli Targmani). meore tomi eTmoba gamomcemelis detalur komentarebs. Tavidan ganxilulia zomerbrodtis, konrad mileris, vinekes Zveli gamocemebi. hartmut kugleri saubrobs rukis savaraudo avtorze an mis damkveTze: gansxvavebiT Zveli Sexedulebisgan is Tvlis, rom gervazius tilberieli ar yofila rukis Seqmnis iniciatori. komentarebSi agreTve saubaria rukis SesaZlo wyaroebze, isidor sevilielis da honorius augustodunenzisis geografiul traqtatebze. ganxilulia agreTve: ebstorfis rukis litera-turuli wyaroebi, rukis daTariRebis (kugleri miiCnevs, rom ruka Seqmnilia 1300 da ara 1235 wels, rogorc es miRebuli iyo adreuli kvlevis mier) da lokalizaciis sakiTxebi, misi savaraudo funqcia. ebstorfis rukis aRniSnuli gamocema Zalian mniSvnelovania rogorc TviTon rukis, aseve zogadad Sua saukuneebis kartografiis istoriisaTvis. 301 nino maisuraZe gamoxmaureba wignze `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ (Tbilisi, 2011)* Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis da integraciis pirobebSi uaRresad aqtualuria tradiciuli kulturuli memkvidreobis fiqsaciis, kulturul RirebulebaTa gadarCenis sakiTxi. am TvalsazrisiT did interess iwvevs dRes sazogadoebis winaSe warmodgenili `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~. igi eTnologiis sferoSi Sesrulebuli pirveli naSromia, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT unikaluria. wigni eZRvneba qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis fuZemdebels akademikos giorgi Citaias, romlis moRvaweobis pirveli wlebi eTnologiis sferoSi, profesor vera bardaveliZesTan erTad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumTan (amJamad erovnuli muzeumi) aris dakavSirebuli. proeqtis avtori da samecniero xelmZRvanelia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori eldar nadiraZe; leqsikonis redaqtori akademikosi roin metrevelia, romlis didi Rvawli pirveli qarTuli universaluri enciklopediis mravaltomeulisa (1975-1987) da ivane javaxiSvilisadmi miZRvnili unikaluri enciklopediuri leqsikonis (2002) momzadebasa da gamocemaSi sayovelTaod cnobilia. avtor-Semdgenlebi ZiriTadad eTnologebi arian, romelTagan zogierTi maTgani dRes Cvens Soris aRar * wakiTxulia wignis prezentaciaze saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi 302 aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ momzadda saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. am RirsSesaniSnavi naSromis upirvelesi mizania saukuneTa siRrmidan momdinare da, dRes eTnografiul sinamdvileSi Semonaxuli qarTvelTa uZvelesi da umdidresi, xSir SemTxvevaSi unikaluri kulturuli memkvidreobis warmoCena, romelsac WeSmaritad qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan mivyavarT. naSromSi, terminTa ganmartebasTan erTad, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis warmodgenilia maRal mxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli sailustracio masala, romelic, Tavis mxriv, eTnografiuli leqsikonis mimarT interess bevrad zrdis. materialuri kulturis TiToeuli Zeglis, xSir SemTxvevaSi vrceli ganmarteba warmodgenas gviqmnis eTnologiis dargSi arsebul mimarTulebebsa da am mimarTulebebis kvlevis siRrmeze, rogoricaa magaliTad, sameurneo kultura, miwaTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, mesaqonleoba, meTevzeoba, kvebis kultura, xelosnoba, meWurWleoba, sabrZolo iaraRi, feiqroba, nagebobani, musika, medicina, transporti da sxv. yovelive aman asaxva hpova eTnografiul leqsikonSi, sadac mocemulia TiToeuli nivTis dawvrilebiTi aRweriloba, masala, risganac damzadebulia es nivTi, damzadebis wesi, funqcia da misi adgili xalxur yofaSi, gavrcelebis areali. ufro metic, leqsikonSi calkea warmodgenili ama Tu im materialuri Zeglis Semadgeneli komponentebis terminologia da Sesabamisi ganmartebebi, TiToeuli maTganis mniSvneloba Zeglis srulyofaSi. materialuri kulturis nimuSebis, maT Soris – saxvneli 303 iaraRis sxvadasxva saxeobani miesadageba bunebrivsameurneo pirobebs da lokalur Taviseburebebs, esenia: aCaCa, orxela, didi guTani, arona, jilRa, romelic erqvanis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. miniSnebulia saxvneli iaraRebis konstruqciuli siaxlove da specifika. TiToeuli maTganis daxasiaTeba SesaniSnavad asaxavs qveynis vertikalur zonalobas (mTa, zegani, bari). imisaTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena Segveqmnas leqsikonis Sinaarsobriv mxareze, Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCereb ludze, romelic kulturulistoriuli TvalsazrisiT da utilitaruli daniSnulebiT did interess iwvevs. ludi jvar-xatebSi religiur dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebuli wesCveulebebisa da ritualebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. `leqsikonSi~ mocemulia terminis etimologia, ludis gavrcelebis are, damzadebis wesi da funqcia xalxur yofaSi. saubaria agreTve ludis Suamdinarul (Sumerul) warmoma-vlobaze, rac mravlismetyvelia qarTul-winaaziuri kulturulistoriuli Tu genetikuri kavSirebis aspeqtiT. naCvenebia kulturul-sameurneo kavSirebi ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebTan, urartusTan, egvip-tesTan. ludis Sesaxeb gamokvleva, rogorc uZvelesi droidan momdinare qarTuli kulturis elementisa, calke wignad gamoica. wignis avtori eldar nadiraZea. eZRvneba qarTveli eTnologis andro lekia-Svilis xsovnas. wignma `qarTuli ludi~, romelic gamocemulia kompania `nataxtaris~ mxardaWeriT, msoflios civilizebuli samyaro moiara. igi, msgavsad wignisa `samosi~, romlis avtoric agreTve b-ni eldaria, organuli nawilia `qarTuli materialuri 304 kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikonis~, sadac am `wminda~ sasmelis Sesaxeb vrclad aris saubari. leqsikonSi da `qarTul ludSi~ uxvadaa warmodgenili WurWeli, maT Soris - ludis moxmarebisaTvis saWiro WurWeli - vercxlis, spilenZis, xis, rqis, esenia: jami, Tasi, yanwi, jixuri, konCxi, samTvali da sxv. saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili jvar-xatebisadmi Sewirul vercxlis sakralur sasmisebs. am mxriv eldar nadiraZis kvlevis interesTa areSi moeqca TrialeTSi aRmoCenili vercxlis Tasi (Zv. w. II aswleulis I naxevari). Tasis orive frizi leqsikonSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili da naCvenebia misi socialur-religiuri aspeqti. mniSvnelovania Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT sasmisze asaxuli mTavari RvTaebisadmi `wminda~ sasmelis Sewirvis ritualSi, SesaZloa, sasmelad `wminda~ ludia gamoyenebuli. miT umetesad, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, bolo dromde arsebul religiur dResaswaulebSi, `sadidebelTais~ ritualSi, romelic formiT da SinaarsiT TrialeTis vercxlis sasmisze asaxuli ritualis anareklia, mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs `wminda~ ludis Sesmas. `leqsikonSi~ warmodgenilia religiur dResaswaulebSi `wminda~ ludis SesmasTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, romlis erT-erTi komponentia fanduri, romelic simRerasTan erTad, rogorc Tanmxlebi sakravi, organulad aris dakavSirebuli `wminda~ ludis Sesmis wesebTan. es sakravi, sxva sakravebTan erTad, aRwerilia leqsikonSi. Tasze asaxuli kompoziciisa da misi religiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb vrclad aris msjeloba agreTve `qarTul ludSi~, 305 magram am saintereso sakiTxze da kidev sxva mraval sakiTxze saubari amjerad Sors wagviyvans. amgvarad, zemoxsenebuli msjelobidan Cans, rom leqsikoni ar warmoadgens mxolod terminTa CamonaTvals, aramed es terminebi umeteswilad moicavs maT irgvliv arsebul yovelmxriv monacems. `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ da materialuri kulturis calkeuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli eTnografiuli wignebi, magaliTad, maRal mecnierul da mxatvrul doneze Sesrulebuli `qarTuli samosi~, `qarTuli ludi~, Sinaarsobrivad qmnian erTian saocar simfonias, romelic qarTuli kulturis am elementebs erTmaneTTan harmoniulad akavSirebs. leqsikonSi warmodgenili mdidari qarTuli leqsika, vfiqrob, momavalSi enaTmecnierTa calke Seswavlis sagnad iqceva. minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da ramdenime sityviT Sevexo eldar nadiraZis, rogorc am SesaniSnavi proeqtis avtoris samecniero moRvaweobas saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi. igi mravali sayuradRebo naSromis avtoria. wlebis manZilze warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobs eTnologiis dargs saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi da Rirseulad agrZelebs b-ni giorgi Citaias da q-n vera bardaveliZis mier muzeumSi dawyebul saqmes. igi redaqtoria eTnologiuri krebulebis, romlebic yovelwliurad qveyndeba saqarTvelos muzeumis mesveurTa ZalisxmeviT. swored misi am moRvaweobis Sedegia pirveli qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikonis gamocema, romelic 306 saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi momzadda da qarTvelTa uZvelesi droidan momdinare kulturis RirsSesaniSnavi matianea. me maxsendeba b-ni kote ColoyaSvilis gamonaTqvami saaxalwlo sufrasTan, romelic yovelwliurad imarTeboda q-ni veras da b-ni giorgis ojaxSi: `pirvel rigSi ikiTxeT rogori adamiania da Semdeg – rogori mecnieri~. b-ni eldari gamorCeulia Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT, am sityvis farTo gagebiT. igi uaRresad keTilSobili, uSurveli da yvelasadmi keTilganwyobilia. amave dros principuli, Rirseuli moqalaqea da TvalsaCino mecnieri. 307 Nino Maisuradze “ETHNOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE GEORGIAN MATERIAL CULTURE” In our modern world of globalization and integration the fixation andpreservation of the traditional cultural heritage and cultural values areof utmost relevance. From this point of view “Ethnographical Dictionary of the Georgian Material Culture” is a first work in Ethnology, which is unique in its content. The ancient and the richest cultural heritage that brings us to the roots of the truly Georgian civilization is reflected in the book. Нино Маисурадзе ОТЗЫВ О КНИГЕ «ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ГРУЗИНСКОЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ» В современном мире, в условиях глобализации и интеграции, исключительно актуален вопрос фиксации традиционного культурного наследия и уцеления культурных ценностей. С этой точки зрения «Этнографический словарь грузинской материальной культуры» первый труд в сфере этнологии, который своим содержанием уникален, В нем отражено древнейшее и боготейшее культурное наследие грузинского народа, которое приводит к истокам воистину грузинской цивилизации. 308 sarCevi redaqtorisagan .......................................................... 3 xaTuna ioseliani demetre I-is mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb...................... 6 Khatuna Ioseliani About the Coronation of King Demetre I......................... 12 salome baxia-oqruaSvili stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi afxaz da Cerqez xalxebSi........................................... 13 Salome Bakhia – Okruashvili Traditions of Guest-and-host in Abkhaz and Circassian peoples...................................................... 30 giorgi mamardaSvili afxazuri xalxuri gadmocemebis, Tqmulebebis da miTebis geografia............................. 31 Giorgi Mamardashvili Geography of the Abkhazian legends and Myths........................................................... 50 qeTevan quTaTelaZe nayofierebis qalRvTaebis erTi saxe qarTul da kavkasiur eposSi....................................... 52 Ketevan Kutateladze One of the Fertile Goddess in Georgian and Caucasian Epos.......................................................... 80 309 medea gogolaZe vaxtang mefis da miqael mTavarepiskoposis konfliqtis motivebi.................................................... 81 Medea Gogoladze The Motives of the Conflict of King Vakhtang and Archbishop Michael................................................... 88 TinaTin ximSiaSvili espaneTis baRebi - algambra generalifi................... 89 Tinatin Khimshiashvili Gardens in Spain............................................................... 96 xaTuna TodaZe qarTul-bizantiuri samonastro cxovrebis paralelebi (XI s.).................................... 97 Khatuna Todadze Comparison of Georgian and Byzantine Monastery Lives (11th century)......................................... 107 irma kvaSilava “wminda giorgi ilorisao, gerisao, qurmuxisao... Tavzardamcemo mtrisao!” (iloris, geris da qurmuxis wm. giorgis salocavebis Sesaxeb)............ 108 Irma Kvashilava “St. George of Ilori, of Geri, of Kurmukhi... You, Who Terrify Enemy”............................................... 126 310 daviT WiTanava ,,wamxaris‟‟ RvTismSoblis xati............................. 127 Davit Chitanava Caption on the "Tsamkhari" icon of the Virgin Mary.......... 134 aleqsandre TvaraZe vend graf fon kalnainis samxedro tyveobis aRweriloba – sabWoTa saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelovani wyaro.................................... 135 Aleksandre Tvaradze Wend Grafs von Kalnein Gefangenschaftsdarstellung im Kaukasus – eine wichtige Quelle für die Geschichte Sovjet-Georgiens............................................ 159 avTandil sonRulaSvili eqvTime TayaiSvilisa da irodion sonRulaSvilis epistolaruli memkvidreobidan.................................. 160 Avtandil Songulashvili From the Epistolary Inheritance of Ekvtime Takaishvili and Orion Songulashvili................. 169 irma kvaSilava saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebi postsabWour periodSi................................................. 170 Irma Kvashilava Greeks in Georgia in the Post-Soviet Period.................... 203 311 vaxtang sonRulaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damokidebuleba religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebisadmi XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.................................................................. 204 Vakhtang Songulashvili The Attitude of the Georgian State and the Church towards the Religious and Ethnical Minorities in the XI-XII century...................................... 223 xaTuna ioseliani XII-XV saukuneebis svaneTis istoriuli-geografiis sakiTxebi............................... 225 Khatuna Ioseliani The Historic Geography of the 13th-15th Centuries Svaneti.............................................................. 234 zurab sulaberiZe Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis saskolo da sauniversiteto ganaTlebis istoriidan...................................................................... 235 Zurab Sulaberidze From the History of Educational Systems in West European Primary Schools and Universities....................................................................... 253 igor kekelia ,,saafacios“ lokalizaciisaTvis................................. 254 Igor Kekelia For the Localization of ,,Saapatsio~................................ 261 312 polemika eka avaliani CemiPpasuxi b-n jemal SaraSeniZis recenziaze: “ramdenime arasasiamovno sityva eka avalianis wignze: Zveli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoria: ganviTarebis traeqtoriebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan III saukunemde”, Tb. 2012............................................................................................. 263 recenzia aleqsandre TvaraZe ebstorfis msoflio ruka, komentirebuli gamocema, gamomc. hartmut kugleri, t. 1-2, berlini: akademi-ferlag, 2007.................................. 300 Aleksandre Tvaradze Die Ebstorfer Weltkarte, Kommentierte Neuausgabe in zwei Bänden, hrsg. v. Hartmut Kugler, Unter Mitarbeit von Sonja Glauch und Antje Willing, Digitale Bildbearbeitung: Thomas Zapf, Bd. 1: Atlas, Bd. 2: Untersuchungen und Kommentar, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 2007....................................... 300 gamoxmaureba nino maisuraZe `qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni~ (Tbilisi, 2011)............ 302 Nino Maisuradze “Ethnographical Dictionary of the Georgian Material Culture”.............................................................. 308 313
Documentos relacionados
N_3 saboloo.pmd
amitom migvaCnia mniSvnelovnad Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis srulad miwodeba rogorc Tavdapirveli
teqstisa, aseve am teqstebis Targmanisa, raTa xsenebuli
teqstebi ar darCes mxolod mecnier-mkvlevarTa Se...
aleqsandre TvaraZe _ CV
damietes jvarosnebis banakSi da qristianul kavkasiaSi (Der WestFeldzug von 1219-1221: Die „Mongolenerwartung“ im Kreuzfahrerlager von Damiette und
im christlichen Kaukasus), krebulSi: monRolebis re...
individualuri sadoqtoro programis dasaxeleba: finansebi da
sadoqtoro programis dasrulebis Semdeg kursdamTavrebulma unda
SeZlos: Tavis saqmianobaSi gamoiyenos kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi
da xerxebi; mecnierul kvlevebSi farTod gamoiyenos ekonomikuri
Teoriis...
guriis moambe
17 oqtomberi, ozurgeTi, sofeli lixauri _ pirveli eqvTimeoba! _ ase Semoinaxavs albaT istoria am TariRs. aqve, amave dros, Tanamedrove formatiT, ganaxlda guriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli saxalxo ...
stumarmaspinZlobis afxazuri tradiciis lingvokulturuli aspeqtebiE
ix.: inal-ifa, 1984, gv. 112-113).
zogjer, roca uxuces maspinZels ar SeuZlia (magaliTad, mZime
avadmyofobis an sxva seriozuli mizezis gamo) Tavisi movaleobis
Sesruleba, stumari aRniSnul sistemaSi p...