the knights templar. - Study in Portugal Network

THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR.
ARCHITECTURE AND SYMBOL IN EUROPE AND PORTUGAL
2014/2015
Academic Year: 2014 2015
Duration: Summer
Teacher: Paulo Pereira
PREREQUISITE:
…..
TEACHER:
PAULO PEREIRA. Art historian (Univ. Nova); Architectural History PhD. (Faculdade da Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa /FAUL)
CV:
Historian: degree (Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa /FLUL); Art historian. Master degree (FCSH/Univ Nova of Lisbon),
Architectural History PhD. (Faculdade da Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa /FAUL). Invited conferencist in Portugal, Spain,
Germany, Italy, Belgium, Brasil, USA, etc. Vice President (1995 2002) of the Portuguese Institute for Architectural Heritage (IPPC/
Minsistry of Culture)). Editor of História de Arte Portuguesa, 3 vols, Círculo de Leitores. Author of Lugares Mágicos de Portugal,
Círculo de Leitores, 2004 2005 (8 vols); author (with Paula Benito), Convento da Arrábida. Porta do Céu, Fundação Oriente,; Portugal
Megalítico, Inapa, 2007. Co curator of the exhibition Neue Welten (Novos Mundos), shown in the Deutsche Historisches Museum, in
Berlim. Author of Arte Portuguesa. História Essencial (Temas & Debates). Author of Decifrar a Arte Portuguesa (Círculo de Leitores,
8 vols, 2014). Teaches on Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa. Author of several articles with peer review in
specialized media and scientific publications, meetings and symposia.
COURSE UNIT AIMS (Purpose of the course using broad, general terms)
The course teaches the main tenor of the history, myths and “secrets” (founded or unfounded)
of the knights Templar in Europe and, particularly in Portugal, where the survival of this order
after its extinction was ensured through the founding of the Order of Christ (Ordem de Cristo),
which had a long lasting influence on Portuguese history, namely in the Age of Discoveries. The
mystic chivalric ideology of the Knights Templar was also translated through architecture. In
Portugal we can find some of the most important medieval monuments of the Knights Templar,
as well as those implemented by its successor, the Order of Christ. These buildings, namely the
Rotonda, Castle and Convent of Christ in Tomar, the castles of Soure, Pombal or Almourol,
among others, stand as some of the most famous Knights Templar remains throughout Europe,
even more so as they carry an important array of symbols and major key art works which are
related with the enigmatic Templar's myths and history.
COURSE UNIT CONTENT (Main topics covered in the course)
Many of the Templar myths need translation and a critical overview to assess their credibility.
The course will address this topics by showing, through the analysis of the documents and
buildings, as well as symbols within these elements, the true nature of the Order and its
proclivities. The Knights Templar religious architecture, having an expression of its own, or
adapting several sources, models and references, reached a deep level of liturgical significance.
Original plan schemes, the relationship between the several buildings in a single region,
promoting sacred geography, became a trademark of Knights Templar's architecture. The same
can be said of the options and technologies used as a benchmark in terms of military
architecture. Most of all, besides architecture and literature, templar myths seem to have
endured, creating an aura of mystery that has been purposefully taken to good advantage by
neo templar associations from the 18th century onwards. The consequences of these
movements and the resulting architectural implements will also be fully addressed and assessed
with a critical eye.
1. Introduction: the Knights Templar myth: an European saga
2. The Knights Templar in Holy Land and Europe: its role and territories
3. The Process against the Knights Templar:
a. The rule of the Order
b. The inquest:
c. Condemnation
d. The role of the papacy
e. Templar's on the run: Portugal, Scotland, Spain
f. The foundation of the Order of Christ
4. The Knights Templar religious architecture in Portugal:
a. Tomar as umbilicus mundi:
b. The lords of Ceras
c. Convent of Christ Rotonda (Tomar)
i.
Castle of Tomar
d. Church of the Holy Mary of Olival (Tomar)
e. Santa Iria (Saint Irene) Convent (Tomar)
f. The hollywood of Seven Hills (Tomar)
g. Tomar Synagogue
h.
i.
j.
k.
Dornes Tower
Rotunda of Saint Catherine (Monsaraz) and the southern enclaves
The anamnesis of Jerusalem:
The rotundas in Europe and its mythic models: the Saint Sepulcher and the
Temple of Salomon
5. The Knights Templar military architecture
a. Castle of Sintra
b. Castle of Almourol (Vila Nova da Barquinha)
c. Castle of Pombal (Leiria)
d. Castle of Tomar
e. Castle of Soure
f. The Templars in the province of Beira
i.
Castle of Longroiva
ii.
Castle of Monsanto (Idanha a Nova)
iii.
Idanha a Velha castle and town (archeological remains) (Idanha a
Nova)
iv.
Penas Róias Castle
6. Hermetism and esoterism in architecture. The symbolism of the Knights Templar:
myth or reality?
a. Case studies
i.
Initiation, fowl hazing or praxis? The prosecutions and its contents
ii.
The “templar” symbols and the prosecutions
iii.
The “templar” symbols:
The “templar idol”, the “head idol” and the context of idolatry in
Christina Europe during the Middle Ages
The Holy Shroud
The infamous Baphomet (meanings, and misinterpretations)
The Beaucéant flag
The “templar “saints”
a. Saint Catherine of Alexandria
b. Saint Andrew
c. Saint Sebastian
d. Saint John the Baptist
e. Saint John the Evangelist
f.
7. The Knight Templars as alleged guardians of the Holy Grail
TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS
The course mixes theory with a practical approach, by supporting all presented theories and elements
through documentation, either visual or written, as well as with visits to be organized to the so said
buildings and architectural and archeological examples for an involvement experience and acquisition of
practical and objective knowledge, namely, depending on the access facilities, to the Convent of Christ.
Tomar, Tomar’s Synagogue (15th century) (12th 17th century), Pombal and/or Almourol Castle (12th
century), Sintra Royal Palace of Pena (19th Century) and Quinta da Regaleira Palace, Sintra (19th/20th
centuries) . It also requires both individual and team work, providing students with a broad overview of
the course contents.
The classes will be conducted by the teacher with a general exposé, following the visual and source
materials from PowerPoint's, each concerning the course contents topics. The PowerPoint's, as well as all
the support material such as texts, drawings and schemata will be delivered to the students at the
beginning of the course.
DEMONSTRATION OF THE COHERENCE OF THE SYLLABUS WITH COURSE UNIT AIMS
Crusades; facts; fiction; Holy Sepulcher; Knights Templar; Knights Templar symbolism; Knights
Templar architecture; symbolism and architecture; Knights Templar myths; literature; medieval
military architecture; medieval religious architecture; rotundas; sacred architecture; sacred
geography.
WEEKLY HOURS
…….
GRADING
The course grade will be based on contribution to class discussion, quizzes, an intermediate test
and a final exam. In determining the final course grade the weights are the following:
Contribution to class discussion 5%
Quizzes/Individual work * 15%
Intermediate exam ** 40%
Final exam 40%
ASSESSMENT
A theoretical work / critical review (25%); one groundwork, monograph/essay with 10 to 15
pages including references (50%); an experimental / creative work using new media (25%).
BIBLIOGRAPHY (other titles, preferably in English, will be introduced during the course)
The story of the Knights Templar
BARBER, Malcolm, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. , \1994
BARBER, Malcolm,. The Trial of the Templars (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 2007
FRALE, Barbara, CONTI, Gregory, The Templars: The Secret History Revealed, 2011
FRALE, Barbara, The Templars and the Shroud of Christ, 2012
NEWMAN, Sharan The Real History behind the Templars. New York, Berkley Trade, 2007.
The Knights Templar in Portugal. Architecture and symbol.
BARBOSA, Álvaro José, Os Sete Montes de Tomar. Recuperação da cerca do Convento de Cristo, Lisboa, 2003
BARBOSA, Álvaro, “A arquitectura templária de Tomar”, in Cadernos da Tradição. O Templo e a Ordem Templária de
Portugal(dir. Manuel J. Gandra), Lisboa, 2000
BARROCA, Mário J. “A Ordem do Templo e a arquitectura militar portuguesa do século XII” in Portugália, Nova Série,
vols. XVII XVIII, 1996/1997
BONNERY, André, MENTRÉ, Mireiile, HIDRIO, Guylène, Jérusalem, symboles et répresentations dans l’Occident
mediéval, Paris, 1998
CHICÓ , Mario Tavares, A arquitectura gótica em Portugal , Lisboa, Horizonte , 3ª ed. , s.d.
COCHERIL, Dom Maur, Routier des abbayes cisterciennes du Portugal, Paris, 1978.
COELHO, Maria da Conceição Pires, A Igreja da Conceição e o Claustro de D. João III do Convento de Cristo em Tomar,
Santarém, 1987.
COLVIN, Howard, Architecture and After Life, Yale, Universidade de Yale, 1991
DIAS , Pedro, A Arquitectura Gótica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Estampa, 1994.
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Dios Arquitecto (aa.vv., J.ª Ramirez, René Taylor, ª Corfboz, Robert Jan van Pelt, ªM. Reipoll), Madrid, 1994
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FRANÇA; José Augusto, Tomar, Lisboa, 1999
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8, Évora, 1967
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Lisboa, 1942
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arte da Renascença na Peninsula Ibérica, Coimbra , Epartur , 1981, pp.281 305.
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CMT, nº 1, Tomar, 1981
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Arqueología Penínsular, 7, Porto, ADECAP, 2000
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