Instrumentação Biomédica

Transcrição

Instrumentação Biomédica
Sensores e Transdutores
Sensor: conversor de energia
•! Princípios de Funcionamento de Sensores e Transdutores
Transdutor: converte um sinal de uma forma física para um sinal
correspondente de outra forma física.
-! conversor de energia
-! as quantidades de entrada e saída não são do mesmo tipo
•!Exemplos
•! Eletromiografia
LabVIEW
estímulo
transdutor
sinal (energia)
entrada
resposta
sinal (energia)
saída
Profa. Léia Bernardi Bagesteiro (CECS)
E-mail: [email protected]
Princípios Físicos dos Transdutores
Princípios Físicos dos Transdutores
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Condicionamento
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Variáveis de Medida
Referências Bibliográficas
1.! Espaciais
2.! Tempo e Freqüência
3.! Mecânicas: Sólidos
* Instrumentação e Fundamentos de Medidas. V.1 (e V.
2). Balbinot e Brusamarello. LTC. 2006 e 2007.
4.! Mecânicas: Fluidos
5.! Mecânicas: Térmicas
6.! Eletromagnéticas
7.! Óticas
•! Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors
Handbook. J.G.Webster (Ed.) - CRC Press. 2000.
8.! Radiação
9.! Químicas
10.!Biomédicas
Modalidades Sensoriais
Fundamentos sobre Receptores e
Sensores Humanos
•! Sentidos Principais
–!
–!
–!
–!
–!
olhos (visão)
língua (paladar)
ouvidos (audição)
nariz (olfato) e
pele (tato)
•! Somatosensorial (estímulo dentro ou na superficie do corpo)
–!
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Amplitude e componente de Frequência do
Sinal
&-./8D!K=7!1-//7,!%378!-,7!/;<0.-1!-34!53-B%04-E17!J0/=03!<71B0.!&1%%,!'()8!E7.-587!/=7,7!08!3%!&0W74!.%337.A
Preparação Pele
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•! Redução de artefatos da pele
Sinal
Amplitude (mV)
EMG (agulha ou fio)
0.05 - 5
EMG (surperfície)
0.01 - 5
Limite Alto Pico componente
Surperfície 340 Hz
115 Hz
Fio
75 – 102 Hz
650 Hz
–! Óleo, pêlos, sujeira, células mortas, suor
•! Redução do sinal de EMG
!"#$;J'(=7"#"/3+(K*77L(27.M*1(0.7(N3#"/3+(9+*0-D(3/8
3/3+(97"#O-D(322+",3-"./1
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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•! Limpeza com álcool
•! Secagem
•! Aplicação dos eletrodos
–! Na direção das fibras musculares
–! Sobre a “barriga” do músculo (ver posição padrão)
5
Posicionamento Eletrodos
•! Posição dos eletrodos
–! Alinhados com as fibras musculares
–! Na linha média do músculo
•! Nem sobre, nem perto dos locais de inserção do tendão ou zona
de inervação (ponto motor)
–! Estimulação elétrica neste ponto resulta em contração muscular
–! Potenciais de Ação movimentam-se “estranhamente” e aquisição
de EMG é afetada
•! Eletrodo de Referência - “aterramento”
De Luca
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Análise de EMG
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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+-97!>?
Posicionamento
Eletrodos
•! Qual a informação importante para o seu estudo?
–! Revisão da literatura para verificar como o dado foi
analisado em estudos similares
•! Normalização
–! Contração Voluntária Máxima (CVM)
•! Pode mudar ao longo do dia!
–! Atividade específica
•! Dados de frequência
–! Pesquisa de fadiga
•! “Root Mean Square” (RMS) do sinal
RMS =
1 N 2
" xi
N i=1
!
6
2
-8;!-34!C50.D!.=7.D!%&!/=7!'()!&,7C573.;!408/,0E5/0%3F!)0G73!/=7
&,%:!HI!JK!=09=L<-88!5<!/%!-/!17-8/!MII!JK!1%B!<-88!NO'P2"(Q
<%B7,!08!1%.-/74!E7/B773!HI!-34!>MI!JKF!!@=08!<%B7,!408/,0E5/0%3
Frequência de amostragem
38&%,:-/0%3V! NUU@R! -34! 9,-<=0.-11;! <,7873/74! -8! -! 3/4%&' -/5*.
.=!8=%B8!/=7!&,7C573.;!<%B7,!408/,0E5/0%3!NWL-X08R!03!,-/0%!/%!/=7
•! sinal de EMG com componentes
de frequências até ~ 500Hz
•! portanto, frequência de
amostragem mínima do sinal de
EMG superficial na ordem de
1000 Hz (ou mais)
./,5:! .-3
98! -34! /=7
8.17! /;<7Q
Filtros
Filtros analógicos:
! Passa-Baixa (fc = 500Hz)
! Passa-Alta (fc < 10Hz para a análise espectral
e fc 10-20Hz para a análise de movimento
Filtro passa-banda de 20-450Hz, para a
aquisição do completo espectro do sinal
EMG
RF! @%! <7,L
/%!.%3/,-./
,7808/-3.7
:!.%3/,-.L
()! <%,/0%3F
7F9F! H! 87.L
3G78/09-/7
!"#$%&'(%)*+%,-,./%0-1+2%30+4,256%-7%.%3527.4+%89:%2+4-2;"<#(
6-3,%-7%,*+%3"#<./%0-1+2%"3%/-4.,+;%=+,1++<%'>%.<;%?@>%AB$
IJKR
74!E7/B773!MI!-34!aI!JK
7-878!-34!,7-.=78!K7,%!E7/B773!>II!-34!>MI!JK
Análise do sinal eletromiográfico
7!G080E17Q!78<7.0-11;!%5/8047!/=7!E-34L,-397
080E17!-/!MI!N'bR!%,!]I!NbO"R!JKF
•! Sinal EMG: frequência e amplitude
!<%B7,!=5:!.%3/-:03-/039!/=7!'()!E-871037!NU09F!?>R!-34!90G78
•! Análise no domínio temporal (indicador da
G0/;!B=0.=!:-;!-<<7-,!0&!-!85E[7./!08!3%/!-E17!/%!,71-X!-!:58.17F
magnitude da atividade muscular, produzida
predominantemente por aumentos na atividade das unidades
motoras e em sua taxa de disparo)
•! Análise no domínio de frequências (determinação
do espectro de frequências através da transformada de
Fourier - qualquer sinal contínuo real pode ser expresso em
uma combinação de senos e cossenos)
!"#$%&?(%)*+%,-,./%0-1+2%30+4,256%-7
.%*56%4-<,.6"<.,+;%89:%2+4-2;"<#(
)*+%*"#*%0-1+2%0+.C%.,%@>%AB
";+<,"7"+3%,*+%<-"3+%4-<,.6"<.,"-<%-7
,*+%2+4-2;"<#D%,E0"4.//E%;5+%,-%"<F
42+.3+;%+/+4,2"4./%#2-5<;%<-"3+%-7
,*+%0-1+2%<+,%1",*"<%,*+%3+/+4,+;
2--6%G./3-%3++%7"#$%&&H
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7./,%:;%9,-<=;
+-97!>?
Processamento do sinal de EMG
•!
•!
Processamento do sinal de EMG
Retificação de onda completa do sinal EMG
Filtro passa-baixa com tempo determinado?
7
Análise no domínio temporal: Retificação
Análise no domínio temporal
•!Retificação
•!Envoltório linear
•!Root Mean Square (RMS)
•!Integração
•! A retificação consiste em tomar o valor absoluto do sinal
EMG, ou seja, rebater as fases negativas (full-wave) ou remover
os valores negativos do sinal bruto (half-wave).
!"#$%&'()*+,--"$#'.'/,+0"1"+%0"*$
•! Pela retificação em full-wave utiliza-se o valor absoluto do sinal
!"#"$%&'()**"#+,
EMG, retendo sua energia.
@=7!,-A!'()!,7.%,4039!-1,7-4;!.%3/-038!B7,;!0:<%,/-3/!03&%,:-/0%3!-34!:-;!87,B7!-8!-!&0,8/!%CD7./0B7!03&%,E
:-/0%3!-34!4%.5:73/-/0%3!%&!/=7!:58.17!0337,B-/0%3F!@=7!G%&&E%3H!-34!G:%,7E1788H!.=-,-./7,08/0.8!-34!%/=7,
•! Avalia o nível de atividade do sinal EMG pelo RMS - Esta forma
I5-10/-/0B7!-88788:73/8!.-3!40,7./1;!C7!47,0B74!-34!90B7!-3!0:<%,/-3/!&0,8/!5347,8/-34039!%&!/=7!375,%:58E
de processamento não requer retificação, pois a amplitude do
.51-,!.%3/,%1!A0/=03!/78/8!-34!7J7,.0878F!2&!-!I5-3/0/-/0B7!-:<10/547!-3-1;808!08!/-,97/74!03!:%8/!.-878!8%:7
'()!8<7.0&0.!8093-1!<,%.788039!8/7<8!-,7!-<<1074!/%!03.,7-87!/=7!,710-C010/;!-34!B-1040/;!%&!&0340398F!#;!8.073E
sinal EMG é elevada ao quadrado.
/0&0.!,7.%::734-/0%3!K2L'6M!L'N2"(O!/=7!'()!,7.%,4039!8=%514!3%/!587!-3;!=-,4A-,7!&01/7,8!K7F9F!3%/.=!&01E
/7,8OM!7J.7</!/=7!-:<10&07,!C-34<-88!KPQ!*!RQQ!STO!&01/7,8!/=-/!-,7!377474!/%!-B%04!-3/0E-10-8039!7&&7./8!A0/=03
8-:<1039F! "/! C78/! .-87M! /=7! <%8/! =%.! <,%.788039! .-3! C7! ,7:%B74! -/! -3;! /0:7! /%! ,78/%,7! /=7! ,-A! 4-/-! 87/F
L%:7!%&!/=7!A711!78/-C108=74!<,%.788039!:7/=%48!-,7!03/,%45.74!03!/=7!&%11%A039!.=-</7,8F
-.&&'/%0"'$"(+121(%+1)#
23!-!&0,8/!8/7<!-11!379-/0B7!-:<10/5478!-,7!.%3B7,/74!/%!<%80/0B7!-:<10/5478M!/=7!379-/0B7!8<0U78!-,7!G:%B74
5<H!/%!<158!%,!,7&17./74!C;!/=7!C-871037!KV09F!WXOF!#780478!7-807,!,7-4039!/=7!:-03!7&&7./!08!/=-/!8/-34-,4!-:E
<10/547!<-,-:7/7,8!10U7!:7-3M!<7-UY:-J!B-157!-34!-,7-!.-3!C7!-<<1074!/%!/=7!.5,B7!K,-A!'()!=-8!-!:7-3
Análise no domínio temporal: Retificação
B-157!%&!T7,%OF
Retificação de onda completa
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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+-97!>?
Análise no domínio temporal: Envoltório Linear
Análise no domínio temporal: Envoltório Linear
•! Quando o nível de atividade está sendo investigado, o sinal retificado pode ser
alisado por um filtro passa-baixa para suprimir flutuações de alta frequência,
permitindo uma avaliação clara da amplitude do sinal EMG (envoltório linear).
•! O envoltório linear é um tipo de média móvel que indica a magnitude do sinal
EMG. A exata seleção das frequências de corte são arbitrárias e dependem de sua
aplicação, embora existam recomendações entre 3 a 50 Hz (ROBERTSON, 2004).
•! Em atividades de curta duração, geralmente usa-se frequências de corte em
torno de 10Hz, embora a resolução das características das altas frequências do
sinal seja atenuada.
>>> Amplitude do sinal
8
Análise no domínio temporal: RMS
Análise no domínio temporal: RMS
•! Associar a técnica de RMS a um intervalo de tempo determinado - aplicar o RMS
móvel para observar as alterações do sinal EMG em função do tempo.
•! Para se criar um RMS móvel a janela no tempo é movida ao longo do sinal
adquirido e o RMS é calculado. Esta janela pode ser sobreposta ou não. A
sobreposição permite uma grande continuidade do sinal EMG.
•! A janela típica para o RMS móvel é de 100 a 200ms, que se correlaciona com o
tempo de resposta muscular (DE LUCA, 1997)
•! A recomendação feita pelo SENIAM (European Committee “Surface EMG for the
Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles” - HERMENS et al., 2000) para a
determinação das janelas (para contrações não dinâmicas) é definida pela ativação
muscular associada pelo percentual da contração voluntária máxima (CVM):
• Sinais maiores que 50% CVM – janela de 0,25 a 0,5s.
• Sinais menores que 50% CVM - janela de 1 a 2s.
Análise no domínio temporal: Integração
Análise no domínio temporal: Integração
•! Um integrador é um equipamento (ou algoritmo computacional) que
soma a atividade em um período de tempo.
•! Caso o equipamento não seja ajustado à zero (reset), os totais
continuam a se acumular.
•! O sinal EMG integrado (IEMG) é também utilizado para avaliar o
nível de atividade. O IEMG é a área sobre a curva retificada.
•! O IEMG não discrimina ruído ou sinal EMG, e a retificação que
antecede a integração distorce a informação.
Análise no domínio temporal: Normalização
Análise no domínio temporal: Normalização
1. Contração Voluntária Máxima Isométrica (CVMI) – utiliza-se como
referência para normalização o maior valor encontrado em uma contração
Para se analisar e comparar sinais EMGs de diferentes
isométrica máxima para o músculo em questão
indivíduos, músculos ou aquisições, faz-se necessário a
2. Pico Máximo do Sinal EMG – Este valor é caracterizado pelo pico do
utilização de técnicas de normalização, sendo esta uma forma
sinal EMG encontrado no movimento ou ciclo estudado (método do pico
de transformação dos valores absolutos da amplitude em
dinâmico). A este atribui-se 100%, então, todo o sinal EMG é normalizado por
valores relativos referentes a um valor de amplitude
esse valor.
caracterizada como 100%.
3. Valor Médio do Sinal EMG – utiliza-se como referência para
normalização o valor médio do sinal EMG da contração (método da média
dinâmica)
4. Valor Fixo do Sinal EMG – Para se normalizar desta forma, pode-se citar
como valor de referência: uma contração submáxima ou uma contração
isométrica submáxima.
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atividade
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Três características que influenciam o conteúdo de frequências:
•! taxa de disparo das unidades motoras (UMs)
!"#$%&'()'*+,$-.&./'0'&1
•! tempo relativo de disparo dos potenciais de ação por
!"#$%#"&'()*(+*&,-*+.-/%-)$0*$()&-)&1
diferentes
UMs
(%47,3!+$!/7.=3%1%9;!:-@78!0/!A7,;!7-8;!/%!587! %.10$%2)&3'&$4&.*152&/.032*1$6%%47!/%!-3-1;B7!-34!78/0C
•!:-/7!/=7!&,7D573.;!.%3/73/8!%&!'()!8093-18E!23!-!:%471F!-!85<7,<%874!'()!8093-1!.-3!G7!.%38047,74!-8!forma dos potenciais de ação
85::-/0%3!%&!8037!H-A78!H0/=!40&&7,73/!&,7D573.;!A71%.0/;!IJ09E!KLME!!N=7!JJN!-19%,0/=:!.-3!G7!478.,0G74!-8
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Processamento no domínio frequência:
•! Transformada Rápida de Fourier (FFT) (Fast Fourier Transform)
<%H7,!408/,0G5/0%3!-3-1;808!08!4%37!.%3/035%581;!%A7,!-!.7,/-03!P7,/B!,-397F!-!&,7D573.;!408/,0G5/0%3!9,-<=!%,
#'+6$.).(/$I
8! DA=%@! 1%39! 4%78
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Análise no domínio frequência
0SU
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KH
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NM
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420.8$-29'&$:;'+0&)/
!08!.,7-/74!I877!J09E!QRME
•! Densidade
Espectral (PSD)
(Power Spectrum Density)
!"#$%&'(%)*+),,%-"."*#%/0--12*%3,%-1*%43512%41#%.678417%5"-9"*%0%#0"-%8:841$%;461%<027
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#
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%;7:1+&+*
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-8!/=7!:-/=7:-/0.-1!:7-3!%&!/=7!8<7./,5:!.5,A7F! 420.8$-29'&!-8!-!/=7!03/79,-1!5347,!/=7!8<7./,5:!.5,A7
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Análise no domínio frequência: FFT e PSD
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&,7D573.;! -34! /=70,! /0:7! 4%:-03! .=-3978! 03
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420.8$;29'&
858/-0374!.%3/,-./0%38!I&-/0957!8/54078ME
%&'()'*+,$3*$A'&0B
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!/%!603780%1%90.-1!'17./,%:;%9,-<=;
+-97!>?
•! Envolve a determinação do espectro de frequências via (FFT),
e após a obtenção da análise de (PSD).
!"#$%&K(%L)M%7652+5/+%./,01,234%95/58,6,/7%:57,+%*2%!!;%35-31-56"*27
9-.(*!.(11'):*(.*9-.(*5%.)1
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'()!8093-1E!N=08!>'&2$?&2113*@!,-/7!08!=09=1;!.%,,71-/74!/%!/=7!JJN!G-874!:7-3X:740-3!&,7D573.;!-34!.-3
•! O PSD pode ser utilizado para calcular as frequências médias
G7! 5874! -8! -3! -1/7,3-/0A7! /%! JJN! .-1.51-/0%38! H=0.=! ,7D50,74! .%38047,-G17! .-1.51-/039! /0:7! -34! +$C<%H7,E
N%4-;!Y7,%!$,%88039!=-8!G7.%:7!1788!0:<%,/-3/!-34!JJN!G-874!.-1.51-/0%38!-,7!/=7!<,7&7,,74!.=%0.7E
e medianas e o comprimento de banda do sinal EMG.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"#$!%&!'()!*!"!+,-./0.-1!23/,%45./0%3!/%!603780%1%90.-1!'17./,%:;%9,-<=;
+-97!>?
•! Nos sinais EMG de superfície, as frequências do espectro
possuem uma média de aproximadamente 120Hz e mediana
em torno de 100Hz
Quando calculamos o espectro de Fourier (ou Power Spectra) de um sinal
FFT caracteriza os sistemas lineares e identifica os componentes de
achamos as frequências que o sinal contêm, mas não sabemos quando essas
frequência formadores de uma forma de onda contínua.
frequências acontecem.
11
Análise no domínio frequência: FFT
Atividade Muscular: Agonista e Antagonista
Análise do sinal EMG: onset
Análise de sinal - EMG
•! Maioria do sinal EMG concentrado na faixa entre 20 e 200 Hz
•! Artefato Movimento (0-10 Hz) filtro s/ afetar o sinal desejado
De Luca 1985
Filtros - EMG
•!
Considerndo que a densidade
espectral (PDS) da EMG
As frequências dos sinais de EMG
desejados devem estar dentro de um
intervalo onde todas frequências são
linearmente influenciadas pelo ganho
contêm a maioria do sinal
(power) no intervalo de
frequência entre 5-500 Hz nos
extremos, EMG de superfície
não deve ser filtrada acima de
10 Hz (low cutoff) e abaixo de
350 Hz (high cutoff).
•!
Sinais Intramusculares podem
ser filtrados entre 10-450 Hz.
5 Hz
2000 Hz
12
&$*+&,.-.+&
%! /=7! 717./,%478B! /=7! '()! 8093-1! .-3! A7! 03&1573.74! A;! 87C7,-1
7,08/0.8E!F=7;!.-3!A-80.-11;!A7!9,%5<74!03G
/0$P+3@2($*+&,.-.+&
%,B
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/%
/!-
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O*-.H#$@)1*(#
87
EMG Crosstalk
EMG Crosstalk
60$O,.5+1.-21
•! Cuidado e especial atenção para evitar/minimizar EMG crosstalk
de músculos próximos do músculo de interesse para não
•! Cuidado quando
Q)A*)-S$T2- -.11)#
FG$R#*3#21#,$+H#32(($2@5(.-),#
contaminar o sinal adquirido.
adquirindo EMG de
O*-.H#$@)1*(#
•! Selecionar eletródo de tamanho apropriado, distância
!"#$%&'()*+(",-./+,0+(1-(2345",#(6*"07,+88(1-(6"88/+(.35+48(9+.1:(6*+(+.+0;
641<+8'(="2+,(6*+(83>+(3>1/,6(1-(>/80.+(+.+064"0"65(01,<"6"1,(%(?41</0+8
intereletródos e localização quando trabalhando em áreas
>14+(@A=(>3#,"6/<+(</+(61(8>3..+4(<"863,0+(9+6:++,(>/80.+(3,<(+.+0641<+8
superfície em áreas
onde
com tecido subcutâneo
muitos
estreitos
estejam
e próximos.
-3/! -:%53/! %&! '()! /=-/!
08!músculos
47/7./74!
A;! /=7!
1%.-1!juntos
717./,%47!
80/7E
adiposo, já que é
!>QRO>SR!%&!/=7!%C7,-11!8093-1!.%3/73/8!%,!083T/!-C-01-A17!-/!-11E
sabido que este tipo de
,-397:73/8!@0/=03!:58.17!9,%5<8E
•! Winter (1994); Fugelvand et al (1992); (Solomonow et al, 1994)
tecido aumenta o
.%,4039B! 78<7.0-11;! @=73
crosstalk.
58.178E! F=7;! -,7! 7-8;! /%
10:03-/7! /=7:! I877! '$)
&'()*+*,$-./$"012$3'4+5067
De Luca (1997) “Use of Surface Electromyography”
1*(#$
A#((4$ 2&,$ #(#*-3+,#
+#*),-).'#$)%/#)0"$1*#)23%&4"#5
EMG + ECG
.!85A:-B0:-1!.%3/,-./0%38!A%/=!-:<10/547!-34!&,7C573.;!A-874!-3-1;808!<-,-:7/7,8!8=%D!/0:7
3!-34!47/7./0%3!80/7!@011
-3978!457!/%!:58.51-,!&-/0957!EFGH!I=7!.1-880.-1!/78/!,7C50,78!-!.%38/-3/!1%-4!17J71!-/!-!D711!47K
!"#$%B'(C3:(@A=(4+014<",#(:"6*(*+325(@D=
,%A17:! %&! -11! 4;3-:0.
",6+4-+4+,0+
! <%80/0%3L:58.51-,! 1739/=H! M57! /%! ,7.,50/:73/! %&! :%/%,! 530/8N! /=7! -:<10/547! 8=%D8! -3! 03.,7-87N
;!7D/7,3-1!<,7885,7E
7!&,7C573.;!A-874!:7-3!%,!:740-3!&,7C573.;!%&!/=7!/%/-1!<%D7,!8<7./,5:!8=%D!-!47.,7-87!%J7,
! /0:7H! I=7! 1-//7,! %378! 47.1037! A7.-587!K! A780478! %/=7,! ,7-8%38! K! /=7! .%345./0%3! J71%.0/;! %&! /=7
./,0.-1!73C0,%3:73/8E!!F=7!:%8/!47:-34039!08!/=7!40,7./!03/7,&7,O
38!<%/73/0-18!%3!/=7!:58.17!:7:A,-37!47.,7-878H
%,,7./!9,%534039!%&!%/=7,!7D/7,3-1!47C0.78E
8! -! 17&/! 8=0&/! %&! /=7! I%/-1! +%D7,! O<7./,5:! /%K
>4'4+1$!"#$1.&4?'14+.&
"0*1(6
7,! &,7C573.078! EP09H! QQGH! I=7! ,79,7880%3! .%7&&0K
-1!-:<10&07,!3%087!:-;!-44!8093-1!.%3/73/8!/%!/=7!'()!A-871037E
Referências Bibliográficas
7! :740-3! %,! :7-3!Amplitude
&,7C573.;! 81%<7!
/%D-,48
e
•! The ABC of EMG – P. Konrad, 2005. (Noraxon Inc. USA)
73.078! .-3! A7! 5874! -8! -! 3%3K03J-80J7! &-/0957
•! Webster, J. G. (ed.). Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, 3rd
edition, John Wiley & Sons. 1998.
<
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S. Kumar; A. Mital. Electromyography in Ergonomics. Taylor&Francis, London
1996 ISBN 0-7484-0130-X
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J.R.Cram; G. Kasman. Introduction to Surface Electromyography. Aspen 1998
ISBN 0-8342-0751-6
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** The European Recommendations for Surface Electromyography (SENIAM)
http://www.seniam.org/
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Exercícios:
1) Desenvolver um programa para converter °C para °F ou °F para
°C. O programa deve ser criado como um Sub-VI chamado de
Conversor C para F ou F para C.
A temperatura em °C ou °F deve ser fornecida pelo usuário.
2) Desenvolver um programa para determinar dentro de uma faixa
limite (variável de entrada) quantos números dentro desta faixa são
números primos. (Ver fluxograma clássico para auxiliar nesta tarefa).
3) Desenvolver um programa para calcular o fatorial de um número.
Primeiro desenvolver este programa usando uma estrutura de
repetição e depois com a estrutura FORMULA NODE.
16

Instrumentação Biomédica

Transcrição

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