faH MaKap-ryp
Transcrição
faH MaKap-ryp
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CT.[y NC6bI I'llI'lieHbI V oxpyICaolueH cpegbl B crpaxax EBporIbI 2 Bbi6op IIOJIHTHKH 17oàzomoeun x nevamu: Opaxx Txxc-rox 00opnanexue oEviavcxu: AxcHOM gmaiti, T1ogztox, CoegmexHoe KopariescTSo BceMKpxasr opraxn3aur3A supasooxpaxexnA EsponeHcxoe perxoxanbxoe 6ropo KoneHrareH rHrHexbl oxpywaFOweH cpeAbl B cTpaxax EBpoHbI 2 Cay>K6bT Bbi6op no.rrHTKIGI Max Maxaplyp H KcaBbep BoHHecbya PerNoxa.nbnbie ny6nHr:auHH B03, EsponeHchasi cepHa, Ns 77 ISBN 92 890 4337 7 ISSN 0258 - 4972 EBponeiicxoe perxoHanblloe 6lopo BceMHpxoI3 opraxx3aullH mpasooxpaxeHHA OXOTHO ynosneTBOpAeT O6palueHHA c npocb6oFI pa3peIIIHTb nepeneLIaTxy nH6o nepesoA ny6nxxaaHH TIaCTHtIHO HRH nORHOCTbI9. 3aABneHH51 H 3anpOCbl CReAyeT Hai-Taw-um, B blOpo ny6nHKaIzHil Esponeilcxoro perxoaanbxoro 6lopo B03 no aApecy: Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark. Biopo OXOTHO npenoCTaBHT nocneAHlOio HH(l)opMauHlo o KaKIiX-nH6o H3MexexHAx B TexcTe, o nnaxax HOBbIX x3AaxHÎ3, a TaKxce o6 pxe HMelO7I;HxcA nepenegaTKa.x H nepesoAax. © BceivlxpHasl opraxH3auHa 3,gpasooxpaHeHHSI 2000 Ha ny6nHKauxH BceMHpxoH opraHH3auHH 3ApasooxpaxexHA pacnpoCTpaHAIOTcA, c COXpaHeHHeM 3a He Bcex npan, nono)KeHHA IIpoToxona 2 BceMHpaoH KoHSeHuHH no oxpaxe aBTOpcKHx npas. 06o3HaLIexH51, HCnonb3yeMble B HacToAIueH ny6nHxanHH, H npHBeAeHHble B Hei MaTepxanbl He OTpa)KaK7r MHeHHe CeKpeTapHaTa BceMHpxoH opraxH3auHH 3,IqasooxpaxeHHSI o IopHAH*iecKOM CTaTyce KaxoH- nH6o cTpaxbl, TeppHTopHH, ropoAa nH6o palioxa 14 Hx opraxos BnaCTH R1460 B31"1131Abl 0 AenHMHTauHH HX rpaxHu. Ha3BaxHA CTpaH Him TeppHTOpHH, HCnonb3yeMble B HaCTOAU[eii IIy6RHxalzHH, COOTBeTCTByIOT Ha3BâHHAM, 143BeCTHbIM B nepHOA nOArOTOBKH H3AaHHA AaHHOi3 KHHI'H Ha 513bIKe OpHrHHana. 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CTpaHbl, B KOTOpbIX OCyIueCTBneH o63op Cnyxc6, MapT 1993 - MapT 1994 r. Ilpxnoxceaxe 2. YuacTHxKx coseluaaxr3 pa6oxxx rpynn 1992-1994 rr. 147 149 17peducnoeue Ilocne OopyMOe Ha ebaczueM ypoeue e Puo-de-Naxeüpo, Kunpe u KoneuzazeHe cmana coeepzueuuo oveeuduoü Heo6xoduMocmb muyamenbuozo auanusa cmpauaMu, Hacxonbxo ux paseumue coomeemcmeyem npuHtfuna.M zap.n4oxuitHocmu, Hacxonbxo C smuMu npuuzyunaMu coeMecmuMa duuaMUxa demozpaOutiecxux noxasameneü, a max.xce uanuYue npednocburox x cosdauulo zap.Mouutwozo o6zcyecmea. Ha Bmopoü eeponeücxoü xoHg'iepeHZyuu no oxpyycatouyeü cped e u oxpaue sdopoebsc e Xenbcuuxu e 1994 zody dnR cmpaH Eeponeücxozo pezuoua B03 6buzu pa3pa6omauba ocuoeubie npuuzyunba npupodoc6epe2alouyezo u 6nazomeopuozo dnR sdopoebR paseumuR. 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B nOCneAHHe MAN CTanO OLICBHAHbIM,LITO 3AOpOBbe SIBnSIeTCSI OCHOBHOi3 npo6neMOI3, nopWKAaeMOH H3MeHeHHSIMH B OxppxaloujeH cpe,r{e B CB513H C 31COHOMHLieCxHM pa3BHTHeM. B 1984 r. rocyAapcTBa - LlneHbl EBponeIÏCKOrO perHOHa B03 npHHanH crpaTerxlo 3,qOpOBbsi Ana scex (1). B cTparerHH onpeAenexbl 06uiHe 3aRaLIH 3,Iqoasooxpallexi35l,i(nS1 scex cTpaH Perxoxa. Heiarropoe LIHCJiO 3THX InAaLI xacaeTCSI HenocpepccrseHHO yc.nosHH rxrxeHbl oxpyxcaioirgeK cpeAbl H sonpocoB yllpasnexxa B 3TOi3 o6nacTH. B 1989 r. Esponelicxoe perxoxanbxoe 6iopo B03 opraxH3osano Ilepsylo esponeï3cxyio xoxcpepeHÿHlo no oxpyxca.lou;eii CpeAe H oxpaxe 3,4Oposbsi, Ha xoTOpoIï 6bina ripxxsiTa EHpoiieÎ3cicasl xapTHSi no oxpyxcaiorgeïi cpeAe H oxpaxe 3j2(Op0sbsi (2) . 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YLIHrbISaR Ha3HaLIeHHe cnyxc6 rxrneHbl oxpyxcalolueH cpeAbl, LIpe3BbILIaHHo TpyAHO OTHOCHTb K HHM npHHuHnbl aHanH3a 3KOHOMHLIeCK0Îi 344eKTHBHOCTH. O,I(HaKO B OTHOLIIeHHH KOHKpeTHbIX npOeKTOB HnH HHBeCTHuHOHHbIX npOrpaMM TaKOIi aHanH3 MOxceT 6bITb BbInOJIHeH. uenbio paCLIeTa 3KOHOMHiieCKOIi 34)41eKTHBHOCTH RBJIReTCR Kai( o6OCHOBaxxe npi3HRTHR pezueHHR, Tax H HlrrerpauHR coo6paxcelIHÎI, KacaloluHxcR oxpyxcaloLueia cpe,qbl H 3ROposbR. Ouexxa cnyxc6 rxrlleHbl oxpyxcalolueli cpeAbl, no MHeHHIo HeKOTOpbIX, B OCHOBHOM 6a3HpyeTCR Ha nOKa3aTeJISIX 3KOHOMHLIeCKOH 34)41eKTHBHOCTH HX pa6oTbI. B nepHogbI Cna,Aa H 3KOHOMHiieCKOÎ3 aKTHBHOCTH 3TOT KpHTepxii ,IjoJUKeH HrpaTb BaxcHyio pan B IjelicTBHRX cnyxC6 rHrHeHbl oxpyxcaK)Iue)i cpeAbi. CTOHMOCTb HCKOTOpbIX HeoueHHMbIX KâLIeCTB OKpy)KaioLueÎi cpeRbI sprig nH nO,gnexcHT KaKOHnH60 OueHKe, H B 6011bIIIHHCTBe Cny*iaes HX He cnej(yeT mein-man, BOBCe. BMeCTe C TeM, oneHKH H MeXaHH3MbI paCLIeTa ,r4OnxCHbl HrpaTb BaxcHylo ponb B .i[OCTHxceHHH rapMoxmIHoro, ycToÎ3qHBoro pa3sHTHR. 3KOHOMH9eCKHe OueHKH MOryT nOMOLIb 3KOHOMHCTaM npHHHMaTb penicillin no BOnpOCaM HHSeCTHL[HIi HJII3 noTpe6neHHR c yLieTOM BnHRH)iSI oxpyxcaloLueli cpe,ubl. Tam, rAe pblHOtnHble orxonieHHR AocraTOmo pa3BHTbI, ueHbl ,aOxCJIHbI orpa>KaTb nOnHylO CTOHMOCTb ARA o6luecTSa npoH3BO,gcTBa H nOTpe6neHHR, BKniOiiaR paCXOjIbI, cB5I3axxble C oxpyxcaloLueli cpeAoli. nbITâRCb OueHHTb 3c141eKTHBHOCTb CJIy)K6 rHTHeHbI OKpyRca101ueH Cpe,ijbI, Ha,ljO HMeTb B BHgy, IITO TaKHe CJry)K6bI geliCTByKTT nHIIIb KaK O,IjHa LIa.cTb nOJIHTHKH O3JjOpOBneHHR OKpyxCa101ueÎ3 Cpe,Abl. Bo3MOxcHo, OHH - CâMâR 3aMeTHaR HJIH aKTHBHaR LIacTb CTpaTerHH, ogHaKO 3To 06CTORTenbCTBO He jIOJIxGIIO CTäHOBHTbCR npHLIHHOH EX H30nHpOBa.HHOIi OLjeHKH. Cnyxc6bl rHrHeHbl oxpyxcaloLueli cpeAbl gOnxCHbI 6bITb nOjZOTLIeTHbIMH, H EX jjeRTenbHOCTb ,i;OJßKHa nOKd.3bIBaTb OnpexneHHbIH nporpecc B RoCTHxCeHHH 06LIuIx ueneH. B To xce spew' cne,ÿyeT noMHHTb, LITO CBR3b MexC,I;y MX geI3CTBHSIMH H yJIy=iIIIeHHeM KaLIeCTSa OIcpyxcaioluelï cpeRbl HnH 3Aopo11b51 HacenexHR He Bcerp(a 6biBaeT npRMOH (npRMo nponopuHOxanbaoli). IIo3ToMy nlo6a2 ouexxa 34)c1)eKTHBHOCTH cnyxc6 rHrHeHbl orcpyxcalOLueli cpeAbl AonxcHa nposo,gxrbcR Ha ocHose B3BeIIIexxorO nO,r4xO,ua. Cnv1COK ri I1TepaTyp bi 1. 3adaYu no docmumenuto 36opoeb51 dnst ecex. Pe2uonanbnbze 3adatcu e noddepotcxype2uonanbnoü cmpame2uu docmuotcenux 38,opoeb51 dJlSl ecex. KorzexrareH, EsporleKcxoe perxoxanbxoe 61opo B03,1985 (EsporleHCxax cepHx Ily6nxKa.uxH "3Roposbe Aim scex" Ns 1). 2. Oxpymcatousast cpeda u oxpana 36opoebx: Eeponeücxast xapmust u xommenmapuu. KollexrareH, EsponeHcicoe perxoxanbHoe 61opo B03, 1990 (Perxoxanbable rry6nxtcauxx B03, Espone%Icxa.x cepilx N235). 3. Omqem xoncjtepenzyuu Opeanu3alyuu O6bedunennbtx Halfuü no oxpyatcatou feü cpede u pa3eumuto, Puo - de -3Kaneüpo, 3-14 wow/ 1992. Hblo-1/1opK, OpraHI33aIjI3x O67.e,nxHeHHbIx Hamill, 1992, TOM 1 (AoxyNIeIIT A/Conf. 151/26). 4. Copox Iuecmast ceccust Bce.mupnoü accaM6neu 3dpaeooxpanenust, 3-14 .mast 1993. Pe3ontoayuu u peuzenust. Xexesa, BceMHpxax opraxx3auxs 3ApasooxpaxeHr3x, 1993 (AOICyMeHT WHA46/1993/ REC/1), cTp. 21-23. 5. Oxpyotcatouyast cpeda u 3dopoebe. Coo6ufenue na Bmopoü eeponeücxoü tconOepenzyuu, Xenbcunxu, Ounnstndust, 20-22 utonX 1994. Koneara.reH, Esponel3cxoe perHoxanbxoe 61opo B03, 1995 (AolcyMel-rr EUR/ICP/CEH 212 /FIN/). 6. Eeponeüctcuü "man deücmeuü no oxpyotcatoufeü epede u oxpane 3dopoebst. KorleHrareH, EsponeHcxoe perl3oxaniHoe 61opo B03, 1995 (AoIryMeHT EUR/ICP/CEH212 / A /). 143 144 C11Y>Kbbl 1-14FVIEHbI OKPY>KA10111E1;1 CPEAbI B EBPOfIE 2 7. MACARTHUR, I. & BONNEFOY, X. CnyJ/c6ba zuzuexbt DxpÿJJCatouyeü cpedbz e cmpaxax Eeponbz 1. 063op npaxmutlecxoü deszmenbxocmu 1990-x. KonexrareH, Esponel3cxoe perHoxanbaoe 61opo B03, 1997 (PerHoaanbxble ny6nHxa.uHH B03, EBponeHcxasl cepHSi, N2 76). 8. I7nax deücmeuü dnsl cnyotc6 zuzuexbz oxpyatcatouyeü cpedbl cmpax .aexmpanbxoü u BocmoYxoü Eeponba u xoebIx xe3aeucu.Mbzx zocydapcme. itoxnad xa KoxcynbmamuexoM coeeuyaxuu B03, Co0u2, Eonzapusi, 19-22 oxmsz6pst 1993. KonexrareH, Esponeï3cxoe perxoxanbxoe 61opo B03, 1994 (AoxyMellT EUR/ICP/CEH 123). 9. JONSON, R. BeK npozpecca. JIoHAoH, I/IHcTHZyr HHCnexTOpos rxrHexbl oxpyxcasouJeH cpeAbl, 1983. 10.3adatlu no docmuatcexuto 36opoebs1 dim ecex. EeponeücxaR nonumuxa 36paeooxpaxexusz. KonearareH, EsponeHCxoe pernoxanbxoe 61opo B03, 1993 (EBponel3cKax cepnsi "3AopoBbe Arm Bcex", Ns 4). 11.EBPOIlEiiCKHÏ3 IjEHTP B03 no OKPYxCAE011172 CPEAE H OXPAHE 3AOPOBbSI. 3a6oma o 6ydyufeM Eeponbz. 3dopoebe u oxpydtcatouyasz cpeda e EeponeücxoM pezuoxe B03. IIITyrrapT, Haymoe H3AaTeenbcxoe o61uecTSo, 1995. 12.DEAN, R.B. CnyJtc6b1 zuzuexbz otcpy.wcatouyeü cpedbi. 063op adMuxucmpamuexblx u lopudutlecKux nocmaxoenexuü. KOneHrareH, EBponelicKoe perHOHânbHoe 61opo B03, 1983 (O61.uecTBeHHOe 3ApasooxpaxeHHe B Espone, Ns 19). 13.BCEMHPHASI KOMHCCHSI no OKPY)ICAfOITg)%I CPERE H PA3BHTHIO. Houle o6uyee 6ydyuyee. Oxc(1)opA, I43AaTenbcTBO OxccbopAcxoro yHHBepcHTeTa, 1987. 14.MuNRO, D.A. 3a6oma o 3eMne. Cmpamezusz zap.MOxutlxozo cyuyecmeoeaxusz. rnaHA, BceMHpHbIK c0I03 oxpaxbi npHpoAbi, 1991. 15.SCHAEFER, M. 3dopoebe, oxpy.rcatouyast cpeda u pa3eumue. Hodxodbt x pa3pa6omxe cmpamezuü 6nazononytlusz ntodeü 6 npedenax odxoü cmpaxbz e ceeme 17pozparYrMbz -21. Xexesa, BceMHpHasl opraHH3auHSI 3Apasooxpa$eHHSI, 1993 (AoxyMellT WHO/EHE/93.1). 16.Pexomexdazyust 21: pyxoeodcmeo dnsz opzaxoe Mecmxoü enacmu Benuxo6pumaxuu. JIoHAoH, MHHHCTepcTBO rocyAapcTSexxoro ynpasneHHSI, 1993. 17.Ynpaenexue eonpocaMu oxpyncatouseü cpedbz. Pyxoeodcmeo àntz opzaxoe Mecmxoü enacmu. Drummoyne, ABcTpanxixcxxH HHCTHryT rHrxexbl oxpyxcalolueH cpeAbl, 1993. 18.Haula nnaxema - xaule 36 opoebe. qoxnad KoMuccuu B03 no oxpaxe 36opoebsl u otcpy-Jtcatouyeü cpedbz. )Kexesa, BceMHpxasl opraHH3auHSI 3ApBooxpaxeHHSI, 1992. Cf11/ICOK J1VITEPATYP61 145 19.3a ycmoüYueoe u eapMouuuHoe pa3eumue.17po2paMMa Eeponeücxoeo coo6ufecmea no nonumuxe u deücmeuRM e omxoucexuu oxpyncafoufeü cpedbt u ycmoükueo2o pa3eumust. bploccenb, KoMHCCxx EsponeHcxoro coo6luecTBa, 1992 (AoxyMexT COM92.23). 20.Cny3,c6bi eueueubt oxpymatoufeü cpedbt e omdeneuusix 3dpaeooxpaueuuR A.71b6epmbt. Tlpoexm o6pa3tfoeoü Modenu. 3AMOHT0H, YHHBepcHTeT Anb6epTbl, 1993. 21.PAUL-DAUPHIN, A. 17oxa3amenu 3dopoebtx eopodoe. KonexrareH, EBponeHcicoe perxoxarrbxoe 61opo B03, 1994 (AoxyMeHT ICP/HCIT 94 01/PB04). 22.OKpywcatoufaR cpeda dnR Eeponbt. KoHOepeHZfust Ha ypoeue Muuucmpoe, Jltozfepua, 28-30 anpensi 1993. fiepH, cIseAepanbxoe 61opo no oxpyxcaloluex cpeAe, 1993. 23.Tu2ueua oxpyalcatoufeü cpedbz e ycnoaURx yp6auu3atfuu. ,Zoxnad 3KCnepmuoeo Ko.naumema B03. )Kexesa, BceMHpxax opraxH3auHx 3Apa.sooxpaxeHHx, 1991 (Cepxx Texxxiecxxx AoxnaAos B03, Ns 807). 24.SCHAEFER, M. Ynpaeneuue npoepaMMaMu Zu2ueubt oxpyalcatoufeü cpedbt - CUCmeMHbtü 83211516. )KeHesa, BceMxpHâ51 Opraxx3auHx 3ApaBOOxpaHeHxx, 1994 (3anHCx4 no BOnpOcaM 06rgecTBeHHoro 3AOp0s1351, N259). 25.KOHTPOnbHASI KOMYICCH5I. 3a 36opoeyto oxpy3tcatoufyto cpedy: ynpaeneuue cnyatc6an-tu eu2ueubt oxpy3xxtlouyeü cped bt. JIoHAoH, H.M. KaHuenslpcxasl xoHTopa, 1991. 26.EBPOnERCKOE PErIIOHAJIbHOE SK)PO B03. 17oebtuleNue KeanuOUKatfuu u Hay1tHbte uccnedoeaHUSt e o6nacmu o6ufecmeeHHo2o 36Opo8b51 : nepcnexmuebt "Hoeoeo o6ufecmeeHHoeo 3dpaeooxpaueuuR ". KapncTaA, LüseuHx. Hccne,gosaTenbcxxK ueHTp O61rkecTSeaxoro sApasooxpaxeHHx, 1994. 27. CALDER, M. KoMtvtexmoeauue nepcouana, npoOeccuouanbuoe o6yYeuue u noebttueuue KeanuOuxat{uu e o6nacmu eueueubt oxpy3tcatoufeü cpedbt. RoKnad no o63opy B03, KonexrareH, EBponeilcxoe perxoxaJrbHoe 61opo B03, 1994 (Aoxyr,leHT ICP/CEH 123). ripunwxeHue I cTpaHbl, B KOTOpb1X ocyulecTBneH 063op cnm6 MapT 1993 - MapT 1994 r. Ha3BaHHe ga-ra CTp aHbI BbInOJIHeHI35I 3xcnepT o63opa A.r16aHI35I ABrycT 1993 K. Foanecjlya (B03) beJiapycb 10. IITalnercac (JIIITBa) 3CTOHI35I Mail 1993 MapT 1993 MapT 1994 Anpenb 1994 Mall 1993 bonrapnx Pecny6nHlca. LIexI3x gaHII5I 51. MaxapTyp (B03) I KaMn3ynnc (I'peunsl) 51. Malca.pTyp (B03) A. Kannoc (I'epNIaHHSI) Opaxullsr HIOHb 1993 I'epMannsi Anpenb 1993 I'peunsl 1IIOlib 1993 Olcrx6pb 1993 H. BHnbcoH (CoeAHHexxoe KoponescTBO) Benrplul Ka3axcTaH KblprbI3cTaH JIarsnsl JIxTBa ÎI. Focc (Benxxo6pnTaHnx) 3. 3anpanos (fionrapnx) 51. MaxapTyp (B03) (Despanb 1994 10. IITaluexa.c (JIHTSa) kIIoHb 1993 NC. RlolueM3H (cDpaxul3sl) (Despanb 1994 A. HoxaxceH (Hopsernsl) ï41oHb 1993 F. XIcylcc (CoeAnllexxoe KoponeBCTBO) MonAoBa Hopsernsl IIonbiva MapT 1993 II. IIInalcy (10rocJlaBnsl) cDespanb 1993 A. 10pesxi3 (JIaTBnx) Ttexa6pb 1992 F. Xicyxc (CoeAHHexxoe KoponescTSo) (nepBbII3 npeABapnTenbHbIIi 0630p) 147 148 CJ1Y>K6b1 f1/11-V1EHbl OKPY>KAK)LLIE21 CPE,gbl B EBPOf1E 2 Ha3saHHe ga.Ta cTp aHbl BbIIIOJIHeHHSI 3xcnepT o63opa IlopTyraJlxx PyMbIHHSI PoccHncxasl Man 1993 Man 1993 Man 1993 51. MaxapTyp (B03) X-JI. rlOTCJIOH (clipaHuxsl) II.MapIIIaHAH3 (B03) ozbeAepauHSi CJIOBaxHx Ta,LPxxxxcTaH OxTx6pb 1993 A. IIIJIaxy (IOrocnasxsl) AsrycT 1993 11. Tr3JIJIbe H A. BHrypy (cDpaHuHA) TypuHsi TypxMexxcTaH YxpaHHa BenHxo6pHTaxx51 Hos16pb 1993 JI. Illnaxy (IOrocnasHsl) Ho26pb 1993 M. XpHCTexceH (jjaHHSI) CeIITx6pb 1993 10. IITalnexac (JIHTSa) 1/lioHb 1993 B. MyaccoHbe (4:1DpaHuHSI) flpunoierrue 2 YyâCTHV1KVl COBewâHVIV1 pa60ye0 rpyn n bi, 1992 - 1994 IIepsoe coseulanne no n.naHHposaxHI-o o63opos c.riyxc6 rHrHeHbl orcpyxcamuleH cpeAbi KonexrareH, 12-13 Hou6psi, 1992 rocnoRHH Mai3lcn ZIxc3lixo6 KOHCyJIbTaHT no 6e3o11acxocTH nHIIZeBbIX npoAyicros H rHrHeae oicpyxcaionqeii cpeAbl, PHxmaxsopT, CoemmeHHoe KoponescTSo I'ocnoRHH Fp3X3M gxcyxc gHpeicrop npocbeCCHoHânbHbrx II TeXHHLieciQ3x cny]K6, l onoBHOH 11Hcrl3Tyr rHrHeHbi oxpyxcaromeii cpegbi, JlonsqoH, Coe,apHelizroe KoponescTSo golcrop Jlxoxac KaneTHHac 3alvlecTxTenb MI3HI3cTpa 3,21pasooxpaxeHl33i, BI3nbHloc, JIHTBa ,Tloicrop lOnloc IITarneicac RHpeicrop IleHTpa 3xonorH=iecxoii MeAHi.ZHHbI, BI3nbHIOC, JIHTBa I'ocnoxca KpHCTHH Po6o CaHHTapxblli HHxcexep, JIaM6epcaT, cDpaHuHsl IIpoctleccop 3anpsiH 3anpslxos 3aMecrwrenb MHHHCTpa 3RpasooxpaHeHHa, COCpHSi, FionrapHx 149 150 011Y?K6bl EV1f V1EHbl OKPY>KAIOU.IEVI CPEAbI B EBPOPE 2 CeEpemapuam Eaponeüctiozo pezuonanbnozo 6iopo B03 rocno,z(HH Kcasbep Toxxecpya PeTHOHanbHbTH COBeTHHK, IITTaHHpoBaHHe, rHrHexa oxpyxcaloTTxeH cpeAbl H 3KOnorHSI Zoxrop Ammo Kenna PerxoxaTTbxbTÎ3 COBeTHHK, TOKCHKOTIOrHSi H 6e3onacxocTb npoAyKTOB nHTaHHST Jjoxrop C. TapxoscxxH AHpexrop, I'HrHexa oICpyxcalollZeÎi cpeAbl CoseLuaxHe pa6oyeK rpynnb>< no c.rrpic6aM rHrHeHbi oicppicalou.;te;H cpeRbi B rrpaHax Esponbi Ca.neHRp, clpaHHx, 9-10 asrycTa, 1993 Aoxrop MapHSI Xapanaxosa AHpexrop oTAena npoctiHnaxrHHeCKOH McRHuHHbT H rocygapcTSexxoro caxHTapxoro KoHTpO.rlx MHHHCTepcTBa 3ApasooxpaxeHHSI boTlrapHH, Cocbxsl I'ocnojjHH MaIiTCJI TIAC3Î-iK06 KOHCynbTaHT no 6e30nacHOCTH npOAyKTOB nHTaHHSI H rHTHeHe OKpyxcaloluekl cpeztbl, PHKMaHBopT, COeAniTeHHOe Kopo]IeBcTSo IIpoctieccop AHTOHHO JIo6aTO Ae Oapxa HanHoxanbxaâ InxoJIa O61geCTSeHHOrO 3gpasooxpaxeHlix, JlHCca6OH, IlopryranHx CeKpemapuam Eeponeücxozo pezuonarcanozo 6sopo B03 rocnoAKH Kcasbep boxxeclya PerHOHaTIbI3bIH COBeTHHx, IInaHHpOBaHHe, THrHeHa OKpy]TcaK)Ineii cpeJ_jbI H 3xoTIOrHSI I'ocnoAHH Sian MaxapTyp BpeMeHHbII3 KOHCynbTaHT, IInaHHposaHHe, rHrHeHa oKpyxca.IoineH CpeAbI H 3KOn0rH51 f1PV1f1O>KEHVIE 2 151 KOHCyJIbTâTHBHOe COBeIIxaHHe HO ILrlaHy AeÎiCTBHIÎ RJISI CJIpIc6 rHTHeHbI OKpywalOI.i](eIÎ Cpe,gbl B CTpaHâX ueHTpaJIbHOii H BOCTOL11IOÎI EBpOHbII H B HOBbIX He3aBHCHMbIX rOCyaapCTBâX Co4i3x, ro.nrapHSt, 19-22 otcrst6pst, 1993 An6anusc ,L(orcrop JIHpHM CenbciIo KOMHTeT n0 OXpaHe OKppIcalOweIÎ Cpe,iZbI, MHHHCTepCTBO oXpaHbl 3R0p0sbSI H oxpyxcaioLuei3 cpe,qbl, MHHHCTepcTBO 3RpasooxpaxeHHSI, (3a,uecmumenb npedcedameJlsi) Ap.n-lenuR goicrop rpaRp llonax AcnaHSIH rnasiibdi cnenuaru-ICr no rHi-Hexe MHluicreperBa 3gpasooxpaxeiu3n, EpeBaH. A3ep6aûdman rocnoAHH BHicrop KocyMOB CaxHTapxo-31HAeMHonorH*-Iecxoe yrlpasnexne, 3aMecTliTeJIb MHHHCTpa 3gpasooxpaxeHHx, Balky. %ieJl apycb Aoicrop ranHHa Kypraxcxasi rnaBHbii3 cneuHarIHCT no rxrHexe oxpyxcaioLueH cpeAbi, MHHHCTCpCTBO 3gpaBOoxpaHeH143I, MHHCK Pecny6nul:a LlexuR Aoicrop Kaper MapxsapT gHpeKTop,PlccneRoBaxxx H MexcRyxapoRHoe coTpyAHHHecTSo, HauHOHanbHblIi HHCTHTyT o6IInecTBeHHorO 3ApaBOOXpaHeH42, rIpara 3cmonuR IIpocpeccop PaAoT CHnna ,TIHpexrop I,IHCrHTyTa npoc]IHnaxrHnecxoi3 Me%ji'IuHHbI, MHHHCTepCTBO COuHânbHhIX Ren 3CTOHCKOH PeCny6nHKH, TaJInHHH Opant4uR rocnoRHH IO63p IICHap MeAHuxxcxHH HHCnexrop no caHHTapHH, rnasxoe ynpasnexxe no caHHTapHH, MHHHCTCpCTBO COUHânbHbIX Ren, IIapi-vic 152 C11Y?K6b1 PViPV1EHbl OKPY)KAKA1IEV1 CPE,gbl B EBPO(,E 2 Tpy3uR goICTOp Me)JHuHHbI Ji. 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EBponeVlcKOe peryoHanbHOe 6ropo BO3 BKnlo414n0cb B aKTNBHOe COTpygHNHeCTBO CO CTPaHaMN Pervio Ha no pa3pa6oTKe WNPOKOro Kpyra pyKOBOgHU{NX gOKyM@HTOB C L{enb1O COgebiCTBNH pecpOpMNpOBaHNIO Cny>K6 ryryeHbl oKpy>Karoutey Cpegbl y nOBbIW@HNIO NX PyKOBOgHLL{eN pony B peWBHNN aKTyanbHblX npo6neM OKpy>Karou.{el%1 Cpegbl y 3p,OpOBbH. Fly6nyKyeMOMy pyKOBOgCTBy npygaeTCH Cyu.teCTBeHHOe 3Ha4eHNe B OCyIJueCTBneHyy pecpopM,TaK KaK OHO npN3BaHO Cn0C06CTBOBaTb Pa3B14T1410 N yKpenneHNro HaL(NOHanbHblX Cny>K6 ryryeHbl oKpyN(aFOWeN Cpegbl. OgHOBpeMeHHO 3agaveN 3T0r0 pyKOBOgcTBa HBnfaeTCH COrnaCOBaHNe y o6begNHeHNe gef'1CTByV1 Ha CTpaHOBOM N MBNCgyHapOgHOM ypOBHHX. npOeKTbl, HaWe,qWye OTpa>KeHye B 3TOM pyKOBOgCTBe, OTBe4aroT 3anpOCaM CTpaH EBponeNCKOfO perNOHa B03, BO3H14KWNM no Mepe TOPO, KaK HegOCTaTKy B OpraHN3auNN Cny>K6 MryeHbl OKpyNCarouleN cpegbl CTany o4eBy,0,HbIMy. B npoLiecce pa6oTbl Hag 3TOV1 CepNeN ny6nNKaLtNV1 PeryOHanbHOe 6ropo nblTanOCb BbIHBNTb oCHOBHble npyHLiynbl, KOTOpbIX Cnegyer npNgep>KNBaTbCH, 0603Ha414Tb HeKOTOpbie nPenHTCTBNH N TpygHOCTN, a TaKNCe npegnO>ICNTb BapNaHTbI ganbHeNWero pa3BNTNH Cny>K6 ryrNeHbl OKPyNCarouiey Cpegbl B CTpaHaX PerNOHa. ISBN 92 890 4337 7 L(eHa: 30 wBekt. cpp
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