assessment

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™
ISSN 2307-8235 (online)
IUCN 2008: T155018A722547
Sciades parkeri, Gillbacker Sea Catfish
Assessment by: Betancur, R., Marceniuk, A.P., Giarrizzo, T. & Fredou, F.L.
View on www.iucnredlist.org
Citation: Betancur, R., Marceniuk, A.P., Giarrizzo, T. & Fredou, F.L. 2015. Sciades parkeri. The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T155018A722547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20152.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Siluriformes
Ariidae
Taxon Name: Sciades parkeri (Traill, 1832)
Synonym(s):
• Arius bonneti
• Arius clavispinosus
• Arius despaxi
• Arius parkeri
• Arius physacanthus
• Aspistor parkeri
• Bagrus emphysetus
• Bagrus flavescens
• Hexanematichthys parkeri
• Sciades emphysetus (Müller & Troschel, 1849)
• Silurus parkeri
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Gillbacker Sea Catfish, Geelbuik Sea Catfish, Marine Catfish
Mâchoiron Jaune
Bagre Amarillo
Taxonomic Source(s):
Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.). 2014. Catalog of Fishes. Updated 31 October 2014. Available at:
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. (Accessed: 31
October 2014).
Taxonomic Notes:
Marceniuk (2005) placed this species in Aspistor, but it is now generally agreed that the appropriate
name is Sciades parkeri. A revised (unified) nomenclature for Ariidae is currently underway (R. Betancur
pers. comm. 2014).
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable A2bd ver 3.1
Year Published:
2015
Date Assessed:
August 17, 2011
Justification:
This species is widely distributed, common and abundant where it occurs in estuaries and lower reaches
of rivers. Its generation length is 11 years. It is commercially exploited as a food source with high market
value throughout its range. It is targeted for national and international trade not only for its meat, but
also its swim bladder which also gains high market prices. Off Brazil, landings declined by 47-54%
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
1
between 1997 and 2007 (10 years). There has been no decrease in effort. The area off Brazil comprises
approximately 40% of its global range. High catch levels are also reported for Venezuela and French
Guyana, but landings data are not available. Overall, data are not available over a period of three
generation lengths (33 years). However, it is suspected that since this fishery has been in existence since
the late 1800s and effort has only been increasing, it is likely that declines are in the order of at least
30% throughout its range over the three generation length period. Therefore, this species is listed as
Vulnerable under A2bd.
.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2010 – Near Threatened (NT)
Geographic Range
Range Description:
This species is distributed in the western Atlantic from the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela to Maranhao State,
Brazil. Records from Pernambuco State are likely misidentifications (Marceniuk and Betancur pers.
comm. 2011).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Brazil; French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
FAO Marine Fishing Areas:
Native: Atlantic - southwest, Atlantic - western central
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
2
Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
3
Population
This species is common, abundant and a fishery resource in Brazil. It is also common in fisheries in the
Gulf of Paria, Venezuela (R. Betancur pers. comm.). It is the second most harvested Ariid species in
terms of biomass off French Guiana (Leopold 2004). It is exported to a range of countries including
Canada, the USA, the UK and Holland. The isinglass (swim bladder) is sold for the cosmetic and beer
industry. In North Brazil, it is caught as bycatch in the Cynoscion acoupa gillnet and longline fisheries
(Fredou and Asano-Filho 2006). Fredou and Asano-Filho (2006) estimated a total biomass of
approximated 9,300 t and an average CPUE of 0.74 kg/hectare on the Amapa coast, Brazil and the stock
is at its maximum level of exploitation. It is caught year-round in Pará State, with a higher CPUE in the
fourth trimester of the year (Pinheiro and Frédou 2004). Araujo (2001) mentions a great monthly
variation in landings, with peaks in April, June and July. Between 1997-2007 a mean of 7,905 tons were
caught with a minimum of 3,610 in 2006 and 12,274 in 2001 in Para State (www.ibama.gov). There is a
decline in the landings from Para State ranging from 47-54% depending on whether a linear regression
or decline calculated by points (max and min) was used. Although these are landings data, it is known
that the effort in the area has not declined. Therefore, the landings are likely a conservative estimation
of population declines. Landings in Para State comprise fish that are caught along the coasts of Amapa,
Para and Maranhao States. Although there are no catch statistics outside of Brazil, it is assumed that the
intensity of fisheries is similar because this species is well-known and has similarly high market values.
Therefore, it is inferred that declines are at least 30% over the past ten years throughout its range.
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
This demersal species occurs between 15-20 m in muddy, turbid estuaries and the lower reaches of
rivers (Leopold 2004). Its main food items include fishes and crustaceans (Mendes 1999). The flowing
growth parameters for this species in North Brazil: Linf= 149 mm; k=0,08 years-1; while Araujo (2001)
found Linf= 227 mm and k=0,26 years-1 in Amapa coast; natural mortality rate of 0,16, year -1, a fishing
mortality rate of 0,15-1 and a total mortality rate of 0,27 -1 (Souza et al. 2003 apud Souza and Fonseca
2008). It can live up to 17 to 20 years. Using a longevity of 17 years (Souza et al. 2003) and a age of first
maturity of 2.5 years (based on Sciades proops, according to Le Compte et al. 1989), the estimated
generation length is 11 years. Three generation lengths is 33 years.
Systems: Freshwater, Marine
Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information)
The species is an important commercial resource in many parts of its range.
Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
This species is exploited throughout its range. Like other ariid, S. parkeri has low fecundity and exhibits
parental care (mouth brooding) and may therefore be particularly vulnerable to intense fishing pressure.
It occupies estuarine areas where there is a potential threat from pollution and habitat degradation.
However, there are no data to confirm whether it is affected by this.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
4
In Brazil, Ordenance nº 73, from 09/09/1996 from IBAMA forbids fishing activities directed towards this
species in Amapa State between 01/11 to 31/03 in the area of Araguari and Cunani Rivers mouths and in
Maracá and Jipioca Islands and their surroundings. It allows hook and line fishing during these periods.
Further research is recommended on the impacts of fishing on its population as well as its life history. It
should be protected during spawning periods.
Credits
Assessor(s):
Betancur, R., Marceniuk, A.P., Giarrizzo, T. & Fredou, F.L.
Reviewer(s):
Cox, N.A.
Contributor(s):
Acero, A., De Silva, R., Milligan, H., Lutz, M., Batchelor, A., Jopling, B., Kemp, K.,
Lewis, S., Lintott, P., Sears, J., Wilson, P., Smith, J. & Livingston, F.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
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Citation
Betancur, R., Marceniuk, A.P., Giarrizzo, T. & Fredou, F.L. 2015. Sciades parkeri. The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2015: e.T155018A722547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20152.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
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8
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent
Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
Resident
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
Resident
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.6. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Muddy
Resident
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.10. Marine Neritic - Estuaries
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
Yes
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting
aquatic resources -> 5.4.1. Intentional use:
(subsistence/small scale)
Ongoing
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Unknown
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting
aquatic resources -> 5.4.2. Intentional use: (large
scale)
Unknown
Unknown
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: No
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
9
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
3. Monitoring -> 3.2. Harvest level trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Lower depth limit (m): 20
Upper depth limit (m): 15
Population
Population severely fragmented: No
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 11
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sciades parkeri – published in 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T155018A722547.en
10
The IUCN Red List Partnership
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN
Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation
International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas
A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™