Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Symposium and Poster

Transcrição

Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY
Symposium and Poster Session
[1812] INSECTS IN THE TROPICAL LAND-USE MOSAIC – THE IMPACT
OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST DEVELOPMENT
[1814] GROUND BEETLE DIVERSITY AND ASSEMBLAGES FROM
FORESTS IN FLANDERS: A BASELINE STUDY
A. D. Watt1, L. Gormley1, P. Zborowski2, N. E. Stork3 & A. Gillison4, 1Centre for
Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory Research Station, Hill of Brathens, Glassel,
Banchory AB31 4BY, Scotland, UK E-mail [email protected]; 2PO Box 867, Kurunda,
QLD 4872, Australia; 3Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology
and Management (Rainforest CRC), James Cook University, Cairns Campus, P.O. Box
6811, Cairns Qld 4870, Australia; 4Center for International Forestry Research, PO.
Box 120,Yungaburra 4872, Queensland, Australia.
K. Desender1, D. De Bakker1, V. Versteirt1, B. De Vos2, D. Van Den Meersschaut
2
& K. Vandekerkhove2, 1 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000
Brussels, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Inst. Forestry and Game
Management, AMINAL, Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen.
There is an urgent need to quantify the effects deforestation and land use change on the
diversity of arthropods in tropical forest areas. This paper will summarise recent
research in Latin America, West Africa and South-East Asia on the impact of land use
mosaics, or ‘disturbance gradients’, on a range of insect groups, particularly ants,
butterflies and beetles. Studies on these gradients have focussed on uncleared forest,
logged forest, forest plantations with both native and non-native tree species, rubber
plantations of different types and a range of agricultural land uses. In each cased the
diversity, species composition and, in some cases, the trophic structure of the insect
community has been compared. This research suggests that although of agricultural
and forest development can be very harmful to biodiversity, there are many
opportunities for minimising the negative impacts of such development.
Index terms: ants, butterflies, beetles, biodiversity, deforestation.
[1813]
INSECT
MANAGEMENT
DIVERSITY
N. Stork
ABSTRACT NOT RECEIVED
AND
TROPICAL
RAINFOREST
Most woodlands in Flanders nowadays are highly fragmented or degraded, mainly due
to excessive human interference in the past. Forests now cover less than 10% of the
total surface only, but are relatively well known concerning their historical ecology.
During recent years, several efforts have been directed towards increasing our
knowledge on distribution, ecology and population genetics of forest organisms, in
particular invertebrates. Within the context of effects of forest fragmentation, or forest
quality in general, several regional projects and impulse programmes have been
launched. One of these is an inter-institutional baseline study on the occurrence and
bio-indicative values of terrestrial invertebrates in a large number of Flemish forests.
Carabid beetles were identified from 56 forest stands, distributed in 40 forests within
the region of Flanders (Belgium), and sampled by means of pitfall trapping during a
complete year cycle (1997-1998). More than 30.000 individuals from some 120
ground beetle species were obtained. Beetle diversity (per sampling site) is higher in
humid valley forest, but decreases for larger forest complexes (decreased edge effect?),
as can be deduced from multiple regression analyses. In previous studies, we obtained
already analogous results and came to the conclusion that large and ancient forests in
Flanders showed a low total species richness, but a much higher number of typical
stenotopic forest ground beetles as compared to smaller woods. Multivariate analyses
(classification, indirect and direct gradient analyses) of the quantitative beetle data for
the 56 sampled forest plots show that carabid beetle assemblages are highly structured.
About five more or less well defined ground beetle communities can be distinguished
in this dataset. These include (1) stenotopic species from large historical forests on
somewhat higher elevation, species from (2) shady forest plots on rather heavy soil,
(3) humid valley forests on rich and heavy soil, (4) humid to wet marshy forest on poor
soil and (5) dry forests on sandy soil, mainly pine woods. Each of these assemblages is
characterized by a number of ecological indicators, several of which are illustrated and
discussed, with notes on their distribution and dispersal power. These results serve as a
necessary baseline for future site-assessment studies, investigations on the influence of
forest management practices and studies aimed at elucidating the influence of single
enrvironmental or historical factors on the recent distribution of forest carabids in the
region of Flanders.
Index terms: Carabidae, ecological indicators, fragmentation.
[1815] ENTOMOFAUNA AS A BIOINDICATOR OF THE IMPACTS OF
SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS
A. J. Laranjeiro1, E. Berti Filho2, R. C. Sartório3, S. Silveira Neto2, 1Equilíbrio
Proteção Florestal, Piracicaba/SP, Brasil; 2Departamento de Entomologia –
ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba/SP, Brasil; 3Aracruz Celulose, Aracruz/ES, Brasil.
This research was carried out in order to determine and quantify the impacts of the
forest management operations during one cycle of eucalypt plantation (circa 7 to 8
years), by studying the interaction among the eucalypt plantation, the underbrush and
the natural reservoirs through the monitoring of the entomofauna in the plantations of
Aracruz Celulose in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The results obtained to date
made possible the characterization of the several environments studied, the reservoir of
natural woods, the plantation of clonal eucalypt and the regions bordering them, during
the seasons of the year and the silvicultural phases. The main entomofaunistic
parameters used to characterize the environments and silvicultural phases were
frequency, abundance and diversity index, but the parameter most efficient for the
monitoring was the Shannon-Wiener diversity index for morphospecies. It was
possible to estimate the biodiversity index of the whole community collected by light
and Malaise traps by analyzing the insects of the Order Lepidoptera captured with the
light trap. The ten most abundant species associated exclusively to mature or young
eucalypt plantation were identified. The study showed a positive interaction between
the reservoir and the eucalypt plantations increasing the diversity of the entomofauna.
The effects over eucalytp harvesting were observed on the community of insects in the
three environments, but the definite patterns for the mature plantation, were recovered
two years after the new planting.
Index terms: eucalypt, management, entomofauna, bioindicator.
ABSTRACT BOOK I – XXI-International Congress of Entomology, Brazil, August 20-26, 2000
1
[1816] EFFECTS OF FORESTRY ON MOTH COMMUNITIES
I. Okochi, Insect Management Lab., Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute,
Matsunosato-1, Kukisaki, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 305-8687, JAPAN, E-mail
[email protected].
Forestry may strongly affects local biodiversity through the repeated cutting and
planting of single tree species. Moths are one of the largest groups that mainly depend
on the leaves of plants, and species composition of many of these plants is directly
affected by forestry. Therefore, the influence of forestry on forest biodiversity may be
able to be monitored by changes in moth communities.
The moth communities of a primary forest in central Japan and a managed forestry
area adjacent to the primary forest were compared by light trap collection on 1993,
1994, 1995, and 1998. Three plots were set in primary forest, of which two were along
the stream and one on the ridge. We selected three stands as a representative of
forestry areas: an open site after cutting, a remnant secondary deciduous forest, and a
Sugi cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation. The result showed that the moth
communities in the forestry area were different from those in the primary forest,
although the species composition fluctuated from year to year. The forestry area was
rich in grassland species, while the primary forest was rich in forest species. Sugi
plantation forest had the poorest species composition. This suggest that the core
primary forest should be protected as a source and a refuge of the forest species, but
also that the secondary forest surrounding it may have a role as a habitat for forest
moth species. Open sites after clear-cutting may be habitat for grassland species.
Index terms: Moth community, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, forestry, primary forest
[1817] ENVIRONMENTAL DIVERSITY IN A Eucalyptus PLANTATION
AFFECTS
NUMBERS
OF
Sarsina
violascens
(LEPIDOPTERA:
LYMANTRIIDAE) ADULTS?
J. M. M. Pereira1; T. V. Zanuncio1; O. T. Dall’Oglio1 & J. C. Zanuncio1, Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL, E-mail:
[email protected].
Since environmental heterogeneity can reduce populations of Lepidoptera pests in
Eucalyptus cloesiana plantations, the objective of this research was to study the impact
of strips of native vegetation within these plantations on adult numbers of Sarsina
violascens (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1856) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) collected with light traps installed in two
Eucalyptus plantations. The first one with strips of native vegetation (system WS)
while the second had no such strips (system NS). S. violascens adults were collected
from October 1993 to April 1994 with two samplings for each point every 15 days.
This Lepidoptera species was collected with light traps as folowing: trap number 1- in
a area of native vegetation; trap number 2- at the border of this area; trap number 3- at
250 meters from the border of this area in a Eucalyptus plantation; trap number 4- at
500 meters from the border of this area in a strip of native vegetation (system NS) or in
a plantation of Eucalyptus (system WF); trap number 5- in a plantation of Eucalyptus
at 750 meters from the border of the area of native vegetation. A total of 171 and 849
individuals of this pest was collected in the system without and with strips,
respectively. Adults of S. violascens were collected during the whole period in the
system with strips without reaching high numbers. This shows that even though adults
of S. violascens are always present in systems with higher environmental diversity,
this species is controlled by biological factors in such areas. The use of strips of native
vegetation within Eucalyptus plantations can reduce the number of adults of S.
violascens.
Index terms: Lepidoptera Pests, Eucalyptus, Native Vegetation.
2
[1818] ARTHROPODS, THINNING AND INNOVATIVE HARVEST DESIGNS:
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND BOREAL BIODIVERSITY
W. J. A. Volney1, J. R. Spence2, & D. W. Langor1; 1 Natural Resources Canada,
Canadian Forest Service, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5, 2
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alberta, CW405A Biological Sciences Bldg.,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
We report impacts of forest cutting on boreal arthropod biodiversity based on two
large-scale field experiments located in northern Alberta, Canada. The first
experiment (c. 340 ha with 4 replicates), located 1000 km N of Edmonton, was
designed to compare several approaches to thinning as potential mitigation strategies
for a persistent outbreak of spruce budworm. The harvest treatments, applied in 199798, reduced standing volumes by 25 or 50% in 3 patterns: linear strip, feathered edged
strip or uniform shelterwood cuts. Responses in these thinnings were compared to
those in untreated controls and standard, operational clearcuts. In addition to
evaluating the impacts of these treatments on defoliation, we also collected data on
impacts of these treatments on vegetation, moths, carabid beetles and saproxylic
insects. Results to date suggest that reductions of stand volume have not reduced
budworm populations in residual stands but spruce beetle populations temporarily
increased in residual stumps. Immediate post treatment effects in the other biota
assessed were associated with the degree of disturbance. The second experiment (c.
1000 ha), located c. 600 km NW of Edmonton was designed to explicitly study the
trade-offs between biodiversity, more traditional measures of forestry performance,
and other indicators of ecosystem function. The harvest treatments, applied in 1998-99
in a replicated experiment across for cover-types (conifer and deciduous dominated
and two mixedwood types), left 10, 20, 50 and 70% of the volume as standing green
trees selected compartments. Through explicit comparisons with experimental burns,
we are assessing the extent to which leaving green-tree residuals in a range of volumes
delivers biodiversity outcomes similar to those resulting from natural disturbance. We
have collected pre-treatment and response data about carabid and staphylinid beetles,
spiders, parasitoids, moths and butterflies and saproxylic beetles, in addition to
numerous data about plant biodiversity and community response. Initial results show
that boreal insect communities are largely similar across cover-types within a northern
mixedwood forest and that harvest can have large immediate impacts on aspects of
arthropod community structure. The value of such large-scale experiments lies in
simultaneous measurement of many variables in single study areas so that trade-offs
between biodiversity and more traditional measures can be clearly assessed.
Index terms: forest harvest, fire, ecosystem management, residual structure, thinning,
beetles, moths, spiders
[1819] EFFECTS OF A MULTI-YEAR GYPSY MOTH ERADICATION
PROGRAM ON DIVERSITY OF NONTARGET FOREST CANOPY
ARTHROPODS AND THEIR BIRD PREDATORS IN THE OZARK
MOUNTAINS
F. M. Stephen1, M.P. Lih1, G.W. Wallis1, L.R. Nagy2, & K.G. Smith2, 1Dept. of
Entomology, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Arkansas,
Fayetteville AR 72701, USA.
Through inadvertent transport of egg cases on a recreational vehicle, gypsy moth
Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) recently colonized oak forests in
the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas, USA. The introduction was undetected for
approximately eight years. Upon discovery, an extremely rapidly reproducing
population with egg mass numbers estimated to be several thousand per ha was found.
In order to eradicate the infestation two aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis
var. kurstaki were made approximately a week apart, on 10,100 ha in 1994 and on
7,150 ha in 1995. We hypothesized that the reduction in Lepidoptera larvae in the
sprayed areas would potentially reduce the overall breeding success of the caterpillareating birds, and in particular the Hooded Warbler. Our objectives were to examine
effects of eradication on (1) abundance and biomass of nontarget forest canopy
arthropods; (2) structure of the breeding bird community; and (3) abundance and
reproductive success of the Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina), a Neotropical
migratory bird that nests in the Ozarks and that utilizes caterpillars during the breeding
season. Sampling of oak foliage in tree canopies in control and spray plots was
conducted to estimate abundance and biomass of nontarget forest canopy arthropods in
1994, 1995 and 1996. Coincident with arthropod sampling, bird censusing at fixedradius plots was conducted along transects in all spray and control plots to assess
abundance and diversity of the bird community. The eradication sprays, in separate
plots in spring of 1994 and 1995, dramatically reduced lepidopteran larval populations
for four to six weeks post treatment. Lepidopteran populations remained low during
the same time period one year post treatment, but appeared to be recovering by year
two. The effect of spraying on the Neotropical migratory birds was evident in only a
few species that were specialists on lepidopteran larvae, suggesting that Neotropical
migratory birds may be adapted to fluctuations in prey availability on their breeding
grounds.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Bacillus thuringiensis, Neotropical migratory birds
[1820] INSECTS AND BOREAL FOREST MANAGEMENT
J. Niemelä Dept. of Ecology and Systematics, P.O. Box 17, FIN-00014 University of
Helsinki, Finland, e-mail: [email protected].
[1822] LITTER ANT COMMUNITY IN SUBTROPICAL ARAUCARIA AND
COASTAL ESCARPMENT FORESTS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
J. Ketterl1,2, W. Engels1,2 & M. Verhaagh1,3, 1LPB, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil; 2Zool. Inst., Uni. Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076
Tübingen, Germany, E-mail [email protected]; 3Staatliches
Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Intensive forestry adversely affects biodiversity on various scales in the boreal forest.
Especially in Fennoscandia, forests have lost much of their natural heterogeneity due
to removal of coarse woody debris and large deciduous trees. As a consequence, many
forest species are now threatened. At the scale of forest stands three types of responses
to logging can be distinguished: (1) species of open habitat increase, (2) forest
generalists remain largely unaffected, and (3) old-growth specialists suffer. On larger
scales, forestry has homogenized landscapes. For instance, comparisons across the
Finnish-Russian border show that many insects species common in the less impacted
Russian forests are suffering in the intensively used Finnish forests. Adverse effects of
forestry on biodiversity have prompted public criticism which has lead to a rapid
development of harvesting methods, usually based on the 'natural disturbance
imitation' hypothesis, intended to enhance the maintenance of biodiversity while
harvesting timber. How well these methods achieve their ambitious goal is currently
being investigated. A field experiment using plots of 1 ha to examine both ecological
and economical-technical effects and feasibility of various 'alternative' forest
harvesting techniques was started in 1995. Invertebrates and vascular plants were used
as bioindicators. Results show that traditional clear-cutting has more profound
ecological effects than harvesting aiming at uneven-aged forest structure or harvesting
creating small openings (0.1-0.15 ha). However, costs of harvesting (time used) was
higher for the uneven-aged method than for others. These results can be used to
improve forest harvesting methods so that they better take biodiversity into
consideration.
Key words: Carabidae, biodiversity, forestry
Within the Atlantic rain forest (Mata Atlântica), the montane Araucaria rain forest of
Southern Brazil may be regarded as the most endangered ecosystem. After the massive
forest clearance in the past decades, only a few percent of the former area are still
covered with primary forest. Little is known on the flora and fauna of this unique type
of tropical forest dominated by a coniferan tree, the so-called Brazilian pine Araucaria
angustifolia. We studied the litter ant fauna in a fragmented Araucaria forest and a
nearby coastal escarpment forest, comprising only deciduous trees, in a forest reserve
of 4,500 ha located on the Serra Geral in Rio Grande do Sul. Different sampling
techniques were applied, in particular Winkler extraction by which more than 80% of
all ant species were obtained. The total of over 100 recorded taxa included species of
the subfamilies Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae and
Pseudomyrmecinae. The ant diversity in the litter stratum of the Araucaria forest was
a little lower than that of the coastal forest with deciduous trees only and, in the
Araucaria forest, most taxa were less abundant, except one eudominant Hypoponera
species, representing nearly 50% of the total Winkler catch. The sample included
many rare species and numerous yet unidentified and perhaps undescribed taxa.
According to extrapolations, about 20% more species can be expected to occur at the
sites. The results are discussed under biogeographical and environmental aspects.
Index terms: litter ants, Winkler extraction, Atlantic rain forest, Araucaria angustifolia
[1821] CHANGE IN BUTTERFLY COMMUNITY WITH SECONDARY
SUCCCESION OF TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
[1823] ANTS AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN
LOWLAND FORESTS OF THE ALTO RIO JURUÁ, ACRE, BRAZIL
T. Inoue, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute - P. O. Box 16, Tsukuba
Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan, E-mail [email protected]
R.B.Francini 1 & A.V.L.Freitas 2, Museu de História Natural, FAFIS, Universidade
Católica de Santos, Rua Euclides da Cunha, 247, 11065-902, Santos, SP, Brazil, EMail [email protected], 2 Museu de História Natural, Instituto de Biologia,
UNICAMP,
CP
6109,
Campinas,
SP,
13083-970,
Brazil,
E-mail:
[email protected]. Financial support: CIFOR, BSP
Transect counts of butterflies were made in the north of Ibaraki Prefecture, central
Japan from April to October in 1998 and 1999. I compared butterfly communities
observed in eight and eleven research sites in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Research
sites were composed of grassland (1 site), cutover immediately after clear-cutting (1
site), very young (2 sites; 6-9 years old), young (2 sites; 16-21 years old) and old (2
sites; 47-51 years old) secondary forests and old-growth natural forests (3 sites; 124175 years old). A total of 2367 individuals belonging to 73 species and that of 3285
individuals belonging to 79 species were observed during the season (14 counts) of
1998 and 1999, respectively. Species richness of butterflies was the highest in the
grassland, the next highest in the cutover and very young (less than 10 years old)
secondary forests, and the lowest in young (16-21 years old) and old (47-51 years old)
secondary forests. Species richness in one old-growth natural forest that contains many
gaps was relatively high (near to very young secondary forests), but those in the others
that contain almost no gaps were very low. The habitat preference of each butterfly
species observed was decided from the literature. Species that prefer primitive
grassland were observed only in the grassland research site. Species that prefer
primitive forest were very few in the grassland, cutover and very young secondary
forests. The percentages of species that prefer primitive forest increased, as the forest
grow older and were the highest in old secondary and old-growth natural forests.
Index terms: butterfly diversity, old-growth forest, secondary forest, grassland.
Among conservation biologists, there has been considerable recent interest in the
identification of good indicators of the state of ecological systems, that can be readily
incorporated into land monitoring and assessment programs. The ants are good
candidates for use as indicators, since they are diverse and dominant in biomass and,
have fundamental importance in ecosystem function. Along the upper Juruá River,
south of Marechal Taumaturgo, AC, 130 hours of field work in 1999 with 8 series of
standardized sardine baits (80 samples from 8 places) gave 70 morphospecies of ants.
The species accumulation curves for the eight places showed some stabilization, but
the combined curve for the 80 samples did not reach an asymptote. The richest sites
(up to 25 species) were in the uplands with the poorest (6 species) were the seasonally
flooded areas of Foz do Breu. Analysis included similarity matrices using the Morisita
index and the clustering. The poorest places were secondary environments and igapós
(where part of the ant assemblage is eliminated during the rainy periods), and the
richest places were the forests with low levels of disturbance. A contingency table
between the similarity of the places and their linear distance indicated a high
significantly difference. Therefore, other factors, natural and/or anthropic should
explain this difference. These results show that ants can be a excellent group of
organisms to environmental monitoring, but with limited use for non-specialist people
(local populations), due to difficulty in separating species without the aid of special
equipment (local people recognize only 21 "kinds" of ants) and special training.
Nevertheless, the recognition of a locally rich soil fauna (with many species) using
fixed baits (for example sardine) could be a good basis for environmental monitoring
by trained biologists. The abundance of some larger predator species (large Ponerinae
and ground-swarming ants) could also be interpreted as indicative of better preserved
areas, but medium to long term monitoring on the part of a team of specialists would
be necessary to support a proposal of use of those organisms as indicators.
Observations of these two categories of ants in a hunter's log book could help in future
comparisons.
Index terms: anthropic impact, bio-indicators, ant assemblages.
3
[1824] INTRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF RHYSSINES TO CONTROL
SIREX NOCTILIO IN BRAZIL
[1826] ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF PATHOGENS
AS BIOCIDES FOR CONTROL OF FOREST PESTS
E.T. Iede1 , S.R.C. Penteado1 , S. Murphy 2 , D. Haugen3 & W. Reis Filho4,
1
Embrapa Florestas, Caixa Postal 319, CEP 83411-000, Colombo, PR, BR,
[email protected]; [email protected]; 2CABI – Bioscience, Silwood
Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA United Kingdom,
[email protected] ; 3USDA-Forest Service, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA,
[email protected]; 4Epagri, Caixa postal 319, CEP 83411-000, Colombo-PR-BR,
[email protected]
J.L. Madden 1,2 & V.Patel 2, 1 School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania
& 2 CRC Sustainable Forest Production, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. E-mail:<
[email protected]>.
An integrated pest management program of Sirex noctilio in Brazil was initiated after
the detection of S. noctilio in 1988. The program is based on monitoring, improved
silvicultural management and in the introduction of the parasitic nematode, Deladenus
siricidicola. The program is being complemented by the introduction of Megarhyssa
nortoni and Rhyssa persuasoria (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), both imported from
Tasmania, Australia. Importations were made in 1996 and 1997, through a cooperative
project of Embrapa Forestry, the International Institute of Biological Control (CABIBioscience) and the USDA Forest Service. In the 1996 shipments, 77 M. nortoni
arrived alive in Brazil. They were kept under quarantine in chambers with controlled
humidity and temperature, where 1.8m long, 0.25cm diameter Pinus taeda billets with
S. noctilio larvae were offered to them. Billets were collected by the end of August,
about 45-60 days before the parasitoids arrived and kept in a cold chamber at 12C, to
synchronize the life cycle of S. noctilio with that of the parasitoids. In 1997, only 9
females and 4 males of M. nortoni and 9 females of R. persuasoria were imported. The
first generation of M. nortoni emerged in 1997 and resulted in 88 females and 45
males, of which 18 mated females were released in the field. The second generation of
M. nortoni yielded 218 males and 101 females, of which 136 males and 97 females
where released in the field. In 1999, only 50 males and 31 females emerged. The 1998
generation of R. persuasoria yielded 18 males and 19 females, of which 2 males and
10 females were released in the field. In 1999, 40 females and 20 males emerged. At
the end of 1999, the establishment of these species at the release areas was not
confirmed.
Index terms: Biological control, Pinus spp., Rhyssa persuasoria, Megarhyssa nortoni
Entomopathogens together with parasitoids and predators are major biological
components of the 'natural control' of insects. However their individual effectiveness is
unpredictable. Some potentially useful pathogens of specific insect pests have been
grown successfully and demonstrated effectiveness in dosage mortality assessment
under laboratory and field situations. Some have been propagated economically,
formulated, packaged and applied to limit pest damage. In this sense they can be
described as biocides for they replace the use of an insecticide. Emphasis on this type
of use has been intensified due to both public and agency response to environmental
and health concerns and problems of resistance. Today the quest for new insecticides
continues because they, when used responsibly, are economical and possess important
practical advantages. The positives include availability, ease in transport, handling,
application and rapid cessation of pest damage. In use they are predictable in their
effect and versatile as individual compounds may be used against a range of forest,
agricultural and stored product pests. Thus biocides must ideally satisfy two criteria.
They must share in the above advantages and be utilized in those environments that
favour a better realization of their potential for economic control. These requirements
will be addressed with respect to an evaluation of the potential use of spore
formulations of strains of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria and Metarhizium in
the control of chrysomelid eucalypt defoliators. Though high rates of field infection
and mortality (>90 percent) were achieved, the approach was subject to severe
limitations. First the durations of the most susceptible stages, the egg and first two
larval instars, were relatively short and there must be suitable prevailing weather
conditions for application. Then the effectiveness of oil- spore sprays was restricted to
direct contact with target stages. Later stages, though infected, continued to feed and
failed to provide a significant reduction in defoliation status. However the results
suggest that pathogens do have a role to play in more environmentally predictable and
frequently monitored locales such as nurseries and small farm plantations. Preferably
future research in this field should concentrate on enhancing those key characteristics
and properties of pathogens and selecting the appropriateness of each pest situation to
provide a biocide as a worthy alternative to an insecticide.
[1825] DETECTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUM TREE WEEVIL
GONIPTERUS
SCUTELLATUS
IN
CHILE
(COLEOPTERA:
CURCULIONIDAE)
[1827] THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE IMMATURE STAGE OF
PHORACANTHA RECURVA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) AND A
KEY TO LARVAE OF THE SPECIES OF PHORACANTHA IN URUGUAY
M. A. Beéche Cisternas1, S. Rothmann T.2, 1 Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero /
Defensa Agrícola – Av. Bulnes No 140, Santiago – Chile; 2 Servicio Agrícola y
Ganadero / Laboratorios Agrícolas – Av. Bulnes No 140, Complejo Lo Aguirre,
Santiago – Chile
M. Bianchi1, E. Morelli2 & A. Sánchez3, 1,3Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento
Forestal. Avenida Garzón 780. Montevideo Uruguay. C.P 11900 e-mail phoracantha
@ yahoo. com, 2. Facultad de Ciencias. Sección Entomología.Iguá 4225. Montevideo.
Uruguay. C.P 11400; e-mail emorelli@ fcien.edu.uy.
The gum tree weevil, Gonipterus scutellatus, is one of the most important defolianting
pests, in whose respect Eucalyptus globulus and E. viminalis, both cultivated for
commercial purposes in Chile for the production of wood pulp – are among its most
susceptible hosts. The larvae and adult of this pest are feeding from the eucalyptus
foliage and may cause a significant reduction to the trees growth, including
deformation of their crown and an increased susceptibility to the attack of other pests.
This insect, of Australian origin, is currently present in most of the countries where
eucalyptus is cultivated both in commercial and non-commercial form. In Chile, the
first detection of G. scutellatus was performed by SAG inspectors during February
1998 in the locality Termas de Jahuel (V Region, Province of Los Andes); this resulted
in the need to know the pest dissemination in the country, to determine the presence of
natural enemies and to implement control actions which could reduce the potential
damages in eucalyptus commercial plantations. Following the phytosanitary
prospections, it could be determined that G. scutellatus is present in Chile only in the
Provinces of Los Andes and San Felipe (V Region) and that no important natural
enemies of the pest exist. As a result, the need was defined of introducing into the
country the oothec parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). This
biological control program was undertaken in order to supply the implementation of
quarantine control actions coupled to chemical air focal controls, intended to reduce
the possibility of disseminating the eucalyptus weevil in non-infested areas of the
country. Thus, during October 1998 the collection of A. nitens took place in different
localities of South Africa (Cape Town and Natal Provinces) where 3,232 G. scutellatus
parasitized oothecs were collected and transported to Chile, being submitted to postentry quarantine followed by their release in infested areas. The post-entry quarantine
was carried out in the SAG / Lo Aguirre Laboratories and Quarantine Stations
(Metropolitan Region, Chile) inside bio-climatic chambers, using for the quarantine
and breeding of the parasitoid oothecs of the eucalyptus weevil collected in Chile
and/or produced in the laboratory. Release of A. nitens took place in 6 localities of he
Provinces of Los Andes and San Felipe, including a total of 5,715 adults. The
subsequent field evaluations have demonstrated that A. nitens was successfully
established in Chile and it reaches to day oothecs parasitism percentages ranging
between 94 and 98% in the localities where they were released.
During the last ten years species of the Eucalytus genus have been widely planted in
Uruguay with industrial purposes. As a consequence of this, some insects pest have
been detected with eventually could cause serious economic damage. Phoracantha
semipunctata was detected in 1932 and Phoracantha recurva has been recently found
in 1998 which have been accidently introduced. Larvae of these beetles bore trough
the bark and mine along the cambium of stressed trees, usually killing its host. P.
semipunctata and P. recurva larvae were reared in the laboratory on its natural host
(on Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus logs).Neonate larvae were manually transferred
to logs which were kept in a controlled environment chamber (25ºC and photoperiod
12 hs.). Mature larvae and pupae were removed from these logs to make its
description. Diagnosis of the larvae was based on Duffy (1960), Costa, Vanin &
Casani-Chen (1988) and Stehr (1991). Key to larvae of the species of Phoracantha in
Uruguay: Temples with broad ferruginous cuneiform band behind the antennal bases.
Supraocelar area with 7 setae, 3 of them in a straight towards the pronotum.
Abdominal tergite X with a uniform setose area with a distinctly central seta at each
median lobe - P. semipunctata. Temples without the broad ferrruginous cuneiform
band. Supraocelar area with 5 fine setae in a well - defined region. Abdominal tergite
X with less abundant chaetotaxy and a pair of long setae in the border of each median
lobe - P. recurva
4
[1828] USE OF CRISOPIDAE ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TROPICAL
FOREST INSECT
[1830] POTENTIAL USE OF ASOPINAE STINKBUG BUG PREDATORS IN
BRAZIL
S. de Freitas.
J. C. ZANUNCIO1 AND J. B. TORRES1, 1DBA-Universidade Federal de Viçosa 36571000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; 2DEPA-Fitossanidade,
Universidade Federal Rural de Peranambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]
Pentatomid Asopinae have been reported as potential biocontrol agents mainly against
defoliator insects in natural occurrences in several crops in Brazil. Species of the genus
Podisus have been more frequently found in several agroecossystems than any other
related species. For this reason control programs with such predatory species against
caterpillars have been developed by eucalyptus forest companies in Brazil and several
measures are been used aiming to maintain these natural enemies in agricultural and
forest ecosystems. Among these measures the following ones can be highlighted in
Brazil. i) quantitative mass production programs of stink bugs have been continually
improved with better alternative preys and rearing facilities aiming to increase
efficiency and cost-effective commercial production and field delivery. Advances in
rearing with artificial diets are also been obtained; ii) a second aspect refers to the use
of these predators as part of IPM programs which is critical in order to reduce
insecticide application. Researches in laboratory and field conditions have been
showing compatibility of some insecticides with releases of stink bug in the field; iii)
predator-prey relationships are been studied in laboratory and in field cages
particularly with Noctuidae caterpillars in soybean, cotton, tomato and cabbage crops.
Number and frequency of releases of predatory bugs have shown better results when
unfed nymphs are released in the evening and continuous releases of adults for long
periods at the same place are not recommended due to the impact of egg parasitoids.
Finally, a better understanding of ecology and evaluation methods for these predators
would contribute to enhance their use in biological control programs and to evaluate
their relative importance in natural ecossystems. In addition its is necessary to have
more clear systematic studies and to revise the nomenclature of these insects in order
to improve joint researches between laboratories and the possibilities to publish
results of researches with Asopinae .
Index terms: predatory bugs, biological control, mass production, mass releases
[1829] INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES INTO
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SIREX NOC
TILIO IN BRAZIL
A. Knapp.
[1831] PLATYPUS SULCATUS: A RATIONAL
CONTROL IN POPULUS SPP. IN ARGENTINA
APPROACH
TO
ITS
G. Mareggiani 1, A. Etiennot 2, R. Giménez 3 & G. García 4, Proyecto UBACyT,
TG16. 1 y 4 Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Univ. de Buenos
Aires. Av. San Martín 4453, (1417), Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]. 2 y 3 Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal, idem 1. E-mail:
[email protected]
Platypus sulcatus Chapuis (Col. Platypodidae), "ambrosia beetle", is a pest, which
causes great losses on the final timber production of poplar trees (Populus spp.),
becoming a serious danger for the regional economy in the Delta of Paraná River
(Argentina). The current way to control this pest has a very high cost, not only from an
economic point of view, but also due to their environmental impact. This damage is
particularly important in an area ecologically sensitive as Delta of Paraná River, due to
its proximity to the urban centers and sailing courses that serve as source of fish
production. A better knowledge of the biological characteristics and population
dynamics of P. sulcatus will be useful to evaluate management alternatives which will
minimize the economic incidence on the final timber production. These studies have
been carried out during two years, with traps put in the holes previously produced by
the beetle. Sampling areas were selected taking into account the number of fallen trees
and of holes with sap flow and larval sawdust. Every week traps were monitored to
assess the date of adult sawdust and maximum adults emergence, differentiating males
and females. It has been established that approximately a month before of maximum
adult emergence, there was a great amount of adult sawdust in the traps. After that, in
the latest days of November (the end of spring in the southern hemisphere), maximum
adult emergence occurred. These results were related to climatic parameters of the
area. The results here discussed together with those from the two years will be
integrated to obtain a basis for the forecast of P. sulcatus, which will be useful to
determine more exactly the moment for chemical control, in order to avoid
indiscriminate insecticide applications.
Index terms: ambrosia beetle, wood borer, poplar
5
[1832] STRATEGIES TO
PLANTATIONS IN BRAZIL
MANAGE
TERMITES
IN
EUCALYPTUS
C.F. Wilcken1, Dept. Plant Production - FCA / UNESP - Campus of Botucatu – P.O.
box 237 - 18603-970, Botucatu – SP - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected].
The termites have great importance to forest ecosystems, as much decomposition
agents as pests. The termite pests can affect root system of eucalyptus young plants or
destroying the heartwood of trees. Syntermes spp. and Cornitermes spp are species that
attack young plants and Coptotermes testaceus attacks the tree trunk. Plant mortality
caused by young plant termites vary of 10 - 70 %. The control strategy is the chemical
barrier in soil, around root system of plants. Today, the control can be made with
fipronil (phenilpyrazol), applying the insecticide in the seedling before planting. New
products are in test, mainly pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Nevertheless, it is
necessary reduce the treated area, because the termite attack in the field occurs in
spots, due to aggregate distribution. Monitoring systems to termite infestations have
been studied, using cardboard traps distributed in soil. Early results indicated that is
possible to develop sampling techniques economically feasible and avoid unnecessary
insecticide applications.
Index terms: Forest pest, damage, control, monitoring
[1833] CERTIFICATION OF EXPORTED CHILEAN FOREST PRODUCTS.
ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RISKS
D. Lanfranco, H. Peredo & Sandra Ide, Inst. de Silvicultura, Univ. Austral de Chile,
Casilla 567, Valdivia, CHILE, E-mail [email protected].
Chile is a country that largely exports primary forest products such as logs, lumber or
chips. Currently around 40 foreign countries import these products which must be
qualified in terms of sanitary requirements. These forest products ( 78% ) come from
radiata pine plantations, ( 9% ) from eucalyptus plantations and ( 13% ) from native
forests. Considering the dependence on external markets, Chile has been diversifying
markets and products, ensuring the high quality of them and fulfiling international
sanitary/environmental regulations. Between 1999-2001 a group of forest pathologists
and entomologists are studying the sanitary risks in all the levels of the productive
process, including the storing and shipping procedures. This presentation focuses on
the advances of entomological risks. The general research objective is to develop
guidelines, techniques and procedures for the international sanitary certification of
primary forest products: (1) To define the key biological aspects of the insect-tree
interactions, (2) Select management and control criteria at each step of the productive,
transformative and exportation process, (3) Create a plan of technological transference
during the development of the project and (4) Establish sanitary certification protocols.
Preliminary results indicate that the highest risks are during the process of harvest,
wood manufacture, storage in the sawmills, and pre-embark storage in ports. Several
forest management and silvicultural practices avoid, as proactive measures, the
incidence of some defoliators, bark beetles or wood borers. However the thinning,
pruning and harvesting in the forest along with the manufacture of primary products
in sawmills, attract mainly bark beetles. The same problem occurs during storage time
in ports. Several bark beetles species ( native or introduced ) can damage the logs
causing holes and galeries or perhaps introducing blue stain fungi spores with the
concomitant wood biodeterioration. Complementary research is centralized in basic
biological and population dynamic indicators of bark beetles and their possible fungal
associates. A brief review of risk levels in steps of the productive flow is presented,
including a list of the main hosts per exported tree species and their significance. Some
final comments identify future trends in forest health and productivity, primary
Chilean products, new markets for enhancing international trade, pesticides in final
shipments with environmentally inocuous chemicals, minimizing risks of infection and
infestation in all phases of the productive process, and ensuring the compliance with
all international sanitary standards.
Index terms: Chile, sanitary certification, primary forest products, international export
standards
6
[1834] THE UNITED STATES RESPONSE TO TWO RECENT
INTRODUCTIONS: ANOPLOPHORA GLABRIPENNIS (CERAMBYCIDAE)
AND TOMICUS PINIPERDA (SCOLYTIDAE)
R. A. Haack & T. M. Poland, US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central
Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; E-mail: rhaack
@fs.fed.us
Two recently introduced tree-feeding insects in the US include the Asian cerambycid
Anoplophora glabripennis and the Eurasian scolytid Tomicus piniperda. Both insects
likely arrived in the US on infested solid wood packing material (e.g., crating, pallets,
or dunnage) associated with international cargo. Established populations of A.
glabripennis were first discovered in New York City in 1996 and then in Chicago in
1998. All infestations have been in urban areas. Because of the limited number and
size of infestations, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) is attempting to
eradicate this insect by cutting and chipping all trees with evidence of attack, i.e., exit
holes or oviposition pits. All infested areas are under quarantine. As of January 2000,
more than 4000 infested trees have been cut in New York and more than 1000 in
Chicago. Maples (Acer spp.) are the most commonly infested trees, but elms (Ulmus
spp.) and horsechesnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) are also readily attacked. USDA and
university entomologists have begun several research programs in the US and China
that are aimed at A. glabripennis life history, dispersal, chemical ecology, chemical
control, entomopathogens, biological control, host range, trapping, and acoustic
detection of larvae in wood. Established populations of T. piniperda, the pine shoot
beetle, were first discovered in Ohio in 1992, and within one month it was found in 5
additional US states. As of January 2000, T. piniperda is known to occur in 271
counties in 11 US states and in 33 counties in 2 Canadian provinces. Because T.
piniperda populations were already so widespread when discovered in 1992, the
USDA made no effort to eradicate this beetle. Nevertheless, since 1992, the USDA
has imposed a federal quarantine on the movement of pine Christmas trees, ornamental
nursery trees, and logs from infested to uninfested areas in the US. The quarantine
requires that pine material be treated or pass inspection before being moved. In
addition, a “National Compliance Management Program” was developed for
Christmas-tree and nursery managers, which allows easier movement of pine trees if
managers follow approved cultural and chemical controls . Since 1992, several state,
federal, and university entomologists have conducted dozens of studies on T. piniperda
biology, behavior, and control. This paper will discuss the US experience with A.
glabripennis and T. piniperda, including quarantine issues and research programs.
Index terms: exotic insect, eradication, quarantine
[1835] AN IPM APPROACH TO PREVENT THE ACCIDENTAL
IMPORTATION OF SUBCORTICAL INSECTS FROM CHILE TO THE
UNITED STATES
B. White, P. Montes, D. Lanfraco & R. I. Gara.
[1836] DIFFERENTIAL COLONIZATION POTENTIAL AMONG WOODBORING BEETLES LEADS TO HIGH PROPORTIONS OF INBREEDING
SPECIES ON TROPICAL ISLANDS
B. H. Jordal1, R. A. Beaver2 & L. R. Kirkendall1, 1Department of Zoology,
University of Bergen, allegt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2161/2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim,
Chiangmai, 50180, Thailand.
Parthenogenesis and regular close inbreeding are important characteristics of
colonizing plant and animals. Inbreeding in wood-boring species in the weevil families
Scolytinae and Platypodidae is most frequent in tropical latitudes, especially on small
islands. In order to study the relationship between colonization success, island
attributes and mating system in these beetles, we analysed the relative proportions of
inbreeders and outbreeders for 45 Old World tropical islands plus two adjacent
mainland sites, and scored islands for size, distance from nearest source population,
and maximum altitude. We applied stepwise regression to isolate the best predictor(s)
among the three variables. The numbers of wood-borer species decreased with
decreasing island size, as expected. Elevation, on the other hand, did not contribute
much to explain species numbers, neither did the degree of isolation. Numbers of
outbreeding species decreased more rapidly with island size than did those of
inbreeders (had significantly steeper slopes). Comparing species with similar ecology
(ambrosia beetles) showed that this difference was due to differential success in
colonization, rather than differences in resource utilization or sampling biases. This
conclusion was further supported by analyses of data from eight small isolated islands,
which suggested that outbreeding species have a higher degree of endemism and that
inbreeding species are generally more widespread. A wide distribution might indicate
high colonization potential. Recently established small populations necessarily go
through a period of severe inbreeding, which should affect outbreeding species much
more than inbreeding ones. In addition, non-genetic ecological and behavioural
('Allee') effects are also expected to reduce the the success of outbreeding colonists
much more than that of inbreeders: compared with inbreeders, inbred lineages of
outbreeders are expected to have slower growth rates, have greater difficulties with
mate-location, and be vulnerable to random extinction over a longer period. Hence, it
is no surprise that inbreeders are indeed more common on isolated tropical islands.
Index terms: island biogeography, Allee effect, inbreeding, Platypodidae, Scolytinae
[1838] THE EXOTIC FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR NORTH
AMERICA
J. E. Macías-Sámano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Carret. Antiguo
Aeropuerto Km 2.5, 39700 Tapachula, Chiapas, México, E-mail: [email protected]
This system (EFPISNA) is a joint project of the member organizations of the Insect
and Diseases Study Group of the North American Forestry Commission, FAO. These
organizations are the Canadian Forest Service, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
Secretaría del Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca (SEMARNAP) Mexico,
the USDA Forest Service, and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
The web site (www.exoticpests.org) is being provided and maintained by the NSF
Center for Integrated Pest Management at North Carolina State University. Other
cooperating universities and research centers are Michigan State University, El
Colegio de la Frontera Sur, and Universidad Autonoma Chapingo. The objective of
this effort is to identify exotic insects, mites and pathogens with potential to cause
significant damage to North American forest resources. The database contains
background information for each identified pest and is intended to serve as a resource
for regulatory and forest protection agencies in North America. Each pest in the
database is assumed to be able to maintain a population in North America, and to
cause either economic or environmental damage following introduction. To categorize
the risk posed by each pest, an evaluation sheet is provided, which ranks pest risk
using these three criteria. Although emphasis in the pest risk assessment model
developed for this project is on potential establishment and impact, information
pathways for introduction and means of dispersal is provided in the “Pest Fact Sheet”.
It is anticipated that this information will prove useful for the assessment and
management of introduced pests, wood products and other commodities from offshore
sources. Experts from around the world prepare records for EFPISNA. Each pest
record will contain full authorship information, and will be peer reviewed before being
added to the database. Information may be submitted to the EFPISNA in English,
French, or Spanish. An Evaluation Worksheet and a Pest Fact Sheet are required for
each evaluated pest at the time of submission. A data entry program for entering and
storing database records has been developed for EFPISNA. We highly encourage
prospective authors to download and use the program, which may be obtained by
retrieving it from our web site. Currently this program is only available in an English
language version, but we expect to have French and Spanish versions soon. Authors
are encouraged to submit suitable hard copy or digital photographs or drawings to
accompany submitted test. Space has been reserved for up to four graphics per data
sheet, representing the organism’s appearances, a distribution map, life cycle, and
photos of damage.
ARGENTINA
[1839] AN OVERVIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
BIOLOGICAL AND BIORATIONAL CONTROL OF FOREST INSECT PESTS
M. A. Delfino¹ & A. Binazzi², 1. Cat. de Entomologia, Univ. Nac. de Córdoba, Av.
Velez Sarsfield 299, 5000-Córdoba, Argentina, E-mail Erro! Indicador não definido.
2. Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione di Entomologia Forestale,
Via Lanciola 12A, 50125 Firenze, Italy, E-mail [email protected].
A. Retnakaran1, Q.-L. Feng1, B. M. Arif1 and S.R. Palli1,2, 1Great Lakes Forestry
Centre, Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada,
P6A 5M7; 2Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories, 727 Norristown Road, Spring
House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA; E-mail: [email protected]
Planted forests of exotic Coniferae are present in many areas of Argentina. During the
twentieth century many European and American species of Pinus were introduced into
various parts of this country. Most of the damages caused to trees by aphids seem to
result directly from their feeding, either by removing of sap or wounding of tissues, or
at least in some cases by the toxic effect of saliva. Economic damage to some
Coniferae by sporadic outbreaks of aphids has been observed in Argentina. Most of the
aphid species living on either native or exotic Coniferae in Argentina belong to Cinara
(Lachninae), a very large genus resulting from a highly successful adaptative radiation
on Coniferae of the families Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. All Cinara species live
without host alternation on the twigs, shoots or needles, branches, trunks and,
sometimes, roots of their host conifers living holocyclic and/or anholocyclic. The
following species were identified from Argentina: Cinara acutirostris, C. maghrebica,
C. maritimae, C. pinivora on Pinus, C. costata on Picea, C. fresai, C. juniperi, and C.
tujafilina on species of Cupressaceae. Also the genus Eulachnus, with long-bodied,
narrow individuals living on needles of pines, was found in Argentina with only two
species, E. rileyi and E. tauricus; the former is widespread all over the world being the
most polyphagous entity of this genus, the latter is originally linked to various
Mediterranean pines (mainly black pines); only a few species of this genus are strictly
monophagous, i.e., some European ones; individuals of Eulachnus are often cryptic
when feeding, but very active when disturbed. In the South of Argentina also
Elatobium abietinum (Aphidinae) was collected on the needles of Picea spp.; spring
colonies on this host plant cause discoloration and loss of old needles, sometimes
involving serious defoliation. C. acutirostris, C. juniperi and C. pinivora are
mentioned for the first time in South America. It seems likely that C. acutirostris was
introduced into Argentina from Europe where it lives commonly on Pinus nigra and P.
pinea while C. pinivora comes from North America where it feeds on pines of
subsections Australes and Contortae (eastern USA and Canada). Some of the
mentioned conifer aphid species are attended regularly by ants, i.e., C. acutirostris and
C. maritimae. On the other hand, a few of them, i.e., C. acutirostris, C. fresai and E.
rileyi, produce, with their outbreaks, a large amount of honeydew leading to much
developing of sooty mould fungi.
Index terms: Aphids, Coniferae, Argentina
The earliest recorded use of a chemical, sulfur, for insect control appears in the
writings of Homer before 1000 BC. The use of inorganics as first generation pesticides
was replaced with powerful organo-chlorines led by DDT as their second generation
replacements. The adverse environmental effects of many of these broad-spectrum
insecticides was dramatically brought to light in the “Silent Spring” (Rachel Carson
1962) and this spawned the advent of Biorationals under the banner of third generation
pesticides (Carol Williams 1967). Since then numerous specialized pest control agents
such as benzoyl ureas, hormone analogs, avermectins, azadirachtin, chloronicotinyls,
arylpyrroles etc have been introduced. Concomitantly, traditional biological control
based on parasite and predator release was being augmented with microbial control.
Biological control which is generally perceived as environmentally benign has its best
success story with B.t. The advent of Biotechnology has opened a new area where
tailor made pesticides that are target specific can be designed. A panoramic outline of
the genesis of pest management from the past to the present will be presented.
Key Words: Organochlorines, Benzoyl ureas, Hormone analogs, Avermectins,
Azadirachtin, Chloronicotinyls, arylpyrroles, B.t.
[1837] RECORDS OF CONIFER
(HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)
APHIDS
FROM
7
[1840] PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS FOR CONTROLLING INSECT
PESTS OF FORESTS
[1842] TEBUFENOZIDE: AN EFFECTIVE AND SELECTIVE CONTROL
AGENT FOR CATERPILLAR PESTS IN FORESTRY
J.-C. Grégoire1 & M. Kenis2, 1Laboratoire de Biologie animale et cellulaire,
CP160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 av. FD Roosevelt, B-1050, Bruxelles
Belgium, E-mail [email protected]; 2CABI Bioscience Centre Switzerland, 1, Rue
des Grillons, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland, E-mail [email protected].
G. R. Carlson1, S. Dodo2 & J. A. Nakano3, 1Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories,
727 Norristown Rd, Spring House, PA 19477-0904, USA, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Rohm and Haas Quimica Ltda Fazenda Experimental, Caixa
Postal 66, Paulínia SP, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] ; 3Av. Prof.
Mário Werneck, 2.027 apt 1002, Bairro Burits, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, E-mail:
[email protected].
Biological control methods using parasitoids and predators can be divided into three
categories: the augmentation of local or exotic natural enemies by inoculative or
inundative releases at critical times, the conservation of local natural enemies by
modification of management practices favoring the natural enemies in the target area,
and the importation of exotic natural enemies for permanent establishment, a strategy
often referred to as classical biological control. The use of parasitoids and predators in
augmentative biological control programmes against forest pests is hampered by
several constraints, among which the high costs related to mass production and
application to large areas. Nevertheless, augmentative releases would be particularly
suitable in urban landscapes. The conservation of natural enemies, e.g. through
modifications of cultural practices or selective insecticide timing, is still a rather
neglected strategy in forest pest management. However, the increasing limitations in
the use of chemicals and biopesticides in forest environment will undoubtedly favor
conservation strategies. The conservation of natural enemies also shows much
promises in agroforestry (i.e. the use of forest trees in agricultural systems),
particularly in developing countries. Until now, most biological control programmes
in forestry focused on the introduction and establishment of exotic natural enemies
into new areas to control an invasive pest. There are numerous spectacular successes
worldwide showing unbeatable cost/benefit ratios. Although, in most cases, the
motivation was purely, or mainly, economic, classical biological control is also
increasingly used to protect biodiversity, as shown in St Helena where the coccinellid
Hyperaspis pantherina, predator of the scale insect Orthezia insignis, saved the
endemic gumwood, Commidendrum robustum from extinction. Although classical
biological control has been recently criticized for its possible side effects on non-target
organisms, it still represents the safest and most efficient management method against
invasive pests. The long life span, size and complexity of forest ecosystems provide
favourable ground for both naturally occurring and man-manipulated biological
control. However, they also complicate assessment of the impact of native or
introduced parasitoids and predators, and implementation of biocontrol programmes.
This review attempts to draw a link between cases studies of relationships between
native forest pests and native natural enemies and the effective or potential use of these
predators and parasitoids in biological control programmes.
Index terms: biological control, parasitoids, predators
[1841] THE ROLE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN FOREST PEST
MANAGEMENT: ITS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
J. A. Elek & N. Beveridge1, 1Forestry Tasmania, GPO Box 207 and Cooperative
Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 251-12, Hobart,
Tasmania, Australia 7001, Email: [email protected].
It is almost 100 years since a bacillus was isolated from a silkworm which was later
named Bacillus thuringiensis Berlinger (Bt). The first commercial insecticide was
developed to control the flour moth in the 1930s. Its mode of action and different
strains mean that Bt can target specific groups of insect pests with minimal effect on
natural enemies and the environment. However, it was not until the 1980s, when there
was growing resistance by both insects and environmentally-aware people to the largescale use of broad-spectrum insecticides, that it became cost-effective to use the new,
more expensive, biological insecticide. In 1980, insecticides based on the strain,
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), that specifically targets lepidoptera, were
sprayed on 20% of the area managed for invasion of the gypsy moth (Lymantria
dispar) in USA. By 1999 this had reached 79% (81,651 ha) of the total area treated for
gypsy moth. In Canada in 1980, Btk-based insecticides were used on only 4% of the
area treated for spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) but by 1995 this had
increased to 100% (139,618 ha). Achieving this wide-spread use of Bt-based
insecticides has not been easy. They not only target specific insect groups, but also
require many other specific biological and physical parameters for successful control.
This achievement is the result of considerable research into their mode of action and
optimum requirements which lead to developing effective formulations and methods
of application for Btk-insecticides. There is still similar work to be done on other
strains and insect pests. We have been testing B. t. var. tenebrionis (Btt) for its activity
against the chrysomelids Chrysophtharta bimaculata and C. agricola, defoliators of
eucalypts. The Btt insecticide caused higher mortality and suppression of feeding of
younger instars that was not proportional to body size, peaking at 4 d after treatment,
and prolonged development time by several days. Its activity was also affected by the
host Eucalyptus but not the chrysomelid species. It had no effect on the two major
coleopteran predators. The future use of Bt-inssecticides will be affected by adoption
of new technology. For example, in 1999 a virus and pheromone lure were used on
about 20% of the area managed for gypsy moth in USA. However, a wide range of
agricultural crops now have been engineered to incorporate several Bt genes, and the
Btt gene has been engineered into eucalypts in Australian laboratories. Thus, Bt should
continue to have an important role in managing forest insect pests, both as insecticides
and perhaps as Bt-engineered tree crops.
Index terms: Bt, biological control, Chrysophtharta bimaculata, Chrysomelidae
8
Insecticides for use in forestry must be effective, target selective and environmentally
benign. Tebufenozide possesses all three attributes. It has been used successfully to
control many of the key lepidopterous pests of forests in North America
(Choristoneura fumiferana, Lymantria dispar), South America (Thyrinteina arnobia,
Rhyacionia buoliana) and Europe (Lymantria monacha, Thaumetopea pytiocampa).
Most of the beneficial attributes of tebufenozide result directly from its novel
“ecdysonoid” mode of action. This presentation will briefly describe the mode of
action and general biological properties of tebufenozide, and will summarize results of
some recent lab and/or field tests.
Index terms: tebufenozide, Thyrinteina arnobia, Rhyacionia buoliana
[1843] BIORATIONAL AGENTS – MECHANISM AND IMPORTANCE IN
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) AND INSECTICIDE
RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT (IRM) PROGRAMS
I. Ishaaya & A. R. Horowitz, Dept. of Entomology, Agricultural Research
Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel, Fax: +972-3-968 3835, Email: [email protected],
In recent years, insect control by broad-spectrum insecticides has come under assault
and scrutiny because of their undesirable effects on human health and the environment.
Furthermore the rapidly developing resistance to conventional insecticides provides
the impetus to study new alternatives and more ecologically acceptable methods as
part of IPM and IRM programs. One of these approaches is the development of novel
compounds affecting developmental processes in insects, such as chitin synthesis
inhibitors, juvenile hormone mimics, and ecdysone agonists. In addition extensive
efforts have been made to develop compounds acting selectively on some groups of
insects by inhibiting or enhancing biochemical sites such as respiration
(diafenthiuron), the nicotinyl acetyl choline receptors (imidacloprid and acetamiprid),
and salivary glands of sucking pests (pymetrozine). Among the most recent novel
insecticides with selective properties are the novaluron, thiamethoxam and spinosad.
Novaluron (Rimon) is a novel benzoylphenyl urea that acts by both ingestion and
contact. As such it is a powerful suppressor of lepidopteran larvae such as Spodoptera
littoralis and Helicoverpa armigera (by ingestion) and of whiteflies such as Bemisia
tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (by contact). Thiamethoxam (Actara) is a novel
neonicotinoid acts specifically on aphids and whiteflies and spinosad (Tracer) acts on
diversity of insect species and is considered an important agent for controlling the
western flower thrips. The above compounds will be discussed in relation to their
modes of action and their importance in IPM and IRM programs in various agricultural
systems.
Key words: Selective insecticides, benzoylphenyl ureas, juvenile hormone mimics,
ecdysone agonists, biocontrol agents.
[1844] GENETIC ENGINEERING OF GENES THAT CONFERS INSECT
RESISTANCE TO TREES
[1846] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FOREST PESTS USING INSECT
SPECIFIC VIRUSES
L. Jouanin, Biologie cellulaire, INRA 78026 Versailles Cedex, FRANCE, Email:
[email protected]
S. R. Palli1,2, , T. R. Ladd1, Q. L. Feng1, W. Tomkins1, M. Primavera1, S. S. Sohi1,
B. M. Arif1 and A. Retnakaran1, 1Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest
Service, P. O. Box 490, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada,
P6A 5M7; 2Rohm and Haas Research Laboratories, 727 Norristown Rd. Spring House,
PA 19477, USA. Email: [email protected].
Trees are the target of many different phytophogous insects. Genetic engineering
offers new possibilities of introducing insect resistance into trees. Several strategies
have been considered to obtain such plants using genes which have demonstrated
previously their interests in annual crops. The introduced genes are mainly genes of
bacterial origin such as the Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins or genes of plant
origin such as proteinase inhibitors or lectins. Poplar is often used as a model tree to
demonstrate the interest of the strategy but insecticidal genes have also been expressed
in many other trees including conifers. A review of the obtained results and of the
pespectives will be presented.
Index terms : Transgenic trees, entomotoxic proteins, poplar, conifer.
Insect specific viruses especially baculoviruses are being developed as
environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides. Virus control of insect
pests is attractive because it is lasting, highly selective and effective. However, to
compete against chemical insecticides, they have to be fast acting and cheaper to
produce. The advent of recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to make
these viruses fast acting by inserting genes from different sources. We have
engineered several genes such as Choristoneura hormone receptor 3 (CHR3, an
ecdysone induced transcription factor), Choristoneura hormone receptor 75 (CHR75,
an ecdysone induced transcription factor), Androctonus australis insect specific toxin
(AaiT), C. fumiferana juvenile hormone esterase into ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl
transferase (egt) locus of Choristoneura fumiferana multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus
(CfMNPV). All the genes were expressed under the control of CfMNPV polyhedrin
promoter. The recombinant viruses were plaque purified, amplified and used in
bioassays to determine LD50, ST50 and FT50 values for 4th instar C. fumiferana
larvae. All the recombinant viruses expressing the above mentioned genes performed
better than the wild-type virus. The egt- recombinant virus was not as good as the
wild-type virus. The recombinant virus expressing CHR3 in sense orientation is the
best recombinant virus we have produced so far. All three, LD50, ST50 and FT50
values for this virus were significantly better than the values for the wild-type or egtviruses.
Index terms: baculovirus, Choristoneura fumiferana, ecdysone, juvenile hormone
esterase, AaiT
[1845] INSECT PATHOGENIC FUNGI AS RESOURCE OF GENES FOR
INSECT PEST CONTROL
[1847] MODEL ORGANISM GENETICS AND GENOMICS: TOOLS FOR
TARGET DEVELOPMENT IN PEST CONTROL
St. R. Leger
S. Thibault & J. Margolis, Exelixis, Inc. 260 Littlefield Ave. South San Francisco,
CA USA, E-mail [email protected];
The pharmaceutical and agricultural industries are moving increasingly toward target
based screening as their primary discovery engine for novel bioactive small molecules.
Screening, of course, requires new targets and confidence that altering the activity of
these targets in vivo will have the desired outcome, be it curing a disease or controlling
a crop pest. Exelixis utilizes the power of genetic, genomic, and informatic
technologies to rapidly identify and validate novel targets by using modulation of gene
activity as a surrogate for chemical inhibition or activation of protein function.
Transposon technology is one of the foundations of Exelixis' technology platform,
providing a rapid method to deliver transgenes and modify the genome of both
laboratory models and pest species. The power of Drosophila and C. elegans genetics
makes them a fascile system for insecticide target discovery. Ideal targets are essential
for viability, selective and specific to pest species, dosage sensitive, and lead to rapid
knockdown when disrupted. Genes that kill an organism when knocked out or
overexpressed represent first-stage validated targets for pesticide development.
Historically, P element screens have tagged approximately 10% of lethal loci in
Drosophila. Efforts are ongoing at Exelixis to saturate the number of transposontagged genes in Drosophila using P. Screens underway with second generation
transposons may uncover a complementary set of loci. Exelixis is also committed to
develop representative non-drosophilid insects and plant pathogenic nematodes as
additional model genetic systems. Increasingly reverse genetic tools such as EST
projects, large insert genomic libraries and RNA-mediated gene interference are
enabling genetic entry points in species that lack a history of classical genetic analysis.
Development of biotechnology tools used in target discovery for Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, and nematodes will be discussed.
9
[1848] A NEW VIRAL PRODUCT “Inf-Ld” USED IN THE CONTROL OF
POPULATIONS DENSITY OF LYMANTRIA DISPAR AND EUPROCTIS
CHRYSORRHOEA
M. Ciuhrii¹, G. Mihalache², T. Manole¹, P. Cosconea¹, C. Ciornei³, I. Voicescu4 ,
M. Iamandei¹, ¹Research Institute for Plant Protection-Bucharest, Bd. Ion Ionescu de
la Brad, 8, sect. 1, Bucharest;Romania; ²Research Institute for Forestry-Bucharest;
³Department of Plant Protection-Bacau: 4 Department of Plant Protection-Pitesti,
Romania.
On the Romanian territory, every year many surfaces with forests and orchards could
be infested with Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea which are both
damaging of deciduous forests. We choose any specific parts of forest suitable for
producing the infection of epizootics. Only the infected larvae were collected after
peculiar symptoms of NPV. In the laboratory the larvae were selected once again and
after that the viruses were isolated, purified and are conditioning as follows:
Formulation
powder
Colour
white-yellow
Humidity(U%)
5-6%
Biological activity
80-94% host mortality
Nucleocapsid concentration
72 x 10¹¹
SPVC concentration(inclusions)
5.6 x 10?
The polyvirions presence(q2; q3)
60%
The alien microflora concentration
2 x 10²
PH
7.0- 7.2
Resistance to light
60 hours
Homogeneity(in water)
60 s
Adherence
85-90 %
The period of storage
5 years
The dosage at ha
20 g
The viral product is advisable for treatments at the egg stage before the larvae are
hatching strongly connected with eggs density. When the laying eggs density were at
1,3-1,8 per tree the treatment was made with hand-made sprayers in the belts with 5-m
width. The distance between belts was of 400 m. In the cases when laying eggs density
was smaller the distance between belts are corresponding widest at 600-800 m. In
1999 on the Romania territory 22,000 ha were treated and the effects were good, the
population of L. dispar weren’t in increasing. In the same year the effect of “Inf-Ld”
effectiveness appear in the treatments against E. chrysorrhoea.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, viral product, biological
control, NPV.
[1849] PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF
STEINERNEMATID NEMATODES AGAINST OVERWINTERING LARVAE
OF
PINE
PROCESSIONARY
CATERPILLAR,
THAUMETOPOEA
PITYOCAMPA DEN. ET SCHIFF. (LEPIDOPTERA: THAUMETOPOEIDAE)
O. Triggiani & E. Tarasco, Di.Bi.C.AF.A. - Dipartimento di Biologia e Chimica
Agro-Forestale ed Ambientale, Università di Bari, via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari
Italia E-mail: [email protected].
Pine
processionary
caterpillar
Thaumetopoea
pityocampa
(Lepidoptera:
Thaumetopoeidae) is a very dangerous lepidopterous spread in the mediterranean area.
A preliminary survey was conducted with 4 different strains of Steinernematid
entomopathogenic nematodes in the nests of pine processionary caterpillars in a Pinus
silvestris reafforestation (Gravina in Puglia - 550 m a.s.l.) of Apulia Region (Southern
Italy). Three different strains of Steinernema feltiae (2 indigenous, from Apulia Region
pine woods, and 1 from Germany) and 1 S. kraussei strain from Northern Italy were
used; 300.000 Infective Juveniles (IJs) in a gel suspension were injected in the nests on
January and February. The percentage of larval mortality was evaluated at 10 day
intervals during 2 months. The results of this preliminary experiment pointed out:
- the ability of Steinernematid nematodes to control the processionary caterpillars;
- the persistence in the nests of IJs for more than 20 days from treatment;
- the possibility of nematodes to complete their life cycle in the larvae of T.
pityocampa;
- no negative effects were observed on Prhyxe caudata (Diptera: Tachinidae), the most
important natural antagonist of T. pityocampa larvae.
Index terms: Steinernema, entomopathogenic nematodes, microbial control
10
[1850] OCCURRENCE OF HYMENOPTERA PARASITOIDS IN LARVAE OF
PHORACANTHA SEMIPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
G. T. Ribeiro & J. C. Zanuncio, Depto. de Biologia Animal, Univ. Fed. Viçosa,
36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, E-mail [email protected].
The importance of wood boring insects specially those of the Coeloptera order has
been increasing in Brazil because wood from reforested areas in this country are been
used for many products besides sawlog for export. Species of Cerambycidae are very
important because most of them are wood borers of tree species. Phoracantha
semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most important species of this
group in the world because it damages Eucalyptus. This pest was recorded in the States
of Rio Grande do Sul in Eucalyptus grandis, especially in recently cut and wood stored
at small sawmills; in São Paulo in Eucalyptus citriodora; in Espírito Santo in a hybrid
of Eucalyptus urophylla and E. grandis; in Bahia in Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus
cloeziana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. urophylla and in a hybrid of E urophylla and
E. grandis; in Minas Gerais in the area of Savannah in Eucalyptus spp. Tunneling in
the subcortical region where its larvae feed during its development represents the
damage by this insect. During the last instar larvae of this pest drill into the log where
it prepares a pupal chamber. P. semipunctata can attack standing logs with bark in the
field and also stored at the mill. Attacks by this pest represent an important problem
because perforations in Eucalyptus wood make them unfeasible for export. Damage by
this pest include the death of plants and wood depreciation. The incidence of P.
semipunctata was registered in areas of E. urophylla in the northeast of Bahia where a
high number of Eucalyptus trees were attacked after a fire. Many empty pupae of
parasitoids were observed in larvae of P. semipunctata. Alive pupae of this parasitoid
were observed in alive pupae of this pest. These pupae were maintained in laboratory
for emergence of the parasitoids which were sent to specialists for identification. They
were identified as Liobracon sp. and Leluthia cf. Monitoring of wood piles in the
Northeast of Bahia showed that about 50.0% of the pupae of P. semipunctata were
killed by parasitoids, probably of the genus Leluthia. Another search in Eucalyptus
logs after five months of cutting showed that approximately 45.5% of pupae of P.
semipuctata were dead with the presence of empty cocoons of parasitoids, which was
probably also of the genus Leluthia.
Key words: Phoracantha; parasitoids; biological control.
[1851] INFLUENCE OF NATURAL ENEMIES ON THE POPULATIONS OF
TWO
STOLAINI
SPECIES
(COLEOPTERA:
CHRYSOMELIDAE:
CASSIDINAE) IN A BRAZILIAN TROPICAL FOREST
F.N. Sá1 & J. Vasconcellos-Neto1, 1 Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Inst.
Biologia - Depto. Zoologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil, 13083-970. E-mail:
[email protected].
Natural enemies of Chrysomelidae are represented by organisms of many different
taxa that can cause heavy impact on them. In this work, we followed populations of
Stolas chalybea and S. areolata for two years, looking for natural enemies and
investigating their influence on mortality of those Cassidinae populations. For the
three studied species, we observed highest mortality rates during egg phase (87.5%,
66.98% and 65.65% for S. areolata, S. chalybea and A. phaeopoda respectively)
provided by hymenopteran parasitoids, predation and infection by fungi. We obtained
eight parasitoid species accounting for S. chalybea eggs (with total parasitism rate of
51.93%) and two accounting for S. areolata (with total parasitism rate of 28.57%).
Larvae were harmed by predators like spiders and Pentatomidae hemiterans and by
two Tachinidae species parasitizing them. Tachinidae parasitism rates was of 46.15%
for S. areolata and 19.39% for S. chalybea. Larvae in earlier stages showed highier
mortality than more mature larvae of the same species. We obtained the parasite
nematode Hexamermis sp. (Memithidae) in adults of S. chalybea and we also observed
some acari on their elytrum, but we could not be sure if they were acting as parasites
or comensals. Adults of this Cassidinae species were also sometimes observed
attached to spider webs. A one-year census on Bidens segetum and Mikania cordifolia,
host plants of Stolas chalybea and S. areolata respectively, revealed, by significant
positve correlations, that the abundance and richness of potential predators was
synchronous with the abundance of the eggs and larvae of the beetles, sometimes
showing a lag period in response. Ants, spiders and heteropterans were the most
frequent predators found on host plants. We believe that this result may suggest the
influence of the populations of invertebrate predators which forage on Cassidinae host
plants their populations.
[1852] OVERVIEW OF MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO
INSECTS
S. Larsson, Dept. of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box
7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, E-mail [email protected]
Plant resistance to insects has been defined as the “relative amount of heritable
qualities possessed by the plant which influence the ultimate degree of damage done
by the insect” (Painter 1951). Although other definitions of resistance are favored by
some researchers, this plant-centered definition is most often cited in the literature and
will be used in my talk. Painter’s definition focuses on plant damage. A resistant plant
can be less damaged than another, more susceptible, plant by 1) being less attractive to
insects, 2) causing higher insect mortality, or 3) being more tolerant to the same
amount of damage. Most often, published data on tree resistance to forest insects refer
to the second category. In cases where tree resistance is thought to contribute to insect
population dynamics it is highly relevant to investigate intraspecific variation in insect
performance, such as mortality. It is important, however, to recognize that such data
refer to responses at the level of the individual. Whether populations also respond
depends on the strength of the effect, in relation to other population processes. It is
also important to recognize that performance data may say more about a specific
tree/insect interaction than about the tree’s resistance in general. Insects from different
feeding guilds often perform differently on dissimilar tree phenotypes because
members of different guilds respond to different key traits in the plant (nutrients,
secondary metabolites, physical characteristics, phenology). In my talk I will discuss
the complexity of the resistance concept. I will emphasize the importance of clarifying
whether the context in which resistance is used is tree- or insect-oriented.
Index terms: Individual performance, population dynamics, feeding guild
[1854] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO SHOOT INSECTS
R. I. Alfaro1, E. S. Tomlin2, R. McIntosh3, J. Borden4 & J. King5, 1Research
Scientist, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. Canada; 2Research Scientist, Biology
Dept., University of North Carolina, Greens borough, N.C., USA; 3Insect and Disease
Specialist, Saskatchewan Environment; Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Canada; 4Dept.
Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University. Burnaby, BC. Canada;5Geneticist, BC
Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC. Canada.
This paper provides a summary of the resistance mechanisms to shoot insects that we
have uncovered either by examination of the literature or by detailed work on the
white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, a shoot insect affecting spruce and pine in North
America. The review indicates that conifers rely on a combination of defense
mechanisms to fend off herbivores which feed on their shoots. These range from
defense strategies in which the host provides improper nutrition to the attacker, for
example by being in the wrong phenology state at the time of feeding, to constitutive
defenses, such as resin canals and sclereids, to inducible defenses, which are
activated in response to the attack. The latter include the manufacture and
mobilization of defensive chemicals to the site of wounding, and the production of
traumatic resin in conifers in response to insect and fungal attack..
[1853] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO DEFOLIATORS
[1855] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO WOOD BORERS
K. M. Clancy, USDA Forest Service Research, Rocky Mountain Research Station,
2500 S. Pine Knoll Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86001-6381 USA E-mail: [email protected].
T. D. Paine, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
I will discuss 10 mechanisms known to be important in resistance of trees to insect
defoliators, with appropriate examples from the literature and my own work with the
western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) and Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga
menziesii). The mechanisms I will emphasize are: 1) Phenological asynchrony
between host trees and insect herbivores; 2) Host tree tolerance of defoliation, and the
role of host tree vigor; 3) Host tree compensatory photosynthesis and growth in
response to defoliation; 4) Toughness of leaves and needles; 5) Low nutritive quality
of foliage; 6) Defensive compounds (or allelochemicals) in foliage; 7) Three-trophiclevel interactions among the trees, their insect herbivores, and natural enemies of the
herbivores (i.e., predators, parasites, pathogens); 8) Host tree microbial mutualists such
as mycorrhizae and fungal endophytes; 9) Induced defenses in host trees; and 10)
Induced susceptibility in host trees.
Index terms: phenology, tolerance, compensation, foliar chemistry, mutualists
Wood boring insects can include a wide taxonomic range including the Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. In many groups, the larval stages feed in the inner
bark and outer layers of xylem tissues of their host plants, and pupation may occur in
cells constructed within the wood. The adult insects are entirely free-living. However,
there are several groups of wood-boring beetles in which the adults excavate
oviposition galleries in the wood of the host. As a broad generalization, many of the
wood-borers colonize weakened, stressed, dead, or dying host plants. The insects are
frequently part of a guild of secondarily invading scavengers of host material
weakened by environmental factors, disease, or other insect activity. The resistance
mechanisms (induced and preformed defenses that are under some living control)
thought to be important against phloem feeders and other primary colonizers may
become critical factors if the wood-borers colonize relatively healthy trees. However,
the resistance mechanisms against phloem feeders not critical factors if the insects are
colonizing dead and dying trees. The physical factors that are associated with the bark
or wood (e.g., lignin or moisture) can remain and may affect the survival of woodborer larvae. In Australia, Eucalyptus resistance to infection and invasion has been
associated with induced production of a phenolic resin. However, there may be
differences in tree colonization patterns of wood-borers in Australia compared to
exotic environments in North America, South America, Africa, and in the
Mediterranean basin where colonization of water stressed trees appears to be critical.
In California, Eucalyptus resistance to Phoracantha semipunctata colonization appears
to be independent of the induced response, but rather is a function of a physical factor.
If the water content of the outer bark is greater than 55%, then the larvae are virtually
incapable of penetrating that barrier. Induced reactions are present, but appear not to
be a key factor because of the temporal lag in response.
Index terms: Host resistance, Eucalyptus, Phoracantha semipunctata,
11
[1856] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO BARK BEETLES
F. Lieutier, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux. Univ. d’Orléans. B.P. 6759. F45067 ORLEANS CEDEX 2. France. E-mail : [email protected].
As in most phytophagous insects, the living host plays an essential role in the
population dynamics of bark beetles. It is not surprising, in these conditions, that
taking the host effect into consideration in the development of bark beetle research has
lead, since the beginning of the 70ies, to a considerable amount of knowledge in bark
beetle biology. Two basic resistance mechanisms have been recognized in conifers of
which the relative importance depends essentially on the beetle behavior. The
classical model of tree-bark beetle relationships is based on the involvement of a third
partner, a moderately phytopathogenic fungus, which needs to be mass inoculated (that
is above a certain threshold of density) to the tree by the beetles to weaken host
resistance and kill the tree. Based on this model, different beetle strategies have been
proposed to explain the between species variations in these relations and the beetle
behaviors. The physical, histological and chemical phenomena involved have been
intensively studied. A presentation of these results is given. However, when trying to
understand the mechanisms in details, it appears that numerous aspects of conifer
resistance to bark beetles are still unknown. The exact role of the associated fungi in
beetle population establishment and in tree death is unclear, although it is the basis of
the classical model. The role of the beetle itself is also not really understood and may
have been under-estimated. How the tree defense reaction works when the threshold
level of attack density is going to be reached and how this threshold is overcome have
almost never been investigated. Tree resistance to beetle-fungus attacks has been
mainly studied in the phloem although the beetle both at the phloem and the sapwood
levels often inoculates the fungus. Sapwood resistance may have an essential role in
containing fungus development and consequently in beetle establishment How
environmental factors interfere in the beetle-fungus-tree relationships is a very
complex and difficult topic which has been approached, except in few cases, only
relatively recently. The effects of the resistance mechanisms on the aggressors are still
poorly understood. The reasons for these lacks are analysed and suggestions for
research development are presented. Although various tracks are suggested, they all
correspond to a re-focusing of the approaches on the insect aspects and on
experimental situations close to the threshold of attack density. Finally, the topics the
most susceptible to give practical applications in the field of tree resistance and in the
present context are presented.
Index terms : Conifer, review, research prospect
[1857] MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE IN TREES TO GALL-FORMING
INSECTS
G. Wilson Fernandes, ML Faria, TG Cornelissen, MM Espirito Santo, D
Negreiros, FMC Castro. 1Ecologia Evolutiva de Herbívoros Tropicais,
DBG/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG
Brazil, Email [email protected]
Plants posses a wide spectrum of traits that generally affects the colonization and
success of gall-forming herbivores. These include plant secondary chemistry and
physical barriers, behavior (e.g., phenology), and genetics. We have studied the
relationships between two species of wild congeneric dioecious shrubs of the genus
Baccharis which are highly species-rich on gall-forming insects in southeastern Brazil.
Approximately 40 new species of galling insects are known to attack these two host
plant species in the area. We report on a two year field experiment in which 160
plants (80 males and 80 females) were equally divided into four treatments to evaluate
the influence of plant quality on galling abundance, richness, and performance. The
treatments were plant fertilization (NPK), irrigation, irrigarion + fertilization, stress,
and control. Plant Sex had no effect on the gall community. Irrigation and
fertilization were found to negatively influence all the parameters evaluated, while
stress had a negative effect on them. Galls were mostly common on control plants.
Plant module senescence also negatively influence gall success, a parameter not
generally studied in galling insect studies. Furthermore, plant resistance to gall
formation was a strong factor
diminishing galling success.
12
[1858] THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM FOR THE RESISTANCE OF RED
MAPLE TREES TO FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR FEEDING
B. V. Helson1, M. M. Abou-Zaid1, J.T. Arnason2 & C. Nozzolillo2, 1Canadian Forest
Service, Natural Resources Canada, P. O. Box 490, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 5M7,
CANADA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, CANADA.
We have demonstrated experimentally that forest tent caterpillar (FTC) larvae do not
feed on red maple leaves but will feed readily on sugar maple leaves. An ethanolic
extract of red maple leaves applied to aspen leaf disks also deterred the feeding of
larvae which suggested that the mechanism is biochemical in nature. Fractions of the
red maple extract containing the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds were
most deterrent. The red maple extract and phenolic fractions were consistently more
deterrent than the comparable extract and fractions of sugar maple. These results
suggested that phenolic compounds present in red maple could be involved in the
resistance of red maple to feeding by FTC larvae. The major phenolic compounds in
red maple and sugar maple were isolated and identified. Six of the the compounds
present in red maple leaves were available and obtained commercially. When these
compounds were assayed in choice leaf-disk tests at 283 ? g/cm2, methyl gallate and
gallic acid significantly deterred the feeding of FTC larvae while the other 4
compounds which were flavonol glycosides did not. These findings indicated that only
certain phenolic compounds in red maple are involved in the mechanism for resistance.
In order to determine which specific compounds could be responsible, 10 more
phenolic compounds from red maple leaves were extracted and purified in large
enough quantities to test their antifeedant effects on forest tent caterpillar larvae. Five
more gallate compounds including ethyl m-digallate, ethyl gallate, 1-galloyl-rhamnose,
1-galloyl-glucose and m-digallate also exhibited significant antifeedant activity.
Gallates may be responsible for protecting red maple from feeding by FTC. Ethyl
digallate in particular could be a major factor because it is the most common gallate
compound in red maple leaves. It has not been detected in sugar maple which FTC
larvae eat readily. Furthermore, ethyl digallate is also abundant in silver maple leaves
which are also not eaten by FTC larvae.
Index terms: Malacosoma disstria, antifeedant, ethyl m-digallate, phenolics, gallates,
sugar maple
[1859] OVERVIEW OF TREE RESISTANCE DEPLOYMENT APPROACHES
D. J. Robison. Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, 3118 Jordan
Hall, Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695-8008 USA, E-mail: [email protected]
The intensification of forest plantation systems is tightly coupled with tree genetic
improvement and the deployment of increasingly limited genetic diversity. This
presents substantial challenges with respect to pest management in these systems. In
natural forests and traditional low-intensity plantations there are large amounts of
genetic diversity among individual trees, whereas in more intensive systems the
buffering or resiliency of the trees against pest depravations can be compromised.
This buffering is due to large ranges in the variation and apparency of phenotypic host
plant resistance characters, and their ability to limit pest population expansion and
restrict pest biotype evolution. In intensive systems relatively few genetic families or
specifics clones are deployed. These, by design, exhibit limited phenotypic variation
and are cultured with weed management and fertilization. Together these can create
perennial systems that are prone to large - damaging pest populations.
Simultaneously, the intensity of management and use of genetically improved planting
stock represents an investment that must be secured and is likely to have a lower
economic injury threshold than more traditional forest systems. Deploying these
systems over large areas in an ecologically simplistic manner will lead to instability.
What is required for ecological and production stability/sustainability is ecological
complexity imposed through the careful screening and deployment of genotypes.
Perennial clonal systems in nature contain a diversity of genotypes and can be very
stable and productive over very long periods of time. Such systems can provide clues
for forestry deployment, as does genetic interaction modeling between crops and pests.
Selecting specific genotypes for temporal and spatial deployment on the basis of
productivity and pest management is a new management tool in forestry that requires
substantial development. The current level of understanding and theoretical basis for
this development is discussed in this paper.
Index terms: clonal forestry, host plant resistance, planting designs, landscape
diversity
[1860] DEPLOYMENT OF TREE RESISTANCE TO INSECTS IN SHORTROTATION BIOMASS PLANTATIONS
J. D. McMillin1, D. R. Coyle2, R. B. Hall3 & E. R. Hart3,4, 1USDA Forest Service,
Forest Health Management, Rapid City, SD 57702, USA, E-mail
jmcmilli/[email protected]; 2USDA Forest Service, SRI, New Ellenton, SC
29072, USA; 3Dept. of Forestry, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA; 4Dept. of
Entomology, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Insect herbivores have potential to cause economic impact on short rotation biomass
plantations. Host plant resistance is a fundamental component of integrated pest
management (IPM) to control insect herbivores in short rotation woody crop
production. Operational biomass plantations currently are using a limited number of
clones that probably exhibit modest host plant resistance to insects and may be
promoting insect adaptation to resistance. Further complicating the development of
deployment strategies for host plant resistance is the fact that different insect species
prefer different clones; a seemingly resistant clone to one insect is susceptible to a
complex of other insects. However, based on a review of the literature, examples of
host plant resistance to forest insects include antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance.
Approaches to incorporating host plant resistance into short rotation woody crop
systems include tree breeding, genetic engineering, clonal deployment, and IPM
development. Iowa State University and other researchers have investigated chemical
and physical attributes that may affect the susceptibility of some select Populus clones
and potential resistant traits of other clones. Recent evidence suggests that the ratio of
long-chain fatty alcohols and a quinone compound in hybrid Populus influences
Chrysomela scripta adult and larval feeding preference and performance. There have
been several recent attempts to use genetic engineering to insert resistance genes,
including Bacillus thuringiensis and protease inhibitor genes, into Populus clones.
However, environmental and societal concerns may affect the operational status of
these genetically engineered clones. Deployment strategies of host plant resistance
include creating monoclonal stands, mosaics of monoclonal blocks that contain
varying resistance traits, mosaics of clonal rows, and single tree and small groups of
trees. Each of these planting strategies has benefits and costs in terms of maximizing
plantation efficiency and minimizing pest damage. Future strategies using IPM for the
control of insect pests of short rotation Populus systems will include a combination of
host plant resistance, genetic engineering, biorational sprays, planting design
strategies, and biological control. The use of all these strategies will help to maintain
and conserve host plant resistance and genetically improved clones for longer-term
use. Research needed to reach this integrated approach includes further identification
of host plant resistance, large-scale testing of different deployment schemes, and
further examination of the impact that natural enemies have on Populus insect pests.
Index terms: Chrysomela scripta, clonal forestry, host plant resistance, Populus
[1862] RESISTANCE OF YOUNG AND MATURE BALSAM FIR TREES TO
SPRUCE BUDWORM AS AFFECTED BY STAND THINNING : SHORT AND
LONG TERM EFFECTS
É. Bauce, M. Charest & R. Bérubé, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt,
Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1K 7P4
CANADA, E-mail [email protected].
The impact of stand thinning on the resistance of young and mature balsam fir, Abies
balsamea, trees to spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, the most important
insect pest of the North American boreal forest, has been monitored and estimated for
8 years. Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to reveal the
ecophysiological processes involved at host tree and insect levels after the
sylvicultural intervention. The density of young stands was reduced from 15000
stems/ha to 2500 stems/ha while the density of mature stand was reduced by
removing 25% of the stand basal area. Both young and mature thinned stands suffered
heavier defoliation by the insect one year after the treatment. In young stand the
increased defoliation (24%) was related to high insect survival due to a reduction in
foliar polyphenolics. In mature stands increase in defoliation (+45%) was related to
high insect food consumption rate due to a reduction in foliar monoterpenes. These
results were supported by laboratory rearing experiments. Because trees were more
defoliated and did not produced much foliage one year after stand thinning, the
amount of residual foliage after insect defoliation, an index of host tree resistance, was
75% and 38% lower in mature and young thinned stand respectively compared with
control stands. These results indicate that stand thinning should be avoided during
spruce budworm outbreaks. However, such negative impacts of stand thinning
diminished gradually over time. In fact, two years after the treatments there was an
increase in foliage production that exceeded the increase in defoliation in thinned
stands. Moreover, five years after the thinning treatment, mature trees had 6 times
more residual foliage after insect defoliation than control trees, Even after eight years,
mature trees in thinned stand had 48% more residual foliage than control trees,
indicating that thinning had a lasting effect in reducing host vulnerability to further
attacks by the insect. Similarly, three years after the thinning treatment, young trees
had 6 times more residual foliage than control trees. Even after five years, they
maintained 104% more residual foliage than control trees. Our results suggest that
stand thinning could be an efficient tool to reduce balsam fir tree vulnerability to
spruce budworm as long as thinning is conducted few year prior to budworm outbreak
so that treated trees can pass through their short period of high vulnerability before
budworm's attack.
Index terms : Choristoneura fumiferana, vulnerability, polyphenolics, terpenes
[1861] HORTICULTURAL STRATEGIES FOR DEPLOYMENT OF TREE
RESISTANCE TO INSECTS
[1863] POSSIBILITIES TO UTILIZE TREE RESISTANCE TO INSECTS IN
FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE
D. A. Herms. Dept. Entomology, The Ohio State Univ., Ohio Agric. Res. Dev. Cen.,
1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691 USA, email: [email protected].
C.M.Heidger (1) and F.Lieutier (2), (1) Hochschule Zittau/Goerlitz (FH) Univ.of
applied Sciences,Dept.of Ecology and Environmental Protection, P.O.Box 261, D02755 Zittau, Germany. (2) Univ. Orléans , Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux, B.P.
6759, F.-45067 Orléans Cedex, France.
Historically, insect resistance has received little consideration in the selection, use, and
management of trees in urban forests and ornamental landscapes. Deployment of pest
resistant has been constrained by a lack of long-term research. Furthermore, few
studies have addressed the role of cultural practices in IPM programs. Plant defense
theory offers potential in both arenas. Biogeography theory predicts that patterns of
resistance will correspond with historical selection pressures exerted by key pests. For
example, we found that native North American birches are highly resistant to bronze
birch borer, with which they share an evolutionary history. Conversely, the exotic
species that are planted almost exclusively are highly susceptible. Fertilization is
frequently touted as an important component of IPM programs for ornamental plants.
However, theory predicts that fertilization will decrease the resistance to trees growing
on fertile to moderately nutrient deficient soils, but may increase resistance of trees
growing on highly disturbed, infertile soils characteristic of many urban sites.
Experimental data from our work and the literature is consistent with these predictions,
and will be reviewed.
Index terms:
plant defense theory, growth-differentiation balance, cultural
management, IPM
The most relevant forest trees in Central and Western Europe are Norway spruce
(Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), beech
(Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus petraeae,Q. robur). They are attacked by several
pests among which the most agressive belong to the bark beetles, weevils and
Lepidoptera and, to a lesser extend, aphids and scale insects. Trees have developed
resistance mechanisms against all of these insects and the existence of more or less
long periods without damage proves, that these natural mechanisms are efficient most
of the time. In Central an Western Europe several investigations in this field have been
undertaken for the above insects, revealing different kinds of mechanisms , which
range from avoiding the pest to the induced systemic defence. These mechanisms
depend on the damage location in the host and the feeding behaviour of the pest
(defoliator, sap-sucking, phloem feeders,...). However, very few attempts have been
made for a practical use of these mechanisms in forest pest management. Two main
possibilities can be considered: tree breeding for genetic resistance by taking into
account resistance criteria in genetic improvement programs, or enhancement of the
defence mechanisms and resistance level of the trees by silvicultural practices. The
paper presents all these aspects through examples of research on Central and Western
European forest pests, while insisting on the possibilities open to utilize natural
resistance in forest pest management for each of them.
Index terms: resistance breeding, genetic selection, silvicultural methods.
13
[1864] DEPLOYMENT OF TREE RESISTANCE TO PESTS IN ASIA
N. Kamata, Lab. of Ecology, Fac. of Sciences, Kanazawa Univ., Kakuma, Kanazawa,
Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]
In NE Asia, many trials to deploy tree resistance to pests have been done. In China, selection
had been the main method of tree breeding until the early 1980s. Later, breeding by crossing
became popular for trees belonging to the genus Pinus, Salix, and Larix. In China, the
influence of Lysenkoism prevented the progress of tree breeding by 1960s. The main purpose
of tree breeding in China has been to breed fast growing trees to recover vegetation. Because
such fast growing trees tend to be infested by pests, many plantations of popular and willows
are susceptible to insect attack. Amongst them the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora
glabripennis, is the most serious pest, which sometimes kills trees. Projects to breed beetleresistant tress have started. In S Korea, a forest rehabilitation program started after the
Korean War. Many native pine trees have been planted but damaged badly by the pine needle
gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonicus. Recently, the salicylic acid concentration in the pine
needle has been proved to be the important determinant of resistance against T. japonicus:
Needles of susceptible species had a low concentration of salicylic acid under the phenolic
compound-free conditions while needles of resistant species against this insect contained a
higher concentration of salicylic acid. The Korean Forest Research Institute first tried to
select the resistant strain but failed. Effective production of insect-resistant pines can be
obtained through hybrids by crossing between susceptible and resistant species by increasing
internal salicylic acid contents of the needles. In Japan, selection for larch and poplar resistant
against hares and voles has been successful. Selection for Cryptomeria japonica resistant
against Sugi bark borer, Senanotus japonicus, and against Cryptomeria bark midge,
Reeseliella odai, has been carried out. The pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the most harmful pest in the NE Asian countries. There is a
relationship between species-level susceptibility and phylogenic classification: pine species
belonging to the subsection Australes are the most resistant, followed by the subsection
Contortae. Pines belonging to the subsections Ponderosae and Oocarpae are susceptible. The
subsection Sylvestres contains both resistant and susceptible species. After inoculation of
PWN, the nematodes increased in number and spread rapidly in the susceptible pine trees, but
not in the resistant trees. Responses of resistant pine species, wound periderm formation and
occlusion of cortical resin canal, trapped the nematode within damaged tissue. The
insensitivity of xylem parenchyma to the PWN also acts as a defensive factor of resistant pine
species. In Japan, the national project to select resistant pine trees started in 1978, which was
successful for P. densiflora. However, because P. thunbergii, which is an important species
to protect seashore, is much more susceptible to PWN than P. densiflora and proved to be
difficult to select resistant trees, the international hybridization project of P. thumbergii x P.
massoniana was started in 1983 by introducing 20 liters/year of P. massoniana pollen from
China.
Index terms: Anoplophora glabripennis, Thecodiplosis japonicus, Senanotus japonicus,
Reeseliella odai, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
[1865] USING RESISTANCE IN TROPICAL PLANTATIONS
1
2 1
J.R. Cobbinah & M.R. Wagner , Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UST Box
63, Kumasi, Ghana. 2School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P. O. Box
15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018, U.S.A.
The major factor limiting the establishment of indigenous species plantations in
subsaharan Africa is insect pests. Earlier efforts at establishing commercial plantations
of valuable timber species such as Iroko, Obeche, Mansonia, Mahoganies, Emire,
Aucoumea have all been hampered by insect pests that in many cases had not been
previously encountered in the natural forest. Even small trial plots and nursery blocks
of these species have not been spared. Whiles chemical control has shown promise in
the control of major pests of Mansonia, Emire, Afrormosia and Obeche, this strategy
has proved ineffective against pests limiting the establishment of Iroko, Mahoganies
and Ceiba. However, from both economic and environmental stand points chemical
control appears not to be a feasible option in commercial plantation in this region.
While the humid tropical forest is highly diverse and contains wide array of organisms
at different tropic levels including potential natural enemies of the major insect pests,
very low natural enemy fauna have been encountered in the commercial monocultural
plantations. Results of recent studies on Iroko and Mahoganies however, indicate that
there is considerable variability in susceptibility within and among provenances and
progenies of forest tree species to pests and that tree resistance would be the
centrepiece of IPM for major pests of forest plantations in Africa in the future. In Iroko
as much as 12-fold differences in attack rates have been recorded on resistant and
susceptible individuals. Selection of lines with reduced susceptibilities or high
recuperative ability followed by clonal multiplication of these individuals have
resulted in genetic gain of about 35%. Present findings suggest that success in
plantation establishment would depend largely on the deployment of genetic resistance
in IPM programmes.
14
[1866] INHERITANCE PATTERN OF RESISTANCE TRAITS IN HYBRID
WILLOWS: EFFECTS ON HERBIVORES AND PATHOGENS
J. Hjältén, Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden. E-mail [email protected].
It is generally accepted that hybridization has been important for plant evolution.
However, in recent years there has also been and increased interest for the role of
hybridization in plant-animal interaction. Herbivore response to hybrid plants depends
on both inheritance patterns of resistance traits and the response of specific herbivores
to these characters. For insect herbivore plant phenolics plays and important role for
food plant selection, acting both as attractants for specialist herbivores and as
repellents for generalists. The aim with this study was to determine the inheritance
pattern of plant phenolics in hybrid willows and the response of specific herbivores
(galling sawflies) and parasitic fungi Melampsora sp. to these changes. To control the
plant material used and minimize the influence of environmental variation F1 hybrids
and parental species were produced by hand-pollination of willows in the field. In
addition, the plants were potted and kept in an experimental field under controlled
conditions. Three willow species were used, Salix caprea were crossed with both S.
repens and S. phylicifolia. These species hybridize naturally. The inheritance patterns
of plant phenolics can best be described as additive, that is hybrid plants had
intermediate concentrations of phenolics compared to the parental species. However,
the response of herbivores and Melampsora rust did not follow the same pattern. The
densities of galling sawflies on hybrid plants were generally similar to the densities on
the most susceptible parent. By contrast, hybridization resulted in a breakdown in the
resistant of F1 hybrids to Melampsora rust. However, a reconstitution of resistance
occurred in backcrosses, suggesting an additive inheritance of resistance traits.
Potential mechanism for the response of herbivores and Melampsora rust to hybrid
plant is discussed.
Index terms: Willows, hybrids, resistance, galling sawflies, melampsora rust
[1867] ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON RESISTANCE OF YOUNG
SPRUCE TO INSECTS AND FUNGI
D. Wainhouse, Entomology Dept. Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham,
Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK. E-mail [email protected].
When the supply of mineral nutrients is limiting, application of fertilizer usually
increases tree growth. This 'carbon-demanding' response to fertilisation can reduce
resources allocated to carbon-based defences as predicted by resource-availability
models of plant defence. Such effects on the expression of quantitative defences have
been commonly observed in trees although their influence on herbivores has been less
commonly measured. Experiments are briefly described in which young plants of Sitka
spruce were grown under two light and nitrogen regimes to determine effects on
growth, quantitative defences (resin and polyphenols) and nutritional status (sugars
and nitrogen) of both above and below ground parts of the tree. Concentrations of
resin, polyphenols and carbohydrates were higher in low nitrogen treatments as
predicted by resource- availability models of defence and the changes were similar in
all parts of the trees including tissues formed prior to experimental treatments.
However, these changes did not appear to be the result of a direct trade-off with
growth but reflected treatment-induced variation in the root/shoot ratio. Production of
quantitative secondary chemicals may, therefore, be part of an integrated response of
the trees to environmental stress. Bioassays with Elatobium abietinum, Gilpinia
hercyniae and the facultatively pathogenic fungus Phacidium coniferarum however,
showed changes in the concentration of carbon-based secondary chemicals alone were
of only limited value in predicting susceptibility of spruce to insect and fungal attack.
Index terms: Spruce, growth, quantitative defence, RSR
[1868] ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF DEFOLIATING PESTS OF
CONIFERS IN NORTHERN BRITAIN
[1870] NEW BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS PRODUCTS AND THE FUTURE
OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS PRODUCTS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM
A. D. Watt1, B. J. Hicks1, H. F. Evans2 & S. E. Hartley1, 1Centre for Ecology and
Hydrology, Banchory Research Station, Hill of Brathens, Glassel, Banchory AB31
4BY, Scotland, United Kingdom E-mail [email protected]; 2Forest Research, Alice Holt
Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, United Kingdom.
R. A. Fusco, Valent BioSciences Corporation, HC 63, Box 56, Mifflintown, PA
17059, USA, E-mail: [email protected].
The main forest trees in the UK are North American conifers, Sitka spruce and
lodgepole pine. Both tree species have been attacked by a range of native insects and
outbreaks of one of these, pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea), has occurred regularly
on lodgepole pine since 1977, while remaining an innocuous insect on Scots pine.
Over approximately the same period, another insect pest, the winter moth
(Operophtera brumata), has emerged as a pest of Sitka spruce and heather. This
paper will summarise recent research carried out on these insect pests, particularly
recent work on the impact of fungal pathogens on pine beauty moth and the evolution
of host-specific races in both species.
Index terms: pine beauty moth, winter moth, fungal pathogens, host-specific races.
[1869] OUTBREAKS OF FOREST DEFOLIATING INSECTS AND FOREST
DAMAGE IN JAPAN
N. Kamata, Lab. of Ecology, Fac. of Sciences, Kanazawa Univ., Kakuma, Kanazawa,
Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan, E-mail: [email protected]
In Japan, various kinds of forest-defoliating insects sometimes reach the outbreak level and
cause serious defoliation. Defoliated trees sometimes die after severe defoliation. In 1984,
there was an episode killing more than 10,000 m3 of beech trees after the Syntypistis
punctatella outbreak in 1982. The mortality was more than 50%. The percentage of
Cryptomeria japonica that had died from the heavy defoliation by Calliteara argentata
ranged from 6.5 to 58.2%. However, the tree mortality caused by insect defoliation is low
because the climate in Japan is moist. Evergreen conifers sometimes die from insect
defoliation but deciduous broad leaved trees seldom die. Amongst the forest-defoliating
insects in Japan, Dendrolimus spectabilis has been studied the most intensively, because
many pine trees died from pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, which has
been proved to be the main cause of pine mortality in 1970. Until then, defoliation caused by
D. spectabilis was supposed to be one of the greatest causes weakening pine trees to induce
secondary beetles attacks. Outbreaks of D. spectabilis frequently occurred from 1950s to the
early 70s. Chemical and biotic insecticides were deployed to control this insect during these
periods. The outbreaks of D. spectabilis have decreased in recent years according with the
maturation of vast areas of pine stands planted after World War II. On the contrary, insect
defoliation in larch plantation has become more frequent with stand maturation.
Ptycholomoides aeriferana, Spilonota eremitana, Cryptoblabes loxiella, Coleophora
obducta, and larch sawflies, Pachynematus itoi and Pristiphora erichsoni are the main
outbreak species. Especially, outbreaks of a larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsoni, have been
prevalent. It is specific that outbreak of P. erichsoni continues 4-6 years in the same stands.
No density-dependent mortality factors seemed to be effective in this system. Host plant
deterioration and/or outbreak of rodents that is driven by masting are the main factors to
terminate the outbreak. In natural fir forests and larch plantations, Lymantria fumida
periodically reaches the outbreak level and defoliates trees completely. A chemical
insecticide (BHC) and biotic insecticide (mixture of NPV and CPV) were sprayed against this
insect outbreak in the 1960s. In the 60s and 70s, many trial virus applications against
outbreaks of forest-defoliating insects were done in Japan under the leadership of FFPRI,
which included; D. spectabilis, D. superans, Euproctis subflava, L. dispar, L. fumida, and
Hyphantria cunea. Because silviculture in Japan declined rapidly with economic
development, insecticide application against forest defoliators was no longer cost-efficient
and was stopped in mid-1970s. The research budget and interests of forest entomologists
shifted to pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode and many wood boring insects
that spoiled wood quality. In spite of such circumstances, intensive population studies on L.
dispar, D. superans, and S. punctatella have been continued. Outbreaks of these defoliators
have occurred periodically and were terminated by insect diseases that operated in a densitydependent fashion. NPV and Entomophaga maimaiga are effective for L. dispar, CPV and
NPV for D. superans, Cordyceps militaris for S. punctatella.
Index terms: Dendrolimus spectabilis, Syntypistis punctatella, insect disease, control
During the past 30 years, much technological advancement has been made in the
development of microbial pesticides for use in forest insect control programs.
Advances in fermentation technology, formulations, and application technology have
been significant and have made Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki the preferred
pesticide for controlling North American lepidopteran forest pest insects. These
advancements include the fermentation of higher potency Btk formulations, increased
formulation stability (both physical and biological), enhanced persistence of Btk
preparations on target foliage, enhancement of activity in Btk preparations to specific
pests, transconjugants, and genetic engineering technologies including
bioencapsulation and Bt transgenic forest plantations. Methods to achieve aerial
application objectives include temperature-driven simulation models of insect and
plant development for predicting optimal spray timing, Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) for establishing spray blocks and spray lines, Differential Global
Positioning Systems (DGPS) for aircraft guidance, Aircraft Integrated Meteorological
Measurement System (AIMS) and the use of ELISA based Accurate Deposit
Assessment Methodology (ADAM) kits. Microbial pest control in forestry with Btk
and other microbials will be an exciting commercial challenge in the new millennium.
Some of the current and future issues regarding the use of microbial pesticides will be
presented.
Index terms: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki, microbial control, technological
advancements, Accurate Deposit Assessment Methology.
[1871] MASS REARING OF THE NATIVE ENDOPARASITOID CHOUIOIA
CUNEA (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) AND ITS SUCCESSFUL USE
FOR CONTROL OF THE INTRODUCED FALL WEBWORM IN CHINA
Y. Zhong-qi, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection,
Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China.
The introduced fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, became an important pest in China,
causing serious damage. Because of the severity of this damage, the native biotic
agents attacking this introduced pest in China were investigated. One of them, a native
endoparasitoid, Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), is
new to science. This parasitoid was found to cause considerable mortality of H. cunea
pupae in some areas. The host range of this new species was investigated to find a
practical substitute host for mass rearing of C. cunea. This mass-rearing technique is
described along with the successful release of this parasitoid into new areas, three
provinces and in the city of Tianjing. Parasitism by C. cunea in the areas it was
released was usually over 80%. These successful releases indicate that an introduced
species can be also controlled by mass-reared and release of native parasitoids in the
country of introduction more frequently than was previously assumed, and classical
biological control (the introduction of natural enemies of the introduced pest from the
country of origin) may not always be needed.
Index terms: Hyphantria cunea, Chouioia cunea, biological control, mass rearing,
release, parasitic wasp
15
[1872] DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED
DEFOLIATING INSECTS IN CANADA
MANAGEMENT
OF
I,S. Otvos1, V. Nealis1, & K. van Frankenhuyzen2, 1Natural Resources Canada,
Canadian Forest Service – Victoria, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z 1M5
Canada, E-mail: [email protected], 2Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest
Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 490, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault
Ste. Marie, ON, P6A 5M7, Canada.
Forests in Canada cover about 453 million hectares, approximately 45% of the total
landmass of the country; of this 244 million hectares is productive forest. The forests
of Canada are the most important natural resource in the country; they contribute more
to the economy of the country than all the other natural resource sectors combined.
The protection of this valuable natural resource is of great economic importance. The
development of forest insect pest control in Canada is reviewed, from the early days of
organic chemical insecticides, to the development of microbial insecticides and the
more recent concept of integrated management of insect pests. Broad-spectrum
chemicals have been replaced by the more selective microbial insecticide for
defoliators. The shift from chemical insecticides to the extensive use of Bacillus
thuringiensis was gradual. Classical biological control was, and still is, used against
pests of foreign origin introduced into Canada without their natural enemies.
Inspection and eradication are used to prevent or delay establishment of exotic pests.
There has been a shift towards more intensive forest management, this change being
reflected in methods of control – attempts are made to manage insect pest problems
before drastic measures are required to control them. This change is also noticeable in
the way insect problems are addressed. It is recognized that insect damage and its
impacts should be minimized in an ecologically sound and environmentally friendly
manner. Insects are managed instead of being suppressed, and whenever possible an
integrated approach is taken. In the future, attempts will be made to prevent insect
outbreaks or mitigate the long-term impacts of insect disturbance on the forest. The
approach will be more ecologically based and comprehensive by integrating pest
dynamics, forest use, socioeconomics and environmental considerations. The control
agents used to manage forest insects will likely have narrow activity ranges – a
requirement likely to be demanded by the environmentalists and general public. This
will increase the pressure to develop novel control agents (such as genetically
engineered microbes or introducing insect pathogens into host trees). However, some
of these novel approaches may not gain general acceptance due to public opposition. It
is inevitable that some effective and safe direct control measures may have to be used
on a short-term basis when insect damage is unacceptable.
Index terms: biological control, defoliators, integrated pest management
[1873] GROWTH LOSSES AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF PINE
SAWFLY DEFOLIATION
P. Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa1& E. Tomppo2, 1Finnish Forest Research Inst.,
Rovaniemi Research Station, P.O. Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, FINLAND, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Finnish Forest Research Inst., National Forest
Survey, Unioninkatu 40 A, FIN-00170 Helsinki, FINLAND.
The European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) and the large pine sawfly (Diprion
pini) are common forest pests in northern coniferous forests, reaching occasionally
outbreak levels and defoliating wide areas of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands of all
ages. Defoliated area during the latest outbreak of D. pini in 1998-99 was
approximately 500 000 ha. N. sertifer is an early-season defoliator that feeds on old
needles only, whereas D. pini is a late-season defoliator that feeds on new and old
needles. Defoliation reduces tree growth and timber yield, but these aspects have been
considered quite often less important than tree mortality. Economically significant
reductions in increment occur even after a single defoliation period, and even when
densities remain below those required to call upon a secondary attack by scolytid bark
beetles. Defoliation by N. sertifer seldom kills trees, whereas the number of killed
trees is much higher after damage by D. pini. Tree mortality after outbreak period of
N. sertifer has been recorded to be approximately 4 %, and after outbreak of D. pini
approximately 30 % of the total tree number in defoliated stands. However, mortality
can be much higher in young stands. Volume growth can be decreased by 33 % and 85
% after moderate, and by 40 % and 99 % after heavy defoliation by N. sertifer and D.
pini, respectively. Increment losses are two or three-fold higher after defoliation of D.
pini compared to N. sertifer. The economic value of growth losses is possible to
estimate on the basis of the proportion of tree species in a stand, structure and age of a
stand, average annual increment, intensity of pine sawfly defoliation, and a value of
timber. In Finland the estimated average economic value of growth losses and killed
trees might reach up to 45 USD/ha for N. sertifer, and 310 USD/ha for D. pini, after a
single-year outbreak. The recovery period of Scots pine after insect defoliation is
partly unknown, but volume growth will re-establish at least within 10-15 years. These
estimates of economical losses indicate a dramatically higher impact of pine sawflies
than those revealed by the earlier few studies in Europe.
Index terms: Neodiprion sertifer, Diprion pini, Pinus sylvestris, annual increment,
timber yield
16
[1874] MANAGEMENT VS. MITIGATION OF DAMAGE:
BETTER IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
CAN WE DO
E. A. Cameron1, Dept. of Entomology, Penn State Univ., 501 A.S.I. Bldg., University
Park, PA 16802-3508, USA E-mail: [email protected].
‘Forest pest management,’ especially in North America, frequently occurs in response
to short term public pressure to mitigate nuisance or perceived damage. Practices and
procedures that would reduce adverse impacts over the longer term too frequently
have not received the emphasis they deserve. Often we still do not understand the
steps that can or might be undertaken to improve management over the lifetime of a
forest. These gaps in knowledge must drive research efforts to improve management
of defoliators, and to integrate economic, ecologic, aesthetic, and other values. Vast
forested areas require different practices than those which are suitable for smaller,
intensively-managed, areas of high value - a fact which must be borne in mind as
manipulative management decisions are made. The use of chemical insecticides has
diminished in recent years, in large part as a result of environmental concerns as well
as of cost. Biologically-based insecticides are also costly to use, and are coming
under increasing criticism as agents of environmental disruption especially with
reference to their effects on non-target organisms. Biological controls, in particular
with respect to exotic species, have had both successes and failures. They, too, are
under increasing criticism from vocal groups that seem to desire preservation of
existing fauna even at the expense of reasoned arguments for introduction of
additional exotic species. Sound silvicultural practices too often have not received
the support and priority that they deserve. Sustainable management, coupled with
intensive public education, must be the touchstone for evolution of 21st century forest
practices if forest managers are to regain the confidence and support of the general
public and of public agencies. Examples such as the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar
(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), spruce budworms (Choristoneura spp. (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae), sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinoidea) on various coniferous and
hardwood hosts, and leafrollers and leaftiers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), especially on
oaks (Quercus spp.), will be among those referenced as illustrative of past and
possible future practices.
Index terms: Lymantria dispar, Choristoneura spp., Tenthredinoidea, silvicultural
practices
[1875] IMPACT OF TIMBER HARVESTING ON INSECT HERBIVORE
POPULATIONS OF QUERCUS IN A NORTH AMERICAN TEMPERATE
DECIDUOUS FOREST
R. J. Marquis1 & J. T. Lill1,
Natural
Bridge
Rd.,
St.
[email protected].
1
Dept. of Biology, Univ. Missouri-St. Louis, 8001
Louis,
MO
63121-4499
EUA,
E-mail
Tree harvesting may have significant effects on the abundance of forest organisms
over and above the local effects of tree removal. The nature of such possible
landscape-scale effects on insect herbivores are not well known. We have been
documenting the landscape effects of timber harvest on the abundance of insect
herbivores both pre- and post-harvest on two deciduous tree species (Quercus alba
and Q. velutina) of a deciduous forest of the Ozark plateau of the central United States
(Missouri). This study is part of larger multi-collaborator project called the Missouri
Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) run by the Missouri Department of
Conservation. Replicate forest sites (3 each per treatment, approximately 240 ha)
underwent one of three harvesting treatments in 1996: control or no harvest, even-age
management or approximately 10% of stands clearcut, and unevenage management or
thinning of the forest. Insects were sampled without removal both on saplings and the
canopy of adult trees. Effects of timber harvest are described for three years preharvest and three years post-harvest. Insect abundance declined 30-70% across all
treatments following harvesting compared to pretreatment levels.
As in the
pretreatment years, insect abundance was higher on understory plants of Q. alba on
north- and east-facing slopes than on south- and west-facing slopes. Also, insect
abundance was generally higher on Q. alba than on Q. velutina in both the canopy and
understory (except for the first census following leaf flush), higher in the understory
than in the canopy, and higher late in the season on Q. alba than early, but lower on
Q. velutina later in the season than earlier. Treatment effects appeared in both the
understory and canopy in the first year following cutting (1997). Treatment effects
were relatively weak in the understory (occurring in only 1/4 censuses each for both
species), with cutting increasing the number of insects compared to controls for both
Q. alba and Q. velutina when such effects did occur. In contrast, cutting reduced the
number of insects encountered in the canopy compared to control sites in both 1997
and 1998, and then finally increased the number of insects at the end of 1999. Links to
changes in insectivorous bird abundance as also affected by timber harvesting will be
discussed.
Index terms: forest management, insect communities, landscape effects.
[1876] CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FLORA AND LEPIDOPTERA FAUNA
OF AMERICAN NORTHWEST FORESTS
T. D. Schowalter, Dept. of Entomology, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 973312907, USA, E-mail [email protected].
Canopy arthropods are a poorly known component of forest ecosystems but represent
the vast majority of species, some of which are capable of dramatically altering forest
structure and function. Their small size, short life spans and high reproductive rates
make them highly sensitive to environmental gradients in time and space.
Nevertheless, relatively few studies have addressed factors affecting patterns of
species abundance or community organization in forest canopies. Studies of canopy
communities in the Pacific Northwestern U.S. demonstrate effects of crown position,
tree species, forest age, and latitudinal or climate gradients on arthropod species
abundances and community structure. Relatively few taxa show significant variation
with crown height, despite the 40 m depth of foliated crowns. However, most taxa
show significant variation in occurrence or abundance among tree species. Folivores,
predators and detritivores generally are most abundant in older or undisturbed
canopies, whereas sap-sucking species are most abundant in younger canopies.
Economically important folivores (such as the western spruce budworm,
Choristoneura occidentalis) and sap-suckers (such as the Cooley spruce gall adelgid,
Adelges cooleyi) are most abundant in homogeneous canopies of the dominant tree
species, compared to more heterogeneous canopies. Similarly, species and functional
groups also vary in their representation across latitudinal or precipitation gradients in
this region. Species within each functional group vary in their responses across these
environmental gradients, indicating an important role of biodiversity in buffering the
ecosystem from changes in ecological functions during environmental changes.
Index terms: Choristoneura occidentalis, Adelges cooleyi, forest, disturbance,
precipitation
[1878] MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN
DECIDUOUS FORESTS: ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOST TREES AND
PARASITOIDS IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
J. Strazanac & L. Butler. West Virginia University, Division of Plant and Soil
Sciences, P. O. Box 6108, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26505, USA.
The macrolepidoptera associated with the eastern North American deciduous forests
are an abundant and diverse group. A large portion of the more than 5,000 species
(USDA 1985) of the described Lepidoptera from this region are probably associated
with the Appalachian Mountains and their adjacent foothills. The foliage
macrolepidopteran fauna of Appalachian deciduous forests is in large part
documented. For many species, the details of their distribution, host preferences, and
especially, their parasitoid relationships are not well known. Two recent studies on
oak-dominated sites illustrate how limited our knowledge is of the parasitoid-host
relationships. Butler (1993) reared 46 species of macrolepidopteran larvae, producing
136 primary parasitoid-host associations. Of these, 115 were not previously reported.
An on going project with an extensive rearing effort of caterpillars from selected
hardwood trees produced 60 tachinid parasitoid associations not previously reported.
In terms of the diversity of caterpillars attacked, Tachinidae can be equally effective
parasitoids as Braconidae and Ichneumonidae in forest canopy environments.
Index terms: Tachinidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, canopy, hardwoods
[1877] COMPARISON OF THE MACROLEPIDOPTERAN ASSEMBLAGES
OF SALIX NIGRA AND ACER NEGUNDO: A STORY OF CATERPILLARS,
PLANTS, PARASITOIDS, AND PREDATORS
[1879] RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE OF CATERPILLARS ON
CONGENERIC PLANTS IN CERRADO AREAS OF THE DISTRITO
FEDERAL
P. Barbosa1 & A. Caldas1, 1Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Maryland, Plant Sciences
Bldg., College Park, MD, 20742, USA, E-mail [email protected] and
[email protected] .
I. R. Diniz¹ & H. C. Morais², ¹ Departamento de Zoologia, ² Departamento de
Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, 70910 900, Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail:
[email protected]. * Partial funding from CNPq Proc. n° 5010225/92;
PIBIC/CNPq/UnB.
Larval free-feeding macrolepidoptera of two riparian trees Salix nigra (black willow)
and Acer negundo (box elder) were sampled and sorted by species and abundance.
Data collected established that the majority of species in the assemblages in each tree
species occurred at low abundance in each of the 5 years when larvae were sampled.
On both trees, assemblages were dominated numerically by relatively few species, a
pattern that has been observed for insect assemblages on plants in managed and
unmanaged habitats. Absolute sampling of two macrolepidopteran assemblages on box
elder and black willow was undertaken by fogging the canopy. Collections of larval
Lepidoptera demonstrated that assemblages are numerically dominated by few species,
i.e., scarce species constitute a large proportion of our samples. Specifically, the
proportion of singleton species in these temperate habitat assemblages parallels that
observed in fogging studies in tropical habitats. The similarity index calculated for the
species in the two assemblages was relatively low. The latter results were compared to
those obtained from absolute sampling (achieved by fogging). The patterns were the
same regardless of the sampling approach. Patterns of larval parasitism among species
in the macrolepidopteran assemblages also were examined.. Total parasitism of larvae
on box elder was significantly higher than that of larvae on black willow. Comparisons
of parasitism levels among lepidopteran families showed that in five of seven families
larval parasitism on box elder was significantly higher than on black willow. For
species whose larvae were found on both tree species, total parasitism was
significantly higher when the larvae were on box elder than when larvae of the same
species were on black willow. In comparisons of species found on both tree species,
larvae in three of seven families suffered significantly higher levels of parasitism when
on box elder than when on black willow. The roles of the functional/numerical
responses of parasitoids, common and numerically dominant parasitoid species, and
plant volatiles are considered as causal mechanisms underlying differential parasitism
but are not supported by the data. Age based differential predation by birds on one of
the more common macrolepidoptera species also has been observed. Behavioral
observations further suggest that the ability of prey larvae to differentiate among
predators and other herbivores in the habitat may serve as the basis for other examples
of differential predation.
Index terms: Differential parasitism, box elder, black willow, insect assemblages
scarce species.
The richness and abundance of Lepidoptera larvae on the same host plants is compared
between areas with similar vegetation (cerrado sensu stricto): Fazenda Água Limpa
(FAL), Botanical Garden of Brasília (JBB) and the National Park of Brasília (PNB).
The FAL and JBB study areas are 6 km apart and both are cerca 30 km from PNB.
Host plants examined were Byrsonima coccolobifolia, B. verbascifolia
(Malpighiaceae), Erythroxylum deciduum, E. suberosum, E. tortuosum
(Erythroxylaceae). These species are deciduous, woody shrubs, dropping their leaves
at the end of the dry season and are common in the cerrado. The inventories of
caterpillars were conducted within 1 ha areas and, weekly, 15 plants from each
species, measuring between 0.50 and 2.50 m of height, were examined in each area.
The exophytic, folivorous caterpillars were collected and separated according to
morphospecies. The data were obtained between March and August of 1994,
including the peak for caterpillar abundance (May-July). In general, 20% of the 4394
plants examined presented caterpillars and the richness per plant species varied
between seven and 24. The variation in caterpillar richness among plant species is not
related to host plant density, nor with other easily recognizable characteristics such as
leaf pilosity or plant size. The proportion of plants with caterpillars, here used as an
indicator of caterpillar abundance, was greater at JBB (26%) and lower at PNB (14%).
For Erythroxylum spp., caterpillar abundance and the number of caterpillar species
presented a positive relationship in the three areas: E tortuosum > E. deciduum > E.
suberosum. This relationship between abundance and richness was completely broken
for Byrsonima spp.: B. coccolobifolia (FAL = 15% and 10 spp.; JBB = 38% and 15;
PNB = 16% and 23), B. verbascifolia (18% and 13; 38% and 21; 12% and 20). Two
lepidopteran species (Cerconota achatina and Gonioterma exquisita - Elachistidae) are
dominant on Byrsonima spp., but their frequency of occurrence varies between locales
(? ² = 24.897; p < 0.001). Erythroxylum spp. also present two dominant caterpillar
species, however, with lower frequencies, which do not vary between locales.
Variation in the abundance and richness of caterpillars occurs between species of
Erythroxylum, whereas on Byrsonima spp. the variation occurs predominantly between
locales and is related to the population variations of the dominant caterpillar species on
those plants.
Index terms: Elachistidae, Cerconota achatina, Gonioterma exquisita
17
[1880] IMPACT OF FOREST UTILIZATION ON THE ASSEMBLAGE OF
LONGICORN BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE
WARM-TEMPERATE FORESTS OF JAPAN
K. Maeto1, S. Sato1 & H. Miyata2, 1Shikoku Res. Ctr., Forestry & For. Prod. Res.
Inst., 915 Asakura-Nishimachi 2, Kochi 780-8077, JAPAN, E-mail [email protected]; 2Kochi Pref. Forest Tech. Ctr., 80 Ouhira, Tosayamada, Kochi Pref.
782-0078, JAPAN.
Insect diversity has been seriously affected by the reduction of temperate natural
forests, due to coppicing, shifting cultivation, logging and monocultural planting, but
only a little is known what insect groups or guilds depend on natural forests and thus
suffer greatly from the forest utilization. Shimanto River Basin of southwest Japan was
largely covered with natural or semi-natural forests dominated by evergreen broadleaved and coniferous trees, although the traditional practice of shifting cultivation and
coppicing had started several thousand years ago. In recent several decades, however,
they have been rapidly cleared and mainly converted to coniferous plantations or
young secondary forests. It is estimated that near-primary forests remained account for
less than 0.3 % of total woodland area in the district. In order to understand the impact
of such forest utilization on insect diversity, we have established 14 study plots of
near-primary natural forests, naturally regenerated secondary forests (30-60 year-old)
and coniferous plantations (ca. 30 year-old) in the Shimanto River Basin area. Here we
report the influence of forest alterations on the assemblage of longicorn beetles
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Disteniidae). The beetles were sampled by the use of
white and yellow collision traps attached with flower fragrance chemical (benzyl
acetate) and ethanol as attractants in 1998 -1999. The assemblages were compared
among plots in the correlation coefficient (tau) of species ranking and coordinated by
the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Total number of species (general species
richness) was not different among three forest types (natural forest, secondary forest
and plantation). Even in coniferous plantations, the vegetation of undergrowth and
naturally regenerated patches will be rich enough to keep many species of longicorn
beetles. But species composition was conspicuously different among them. It is
noteworthy that natural forests were characterized by the richness of the subfamily
Lepturinae, especially of the genus Pidonia. The larvae of Pidonia inhabit thick bark
of partly decayed or fallen trees of angiosperm. They are less host-specific and feed on
various tree species, which are regenerated in secondary forests, but they require oldage trees with thick bark and humid forest floor. Our findings support the view that
insects specific to natural forests strongly depend on the large and complex structure of
aged forests, as well as on the taxonomic diversity of vegetation. Monitoring and
management of old forest remnants and neighboring secondary forests for the
conservation of biodiversity will be also discussed.
Index terms: Pidonia, biodiversity, human impact, forestry, kairomone trap
[1881] ARCHAEOLOGICAL GROUND BEETLE ASSEMBLAGES AND
RECENT FOREST FAUNA IN FLANDERS: WHAT HAVE WE LOST
DURING MEDIEVAL FOREST DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION?
K. Desender 1& A. Ervynck2, 1 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000
Brussels, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected]; 2 Inst. Archaeological Heritage
Flemish Community, Doornveld 1 box 30, B-1731 Zellik, Belgium.
In 1988, the Provincial Archaeological Museum of south-east Flanders excavated a
stone well of Roman type at Velzeke (Eastern Flanders, Belgium), at the edge of a
Roman site that flourished from the first to the third century AD (Van der Plaetsen,
pers. comm.). The lower 3,5 m of the well's filling consisted of a deposition of organic
debris that was subdivided in 11 sampling units and sieved on 0,5 mm meshes. The
residues proved to be rich in zoological remains, i.e. bone, mollusc shells and the
chitinous remains of insects. From the latter group, only the carabid remains were used
in order to attempt a reconstruction of the former landscape around the well.
Radiocarbon dating situated the existence of this fauna around 500 AD and covering a
time span of more or less 150 years (Van Strydonck, pers. comm.). From each subunit,
the remains of at least 100 carabids could be identified, yielding a total sample of more
than 1100 ground beetles, belonging to 58 species. Most of the subunit samples
(especially subunit 2 - 9) yielded a detailed carabid faunal assemblage for a woodland
habitat, dominated by stenotopic and eurytopic woodland species, implying that
woodland surrounded the well at that time. Extensive data on the recent carabid beetle
fauna occurring in woods of Flanders were compared to the archaeological dataset of
the post-Roman forest. Integration of these data reveals that during medieval forest
degradation an fragmentation, most woods must have been impoverished to a high
extent with respect to their stenotopic woodland beetle fauna. Typical woodland
beetles show a reduced dispersal power (constant brachyptery) and appear to be
powerful indicators for larger ancient woods.
Index terms: Carabidae, diversity , historical ecology, ancient woods.
18
[1882] SIREX NOCTILIO IN
MONITORING AND CONTROL
SOUTH
AMERICA:
DISTRIBUTION,
E.T. Iede1, P. Klasmer2 & S.R.C. Penteado1. 1Embrapa Florestas, Caixa Postal 319,
CEP
83411-000,
Colombo,
Paraná,
Brasil.
[email protected];
[email protected]; 2 Inta, Campo Forestal Gral. San Martín, C.C. 268430, El
Bolsón, Pcia. de Rio Negro, Argentina. [email protected].
Sirex noctilio is being monitored and/or controlled in approximately 3.9 million
hectares Pinus spp. in South America's Southern Cone of which 2 million ha are in
Brazil, 1.5 million ha in Chile, 0.3 million ha in Argentina, 0.1million ha in Uruguay
and 0.05 million ha in Paraguay. The woodwasp is a secondary pest in its origin
region, but became a main pest of Pinus spp. in the countries where it was introduced.
In South America, it was first registered in P. taeda and P. elliottii stands at the
Department of Cerro Largo in Uruguay, in 1980. The insect dispersed rapidly to the
existing 35,000 ha of the country. In 1993, it was first detected in the Argentinian
Patagonian Andes threatening stands of little economic significance, but of strategic
ecological importance. In 1985, it was detected in P. taeda stands at the Province of
Entre Rios and dispersed to Corrientes (1993), Jujuy (1994), Misiones (1995) and
Cordoba Provinces (1995). In Brazil, the pest was introduced in Rio Grande do Sul
(1988), Santa Catarina (1989) and Paraná (1996), and attacks currently around 300,000
ha, most of it of P. taeda. Monitoring and early detection are among the main
prevention measures adopted in all countries, including Chile and Paraguay where the
pest is not present. Monitoring is made with trap-trees, trees that are stressed with
herbicides to become attractive to the pest. In Chile, the program is complemented by
a quarantine control of solid wood packing material.
In the countries where S. noctilio is present, control measures are similar, but enforced
with different intensity. In general, forest management practices, specially thinning of
overstocked stands, were intensified and natural enemies introduced. Large
applications of the Deladenus siricidicola were made. This nematode sterilizes females
and after inoculation is dispersed through the wasp eggs. Nematode inoculation is done
since 1988 in Uruguay, 1989 in Brazil and 1995 in Argentina. Ibalia leucospoides
(Hym.: Ibaliidae), a parasitode of the woodwasp eggs was accidentally introduced
together with the pest and is present in the whole pest dispersion area. It has an
average parasitism of 23% (ranging 4-45%) and a high capacity of establishment. In
Brazil and at the Argentinian Patagonian Andes, Megarhyssa nortoni and Rhyssa
persuasoria (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), ectoparasitodes of the woodwasp mature larvae
are being introduced to complete the biological control program.
Index terms: woodwasp, pine plantation, trap trees, natural enemies
[1883] RISK TO SOUTH AMERICAN RADIATA PINE RESOURCES BY THE
PINE SHOOT MOTH, RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA
D. Lanfranco1, P. Klasmer2, E. Botto3, & S. Ide1, 1Inst. de Silvicultura, Univ.
Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, CHILE, E-mail [email protected]; 2 INTA
(E.E.A.Bariloche), CC 268430, El Bolsón-Rio Negro, ARGENTINA. 3IMYZA-CNIAINTA, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA.
The european pine shoot moth populations are distributed in the South American
countries of Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. The most susceptible hosts are Pinus
radiata, P. ponderosa, P.contorta var. latifolia and P. taeda that are extensively
established. Rhyacionia buoliana (Rb), is a univoltine tortricid that attacks fresh buds
and shoots, causing serious injury to the stem if the leader shoot is attacked. The
impact of this pest has been monitored by following indicators such as pest density,
host-pest relationships and damage, the productive objectives of the stands, and levels
of pest control and pest dynamics in the light of quite diverse site conditions in Chile.
Several historical data will be presented. Silvicultural, biological, chemical and pest
management measures have been adopted, but each plantation represents an unique
case study with variable indicators. Most of the control actions are mechanical and
chemical during the first 2 or 3 years of plantation growth and later there is effective
biological control with an univoltine specific internal parasitoid, Orgilus obscurator
(Oo) that has been introduced into these countries. Levels of parasitism by Oo,
increase with time, specially in temperate plantations areas. Parasitism rates are
between 0% to 84% in Chile and 0% to 65% in southern Argentina. Few studies have
been conducted about O.o behaviour: survival rates, sex proportion, fecundity, basic
genetics and incidence of wildflowers. An endemic chilean egg parasitoid
Trichogramma nerudai was recently and experimentally introduced to southern
Argentina, as an inundative strategy. Native natural enemies in Chile ( birds, spiders
and insects parasitoids or predators ) also enhance Rb population control. Between
them, Coccygomimus fuscipes,an ichneumonflies, is commonly detected, also in
Argentina. Carduelis barbata, a passerine bird, also plays a predator role principally
during their reproductive periods. An unstudied but interesting spider complex may
have some significance. Meanwhile, satisfactory levels of recovery in damaged trees
with one or at most two stem defects are observed. This is evident in trees with several
levels of crooks and not good in forked or multiforked trees. No long term studies
have been conducted in the countries with Rb, nevertheless forest health and
sustainability of the forest resources are commonly invoked in forestry meetings and
papers. Chile and Argentina are still establishing pine plantations mainly with
susceptible species to this pest. And Rb is still a serious pest in both countries.
Index terms: pine insect pests, pest management, Argentina, Chile
[1884] MANAGEMENT OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL IN NORTH
AMERICA
Rene I. Alfaro, Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Victoria, BC V8Z
1M5
[1886] REFORESTATION PEST PROBLEMS IN TROPICAL AMERICA
J. E. Macías-Sámano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Carret. Antiguo
Aeropuerto km 2.5, 39700 Tapachula, Chiapas, México, E-mail: [email protected]
The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is an indigenous insect of North
America, and can be found in most regions of Canada and the United States. In British
Columbia this insect has become a serious pest of reforestation, causing severe damage
to young stands of Sitka spruce, Engelmann spruce, white spruce, and their hybrids.
An Integrated Pest Management System has been proposed for P. strobi. This system
relies on restoring ecosystem balance by reducing the conditions that lead to outbreak
development. The system recommends tactics that diminish heat accumulation in the
stand by encouraging growth of suitable non-host conifers as well as deciduous species
such as aspen or alder. These trees render the stand cooler and shadier, reduce food
supply, and probably create conditions which enhance natural enemy populations.
Reduction of damage by increasing plantation density is also recommended. Central to
IPM is the continuous monitoring of weevil populations and forecasting of weevil
impacts on forest productivity. This can be accomplished through a computerized
decision support system, which helps to evaluate the need for, and the possible benefits
of a given tactic. A salient feature of the IPM system for P. strobi is the combination
of tactics involving silviculture and host genetic resistance. Host genetic resistance
could be utilized to allow increased reforestation with spruce species in ecosystems
prone to infestation. In low hazard areas, silviculture-driven tactics such as mixedspecies planting and increased planting density may be sufficient to produce a
successful spruce crop. In high hazard areas, the silvicultural prescription should
include the use of resistant stock. However, the deployment of resistant genotypes
should take into consideration the need for avoiding the risk of insect selection leading
to biotypes capable of overcoming the resistance mechanisms. For this, a component
of susceptible stock should be planted along with the resistant material.
The concept of reforestation in America’s tropics has changed, very especially because
of our environmental concerns and the goal of sustaintability. Until now, reforestation
was the equivalent of plantations, and dealt with very few, mostly exotic species. To
great extent, major world timber companies established this pattern. Provoking an
immense interest in the study of entomofauna associated with species growing in
plantations, such as pines, eucalyptus, teak, mahogany and gmelina, among others.
Therefore there is some information about them. However, the very nature of the
tropics call for managing diversity of native species and the potential timber trees those more likely to be adapted to local environments and those that would follow
sustaintability goals- are many and poorly known. Consequently the study of the
entomofauna associated to these potential timber species is in its infancy. There are
very few efforts in Central and South America that try to document, in a synthetic way,
the pest for these species. Published information is in small numbers and tends to be
qualitative and anecdotal. This is partially due to the large number of potential timber
species available at any particular location. An International effort is needed to
develop this information that is of basic nature to establish any reforestation effort.
[1885] CHALLENGES TO PEST MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIS
[1887] ARTHROPODS AS BIOINDICATORS IN AN AREA UNDER
REFORESTATION IN SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL
E. Lapis.
M. P. Pais1 & E. M. Varanda2, Depto de Biologia, FFCLRP, Univ. de São Paulo, Av.
Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. 1E-mail
[email protected]; 2E-mail [email protected].
Due to the high level of devastation to which ecosystems components in the Atlantic
Forest have been submitted, several reforestation methods have been employed both
by the public and private sectors. Among these methods, the most relevant are those
concerning the successional status of plant species, such as heterogeneous
reforestation. However, information lacks on methodologies that promote the faster
recovery of the diversity of the flora, fauna and their interactions. An indicator that has
been employed in several studies concerning the successional recovery of a forest is
the insect or arthropod diversity and community structure. Arthropods are useful
environmental indicators because of their small size, their continuous presence and
sensitiveness to narrow environmental changes. In October 1999, we began monitoring
the arthropod community in a 16.6-ha area that had been reforested December 1998 on
the Ribeirão Preto campus at São Paulo University. We have collected arthropods
associated with the three most abundant pioneering and climactic plants in the area
every four months. Our study aims at documenting the major changes on the arthropod
community structure in the first stages of reforestation and gathering information to
contrast with other information referring to reforestation employing only pioneering
plants. Our results have indicated a high species richness: on 240 plants, we found 223
morphospecies of insects and 16 morphospecies of spiders. In total, 3,308 organisms
were collected. Guilds are distributed as follows: 42.4% of the organisms are
herbivores, 15.9% are predators, 1.7% are parasitoids, 3.5% are detritivores, 32.7% are
ants (retained as a distinct guild because of their various feeding activities), 2.2% are
seed-eaters, wood-eaters, fungus-eaters or “tourists” and 1.6% were not assigned to
guilds due to identification difficulties. Because predators, parasitoids and detritivores
are abundant in more stable communities, we expect that their occurrence will increase
in the next collections. The results indicate that the reforestation methodology
employed promotes a high faunal recovery from the first steps following planting.
(FAPESP)
Index terms: semideciduous mesophyllous forest, faunistic analysis, faunal monitoring
19
[1888] USE OF STRIPS OF NATIVE VEGETATION WITHIN EUCALYPTUS
PLANTATIONS AS A STRATEGY TO REDUCE LEPIDOTERA PEST
POPULATIONS
J.C. Zanuncio1, T.V. Zanuncio1, J.M.M. Pereira1, A.C. Oliveira2 & G.D. Freitas2, 1 Dep.
de Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa. 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Mannesmann Florestal Ltda. Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Eucalyptus plantations are used in Brazil as a source of wood for pulp and paper and as well
as to produce charcoal for metallurgy. The Eucalyptus plantations face serious problems with
pests such as leaf cutting ants and lepidopterous defoliators. For this reason faunistic
analyses were made aiming to evaluate the effect of “cerrado” (Brazilian savannah) native
vegetation on Lepidoptera associated with Eucalyptus cloeziana plantations of the
Mannesmann Florestal Ltda in Minas Gerais, Brazil. which has been proposed as a strategy
for reducing pests of Eucalyptus because islands and/or strips of native vegetation can be
reservoirs of natural enemies of defoliator pests. The objective was to test the hypothesis that
native vegetation as strips inside Eucalyptus cloesiana plantation could reduce populations of
defoliator Lepidoptera. The insects were collected during one night with light traps in five
sampling sites for each system of Eucalyptus cultivation (i.e. with and without strips of
“cerrado”) every 15 days during six months. The first trap was located 100 meters within the
native vegetation reserve, the second at the border of this reserve within the Eucalyptus; the
third 250 meters into the plantation, the fourth at 500 meters (which placed it in the native
vegetation strip, or between two blocks of Eucalyptus in the plantation without strips) and the
fifth at 750 meters into the Eucalyptus plantation. Lepidoptera were removed from light traps,
sorted and counted. A total of 5,511 individuals of 459 species and 16,021 individuals of 300
species of Lepidoptera were collected in areas with and without strips of “cerrado”. In the
first system, a higher number of species was collected within the strips of “cerrado”
vegetation, the four most frequent species accounted for ? 20% of the individuals collected;
nine species were constant (present in 50% to 100% of the samples) among the 23 most
important ones, four of these were accessory (present in 25 to 50% of the samples) and ten
accidental (present in 0 to 25% of the samples). Diversity was higher in the intersection of the
habitats and smaller within the eucalypt plantation. In the system without strips of native
vegetation, a higher number of species was collected in the native vegetation; the intersection
between native vegetation and eucalypt plantation was similar in species composition with a
smaller number of species within the eucalypt plantation. The three most frequent species in
this habitat accounted for ? 31% of the individuals collected; nine species were constant, nine
were accessory and eight were accidental. The diversity indexes were higher in the plantation
with them than in the plantation without “cerrado” strips. Additional sampling is required to
evaluate populations of natural enemies in the native vegetation and the role of strips in
spreading these natural enemy populations throughout the Eucalyptus plantation. Lower
population levels of defoliator Lepidoptera within Eucalyptus plantations with strips of native
vegetation shows that the strategy of Mannesmann Florestal Ltda using such strips can be
recommended to aiming to reduce problems with Lepidoptera pests of in Eucalyptus in
Brazil.
[1890] THE CHALLENGES OF SOIL-DWELLING SCARABS AS PESTS OF
EUCALYPTS
J. N. Matthiessen, CSIRO Entomology & Cooperative Research Centre for
Sustainable Production Forestry, Private Bag PO, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia. Email: [email protected].
Several soil-dwelling scarabs are highly destructive pests of the early establishment
phase of eucalypt plantations in various parts of southern Australia. Most are native
‘spring beetle’ species of the diverse genera Heteronyx and Liparetrus, with the
accidentally introduced African black beetle, Heteronychus arator, a major pest in
higher-rainfall areas of south-western Australia. A critical characteristic of these pests
is that they often cause the death of seedlings, which are highly vulnerable because of
their small size. This necessitates re-planting. Damage takes the form of defoliation
by adult ‘spring beetles’, severe root pruning by Heteronyx elongatus, and severing of
stems by adult African black beetle. Challenges in dealing with such pests include:
difficulties in scouting for risk assessment and management intervention because of
subterranean habit or sporadic mass invasion from adjacent habitat; the potential for
catastrophic damage to occur rapidly (in minutes); assessing cryptic subterranean root
and stem damage as seedlings may appear healthy but succumb to physical stresses
some time after damage has occurred; in the case of African black beetle, very low
damaging population densities and complexities of seasonal changes in activity;
patchy distribution within a plantation; cultural incompatibilities between silviculture
and pest management; and environmental factors that exacerbate risk of damage.
These constraints typically render reactive interventionist control strategies risky.
They also work strongly against the development or application of biological
approaches to control, with their general limitation of slow effect and better
applicability to reducing eruptive pests below economic thresholds. Prophylactic
management techniques offer the most appropriate option particularly for those scarab
species that dwell in the habitat prior to planting it with eucalypts (African black beetle
and Heteronyx elongatus). These techniques are currently insecticidal but are erratic
in effect. Improvements should be possible with better targetting, and with the support
of cultural modifications, subject to economic constraints. Invasive ‘spring beetles’
appear not amenable to prophylactic techniques and present a potentially intractable
challenge.
Index terms: African black beetle, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx, Liparetrus, spring
beetles
[1889] INSECT RESISTANCE IN EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS TO ACUTE AND
CHRONIC INSECT DAMAGE IN AUSTRALIA
[1891] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA
R.B. Floyd 1 & M. Matsuki 2, 1 CSIRO Entomology & Cooperative Research Centre
for Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
E-mail: [email protected] 2 CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra,
ACT 2601, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
J. G. Millar1, L. M. Hanks2 & T. D. Paine1, 1Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of
California, Riverside CA 92521, USA, 2Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana
IL 61801, USA.
Eucalyptus globulus occurs naturally in SE Australia and widely planted in plantations
in SE and SW Australia. Previous studies showed large inter-population variation in
resistance to insect herbivores. In this study, we examined relationships between
growth of E. globulus and acute and chronic damage caused by insects. We defined
acute damage as intense damage caused by Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp.
Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) occurring in two days to two week each summer and
chronic damage as less intense damage by other insect species occurring over three
months or longer. Seedlings from 18 populations of E. globulus were planted in a field
trial, and we measured growth and insect damage for five years. There was large interand intra-population variation in insect damage. All but one of the 185 plants suffered
acute damage by Anoplognathus spp., and up to 90% of a plant was affected in any
one year. Populations of E. globulus from Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands, which
have previously shown resistance to autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata
Geometridae: Lepidoptera) and leaf blister sawfly (Phylacteophaga froggatti:
Pergidae: Hymenoptera) tended to show cross-resistance to Anoplognathus spp.
Individual plants and populations that tended to suffer severe acute or chronic damage
in one year tended to suffer acute or chronic damage, respectively, in the following
year. Populations suffered up to 50% reduction in mean annual growth rates due to
insect damage. Reduction in growth was greater in populations with inherently fast
growing plants than those with inherently slow growing plants. Insect pest
management implications of these observations will be discussed. Index terms:
Anoplognathus spp., Scarabaeidae, between-provenance variation, defoliation.
20
OF
COLEOPTERAN
PESTS
OF
Eucalyptus spp. were introduced into California more than 100 years ago, and are now
widely distributed throughout the southern and central parts of the state. Eucalyptus
trees are valued because of their fast growth rates, their tolerance of drought and poor
soils, and until recently, their lack of any significant insect pests; no native insects
have expanded their host ranges to include Eucalyptus to any significant extent.
However, around 1980, the first serious pest of Eucalyptus, the Eucalyptus longhorned
borer Phoracantha semipunctata, was introduced into the state, followed by a
congeneric species, Phoracantha recurva, in 1995. These two beetle species attack
stressed trees, particularly those that are drought stressed during California’s long hot
summers. Trees are killed in a few weeks by the destruction of the cambium layers by
the developing larvae. A biological control program initiated in the early 1990’s,
using the egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi and several braconid parasites of the larvae,
has helped to reduce tree mortality. However, during the course of this project, it
became obvious that the two borer species have subtly different biologies and life
histories; since its introduction four years ago, P. recurva has largely replaced P.
semipunctata in southern California. Possible reasons for this rapid replacement of
one species by another in a shared habitat will be discussed. In addition to these two
wood-boring insects, two serious defoliating pests also have been introduced into
California within the last decade. The first, the Eucalyptus snout beetle Gonipterus
scutellatus, has a considerable history as a pest of Eucalyptus in other regions of the
world. In California, populations of this beetle initially increased rapidly, before being
brought under control by importation and release of the egg parasitoid Anaphes nitens.
The parasitoid has spread with the beetle as it expanded its range, and no further
control efforts have been required for several years. More recently, a Eucalyptus
tortoise beetle, Trachymela sloanei, was first found in California in 1997. This beetle
has caused extensive defoliation of some Eucalyptus species in southern California,
and damage has been exacerbated by the introduction of another pest, the red gum lerp
psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei. Efforts to introduce and establish an egg parasitoid,
Enoggera reticulata, for control of T. sloanei are ongoing. This paper will present an
overview of the biological control efforts for each of these beetle species.
Index terms: Phoracantha semipunctata, Phoracantha recurva, Avetianella longoi,
Gonipterus scutellatus, Trachymela sloanei
[1892] DIFFERENTIAL PARASITISM BY AN EGG PARASITOID,
AVETIANELLA LONGOI, OF TWO PHORACANTHA SPP. ATTACKING
EUCALYPTUS
[1894] TRENDS IN INSECT PEST PROBLEMS OF LOCALLY EXOTIC
EUCALYPT PLANTATIONS: THE EXAMPLE OF TASMANIAN BLUE GUM
IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
T. D. Paine1, K. Luhring1, J. G. Millar1 & L. M. Hanks2, 1Dept. of Entomology,
Univ. of California, Riverside CA 92521, USA; 2Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of
Illinois, Urbana IL 61801, USA
A. D. Loch, CSIRO Entomology and Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable
Production Forestry, c/- Department of Conservation and Land Management, Brain St,
Manjimup, WA 6258, Australia, E-mail: [email protected].
The cerambycid beetle Phoracantha recurva appears to be replacing a well-established
congener, P. semipunctata, from their shared ecological niche (stressed Eucalyptus
trees and fallen branches) in southwestern California. The proportion of P. recurva in
the mixed population increased rapidly from 0.1% in 1995, the first year this species
was detected, to 4.7% the following year, and 74% in 1997. Eggs of the P.
semipunctata are the typical host of the encyrtid egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi. A
field study indicated that egg masses of the two beetle species were located at equal
rates by the parasitoid, but that A. longoi oviposited preferentially in P. semipunctata
eggs. In no-choice laboratory bioassays, the parasitoid oviposition rate was similar
between the two host species when the host eggs were 0.5 d old, but higher in P.
semipunctata eggs when host eggs were > 1.5 d old. Survival of the parasitoids was
significantly lower in P. recurva eggs of all age classes than in P. semipunctata eggs.
In choice experiments, female parasitoid oviposition rate was significantly higher in P.
semipunctata eggs regardless of host egg age. In both experiments, some P. recurva
embryos survived the parasitoid attack and emerged as neonate larvae, whereas P.
semipunctata embryos never successfully developed in parasitized eggs. These results
were corroborated by the results of additional laboratory studies which tested strains of
A. longoi reared on eggs of either P. semipunctata (S--strain wasps) or P. recurva (R-strain wasps) for multiple generations. Female parasitoids of both strains preferred to
oviposit in P. semipunctata eggs, and survival rates were much higher in P.
semipunctata eggs than in P. recurva eggs, for both 0.5 and 2.5 day old host eggs.
Preference for and survival of progeny of R--strain or S--strain females on P.
semipunctata eggs was not significantly different. A substantial fraction of P. recurva
eggs survived parasitism and produced neonate larvae, whereas no P. semipunctata
eggs survived parasitism. A larger percentage of P. recurva eggs produced neither a
parasitoid nor a neonate larva than parasitized P. semipunctata eggs. Although P.
recurva eggs were smaller in diameter and weight than P. semipunctata eggs, eggs of
both species were large enough to support the development of several parasitoids, so it
is unlikely that inadequate nutrition was a contributing factor to survival in eggs of
either host species. Cumulatively, these results suggest that eggs of both species
contain adequate nutrition for developing parasitoids, but that ovipositing A. longoi
females and their developing progeny frequently are not able to manipulate P. recurva
egg development.
Index terms: Phoracantha semipunctata, Phoracantha recurva, Avetianella longoi
Tasmanian blue gum, Eucalyptus globulus globulus, is one of the world's most popular
eucalypt plantation species because it has excellent pulpwood properties, grows
rapidly leading to short rotations, and can grow in a variety of soil types. The species
is native to south-eastern Australia (Tasmania and Victoria), but is now grown widely
throughout the world in climates with cool winters. Most of the world's two million ha
of E. g. globulus plantations have been established where the species is exotic. Even in
Australia, most plantations occur outside the species' native range, where it could be
termed a locally exotic species. This is the case in south-western Australia where
160,000 ha of E. g. globulus plantations are grown widely under a Mediterranean type
climate, with current planting rates reaching 40,000 ha per year. The rapid rise of the
E. g. globulus plantation industry in south-western Australia has seen a corresponding
increase in insect pest problems, with the industry facing a suite of establishment pests
that attack trees as small seedlings through to serious defoliators of established trees.
The development of these problems is not unexpected given that native eucalypt
forests, from which many of these pests have originated, dominate the regional
landscape. Also, most pests are exotic species from eastern Australia that prefer E. g.
globulus as a host. Given that this plantation system is not unique, with eucalypt
species being increasingly grown worldwide, the potential entomological implications
for growing eucalypt species in both locally exotic and exotic situations need to be
appreciated. This presentation will provide a current perspective on the insect pest
problems of this dynamic plantation system and highlight historical and potential
future trends in such problems. Possible reasons for insect species becoming pests of
this plantation system will be evaluated, with particular reference made to the
differences between native and exotic insect pests.
Index terms: Eucalyptus globulus globulus, plantations, hardwood forestry, exotic
pests, native pests
[1983] BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF EUCALYPTUS IN
FRANCE.
[1895] ASSOCIATIONS OF INSECTS AND PATHOGENS RESULTING IN
DISEASE AND DAMAGE TO PLANTATION GROWN EUCALYPTUS IN THE
TROPICS AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
J.C. Malausa., I.N.R.A. Centre de Recherches d’Antibes, Entomologie et Lutte
biologique, 1382 route de Biot, 06560 Valbonne, France, E-mail:
[email protected].
Three specific insect pests of eucalyptus have been accidentally introduced from
Australia into the mediterranean region. These species have reached France in the last
decades : the curculionid Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhall in 1978, the psyllid
Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) in 1979 and the cerambycid Phoracantha
semipunctata (Fabricius) in 1984.
After a brief history of their geographical dispersal and bionomics, their present status
and economic importance in France is reported. P. semipunctata is not reported as a
severe pest and seems to be naturally limited by cool winter conditions. The two other
species appeared to present a serious risk, particularly for ornamental trees and a
classical biological control strategy have been developed successfully to control them.
G. scutellatus is now very well controlled by the South-African oophagous parasitoid
Anaphes nitens (Girault), first introduced on western Liguria coast in Italy. C.
eucalypti reappeared in 1994 on ornamental eucalyptus of the mediterranean French
Riviera and also in Brittany in western France. This pest developed heavy
populations, causing important economic damage in thes two very different climates.
After attempting to establish without success two species of coccinellid, Australian
Encyrtidae Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes was released in the two regions in 1997.
Results were spectacular and control of the pest was effective in the first year of the
releases. The parasitoids spread rapidly over a very long distance and is now present
all along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of France. Control of psyllid
populations is very effective since this time certainly due to the high mobility and host
detection ability of P. pilosus. It is always a concern that introductions of other pests of
eucalyptus from Australia may occur in France like in other countries.
Index terms: Ctenarytaina eucalypti, Psyllaephagus pilosus, Phoracantha
semipunctata, Gonipterus scutellatus
M. Wingfield 1, J. Roux 1, P. Govender 1,2 & B. D. Wingfield 1,3, Tree Pathology Cooperative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Inst. (FABI),
Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of Zoology &
Entomology, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of
Genetics, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
The tremendous growth and success of plantation-grown Eucalyptus in the tropics and
southern hemisphere, can partially be attributed to the fact that these trees have been
separated from the pests and diseases that affect them where they are native. Diseases
and insect pests are, however, gradually causing increasing damage to these trees.
Interesting interactions between pests and pathogens have also emerged as threats to
Eucalyptus in plantations. Various opportunistic pathogens such as species of
Botryosphaeria and Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti cause serious disease on trees damaged
by Helopeltis spp (Hemiptera: Miridae). Ceratocystis fimbriata that causes the
recently discovered Ceratocystis wilt disease of Eucalyptus in Africa and South
America is also likely to have insect vectors. The relationship between insects and
fungal pathogens of Eucalyptus has largely been ignored in the past. Our belief is that
an enhanced knowledge of these insects and the fungi with which they interact will
form an integral component of efforts to reduce the damage associated with them.
Key words: Eucalyptus, Botryosphaeria, Helopeltis, Ceratocystis fimbriata
21
[1896] MONITORING OF LEAF CUtTING ANTS IN REFORESTED AREAS
IN BRAZIL
[1898] PEST INSECT IN EUCALYPTUS FOREST PLANTATION ON
TABASCO STATE, MEXICO
J. C. Zanuncio1, R. Zanetti2, A. C. Oliveira3 & G. D. Freitas3, 1Depto. de Biologia
Animal, Univ. Fed. Viçosa, 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Depto. de Entomologia, Univ. Fed. Lavras, C. Postal 37,
37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil, E-mail [email protected]. 3Mannesmann Florestal, Rua
Voluntários da Pátria, 81, C. Postal 152, 35790-000, Curvelo, MG, Brasil.
I.Izquierdo, F.C. Gilli & J.L.Soberano, Desarrollo Forestal S.A. de C.V. Calle
Sindicato de Agricultura, 701. Colonia López Mateos. 86040 Villahermosa, Tabasco,
México. Phone (+5293)14-3672, 14-2654. E-mail: [email protected]
and
[email protected].
Since1990, Brazilian forest companies have started monitoring programs for leaf
cutting ant populations of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex in reforested areas aiming
to increase the efficiency and to reduce control costs of these pests besides the amount
of insecticide used. Populations of these insects can be sampled with several
methodologies including random parcels of a fixed size, based on areas of high level of
infestation or with transects. The first consists of parcels of 720 to 1800 square meters
where all ant colonies are counted, measure and divided by class of size. In the second
method most severe areas of defoliation are identified, where the number and size of
ant colonies and of damaged trees are counted and the level of defoliation is estimated.
In the transect method imaginary lines of similar length as the plantation block with a
width of one to three lines of plants are marked where all ant colonies are counted.
Data obtained are processed and the number and size of ant colonies are determined to
estimate the necessity of new evaluations, immediate control and of the best control
method to be used. Sampling intensity usually varies from 1 to 3% of the area.
Because no comparative studies about the accuracy of each methodology exist it is
difficult to affirm which is the best one for Brazilian conditions but all of them are
producing important information for integrated management of leaf cutting ants. Such
methods are allowing reduction of about 30 to 40% of the area receiving leaf cutting
ant control compared to companies that are not monitoring and control these pests
every six months. A well known monitoring system was developed by Mannesmann
Florestal which allowed a reduction of about 88.6% in the number of persons working
with leaf cutting ant control and an increase in 64,1% in operational results of such
control with an economy of about US$ 1.200.000,00 in 1992 and of more than US$
900.000/ano since 1998. Leaf cutting ants monitoring also allows to analyse
interactions between ant populations and the forest and to plan actions for integrated
management of this pest. Data of the monitoring system of Mannesmann has also
developed growth models for several forest species as function of density of anthills.
This made possible to estimate levels of economic damage for this pest besides
important information for leaf cutting ant management in forest plantations including
the effect of the age of the plant and of the surrounding native vegetation on ant
populations, among others.
Index terms: Sampling, Atta, Acromyrmex, forestation
[1897] STRATEGIES TO
PLANTATIONS IN BRAZIL
MANAGE
TERMITES
IN
EUCALYPTUS
C.F. Wilcken1, Dept. Plant Production - FCA / UNESP - Campus of Botucatu – P.O.
box 237 - 18603-970, Botucatu – SP - Brazil. E-mail: [email protected].
The termites have great importance to forest ecosystems, as much decomposition
agents as pests. The termite pests can affect root system of eucalyptus young plants or
destroying the heartwood of trees. Syntermes spp. and Cornitermes spp are species that
attack young plants and Coptotermes testaceus attacks the tree trunk. Plant mortality
caused by young plant termites vary of 10 - 70 %. The control strategy is the chemical
barrier in soil, around root system of plants. Today, the control can be made with
fipronil (phenilpyrazol), applying the insecticide in the seedling before planting. New
products are in test, mainly pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. Nevertheless, it is
necessary reduce the treated area, because the termite attack in the field occurs in
spots, due to aggregate distribution. Monitoring systems to termite infestations have
been studied, using cardboard traps distributed in soil. Early results indicated that is
possible to develop sampling techniques economically feasible and avoid unnecessary
insecticide applications.
Index terms: Forest pest, damage, control, monitoring
22
Through the last years the increasing demand for forest products has motivated the
establishment of commercial forestry plantations over the world. This activity is in its
early stage in Mexico, mainly in the tropical humid zone, where the state of Tabasco is
located, using tropical fast growing species of Eucalyptus genus. The variety of crops
found in the region and the different management practices allow the presence of
problems like pest insects and diseases that could have an important negative
economic impact. This paper shows a list of insects considered as a pest, which are
affecting the growth rate of eucalyptus plantations. The data was obtained on a
monitoring program from our initial plantation, which covers an area of 1,000 ha
spread in different regions of the state, from 1994 through 1999. The field observation
and collection of entomological material were carried out monthly through visual
inspections and collecting methods. The pest insects were classified according to the
development stage of the plantation and the economic importance of damage. From
this field research we found that the most important pest insect species is the leaf
beetle Metachroma inconstans, which causes severe perforations in the leaves,
damaging the top of the plant, causing a growth delay, forking and the death of the
plant. The leaf cutter ant Atta cephalotes and Acromyrmex sp cause strong defoliation
on small plants, retarding the development or in severe repeated attacks, the death of
plants. These species are considered the second pest in economic impact. The
buprestid Psiloptera sp and the weevil Pantomorus albicans are secondary insect
pests, causing scrapes in the stem promoting the drying of plants. At one-year-old
plantations, the butterfly larvae attacks occur with slight or severe level of defoliation,
causing the plant growth to delay. The most important species in this category is
Sarsina violascens and others with lesser importance such as Notodonta sp,
Eupseudosoma sp, Estigmene acraea and Automeris sp. The underground termite
Coptotermes crassus is considered one of the most important pest insect attacking
mature plantations with damage to the wood and root system. Other species of minor
importance is the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus sp, several species of cerambycids and
buprestid cause stem galleries, propitiating the entrance of pathogenic agents.
Index terms: Metachroma inconstans, Coptotermes crassus, Eucalyptus, Atta
cephalotes, damage
[1899] BODY SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CARABIDAE IN RELATION TO
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN THE BOREAL FOREST OF NORTHERN
SWEDEN
B. E. Aava, Dept. of Animal Ecology, Swedish Univ. Agri. Sci., S – 901 83, Umeå
Sweden. e-mail: [email protected]
Body size distributions at large scale have been shown to be positively skewed for
most assemblages of animal taxa. A number of explanations have been put forward to
explain this phenomenon. Among them are energetically related models. However,
these models are primarily aimed at explaining the skew for mammalian assemblages,
which are certainly dependent on energy for their growth. But, how general are these
energetic models? Do they apply to other taxa (like arthropods? If energy is of any
functional importance for size distributions of arthropods then we should expect to see
differences in frequencies of sizes between sites varying in primary productivity. If
energy availability has an effect on the size distribution it may be by setting a limit to
how similar in size species within the same guild can be in a local community. This
would lead to species being more similar in size where energy availability is good than
where energy is limited. Also, species may on average be larger in more productive
sites. I examined the effects of primary productivity on the distribution of body
lengths of carabid beetles in seven 10 year old clear-cuts of boreal forest stands in the
county of Västerbotten, Sweden. The hypothesis was that there would be fewer size
classes of carabids in more productive sites and that these sites would contain more of
larger sized species than less productive sites. Preliminary data suggest that there is no
such relationship.
Key-words: Body size; Primary productivity; Arthropod; local scale
[1900] RESPONSES OF THE PINE PROCESSIONARY MOTH
THAUMETOPOEA WILKINSONI TO EXTRACTS OF THE CHINABERRY
TREE, MELIA AZEDARACH
[1902] ARTROPODS DIVERSITY IN SEABIRDS COLONIES: APPLIED TO
PHALACROCORAX ARISTOTELIS OF ISLANDS CÍES AND ONS (NW
PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA)
E. M. Abou-Fakhr Hammad1, J. A. Nasr1 & N. M. Nemer1, 1 Faculty of
Agricultural & Food Sciences, American Univ. of Beirut, 850 3rd Ave. 18th Fl. New
York, NY 10022-6297. E-mail: [email protected].
A. I. Alonso1 & J. Garrido1, 1Dept. de Ecologia y Biologia Animal, Univ. de Vigo,
Lagoas-Marcosende
36200,
Vigo,
Spain,
E-mail
[email protected]
and
[email protected].
Outbreaks of T. wilkinsoni were reported lately on Pinus halepensis Mill. and P. brutia
Tenore in Lebanon. A comparative study was performed among aqueous extracts of
M. azedarach and certain biorational insecticides: Azadirachtin (3%) and Bacillus
thuringiensis var kurstaki formulations. Leaves or fruits of Melia were extracted in
water at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for overnight. The leaf and fruit extracts were tested at 0,
12.5, 25, 50 and 100% concentrations with 3 methods of application: topical
application on larvae, introducing larvae after treating pine needles, and topical
application on larvae and needles simultaneously. Data on number of dead larvae after
treatment were recorded daily. Results have shown that there were significant
differences in % mortality among treatments against 1st larval instars. Extracts of
Melia fruits (100%) and leaves (100%) have caused mortality of 50–96% compared to
that of the control, 5.5%. Dipel? was comparable in its effect to these extracts at 48 h
and above, whereas MVPII? was comparable in its effect at 96 h. For 2nd larval instars,
there were significant interactions among treatment and method of application at 24,
48 and 96 h. The fruit extract (100%) topically applied have caused the highest
mortality followed by MVPII? and fruit extract (100%) topically applied on needles
and larvae. At 96 h, the fruit extract (50%) caused mortality of 94% and 78% when
applied on needles and over larvae and needles, respectively. At 72 and 120 h, there
were significant differences among treatments. The fruit extract (100%) and MVPII?
have caused mortality of 94% and 89% respectively at 72 h, but 100% mortality was
detected at 120 h. For 3rd larval instars, there were significant interactions among
treatment and method of application at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The fruit extract (100%)
topically applied over larvae was comparable in its effect to MVPII? applied over
larvae and needles. At 120 and 144 h, the fruit extract (100%) caused a significant
larval mortality of 85% and was comparable in its effect to Azatin? , MVPII? , and
Dipel? . Fruit extracts (50%) were comparable in their effect to fruit extracts (100%)
only at 144 h. Data analyses have shown EC50 values for second instars of 44 mgeq/ml of fruit extract applied on needles and 32 mg-eq/ml of fruit extract applied on
larvae and needles at 5 days after treatment. EC50 values of 52 and 132 mg-eq/ml of
fruit and leaf extracts, respectively, applied on needles against 3rd instars at 6 days after
treatment were determined. Thus, Melia extracts were found to be effective against
larvae of the pest indicating a potential insecticidal activity.
Index terms: Botanicals, Biorational Insecticides, Pinus sp
In this paper we studied the composition, diversity and trophic relation to arthropods
fauna in 19 nests of cormorant (Phalacrocorax aristotelis ), collected in two sites in
NW Spain (Cies and Ons Islands) during 1997. At first, we made a faunistic study
where the presence of high number of mites, spiders, ticks, flies, beetles and fleas are
constated. Several colonies have been studied in three different breeding phases,
except the ectoparasite fauna, most of arthropod fauna prefer to nest in the feeding
phase where the organic materia contribution and relativity humidity is higher, in all
phases the saprofagous mites are the most abundant group. With the fauna data, we
studied the trophic relationship between the different groups, a modelic diagram of
energy has been elaborated. Of the 84 present families in the cormorant nests, a large
proportion of arthropod families found occurs there occasionally, and penetrated of the
circundant habitats, only some families of mites, saprofagous fly larvae and
depredators beetles find suitable conditions to survive and develop their life cycle in
the nests.
Index terms: bird nest, nest fauna, arthropods.
[1901] MANAGEMENT OF REFORESTATION INSECTS: FIRST STEP OF
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY
R.I. Alfaro, Research Scientist, Pacific Forestry, Centre, 506-W Burnside Rd.,
Victoria, BC. Canada.
The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, is an indigenous insect of North America,
and can be found in most regions of Canada and the United States. In British
Columbia (BC) this insect has become a serious pest of reforestation, causing severe
damage to young stands of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., Engelmann
spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry, white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and their
hybrids. Attacked trees take to several years to recover. In this process, branches from
the uppermost whorl below the damaged terminal compete for dominance, and the tree
remains for one or more years with multiple leaders. Depending on the number of
internodes destroyed and the growth characteristics of the tree, a permanent stem
defect could form at the point of injury. Losses in severely infested stands, due to
reduced growth and defect, can be as high as 40% of the stand volume. This paper
describes the conditions that make stands of spruce (Picea spp.) susceptible to attack
by the white pine weevil in British Columbia and discusses a pest management system
which combines silviculture tactics with host genetic resistance. The system relies on
restoring ecosystem balance by reducing the conditions that lead to outbreak
development. The system recommends tactics that diminish heat accumulation in the
stand by encouraging growth of suitable non-host conifers as well as an overstory of
deciduous species such as aspen or alder. These conditions render the stand cooler and
shadier, reduce oviposition sites and food supply because trees produce short, thin
leaders, and may create conditions which enhance natural enemy populations.
Reduction of stem defects by sanitation thinning and by planting at close spacing is
also recommended. Central to IPM is the continuous monitoring of weevil populations
and forecasting of weevil impacts on forest productivity. This can be accomplished
through a computerized decision support system, which helps to evaluate the need for,
and the possible benefits of a given tactic.
[1903] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TICKS AND SMALL WILD MAMMALS
IN A DISTURBED ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT IN ITAPEVI COUNTY,
STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
D. M. Barros-Battesti1, V. C. Onofrio1, S. M. Simons1, R. S. Paço1, M. Miretzki2,
V. L. N. Bonoldi3 & N. H. Yoshinari3, 1Lab. Parasitologia, Inst. Butantan, Ave. Vital
Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, BR, [email protected]; 2Museu de Hist.
Nat. Capão da Imbuia, Dept. Zoo., PMCPR, R. Benedito Conceição, 407, 82810-080,
Curitiba, PR, BR, 3Dept. Clínica Médica, Fac. Med., Univ. São Paulo, Ave. Dr.
Arnaldo, 455, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, BR. *Supported by FAPESP.
From January to December 1999, ticks were studied in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in
a residential condominium, in the city of Itapevi, State of São Paulo. We investigated
the relationship between ticks and hosts, observing the ticks’ monthly and seasonal
relative density indices (TRDI) and infestation indices per host group. Mammals were
captured in monthly trappings carried out for five consecutive days. A total of 163
small mammals were trapped. Of these, 39,3% were infested with 186 ticks. Rodents
were infested only by immature ticks, identified as Ixodes didelphidis (N=12), I.
loricatus (N=8) and Amblyomma aureolatum (N=13). In these hosts, the higher
monthly TRDI was recorded in August, and the higher infestation index occurred in
June (during the dry season). Immature Ixodes ticks were collected only on
Oligoryzomys nigripes and Bolomys lasiurus, and immature ticks of A. aureolatum
were collected on Euryzygomatomys spinosus and on B. lasiurus. The marsupials were
infested by adult and immature ticks. The adult ticks were identified as I. didelphidis
(N=48), I. loricatus (N=61) and A. aureolatum (N=1). I. didelphidis was collected
during the whole year but I. loricatus was more collected during the rainy season than
during the dry season. The immature ticks found on marsupials were identified as A.
cajennense (N=41), I. loricatus (N=1), and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (N=1). The
higher monthly TRDI and infestation index on marsupials were recorded in October
(rainy season), when the highest number of specimens of immature A. cajennense ticks
were collected. The difference between the proportion of tick stages per host group,
during both seasons, was significant according to Fisher test (P? 0.05). An increase of
the parasitism of Amblyomma on small wild mammals, when compared to previous
studies in this area (where human cases of Lyme-like illness were recorded), was
observed. These species of Ixodes and Amblyomma, as well as some small wild
mammals, have been found naturally infected with unidentified spirochetes. As such,
the increase of Amblyomma on these hosts can contribute to the increase of human
infection risk, since both species bite people as well as domestic animals.
Index terms: Ixodes - Amblyomma - tick/host infestation indices
23
[1904] DETECTION AND CONTROL OF THE GUM TREE WEEVIL
GONIPTERUS
SCUTELLATUS
IN
CHILE
(COLEOPTERA:
CURCULIONIDAE)
[1906] THE EFFECT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF A PINUS CARIBAEA
PLANTATION ON THE ANT'S POPULATIONS OF VENEZUELAN
SAVANNAS
M. A. Beéche Cisternas1, S. Rothmann T.2, 1 Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero /
Defensa Agrícola – Av. Bulnes No 140, Santiago – Chile; 2 Servicio Agrícola y
Ganadero / Laboratorios Agrícolas – Av. Bulnes No 140, Complejo Lo Aguirre,
Santiago – Chile
1
2
1 1)
L Bulla , W. Goytía y R. Candia , Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Fac. Ciencias,
UCV, Apdo 47058, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela, FAX= 605-2204, Email:
(2)
[email protected].;
IDECYT, Univ. Simón Rodríguez, Apdo 47925,
Caracas 1041-A. This work was financed by the ISC Program of the European
Commission, Project CT 94-0099 VE.
The gum tree weevil, Gonipterus scutellatus, is one of the most important defolianting
pests, in whose respect Eucalyptus globulus and E. viminalis, both cultivated for
commercial purposes in Chile for the production of wood pulp – are among its most
susceptible hosts. The larvae and adult of this pest are feeding from the eucalyptus
foliage and may cause a significant reduction to the trees growth, including
deformation of their crown and an increased susceptibility to the attack of other pests.
This insect, of Australian origin, is currently present in most of the countries where
eucalyptus is cultivated both in commercial and non-commercial form. In Chile, the
first detection of G. scutellatus was performed by SAG inspectors during February
1998 in the locality Termas de Jahuel (V Region, Province of Los Andes); this resulted
in the need to know the pest dissemination in the country, to determine the presence of
natural enemies and to implement control actions which could reduce the potential
damages in eucalyptus commercial plantations. Following the phytosanitary
prospections, it could be determined that G. scutellatus is present in Chile only in the
Provinces of Los Andes and San Felipe (V Region) and that no important natural
enemies of the pest exist. As a result, the need was defined of introducing into the
country the oothec parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). This
biological control program was undertaken in order to supply the implementation of
quarantine control actions coupled to chemical air focal controls, intended to reduce
the possibility of disseminating the eucalyptus weevil in non-infested areas of the
country. Thus, during October 1998 the collection of A. nitens took place in different
localities of South Africa (Cape Town and Natal Provinces) where 3,232 G. scutellatus
parasitized oothecs were collected and transported to Chile, being submitted to postentry quarantine followed by their release in infested areas. The post-entry quarantine
was carried out in the SAG / Lo Aguirre Laboratories and Quarantine Stations
(Metropolitan Region, Chile) inside bio-climatic chambers, using for the quarantine
and breeding of the parasitoid oothecs of the eucalyptus weevil collected in Chile
and/or produced in the laboratory. Release of A. nitens took place in 6 localities of he
Provinces of Los Andes and San Felipe, including a total of 5,715 adults. The
subsequent field evaluations have demonstrated that A. nitens was successfully
established in Chile and it reaches to day oothecs parasitism percentages ranging
between 94 and 98% in the localities where they were released.
Index terms: Eucalyptus spp., defoliators, biological control, oothecs parasitoid
[1905] FOREST SOIL CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COLLEMBOLA
FAUNA
L. De Bruyn1,2, W. Jacobs2, F. Janssens2, S. Thys2, F. Hendrickx3, D. De Bakker4,
K. Desender4, J.P. Maelfait1,3 & B. De Vos5, 1 Inst. Nature Conservation, Kliniekstr.
25, 1070 Brussel, Belgium, ; 2 Dept. Biology, Univ. Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium; 3 Lab. Ecology, Univ. Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35,
9000 Gent, Belgium; 4 Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, 1000 Brussel,
Belgium; 5 Inst. Forestry and Game Management, AMINAL, Gaverstr. 4, 9500
Geraardsbergen, Belgium; E-mail : [email protected].
It has been stated by several authors that the abundance, species diversity and life
history characteristics of Collembola can serve as excellent ecological indicators of the
state of the environment. Specific community characteristics may reveal properties of
the habitat that would otherwise be difficult or even impossible to quantify by
measuring physical factors or based on vegetation revelés. In the scope of a research
project on the occurrence, diversity and bio-indicative value of terrestrial invertebrates,
a multitude of arthropod taxa were sampled in 56 forest plot (40 woods) in Flanders
(Belgium). The main aim was to classify the forest soils based on the sample animals
or animal groups. Collembola were collected with a core sampler (? =5cm;
depth=10cm) and extracted with a modified McFayden apparatus. In all, about 14 000
specimen belonging to 41 species were collected. Collembola community composition,
structure and functionality were related to forest soil characteristics (texture and
chemistry), vegetation structure and composition, and geographical and landscape
ecological setting (forest area, isolation, ...). In general, the Collembola communities
fall apart along a soil texture gradient while there is a tendency that the species are
grouped according to the main tree species.
Index terms: ecological indicators, habitat afinities
24
During the last 30 years large plantations of Pinus caribaea were introduced in
Monagas State (Venezuela), replacing most of the original savanna vegetation by pine
forests and abandoned fields. This change greatly affected the arthropod's fauna of this
system. In this article we will analyze their effect on the ant's populations. Ants were
sampled using pitfall traps in 7 sites; 1) S1, a Trachypogon plumosus natural savanna
that will be used as a baseline; 2) S2, an "island" savanna of 5 ha, completely
surrounded by tall (over 10 m) pines; 3) S3, an Axonopus canescens natural savanna (a
second baseline); 4) P1, a stand of pines four years old, with remnants of savanna
vegetation among the trees; 5) P2, a stand of pure pines 12 mts high, ready for harvest;
6) P3, an area recently harvested, almost bare, with logs and twigs over the ground; 7)
P4, similar to P3 but 4 years old. Ten pitfall traps were located in each site and
collected monthly. Here we report the results of August (peak rainfall) and November
(beginning of drought). A total of 74 species of ants were collected. The most
important genera were Pheidole (16 spp), Camponotus (8 spp) and Solenopsis (5 spp).
There is little change in the composition of the community between the rainy season
(60 spp) and the drought (64 spp), but there are important differences among the 7
sites. Maximum diversity was achieved in P4, the abandoned field 4 years old (35
spp). The natural savannas were poorer with 21-23 spp. The island savanna S2 showed
slightly higher diversity. The recently harvested area P3 had a surprisingly high
diversity, considering its lack of resources (very scarce vegetation and little cover), of
17 spp in August and 22 spp in November. This is a very rapidly changing system.
There is a definite change in the composition of the community as we move from the
natural savanna to the mature pine forest and the abandoned fields, with species that
characterize each step of the process. P4, the 4 years old field shows signs of recovery
of the original fauna, but it seems that many years will be required to complete the
process.
Index terms: diversity, ants, savannas, pine forest
[1907] WATER STRESS EFFECT ON WORKER CUTTING-ANTS OF
ACROMYRMEX HISPIDUS ON THREE ORIGINS OF EUCALYPTUS
GLOBULUS GLOBULUS
P. Caffarini 1 ; A. Pelicano 1 ; P. Carrizo2 y J. Lemcoff 1, 1 Facultad de Agronomía,
Univ. de Bs.As., Av. San Martín 4453 (1417), Cap.Fed., Argentina
[email protected], 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Univ. La
Plata, Calle 690 y 119 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
The present study evaluates behaviour changes on worker cutting-ants of Acromyrmex
hispidus, because of water stress on its host, Eucalyptus globulus. The influence of
three different origins of eucaliptus named Jeeralang, Moogara and Otways National
Park on these changes was also tested. The experimental arena was an artificial ant
nest kept at 24 +/- 2 C, 80 % of relative humidity, and 12:12 hours of light:darkness.
Ants were offered one stem 15 cm long with leaves for each treatment and origin, that
were randomly distributed along that arena. This was done six times in a consecutive
way. Between those assays, ants were offered other hosts, to prevent them from being
acostumed. To create stress conditions, gardening was raisingly restricted for four
weeks in the nursery, before samples were taken. Total and eaten lraf surface was
measurdby means of a foliar area gauge. Results, as a percentage of eaten surface by
origin and treatment was tested by means of Tukey non-aditivity teste. The test was
not meaningful (P=0,455), and transformations were not necessary before performing
stadistic analysis. Averages were compared by means of two-way ANOVA (treatment
and origin)and Tukey. Eaten average surfaces were significaty differents 31,295 % for
the stress treatment and 3,125% for the control (P+0,0004). On the hand eaten average
surface by origin was not significantly different (P=0,12). It is known that plant host
susceptibility is enhanced as a result of stress. This is a consequence of a different
chemical compounds, as a decrease in monoterpens production , tanines and others
sustances. However, those tests are performed by direct damage, this means for those
insects who really eat the plant. Worker-cutting ants do not use it this way, but it is a
substrate for the fungi they feed from, so another response can be expected.
Index terms: preference, eucaliptus, cutting ants
[1908] OCCURRENCE AND DAMAGES CAUSED FOR ONCIDERES SAGA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN ARBORIZATION
[1910] SUPPRESSION OF SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE INFESTATIONS
USING VERBENONE, AN ANTI-AGGREGATION PHEROMONE
A. G. Carvalho1, J. G. N. Wendt1, J. M. Pinto2, A. M. Lunz1 & S. R. S. Ventura1,
Depto. de Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ
23851-970, Brasil; 2Depto. Fitotecnia, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro. E-mail:
[email protected].
S. R. Clarke1, R. F. Billings2, S. M. Salom3 & C. W. Berisford4, 1Forest Health
Protection, USDA Forest Service, 701 N. 1st St., Lufkin, TX 75901, USA, E-mail
sclarke/[email protected]; 2Forest Pest Management, Texas Forest Service, P.O. Box
301, Lufkin, TX 75902-0310, USA; 3Dept. of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA 24061-0319, USA; 4Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
USA.
1
The species of the Leguminosae as the Acacia mangium, Albizzia lebbeck, Clitoria
fairchildiana, Delonix regia, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica, Samanea saman,
Piptadenia rigida, Bauhinia forficata and Inga edulis. They are among the more used
in the urban arborization of the state of Rio de Janeiro, even so to the these, several
insects are associated, among these meet the coleopterans that occupy a prominence
position in these forest essences in a general way. Inside of this context it is found the
species Oncideres saga (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), whose popular name is "sawyer",
which has been causing damages in the crowns of the species used in the urban
arborization in the state of Rio de Janeiro, once the O. saga is known as one of the
species more poliphagous, and this coleopteran damages branches and trunks with a
great diameter width. This work was accomplished in NUCLEP in the municipal
district of Itaguaí, RJ, where were collected and measured all the cut branches, being
measured the length of the base of the branch wholesale to the apex of the same,
considering the bifurcation of larger extension and the diameter in the base of the
branch, where was took place two readings in positions opposed for the obtaining of
the medium diameter of the fallen damaged branches on the soil or arrested to the
crowns of the trees. The arborization is composed by the following essences: C.
fairchildiana, B. forficata, A. lebbeck and D. regia and the number of branches cut by
the O. saga was of 2, 3, 111 and 8, respectively, being evaluated therefore a total of
124 branches. The length measures, in meters, for to C. fairchildiana, B. forficata, A.
lebbeck and D. regia were of 3,81 ± 2,07; 2,76 ± 0,95; 2,86 ± 0,66 and 3,36 ± 0,78
respectively. The found medium diameters, in cm, were of 3,89 ± 1,26; 3,25 ± 0,92;
3,57 ± 0,79 and 3,82 ± 0,77 for C. fairchildiana, B. forficata, A. lebbeck and D. regia,
respectively. It is ended that the damages provoked by O. saga cause serious damages
to the crown and the shaft of the essences that compose the arborization of NUCLEP.
A. lebbeck is the dominant essence in the arborization and the most susceptible to the
sawyer.
Index terms: Urban arborization, "Sawyer".
[1909] ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGES CAUSED FOR ONCIDERES SAGA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN A FORESTRY REMNANT IN THE
CAMPUS OF UFRRJ, BRASIL
A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1, M. C. Machado1 & S. R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto.
Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970,
Brasil. E-mail: [email protected].
The family Leguminosae counts inside with several species of the Campus of the
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, so much in planted areas as in
regeneration, as Mimosa caesalpinaefolia, Inga edulis, Cassia grandis and Samanea
saman. The main group of insects associated to these species is the order Coleoptera,
where stands out the family Cerambycidae, whose habit of to yearn and to cut
branches and even shafts for accomplishment of postures cause great damages to the
crowns of the trees. The species Oncideres saga, well known as "sawyer", it is one of
the ones that attack a great number of forest species. This work was accomplished in a
forestry remnant in the Campus of UFRRJ, close to the Institute of Forests. The
diameter of the cut branches was obtained through two readings in positions opposed
in the area cut for obtaining of the medium diameter, and the length was measured of
the base to the apex of the cut branch. The number of branches cut by O. saga was of
351, being three of M. caesalpinaefolia, five of I. edulis, eight of C. grandis and 335
of S. saman. The found medium diameters, in cm, were of 3,50 ± 0,33; 2,64 ± 0,36;
2,95 ± 0,67 and 3,43 ± 0,82 for M. caesalpinaefolia, I. edulis, C. grandis and S. saman,
respectively. Already the medium lengths, in meters, for this sequence of species were
of 3,87 ± 2,03; 1,62 ± 0,74; 1,68 ± 0,98 and 2,58 ± 1,23. It is ended that O. saga causes
considerable damages in area with regeneration of native and exotic species, and that
the species S. saman is the most susceptible to the attack of this insect.
Index terms: "Sawyer", Mimosa caesalpinaefolia, Inga edulis, Cassia grandis,
Samanea saman.
The southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, is a destructive forest insect
pest of pines throughout the southeastern United States, Mexico, and Central America.
Cut-and-remove or cut-and-leave treatments are effective in suppressing expanding
infestations and reducing impacts, but new tactics are desired which limit the numbers
of trees felled, particularly the uninfested trees. Operational methods for two such
tactics using verbenone, an anti-aggregation pheromone produced by SPB, have been
developed and successfully tested in the southeastern United States. The verbenoneonly and verbenone-plus-felling treatments reduce or eliminate the need for treefelling and thus are compatible with management objectives for sensitive or protected
areas such as parks or wilderness. Verbenone pouches, the elution device, are tacked
at ca. 4 m to trees either under attack or in a buffer strip around the expanding “spot
head”. Tables give the number of pouches required per tree and infestation, based on
tree diameter and the number of currently-infested trees. A web-site providing training
in the use of the two tactics is available for potential end-users. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency recently registered verbenone, but treatments have
not become operational to date. Refinement of the treatment methods continues, and
current studies test new elution devices and lower pouch placement height. Trapping
studies are also underway to identify other semiochemicals that may improve
treatment efficacy when used in combination with verbenone. Trapping studies
conducted in 1999 in Honduras suggest that verbenone tactics may also be effective in
SPB spot suppression in that country. We plan to test the efficacy of verbenone
treatments on SPB infestations throughout the range of the beetle.
Index terms: Dendroctonus frontalis, semiochemicals, bark beetles.
[1911] MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NESTS AND
CONTROL OF ATTA SEXDENS RUBROPILOSA WITH GRANULATED
BAITS IN A PLANTATION OF PINUS TAEDA, SAFAC, WANDA, MISIONES
O. R. de Coll 1, W. Lange 1, R. A. Friedl
Email:[email protected]; 2 [email protected]
1
& T. M. C. Della Lucia 2,
1
Leaf cutting ants limit agricultural and forest production. Leaf-cutter ants of genus Atta
are distributed in the whole province of Misiones, and are pests is of great economic
importance because of the damage they cause. They are measured to estimate the
surface area and to apply the granulated baits for controlling the ants. The external
morphological characteristics of the nests are thus important to determine the correct
dose to apply. The main current problem is the correct mensuration of the earth
mound. The aims of the present work are to determine the morphlogical characteristics
of the nests and the most efficient dose of the granulated bait with sulfuramide in the
control of Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Nests were marked in a 19,5 hectare plantation of
Pinus taeda of deep red soil belonging to the SAFAC, S. A. company, in the town of
Wanda, Misiones, Argentina .The assay with granulated bait was carried out in
December of 1997. In the plantation, 33 m wide strips were defined and the
geographical coordinates of the nests were measured. Values of estimated surface area
and volume of each nest were obtained from mathematical formulae, once their leght,
width and height were determined. The calculated surfaces were those for the rectangle
and the ellipse; the volume was that of a fustrum of right circular cone. The treatments
with the sulfluramide bait (0,3 %) HBT 347 consisted of application of 6, 8, 10 y 12
g/m² calculated as a rectangle, a positive control with 10 g/m² of dodecachlor (0,45%)
was also used, as well as a negative control, without bait application. The statistical
design used was a completely randomized experiment with 6 treatments and 8
replications per treatment. The attractiveness of the granulated bait was evaluated by
observations 24, 48 and 72 h after application. Inactive nests were checked after 15,
30, 60, 90 y 303 days. Six nests were selected for excavation after 153 days. Spatial
distribution of the nests of A. s. rubropilosa in the pine forest were of contagious type,
with 120 m² of nests per ha, with a maximum of 128 m² and a minimum of 9,7 m². The
average density was 2,51 nests per ha. The nests of larger area and volume were found
at the borders of the plantation. The nest of maximum area had 33,12 m² and that of
minimum, 30,18 m², with a standard variation of 2,079 m² .The volume average was
14,36 m³(maximum 58.32 m³ and minimum, 4,43 m³).The analysis of the results
showed that 6 and 8 g/m² were the most effective doses of sulfluramide bait. The
number of inactive nests increased with time; 100% of them were inactive at the end
of 303 days. On the other hand, 25 % of the nests treated with either 10 or 12 g/m²
were still active at that time.
Index terms: leaf-cutter ants, nets, control, sulfluramide, Pinus taeda.
25
[1912] FAUNA OF LEPIDOPTERA IN A TRANSECT OF NATIVE
VEGETATION- EUCALYPTUS PLANTATION IN IPABA, MINAS GERAIS,
BRAZIL
O.T. Dall’Oglio1, J.C. Zanuncio1, 1 Dept. Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa,
Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 36.571-000, E-mail [email protected];
[email protected].
Lepidoptera defoliators are important pests of Eucalyptus in Brazil because forest
monocultures represent simplified ecosystems where herbivore insects can be more
abundant and cause damage. The maintenance of understorey vegetation and the
preservation of strips and remnants of native vegetation have been recommended as a
strategy to increase environmental heterogeneity and consequently the diversity of
species of insects in reforested areas. The objective of this research was to study the
fauna of Lepidoptera in three situations: Eucalyptus, area of transition native
vegetation/Eucalyptus and within a fragment of native vegetation in Ipaba, Minas
Gerais, Brazil, from April 1997 to March 1998 with five light traps. The first and the
second traps were installed in the Eucalyptus plantation at 400 and 200 meters of the
transition native vegetation/Eucalyptus; the third in this transition; and the fourth and
the fifth light traps inside the native vegetation, at 200 and 400 meters from the
transition. Lepidoptera collected were divided in the following groups: i) group 1,
primary pest (those species previously recorded in outbreak conditions in Eucalyptus
plantations); ii) group 2, secondary pests (species that feed on Eucalyptus but not in
outbreak conditions); iii) group 3, species without defined importance to Eucalyptus;
and, iv) group 4, non identified species. A total of 20,606 individuals were collected,
being 1,808 of group 1; 231 of group 2; 8,874 of group 3 and 9,693 of group 4. Out of
2,039 individuals of primary and secondary pests, 2.94% were only collected in the
fragment of native vegetation; 18.69% in the transition native vegetation and
Eucalyptus and 78.37% in the Eucalyptus plantation. The species without defined
importance to Eucalyptus were collected in higher numbers within the Eucalyptus at
200m from the transition and in the transition with 38.40 and 31.61% of the
individuals, respectively, while the group of non identified species presented higher
number of individuals in the transition of Eucalyptus with the native vegetation with
37.88%. Pest species presented higher number of individuals per species in the
Eucalyptus plantation than in the transition and in the native forest, while non-pest
species presented similar number of individuals per species in all points. This shows
that areas of native vegetation intermingled with Eucalyptus plantations can contribute
to a larger diversity of species and to the reduction of the number of individuals of the
Lepidoptera pests in these plantations.
Index terms: Insecta, Eucalyptus, pests, forest remnants
[1913] ARTHROPODS IN RELATION WITH ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA: AN
APPROACH TO ITS BIODIVERSITY IN ARGENTINA
G. Dapoto, H. Giganti, M. Bondoni & M. Gentili, Depto. Biología Aplicada, Un.
Nac. del Comahue, C.C. 85, 8303, Cinco Saltos (R.N.), Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae) is a native conifer from Argentina and Chile
spread mainly over the Andes Mountains between 37º30’ to 40º S and 900 to 1700 m
o.s.l. approximately. This very old specie has a big economic, biological, social and
also anthropological interest, since it was exploited with intensity until some years ago
mainly for timber extraction and is in strong cultural relation with people of its spread
area, specially the native. It makes different vegetative communities in Argentina. In
association with Nothofagus spp.: forests with: N. obliqua, N. dombeyi and N. pumilio,
placed with rainfall about 3500 mm/year and with N. antarctica and Lomatia hirsuta
(Proteaceae) with less density in places with less rainfall and lower altitude. Going to
the East humidity decreases, then it makes a transition with the patagonian steppe up
to 250 mm/year approximately. It was studying arthropods in relation to the different
associations formed by A. araucana as contribution for to know the biodiversity of
this communities and then look for a sustainable development of this natural
researches. The specie determined at moment: 6 Acarina in 3 families, 85 Coleoptera
in 20 families, 6 Hemiptera in 2 families, 15 Homoptera in 5 families, 25
Hymenoptera in 8 families, 96 Lepidoptera in 16 families, 4 Orthoptera, 4 Diptera and
specific reduced fauna of A. araucana ( 21 specie determined at moment that mean
about 9 % of total collected) are reported in this paper.
Index terms: insects and mites, patagonian native forests, biotaxonomy.
26
[1914] BEETLES, SPIDERS AND FLIES AS BIO-INDICATORS IN FORESTS:
A LARGE SCALE RESEARCH PROJECT IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM)
K. Desender1, D. De Bakker1, P. Grootaert1, M. Pollet1, L. De Bruyn2, B. De Vos3
& J.-P. Maelfait2,
1
Dept. Entomology, RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 Inst. Nature Conservation, Kliniekstr. 25, B-1070
Brussels, Belgium; 3 Inst. Forestry and Game Management, AMINAL, Gaverstraat 4,
B-9500 Geraardsbergen.
In 1997, a research project was started on the occurrence, diversity and bio-indicative
value of terrestrial invertebrates in 56 forest stands distributed over 40 woods in the
entire region of Flanders (Belgium). A complete year cycle of samples was therefore
taken in these forests (mainly by means of continuous pitfall trapping for soil surface
active invertebrates and the use of coloured pan traps for flying insects). The first part
of the study (sampling and identification of about one month of samples for a
multitude of invertebrate taxa) involved scientists from several universities [Ghent
Univ. (RUG), Antwerp Univ. (RUCA) and Louvain Univ. (KUL)] and scientific
institutions (region of Flanders: Institute for Forestry & Game Management and
Institute of Nature Conservation; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences). In the
current contribution, we report on the identification (complete year cycle) and
ecological analyses of a limited number of animal taxa, i.e. ground beetles
(Carabidae), spiders (Araneae) and flies (Empididae and Dolichopodidae). These
arthropods are target model organisms because they are (1) well known for what
concerns their taxonomy and biology, (2) speciose, (3) documented concerning their
former and recent distribution in our region (Red data books), and (4) abundantly
occurring in the sampled forests. Besides, a multitude of environmental variables have
been quantified from each sampling forest plot. These include local forest soil
characteristics (texture, detailed soil and forest floor chemistry), vegetation structure
and composition, as well as geographical and landscape ecological setting (forest area,
isolation, etc… ). Identification of the complete year cycle from 56 forest plots
(carabids and spiders) or 49 plots (flies), yields some 200.000 specimens belonging to
more than 550 species. Multivariate analyses are based on habitat preference data for
the most abundant species (41 ground beetles, 80 spiders, and 39 flies). Indirect and
direct gradient analyses yield comparable results in each case. The most differentiated
assemblages for spiders and flies primarily seem to react to soil texture and related
characteristics. In carabids, on the other hand, an assemblage of large ancient forests is
first distinguished from humid lowland forest communities, whereas in the second
place mainly soil texture and site productivity seem to define observed assemblages.
Index terms: Carabidae, Araneae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, ecological indicators.
[1915] CARABID BEETLES AS MODEL ORGANISMS IN POPULATION
GENETIC STUDIES ON HIGHLY FRAGMENTED TEMPERATE FORESTS
(FLANDERS, BELGIUM)
K. Desender1, P. Verdyck1, V. Versteirt1 & J.-Y. Rasplus2, 1 Dept. Entomology,
RBINSc, Vautierstr. 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected];
2
Centre de Biologie et Gestion des Populations, INRA, Equipe Taxonomie et
Ecologie,488, rue Croix de Lavit, F-34090 Montpellier.
Populations of many terrestrial arthropods nowadays only survive in small remnants of
natural habitats. Forests in Flanders are well documented historically, but now cover
less than 10% of the total surface only. Most of these forest are extremely fragmented,
reduced in size and isolated. Within the context of a regional project, effects of habitat
fragmentation, including historical ecology, are studied in a wide variety of forest
organisms. Ground beetles appear to be extremely useful model organisms in such
studies. They are speciose, have a rather well known distribution both in time and
space (Red data book available), are highly variable in habitat preference (stenotopic
and more eurytopic species) and their dispersal power (~gene flow) is reflected in the
development of hind wings and flight muscles (macropterous, brachypterous and wing
polymorphic species). Population genetic results based on allozymes, studied by
means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis in large samples of several forest ground
beetles, invariably show a significant genetic differentiation between populations.
Some of the brachypterous species show geographical isolation by distance (Manteltests). Highest FST-values are obtained for rare and brachypterous species (Abax ovalis,
A. parallelus and Carabus auronitens). C. auronitens, extremely rare in Flanders and
limited to a few ancient forests only, shows a very high FST-value, indicating that a
large proportion of its total genetic variation occurs between populations. In the near
future, we will therefore also study this ground beetle by means of more powerful or
completely neutral markers (microsatellites). Based on allozymes, the smallest value
of genetic differentiation is found in Agonum assimile, a common and more mobile
species from inundation and valley forests. Abax ater, another common forest carabid,
suggests an unexpected negative relationship between genetic diversity and forest area
(further study planned with microsatellites). Genetic erosion in small populations is
indicated for some very rare and brachypterous carabids, which are known indicators
for ancient forests. To conclude, some recommendations are given for regional nature
conservation.
Index terms: Carabidae, gene flow, genetic differentiation/diversity, fragmentation.
[1916]
VARIATIONS
IN
THE
CURCULIONOIDEA IN NATURAL
CENTRAL SPAIN
SPECIES
COMPOSITION
AND PLANTED FORESTS
OF
OF
L. Diodato1, M. P. Gurrea Sanz2 & A. Notario3, 1Fac. Ciencias Forestales, Univ.
Santiago del Estero, Avda Belgrano 1912, 4200-Santiago del Estero, Argentina; 2
Dept. Biología, Fac. de Ciencias, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; 3
Dept. de Ing. Forestal. ETS Ing. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
In the Central Mountains of Spain, afforestations have been carried out in the last fifty
years, which has caused vegetation changes. Hence, it is currently possible to find
plantations of Pinus sylvestris growing in natural areas that were originally covered
with Quercus pyrenaica, thus resulting in landscapes where natural hardwood forests
and softwood plantations are adjacent to one another. The purpose of this paper is to
analyze and compare the fauna of Curculionoidea in the natural oak forests with that
found in the pine plantations. Material resulting from periodic sampling procedures
conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1998 in representative stands of both oak forests and pine
plantations in various localities of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain, has been
studied. The samples were collected by using the “shaking” and “netting” methods on
undergrowth plants and by “shaking” the tree canopies. Specimens belonging to 86
different species of Curculionoidea, representing the families Attelabidae, Brentidae,
Curculionidae, Erirhinidae and Nemonychidae, were collected during the study. The
cluster analysis conducted on the data revealed that the fauna associated with the
undergrowth in both oak forests and pine plantations is the group most similar to each
other, followed by the fauna from the oak canopies, while the one associated with the
pine canopies constitutes a separate group. Where endemic species may be lost, it is
important to consider this
process, especially when land management and
conservation are sought.
Index terms: Coleoptera, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus pyrenaica, reforestations.
[1918] NATURAL RESISTANCE OF TEN CUBAN FOREST SPECIES
AGAINST TERMITE ATTACK
H. C. Escoto1 , N. T. Isasi 1, J. M. Montalvo2, 1Dept. of Entomology, Forest
Research Institute, 174 street no. 1723 e/ 17B and 17C. Siboney. Playa,. C. Havana,
Cuba, E-mail [email protected].
Wood samples of sapwood and hardwood of ten Cuban forest species were selected to
study its natural resistance against Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae).
Assays of alimentary selectivity and compulsory alimentation in laboratory conditions
during 60 days were conducted. Species included in this work are: Cinnamomun
parviflorum (White sweet potato); Laurocerasus occidentalis (Male Cuajani);
Swietenia mahagoni (Cuban mahagoni); Sapium jamaicennsis. (Piniche); Colubrina
arborescens (Guaguasi); Pithecellobium arboretum (Sabicu moruno); Quercus
cubana (Oak); Pithecellobium obovale (Encinillo) and Zanthoxylum elephantiasis
(Bayúa). The weight loss records were analyzed by the Newman- Keuls Test applied
to a significance level of 5%. Results allow classifying the relative resistance of the
sampled species that relating them with data from field studies will give a complete
information of the resistance of these woods to termite attack.
Index terms: Cryptotermes brevis, durability, Cuban woods.
[1917] EFFECTS OF NON-NATIVE SPRUCE PLANTATION ON CARABID
BEETLES
[1919] WOOD LOSS IN EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS BY COPTOTERMES
SP. (ISOPTERA:RHINOTERMITIDAE) IN GOIAS–BRAZIL
Z. Elek1, T. Magura1 & B. Tóthmérész2, 1Dept. of Zoology, Kossuth L. Univ, P. O.
Box 3, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary, E-mail [email protected] and
[email protected]; 2Ecological Inst., Kossuth L. Univ., P. O. Box 71, Debrecen,
H-4010, Hungary.
P. M. Fernandes1;A.E.Fardin2; A. Forlin2.& C. Czepak, 1Universidade Federal de
Goiás, Escola de Agronomia, c.p. 131, Cep. 74001-970, Goiânia –GO.
[email protected] 2CODEMIN S/A, Niquelândia-GO.
The impacts of non-native spruce plantation on carabid beetles were studied in the
Bükk National Park in Hungary, Central Europe. Pitfall catches from recently
established (5 years old), young (15 years after planting), middle-aged (30 years after
planting), old spruce plantation (50 years after planting), and from a native
submontane beech forest as a control stand were compared. Indicator species analysis
(IndVal approach) shows that deciduous forest species decreased significantly in
abundance in the plantations, and they appeared in high abundance only in the native
beech forest. Furthermore, species characteristic of open habitat increased remarkably
in abundance in the recently established plantation. Carabids were significantly more
abundant and more species rich in the native forest than in the plantations, while these
parameters were not significantly different among the plantations. Multiple regression
between the abundance and species richness of carabids and twelve environmental
measurements shows that pH of the soil, cover of the herbs and density of the
carabids’ prey have a significant effect in determining abundance and species richness.
Our results proved that plantation of non-native spruce species has detrimental effect
on the composition of carabid communities and no regeneration can be observed
during the growth of plantations even 50 years after the establishment. It emphasises
the importance of an active nature management practice to facilitate the recolonization
of the native species.
Index terms: carabid beetles, spruce plantation, species richness, indicator species,
nature management.
Eucalyptus is the main forest species grown in Brazil with a planted area around five
millions hectares. Trees attacked by termites at harvest are very common to be found
however; economic losses due to termites have not been determined. This study was
conducted in a eucalyptus plantation belonging to CODEMIN S/A, at Niquelândia,
Goiás. The species of termites in association with eucalyptus were collected and
identified. Index of plants attacked and the volume of wood per tree also was
estimated. The estimates of the volume of wood lost by termite infestation were
obtained from 10 trees in six sample dates: 16/04/97, 21/08/97, 28/11/97, 13/03/98,
03/09/98, and 27/11/98. The index of plants attacked by termites was determined in
areas harvested in 1997, 1998 and 1999. In each patch, the evaluations of the number
of trunks attacked were made about 60 days after cutting in one complete row and in
each 20 rows. The main species of termites observed associate to eucalyptus trees
Coptotermes sp, .Nasutitermes sp., Labiotermes sp., Heterotermes sp., Cornitermes sp.
The genus Coptotermes was frequent found attacking central part of the trunk being
the main responsible for this type of injury. The percentage of volume of wood loss by
termite attack was variable among sampling dates. The highest loss was observed for
Eucalyptus of species E. cytriodora and the lowest for E. urophylla with mean of
1,36%. The incidence of trunks attacked was low, ranging from 0.65 to 14.40% and a
mean of 6,81%. These results allowed to conclude that mean of losses in volume of
wood/ha due to attack of termites were very low and were below 0.1% in all patches
evaluated.
Index terms: termites, eucalyptus, wood loss
27
[1920] SCOLYTIDAE TRAPPINGS IN YOUNG LOBLOLLY PINE (PINUS
TAEDA) STANDS
[1922] DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF MONOCHAMUS SPECIES ON
PINES IN ITALY
C. A. H. Flechtmann1, D. C. Oliveira1 & L. Cordeiro2, 1Dept. of Biology,
FEIS/UNESP, Av. Brasil 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira/SP, Brazil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Klabin do Paraná Papéis, Lagoa Fazenda Monte Alegre,
84279-000 Telêmaco Borba/PR, Brazil, E-mail [email protected]
V. Francardi¹, F. Pennacchio¹, P.F. Roversi¹, A. Binazzi ¹& A. Leccese¹, ¹
Exper. Inst. of Agric. Zoology, Forest Entomology Section, via di Lanciola 12A,
Cascine del Riccio, 50125 Firenze, I, E-mail [email protected],
[email protected].
Tropical (Pinus oocarpa and Pinus caribaea) and subtropical (Pinus taeda) pines
comprise ca. 35% of the total reforested area in Brazil. Native Scolytidae beetles, the
great majority of them originally found on hardwoods, are quickly adapting to these
exotic pines. These insects are among the most important pests in temperate forests
throughout the world, and they are quickly becoming important in Brazil, where they
are growing in abundance and diversity. The results presented here originated from an
experiment originally designed to monitor Scolytidae populations from implantation
until harvest of a stand of pines, and to correlate/predict them through a time series
analysis which includes factors as various as thinning, stand age, temperature, rainfall,
humidity, delimbing, and stand density among others. The trap used was a vane flight
intercept trap type baited with 95% ethanol, released at a rate of ca. 0.52 g/d at 21? C,
and deployed in a Pinus taeda and P. taeda x P. elliottii hybrid stands, owned by
Klabin do Paraná Papéis, and located in Telêmaco Borba, Paraná state, Brazil. The site
(originally P. taeda) was harvested in November 1997 and planted in March 1998;
stumps and abundant slash were present. Areas surrounding the experimental site were
composed of woods (native vegetation), young loblolly pine and old loblolly pine
(ranging from 13 to 22 yr old). Traps were placed in a 5 x 5 grid, spaced 100 m apart,
on 11 June 1997, and beetles trapped were collected every 7 d. After 82 wk, in total
331,930 scolytid specimens (47 species) were trapped, the majority of them ambrosia
beetles. The most abundant species were Xyleborus ferrugineus (90.8% specimens),
Hypothenemus eruditus (8%), Xyleborinus linearicollis (0.7%) and Hypothenemus
obscurus (0.3%). Results indicate that X. ferrugineus is developing in stumps and slash
of larger diameter, while the remaining 3 species were developing in smaller diameter
slash. "Border" traps (traps at the outer margin of the grid of 25 traps) caught
significantly more specimens than "inner" traps for X. ferrugineus and H. eruditus,
maybe due to a combination of competition among traps (border traps compete less
with other traps than inner traps) and immigration of scolytids from nearby stands
(there is a greater chance of those incoming beetles to meet a border trap than an inner
trap). Traps closer to older stands (woods and old pine) caught significantly more
individuals of the 4 species mentioned above than in traps closer to young loblolly
pines.
Index terms: ambrosia beetles, trap competition, scolytid migration, Xyleborus
ferrugineus, Pinus taeda.
4 species of longhorn borers are present in Italy, Monochamus sutor (Linnaeus),
M. sartor (Fabricius), M. saltuarius (Gebler) and M. galloprovincialis (Olivier),
the last with two subspecies, M. g. galloprovincialis and M. g. pistor (Germar).
M. sartor and M. saltuarius develop on Picea abies, Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris
and P. nigra, M. sutor also on P. mugo while M. g. pistor lives on Pinus sylvestris
and P. nigra; all these cerambycids are widespread in alpine and prealpine zones
with continental climatic conditions. Moreover, M. g. galloprovincialis lives on
P. pinaster, P. halepensis, P. pinea and P. sylvestris in Mediterranean regions.
Attacks of this longhorn beetle are common also on exotic pine timber plantations
(i.e., P. strobus, P. radiata and P. insignis). In the last years, the occurence in our
country of hot-dry summers causing many fires especially in the N-W and, in the
same time, an outbreak of the maritime pine bast scale Matsucoccus feytaudi
Duc., have led to a progressive decline of pine stands in those areas causing an
epidemic increasing of native populations of M. g. galloprovincialis. The possible
implications for the pine stand health of the recent introduction in Europe
(Portugal) of the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
(Steiner & Buhrer) which causes pine wilt diseases as well as the possibility that
indigenous Monochamus can be its main vectors, lead the control of M. g.
galloprovincialis populations to be attempted. Management practices aimed to the
cerambycid population reduction have to be carried out mainly on the coastal
zones where the climatic conditions are more favourable to the PWN possible
development.
Index terms: longhorn beetles, vectors, phytopathogen nematodes.
[1921] RESPONSE OF BRAZILIAN AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA,
SCOLYTIDAE) TO KAIROMONES AND PHEROMONES
[1923] COMMUNITIES OF SOILS INSECTS ON FRENCH GUYANA
INSELBERGS : A SYNCRONIC
STUDY THROUGHT VEGETATION
DYNAMICS
C. A. H. Flechtmann1, V. L. S. Sagi1 & L. Cordeiro2, 1Dept. of Biology,
FEIS/UNESP, Av. Brasil 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira/SP, Brazil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Klabin do Paraná Papéis, Lagoa Fazenda Monte Alegre,
84279-000 Telêmaco Borba/PR, Brazil, E-mail [email protected]
Reforestation in Brazil is relatively new, as establishment for most of the plantations
began in the mid 60's. For years pine plantations remained surprisingly free of pests,
and to this date few insects constitute any regular, economically important pests. Yet,
scolytid beetles, constituted mainly by xylomycetophagous ambrosia beetles, are
growing in abundance and diversity in pine stands over the years, demanding constant
monitoring. The main lure (if not the only one) used in traps to monitor these beetles in
Brasil is the kairomone ethanol. However, it is well known that many species respond
little or do not respond at all to this attractant. The objective of this experiment was to
evaluate, for a Brazilian reforested stand, the attractiveness of scolytids to some
semiochemicals widely used in temperate forests in North America and Europe.
Multiple funnel traps (Lindgren7) were baited with the kairomones ? -pinene and
ethanol and the pheromones sulcatol (racemic) and (+)-sulcatol (retusol), plus a control
(blank). Traps were deployed in a mature P. taeda stand (owned by Klabin do Paraná
Papéis, and located in Telêmaco Borba, Paraná state) in 3 lines (5 traps/line); traps
were 5 m apart within each line, and lines were spaced 20 m apart. Beetles trapped
were collected every 7 d, at which time traps were randomized within each line to
reduce positional effects. The experimental design was a randomized complete block
design. In 11 wk of trapping, a total of 9,031 scolytid specimens were trapped,
distributed in 35 species. The kairomone ? -pinene proved unattractive to all scolytid
beetles; however, it was highly attractive to an unidentified predatory Tenebrionidae.
H. eruditus, H. obscurus (Cryphalini), X. gracilis, X. linearicollis, X. ferrugineus and
X. retusus (Xyleborini) were significantly more trapped in ethanol-baited traps over
other treatments. Despite the fact that it is assumed (however never proved) that there
is no pheromone production in Xyleborini, X. adelographus and X. affinis were
surprisingly clearly attracted to sulcatol- and retusol-baited traps over other
semiochemicals; no X. adelographus specimens were trapped in ethanol-baited traps.
Results show that monitoring can be improved with the use of lures other than ethanol,
and that ? -pinene could perhaps be used in pine stands as a way of concentrating
scolytid natural enemies to a certain area.
Index terms: response to kairomones and pheromones, Xyleborus adelographus,
Xyleborus affinis, Pinus taeda, Brazil.
28
R. Garrouste1,2, 1Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Antenne de
Guyane c/o IRD BP 165 F-97323 Cayenne cedex, French Guyana, E-mail :
[email protected] ; 2MNHN Laboratoire d’Ecologie, 4, avenue du Petit-Château F91800 Brunoy, France.
Inselbergs are very common in French Guyana (FG) , as well as rocky outcrops, and
host a mosaic of vegetation types with floristic singularities (“savane roche”). On two
average altitude granitic inselbergs in center of FG, (Le Mont Chauve and Savane
Dashine) studied by a pluridisciplary team (faunistic and floristic surveys) specialy
dropped by helicopter, communities of soil arthropods where studied with emphasis on
insect community, as prelimnary results (during the rainy season). Adaptation of a
Berlese-Tullgren extraction method was used in the field, using a glasshouse-like
device to insure light and dry. Vegetation dynamics is studied throught soils insects
from several plots at different stages, from epiphytic bromeliad mats to forest, using
ordination. Formicids are dominant, and sometimes soils termits, who plays certainly a
important role in soils dynamics.
Index terms : insect community, dynamics, ordination
[1924] RESIN-COLLECTING BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) ON CLUSIA
PALMICIDA (CLUSIACEAE) IN A RIPARIAN FOREST IN BRAZIL
[1926] DISTRIBUTION OF EUPHALERUS SP (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
IN STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
S. J. Gonçalves-Alvim, T. C. Lana & B. D. Ranieri, Ecologia Evolutiva de
Herbívoros Tropicais, DBG/UFMG, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30161-970, Brazil,
E-mail [email protected]
M. Guajará1, A. G. de Carvalho1, B. Cerqueira2 & J. C. da Conceição2, UFRRJ –
BR-465, Km 7. Seropédica, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 23.835. 1 Depto. de Produtos Florestais,
E-mail: [email protected]; 2 DEnF/ CIMP, E-mail: [email protected].
Primary flower resources to bees, i.e. those that satisfy the basic needs such as feeding
and reproduction, include pollen, nectar, oil, resin and gums. Although resin provides
an essential resource for the reproduction of a large number of bees in tropical
communities, there are few studies about resin-collecting bees on Clusia ssp. This
system was studied with monthly collects made during a year (July /92 to June/93) in a
riparian forest, in Alcântara (2023'00"S and 44025'00"N), State of Maranhão
(Northeastern Brazil). An amount of 178 bees belonging to 5 genera and 9 species of
Apidae were collected both in pistilate and staminate plants of Clusia palmicida
(Clusiaceae). The most abundant species were Trigona fuscipennis, T. pallens, and T.
fulviventris. The other species, Euglossa piliventris, Partamona sp., Eufriesea
surinamensis, Eulaema cingulata, Euglossa sp. and Partamona pearsoni had less than
seven specimens captured. Bee activity was checked from 0600 to 1800 h, and the
highest bee activity occurred from 0600 to 1000 h. The smallest abundance of bees
occurred from 1200 to 1500 hours, when the temperature was too high for bee activity.
Along the year, bees were more frequent from February to June (rainy season) and the
highest number of bees was obtained in the end of the rainy season and the beginning
of the dry season (in July). The smallest abundance was in October. We also found a
positive correlation between number of individuals and number of bees species along
the year (Pearson's correlation index = 0.69, P < 0.05). The highest frequency of large
bees, such as Eulaema, Eufriesea and Euglossa, was observed in the staminate flowers
of C. palmicida that have a greater load of resin. Visits of larger bees on pistillate
flowers were less frequent. In addition, the meliponine bees (smaller bees) were
frequently observed on two flower sexes. As larger bees can transport larger loads of
resin in their corbiculae and in some cases these bees prefer to visit bigger
inflorescence than smaller ones, we argue that this behavior is advantageous
energetically.
Index terms: Meliponinae, Euglossinae, social bees, foraging behavior, flower
resources, resin.
In order to check the dispersion and the distribution of Euphalerus sp on Rio de
Janeiro, where the species was recently registered in association with Clitoria
fairchidiana, were accepted two methodology: a) questionary, with pictures showing
aspects of the occurrence of Euphalerus sp, directed to the development agent of 17
regions that form the state, for dispatch to the municipal district and b) visity
municipal districts on Rio de Janeiro, annotating which one that the insect was
occurring, with observation at infestion level found. Through to the first methodology
only 7 municipal districts directed reply. The preliminary appointment showed the
occurrence of Euphalerus sp on: Northwest Region I- Varre-Sai, Porciúncula,
Natividade e Bom Jesus de Itabapoana; Northwest II: Itaperuna; North II: Conceição
de Macabu; North III: Italva; Medium Paraíba I: Valença, Pinheiral, Piraí, Barra do
Piraí e Rio das Flores; Medium Paraíba II: Volta Redonda, Barra Mansa e Rio Claro;
Medium Paraíba III: Porto Real, Itatiaia, Resende e Quatis; Baía de Ilha Grande:
Angra dos Reis, Parati e Mangaratiba; Metropolitan: Paracambi, Seropédica, Itaguaí,
Japeri, Queimados, Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Belford Roxo, São João de Meriti,
Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, São Gonçalo e Maricá; South Center I: Paraíba do
Sul, Levi Gasparian e Três Rios; South Center II: Vassouras, Paulo de Frontin,
Mendes, Paty do Alferes e Miguel Pereira. The insect, that had the first register on
March of 1999, haven’t been found on the two last municipal districts when the
appointment initiate, on December of the same year, but it has been found there on
February of 2000. Taked place though than the trees recently attacked, as attacked was
flowered, while the others, that was constantly striped haven’t none indication of
flower.
Index terms: Clitoria fairchildiana, development agents, municipal districts – RJ
[1925] ARBOREAL ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ACROSS
FOUR MILLION YEARS OF ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN HAWAII
[1927] THE ASSOCIATED FAUNA COMPOSITION AT THE EUPHALERUS
SP (HEMIPTERA:PSYLLIDAE), IN SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRAZIL
D. S. Gruner1 & D. A. Polhemus2, 1Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Hawai'i at Manoa,
2538 the Mall/Edmondson Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Department of Entomology MRC 105, National Museum of
Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash., D.C. 20560, USA.
M. Guajará1, A. G. de Carvalho1, W. Santos2 & A. Calcagno2, UFRRJ – BR-465,
Km 7. Seropédica, RJ, Brasil. CEP: 23.835. 1 Depto. de Produtos Florestais, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 DEnF/ CIMP, E-mail: [email protected].
The Hawaiian archipelago forms a linear time series of replicated communities, with
ages of volcanic origin varying over seven orders of magnitude. Important ecosystem
attributes, such as parent substrate, climate and elevation, may be held constant at
selected sites along the series. Previous studies along a montane mesic chronosequence
(300 yrs.--4.1 million yrs.) have shown that rates of many ecosystem processes peak at
sites of intermediate volcanic substrate age (20,000 yrs.— 1.4 myrs). At these sites, the
canopy is dominated by a single tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae)
and arthropod lineages are largely conserved. These features make the islands an ideal
natural laboratory to test the relative importance of ecological versus historical and
evolutionary hypotheses of community organization. In 1997, we used pyrethrum
canopy fogging to sample free-living arthropods on 41 M. polymorpha trees at 4 sites
on 3 islands. Total arthropod densities and biomass were highest at more productive,
intermediate-aged sites. Foliar nitrogen concentrations were highly correlated with
total arthropod density on individual trees. However, species richness of phytophagous
true bugs (Heteroptera) and predatory carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
increased as a function of geological age. Moreover, one of three indigenous tribes of
Carabidae (Psydrini) was completely absent from, and presumably has not colonized,
the oldest site. Although contemporary ecological processes appear to determine
relative species abundances and biomass in local communities, regional species pools
determine local richness and historical or phylogenetic accidents place constraints on
composition.
Index terms: Hawaii, canopy arthropods, Carabidae, Heteroptera, pyrethrum fogging.
The associated fauna at the Euphalerus sp (Hemiptera:Psyllidae), that colonize the
leguminous Clitoria fairchildiana (“sombreiro”) was checked, althrough material
collected in municipal district of Seropédica – RJ. The objective was to obtain incial
data about the potential species natural controlers, that has been observed for the first
time, as in the municipal district as in association with said vegetal host. To the
propositions, were demarked four distinct environments in Seropédica and in each one
of them was selected one tree of the C. fairchildiana. In each tree was collected 120
folioles, distributed uniformently to the four squareds and in three heights on the trees,
to represent even better the crown. At laboratory, the folioles was put each one in
Petri’s board and so left by 15 days. The emerged insects were collected and deposited
in glass flask, with alcohol at 70%, and after it has been conducted to identification. It
was detected, complete, 161 specimens, that complied this distribution: Acarina – 66
individuals (40,99%); Hymenoptera - 59 individuals (36,65%); Aranae - 22 individuals
(13,66%); Hymenoptera:Formicidae - 3 individuals(1,86%), Chrysopidae - 3
individuals (1,86%); Diptera - 3 individuals (1,86%); Coleoptera - 3 individuals
(1,86%) and Thysanoptera - 2 individuals (1,24%). Although we haven’t apllied an
efficient methodology to quantify this information, it registered the adults number of
Olla abdominalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that chased during the sampling. Some
examples of this species already has been created at laboratory, fed with nymphs and
adults of Euphalerus sp to potential predatory verification has been obtained two
generation, below this condition. It is register the colonization by entomopathogenic
fungi Cladosporium sp, that is in almost all folioles studied, mainly in attack advanced
age of Euphalerus sp, when the folioles are dry on the floor.
Index terms: Clitoria fairchildiana, natural controlers, Olla abdominalis,
entomopathogenic, Cladosporium
29
[1928] PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS AND ABUNDANCE OF
DEFOLIATOR LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH EUCALYPTUS
GRANDIS IN BRAZIL AND HOW THEY RELATE TO PLANT AGE
[1930] THE EXOTIC FOREST PEST INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR NORTH
AMERICA
R.N.C. Guedes1, J.C. Zanuncio1, T.V. Zanuncio1 & R. A. Araújo1, 1Dept. of
Animal Biology, Federal Univ. of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36571-000, Brazil, E-mail:
[email protected].
R. A. Haack1 & J. G. O’Brien2, 1 US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central
Research Station, 1407 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; E-mail: rhaack
@fs.fed.us; 2 US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1992
Folwell Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; E-mail: jobrien @fs.fed.us
The present work documents patterns of species richness and abundance of defoliator
Lepidoptera associated with an Eucalyptus grandis plantation, established in an area
previously occupied by the Atlantic tropical forest in Brazil, and how they relate to
plant age using data of a five-year survey. The higher number of species collected
(1,385), the lack of dominant species, and the non-occurrence of any pest outbreaks
during the survey may be due to the high plant diversity of the native forest reserves
maintained in the area. There was no significant seasonal fluctuation of species
richness, but there were seasonal fluctuations on species abundance with outbreak
species prevailing in October, at the start of the rainy season. Species richness and
abundance of defoliator Lepidoptera were positively correlated. There was an increase
on both with plant aging. However, largest numbers of major outbreak species and
minor eucalypt defoliators, which accounted for 14% of the insects collected, were
observed in plants near mid-age (four to five years-old) of their cutting cycle (seven to
ten years). This may be due to a higher amount of better quality plant leaves at midage or the decrease in silvicultural management practices at this period of Eucalyptus
cutting cycle in Brazil. The abundance of the main outbreak species observed in the
survey, Stenalcidia grosica (Geometridae), was adversely affected by plant age.
Nonetheless such effect was weak (r = - 0.21, p = 0.03) and we were not able to obtain
further significant correlations between plant age and abundance of the other most
frequent and constant species collected.
Index terms: Insect survey, Stenalcidia grosica, insect abundance, outbreak species,
eucalypt defoliators.
The Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America is a project sponsored
by the North American Forestry Commission, comprised of members from Canada,
Mexico, and the United States. This Internet-accessible database identifies insects,
mites and pathogens with potential to become established and cause damage to forest
resources in any of the three North American countries. Emphasis is placed on
organisms not yet present in North America. Each record in the database consists of a
brief pest risk assessment and a pest information section. For each organism, the risk
assessment section qualifies risk by probability of establishment, economic impact,
and environmental impact. The pest information section provides details on host
plants, geographic distribution, methods for detection and identification, means of
spread, control measures, general biology, and a bibliography. It is anticipated that
this information will prove useful in assessing and managing future pest organisms in
both North America and worldwide. The web site and pest records will be available in
English, French, and Spanish. The directors of the project are actively seeking authors
to write new pest records for the database, as well as qualified people to review current
and future records. A new record can be submitted in any of the three official
languages: English, French, or Spanish. Once approved and edited in the language in
which it was first submitted, each record will then be translated to the other two
languages by project members. The original authors and their affiliations are listed for
each record. For further information, or to participate in the development of this
information system, visit the web site at: http://www.exoticforestpests.org
Index terms: database, exotic pest, quarantine pest, risk assessment
[1929] CRYPTORHYNCHUS LAPATHI ATTACKING POPLARS IN TURKEY
[1931] AZADIRACHTIN FROM THE NEEM TREE: AN EFFECTIVE
NATURAL PRODUCT FOR FOREST INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
N. Guler, Plant Protection Section, Poplar and Fast Growing Forest Tress Research
Institute, P.K. 93, 41001, Izmit/ TURKEY, E-mail: [email protected]
In Turkey, aproximately 5 million cubic meter of poplar wood is producued annually.
More than a quarter of this total poplar wood production is obtained from plantations
in the Marmara and Western Black Sea regions of Turkey where the damage caused by
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. (Coleoptera – Curculinidae) is observed. C. lapathi causes
damage on stems of poplars in nurseries and in plantations. Although the adult of
C.lapathi can not move very far away, the size and the number of infested plantation
sites have increased because of the use of infested nursery stock. The most serious
problem in preventing the extension of this insect is due to the diffuculty that the
ordinary poplar growers face in diagnosing the infested poplar saplings to plant. The
life cycle of C.lapathi was investigated on two of the poplar clones: P.x euramericana
cv. “I-214” and “I-45/51” which are widely used in commercial plantations in Turkey.
The insect lays its eggs on the stem barks and the larvae from eggs feed and then
hibernate in bark tissues. As soon as the vegetation starts, the larvae also start feeding
and boring galleries in bark and in wood. Majority of the galeries (approximacly 60
percent) penetrates obliquely into wood then continues parallel to tree axis being
mostly upward. Some other galleries (approximately 35 %) continue obliquely towards
to tree axis. Few galleries are bored perpendiculer to tree axis. No correlation was
observed between the length of galleries bored by C.lapathi and the diameter of
infested trees. Although some authors reported that the adults of C.lapathi may also
hibernate, hibernation of an adult C.lapathi has never been observed by us, but only
the larvae. The generation period of C.lapathi lasts for one year in the Marmara and
Western Black Sea regions of Turkey. Chemical control of C.lapathi is required in
poplar nurseries and plantations. In order to secure the effectiveness of chemical
control, it should be applied before the larvae penetrate into wood. In the Marmara and
the Western Black Sea regions of Turkey, mean temperature is 12 oC in mid-april
during which the larvae of C.lapathi are in the bark tissues at a proportion of 45 % and
under the bark on the surface of wood at a propartion of 55 %. Whereas, in the early
may, more than 20 % of larvae are in galleries bored in wood. Therefore, delay in
chemical application results with an ineffective control of C.lapath. Poplar plantations
growing on sites with high water table during vegetation period and coppiced
plantations are observed to be more sensitive for C.lapathi infestation. The rate of
infestation decreases by the enlargement of tree diameter. Application of efficient
cultivation techniques and good site conditions reduce the rate of insect damage and its
infestation.
Index terms: Poplar cultivation , Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
30
B. Helson1, D. Lyons1 , P. de Groot1, D. Thompson1, R. West2, & K. Wanner3,
1
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, P. O. Box 490, Sault Ste Marie,
ON P6A 5M7, CANADA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Box 515, Portugal Cove,
NF, A0A 3K0, CANADA, 3Dow AgroSciences, 5501 Oberlin Dr., San Diego,
California 92121 USA
In the laboratory, azadirachtin in a commercial EC formulation of neem seed extract
was very active on 13 species of tree-defoliating, lepidopteran and sawfly
(Hymenoptera) larvae. Open-feeding sawfly species were much more susceptible than
lepidopteran species. In field trials, ground-based foliar applications of neem at 50 g
azadirachtin/ha by motorized backpack mistblower or compressed air sprayer have
proven effective against white pine weevil, pine false webworm and introduced pine
sawfly on pines. Dosages of 100 g/ha gave acceptable protection from spruce
budworm damage on spruce and fir. Ultra-low-volume, aerial applications of EC
formulations at 50 g/ha were effective against balsam fir sawfly on balsam fir and pine
false webworm on red pine. Neem seed extracts also possess systemic properties
against forest defoliators and leafminers when inoculated into the trunks of trees. In
field trials against pine false webworm, trunk inoculations of small red pine trees with
undiluted EC formulations at 0.05g azadirachtin per tree before egg hatch provided
excellent protection of both old and new foliage. Trunk inoculations of large, 25-30 cm
dbh, 20-m tall, red pine at 0.02 and 0.05g azadirachtin per cm dbh also provided
excellent protection. Dosages of 0.1-0.2 g/cm dbh in large white spruce were effective
against spruce budworm larvae. A dosage of 0.1 g/cm dbh greatly reduced cedar leaf
miner populations on white cedar. Systemic neem applications are also persistent.
Treatment of 20-cm dbh white pine at 0.1 g/cm dbh resulted in high mortality of
introduced pine sawfly larvae for at least 77 days. Injections for pine false webworm
control can be made before winter at least 7 months before egg hatch the following
spring. A novel device, the Systemic Tree Injection Tube has been developed to inject
neem formulations into trees under pressure, quickly, easily and cheaply. Azadirachtin
has proven to be an effective, versatile bioinsecticide in ground, aerial and systemic
applications for the management of several forest pests, particularly sawfly species in
high value plantations.
Index terms: Acantholyda erythrocephala, Diprion similis, Neodiprion abietis,
Pissodes strobi, Choristoneura fumiferana
[1932] INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BEETLE ATTACK RATE AND PINE
TREE DEFENSES PRODUCE POSITIVE DENSITY DEPENDENCE IN
DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS
R.W. Hofstetter1, M.P. Ayres1 & P.L Lorio2, 1Dept. of Biological Sciences,
Dartmouth College, 202 Gilman Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA, E-mail
[email protected]; 2U.S.D.A Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Hwy,
Pineville, LA 71360, USA.
[1934] TERMITES (INSECTA: ISOPTERA) IN EUCALYPTUS SPP.
PLANTATIONS OF THE FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION,
UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO, IN ANHEMBI, STATE OF SÃO PAULO,
BRAZIL
L.K.Junqueira1 & E. Berti-Filho2, 1 Depto. de Ciências Florestais ESALQ/USP. Email: [email protected]; 2Depto. de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia
Agrícola - ESALQ/USP, C.P. 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP. Financial support:
CAPES.
The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is a significant agent of mortality for
pines in Mexico and the Southeast United States. The flow of resin from pines is the
primary defensive mechanism against D. frontalis. However, resin flow is impacted
by abiotic conditions and time of year, and differ greatly among individuals. The
interaction between the tree resin system and beetle attack behavior influence the
population dynamics of D. frontalis. By experimentally altering the attack rates on
trees with varying capacity for resin production, we were able to test the hypothesis
that the interaction between attacking beetles and pine tree resin systems creates
positive density-dependence (Allee effect) in bark beetle populations, which will tend
to destabilize beetle population dynamics. As predicted, attack success was highest in
trees with the lowest resin flow and the highest landing rate of beetles. There was a
threshold of beetle attack rates (around 1.5 beetles/day/dm2) in our study in which
resin flow declined and beetles successfully reproduced, and below which resin flow
was maintained or even increased and beetles failed to reproduce. Factors that
influence attack rates near the attack threshold would have strong effects on population
growth rates. The interaction between beetle attack rates and tree resin production
appears to produce positive density dependence which tend to destabilize population
dynamics.
Index terms: Population dynamics, bark beetles, tree defenses, Allee effect
Termites are important pests of Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil, and considered a
limiting factor for the implantation of commercial forests, because they attack from
seedlings to adult trees. This research was carried out to determine the percentage of
seedlings killed by the termites species and to survey the termite species occurring in
two Eucalyptus plantations (area 1 - E. saligna, area 2 - E. urophylla x E. grandis) of
the Forest Experimental Station of the University of São Paulo, in Anhembi, State of
São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 9,198 seedlings were found attacked by the termites and
658 cardboard traps (Termitrap ? ), distributed in a 9.0 m x 10.0 m spacing, were used
for a 3 week period. The results were as follows: Area 1 (E. saligna) - 11.08% of dead
seedlings and 4,29% of cardboard with termites (Embiratermes sp., Cornitermes sp.
and Heterotermes tenuis); Area 2 (E. urophylla x E. grandis) - 9.15% of dead
seedlings and 2.09% of cardboard with termites (Cornitermes cunulans, H. tenuis, and
specimens of the Subfamily Apicotermitinae). It is suggested that the cardboard traps
do not show the same efficiency observed in the agricultural areas, because in forested
areas there are roots, remainings of bark and wood which are more attractive to the
termites.
Index terms: eucalipts, termites, sampling, traps
[1933] CHEMOTAXIS OF SOME SCOLYTIDS AND THEIR PREDATORS
TO 4-ALLYLANISOLE AND ETHANOL IN CENTRAL OREGON PINE
FORESTS
[1935] ATTRACTION OF SCOLYTUS UNISPINOSUS BARK BEETLES TO
WATER-STRESSED BRANCHES OF DOUGLAS-FIR CONTAINING
ETHANOL
G. Joseph1, R. G. Kelsey2, R. W. Peck2 & C. G. Niwa2, 1Dept. of Forest Science,
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA., current address, Dept. of Crop
Science, UAS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, INDIA; 2U.S. Forest Serv., PNW
Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, E-mail
[email protected].
R. G. Kelsey1 & G. Joseph2, 1U.S. Forest Serv., PNW Research Station, 3200
Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, E-mail [email protected]; 2Dept. of
Forest Science, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA., current address,
Dept. of Crop Science, UAS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, INDIA.
Lindgren multiple funnel traps were set up in central Oregon pine forests to determine
the response of scolytid bark beetles to 4-allylanisole (4AA) and ethanol. Traps were
baited with three release rates of 4AA (0, 0.6, 4.3 mg/h) and two release rates of
ethanol (4.5, 41.4 mg/h) in a 3 x 2 factorial design. All baits had a 1:1 mixture of ?- and
?-pinene with a release rate of 11.4 mg/h. Of the 13,396 scolytids caught,
Dendroctonus valens made up 60%, Hylurgops spp. 18.5 %, Ips spp. 16 %, Hylastes
spp. 1.8 %, Gnathotrichus retusus 0.9 %, and bark beetle predators another 2.8 %.
Increasing the release rate of ethanol in the absence of 4AA increased the number of
most scolytid species caught by 1.5 to 3.7 times confirming its role as an attractant.
Ips latidens, Temnochila chlorodia, and Clerid predators were exceptions and did not
show a response to higher ethanol release rates. The release of 4AA at the lowest rate
inhibited the response of most scolytids, with a significant reduction in G. retusus,
Hylastes macer, and Hylurgops porosus when compared to traps without 4AA. The
high release rate of 4AA further inhibited the response for most beetles compared to
low 4AA. Seven species were significantly deterred by high 4AA including the latter
three, and Hylastes longicollis, Hylastes nigrinus, Hylurgops reticulatus, and Ips
latidens.
Exceptions include Hylurgops subcostulatus which was attracted
significantly to both low and high 4AA, and I. pini which was attracted to low and
high 4AA, but only in combination with low ethanol. Dendroctonus valens was
attracted significantly to the low 4AA, and unaffected by the high 4AA. The predators
appeared to be less inhibited by 4AA than most bark beetles. Gnathotrichus retusus
and Hylastes longicollis showed the most positive responses to ethanol and they were
also strongly inhibited by high 4AA. Although 4AA can deter the response of some
secondary bark beetles attracted to ethanol in combination with ?- and ?-pinene, this
inhibition could be weakened for certain species by increasing the release rate of
ethanol. 4-Allyl- anisole may have some utility for managing the behavior of
secondary bark beetles that are most sensitive to this compound.
Index terms: Methyl chavicol, bark beetles, primary attraction, host selection.
Three similar-sized branches on each of seven Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugae menziesii)
trees with a southern exposure were selected randomly to receive a water-stress,
defoliation, or control treatment. Water-stressed branches were prepared by freezing
them at the base with dry ice. Defoliated branches were also frozen with dry ice, but
all secondary branches and needles were immediately removed to eliminate
transpiration and minimize water loss. All water-stressed branches were attacked by
Scolytus unispinosus at 12 to 24 days after imposing treatments, resulting in a
significantly higher density of gallery holes (107 m-2) than in the defoliated or control
branches, which were not attacked. Needles and woody tissues from stressed
branches, sampled after being attacked, contained significantly higher ethanol
concentrations (2.91 to 15.26 ? mol g-1 fresh wt.) than tissue from defoliated or control
branches (0.005 to 0.12 ? mol g-1 fresh wt.), which did not differ from each other. The
water content in woody tissues and needles of stressed branches was 40.9 and 28.1%
of the amount in control branches, respectively, when sampled for ethanol analysis.
Woody tissues in defoliated branches remained moist, with 91.3% of the water in
controls. Drying needles from water-stressed branches lost 18.3 to 33.7% of their total
monoterpenes compared to needles on the controls. The mechanism for ethanol
synthesis in water-stressed branches appears to be distinctly different from that of logs
overwintering on the forest floor. Ethanol synthesis in stressed branches probably was
initiated by cytoplasmic acidification as a result of damage to cellular membranes from
drying and heating. Ethanol that accumulated in needles and woody tissues of stressed
branches functioned as a primary host attractant for S. unispinosus at our Willamette
Valley, Oregon, site.
Index terms: host selection, primary attraction, kairomones, ethanol, Scolytidae.
31
[1936] ARTIFICIAL REARING OF AN AMBROSIA BEETLE, PLATYPUS
QUERCIVORUS (COLEOPTERA: PLATYPODIDAE) ON BOLTS OF A
DECIDUOUS OAK, QUERCUS SERRATA
H. Kitajima, Dept. of Forest Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Res. Inst.,
Kukizaki, Inashiki, Ibaraki-Pref., 305-8687, Japan, E-mail [email protected]
The ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus is a pest of oak and other broad-leaved trees
and is a supposed vector of a pathogenic fungus causing mass mortality of oak trees in
Japan. A method of inducing P. quercivorus adults to initiate reproduction in bolts (50
cm long, 6.7 to 12.0 cm long) of a deciduous oak, Quercus serrata, one of the host
species of the beetle, was developed. Used individuals were new adults that had
emerged from attacked trees of Q. mongolica. One soaked bolt immersed in water for
10 to 15 days under a condition of 25ºC 16L8D and a unsoaked bolt stored at 5ºC were
put in three plastic boxes (41×70×35cm), and kept at the same condition. Fifteen adult
males were released into each plastic box, then the number of holes bored by the males
was counted daily for one week. A mean of 26±5(SE) % of the released males
initiated holes on the soaked bolt, while no males attacked the unsoaked one. The rate
increased to 78±3 % by placing the soaked bolt on wet bog moss spread on the bottom
of the plastic cases. A single virgin female was introduced into the entrance of holes
with living males to induce copulation. Copulation occurred at 55 and 83% of the
tested holes on the 3rd and 4th day after the males initiated them. In cases where
copulation did not occur, introduced females paid no attention to the holes or males
rejected copulating with females. Therefore, the best time of introduction of the
female was the 4th day after the male initiated a hole. After 30 days from introduction
of females, one bolt with 11 holes each with a pair of adults was dissected and
development of progeny was investigated. The 11 pairs had excavated galleries, and
ten of them had a large number of eggs and 1st to 5th instar larvae in the galleries.
These results indicate the possibility of rearing P. quercivorus under artificial
conditions.
Index terms: soaked bolt, male induction, copulation, development of progeny.
[1937] MAIN INSECT FOREST PESTS AFFECTING PINES IN THE
PATAGONIA ARGENTINA
P. Klasmer1, E.N. Botto2, J.C. Corley3, J.M. Villacide3 & V.F. Arhex3, 1 INTA, El
Bolsón, (8430), Rio Negro, Argentina.; 2INTA, IMYZA, CNIA, (1712) Castelar,
Buenos Aires, Argentina. 3INTA, S. C. de Bariloche, (8400), Rio Negro, Argentina.
Insect forest pests are the main adversities affecting pines production in the Patagonia
region of Argentina. Among the different insects causing damage to pine plantations
only two exotic pest are really relevant due to its economical impact, the siricid
woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and the european pine shoot moth
Rhyacionia buoliana. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). S. noctilio (SN) was accidentally
introduced in the Patagonia in 1989 and detected in plantations in 1993. It is at present
well established and spreading slowly in the area nearby San Carlos de Bariloche
(province of Rio Negro). Bioecological studies started in 1993 revealed that the pest
could have a one, a two or a three years generation as well as Ibalia leucospoides
(Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae), a natural enemy of SN, introduced into the area
simultaneously with the woodwasp. Although population levels of SN are not
significantly high its sole presence and its potential to kill live trees became a real threat
to the promoted forest production in the region. Therefore biological control strategies
based on the use of the above mentioned I. leucospoides, the recently introduced
nematode Deladenus siricidicola (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) and the exotic
entomophagous parasitoids Rhyssa sp. and Megarhyssa sp. (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae) has been started. The european pine shoot moth (EPSM) became a pest
to the pines in the Patagonia in 1981. At present this insect is well established in the
provinces of Chubut, Neuquen and Rio Negro. In this region EPSM has only one
generation per year (univoltine pest). Despite population levels recorded for EPSM in
the Patagonia are not as high as those observed in other countries (i.e., Chile), this pest
accounted for the 20% to 30% damage assessed in most pine plantations surveyed.
Fortunately EPSM is being naturally attacked by a set of entomophagous parasitoids
acting on different life stages of the moth: Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) on eggs, Orgilus obscurator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on
larvae and Coccigomymus fuscipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on pupae. The role of
these biological control agents as well as the performance of the introduced egg
parasitoid Trichogramma nerudai, are being evaluated to be used in biocontrol
strategies.
32
[1938] PERFORMANCE OF NEEDLE-FEEDING INSECTS ON SCOTS PINES
EXPOSED TO DROUGHT AND NUTRIENT STRESS
M. Kyto, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P.O.Box 18,
FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland, E-mail [email protected].
11-year-old Scots pines growing on a forest site with limited nutrient availability were
subjected to four different treatment combinations consisting of water
deprivation/natural water availability and NP-fertilization/natural nutrient availability.
Pine sawfly (Diprion pini) larvae and grey pine aphids (Schizolachnus pineti) were
reared on the trees in two consecutive years to study the effects of host tree stress on
their performance. The treatments clearly affected tree growth, the concentrations of
nitrogen and amino acids in the needles, and the carbon-nutrient ratio. Effects on
starch and sugar concentrations of the needles were less marked, and the resin acid
concentration was unaffected by the treatments. Results from the insect rearing
experiments (sawfly cocoon size, diapause, and egg-production; aphid survival and
reproduction rate) are presented and discussed.
Index terms: Diprion pini, Schizolachnus pineti, Pinus sylvestris, resistance, defoliator
[1939] CHEMICAL PROTECTION OF EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS FOR
LEAF CUTTING ANT DAMAGE
D. Link, Centro de Ciencias Rurais-UFSM. Cidade Universitaria, Predio 42, Santa
Maria, RS. 97105-900 Brasil.
The leaf cutting ants are the most important defoliators of the cultivated forest trees in
Brazil. A search was made to evaluate the effects of chemical products against leaf
cutting ant damage on Eucalyptus seedlings after field planting. The defoliation caused
by the leaf cutting ant, Acromyrmex crassispinus can give rise to the seedling death.
Seedlings were sprayed with 0.7, 1.05, 1.4 and 2.1g a.i. of Thiamethoxam; 1.4, 2.1,
2.8 and 3.5g a.i; of Imidacloprid; 0.7 and 3.3g a.i. of Acetamiprid; 0.7, 1.05 and
1.75g a.i. of Thiodicarb; 1.6 and 2.4g a.i. of Fipronil and water (check). Each
treatment was sprayed on 1,000 seedlings before field planting. Two check treatments
were used, one with E. saligna seedlings and another with E. camaldulensis. ! 20g1033
Each two or three days the experimental area was examinated and annotated the data
of damaged seedlings and ant nests. Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid
shielded the seedlings during two months against the ant damage and Thiodicarb and
Fipronil during a month. The defoliation at check treatments changed of 4.7% in E.
saligna at 13.5% in E. camaldulensis.
Index terms: Acromyrmex crassispinus, cultivated forest, pesticides, losses
[1940] SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NESTS OF THE LEAF CUTTING ANT
Atta
sexdens
rubropilosa
(HYMENOPTERA:
FORMICIDAE)
IN
PLANTATIONS OF Eucalyptus urophylla IN BRAZIL
E. T. Lopes1, J. C. Zanuncio2, L. Couto1 & D. Pratissoli3, 1 Dep. de Engenharia
Florestal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. 2 Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. E-mail:
[email protected]. 3 Dep. de Fitossanidade, Univ. Federal do Espirito Santo,
29.500-000, Alegre, ES, BRAZIL.
Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) leaf cutting ants are important pests
in Brazil because they are adapted to the majority of ecosystems in this country
specially to those disturbed by activities of human being. This research was developed
in June and July 1998 in Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil in ten blocks of
a 72 months old Eucalyptus urophylla plantation with 365.4 hectares. This region
presents average altitude of 630 meters, Latitude of 16? 43' 32'' South, Longitude of
43? 51' 52'' West and tropical hot dry climate with temperatures between 25? and 40?
in the summer. Mean rainfall is 1,000 mm concentrated mainly in November and
December with an average relative humidity of 65.0%. All ant colonies of the leaf
cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were identified,
mapped and their areas were measured considering the largest length and width of
each ant colony besides their respective distance from the nearest border of each block
of Eucalyptus. After this a fog equipment was used to find the number of ant holes per
ant colony. All ant colonies of this leaf cutting ant were distributed in classes
according to their location from the border of each block of Eucalyptus. A total of 222
ant colonies of A. sexdens rubropilosa was found with largest percentages of ant
colonies, total area of ant colony and number of ant holes in the classes from 0.0 to
10.0 meters with respectively, 29.3%; 22.7% and 10.3% for each of these parameters.
If a total of 20.0%; 40.0%; 60.0%; 80.0% and 100.0% of ant colonies of this leaf
cutting is controlled in this area of Eucalyptus the total area controlled would be
64.00; 113.70; 179.70; 240.30 and 319.10 hectares, respectively, out of 365.40
hectares. The knowledge of the spatial distribution of ant colonies of A. sexdens
rubropilosa in plantations of Eucalyptus could allow the control of this pest in strips
inside their border thus reducing labour costs and amount of insecticides in the
environment.
Index terms: Atta sexdens rubropilosa, spatial distribution, monitoring, reforestation
[1941] APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TO
THE STUDY OF SIREX NOCTILIO (HYMENOPTERA-SIRICIDAE) IN
CALAMUCHITA VALLEY, CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA
A. Lopez1; M. Demaestri; E. Zupan; G. Moretti;O. Barotto; J. Gonzáles & G.
Balbi, Univ. Nac de Río Cuarto-R. N. 36 km 601-5800 Río Cuarto- Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Since l996 work was carned out at the University of Rio Cuarto, Argentina, using a
System of Geographical Information (SIG) to gather knowledge about presence,
distribution and severity of damage made by the "Pine Borer Wasp"(Sirex noctilio F.)in
Calamuchita Valley. This methodology has not been applied previously in this country.
Its importance rest on the benefit of making possible the ordinately assembling of a
great number of data for processing, modyfying, amplifying, and combining them at
will. Feeding a data base with damage percentages obtained in several locations, insect
outbreaks development and stabilization, and age of forested areas, would allow to
analyze the yearly evolution of S. noctilio in the region with the aim to establish a
strategy of management of the pest.The area of study consist of 36.200 forested
hectareas with 3l.125 of Pinus elliottii being the rest been planted with P. taeda and P.
radiata. Seven operational areas were established according to the geographical
location, planimetric surface (has.), age of trees over 10 years old, and management of
the forest. To quantify the grade of outbreaks permanent transects were utilized. In
each operational area three sample seasons were fixed up with at least two transects, of
200 trees long. These trees were distributed into two contiguous lines running through
different landscapes (lowland, hillside, and hill). Monitoring data were used to feed the
SIG made up of two different data base frames: spatial and thematic information. The
graphical outcomes are analog maps made up by means visual analysis of
fhotogramas, scale 1:50.000, digital processing of satellite image analysis LandSat TM
5 and generation of thematic maps. To digitalize the analog information the vectorial
system ARC/INFO was applied. Database were created using the entity-relation model
with Visual dBASE, 1995 software. The information is cartographically modelled with
the ARCVIEW software, using the digital obervation provided by the "Atlas del Suelo
INTA, 1995".
[1942]ANALYSIS OF THE DEGRADATION OF THE WOOD OF SIX FOREST
SPECIES FOR SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
A. M. Lunz1 & A. G. Carvalho1, 1Depto. Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]
The field rehearsals are valid in the evaluation certain arboreal species when exposed
to the action of degradation agents. Bodies of test of standardized dimensions were put
outdoors so that, through periodic inspections, it was possible to observe the
degradation of the wood. Among the degradation agents are the coleopterans of the
family Scolytidae, that attack wounded and recently abated trees. The study was driven
in the period of September 11, 1998 to April 2, 1999, in the campus of the
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, in a total of twelve collections. This
work had as objective to verify the attraction degree of wood of six forest species
when exposed to the atmosphere, using a methodology similar to the rehearsal of
traditional field. The following species were chosen: Clitoria fairchildiana
(sombreiro), Samanea saman, Gmelina arborea, Lophantera lactescens (lanterneira),
Mimosa caesalpinaefolia (sabiá) and Eucalyptus citriodora. Ten bodies of test of each
species were cut, measuring 1,20 m of length and with medium diameter of 17 cm.
After the beginning of the exhibition, evaluations were weekly accomplished to
register of the beginning of the attack of the insects. Samples of 10 cm of length were
removed of each test body, biweekly, after having been verified that the attack had
begun. One of the variables analyzed in the retired samples in the field was the number
of perforations done by the insects. A total of 1497 perforations were counted, being
almost whole done by Scolytidae. The action of another families of wood-boring
beetles was verified in the presence of perforations and typical galleries of
Bostrichidae and Platypodidae, besides some postures, galleries and holes of
emergency of Cerambycidae. The species C. fairchildiana were more attacked, with
731 perforations (48,83%), proceeded by S. saman, with 458 (30,59%); E. citriodora,
with 179 (11,96%); M. caesalpinaefolia, with 84 (5,61%); L. lactescens, with 26
(1,74%), and Gmelina arborea, with just 19 perforations (1,27%). The percentage of
perforation of the first two species was superior significantly to the others at level of
5% of probabilities. This presupposes physical and chemical properties especially
adapted to the development of those agents degradadores in these two species, or still,
they can liberate attractive chemical components to the insects in larger amount than
the other wood, demanding larger attention to avoid an accentuated degradation when
exposed in the field.
Index terms: Test bodies, Perfurations, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Platypodidae
[1943] DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BEES IN AN ARAUCARIA
FOREST OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRAZIL
Birgit Harter Marques 1,2 , 1 LPB, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, email [email protected]; 2Zool. Inst., Univ. of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
The south Brazilian Araucaria forest is part of the Atlantic rain forest biom. This
special type of forest is mainly found at higher altitudes. Originally it covered most of
the upper mountain ranges from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do
Sul. Massive clearings during the past decades have left only small remnants of this
ecosystem. In an Araucaria forest reserve of 4,500 ha located on the Serra Geral at 30°
S comprising primary and secondary forest as well shrub and grassland areas, the
effect of habitat fragmentation on the apifauna and the melittophilous flora was studied
over a period of four years. Bees of nearly 200 species were recorded visiting flowers
of also about 200 species of plants belonging to 53 families. Within the bee sample,
the halictides represented the greatest ? -diversity, followed by anthophorides,
megachilides, andrenides and colletides. Only 15 species of Apidae were recorded.
Bee of about 1/3 of the species were observed on flowering plants in all the different
habitats. Others occurred only in the forest or in the secondary vegetation. Foraging
stingless bees were the most abundant flower visitors, especially in arboreus habitats.
In the open grassland halictids were the dominating foragers. There was some
correlation in species richness between the taxa of abundant bees and the families of
mainly exploited plants. Within these melittophilous plants, asteracean shrubs were the
most important nectar and pollen sources. There impact as pioneer elements in the
succession of natural Araucaria forest regeneration and the role of a highly divers bee
community in angiosperm pollination in this ecosystem is discussed.
Index terms: Araucaria forest, bee diversity, melittophilous plants, ecosystem analysis.
33
[1944] USDA FOREST SERVICE FOREST HEALTH
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS AND ACTIVITIES
PROTECTION
[1946] NEW RECORDS OF COLEOPTERA AND HYMENOPTERA FROM
ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA TREES IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL
J. D. McMillin1, D. B. Twardus2, 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Management,
Rapid City, SD 57702, USA, E-mail jmcmilli/[email protected]; 2USDA Forest
Service, Forest Health Protection, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
R. Mecke1,2, W. Engels2 & M. H. M. Galileo3, 1Lab. Pesq. Biol., Pontifícia Univ.
Católica, P. O. Box 1429, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil; 2Zoolog. Inst., Univ.
Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, E-mail
[email protected]; 3Mus. Ciênc. Nat., Fundação Zoobot., P. O. Box 1188,
Porto Alegre, RS, 90001-970, Brazil.
The USDA Forest Service Forest Health Protection (FHP) provides assistance in the
identification, monitoring, and management of insects and diseases on federal, state
and private lands in the United States. Because of trade agreements, the ease of travel
between countries, increased demands worldwide on forest resources, and the threat of
exotic insects and diseases to native forests, FHP is also actively involved in the
international arena. An International Activity Plan guides FHP international activities.
Goals of the Plan and examples of FHP projects toward meeting these goals include:
Goal 1. U.S. Forests are protected from exotic pests. Includes reviewing and
supporting regulatory laws, policies, and programs. And, identifying and developing
technologies to assist in protecting U.S. forests. This latter effort has included:
cooperative port monitoring in the Russian Far East for Asian gypsy moth,
investigating potential natural enemies of the common pine shoot beetle, and
identifying semiochemicals for use in detection of Asian long-horned beetle. Goal 2.
North American countries have strong forest pest management programs. This
includes developing cooperative projects, sharing technical expertise, and enhancing
working relationships. For example, aerial survey detection training has been provided
to strengthen the Mexican pest management program. Goal 3. Biological control
options are in place to protect forests from exotic pests. Objectives include increasing
our knowledge of biological control techniques and where feasible developing and
implementing biological control programs. A biological control program for hemlock
wooly adelgid is currently underway in the eastern U.S. In addition, efforts to
coordinate a biological control program for mealybug in the Peoples Republic of
China is in progress. Goal 4. Forest health technology and expertise are shared
worldwide. Technical assistance has been made available including the evaluation of
remote sensing needs and capabilities of detecting Sirex in Brazil, providing assistance
in aerial application for gypsy moth suppression in Bulgaria, and hosting visiting
scientists for the purpose of sharing information and technology. These examples are
only a few of the more than 65 projects in 20 countries that FHP has participated in
over the last two years. FHP international activity partners include the participating
countries, the UNFAO, USAID, USDA Forest Service International Programs and
APHIS. USDA FS Forest Health Protection continues to explore opportunities for
additional partnerships and activities worldwide.
Index terms: Forest health management, international forestry
During a reforestation research project looking for more efficient methods to restore
the South-Brazilian araucarian forests, the insect fauna associated with the parana pine
(Araucaria angustifolia) has been investigated. The study has been realized in the area
of the “Centro de Pesquisas e Conservação da Natureza Pró-Mata” of the Pontifícia
Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), located on the
Serra Geral at S 29° 28´, W 50° 10´. A special interest was given to the Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera developing under the bark, in the wood or in the reproductive organs of
A. angustifolia and also to the predators of these insects. To extract the insects from
the plant material (wood, male and female cones) photoeclectors have been used.
Additionally larvae, pupae and adults have been collected by hand. The collected
phytophagous, entomophagous and parasitic insects belong to the families Alleculidae,
Brentidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Curculionidae, Melandryidae,
Nemonychidae, Oedemeridae, Ostomatidae, Platypodidae, Scolytidae, Silvanidae
(Coleoptera), Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Orussidae, Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera).
Altogether there have been found more than 20 new records of Coleoptera and
Hymenoptera species for the parana pine, at least 3 of them being new species. For the
first time a wood-boring sawfly species (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) has been
recorded developing in branches of araucaria trees. There could be reared a large series
of this species which now gives the possibility to describe the intraspecific variation of
a neotropical xiphydriid wasp. Furthermore the relationships between some woodboring Coleoptera (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae) and their natural
antagonists (Brentidae, Cleridae, Ostomatidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae) have been
analysed.
Index terms: forest entomology, reforestation, parana pine, biological control.
[1945] IMPACTS OF DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE ON FOREST OVERSTORY
AND UNDERSTORY CONDITIONS OF THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE
AREA
[1947] IMPACT OF DEFOLIATION BY Costalimaita ferruginea (FABR.)
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN Eucalyptus grandis HILL EX
MAIDEN
J. D. McMillin1 & K. K. Allen1, 1USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Management,
Rapid City, SD 57702, USA, E-mail jmcmilli/[email protected].
J. E. P. Mendes1, N. Anjos1 & F. R. A. de Camargo2, 1Dept. of Animal Biology
(Entomology), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, P. H. Rolfs Avenue, n/w. Zip code
36571-000, Viçosa – MG, Brazil. E-Mail: [email protected]. 2Votorantim
Celulose e Papel, Dept. Research Unity Jacareí, H. Gal. Euryale de Jesus Zerbine, Km
84, Zip Code 12300-000, Jacareí – SP, Brazil.
Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) infestations frequently result from
disturbance events that create large volumes of weakened Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) trees. Although research has focused on determining the susceptibility of
forest stands to Douglas-fir beetle and predicting the amount of tree mortality caused
by Douglas-fir beetle infestations following disturbance events, there has been an
inadequate amount of work on consequent changes in both the overstory and
understory. In the early 1990’s, populations of Douglas-fir beetle increased in firescorched trees and then infested undamaged neighboring stands on the Shoshone
National Forest, Wyoming, U.S.A. In 1999, transect sampling (32 km) and 25 pairs of
previously infested and uninfested plots were used to quantify changes in forest stand
conditions and subsequent responses in the understory caused by Douglas-fir beetle
infestations. Significant effects of the Douglas-fir beetle infestation included: 1)
Basal area was reduced by 40 - 70 percent, average tree diameter decreased by 8 - 40
percent, and the Douglas-fir component of the overstory decreased by more than 15
percent. 2) Conifer seedling regeneration increased nearly four-fold in the infested
plots and 90 percent of the regeneration was Douglas-fir. 3) The understory vegetation
(forbs, grass, and shrubs) had a three-fold increase in the infested plots compared with
uninfested plots. In addition, basal area of Douglas-fir killed by the Douglas-fir beetle
was significantly correlated with initial Douglas-fir basal area and percent of Douglasfir, but not tree diameter or trees per hectare. Significant inverse relationships were
also found between post-infestation basal area and the abundance of forbs, grass,
shrubs, and understory height. Douglas-fir beetle infestations are causing significant
short-term impacts in both the overstory and understory and contributing to the mosaic
in forest structure observed in the Shoshone National Forest.
Index terms: Bark beetles, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, forest succession, insect
impact
34
The objectives of this work was evaluate the population dynamics and the injuries
caused by Costalimaita ferruginea, as well as the consequences of its attack on a
young plantation of Eucalyptus grandis, in Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo State, Brazil.
The worst focus technique was used throughout the period of study as the monitoring
system of the C. ferruginea population dynamics at Votorantim Celulose e Papel. An
experiment was carried out soon after the end of the outbreak, to evaluate the
consequences of the attack, where three pest attack intensities were evaluated as well
as a control. The experimental design used was in random blocks, with five repetitions.
It was measured the diameters of the trunk at 20 cm and 1,30 m of the soil, the height
and the survival of the trees at four time intervals after the attack. The wood volume
was calculated and the relationships among the growths in diameter and height, were
studied besides the distributions of frequencies of diameters and height. The obtained
data were submitted the regression analysis and the models compared by the test of F
(p? 0,05). The quality of the trees 12 months after the attack were also evaluated.
Tukey’s multiple range test (p? 0,05) was used to compare the quality of the trees and
frequency distribution. The injuries happened from the apex to the base of the canopy
and they increased with time. The impacts on the growth and production of the trees
increased, proportionally, with the different intensities of attack of the pest and with
time. Which ranged from 2,38 and 13,93%, for DA20; 2,63 and 13,47% for DAP; 1,35
and 10,34% for height and, 4,28 and 28,45% for the wood volume 24 months after the
attack. The rate of trunk diameter growth (DA20/DAP), as well as the rates between
height and diameters (H/DA20 and H/DAP) were only altered by the largest attack
intensity. The frequency distributions were altered with the attack intensity, altering
the dynamics of the plantation growth. The trees more intensely attacked were more
tortuous and suffered alterations in the process of natural disbudding, and they also
had an increase in mortality and decrease in the volumetric production. Therefore,
Costalimaita ferruginea is a pest of great importance for young plantations of
eucalypts.
Index terms: forestry insects, leaf beetle, Integrated management, eucalypts,
defoliation
[1948] EFFICIENCY OF GRANULATED SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES TO
ELIMINATE THE Coptotermes havilandi COLONIES ATTACKING ROOTS
OF TREES
[1950] EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES IN CONTROL OF
NURSERY FLY SCYTHROPOCHROA SP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN
EUCALYPTUS SEEDLINGS
E. B. Menezes1, L. O. Andrade1, A. C. Bicalho1, G. T. Araújo1 & E. L. AguiarMenezes2, 1CIMP “CRG”/ UFRRJ, BR 465, km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil,
E-mail [email protected]; 2Embrapa Agrobiologia, Caixa Postal 74505, Seropédica,
RJ 23840-000, Brazil, E-mail [email protected].
C. Orlato1, C. F. Wilcken1, C. C. Ortiz2 & J. C. Augusti2, 1Dept. of Crop
Production, FCA / UNESP – Campus of Botucatu, P. O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP,
18603-970, BR, E-mail [email protected]; 2Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., Rod. BR
101, Km 880, Teixeira de Freitas, BA, 45995-000, BR.
The subterranean termite Coptotermes havilandi is an exotic species and considerate
the worse pest in urban, suburban and rural areas of Brazil. However, the real
concentration is in the metropolis like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Niterói. This pest
are adapted to the residential buildings, commercial buildings, fabrics, etc. The
occurrence of this pest has been found attacking root system of trees that are used as
shade and/or ornamental plants in the streets, avenues, parking lots, and as fruit trees in
the backyards of houses. This present research had as objective to verify the efficiency
of four systemic insecticides used in the granulated formulation applied in the soil to
control C. havilandi. The insecticides used were never indicated and registered to
control the infestation of C. havilandi in any circumstances. Preliminary observations
showed that the infestation of the roots of the majority of the trees, when isolated or
not, is very frequent. In such case, four insecticides of the toxicological class I were
chosen to analysis their efficacy as contact, stomach or fumigant products against this
species. Aldicarb 150G, carbofuran 50G, termophos 50G and carbosulfan 50G were
used in the dosages recommended to control the coffee pests by the manufacturers.
Five different species of native trees and five exotic trees were chosen for treatment.
The native trees were: cashew (Anacardium ocidentali); jobo plum (Spondia
venulosa); pinecone (Rollinia mucosa); guava (Psidium guajava); and Clitoria
faschildiana (shade tree). The exotic ones were: flamboyant (Delonix spp.); eucalyptus
(Eucaliptus spp.); Casuarina spp.; mango (Mangifera indica); and avocado (Persia
americana). Before the treatments, we used monitoring stakes for detecting the
presence of the termites. Although we had suspected of the presence of the nests in the
root system, the method used for inspection was not enough to detect them. The four
insecticides used showed 100% of efficiency, destroying the colonies completely in a
short time. However, aldicarb 150G showed to be more efficient than the others in
relation to the its time of action. It killed C. havilandi in 24 hours after the application,
while the others had their action delayed (48 hours). However, there was no significant
difference among the treatments.
Index terms: subterranean termite, chemical control
The flies of family Sciaridae have been occurred since 1990 on many of Brazilian
eucalyptus nurseries. Scythropochroa sp. larvae causes damages to the root system of
seedlings obtained by vegetative propagation, causing plant mortality. The larvae take
5 mm long in the last instar and it develops in the substratum of the seedlings. This
work was carried out at the Bahia Sul Celulose S.A. eucalyptus nursery, in Mucuri –
BA – Brazil. Into one of the greenhouses were settled two pest control experiments
using manual drench in the substratum as the way of products application: just with
one application (test 1) and with two applications (test 2). The insecticides treatments
were: Vectobac AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) in the dosages of 280 and
560 ml c. p. / 100 l of water (treatments 1 and 2); Trigard 750 PM (Cyromazin) in the
dosages of 15 and 30 g of c. p. / 100 l of water (treatments 3 and 4); Decis 25 CE
(Deltamethrin) in the dosages of 20 and 40 ml c. p. / 100 l of water (treatments 5 and
6) and the check (treatment 7). Both experiments were carried out in the 10th day after
stalking, but one day before (9th day) the attack was previously evaluated. In the test 2,
the plots of each treatment with insecticide received the second application, at 7 days
after the beginning of the test, using the same first application dosages. Both
experiments were evaluated in each 3 days, taking out in random 10 stalks per each
tray and verifying the larvae number and its level of damage in each stake. The
statistical delineation used for each experiment was randomized, with 7 treatments
and 10 repetitions. The obtained results were submitted to the analysis of variance and
the averages compared by Tukey's test to the level of 5% of probability. In the test 1,
the treatments that were pointed out through rooting period were Vectobac AS 560 ml
/ 100 l (T2) and Decis 25 CE 40 ml / 100 l (T6), exhibiting respectively at the final
control evaluation 77,9 % and 62,3 % of efficiency. In the test 2 pointed out Vectobac
AS (T2) and Decis 25 CE (T6) again, reaching 100% of control in the evaluations after
9 and 12 days (T6) and 12 and 15 days (T2), of the beginning of the test. In the final
evaluation (28 days into greenhouse) was detected the importance of the second
application, showing how efficient are the biological insecticide BTi (E = 97,2 %) and
deltamethrin (E = 95,5 %).
Index terms: nursery fly, forest nursery, greenhouse, chemical control, biological
control.
[1949] PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF ARBOREAL INSECTS IN SANTA
MARIA, RS, BRAZIL
[1951] CONSUMPTION AND UTILIZATION OF THREE SPECIES OF
EUCALYPTUS
BY
THYRINTEINA
ARNOBIA
(LEPIDOPTERA:
GEOMETRIDAE)
A. B. B. Morais, Depto. de Biologia, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria,
97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil e-mail: [email protected]
Santa Maria city is localized in the transition zone between Brazilian Meridional Plain
and Central Depression, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The subtropical forest,
originally covering the highest localities, is now fragmented and differentialy modified
by human settlement. The present study aims to obtain a preliminary inventory of
arboreal insects and evaluate them as bioindicators of ambiental disturbance. Three
field places were visited from March 1998 to February 1999: Cidade dos Meninos,
Perau Velho and São Marcos. Insects were collected by use of a beating umbrella and
conserved in 70? alcohol. From 5805 insects collected, 2074 in 15 Orders (35.73%)
were from CM, 1940 in 12 Orders (33.42%) were from PV, and 1791 in 15 Orders
were from SM. CM is the place with the greatest vegetation coverture from the three
field places while SM is the smallest and more disturbed what could have influenced
on the less frequency of insects collected in the later. Four Orders summed 78.59% of
all insects: the O. Lepidoptera was the most abundant (1641 individuals, mostly larvae
– 28.27%), followed by O. Coleoptera (1166 individuals – 20.09%), O. Hymenoptera
(997 individuals, mostly ants – 17.17%), and O. Heteroptera (758 individuals –
13.06%). By place, in CM O. Lepidoptera was the most abundant, followed by O.
Hymenoptera, O. Coleoptera and O. Heteroptera; in PV O. Lepidoptera was the most
abundant, followed by O. Coleoptera, O. Heteroptera, and O. Hymenoptera; and in
SM O. Coleoptera was the most abundant, followed by O. Lepidoptera, O.
Hymenoptera, and O. Heteroptera. O. Psocoptera had higher frequency (n=162) in SM
than in CM (n=95) and PV (n=49). In conclusion, it seems that insects could have a
good potential to be used as disturbance bioindicators.
Index terms: Lepidoptera; Coleoptera; Hymenoptera; Heteroptera; bioindicators.
A.L.T. Ottati1, C.F. Wilcken1, 1Dept. Plant Production, FCA/UNESP, Campus of
Botucatu, P.O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP, 18603-970, Brazil, E-mail:
[email protected]
Food intake and utilization indices are indicators of an insect's alimentary behavior and
some of its relationships with respective host plants. Thyrinteina arnobia is considered
one of the most important Eucalyptus pests in Brazil. This experiment was conducted
considering the economic importance of this defoliator and the need of alternative
means of its control (other than the chemical). The main objective was to compare the
above mentioned indices in insects fed with three Eucalyptus species (E.
camaldulensis, E. dunnii and E. urophylla), for two consecutive generations. Leaves
used in the experiment were collected at the FCA/UNESP (Botucatu, São Paulo state)
campus and the studies were cariied out at the Entomology Laboratory of the Plant
o
Production Department (FCA/UNESP). under a temperature of 25 + 1 C, relative
humidity of 70 + 5% and photophase of 13 hours. The experimental design was a
completeley randomized design, with 3 treatments and 100 replications. Data were
submitted to analysis of variance and means separated by Tukey test.Results showed
that the relative consumption rate (RCR), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food
(ECI) and digested food (ECD) were not influenced by the three host plant species.
The relative growth rate (RGR), relative metabolic rate (RMR) and approximate
digestibility (AD) were lowest for the caterpillars fed with E. urophylla in the first
generation. For the second generation, RCR, RGR, RMR and AD were highest for the
caterpillars fed with E. camaldulensis and E. urophylla, ECI was similar for the three
host plants and ECD was higher under E. dunnii. We also verified that the
performance of T. arnobia in the second generation under E. dunnii was worser than
when compared to the first generation insects; caterpillars fed with E. camaldulensis
kept the same performance while insects fed with E. urophylla had in improve in its
performance, when compared to their first generation.
Index terms: Forest pest, integrated management pest, eucalypt
35
[1952] MONITORING OF LEPIDOPTERA DEFOLIATORS OF EUCALYPTUS
IN NIQUELÂNDIA, STATE OF GOIÁS, BRAZIL
J. M. M. Pereira, T. V. Zanuncio, J. C Zanuncio. & M. A. Guimarães, Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000, Viçosa, MG, BRASIL. Email: [email protected].
[1954] VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF CLOUD FOREST PRONOPHILINAE
BUTTERFLIES IN MONTE ZERPA, CORDILLERA DE MERIDA,
VENEZUELA
T. W. Pyrcz¹, J. Wojtusiak¹, ¹Zoological Museum, Inst. of Zoology, Jagiellonian
Univ., R. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected]
Population fluctuation of Lepidoptera primary and secondary pests of Eucalyptus was
studied in Niquelândia, State of Goiás, Brazil from May 1991 to April 1996. Every
fifteen days Lepidoptera species were collected with light traps powered by twelve
volt batteries. Ten primary pest species with 3,846.90 individuals and 13 secondary
pests with 137.85 individuals per light trap were collected. Most abundant pest species
were: primary pests - Thyrinteina arnobia (Geometridae), Sarsina violascens
(Lymantriidae), Psorocampa denticulata (Notodontidae); secondary pest species Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) and Citheronia marion (Saturniidae); with 2,021.18;
842.27; 421.24; 44.16 and 28.92 individuals per light trap, respectivelly. Highest
numbers of individuals of primary pest species were registered from May to June
while secondary pest species were more abundant in January and October. For this
reason, monitoring of these species should be done during this period which can be
made with different methods such as cloths under Eucalyptus plants, light traps or
counting the number of caterpillars per branch of those trees. Population of pest
species can be detected with these methods allowing a better control of them with less
damage to Eucalyptus trees.
Index terms: Eucalyptus, Lepidoptera defoliators, monitoring
A method of sampling along elevational transects has been used to study vertical
distribution of Pronophilinae butterflies (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) on southern slopes
of the Serrania de La Culata in Central part of the Cordillera de Merida, Venezuela,
known as Monte Zerpa. Ranges of vertical distribution have been estimated for 20
species on the basis of 1100 records obtained from a series of collection sites set every
25 m from 2250 up to 3050 m. The ranges of only two species, Steromia bega and
Erethris porphyria were as wide as the width of the entire cloud forest zone. The
ranges of all the other were about 400 m on average. When superimposed on an
altitude scale, ranges of Pronophilini revealed a characteristic pattern with the lover
pool of species distributed within the zone of 2250-2750 m and the upper pool in the
zone of 2500-3050 m. The highest biodiversity was found at middle elevation where
ranges of the two pools overlap. Parapatric distribution was found for three pairs of
closely related species, where Lymanopoda obsoleta, Pedaliodes montagna and
Corades chelonis occured at lower elevations, whilst Lymanopoda dietzi, Pedaliodes
ferratilis and Corades pax were replacing them at higher elevations. Possible factors
which may play a possible role in the process of vertical range formation and
maintainance of parapatric distribution in Pronophilini butterflies are discussed.
Index terms: Andes, altitudinal zones, cloud forest, butterflies, parapatry.
[1953] MANAGEMENT OF HEADWATER FOREST STREAMS: ISSUES OF
INSECT DIVERSITY AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION FOR VERTEBRATE
PREDATORS
[1955]
DEVELOPMENT
OF
PSILOPTERA
SP.
(COLEOPTERA:
BUPRESTIDAE) IN STUMPS OF PINUS CARIBAEA, IN THE NORTHEAST
REGION OF THE STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
R. A. Progar & A. R. Moldenke, Dept. of Entomology, Cordley Hall 2046, Oregon
State Univ, Corvallis, OR, USA 97331 E-mail: [email protected].
The riparian areas encompassing headwater streams comprise over fifty percent of
federally managed land in the Pacific Northwest. Forest management practices and
their consequences (for example, compaction or disturbance) are likely to have direct
effects on the abundance and diversity of arthropods in these sensitive habitats, and
indirect effects through the foodweb on vertebrates of concern. We examined the
effect of stream flow (perennial vs. dry-season temporary), and canopy presence on
the pre-harvest insect fauna collected from emergence traps in headwater streams at
three sites in the conifer forests of western Oregon. Density and biomass of aquatic
insects were higher in temporary streams in the spring, but higher in perennial streams
during the summer. Taxon richness was continuously higher in perennial streams.
The abundance of Chironomidae exceeded all other taxa during the spring, but was
largely replaced by Mycetophilidae as the most abundant taxon during the summer,
especially in temporary streams. Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera emerged in higher
numbers from perennial than from temporary streams. These results are consistent
with our hypothesis that the absence of vertebrate predators (fish and giant
salamanders) allows the density of arthropods in temporary streams to flourish, serving
as: (1) a potential source of colonization for perennial streams and (2) an important
role in the terrestrial food web as an abundant food source for insectivorous
vertebrates. We also examined the effect of canopy presence vs. clearcut on the insect
fauna. Headwater streams flowing through clearcut uplands support higher densities,
biomass and richness than forested streams. The proliferation of aquatic insects in
headwater streams flowing through clearcuts is presumably due to the increased
primary production from increased insolation, and higher diversity of allochthonous
detritus. Pitfall sampling on transects perpendicularly across these streams clearly
indicated that diversity and abundance are significantly greater at the immediate creek
edge and 1-3 meters away within the riparian vegetation zone; all species characteristic
of the upland forest floor occurred within the riparian zone as well.
Index terms: riparian management, emergence trapping, temporary stream, aquatic
insects
Psiloptera sp. has been constantly damaging Eucalyptus seedlings of several species
in many places of Brazil. Feeding of this insect occurs on the bark, on lateral branches
and also on stems of young plants thus reducing their normal growth. Females of
Psiloptera usually lay their eggs on the upper extremity of Eucalyptus stumps. After
the incubation period larvae of this pest hatch and migrate to the roots or to deeper
parts of the stumps. After emergence from the stumps adults of this pest prefer to
attack young plants of Eucalyptus. Stumps of Pinus trees are preferred by P.
semipunctata for egg laying and larval development in the northeast area of Bahia
where constant attacks and damage by this pest on recently planted seedlings have
been recorded. Occurrence of this beetle is, most of the time, associated to areas
where Pinus trees were cut. Monitoring in areas with different types of vegetation near
to areas with plants attacked or to places where Pinus trees were cut confirmed the
presence of pupae and larvae of Psiloptera in stumps of this plant. Recently planted
areas showed that the number of beetles increased near areas planted with Pinus. This
indicates that plantations with Eucalyptus in areas previously planted with Pinus or
close to plantations of this tree group are more likely to be attacked by Psiloptera. It is
suggested that researches should be done aiming to quantify the number of stumps
with larvae and the number of larvae of Psiloptera per stump before the use of land for
planting. This could identify the occurrence and potential damage by Psiloptera in the
area. These studies and others about the biological cycle of this insect can lead to
development of better control methods of this pest in the field.
Words key: Wood borer of Eucalyptus and Pinus stumps; Psiloptera; larval
development.
36
[1956]
OCCURRENCE
OF
PSILOPTERA
SP.
(COLEOPTERA:
BUPRESTIDAE) DAMAGING PLANTS OF EUCALYPTUS SPP., IN THE
NORTHEAST REGION OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
Successive attacks by the beetle Psiloptera sp. has been recorded in the last years in
plantations of Eucalyptus in the northeast region of the State of Bahia, Brazil mainly
in recently planted seedlings. Adults of this species feeds on bark, on lateral branches
and also on young stems of Eucalyptus seedlings causing losses of the apical meristem
and thus avoiding the normal development of the plant. Due to the severity of damage,
which are not in many cases well evaluated companies with similar problem are
adopting hand picking of this insect as a control strategy. During 1998 a total of 592.94
beetles/ha were collected in an area of 1012 hectares. This number was much higher
than that of 1999 with 211.0 beetles/ha in an area of 1620 hectares. Such difference
between 1998 and 1999 could be related to a higher rainfall during this last year. This
could have represented a shorter period after planting for the bug to attack Eucalyptus
seedlings. A faster development of seedlings in the field could also reduce the action of
the beetles and to decrease damage to plants besides difficulting its location. During
hand picking a total of 4.21% of the Eucalyptus blocks showed more than 1,000
beetles/ha being 1,215/ha the largest number of beetles collected per hectare; 14.74%
of these blocks showed between 500 and 1000 beetles/ha; 42.26% of them had
between 100 and 500 beetles/ha; and the remaining 35.79% of the blocks had less than
100 beetles/ha. Hand picking seems to be the best and more viable strategy to control
this pest. Besides reducing damage by this pest when they are occurring in the area it
can, also reduce risks of future outbreaks due to a sharp reduction of adults of this pest
in the area and thus reducing population in the subsequent years. Even though hand
picking presents satisfactory results it demands an intense labor activity which can turn
it non-viable for large areas.
Words key: Psiloptera; damages in Eucalyptus, Control.
[1957] DESCRIPTION OF LARVAL TUNNELS AND PUPAL CHAMBERS OF
CALYDON SUBMETALLICUM IN ROBLE PELLIN OF PATAGONIA,
ARGENTINA
S. Rizzuto1, 1Cátedra de Zoología Forestal, Facultad de Ingeniería. Univ. Nac. de la
Patagonia, Sede Esquel, Sarmiento 849, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina. E-mail:
[email protected]
Cerambycids are one of the main groups of forest insects because of the damage they
cause to the wood. During their development they make tunnels and galleries in the
host plant, reaching vital tissues. Nothofagus forests (Deciduous Forest District, SubAntarctic Domain) range from Neuquén to Tierra del Fuego, and several species have
economic interest; N. antarctica (ñire) and N. pumilio (lenga) are widely distributed.
In the north of the district there are N. procera (raulí) and N. obliqua (roble pellín)
forests; these species have very precious wood. N. dombeyi (coihue) is found in the
more humid zones in a narrow fringe close to Chile, in Neuquén, Río Negro and
Chubut. These species are used for buildings, furniture or sometimes in posts and as
firewood. Although some species of Nothofagus in Patagonia are attacked by
cerambycids, there are no inventories and the biology of this group is unknown. This
study describes larval tunnels and pupal chambers of Calydon submetallicum in N.
obliqua. Dead wood of roble pellín was collected in Trevelin city (42º 06' S, 71º 28'
W). It was put into wire cages outdoors for twelve weeks. Imaginal emergence was
recorded in summer. Pupal chamber construction in cerambycids is a complex
behavior that requires many succesive steps before the larva moves into pupa.
Galleries produced by C. submetallicum are subcortical and pupal chambers are
internal, constituting part of the sapwood.
Index terms: Cerambycids, Nothofagus obliqua, wood boring insects, Patagonia.
[1958] CONSERVE OR NOT TO CONSERVE FOREST FRAGMENTS: CASE
STUDY USING BUTTERFLIES AT THE KENYA COAST
L. M. Rogo, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772,
Nairobi, Kenya. Email: [email protected].
Throughout the tropics, deforestation is destroying the forest resource base, leaving
only fragments of forests. A case in point is the eastern coastal forest of Africa, which
once stretched from northern Natal to southern Somali. In Kenya only a few large
tracks of this forest remain, such as the Arabuko-Sokoke (4,000 hecters) and Shimba
Hills (14,000 hecters) forests. More common are the very small fragments like the
Muhaka (180 hecters) and Mrima (350 hecters) forests. Species richness, diversity and
composition of butterflies in two Kenya coastal forest remnants of Muhaka and Mrima
hill were investigated to demonstrate the importance that forest fragments play in
maintaining biodiversity. Sixty-three species were recorded from each forest remnant
from a total of 1329 individuals. Species accumulation curves for both forests did not
reach an asymptote with the likelihood that additional sampling effort could yield
more butterfly species. High species similarity was recorded between the forest
interior and the surrounding matrix, primarily due to invasion of the forest interior
clearings by the savanna species. Despite their small sizes, these forest remnants were
found to maintain viable populations of true forest butterflies. However, the number of
species was less than half of that recorded from larger forest reserves of Shimba hills
and Arabuko-Sokoke, located in the same geographical area. Records from Muhaka
forest show species unique to it, not found in the larger forest reserves, underscoring
the importance of small remnants in the preservation of forest biodiversity. However,
in the event that conservation priorities were to be set, conservation efforts should be
directed to larger forest reserves since they maintain more biodiversity. The high
species similarity between the forest remnants implied that if habitat corridors were
created, gene flow between these remnants and other larger forest reserves, would be
possible. This would reduce the isolation of true forest butterfly populations within
the remnants and potential local extinction.
Index terms: Forest remnants, species richness, species diversity, species composition,
conservation.
[1959] APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE: LACHNINAE: CINARINI) ON
PINUS SPP. AND CUPRESSUS SP. IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
S. M. N. Lazzari & R. C. Zonta de Carvalho, Depto. de Zoologia, Universidade
Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, BR. E-mail [email protected]
Recent aphid outbreaks have been registered on Coniferae in southern Brazil, causing
significant losses to the forestry, lumbering, and paper mill industry. The Cinarina
Cinara pinivora (Wilson) and Cinara atlantica (Wilson) have been collected on Pinus
elliotti, P. taeda, and P. caribaea. C. pinivora was first recorded in 1994, feeding
preferentially on thicker branches, during the cooler months of the year. It spread from
Santa Catarina to Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, and São Paulo. C. atlantica was first
collected in 1998, especially at the branch tips and buds. It has been found year round,
in the South Region, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. These Cinara species differ in a
number of ways including the shape of the siphuncular sclerite and sclerotinization of
abdominal terga. Other Cinara species on Pinus have been cited for Brazil: Cinara
piniformosana (Takahashi), which has not been found lately and Cinara maritimae
(Dufour). On Cupressaceae, two specie have been collected: Cinara tujafilina (del
Guercio) on Thuja sp. and Cinara cupressi (Buckton) on Cupressus sp. The later was
first collected in 1999, in Paraná, and can be distinguished from C. tujafilina by the
color of the femur and tibia, and number and distribution of the hairs on the base of the
antennal segment VI. The Eulachnina Essigella californica (Essig) and Eulachnus
rileyi (Williams) have been observed associated with Cinara colonies on Pinus spp.
The Californian pine needle aphid, E. californica, was first recorded in early June
1999, on slash pine P. elliotti and on Mexican weeping pine P. patula, in Paraná. It is
characterized by the 5-segmented antennae, tarsal claws with double tips, and lime
green color in life. E. rileyi has 6-segmented antennae, normal claws, color varying
from dark olive green to gray, with a dusting of bluish-gray wax. Alate and apterous
viviparae and nymphs of both species can be found on branch tips feeding on the
needles, and moving quite rapidly. The damages of these Cinara species, and probably
of the other associated pine species, are more visible after a couple of years of
infestation. Chlorosis and premature needle dropping, stunting and malformation of
trees, and extensive growing of sooty mold on the honeydew produced by the aphids,
have been observed. Another indirect damage of Cinara is caused by the great amount
of aphids that stick on collecting panels staining the resin with a reddish pigment. This
damage results in loss of commercial value and credibility. Cinara eggs have been
collected, although sexual morphs have not been found until the moment. More studies
on biology, distribution, host plant-aphid-natural enemies relationships and control
strategies are needed.
Index terms: Aphid outbreak; pine aphids; Cinara spp.; Essigella californica;
Eulachnus rileyi.
37
[1960] BIOLOGICAL DATA AND POPULATION ABUNDANCE OF THREE
SPECIES OF CASSIDINAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A
TROPICAL FOREST AREA IN BRAZIL
F.N. Sá1 & J. Vasconcellos-Neto1, 1 Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Inst.
Biologia - Depto. Zoologia. Campinas, SP, Brasil, 13083-970. E-mail:
[email protected].
Few information is available on the biology and phenology of Chrysomelidae, unless if
they are of economic interest. In this work we have followed the populations of Stolas
chalybea, S. areolata and Anacassis phaeopoda for two years in order to obtain basic
biological data on them and to know their occurrence throughout the year. We
collected the data in fortnightly visits at the studied site by censusing host plants of
studied Cassidinae. During each census, we have recorded the group sizes and position
of egg and larval clusters and adults on their host plants. We also recorded their
numbers. In an attempt to recognize the factors that influence the abundance of
Cassidinae, we correlated that with temperature and rainfall at the study area, with
some plant size parameters and also considered the relative abundance of different
pheno-phases of the host plants. We observed that after emerging from the eggs, larvae
of the three studied species remained aggregated, although the size of the groups
decreased as the larvae developed. Egg clusters and larvae of the two Stolas species
were more frequently found on the underside of leaves of their host plants;
nevertheless, mature larvae of S. areolata were only observed on the upper side of
leaves. Adults of the three species were always isolated and both Stolas species were
more frequently found on the upper side of leaves. S. chalybea and S. areolata seemed
to have the same pattern of occurrence throughout the year: they became active with
the end of the dry season, reproduced more intensely during the rainy season and
reduced their activity around June, during the beginning of the period of lower
temperature and rainfall. A. phaeopoda showed a similar pattern, but it could be
observed at the field earlier than the other two species. The three species also showed a
lower peak of egg laying at the end of diapause of adults, what can suggest that
females overwinter fertilized already. Larvae could be observed approximately from
november until April or May. This pattern of occurrence was very similar to the
occurrence of leaves on their host plants. Significant positive correlations between
Cassidinae numbers and temperature showed that this parameter can influence
ovipositing and mating activities. The number of new branches on the host plant was
the most common trait that was significantly related to Cassidinae presence. Other
parameters like number of branches and number of leaves were also related to the
abundance of Cassidinae.
[1961] SCOLYTIDAE AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS IN PONDEROSA PINE
STANDS UNDER DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS IN
NORTHERN ARIZONA
G. Sanchez-Martinez1 & M.R. Wagner1, 1School of Forestry, College of Ecosystem
Science and Management, Northern Arizona University P. O. Box 15018, Flagstaff,
AZ 86011-5018, USA, E-mail [email protected]
Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) outbreaks are commonly associated with
unhealthy forest conditions. In general, overstocked stands are considered more
susceptible than open grown stands. However, because epidemic levels represent
extreme values, bark beetle outbreaks may indicate unhealthy forest condition mostly
from just one perspective. Forest management today requires more understanding of
ecosystem components and ecological processes. Different bark beetle species create a
variety of structural conditions within a given forest which, according to our
management objectives and forest values, may be classified as healthy or unhealthy.
Thus, from an ecosystem-oriented approach, a forest with high bark beetle infestations
can be as unhealthy as a similar forest, but with no infestations at all. The objective of
this study was to explore the association between the structure of ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Lawson) forests of the Coconino Plateau in northern
Arizona and the diversity of Scolytidae and other important bark inhabiting insects.
Although many dense stands with unhealthy conditions occur in this area, no
significant bark beetle outbreaks have occurred for several decades. Four stand
conditions were evaluated: 1) Dense stands with no management during the past 20-30
years, 2) Thinned mature even-age stands with >30% of basal area (BA) removed
between 1987-94, 3) Thinned mature even age stands with >30% of BA area removed
by thinning with a prescribed burn 3 to 4 years after thinning, and 4) Formerly dense
stands with no management which had been burned by stand replacing wildfires with
>90% of BA removed by fire. Bark beetles and associated insects were sampled with
Lindgren funnel traps baited with attractants (1998-1999). Dendroctonus brevicomis
was the only aggressive species found in this study. It was more abundant in thinned
stands and barely present in unmanaged stands; however, population levels of this
species seem to be insufficient to cause outbreaks. D. valens was present in low levels
in all stand types as well as Ips pini. Wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) were
more abundant in unmanaged and thinned only stands. Sevaral insect predators were
well represented in all stands. Our preliminary results indicate a low diversity of bark
inhabiting insects and suggest either: lack of suitable hosts or high efficiency of natural
enemies. The lack of bark beetle attacks on susceptible stands could mean tree
stagnation, interruption of natural disturbances, and poor habitat diversity.
Index terms: Pinus ponderosa, forest health, bark beetles.
38
[1962] CTENARYTAINA EUCALYPTI (HEMIPTERA, PSYLLIDAE) HOST
EVALUATION
D. L. Q. Santana & R. V. C. Higa, Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km111,
Colombo, PR. E-mail [email protected] .
On its natural environment (Australia) Eucalyptus is a host of several insects from
Psyllidae family. Ctenarytaina eucalypti has a large distribution and it is considered
among then, the most harmful. The species was first observed in Brazil in 1988 in
Eucalyptus dunnii in a nursery. Leaf and stem deformity, growth delay, apical bud
death, accessory bud development and seedling lost have been recorded. In order to
evaluated C. eucalypti host preferential 1534 seedlings of 20 Eucalyptus species were
produced in plastic tube, placed next to each other and they were infested with the
pest. Insects number per plant was count when seedlings were around 20 cm high. E.
camaldulensis, E. nitens, E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E. cinerea and E. viminalis had
100% of seedlings infested by C. eucalypti, on the other hand, E. grandis, E. pilularis,
E. maculata, E. saligna, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. citriodora, E. resinifera, E.
robusta, E. deanei, E. urophylla, E. microcorys and an hybrid (“Cambiju”) were not
infested. It was found an average of 6, 5, 20, 12, 20 and 3 C. eucalypti nimphs on E.
camaldulensis, E. nitens, E. dunnii, E. benthamii, E. cinerea e E. viminalis
respectively. It was observed that glaucous leaves were more susceptible to the insect
attack.
Index terms: Eucalyptus spp., eucalypts pests
[1963] INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SEEDS OF THREE NATIVE SPECIES
OF BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST
D. L. Q. Santana 1, A. C. S. Medeiros 1, C. S. Ribeiro-Costa 2 & A. F. Santos1,
1
Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Colombo, Paraná, Brasil, E-mail
[email protected]; 2Departamento de Zoologia, Univ. Federal do
Paraná, C. P. 19020, 81.531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail [email protected].
A Brazilian Institution, Embrapa Florestas placed at Colombo (Paraná), created in
1999 an active seed bank for the species of native forests in order to provide seeds for
uses such as refforestation programs, reclamation of degraded ecosystems, etc. Fruits
of three brasilian native species (Enterolobium contotisiliquum, Bauhinia forficata and
Cordia trichotoma) were collected from Capitão Leônidas Marques, Paraná State. In
order to evaluate the quality of seeds for storage in the Embrapa seed bank, 100 fruits
for each species were processed and the seeds dissected to examine damages. Relating
to Enterolobium contotisiliquum (timbaúva) presented average of 3.7 seeds per fruit
and 21.8 % of them were damaged by a bruchid beetle, Merobruchus bicoloripes. In
this plant it was also observed specimens of an Hymenoptera parasitoid belonging to
the subfamily Braconinae. The fruit of Bauhinia forficata (pata-de-vaca) showed
average of 4.5 seeds per fruit and 31.3% of the total number of seeds consumed by the
bruchid Gibbobruchus speculifer. 5.1% specimens of G.speculifer were parasitized by
the Eulophidae, Horismenus missouriensis and Pteromalidae sp. The damage in seeds
of Cordia trichotoma was variable depending on the lots. One sample of Rio Grande
do Sul had 95% of seeds damaged by the bruchid Amblycerus profaupar. Specimens
of an unidentified Hymenoptera were also observed parasiting larvae of this bruchid.
Considering the diversity and abundance of the insects species observed on these
seeds lots it is necessary to conduct a careful observation of the seeds of the quoted
species of plants to prevent infestation in the seed bank.
Index terms: Merobruchus bicoloripes, Gibbobruchus speculifer, Horismenus
missouriensis, Amblycerus profaupar, seed pests
[1964] INFLUENCE OF STRIPS OF NATIVE VEGETATION IN
PLANTATIONS OF EUCALYPTUS CLOËZIANA ON POPULATION OF
OXYDIA VESULIA
G.P. Santos1, T.V. Zanuncio2, J.C. Zanuncio2 & R. Pinto2, 1EPAMIG/CTZM, Vila
Gianetti, 47, C. Postal, 216, 36570-000
Viçosa-MG, Brasil, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Dept. de Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36571-000
Viçosa-MG, Brasil, E-mail: [email protected].
Eucalyptus species are planted in the majority of reforested areas in Brazil. These
species of the Myrtaceae family are being damaged by insects from native hosts
including Lepidoptera such as Oxydia vesulia (Lep.: Geometridae). This species is a
primary pest of Eucalyptus being responsible for significant damage to this plant in
reforested areas of Brazil. Eucalyptus plantations are characterized by extensive and
contiguous areas which offers abundance of food and shelter for harmful insects and
creates conditions for more frequent and harmful outbreaks of Lepidoptera pests. The
establishment and preservation of native remnants of vegetation have been proposed as
a strategy for pest management because it can increase ecological diversity and,
consequently, favors the development and reproduction of natural enemies. Such
strategy has been used in regions of the Savannah in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil,
where 25 meters wide strips of Savannah linked to each other and to forest remnants
are used every 500 meters of Eucalyptus plantation. Lepidoptera individuals were
collected in two different situations representing a Eucalyptus plantation with strips of
native vegetation and another one without such strips. Five light traps were used in
each plantation at two meters height and turned on at 6:00 to 7:00 P.M. and turned off
between 8:00 and 9:00 A.M. the following day. These traps were located as: number 1inside an area of Savannah at 100 meters from its border; 2- in the transition between
the Savannah and the Eucalyptus plantation; 3- inside the Eucalyptus plantation at 250
meters from the Savannah; 4- in the center of a Savannah strip at approximately 500
meters from the border of the Savannah or between two blocks of Eucalyptus in the
system without strips; and 5- inside the Eucalyptus plantation at 750 meters from the
Savannah border. A faunistic analysis was made using frequency, constancy and
diversity indexes for O. vesulia. A total of 329 individuals of this pest were collected
with higher abundance in the plantation without strips where 266 individuals were
collected and only 63 individuals were collected in the other system. This species was
constant in the system without strips and accessory in the one with strips with
frequency of 1.15 and 1.66% in these two systems, respectively. A large number of
individuals of O. vesulia were collected in both plantations from the second period of
February. The plantation with strips showed higher number of individuals of this pest
inside the Eucalyptus plantation at 250 meters from the border of the Savannah with
31 individuals while in the one without strips O. vesulia showed higher number of
individuals in the point at 750 meters from the border of the Savannah.
Index terms: insect monitoring, defoliator Lepidoptera, native forest
[1966] OCCURRENCE OF WOOD BORING BEETLES IN THE NATIONAL
FOREST MÁRIO XAVIER, RJ, BRASIL
V. M. Schermack1, A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1, J. G. N. Wendt1, J. M. Pinto2 &
S. R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto. Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro,
Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; 2Depto. Fitotecnia,
Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro.
For counting with a wide diversity of species, the order Coleoptera is associated to
several alimentary habits among its representatives. Considering the economic
importance, they stand out in this order the wood-boring species that caused damages
to the forest species, making perforations and galleries that degrade and they serve as
entrance for agents degradadores of the wood, as the mushrooms Ambrosia. The
families Scolytidae and Platypodidae are common in alive, reviled or recently abated
trees; the family Bostrichidae is seen in wood in drying process, and the family
Cerambycidae lives in several wood types embracing alive trees, even deteriorated
logs. Seeking to establish the incidence and the frequency of the families of Coleoptera
above-mentioned in the area of the National Forest Mário Xavier, km 50, Seropédica,
RJ, twelve impact window-traps were installed, model Carvalho-47, made with
recyclable material and adapted starting from the model Marques-Pedrosa, to a height
of 1,5 m of the soil. The collections are weekly being accomplished starting from July
of 1999, with end forecast for July of 2001. Three types of snares were distributed by
vegetation, in the following areas: native vegetation, mixed plantation, "sapucaia" and
Eucalyptus spp. Until January of 2000, 30 collections were accomplished. Of the 4694
collected insects, 4447 (94,74%) belong to the family Scolytidae, 190 (4,05%)
Cerambycidae, 53 (1,13%) Bostrichidae and 4 (0,09%) Platypodidae. For the different
vegetation types, the area of mixed plantation indicated the largest incidence with 2373
(50,55%) collected individuals, proceeded by the native forest with 805 (17,15%),
Eucalyptus spp, 743 (15,83%) and "sapucaia", 773 (16,47%).
Index terms: Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Platypodidae, Window-traps.
[1965]
SEED
PREDATION
BY
CTENOCOLUM
CROTONAE
(COLEOPTERA:BRUCHIDAE) IN LONCHOCARPUS MUEHLBERGIANUS
(LEGUMINOSAE)
[1967] WOOD BORING BEETLES IN PLANTATION OF SAPUCAIA,
LECYTHIS PISONIS (LECYTHIDACEAE), IN THE NATIONAL FOREST
MÁRIO XAVIER, SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRASIL
L.T.Sari 1, C.S.Ribeiro-Costa1, A.C.S.Medeiros2 & D.L.Q. Santana2 , 1Dept. of
Zoology, Univ. Fed. of Parana, P.O.Box 19020, 81531-990, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil,
E-mail [email protected]; 2 EMBRAPA Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111,
Colombo, Parana, Brazil, E-mail [email protected].
V. M. Schermack1, A. G. Carvalho1, A. M. Lunz1 & S. R. S. Ventura1, 1Depto. de
Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica RJ. 23851-970,
Brasil. E-mail: [email protected].
Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus (rabo-de-bugio) is a Brazilian native tree recorded from
Minas gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul until Rio Grande do Sul. The beautiful lilac flowers
arising from October until January are the reason for their use as an ornamental tree. In
order to evaluate the seed predation by insects, fruits were collected from two
specimens of this plant placed at Tres Barras, Parana, Brazil. A sample of 500 g of
fruits was selected and processed in laboratory resulting in 2353 seeds. Usually the
fruits are composed by two seeds, rarely by three or four seeds. It was registered 77.39
% of healthy seeds, 10.24 % of shriveled and 12.36 % damaged by insects. A bruchid
species, Ctenocolum crotonae, was detected in this material. The genus Ctenocolum is
composed by eight species registered from South and Central America; C. crotonae is
the only recorded from Brazil. Species of Lonchocarpus are commom host plants of
this genus. The host plants of C. crotonae are L. hondurensis, L. margaritensis, L.
nitidus, L. pentaphyllus, L. rugosus and Piscidia carthagenensis. In fact, this is the first
record of L. muehlbergianus as a host plant of C. crotonae. This species was registered
from Mato Grosso and, in this paper, the geographical distribution is amplified
including the Parana state. Other immatures of Tenebrionidae and Curculionidae were
detected feeding the seed contents but theirs damages were indistinguishable; both
groups represented a loss of 2.84 % of the total number of seeds. A parasitoid
belonging to the family Eulophidae, Horismenus missouriensis, was observed inside
seeds probably developing in larvae or pupae of the Coleoptera species. This
Hymenoptera was already recorded parasitizing bruchid species, as Amblycerus
submaculatus, A. hoffmanseggi and Gibbobruchus speculifer. As the hole left by the
adult bruchid in the seed is larger than the hole of the parasitoid, it was possible to
differentiate both species. The parasite emmerged from 4.63 % and C.crotonae from
4.88 % of the total number of seeds.
Index terms: beetle, biology, damage.
Seeking to establish the incidence and the frequency of the families of wood degrading
beetles that happen in homogeneous plantations with native essences, three snares
model Carvalho-47 were used, in a area of Lecythis pisonis (Lecythidaceae), in the
National Forest Mário Xavier, Seropédica, RJ, in the period of July of 1999 to January
of 2000. The snares were installed to a height of 1,30 m of the soil, being used as
attractiveness the alcohol 96% that it was renewed weekly, after the collection of the
insects. The samples, in a total of thirty, were taken to the laboratory of Forest
Entomology of the Institute of Forests, Department of Forest Products (DPF) of
UFRRJ, where the insects were quantified and identified the family level. The total of
wood degrading beetles collected belonged to 773 individuals, and the frequency of
the family Scolytidae corresponds to 725 individuals (93,79%), with a population pick
in the month of August of 1999, frequently of 159 (20,57%); proceeded by the family
Cerambycidae with 32 (4,14%) and family Bostrichidae with a 16 (2,07%), both
reached population pick in the month of September of 1999 with 11 (1,47%) and 8
(1,03%), respectively. Doubled attention should be given to these families, once its
species presents quite varied alimentary habits, feeding of medullas, phloems and
xylems. It was ended that there is incidence of wood degrading beetles in sapucaia,
Lecythis pisonis, represented by the families Scolytidae, Cerambycidae and
Bostrichidae, in decreasing degree of frequency, respectively.
Index terms: Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Bostrichidae, Window-traps.
39
[1968] NON-HOST SIGNALS INHIBITING FEEDING IN HYLOBIUS PINE
WEEVILS: LABORATORY ASSAYS AND FIELD TESTS
[1970] COMPOSITION OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN THREE
FOREST MACROHABITATS OF SEROPÉDICA, RJ, BRASIL
F. Schlyter, E. Marling, P. Månsson & J. Löfqvist, Chemical Ecology, Plant
Protection Science, SLU, P.O. Box 44, SE-230 53 ALNARP, Sweden.
http://www.vsv.slu.se/cec/ce.htm
C. A. M. Silva1, A. G. Carvalho1 & L. A. Pereira2, 1Depto. de Produtos Florestais,
Univ. Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brasil. E-mail:
[email protected] and [email protected]; 2Depto. de Ciências Ambientais, Univ.
Fed. Rural do Rio de Janeiro.
Anti-feedants as a protection against herbivores have been described in many plants,
well-known is the ‘neem’ tree Azadiractica indica. In conifers, defense is quantitative,
based on less toxic oleoresin compounds. In small, stressed conifers like the seedlings
planted on clear-cuts in forestry, the quantitative defense is weak. These seedlings
have been proected by insecticides like DDT and pyrethroids against the feeding by
pine weevils Hylobius abietis (causing a 100 million US$/year damage in Sweden), but
use of insecticides will finally be banned in 2003. Our work follows two lines: 1) The
screening of synthetically available anti-feedant compounds and related structures,
mainly of plant origin. 2) The search for antifeedants in non-host plants. The
development of laboratory bioassays has been a prerequisite for the project. Initially,
Klepzig & Schlyter (1999) modified a twig technique of Salom et al. (1994). Later, to
test small amounts of synthetics and extracts, we developed a micro feeding assay
using TLC-plates. Presently, we are modifying an olfactometer to investigate the mode
of action (taste/smell) of synthetics. For one active compound, carvone, a mainly
olfactory mode of action is indicated. Field tests in 1997 and 1998 demonstrate that
formulated carvone may protect seedlings for months. The long-term formulation of
antifeedants, their mode of action, and finding of lower volatility compounds remain
our goals. Index terms: Hylobius abietis, pine weevil, antifeedant, DDT.
[1969] ECOLOGY OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) IN FORESTRY
REMNANTS BELONGING TO CHAMPION Co. IN MOGI GUAÇU, SP,
BRASIL
C. A. M. Silva1 & A. G. Carvalho1, 1Depto. de Produtos Florestais, Univ. Fed. Rural
do
Rio
de
Janeiro,
Seropédica,
RJ
23851-970,
Brasil.
E-mail:
[email protected] and [email protected].
This work investigated the populations of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in three belonging native forestry remnants belonging to the Agricultural
Chamflora Ltda., in the municipal district of Mogi Guaçu, Itapira and Martinho Prado
Júnior, state of São Paulo. In the period of January of 1998 to January of 1999 was
studied the composition of the scolytids species, by means of biweekly collections in
nine snares ethanol's model Carvalho-47, being obtained the fluctuation for each
specie in the three native forest fragments of different sizes, forms and historical of
disturbance. It was used the index faunistics: frequency, constancy, individual
dominance of the species, richness, association among the species, similarity between
communities and diversity. Thirty-eight species were collected, where four of them
were not identified, only one was identified at the genus level. The 34 identified
species are distributed in 12 genus and 5 tribes. Hypothenemus eruditus,
Microcorthylus minimus, H. obscurus, Xyleborus retusus, Corthylus schaufussi and
Premnobius cavipennis were the most abundant species. Six species were represented,
each one, with just a specimen in the collections. H. eruditus was just aimed as
constant and dominant in the three studied forest fragments. It was ended that there
were differences in the composition of the species among the studied forest fragments,
such differences suggest that the measure that the habitats suffers alterations, they
happen changes in the density patterns and in the composition of the species, however
the scolytids diversity was larger in the fragments with larger level of environmental
interference. This suggests that some species of this family can be used as indicative of
wide environmental changes and of long reach.
Index terms: Indicators, Bark beetles, Ambrosia beetles.
40
This study compared the composition of bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae) in three different forest macrohabitats in the municipal district of
Seropédica, RJ: Pinnus elliotti (Pe), Eucalyptus citriodora (Ec) and Secondary Forest
(Ms). Those three areas frequently suffer the action of the fire. In each macrohabitat it
was installed, to 40 cm of height of the soil, an impact snare, being used ethanol 96%
as attractive. The collections were accomplished during the months of April of 1988 to
January of 1989, totaling eleven samplings. With relationship to the preferences for
macrohabitats of the two more abundant species, 60% of the Xyleborus hagedorni
happened in on Pe, 32% in Ec and 8% in the Ms ones. Those preferences were shown
significant for the Test X2 (P <0,05). X. affinis showed preferences in the occurrence
of 52% of the total of its species in the Ms ones, remaining 26% in Ec and 22% in the
Pe. Of the total of 8221 analyzed Scolytidae, 38% happened in the Pe, 33% in Ec and
29% in the Ms ones. Seven species were shown more abundant in on Pe: X. hagedorni,
X. obliquus, X. ferrugineus, X. brasiliensis, Hypothenemus opacus, H. bolivianus and
Coccotripes palmarum. Other six were more abundant in Ec: Premnobius cavipennis,
Cryptocarenus hevea, C. seriatus, C. diadematus, X. spinulosos and H. obscurus and
the two species X. affinis and H. eruditus were only shown more abundant in the Ms.
Using the Index of Percentile Similarity in the comparisons among the three
communities were obtained in decreasing order: Pe x Ec = 75,24%; Ec x Ms = 53,90%
and Pe x Ms = 46,40%. The largest value obtained among the two researched
vegetable monocultures suggests a habitat-specific tendency of most of the species of
boring-beetles occurred in those three macrohabitats. The diversity of Scolytidae for
macrohabitat, evaluated through Shannon Weaver Index (H', with log of base 10) it
shows, in decreasing order: H'Ec = 0,77 (H'máx. = 1,18 and J' = H' / H'máx. =0,65);
H'Ms = 0,65 (H'máx. = 1,14 and J' = 0,57); and H'Pe = 0,63 (H'máx. = 1,18 and J' =
0,53). There was not significancia (P>0,05) in the differences among the diversities
through the Test t of Student, applied in the comparisons of the variances of the three
researched macrohabitats.
Index terms: Diversity, Macrohabitat, Ambrosia beetles, Bark beetles.
[1971] USE OF ATTRACTANTS FOR SURVEYING DIPTERAN
POPULATIONS IN A RAINFOREST AREA IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
D. F. Silva1, A E. Eiras2 & S. D. Vasconcelos1, 1. Mestrado em Biologia Animal,
Depto. de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego,
s/n, Recife-PE, 50670-420, BRAZIL. E-mail: [email protected]. 2. Depto. de
Biologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Chemical communication is one of the most remarkable ways of information
transmission among members of the Class Insecta. Despite the importance of
chemical compounds in triggering specific behaviour such as aggregation, escape,
oviposition and sexual attraction, there are few field studies which investigated the
substances involved in insect attraction. In this study, a set of substances combined
with CDC light traps were tested for the attraction and capture of Culicidae and
Psychodidae adults in a remainder of rain forest in the State of Pernambuco,
Northeastern Brazil. The following treatments were used: octenol (in an open glass
vial); octenol with a single wick; octenol with double-folded wick; CO2 (released as
commercial bread yeast); living bait (mouse), and deionized water (control). Four
traps separated from each other for 100m were placed in the forest for 12 hours, from
5pm-5am, during which the temperature in the sampled area was about 30oC and the
relative humidity around 84%. Four replicates were used, in separate days; each
replicate being considered the capture of the four traps combined. From all the
Phlebotominae collected, 56% were collected in the CO2 traps, 19% with the octenol
and 25% were caught in the control traps. From all the Culicidae collected, 65% were
collected in the control traps, 20% in the bait trap and 15% in the octenol traps. The
different proportions of adults of Culicidae and Phlebotominae captured suggest
differential responses in germs of substances involved in their attraction and
communication.
[1972] A POPULATION SURVEY OF PHLEBOTOMINAE IN REMAINDERS
OF RAINFOREST IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
[1974] UNDERSTANDING THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF SIREX
NOCTILIO IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
D. F. Silva & S. D. Vasconcelos, Mestrado em Biologia Animal, Depto. de Zoologia,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife - PE,
50670-420, BRAZIL. E-mail: [email protected]
B. Slippers¹, G. Hunter¹, T.A. Coutinho¹, B.D. Wingfield² & M.J. Wingfield¹,
Dept. of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology
Inst. (FABI), Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa, Dept. of
Genetics, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
Insects from the genus Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) occur in the neotropical
region and have great medical importance for they are vectors of leishmaniasis.
Around 350 species of this genus are found in Brazil, from which around 30 have been
registered in the State of Pernambuco, in the Northeast of Brazil. Apparently, few of
these play a role in disease transmission, although the extent to which this is related to
their abundance is still unclear. The objective of this study was to survey the
Lutzomyia populations in areas of rainforest conservation in Pernambuco.
Additionally, the influence of temperature and relative humidity on population
fluctuations in a three month period was investigated. Two areas were sampled, Mata
do Curado and Mata de Dois Irmãos, both characterised by high plant diversity and
slight variations in altitude. Four traps separated from each other for 100m were
placed in the forest for 12 hours, from 5pm-5am. The Lutzomyia adults collected were
distributed as follows: 22% Lutzomyia choti, 14,6% Lutzomyia walkeri, 14,6%
Lutzomyia anduzei, 14,6% Lutzomyia evandroi, 12,2% Lutzomyia sordelii, 9,8%
Lutzomyia umbratilis and 12,2% Lutzomyia sp. From all the insects identified to the
species level, none is referred to as a leishmaniasis vector.
[1973] SCOLYTIDAE ASSOCIATED EUCALYPTUS SPP. IN A FRAGMENT
OF DECIDUAL SEASONAL FOREST
T.E.F. da Silva1; E.C.Costa2; T.M.B. Vianna3; M.A.G.Costa2, 1 Rua Jorn. Maurício
Sirotski Sobrinho, 85 – CEP 97020-040 – Santa Maria, RS – Brasil, e-mail:
[email protected]. 2 Depto. de Defesa Fitossanitária, Centro de
Ciências Rurais – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, prédio
42, 1º andar, 3225 – CEP 97105-900 – Santa Maria – RS – Brasil – e-mail:
[email protected]; 3 Depto. de Biologia. Ciências Naturais e Exatas - Universidade
Federal de Santa Maria.– Santa Maria, RS – Brasil - e-mail: [email protected].
br.
A survey of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) insect was carried out, in an area covered by
Eucalyptus spp. in a fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest in a District of Itaara, RS –
Brazil. The traps settled at a certain point of 1,3 meters of soil were
“Marques/Pedrosa” type. The quantitative and qualitative data was correlated with
temperature, air relative humidity and precipitation. The populational evaluation was
done using frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and diversity rate. The
delimitations of communities was estimated by the quotient and similarity rate. The
results revealed the existence in two communities of 37 species Scolytidaes’s family
belonging to 12 genus from 380 species coleted. Corthylus antenarius, Microcorthylus
minutissimus, Xyleborus gracilis and Xyleborus paraguaiensis were the most frequent,
abundant and dominant in both communities. The quotient of similarity were 0,75 and
the similarity rate whe 53,9%. The diversity rate was the same to both communities.
Genus Xyloborus presented a hight species number in the two communities. The
fluctuation of population in a total collected of escolideos in Eucalyptus spp., showed a
99,95% correlation in the average of monthly minimum relative humidity.
Key words: population avaliable; forest; insect
Exotic pine species have been established with great success in plantations in the
tropics and subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere. Part of this success can be
attributed to the separation of these trees from their native pathogens and pests. These
pests are, however, steadily being introduced and the introductions often lead to severe
and damaging outbreaks. An example of one such a pest is Sirex noctilio. It is not
considered a primary pest in the Northern Hemisphere, but has caused substantial
losses to softwood plantations in Southern Hemisphere countries, where it has been
introduced. Understanding the epidemiology and population dynamics of this insect is
important in preventing further spread and in controlling the pest where it has already
become established. In this study we report on the use of phenotypic and DNA-based
studies of Amylostereum areolatum, the obligate fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, to
determine the diversity and relationship of isolates from different countries in the
Southern Hemisphere. Results show that the genetic diversity of isolates of A.
areolatum from Southern Hemisphere wasps is small and uniform. This indicates that
Sirex has spread between continents of the Southern Hemisphere after initial
introduction at the beginning of the 20th century. Fungal isolates from South Africa
and Brazil are the most closely related of all isolates, indicating a common origin of
Sirex in these two countries. These techniques and data now enable us to monitor and
characterise S. noctilio populations and to plan future biological control strategies.
Key words: Sirex, Amylostereum, Insect/fungal interactions
[1975] UTILIZATION OF FLORAL RESOURCES BY MELIPONINEOS
(APIDAE:MELIPONINI) IN A FOREST FRAGMENT, BELO HORIZONTE,
MG, BRAZIL
S. M. Soares, Y. Antonini & R. P. Martins, Laboratório de Ecologia e
Comportamento de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, ICB,UFMG, Cx Postal
486 CEP: 31140-390 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil E-mail: [email protected]
The bees are flower visitors for excellence, and constitute the most important group of
pollinators. The meliponini are the most efficient pollinating bees in the tropical
region. To verify the diversity of meliponini in a forest fragment, the bees were
searched on the plants with flowers once a week from July to December/1999,
between 6:00 and 13:00. The bees were then collected with an entomological net. We
collected 490 individuals distributed among 11 different species. Of these, 198 were T.
spinipes, 173 Trigona fulviventris, 31 Tetragonisca angustula, 28 Paratrigona
subnuda, 21 P. lineata, 21 Plebeia sp., 11 Melipona quadrifasciata, 5 Nannotrigona
testacoicornis, 1 Paratrigona sp. and 1 Leurotrigona mulleri. Trigona spinipes was the
most abundant and generalist, visiting 30% of the registered plants, however both
species prefer to visit Malpighiaceae and Melastomataceae. Paratrigona species
visited mainly Solanaceae. We collected 53 species of plants in blossom. Among these
only Byrsonima sp. (Malpighiaceae) was visited by all 10 bee species. The other most
visited plants were Hyptidendron sp. (Labiata), Celtis sp. (Ulmaceae), Thunbergia sp.
(Acanthaceae), Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae), Aureliana velutina (Solanaceae).
All bee species visited the Malpighiaceae and Acanthaceae and the majority of them
visited Sterculiaceae, Fabaceae, Labiatae, Ulmaceae and Solanaceae. These data show
that the different species of meliponini use the nectar and available pollen in a similar
mode.
41
[1976] TROPHIC PATTERNS IN AN INSECT COMMUNITY OF PINE
FOREST AND SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS
[1978] DEADWOOD IN COMMERCIAL FORESTS: A SOURCE OF
INCREASED BIODIVERSITY AND OF OUTBREAKS OF PEST SPECIES?
M. El Souki1, R. Candia1 & L. Bulla1, 1Inst. de Zoología Tropical, Fac. de Ciencias,
Univ. Central de Venezuela, Apdo. Postal 47058, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas,
Venezuela. [email protected].
W. Topp & R. Haeusler, Dep. of Zoology, Univ. of Cologne, D-50923 Koeln,
Germany
Besides traditional land use of Venezuelan savannas for agriculture and cattle, a recent
impact on the natural savannas being increasingly employed during the last 30 years is
the cultivation of timber species of Pinus caribaea and Eucalyptus sp. The area
cultivated in the southeastern savannas covers today more than 5,000 km2 and is
currently expanding. Our research is about the impact assessment of pine forests on the
native arthropod community of the savanna. The present study focuses on the most
relevant temporal (seasonal and successional) changes occurring in the savanna insect
community. The sampled plots representing natural savannas were three uncultivated
plots: S1, Trachypogon sp. dominant; S2, Trachypogon sp dominant, but surrounded
by mature pines (island); and S3, Axonopus sp. dominant. The cultivated plots were:
P1, 4 year old pines; P2, 12 year old mature pines; B1, recently harvested pines, and
B4, 4 year old field (last two are set-aside). Insects were captured using attraction
yellow plates (6 per plot) and were divided into five trophic groups: herbivores,
predators, parasitoids, saprophytes, and omnivores. The relation between species
number and abundance from a total of 789 species and 6,927 individuals, respectively,
was herbivores 277:3,435, predators 113:2,011, parasitoids 280:602, saprophytes
68:733, and omnivores 51:147. Herbivores, predators, and parasitoids showed their
greatest richnesses in the pine plots and their lowest in B1; with slight variations, their
richnesses in B4 are similar to those in the savannas. Saprophytes and omnivores
showed few between-plot differences. Abundances of herbivores and parasitoids
showed a preference for pines. Predator abundance in pines was similar to that in
savannas, except in S3. Almost all trophic groups showed similar abundances between
set-aside plots and savannas, except in S1. During the wet season, total, green, and
green/dry rate biomasses, and vegetation cover showed a significant positive
correlation with total insect, omnivore, herbivore and saprophyte richnesses and
abundances, whereas vegetation evenness showed a significant positive correlation
with both total insect and predator abundances. During the dry season, vegetation
richness, evenness, and diversity showed a significant positive correlation with total
insect, herbivore, predator and parasitoid richnesses and abundances. These results
suggest that richness and abundance patterns are determined by the quantity of
resources in the wet season, but by the variety (diversity) of vegetation resources in the
dry season. The more important trophic group relationships found were between
herbivore and parasitoid richnesses and abundances in both seasons. This work was
financed by the ISC Programme of the European Commission, Project CT 94-0099
VE.
[1977] DISTRIBUTION OF BARK AND WOOD-BORING INSECTS IN
MARITIME PINE TREES INFECTED WITH BURSAPHELENCHUS
XYLOPHILUS IN PORTUGAL
E. M. Sousa, P. M. Naves & L. P. Bonifácio, Dept. Prot. Florestal, EFN, Quinta do
Marquês, 2780 Oeiras, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected]
The
Pine
Wood
Nematode
Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus
(Nematoda;
Aphelenchoididae) was found for the first time in Portugal and Europe in 1999, being
confined to Setúbal peninsula, south of Tagus river. The biology and behaviour of the
nematode and its insect vectors is not known in Europe, although some cerambycid
and scolytid species that occur in this region are considered potential vectors. Maritime
Pine (Pinus pinaster) trees infected with B. xylophylus were found to be quickly
colonised by several bark and wood-boring beetles and an intensive survey was
conducted on 30 recently infected adult trees with an average 97,4 cm DBH, involving
all trunk and branches debarking with capture of all insect development stages present.
The results revealed a big under-bark insect diversity formed by scolytid (7 species),
cerambycid (3), curculionid (1) and buprestid (1) beetle species. The scolytids were
the most frequent group, particularly Orthotomicus erosus being present in the trunk
and branches of all studied trees in high densities. Hylurgus ligniperda was found on
50% of the pines, while the other five scolytid species (Hylastes ater, H. linearis, H.
attenuatus, Ips sexdentatus and Tomicus piniperda) were present in less than 33% of
the pines. Regarding the cerambycid family, the three long-horn beetle species were
common (more than 50% infested trees): Arhopalus syriacus larvae were present in all
surveyed trees in high densities; Acanthocinus griseus was detected in 83% of the trees
while larvae of Monochamus galloprovinciallis, the most probable nematode vector in
Portugal, appeared in 50% of the pines. The only curculionid species, the pine weevil
Pissodes castaneus was collected from 75% of the trees and the buprestid
Chrysobothris chrysostigma in 33% of the pines. The within tree distribution revealed
a spatial competitive exclusion pattern between the different species, with special
emphasis to A. syriacus, H. ligniperda, H. ater, I. sexdentatus and T. piniperda in the
lower sections of the trunk, while M. galloprovinciallis and P. castaneus were found
mainly in the branches and in the upper part of the trunk. Regarding O. erosus and A.
griseus no spatial distribution pattern was found, with this species present throughout
all the trunk and branches.
Index terms: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Pinus pinaster, bark and wood-boring
beetles, Portugal
42
This study examines the saproxylic insect fauna of a commercial mixed oak-beech
forest situated in the Westerwald of Germany (50° 26’N / 07° 50’E, 325m above sea
level) in which nature-oriented forestry has been practiced for the last 10 ten years.
Using eclectors, insects were collected from the deadwood of oak and beech trees. Our
studies concentrated on different types of decaying wood: 1. Deadwood, which has
accumulated near the forest floor in the center of the forest in shady areas and which
was different in respect to dimension (twigs, branches, logs) and phase of
decomposition. 2. Living wood, which prior to sampling had been freshly cut and
exposed either to sunny or shady areas for the length of one year. In total we collected
insects from 8.5 m3 wood, equaling about 170 m2. About 140,000 insects were found.
The most dominant groups were dipterans (61,000 ind.) and coleopterans (25,000
ind.). Each “milieu type” of dead wood supported characteristic species. However, the
fauna of decomposed logs was most diverse. In the shady area bark beetles but also
predators of bark beetles were the most common coleopterans, so that there is no fear
of mass occurrence of pest species in the center of the forest. Based on our data we
recommend for this forest type an accumulation of 40 m3 dead wood per ha, which is
enough to supply the prerequisites for a diverse fauna and even for rare and
endangered species, which live in shaded areas near the forest floor. In the area of
study this amounts to about 5% of the amount of living wood. The actual numbers of
the different beetles species were always higher in areas exposed to more sunlight
compared to shaded areas. However, the abundance of individuals in the sunny areas
outnumbered those of the shaded areas, but only when their development has taken
place in branches with diameters > 7 cm. Remarkably high emergences were found for
bark beetles (i.e. 850 ind./m2 for Taphrorychus bicolor) from branches which have
been exposed to strong sunlight. In a commercial forest in which nature-oriented
forestry is practiced and an accumulation of dead wood will occur, the cultivation of
graded forest edges is also recommended. This will reduce the amount of deadwood
exposed to strong sunlight and thus minimize the outbreak of pest species.
This study was supported by Forstliche Versuchsanstalt Rheinland-Pfalz.
[1979] DEAD WOOD AND BEETLES: A CASE STUDY IN FLANDERS
(BELGIUM)
V. Versteirt , K. Desender , G. Geudens & P. Grootaert, Dept. of Entomology,
RBINSc., Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussel. E-mail: [email protected]
There are only few data available on xylobiont beetles associated to dead wood in
Flanders. In this contribution we present the first results from detailed samplings,
performed in four forests in the surroundings of Brussels and Tongeren, within the
framework of a study on terrestrial invertebrates in woodlands of the region of
Flanders. Special attention was paid to sampling methodology. The following
techniques were used on each sampling site: three pitfall traps, three white and three
yellow pan traps, a large window trap, a dung baited trap and a tree eklektor,
completely enveloping a large standing dead beech tree between 1.5m and 2m of
height. Sampling was performed during a complete year cycle. On the whole, about
200 beetle species were obtained (some 8000 individuals), many of which are of high
faunistic value. Preliminary analysis of the beetle diversity suggests lower values for a
large and rather homogeneous forest. This pattern can also be explained by the
presence of many additional species from surrounding open landscapes in smaller
forests. The importance of dead wood for xylobiont arthropods is well known. Dying
and dead trees provide essential habitats for a number of animals (like insects). In
order to maintain this biodiversity it is important to consider the aspect of dead wood
in managed forests. The quality of the species thereby seems more important than the
observed number of species, because species richness not only is influenced by habitat
quality but also, especially in small forests, by edge effects due to accidental
immigration of species with a high dispersal power.
Index terms: woodland, beetle diversity, forest management.
[1980] LEPIDOPTEROUS ASSOCIATED TO TWO FOREST COMMUNITIES
IN ITAÁRA, RS - BRAZIL
T.M.B. Viana1; E.C.Costa2, 1 Depto. de Biologia. Ciências Naturais e Exatas.
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.– Santa Maria, RS – Brasil - e-mail:
[email protected]. br. 2 Depto. de Defesa Fitossanitária, Centro de Ciências
Rurais – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, prédio 42, 1º
andar, 3225 – CEP 97105-900 – Santa Maria – RS – Brasil – e-mail:
[email protected].
[1982] EVALUATION OF TWO TRAP CARDS TO MONITORING OF
SCYTHROPOCHROA SP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN EUCALYPTUS
SEEDLINGS NURSERY
C. F. Wilcken1, C. Orlato1, C. C. Ortiz2 & J. C. Augusti2, 1Dept. of Crop
Production, FCA / UNESP – Campus of Botucatu, P. O. Box 237, Botucatu, SP,
18603-970, BR, E-mail [email protected]; 2Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., Rod. BR
101, Km 880, Teixeira de Freitas, BA, 45995-000, BR.
Aiming at analyzing the behavior of lepdopterous population in two communities, are
constituited of planting field of Eucalyptus spp. with small plants in formation and
another of a fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest, weekly collections were made by
using light trap. This work was develop in Itaára, RS – Brazil, from May 1997 to May
1998. In order to study the populations, lepidopterous fluctuations were analyzed,
according, to the meteorological elements (temperature, air relative humidity,
pluviometric precipitation) and faunal rates represented by frequency, constancy,
abundance, dominance and diversity. In the communities delimitations were apply the
quotient and similarity rate. Were collected 73 species of the large planting field of
Eucalyptus spp., being 63,01% species of identified as infrequent and, in the fragment
of Decidual Seasonal Forest 77 specieswere collected being 57,14% of them
infrequent. The constant species, dominance and very abundance were: Sarcina
violascens (Lymantriidae) found in the planting field of Eucalyptus spp. and
Bronchelia puellaria (Geometridae) and Iscadia aperta (Noctuidae) in the fragment of
Decidual Seasonal Forest. With relation of diversity rate to lepdopterous family, this
higher in the fragment of Decidual Seasonal Forest, than in a large planting field of
Eucalyptus spp. The quotient and percent of similarity changing with the studied
ecossistem and with the species. In both forest communities the fluctuation of
lepdopterous species influenced of the meteorological elements.
Key words: light trap; forest; insect; faunal rates
The nursery flies of the family Sciaridae (genera Bradysia, Sciara and
Scythropochroa) have been causing damages in nurseries and greenhouses where is
carrying out the vegetative multiplication of eucalyptus seedlings. The monitoring of
flies infestations at greenhouses had origin in Europe and North America, where these
insects are important pests in cultivation of ornamental plants. The monitoring was
installed in 10 greenhouses at the eucalyptus nursery of Bahia Sul Celulose S.A., in
Mucuri – BA – Brazil. Were tested two types of trap cards with useful area of 100
cm2: 1) acetate plates, recovering both sides with a mixture of engine oil + grease, on
[1981] EVALUATION OF THIAMETHOXAM ON
FERRUGINEA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS
COSTALIMAITA
CONTROL IN
[1983]
PRELIMINAR
OBSERVATIONS
OF
CULICIDS
(DIPTERA:CULICIDAE) ASSOCIATED TO PHYTOTELMATA IN A VERY
HYMUD TROPICAL FOREST IN CHOCO-COLOMBIA
C.F. Wilcken1 , N.S. Bezerra Jr.1, E.B. Couto1 & C. Orlato1, Dept. Plant Production
- FCA / UNESP - Campus of Botucatu – P.O. box 237 - 18603-970, Botucatu – SP. Email: [email protected]
M. Wolff1, S. Perez1, J. Betancur2, P. Duque1, & C. Porter3, 1 Dept. Biology, Univ.
Of
Antioquia,
AA
1226.
Medellín-Colombia,
E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 Ins. Ciencias Naturales, Univ. Nacional of
3
Colombia, AA 7495 Santafe de Bogotá Colombia; Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) 4770 Buford Highway Atlanta, Ga 30341-3724 USA.
The eucalyptus yellow beetle Costalimaita ferruginea is one of the eucalyptus main
pests in Brazil, occurring at October - December and limiting the plants growth up to 1
year old. Nowadays, there is a total absence of insecticides for forest use to control of
this pest and the need to new products is pressing. This work was carried out to verify
the insecticide thiamethoxam efficiency on C. ferruginea control in eucalyptus
plantings. The experiment was installed in planting area of Eucalyptus hybrid, in
Itapeva - SP – Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 5
treatments and 4 blocks, with 50 plants per plot. The treatments were: thiamethoxam
(Actara) in dosages of 12.5; 25 and 50 g a.i./ha, deltamethrin (Decis 25 CE) in dosage
of 5 ml of a.i. /ha and check. The number of insects / plant was evaluated at 1, 3 and 6
days after application, and the plant height at 10 and 55 days. The results indicated that
thiamethoxam was efficient in C. ferruginea control in all tested dosages, being
comparable to the control provided by deltamethrin. However, thiamethoxam control
residual period was superior compared with deltamethrin, could imply in reduction in
spraying quantity in eucalyptus plantings attacked by eucalyptus yellow beetle. It was
not observed phytotoxicity symptom in treated plants.
Index terms: Forest pest, chemical control, insecticide, eucalyptus yellow beetle
proportion of 50% each, 2) yellow stick cards (AgriSense? ) especially developed to
capture small insects. Were shared 6 cards for each greenhouse, been installed 5 cm
high above stalks and 8.90 m distant among the cards. Evaluations were made in 7th,
14th, 21th and 28th days in the rooting period, counting the fly number per card and
calculating the average for each greenhouse. Different dates concerning the 2 rooting
cycles for each of 10 greenhouses were evaluated. The results showed that the best
option to monitoring the Scythropochroa sp. population was the use of yellow stick
cards. The high advantage of these traps, beyond the capture efficiency, was the
durability of your glue, what allowed the fulfillment of 4 evaluations in the same card.
The limit (accumulated) of good visualization to the counting of fly numbers was 200
adults per card. When this number was exceeded, the card was changed. The
monitoring must be done during the whole year, suspending the activity only when
were observed constant low infestations in every greenhouses, showing number below
10 flies per greenhouse in each weekly evaluation. The operational cost of both trap
cards was also evaluated, been observed that the yellow stick card cost was much
lower than acetate card, turning its utilization economically viable.
Index terms: Forest pest, nursery fly, greenhouse, rooting period, operational cost.
The association between Diptera of the Culicidae family and phytotelmata in the
department of Chocó (Colombia) was studied in the Ensenada de Utría National Park
(bmh-T) in the understorey of mangrove swamps and heterogeneous forest. 18 species
of phytotelmata were collected in seven families; Bromeliaceae, Maranthaceae,
Heliconiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae-Arecaceae and Caesalpinaceae.
1661 culicids were found in the above plants and were classified in the following
genera: Wyeomyia,
Culex,
Anopheles, Trichoprosopon, Orthopodomyia,
Toxorhynchites and Haemagogus. 10 new morphospecies belonging to the genus
Wyeomyia and the subgenera Hystatomyia and Microculex were found as well as a
new species report for Colombia, Anoedioporpa corrigani. The Principal Component
Analysis (PCA) based on a presence - absence matrix showed two groups of plants
that gather the hosts according to the species sheltered by them, and two groups of
insects: the first one more generalist and the second a more selective group.
43
[1984] SPECIES MIXTURE OF BIRCH AND CONIFERS DECREASES
DAMAGE BY A DIPTERAN MINER OF BIRCH STEMS
T. Ylioja1 & T. Lapveteläinen2, 1Punkaharju Research Station, Finnish Forest
Research Institute, Finlandiantie 18, FIN-58450 Punkaharju, Finland, E-mail
[email protected]; 2European Forest Institute, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 Joensuu,
Finland.
Females of Phytobia betulae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) lay eggs within the soft tissue of
young shoots in the crowns of birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens). The
larvae mine downward for several meters through the zone of differentiating xylem in
the birch stems. The resulting tunnels become filled with brown parenchyma tissue,
which reduces the aesthetic value of the light coloured birch wood and causes
considerable expense to the forest products industry. There are presently no known
ways to control Phytobia. We hypothesized that growing birch mixed with conifers
would decrease Phytobia infestations by interfering with their ability to locate hosts.
This hypothesis was tested by comparing infestation levels in stands of pure birch and
stands that were a mix of birch and conifers (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris). We
sampled four birch stands (15 - 25 years of age) within each of six municipalities in
southeastern Finland: one pure birch stand and three stands with about 20%, 60% and
80% of coniferous trees (altogether 24 stands). We established eight circular sample
plots along systematic survey lines in each stand and counted the percentage of
coniferous and birch trees. For one focal tree within each sample plot, we measured
tree height, diameter, the number and length of branches, and canopy crown class
(dominant, co-dominant, or intermediate). We also measured distances to the five
nearest coniferous and birch trees (or ten birch trees in pure birch stands) and the
canopy crown class and diameters of these neighboring trees. We collected two stem
disks per sample tree. A disk from ground level was used to measure the age of the
tree and a disk from 1.3 m height was used to count larval tunnels in five latest annual
rings and measure the corresponding radial growth. There were fewer larval tunnels in
birch trees in stands that included only about 20% of birch. The number of larval
tunnels was almost the same in stands that included 60% of birch as the number of
larval tunnels in pure birch stands. Fast growing trees in dominant canopy classes had
the greatest number of larval tunnels. The stands with only 20% of birch trees
contained more co-dominant and intermediate birch trees than the other stands.
Silvicultural practices that favor mixed stands might limit birch infestations by
Phytobia, but the proportion of coniferous trees must be high (at least 70%), which
limits the total volume of birch that can be harvested.
Index terms: Phytobia betulae, Diptera, Agromyzidae, Betula, species composition.
[1985] STEM BORING AND PUPATION OF A DIPTERAN MINER OF BIRCH
STEMS
T. Ylioja, Punkaharju Research Station, Finnish Forest Research Institute,
Finlandiantie 18, FIN-58450 Punkaharju, Finland, E-mail: [email protected].
Larvae of Phytobia betulae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) bore within the differentiating
xylem tissue of birch trees (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens). Larvae (three
instars) mine several meters within the stem, from the crown to the base of the tree.
Larval tunnels are filled with brown parenchyma tissue that causes pronounced
degradation of the birch wood used for furnishing. However, the biology of Phytobia
is not well known and there are no known methods for control. In late summer, larvae
exit the tree (through the bark at the base or in the roots) and pupate in the soil. In this
study, we aimed to determine how fast larvae of Phytobia move through the
differentiating xylem during the growing season and how much time the pupation
takes. Every other day beginning on 10 June 1997, we examined randomly selected
branches and small trees (up to 3 m high) from an open sunny birch stand to determine
when the first eggs were laid. The first egg was found on 23 June 23. On 3 - 7 July, the
first larval tunnels were 3 - 17 cm long. Beginning at this time, we conducted repeated
sampling of 12 taller trees (11 - 16 m ). On 9 July, tunnel lengths varied from 0.01 2.5 m. By 14 July, second instars had created tunnels that were 8 - 10 meters in length.
The mining speed of Phytobia seems to be tremendous. Tunnels of the largest diameter
(presumably created by the largest larvae) usually continued to the roots. In August,
we carefully removed the outer bark from the base and the roots of young birch trees
(158 trees) and collected the larvae found under the bark (22 larvae on 13 August from
Betula pendula, and 34 larvae on August 15 from Betula pubescens and B. pendula).
Each larva was placed within an individual vial containing a mixture of sand and peat.
Nearly half (46%) burrowed into the soil within 10 hours (at room temperature) and
began to pupate. Altogether 59% of the larvae pupated. Our study revealed no times
during the life history when insecticide application is likely to be effective. Larvae are
protected within their host trees while feeding and are only exposed for a few hours
prior to burrowing into the soil for pupation. Potential control measures are further
complicated by asynchrony in the timing of larval development and pupation.
Index terms: Phytobia betulae, Diptera, Agromyzidae, Betula, larval tunnel.
44
[1986] LEPIDOPTERAN COLLECTED IN AN Eucalyptus PLANTATION IN
GOIÁS, BRAZIL, FROM MAY 1995 TO APRIL 1996 - EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL ON POPULATION DYNAMICS
J. C. Zanuncio1, E. T. Lopes2, T. V. Zanuncio1 & J. F. Gonçalves1, 1 Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL. E-mail:
[email protected]; 2 Dep. de Engenharia Florestal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa,
36.571-000, Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL.
Lepidopterans are considered in Brazil as an important group of Eucalyptus pests due
to severe losses in wood production. Biweekly collections were made in the State of
Goiás, Brazil aiming to study population dynamics and the effect of temperature and
rainfall on Lepidoptera pests of Eucalyptus. Lepidopteran were collected with five
light traps installed at two meters high with black light and powered by 12 volt
batteries. These insects were divided in groups according to their importance as pests
to Eucalyptus: group 1: 11 primary pests; group 2: 10 secondary pests; group 3: 64
species without defined importance to Eucalyptus; and group 4: non-identified species.
Among the primary pests, Thyrinteina arnobia (Geometridae), Eupseudosoma
aberrans (Arctiidae) and Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae) were the most frequent
ones, the last two being constant and the first one accessory. Idalus admirabilis
(Arctiidae) and Eacles imperialis magnifica (Saturniidae) were the most frequent
secondary pests, the first being constant and the second accessory. Most of the
Lepidoptera species were collected during the coldest and driest months, which shows
that these conditions could favour the occurrence of Lepidoptera outbreaks. For this
reason, population monitoring of these species should be intensified during these
periods.
Index terms: Lepidopteran defoliators, Eucalyptus, insect monitoring
[1987] EFFECT OF FEEDING ON THREE Eucalyptus SPECIES ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF Brontocoris tabidus (HET.: PENTATOMIDAE) FED
WITH Tenebrio molitor (COL.: TENEBRIONIDAE)
J. C. Zanuncio1, T. V. Zanuncio1, R. N. C. Guedes1 & F. S. Ramalho2, 1Dep. de
Biologia Animal, Univ. Federal de Viçosa, 36.571-000 Viçosa, MG, BRAZIL, E-mail:
[email protected]; 2Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu·ria – EMBRAPA,
Caixa Postal 174. 58.107-720 – Campina Grande, PB, BRAZIL.
Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an important predator of
defoliating Lepidoptera in Brazil, which has been mass produced and released against
defoliating caterpillars in Eucalyptus plantations. We aimed to improve the mass
production of this predator by providing eucalypt seedlings, besides an alternative
prey, for its development. The effect of three Eucalyptus species on the development
of B. tabidus fed with Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae was
studied at a temperature of 25.0 ? 2.5 ?C; a relative humidity of 70.0 ? 10.0% and a
photophase of 12:12 hours (light: dark). Pupae of T. molitor was provided in each of
the following feeding treatments: treatment 1- Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings;
treatment 2 - Eucalyptus camaldulensis seedlings; treatment 3 - Eucalyptus grandis
seedlings; and treatment 4 - no seedling (only pupae of T. molitor). Duration of the
nymphal phase of the predator was similar in all treatments with plant and prey. It was
observed that adults developed from nymphs fed on T. molitor only had deformed
wings and a small abdomen. B. tabidus fed during their nymphal and adult stages with
prey together with Eucalyptus seedlings, had improved longevity, higher egg viability
and a larger number of eggs and nymphs, than those insects fed only with prey.
Therefore, it seems advisable to rear B. tabidus with prey and seedlings of one of the
Eucalyptus species studied to improve the mass production of this predator for
biological control of defoliating caterpillars of eucalypt plantations.
Index terms: Plant feeding, predatory bug, alternative prey
[1988]
KEY
FACTORS
AFFECTING
POPULATIONS
OF
SCHIZOTETRANYCHUS NANJINGENSIS, APONYCHUS CORPUZAE AND
ACULUS BAMBUSAE IN FUJIAN BAMBOO FORESTS DURING DIFFERENT
SEASONS: AN ANALYSIS USING METHODS OF GREY SEQUENCE
Y. X. Zhang1, J. Z. Lin1, Z. Q. Zhang2, M. G. Song3, J. Ji1 & Q. Y. Liu4, 1Institute
of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013 China,
E-mail [email protected]; 2Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New
Zealand; 3Nanping City Forest Protection Office, Nanping, Fujian, China; 4Laboratory
of Forest Protection, Fujian Forestry Bureau, Fuzhou 350002, China.
The key factors affecting the population dynamics of mite pests on the moso bambooin
Fujian, China. Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma & Yuan. In spring, temperature was
an important factor influencing mite population growth in a big harvest year, but in a
small harvest year predation was the key factor. In Summer, Relative humidity was
most important to the population development of this species in a big harvest year, but
in a small harvest year, predation was the key factor (except in 1996 when rainfall was
the key factor). In Autumn, temperature was the key factor for mite population
development in a big harvest year, but in a small harvest key factor was either rainfall
or relative humidity. In Winter, temperature and predation were more important than
other factors in a big harvest year, but relative humidity was the key factor in a small
harvest year. Aponychus corpuzae Rimando. In Spring, The relative humidity was an
important factor in a big harvest year, but in a small harvest year, predation was the
key factor. In Summer, predation was the key factor in a big harvest year, but in a
small harvest year, temperature was the most important factor. In Autumn, relative
humidity was the key factor influencing its population in a big harvest year, but in
small harvest year, rainfall was the most important factor. In Winter predation was the
key factor in a big harvest year, but rainfall was the most important factor in a small
harvest year. Aculus bambusae Kuang. In Spring, relative humidity was the key factor
influencing its population in a big harvest year, but in a small harvest year, predation
was the key factor. In Summer, predation was the key factor influencing its population
in both big and small harvest years. In Autumn, relative humidity was the key factor in
a small harvest year of 1996 and big harvest year of 1997, but predation was the key
factor in the small harvest year of 1998. In Winter, rainfall was the key factor in a
small harvest year, but predation was the key factor in a big harvest year.
Index terms: Pest mites, climatic factors, Typhlodromus bambusae, Grey Sequence.
[1989] OPHIOSTOMATOID FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH THREE BARK
BEETLES IN SOUTH AFRICA
X. D. Zhou1, Z. W. de Beer2, M. J. Wingfield1& B. D. Wingfield1, Dept. of
Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Inst. (FABI), Univ. of Pretoria,
Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa; Dept. of Microbiology & Plant Pathology. Univ.
of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Republic of S. Africa
Ophiostomatoid fungi, for example, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis and Ceratocystiopsis, are
economically important because they cause blue stain in lumber and logs, thus reducing
the value of export wood. These fungi are often associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera:
Scolytidae). Three species of exotic bark beetles, Hylastes angustatus, Hylurgus
ligniperda and Orthotomicus erosus occur on mature Pinus spp. in South Africa. Hylastes
angustatus also damages pine seedlings during its maturation feeding stage. Despite
extensive research on these three bark beetle species in South Africa, little is known about
the fungi associated with them. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to
which these three bark beetles contribute to the blue stain problem, and to identify their
fungal associates. During the past year, fungal isolations were made from about 2000
beetles and 1000 beetle galleries from trapping logs, infested stumps and root collars of
Pinus patula and P. elliottii trees in the eastern parts of South Africa, and about 600
fungal isolates were collected. Forty additional isolates were collected in the Western
Cape Province of South Africa. All these isolates were identified based on morphology,
rDNA sequencing and mating studies. At least 12 different ophiostomatoid species have
been found to be associated with these three bark beetles. The dominant fungal associates
were Leptographium serpens, L. lundbergii, Ophiostoma ips, and Graphium sp.
Ophiostoma galeiformis and L. procerum are reported here for the first time from South
Africa.
Keywords: Bark beetles, Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Pinus spp.
45

Session 10 – FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Symposium and Poster

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