genderi – socialuri da politikuri swavlebani

genderi – socialuri da politikuri swavlebani

Tamar kiknaZe
naTela donaZe
genderi – socialuri da
politikuri swavlebani
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa mxardaWeris programis
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
Tbilisi
2006
enobrivi redaqtori : lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini : giorgi bagrationi
wigni momzadebulia fondi “Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelos” socialur
mecnierebaTa mxardaWeris programis mier da gamocemulia “socialur
mecnierebaTa centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, ×ÏÍÃÉÓ OSI – Zug,
ÁÖÃÀÐÄÛÔÉÓ ÙÉÀ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉÓ umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxardaWeris
programis (HESP) ×ÉÍÀÍÓÖÒÉ áÄËÛÄßÚÏÁÉÈ.
The book has been developed by support of Social Sciences Support Program
of Open Society Georgia Foundation and published by the Center for Social
Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
ISBN: 99940-873-3-9
sakiTxebi diskusiisa da weriTi davalebebisaTvis
1. gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc biosocialuri fenomeni.
2. rogoria mamakacisa da qalis socialuri da biologiuri gansxvaveba?
3. genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
4. ra aris seqsizmi?
5. ra aris feminizmi?
6. feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.
7. feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.
8. ra gansxvavebaa gendersa da feminizms Soris?
9. feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT
10. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?
11. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.
12. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias dasaqmebis saferoSi?
13. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?
14. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur
procesebSi CarTvaze.
15. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?
16. egalitarizmis elementebi iudaizmSi.
17. ras iTvaliswinebda induizmis reforma qalTa sakiTxSi?
18. ra aris sati?
19. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?
20. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?
21. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?
22. qalis roli budizmSi.
23. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa da qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?
24. ra aris budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe?
25. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis
rolsa da statusze.
26. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?
27. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani
28. ra zomebi aris miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?
29. qalTa moZraobebis ZiriTadi etapebi
30. qalTa msoflio konferenciebi da maTi mniSvneloba
31. qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba Zvel saqarTveloSi.
32. qalis soialur-politikuri aqtivoba me-19 saukuneSi
33. ilia rogorc feministuri moZraobis momxre
34. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
35. qarTveli qali gardamaval periodSi
36. adamianis uflebebis arsi da miznebi
37. adamianis uflebebis “mesame Taoba" da qalebi.
134
Sesavali
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi termini `genderi~ (gender), sqesis (sex) biologiuri
gagebisagan gansxvavebiT, sqesis socialuri fenomenisa da sociologiuri diskursis
aRsaniSnavad ixmareba. igi sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis erT-erTi sabaziso
ganzomilebaa, romelic sxva kulturul da socialur-demografiul monacemebTan
erTad (rasa, asaki, eTnosi, strata) ayalibebs socialur sistemas. es aris garkveul
kulturaze dafuZnebuli mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris sazogadoebis ZiriTad socialur
institutebSi konstruirebuli socialuri urTierTobebis fundamenturi maCvenebeli.
Ggenderuli rolebis (mamakacebisa da qalebis) gansazRvra subieqturia da
konkretul-istoriul xasiaTs atarebs. TiToeul sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi Cveulebebi,
tradiciebi da normebi, romlebic socialur-sqesobriv rolebs gansazRvravs.
GdRes genderuli urTierTobebi ganixileba rogorc mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi (marTvis, politikur, ojaxis da sxv.)
arsebuli urTierTobebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
GaRniSnuli problematika saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da analizis
sagani gaxda gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. es periodi ki dakavSirebulia
mniSvnelovan politikur da socialur gardaqmnebTan. am procesebis genderul
meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT Sewavla da ganzogadeba saSualebas iZleva, SemuSavebuli
iqnes iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs qalis resocializacias,
sazogadoebaSi misi rolisa da statusis amaRlebas da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
strategiebis Camoyalibebas.
Cven SevecadeT Segvejerebina am sakiTxze arsebuli samecniero literatura da
Segveqmna saleqcio kursi, romelic studentebs daexmareba genderis politikuri da
socialuri aspeqtebis SeswavlaSi.
saleqcio kursi Seicavs agreTve specialur terminebs. maTi codna xels Seuwyobs
mkiTxvelebs aRniSnuli problematikis aTvisebaSi.
3
Sinaarsi
Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 3
Tavi I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
genderi da misi arsi ........................................................................................
genderis cneba ................................................................................................
sqesis dialeqtika ..........................................................................................
qalisa da mamakacis, rogorc biosocialuri fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi .....
seqsizmi da misi arsi ......................................................................................
5
5
7
8
9
Tavi II. feminizmis nairsaxeobebi da maTi roli genderuli
Tanasworobis damkvidrebaSi ..........................................................................12
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi ............................................................12
2. feministuri Teoriebi ..................................................................................13
3. genderi da feminizmi ....................................................................................15
4. genderi da Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia ..........................................17
Tavi III. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria ................................................................20
Tavi IV. qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ......................................................... 27
1. qalis rolis da statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ................ 27
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi ............................................................. 30
3. qali da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi .................................................. 32
4. qalis socialuri statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli ..................... 34
5. qalisa da kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ........ 35
Tavi V. religia da patriarqati ................................................................................... 39
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze ........................................... 39
2. qali da iudaizmi ............................................................................................... 40
3. qali da qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-politikuri
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia .............................................................. 44
4. qalis statusi induizmSi ................................................................................. 48
5. qalis socialur-politikuri roli islamSi .................................................. 53
6. budizmi – socialuri da sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba .................... 60
Tavi VI. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema ................................... 65
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi ............. 65
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb .................. 67
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani ................................ 70
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi ....................... 72
VII. qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi ........................................................... 77
1. istoriuli eqskursi ......................................................................................... 77
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis gadaWris mniSvnelovani faqtori ..... 79
3. saerTaSoriso forumebi - qalTa moZraobis erToblivi
programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori ........................................... 80
Tavi VII. genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi .........................................82
I. saqarTvelo da qarTveli qali .................................................................................82
2. saqarTvelos qalebis socialuri ganwyoba ............................................................84
3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi ..........................87
4.saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi ....................................90
danarTi 1 ...............................................................................................................................93
danarTi 2 .............................................................................................................................106
danarTi 3 .............................................................................................................................110
danarTi 4 .............................................................................................................................111
danarTi 5 .............................................................................................................................113
danarTi 6 .............................................................................................................................119
4
133
Tavi I
genderi da misi arsi
1. genderis cneba
kacobrioba qalebisa da kacebisagan Sedgeba. sazogadoebaSi maT sxvadasxva adgili
ukaviaT da gansxvavebul funqciebs asruleben, rac ama Tu im sa
zogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT aris ganpirobebuli. sqesTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia adamianisa da sazogadoebis kompleqsuri
Seswavla, amitom dRes es sakiTxi sxvadasxva mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqts warmoadgens,
socialur mecnierebebSi ki mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili uWiravs.
sqesis socialuri Teoria sqesTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli patriarqaluri
urTierTobebis egalitaruli urTierTobebiT Secvlas iTvaliswinebs da umTavresi
principis – sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis realizacias gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebam moiTxova arsebuli maskulinuri sazogadoebrivi mowyobis struqturis, saxelisuflo institutebisa da kulturuli normebis
Secvla, agreTve qaluri sawyisis, rogorc inertulisa da daqvemdebarebulis, filosofiurad dasabuTebuli stereotipis axleburad gaazreba.
am procesis dinamikis analizis, misi Sedegis gansazRvrisa da masze zemoqmedebis
zomebis SemuSavebis dros sociologebi waawydnen sqesis kategoriebis konceptualuri
dasabuTebis aucileblobas.
dReisaTvis miCneulia, rom sqess aqvs biologiuri (sex) da socialuri (gender)
kategoriebi. biologiuri kategoria adamianis biologiur da anatomiur Taviseburebebs
iTvaliswinebs, xolo socialuri anu genderul-sociokulturul aspeqtebs moicavs.
mTlianobaSi sqesi biologiurisa da socialuris erTobliobaa. adamianuri individis
sqesobrivi identifikacia misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze yalibdeba. mecnierulad
dasabuTebulia, rom am evoluciuri procesis pirveli rgoli – qromosomuli (genetikuri) nakrebi - ganayofierebisas iqmneba da organizmis momaval genetikur programas
gansazRvravs. bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg sqesobrivi identifikaciis biologiuri faqtorebi socialuriT ivseba. arsebuli garemocvis zegavleniT xdeba sruli TviTaRqma da
masTan dakavSirebul interesTa, moTxovnilebaTa, RirebulebaTa sistemis Camoyalibeba.
( Lorber., 1982).
termini "genderi" momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan "genos" – dabadeba, warmoSoba,
jiSi, gvari, STamomavali, sqesi (forma Gender mimReobis formaa). genderi gulisxmobs,
rom mamakacebis, qalebis da garemos urTierTkavSiris analizs, upirveles yovlisa,
safuZvlad unda daedos ara sqesis, aramed gvaris gamocdileba, sadac qalis sociumi
mTliani sazogadoebrivi sistemis integralur nawilad ganixileba. amasTan, socialuri
gamokvlevebis meTodologiis poziciidan, cnebas "genderuli urTierToba" erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba ara aqvs.
dasavleTis qveynebSi "genderul kvlevebs" xSirad aigiveben cnebasTan "qalTa
problemebis kvlevebi". farTo mniSvnelobiT cneba "genderuli urTierToba" sqesTa
socialurad organizebul urTierTobas niSnavs. genderi, rogorc procesi da movlena,
gulisxmobs sqesobrivi gansxvavebis niadagze mamakacis mxridan qalis yovelgvari Cagvris likvidacias. faqtobrivad, es termini asaxavs socialur-ekonomikur fonze qalTa
da mamakacTa urTierTobis fenomens da, Sesabamisad, damkvidrda, rogorc garkveuli
direqtiuli mimarTuleba qalTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. genderis mizania qalis
dacva seqsizmisagan, rac sqesobriv diskriminacias, anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas
niSnavs.
genderuli kvlevebi sul ufro did adgils ikavebs sazogadoebriv-politikur
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5
TeoriebSi. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ukve Camoyalibda qalTa moqalaqeobrivi da
politikuri monawileobisadmi iseTi mecnieruli da politikuri midgomebi, romlebic
genderuli gamokvlevebis da genderuli politikis saxeliT aris cnobili. genderuli
gamokvlevebi da teqnologiebi ara mxolod qalTa forumebis, aramed gaeros komisiisa
da generaluri asambleis gadawyvetilebaTa doneze ganixileba, xdeba maTi institucionalizacia da saerTaSoriso aqtebiT gamyareba.
bolo 20 wlis manZilze SeiZleba genderuli kvlevis sami ZiriTadi faza gamovyoT.
pirveli faza – es aris feministurad ganwyobili mecnierebis mier humanitarul
mecnierebebSi sindrocentrizmis kritika da genderuli kvlevebis, rogorc Teoriuli
codnis sferos dafuZnebis mcdeloba. am stadiaze mecnierTa Zalisxmeva koncentrirebuli iyo “genderuli sibrmavisa” da sindrocentrizmis axsnaze tradiciul, specialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi.
XX s. 70-ian wlebSi Zalian bevri feministuri naSromi daibeWda. zogierTi maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo garkveuli radikalizmi. feministuri literaturis momZlavrebas arc mecnierebi Sexvdnen gulgrilad. Tumca es ideebi yvelaze metad Seexo
maT, vinc ojaxis sociologiis problemebs ikvlevda. amave periodSi gamovida sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri da anTropologiuri Sromebi, romlebSic gaanalizebuli iyo
sqesobrivi rolebis diferenciaciis procesi. kvlevebi sqesis sociologiisa da
fsiqologiis sferoSi popularuli gaxda. es iyo siaxle, romelic noyier niadags qmnida
sqesis problemebis gasaazreblad. sociologiaSi ganviTarda socialuri diferenciaciis dasavluri tradiciuli Teoriebis kritika. profesorma jesi beriordma am
periods uwoda “revolucia sociologiaSi”.
erT-erTi pirveli Sroma, romelSic warmoCnda genderis sistemis cneba da naTlad
iqna mocemuli gansxvaveba biologiur sqessa (sex) da socialur sqess (gender) Soris iyo
heil rabiis statia “qalebiT vaWroba” (1974 w.). am statiaSi igi sqess (sex) ganmartavda
rogorc biologiur reproduqciul gansxvavebas. xolo sqesi (gender), misi azriT, warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac biologiuri sqesi ganicdis transformacias maskulinuri
kulturis zemoqmedebiT da feminuri konstruqciiT.
Semdegi Sroma, romelSic gamoCnda termini "genderi" (gender), iyo fsiqolog roda
uigeris statia “sqesisa da genderis axali gansazRvra”. igi 1979 wels gamovida. avtori
masSi sityva sex-s xmarobda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac specialur biologiur meqanizmebs
mimarTavda, xolo sityva gender-s mxolod maSin, roca specialur kulturul da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs ganixilavda. es aspeqtebi tipuri da misaRebia maTTvis, vinc
sazogadoebas garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis, normebis, stereotipebis saSualebiT ganmartavs.
meore fazas warmoadgenda saswavlo kursebis farTo integracia e.w. “qalis kvlevebis” (women’s studies) dargSi, universitetebis saswavlo programebSi, da maT safuZvelze qalTa mdgomareobis gamokvleva, qalTa damorCilebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
Teoriebis ganviTareba. am periodis sociologiuri da kulturologiuri kvlevebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia “qalis faqtoris” damateba da masze aqcentis gakeTeba, simona
de bovuaris Sromebis, rasizmis, fsiqoanalizisa da poststruqturalizmis gavlena.
mesame fazam moqmedebis sfero qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevebidan genderamde gaafarTova; pirvel adgilze daayena midgomebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, adamianTa sazogadoebis
yvela aspeqti kulturisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT genderulia. am
periodSi aqcentis gadatana “qalis faqtoridan” xdeba imaze, Tu rogor arsebobs da
konstruirdeba genderi yvela socialur procesSi.
imis gamo, rom bolo wlebSi ganmtkicda axali damokidebuleba sqesisa da
genderisadmi, maskulinurisa da feminurisadmi, es cnebebi ukve aRar miiCneva, rogorc
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raRac cxadi, bunebrivi movlena, romelic axsnas ar saWiroebs. dRes aRiarebulia, rom
genderuli diferenciacia da asimetria arsebobs yvela sazogadoebaSi da kulturaSi,
Tumca konkretuli warmodgena maskulinursa da feminurze sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gansxvavebulia. amitom “genderuli urTierToba ganixileba, - wers gizela boki –
rogorc socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli sidide, romelic arc araistoriul
fenomenze daiyvaneba da arc erTaderT “sawyis” an “imamentur” mizezamde.
2. sqesis dialeqtika
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, adamianis bunebrivi monacemebi aRzrdisa da
sazogadoebis zegavleniT socialurad realizdeba.
sqess ayalibebs aRzrdis sistema: (ojaxi), ganaTleba, kultura, religia, masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi, saxelmwifo politika da sxv.
Tanamedrove mecniereba sqesis problemebis Seswavlas sami mimarTulebiT
axorcielebs:
1. sqesobrivi gansxvavebis fsiqometruli Seswavla da inteleqtis kvleva.
magaliTad, inteleqtis kvlevisas amerikeli mecnierebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom
gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildovebulTa Soris ufro meti mamakacia, vidre qali,
magram, amasTan, ufro meti gonebaCamorCenilic.
amerikeli anTropologi u. montegiu Tavis wignSi “qalis bunebrivi upiratesoba”
werda, rom inteleqtualobis saSualo koeficienti qalebs ufro maRali aqvT, vidre
mamakacebs. isini TavianT inteleqts ukeT inarCuneben, ufro emociurebi arian da
didxansac cxovroben.
2. mamakacebisa da qalebis biologiuri gansxvaveba. kognitur (SemecnebiT) sferoSi
genetikuri, hormonaluri da neirofiziologiuri determinantebis Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba.
3. sqesobriv rolebTan dakavSirebuli im socialur-fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis
analizi, romlebic gavlenas axdens SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebsa da saqmianobis sferos
arCevanze.
aRniSnuli kvlevebi kidev erTxel adastureben, rom sqesis analizs dialeqtikurad
unda mivudgeT. rogorc o. veiningeri aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi “sqesi da xasiaTi”, yvela
adamianSi ori sawyisia, rom embrionSi sqesis garCeva SeuZlebelia. mxolod misi
arsebobidan xuTi kviris Semdeg Cndeba mamakacisa Tu qalis sqesobrivi Taviseburebebi.
Tumca arsebobs biseqsualuri midrekilebebic, romelTa drosac mudmivi orsqesianoba
adamianis agebulebaSi an mis gonebriv moRvaweobaSi vlindeba. orsqesianobis gamovlinebaa, agreTve, homoseqsualoba da lesboseloba. normalur adamianSi ki (qalsa Tu
mamakacSi) yovelTvis arsebobs sapirispiro sqesisadmi ltolva.
ori sawyisis arsebobas berZeni filosofosi platonic usvams xazs. Tavis naSromSi
“nadimi” igi aRniSnavs, rom adamianSi ori - mamakacuri da qaluri - sawyisia Serwymuli,
romlebic sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba.
frangi socialist-utopisti sen-simon klod anri de ruvrua Tavis naSromSi “axali
qristianoba” (1825 w.) mogviTxrobda mamakacisa da qalis idealuri wyvilisa da maTi
erToblivi politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mas aucileblad miaCnda, rom sensimonistebis sxdomebze sen-simonis mowafe anafantenis savarZlis gverdiT, daedgaT
savarZeli, romelic “umaRles qurum qals”, mis Tanamoazres eloda. wyvils SeeZlo
mieRo umaRlesi gadawyvetilebebi da sazogadoebaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.
sqesis nebismier kvlevaSi aucileblad unda ganvsazRvroT, mis romel komponents
130
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vikvlevT. erTganzomilebiani komponentebis Seswavla gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda
xdebodes. Tu kvlevis mizani qalis da mamakacis statusis kvlevaa, Sedarebis safuZveli
ar unda iyos sqesis biologiuri kategoria, radgan, magaliTad, transseqsualebs qalis
genderuli statusi aqvT, magram isini dabadebidan ar miekuTvnebian mdedrobiT sqess.
ase rom, mizani da mizezi am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iqnes gaigivebuli.
Tu kvlevis centrSi sqesia, rogorc procesi, marTebulia SevadaroT maTi
socializacia, vinc dabadebidanve mdedrobiT sqess miekuTvneba, izrdeboda rogorc
qaliSvili da mowifulobaSi qalis statusi aqvs, imaT, vinc mowiful asakSi kacis
statusi miiRo, (magaliTad, imitom, rom mamakacis samuSao mieRo, an sqesis Secvlis
mizniT operacia gaikeTa). zustad aseve unda SevadaroT individebi, romlebic dabadebidan mamrobiTi sqesis arian, izrdebodnen rogorc biWebi, xolo mowifulobaSi mamakacis statusi miiRes maT, vinc mowiful asakSi qalis statusi miiRes (mudmivi transvestitebi da transseqsualebi). amis Semdeg yvela aRniSnuli jgufi SeiZleba erTmaneTs
SevadaroT. aseTi midgomisas aRmoCndeba ara ori, aramed oTxi an eqvsi saxis sqesi.
genderuli statusis gadajaWvis da im socialuri institutebis kvleva, romlebisTvisac sqesobriv gansxvavebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Seicavs im mamakacebisa
da qalebis karieris SedarebiT analizs, romlebic ar Seesatyvisebian TavianT genderul
statuss. aRniSnuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT erTi da igive an gansxvavebuli procesebi, romlebmac ganapirobes maT mier profesiis arCeva da, Sesabamisad, profesiuli warmatebebi. (Epstein, 1988, Kanter, 1977, Lorber, 1984).
3. qalisa da mamakacis, rogorc biosocialuri fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikeTe, xasiaTis
sirbile, humanuroba, demokratizmi. isini bunebasTan ufro axlos arian, uaryofiTi
ganwyoba aqvT Zaladobis mimarT, ver eguebian uxeSobas, sxvaTa gaWirveba gulTan axlos
miaqvT, advilad eqvemdebarebian aRzrdas, adaptacias, mkveTrad sazRvraven Tavis
funqcias ojaxSi, bavSvebis mimarT. qalebSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro Zlierad
vlindeba gonieri, uxeSi Zaladobis, rogorc cxoveluri instinqtis gamovlinebis (maT
Soris seqsualuri) sawinaaRmdego grZnoba. qali gacilebiT ufro mijaWvulia kacze da
mudmivad Txoulobs misgan siyvarulis dadasturebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sulier
wonasworobas kargavs. qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gonivruli zomiereba, aqtiuri
urTierTobebisaken swrafva. mokled rom vTqvaT, qali civilizaciis stabilurobis
garantia.. magram igi moklebuli ar aris negatiur Tvisebebsac, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia: gulmaviwyoba, TavSeukavebloba, isteriuloba, nervozuloba, depresiuli
mdgomareobis mkveTri gamovlineba, Surianoba, bevri laparaki.
kacobriobis naxevars, mamakacebsac, axasiaTebs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi. es Tvisebebia: sazrianoba, moxerxebuloba, gamomgonebloba, axal garemosTan
adaptirebis unari, fsiqikuri saqmianobis aqtiuroba, romelic mis TviTdamkvirebasa da
TviTrealizaciaSi vlindeba. yvela es Tviseba dadebiT kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT. mamakacebis azrovneba qalebisagan meti abstraqtulobiT gansxvavdeba. mamakacebi
ZiriTadad samsaxurze arian koncentrirebulni da ara ojaxze. xSirad simamace maTTvis
SiSis daZlevas ukavSirdeba, xolo aqtiuroba saSualebas aZlevs maT Tavi ufro
mamakacebad SeigrZnon. negatiur Tvisebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: agresiuloba, Zalauflebisaken swrafva, avantiurizmi, simkacre, sarkazmi, Tavis Tavze didi warmodgena,
emociebis gamovlenisagan, rogorc sisustisagan Tavis Sekaveba. qalebis mxridan
siyvarulis dasadastureblad isini fizikur siaxloves iTxoven. maT uyvarT komforti,
erTmaneTTan saubrisas xSirad laparakoben samsaxurebriv saqmianobaze, sportze da ara
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saxlze, ojaxze, xelovnebaze. ganawyenebisas xSirad icvlian TavianTi gatacebis obieqts.
biologiurad gansxvavdeba agreTve mamakacisa da qalis kunTovani sistema. qalTa
kunTovani sistema axalgazrda asakSi mamakacTa kunTovani sistemis 65%-s utoldeba,
xolo xanSiSesulobaSi kidev ufro naklebia. qalebis guli ufro pataraa da sisxlis
raodenobac naklebia, sasunTqi organoebic ufro sustia, gansxvavebulia kunTebis
bioqimiuri Sedgeniloba. maT ConCxs specifikuri konstruqcia aqvs.
qalebi mamakacebs uswreben moZraobis tempiT, magram ufro male iRlebian. isini
ufro reagireben garemos gamRizianeblebze, naklebad mdgradi nervuli sistema aqvT da
fsiqologiurad momentalurad gardaiqmnebian. saSualod, qalebisa da mamakacebis
gonebrivi monacemebi erTnairia. ingliseli mecnieri entoni barneti werda. rom
gacilebiT ufro metia saSualo ganviTarebis qalebi, vidre mamakacebi. mamakacebSi
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT ukidures gamovlinebebs – an Zalian maRal an dabal inteleqts.
(Барнетт, 1968)
mecnieris mtkicebiT, 40 wlis Semdeg qalebi TavianT inteleqts ukeTesad
inarCuneben. e. montegiu aRniSnavs, rom kacebi ufro xSirad avadmyofoben. maT ufro
susti fsiqika aqvT da ufro xSirad xvdebian fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. isini
qalebze ufro xSirad asruleben sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT.
Tumca sruliad marTebulia SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom gonma, rogorc universumma,
ar icis sqesobrivi gansxvaveba. yvelaferi imis gakeTeba, rac SeuZlia mamakacs, SeuZlia
qalsac.
4.seqsizmi da misi arsi
cneba seqsizmi iuneskos mier iqna SemoRebuli 1981 wels. igi sqesobriv diskriminacias, anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas niSnavs. iuneskos mierve axsnilia misi
reaqciuli arsi, rac zRudavs qalis pirovnebas, akninebs mis rols sazogadoebaSi, qmnis
qalis negatiur saxes. es ki TavisTavad, arRvevs Tanasworuflebianobis princips da
adamianuri Rirsebis daqveiTebas iwvevs.
seqsizmis Sedegad saTanadod ar xdeba qalis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gaTvaliswineba da misi Sefaseba mxolod biologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
seqsizmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi SenarCunebuli unda iyos bunebrivi wesrigi,
romlis mixedviTac qalebsa da mamakacebs sxvadasxva funqcia da roli aqvT. sociolog
andre miSels, romelic parizis erovnuli kvlevebis centris samecniero xelmZRvanelia,
miaCnia, rom “seqsizmi – es aris pozicia an moqmedeba, romelic adamianebs sqesis
mixedviT amcirebs, uaryofs, saTanadod ar afasebs, maT stereotipebad dayofas axdens".
seqsisturi modeli qals, mamakacTan SedarebiT, iseTi uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebiT
axasiaTebs, romlebic kacs TiTqos ar gaaCnia. am modelis Tanaxmad, mamakacs gacilebiT
ufro meti dadebiTi Tvisebebi (vaJkacoba, Wkua, TviTdamkvidrebis unari, profesiuli
kompetenturoba, riskisa da Tavgadasavlebisadmi midrekileba, iniciativianoba da efeqtianoba) aqvT. andre miSelis azriT, seqsisturi Sexedulebebi yalibdeba ojaxSi, skolaSi, mozardTa urTierTobebSi, Sromis bazarze, politikaSi, masobrivi informaciebis
saSualebebiT. stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad qalebs uCndebaT eWvi sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis, damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, rac, TavisTavad, gavlenas axdens sqesTa
Tanasworobaze, romelic deklarirebulia saerTaSoriso, regionuli da erovnuli
dekretebiT, konvenciiT qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.
seqsizmis Teoria sazogadoebaSi arsebuli bevri problemis gadaWraSi qalebis monawileobis SezRudvis safeZvels qmnis. amiT sazogadoeba mniSvnelovan adamianur resurss
kargavs.
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9
biologiuri da socialuri gansxvavebis garda, seqsizmi sqess kulturul donezec
ganixilavs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamakacuri sawyisi racionaluri, sulieri, RvTaebrivi
da kulturulia, xolo qaluri – grZnobaze agebuli, xorcieli, miwieri da bunebrivi.
yvelaferi isic ki, rac sqesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli (buneba da kultura, grZnoba da
racionalizmi, RvTiuri da miwieri) mamakacur sawyisTan aris gaigivebuli. (Феминизм:
перспективы социального знания, 1992) feminizmi seqsizmis mwvave kritikiT gamodis,
gansakuTrebiT kulturis sferoSi da sruliad samarTlianad aviTarebs im azrs, rom
maskulinuri kultura ara marto qalebis, aramed mamakacebis degradaciasa da
aqtiurobis CaxSobas uwyobs xels.
seqsizmis Zirebi sqesobrivi gansxvavebis absolutizaciasa da biologizaciaSi unda
veZeboT, romelTagan bevri maTgani sinamdvileSi konkretuli socialuri pirobebidan
da kulturuli normidan momdinareobs, mravalwaxnagovani da mravalfenovania,
zogierTi ki, saerTod, iluzorulia da mxolod warmosaxvis produqtia.
ukanasknel periodSi civilizebul samyaroSi gaZlierda brZola seqsizmis
winaaRmdeg, amasTan, wina planze wamovida bevri feministuri idea. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, mimdinareobs mTeli rigi Sexedulebebis, Teoriebis revizia da axali,
seqsizmisagan Tavisufali normebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZola.
amerikel mecniers i. hofmans miaCnia, rom religia ki ara, swored sqesia xalxis
opiumi, xolo kaliforniis universitetis profesori, fsiqologi e. goldbergi Tavis
trilogiaSi “riskia iyo mamakaci”, “axali mamakaci”, “mamakacisa da qalis axali
damokidebulebebi” (1965 w.) aRniSnavs: “komfortuloba sqesTa Soris TviTgamoxatvis
saSualebas iZleva. male sqesTa antagonizmi, rogorc warsulis gadmonaSTi, ise
aRiqmeba”.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc biosocialuri fenomeni.
rogoria mamakacisa da qalis socialuri da biologiuri gansxvaveba?
genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
ra aris seqsizmi?
literatura:
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002
2. "genderis aqtualuri sakiTxebi". gaeros ganviTarebis programa. Tbilisi. 1998
3. T. kiknaZe qali da politika. politologia (leqciebis kursi) Tbilisi. Tsu 2001
4. Силласте Г.Г. Гендерная социология как чстная социологическая теория // Социс. № 11, 2000 г.
5. Элиас Н. Отношения между мужчиной и женщиной: изменение установки. THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 г.
6. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М., 1994
7. Здравомыслова Е.А., Темкина А.А., Социология гендерных отношений и гендерный подход в
социологии // Социс. № 11, 2000
8. Биологическое и социальное в развитии человека. М., 1977
9. Заводская Л..О равенстве прав и обязанностей мужчин и женщин //Человек и труд. 1995. № 8
10
127
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р. Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М. 2002
11. Феминизм: перспективы социального знания, М. 1992
12. Lorber J. Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing Company. Los
Angeles, California.
13. Lorber J., Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power., New York and London: Tavistook, 1984.
14. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective.Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458.
15. Women, Culture and Society. A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. for The Women’s Studies
Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.
16. Epstein E.F. Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender and the Social Order. New Haven (CT): Yale
University Press, 1988.,
17. Kanter R.M., Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, Basic Books, 1977.
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11
Tavi II
feminizmis nairsaxeobebi da maTi roli genderuli
Tanasworobis damkvidrebaSi
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi
sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi qalebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva miTi arsebobda. Sua
saukuneebis inkviziciis dros gavrcelebuli iyo miTi kudiani qalebis Sesaxeb, rasac
mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira. XIX saukunis bolos bevri mwerles SemoqmedebaSi
aisaxa miTi sabediswero, Seubralebeli, macduri qalis Sesaxeb. XIX saukuneSi yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi batonobda miTi superqalis Sesaxeb, romelic erTdroulad iyo qali deda, qali – mosamsaxure da qali - sazogado moRvawe.
saWiroa movixsenioT erTi paradoqsic: rac ufro aRmerTebdnen qals da Tayvans
scemdnen mas istoriis ama Tu im monakveTSi, miT ufro damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi
iyo igi sinamdvileSi. amerikeli mkvlevari beti fridani am paradoqss ase xsnis: “rac
ufro naklebia realuri funqciebi qalis rolisaTvis, miT ufro rTaven da alamazeben
mas uazro detalebiT, raTa sicariele Seavson.”
Tu istorias mivmarTavT, am azris dadasturebas namdvilad movnaxavT. Zveli
berZnebi aRmerTebdnen qalis silamazes, qmnidnen mis skulpturul portretebs,
romlebiTac TavianT taZrebs amSvenebdnen, magram realur cxovrebaSi “zedmet”
gogonebs yridnen an msxverplad swiravdnen, qaliSvilebs yiddnen, qalebs ki, rogorc
usityvo da morCil diasaxlisebs, ise uyurebdnen. qalebi saxls iyvnen mijaWvulni, ar
SeeZloT sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi Careva, qalaqis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba,
qonebis gankargva an floba. maT raimes yidvac ki ar SeeZloT, Tu misi Rirebuleba
gansazRvrul Tanxas aRemateboda. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze isini ojaxis wevr
mamakacebs, jer mamas, mere qmars, Zmas Tu Svils emorCilebodnen.
saxelganTqmuli berZeni filosofosi sokrate ambobda: “sami ram SeiZleba
CavTvaloT bednierebad: is, rom Sen veluri cxoveli ara xar, rom Sen barbarosi ara xar
da rom Sen kaci xar da ara qali”. aristoteles miaCnda, rom “qali imitom aris qali,
rom mas ara aqvs kacuri Tvisebebi, amitom masSi iseT arsebas unda vxedavdeT, romelic
bunebriv arasrulyofilebas ganicdis.” hipokrate ki ambobda, rom "coli kacs mxolod
orjer axarebs: qorwinebis dRes da dakrZalvis dRes". ebraelebi, iseve rogorc
berZnebi, Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlidnen. ebraeli mamakacebi ki yovelTvis Semdeg locvas
imeorebdnen: “madlobeli var, RmerTo, rom ar Semqmeni me warmarTad, gaunaTleblad da
qalad.”
“neknidan Seqmna” qalze seriozul Tavdasxmisa safuZveli gaxda. bibliaSi naTqvamia,
rom mas Semdeg rac RmerTma Seqmna adami, mas ukvdavi suli STabera, evas Sesaxeb ki
bibliaSi raime cnoba ar aris.
sakiTxma, aqvs Tu ara qals suli, samRvdeloebaSi didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. bevri
kidevac eWvsac ki gamoTqvamda, aris Tu ara qali adamiani.
585 wels msoflio saeklesio krebaze specialurad ganixiles es sakiTxi da didi
diskusiebis Semdeg, mxolod erTi xmis upiratesobiT, formalurad scnes, rom qals aqvs
suli. aseTi marTlac “gmiruli” aRiareba SesaZlebeli gaxda saRmrTo werilis
wyalobiT, sadac miTiTebulia, rom Ze RvTisa, ieso qriste, imavdroulad iyo adamianis
Svili, vinaidan misi deda adamiani iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, zemoT aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas SemdgomSic eWvqveS ayenebdnen da
saukuneTa Semdeg am sakiTxis ganxilvas isev da isev ubrundebodnen. 1690 wels
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125
frankfurtSi gamovida wigni “qali adamiani ar aris”, 1750 wels ki laifcigSi gamoCnda
wigni “sayuradRebo sabuTi imisa, rom qali adamianTa modgmas ar miekuTvneba”. Sua
saukuneebSi SeiniSneboda e.w. “kudianebze nadiroba”. inkviziciis mier dasjil mamakacTa
da qalTa raodenobas mkvlevarebi 1:20, zogi 1:100, da 1:1000 SefardebiTac ki
ganixilavda.
ai, rogor ganisazRvreboda qalis roli wignSi “col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic evropaSi gamovida 1943 wels: “qalis movaleoba misi qmris mimarT mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom emsaxuros mas morCilad, iyos mokrZalebuli saubarSi da Cacma-daxurvaSi.
yuradReba miaqcios wesrigs saxlSi da awarmoos saojaxo saqmeebi.”
ukve XIX saukneSi ogiust konti, romelic sociologiis mamamTavrad iTvleba,
aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba
“qalis organizmis bunebrivi sisustiT. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes kacisa da qalis
socialuri Tanasworoba. qalis gansakuTrebuli mowodeba ojaxuri movaleobebia.”
egreT wodebuli “qalTa sakiTxi” axal xanaSi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli
revoluciis
epoqaSi
warmoiSva.
qalebma
moiTxoves
mamakacebTan
uflebebis
gaTanasworeba sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebaSi. “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis “gamoqveynebis Semdeg gamoqveynda "qalisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaracia", romelic olimpia de guJma dawera. qalebma daaarses TavianTi klubi,
Jurnalebi, daiwyes debatebSi monawileobis miReba. sqesTa Soris garegani gansxvaveba
rom moespoT, mamakacis tansacmeli Caicves. magram konventma qalebs CamoarTva Sekrebis
ufleba da daxura maTi klubebi. Tavad olimpia de guJi sikvdiliT dasajes. amiT
damTavrda es moZraoba, romelic ivlisis revoluciis dros aRmocenda. am droidan
ixmareba gamoTqma “qalTa emansipacia”. 1948 wels Tebervlis revoluciis droidan qalTa
moZraoba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda.
2. feministuri Teoriebi
feminizmi (fr. feminisme, laTinuri femina-dan - qali) aris qalebisa da mamakacebis
uflebebis gaTanabrebisaTvis warmoebuli farTo moZraobisa da socialur-politikuri
Teoriis saerTo saxelwodeba. feministuri moZraobis pirvel etapebze miznad iqna
dasaxuli qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis mopoveba, amitom moZraobis monawileebs
sufraJistebs (inglisuri sityvidan sufrage – xmis ufleba) uwodebdnen. sufraJizmi
aRmocenda inglisSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, mogvianebiT ki gavrcelda aSS-Si,
germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi. saarCevno uflebebisaTvis
brZolaSi pirvelad finelma qalebma moipoves warmateba (1905 w.), Semdeg norvegielebma
da danielebma. seriozuli nabiji gadaidga win 1918-1920 wlebSi, roca qalebs saarCevno
ufleba misces belgiaSi, germaniaSi, poloneTSi, kanadaSi, aSS-Si da zogierT sxva
qveyanaSi. sufraJizmis warmatebebma droebiT SeaCera qalTa politikuri moZraobis
saerTo ganviTareba da momdevno TiTqmis ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ZilquSis
mdgomareobaSi iyo. gamoRviZeba anu "qalTa aRorZineba" XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
daiwyo. misi epicentri gaxda aSS, sadac swored am wlebSi SeiniSneboda diskriminaciis
sxvadasxva formis, pirvel rigSi ki rasizmis likvidaciisaken mimarTuli demokratiuli
procesebis gaaqtiureba. qalTa moZraobam axali, xSirad radikaluri formebi SeiZina,
rac mis saxelwodebaSic - "qalTa ganmaTavisuflebeli" moZraoba ("Women's Liberation")
aisaxa. emansipaciisaTvis brZolis axali talRa ganpirobebuli iyo Rrma struqturuli
cvlilebebiT sociumSi, upirveles yovlisa ki, sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalTa Sromis
wilis zrdiT.
60-ian da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi feministurma moZraobam ramdenadme eqstra124
13
vaganturi xasiaTi miiRo, rac gamovlinda gamomwvev, tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis
uCveulo lozungebSi, protestis gamoxatvis formebSi. feministebi miiswrafodnen ra
gamoeRviZebinaT qalTa Segneba, gaeTavisuflebinaT sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba patriarqalurad orientirebuli mizandasaxulebaTa imperiisagan. am mizniT isini iyenebdnen,
magaliTad, “moednis Teatris” meTodebs. 1968 wels Seqmnili im amerikuli organizaciis
furclebSi, romelsac skandaluri saxelwodeba “kudiani” erqva, naTqvamia: “yvelafers,
rac represiulia, aqvs martooden mamakacuri orientacia, Suriania, aRiniSneba
puritanulobiT da avtoritarulobiT da igi Tqveni kritikis samizned unda iqces.
Tqveni iaraRia Teatri, satira, ,,feierverki, magia, sawamlavi, musika, kostumi, niRabi,
simRera, plakatebi, naxatebi, trafaretebi, filmebi, JRarunebi, agurebi, cocxebi, Tofebi, mojadovebuli Tojinebi, katebi, sanTlebi, zarebi, abreSumi, gazeTis amonaWrebi,
xelyumbarebi, mowamluli beWdebi, sapirwamleebi, audioCanawerebi, Tqveni mSvenieri
moCvenebiTi warmosaxva. Tqveni Zala Tqvenganve momdinareobs iseve, rogorc qalebisa –
qalebisganve da igi mravalgzis Zlierdeba Tqvens debTan erToblivi muSaobiT... Tqveni
movaleobaa gaaTavisufloT Tqveni Zmebi (undaT maT Tu ara) da Tqveni Tavi sqesobrivi
rolebis stereotipebisagan.”
gamaognebel xasiaTs atarebda ara marto feministuri protestis formebi, aramed
misi Sinaarsic. kritika Tavs esxmoda Tanacxovrebis im safuZvlebs, romlebic,
feministebis azriT, xels uwyobda qalebis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas:
gaTxovebas, dedobas, da sxv. gansjaTa logika ki daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: “qorwinebaSi,
kanonis mixedviT, mamakaci da qali erTi pirovnebaa, e.i. TviT yofna, anu samarTlebrivi
arseboba qalisa gaTxovebisTanave wydeba, radgan igi yovelTvis mamakacis batonobas
gulisxmobs.”
bevri fiqrobs, rom feministuri ideebi jer kidev aRorZinebis epoqaSi Caisaxa.
zogierT mkvlevars pirvel feministad Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni⊗ miaCnia.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi Seiqmna qristina de lizanis da kornelius agripas pirveli traqtatebi, romlebSic saubari iyo qalis pirovnebis daTrgunvasa da misdami sazogadoebis
usamarTlo damokidebulebaze.
dRes aSkaraa, rom feministuri Teoriebis Casaxva da Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovan
wilad momzadebuli iqna socialur-filosofiuri da politikuri koncefciebiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia jon lokis, Jan-Jak rusosa da jon
stiuart milis liberaluri filosofia, romlis farglebSi viTardeboda adamianis
uflebaTa ZiriTadi Teoriebi. calke unda gamovyoT Sarl furies, anri sen-simonisa da
robert ouenis utopiuri socializmis Teoriis gavlena.
da bolos, aRsaniSnavia me-20 saukunis Sua xanebisa da miwurulis Teoriebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gavaerTianoT socialur da politikur konteqstSi maTSi seqsualurobisa da adamianis seqsualuri qcevis problemebis ganxilvis safuZvelze.⊗
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, feminizmis ganviTarebis axali etapi me-20 saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi daiwyo. am periodSi feminizmis SigniT Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:
liberalur-reformatoruli, socialisturi da radikaluri.
liberalur-reformatoruli mimarTuleba⊗ ZiriTadad ganagrZobda ideebs, romlebic ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, mogvianebiT ki m. uolsTonkraftis da j. sT. milis mier
viTardeboda. qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis mizezs feministebi garkveuli
⊗
dasavluri diskusiebis mimoxilvebi platonis warmodgenebis Sesaxeb qalis socialuri rolis Taobaze. ix.
Феминизм: перспективы социального знания. М. 1992. с. 56-76.
⊗
elis haverloqi, zigmund froidi, vilhelm raixi, margaret midi, herbert markuze, frankfurtis skola,
fukos, deridas da liotaris zogierTi naSromi.
⊗
beti fridani da misi momxreebi qalTa erovnuli moZraobidan.
14
123
samoqalaqo da iuridiuli uflebebis uqonlobaSi xedavdnen. Sesabamisad, am problemis
gadaWris
saSualebad
isini
socialur-ekonomikur
da
iuridiul
reformebs
miiCnevdnen.
socialisturma mimdinareobam⊗ marqsistuli da feministuri Sexedulebebis sinTezi
moaxdina. qalTa diskriminaciis ZiriTad mizezebad aq kerZo sakuTreba da sazogadoebis
klasobrivi struqtura iqna miCneuli. amgvar ideebs jer kidev XIX saukuneSi
gamoTqvamda f.engelsi naSromSi "ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSoba".
Tumca f.engelsisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic dauSveblad miiCnevda proletarulisagan
gancalkevebuli, gansakuTrebuli qalTa moZraobis arsebobas, socialisturi feministebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen qalTa problemebis klasobrivi da zogadi socialuri
problemebidan calke gamoyofas.
ideebis mixedviT yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli da gavleniani gaxda radikaluri
mimarTuleba⊗, romelic ikvlevda qalTa Cagvris zogad, siRrmiseul safuZvlebs. am
mimarTulebis mimdevarTa azriT, amgvari sistemaa patriarqati – qalebze mamakacebis
dominirebis sistema.
am periodis feministurma moZraobam bevr warmatebas miaRwia. moZraobis efeqtianobaze metyvelebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gasaocari cvlilebebi da dasavleTis
qveynebis politikur struqturebSi momxdari realuri Zvrebi: xelisuflebis umaRles
eSelonebsa (parlamentebis, mTavrobebisa da xelmZRvaneli partiuli organoebis
CaTvliT) da warmoebis marTvis sferoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrda.
dReisaTvis zemoT aRniSnuli sami mimdinareoba iseTi gamokveTili saxiT ar
arsebobs, rogorc 60-ian wlebSi. garda amisa, gaCnda axali mimarTulebebi: “kulturuli
feminizmi”, romlis Teoretikosebic separatistuli (mamakacebisa da maskulinurobisagan
Tavisufali) qaluri kulturis ganviTarebis ideiT gamodian; “humanuri feminizmi”- misi
momxreebi kulturaSi qaluri aqcentebis ganviTarebas da rogorc “qaluri”, ise
“mamakacuri” interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, “feminuri” da “maskulinuri” Tvisebebis Tanabrad aRiarebas moiTxoven; “Savi feminizmi”, anu Savkaniani amerikuli feminizmi; aseve
mravali sxvadasxva erovnuli Seferilobis feminizmi, mag., laTinur-amrikuli,
afrikuli, musulmanuri da sxv., sadac qalebis mdgomareoba ara mxolod sqesis, aramed
rasobrivi da erovnuli niSnebis mixedviTac aris gaanalizebuli.
3. genderi da feminizmi
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi warmoiSva sazogadoebaSi qalTa Cagvrisa da
diskriminaciis mizezebisadmi socialur kulturuli anu e.w. genderuli midgomis
tradicia. am Teoriul muSaobas, rogorc dasavleTSi miaCniaT, safuZveli Cauyara
frangma filosofosma-egzistencialistma simona de bovuarma Tavis naSromSi "meore
sqesi". swored aq daisva pirvelad sakiTxi kulturaSi feminuris –qaluris daTrgunvis
Sesaxeb. masSi naCvenebia, rom sazogadoeba akanonebs mamakacurs (maskulinurs), rogorc
pozitiur kulturul normas, xolo qalurs (feminurs), rogorc normidan gadaxras.
qeiT mileTi Tavis naSromSi "seqsualuri politika" aviTarebda s. bovuaris
naazrevs da werda kulturaSi feminuris daTrgunvaze, rogorc patriarqatis socialur
politikaze. termini "patriarqati" qeiT mileTis naSromze bevrad ufro adre
moixsenieba, magram swored man mianiWa kulturis analizSi am termins ZiriTadi cnebis
⊗
⊗
122
zila aizensTaini, linda gordoni, meri o''braieni da sxv.
qeiT mileTi, sulamif faiersTouni, andrea dvorniki, qrisTina delfi, meri doili da sxv.
15
datvirTva. qeiT mileTis gagebiT, patriarqati mamaTa Zalaufleba gaxlavT. es aris
ojaxuri, ideologiuri, politikuri sistema, romelSic qaluri yovelTvis mamakacurs
aris damorCilebuli. qalebis daTrgunva momdinareobs ara biologiuri gansxvavebidan,
aramed feminuris, rogorc meoradis socialurad dakanonebidan, politika socialuri
Zalauflebis paradigmaa, romelic mowodebulia patriarqatis wesebis Sesabamisad
gaakontrolos qaluri subieqturoba.
sociologiaSi, politologiasa da istoriaSi cneba "genderi" muSavdeba rogorc
klasis analogiuri, fundamenturi mastabilizebeli principi. genderuli poziciidan
socialur-politikuri procesebis interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sociologiuri
modelebi, romlebiTac aixsneba socialuri identurobis Camoyalibebis procesi da misi
droiTi cvlilebebi, socialuri jgufebis warmoSoba da daSla uTanasworobis
pirobebSi, gabatonebuli jgufebis kulturuli hegemoniis damyareba da Seryeva.
genderis problemebis Sesaxeb ufro zusti warmodgena Segveqmneba, Tu gavecnobiT
fransez vulis, judiT lorberis, gizela bokisa da sxvaTa publikaciebs.
norbert eliasis da natali zemon devisis naSromebi sakmaod mravalmxriv
warmodgenas qmnis axal droSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis
modelis Sesaxeb. amave problemas eZRvneba cnobili ingliseli istorikosis jon
hajnalis statiebi. metad mniSvnelovania agreTve sxvadasxva religiaSi qalis rolisa da
statusis gamokvlevebi, romlebic Caatares nensi Susterma, semuel heilmanma, jina da
jon bouqrebma, ivlin qeim, blu grinbergma, siuzan seredma, ediT dinma, ruf reqha
verbam da sxv.
genderis koncefciaSi, rogorc socialurad konstruirebul, simbolurad interpretirebul, istoriulad cvalebad modelSi, aSkarad Cans frangi filosofosipostmodernistis Jak deridas dekonstruqciis Teoriis gavlenis kvali. termini
"dekonstruqcia" niSnavs metaforebis amocnobis process, maTi im faruli logikis
gamomzeurebas, romelic, Cveulebriv, arsebobs, rogorc cnebaTa binaruli opozicia
(mamakaci-qali, subieqti-obieqti, kultura-buneba da a.S.). J. derida gviCvenebs, rom ar
arsebobs wminda gansxvavebebi dominaciis gareSe, vinaidan amgvar opoziciaSi erTi mxare
yovelTvis meores aris daqvemdebarebuli. termini "dekonstruqcia" aRniSnavs zogadad,
nebismieri cnebisaTvis, rogorc ideologiurad an kulturulad konstruirebulisaTvis
fardis axdas da ara ubralod bunebrivi realobis asaxvas. (Derrida, 1976).
deridas Teoriam didi gavlena moaxdina franguli postmodernistuli feminizmis
warmomadgenlebis – holen sisus, lusi irigareis, iulia qrisTevois Sexedulebebze.
frangul feminizmSi genderis kategoriis analizi dekonstruqciis saSualebiT ufro
egzistenciuri da metaforuli xasiaTisaa, xolo amerikul feminizmSi genderis kategoria socialur da meTodologiur funqcias asrulebs. genderis konstruqciul
kategoriaSi sqesi kulturuli metafora xdeba da, rogorc e. efi aRniSnavs, sulisa da
bunebis urTierTobas gadmoscems.. suli mamakacia, buneba – qali, xolo Secnoba
aRmocendeba rogorc flobis garkveuli agresiuli aqti: pasiuri buneba ganicdis
gansxeulebas, gaxsnas, adamiani mis siRrmeebSi SeaRwevs da daimorCilebs. adamianis
gaigiveba mamakacuri saxis mqone Semcnob sulTan, bunebisa ki daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi myof qalTan yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris dasavleTis kulturis mTavari
Tema (Fee, 1980)
16
121
4. genderi da Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri judiT lorberi, romelic feministuri moZraobis
erT-erT TvalsaCino mkvlevrad iTvleba, Tavis naSromebSi retrospeqtulad ganixilavs
feminizmis ganviTarebas bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. genderTan mimarTebaSi
igi feminizmis sam ZiriTad tips gamoyofs: reformatoruls (gender reform feminisms),
rezistentulsa (gender resistance feminisms) da e.w. buntaruls (gender rebellion feminisms).
TiToeuli es mimarTuleba feminizmis zogad Teoriul safuZvlebs eyrdnoba.
reformatorebi (liberaluri, marqsisnuli da socialisturi, postkoloniuri
feminizmi) TavianTi brZolis arss sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturis farglebSi
qalisa da mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xedaven. XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi
warmoCnda qalisa da mamakacis azrovnebis, fsiqikis, sxeulis, seqsualobisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba, romelTa
Tanaxmadac, mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, ufro Zlierebi, Wkvianebi da niWierebi
arian; ase rom, sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba maTi sferoa. qalebis daniSnuleba ki
dedobrivi siTbo, mzrunveloba da ojaxuri saqmianobaa. samuSaos is nawili, romelsac
qalebi saxlSi asruleben virtualuria, dauTvleli da erovnul ekonomikur statistikaSi ar figurirebs. reformatorebi (liberaluri, marqsistuli da socialisturi,
postkoloniuri feminizmi) yuradRebas amaxvileben ojaxSi qalis Sromasa da ekonomikaze, rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze.
isini brZolis ZiriTad arss arsebuli genderuli socialuri struqturis
farglebSi qalisa da mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xedaven (magaliTad, maT undaT
meti qali ixilon msxvili korporaciebis prezidentebad, xelmZRvanel muSakebad).
reformatorebma naTeli gaxades is diskriminacia, romelsac qalebi ganicdidnen
dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis sferoSi. isini mouwodeben
gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes is potenciali, romelsac qalebi floben, xolo qalebma
TavianTi cxovreba ise warmarTon, rogorc surT. maTi azriT, adamians, miuxedavad
sqesisa, unda hqondes arCevanis Tavisufleba, Tanabari aRiareba, Tanasworuflebiani
monawileobis saSualeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, da Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis
Sesabamisi anazRaureba. adamianebs, ganurCevlad sqesisa, unda SeeZloT airCion TavianTi
moRvaweobis sfero, imuSaon, iyvnen mecnierebi, politikosebi an romelime sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi.
rezistentuli mimarTulebis feministebi (radikalebi, lesboselebi, fsiqoanalitikosebi da sxv. qalis mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciisa da seqsualuri Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg gamodian da akritikeben im faqts, rom qalis gamocdileba ar aris
warmoCenili ganaTlebisa da kulturis warmoebis sferoebSi. isini ibrZvian arsebul
genderul struqturul sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis mier qalebis Seviwroebisa da
eqspluataciis (gansakuTrebiT, seqsualuri Zaladobis da gabatonebuli kulturuli
warmodgenebis) winaaRmdeg.
rezistentuli moZraobis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis mocemuli
genderuli struqturis pirobebSi, sadac ase sagrZnobia kacebis dominireba, qalTaTvis
genderuli Tanasworoba SeuZlebelia. es mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu isini
mamakacebiviT uemocio da karierze orentirebulni gaxdebian. maT metad mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT qalTa gamocdilebis ganzogadebis perspeqtiva. 1970-80-ian wlebSi maT metad
mniSvnelovani Teoria ganaviTares genderuli ideologiis Zalauflebis (the power of
gender ideology) Rirebulebebisa da warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria, maTi azriT,
genderul socialuri samarTlianobis likvidacias Seuwyobs xels. am moZraobis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom genderuli uTanasworoba gamyarebulia umetesi religiebiT,
romlebic imas qadageben, rom mamakacis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba RmerTis survilis
120
17
gamoxatulebaa, mecnierebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom dominireba hormonaluri da
genetikuri sxvaobis Sedegia, sakanonmdeblo sistemiT, masmediiT, sportiT, pornografiiT, romelic mamakacTa Zaladobas, maT mier seqsualur eqspluatacias uwyobs xels.
zogierT feminists miaCnia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqtura
universaluria da saukeTeso gamosavali imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seiqmnas qalebze
orientirebuli sazogadoeba Tavisi kulturiT, eTikiT da religiiTac ki. aseTi
mimarTuleba feminizmSi kulturuli feminizmis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili da igi
raRac Sualeduria radikalebsa da lesboselebs Soris. rezistentuli genderuli
feminizmis zogierT warmomadgenels ki miaCnia, rom imisaTvis, rom aRmoifxvras qalebis
mimarT sistematuri Zaladoba da maTi seqsualuri eqspluatacia, saWiroa xangrZlivi
politikuri muSaobis warmoeba mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan. magram erT sakiTxSi isini
saerTo poziciebze dganan, rom saWiroa Zalisxmeva da brZola imisaTvis, rom qalebma
SeigrZnon TavianTi Zala, irwmunon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi, iswavlon Tu rogor unda
daicvan Tavi seqsualuri Zaladobisagan.
buntaruli feminzmi (multikulturuli, mamakacTa, socialuri konstruqciis,
postmodernistuli, homoseqsualTa da sxv.) im procesebisa da simboloebis dekonstruqcias axdens, romlebic, maTi azriT, genderuli asimetriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
buntaruli feminizmi arsebuli genderuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis kritikiT gamodis
da eWvqveS ayenebs mis safuZvels - kacobriobis or sqesad dayofas.
e.w. `buntaruli feminizmi~ ilaSqrebs uSualod arsebuli genderuli struqturis
winaaRmdeg. maTi azriT saWiroa sqesi warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi mravalferovani
kategoriebiT da im faruli sazRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic arsebobs mamakacebsa da qalebs, mdedrobiTsa da mamrobiTs, heteroseqsualebsa da homoseqsualebs
Soris. ayeneben ra eWvqveS mamakacisa da qalis, heteroseqsualobisa da homoseqsualobis, maskulinurisa da feminuris, mdedrobiTisa da mamrobiTis dualobas isini
marTebulad ar Tvlian romelime jgufisaTvis raime samarTlebrivi upiratesobis
miniWebas sxvasTan SedarebiT. isini genders rasobriv, eTnikur, religiur, socialur
klasTan, seqsualur orentaciasTan konteqstSi ganixilaven. maTi mtkicebiT arsebulma
genderulma socialurma wesrigma iseve SeiZleba daapirispiros mamakaci mamakacTan
rogorc mamakaci qalTan. erTi da imave rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufis, an ekonomikuri
struqturis mamakacebsa da qalebs gacilebiT ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre sxvadasxva
jgufis mamakacebs an qalebs. aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebi da
qalebi, geebi da lesboselebi, romlebsac solidarobis gamZafrebuli grZnoba aqvT,
qmnian koalicias, erTad ibrZvian TavianTi uflebebisaTvis, muSaoben Sidsis Tavidan
asacileblad da a. S.
daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT da
gavaanalizebT feministuri moZraobis sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas, maTi erTi saerTo
tendencia unda gamovyoT – es aris sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis
kritika da mis winaaRmadeg aqtiuri moqmedeba, galaSqreba qalTa diskriminaciisa da
eqsploataciis winaaRmdeg, brZola qalTa uflebebis dasacavad, sqesTa samarTlebrivi
da feqtobrivi Tanasworobis dasamyareblad. saerTo feministuri ideologiis Tanaxmad,
adamianebs, miuxedavad sqesisa, unda hqondeT Tavisufali arCevanis (anu arCevanis
Tavisuflebis) ufleba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanasworuflebiani
monawileobis saSualeba.
niSandoblivia, rom xSirad identuria ara marto am mimarTulebis Sexedulebebi,
aramed maTi brZolis saSualebebi da gzebi, magram aRniSnul feministur moZraobebs ara
marto bevri ram aqvT saerTo, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebac aris. moviyvanT mxo;od
ramdenime ganmasxvavebel niSans.
reformatorebi qalisa da mamakacis ststusis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas Tavad
18
danarTi 6
119
1. saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobisa da
funqcionirebadi
meqanizmebis
TavsebadobaSi moyvana
1. samTavrobo
struqturebisaTvis
swavlebis Catareba
qalTa uflebebis
sakiTxebze;
2. genderuli
diskriminaciis yvela
faqtoris aRmofxvra
2. saerTaSoriso
konvenciebisa da pekinis
moqmedebaTa platformis
Targmna da gamoqveyneba;
7. qalTa uflebani
3. qalTa arasamTavrobo
organozaciebisaTvis
treningis Catareba
qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb;
4. qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb specialuri
saganmanaTleblo
programebis SemuSaveba
saSualo skolebisa da
umaRlesi
saswavleblebisaTvis;
5. kanongamtarebeli
organoebisaTvis qalTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb
treningis Catareba;
6. mas mediis
saSualebebisaTvis
seqsizmis Temaze
specialuri seminaris
mowyoba;
1. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi
1. 19981999
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. 1998
3. komisia, proeqti
3. 19982000
"qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
4. ganaTlebis,
jandacvisa da
4. 19982000
kulturis
saministroebi;
5. iusticiis,
Sinagan saqmeTa
saministroebi,
saxelmwifo
prokuroris ofisi;
5. 19982000
6. komisia, proeqti
6. 19982000
"qalebi
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
ganviTarebis
7.antidiskriminaciul
sakiTxebze treningis
Catareba.
procesSi";
7. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi".
118
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri struqturis farglebSi xedaven, xolo
rezistentebs SeuZleblad miaCniaT yovelgvari genderuli Tanasworoba sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis farglebSi.
arsebuli mdgomareobis kritikis dros reformistebi aqcents akeTeben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ekonomikur mxareze, rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze,
xolo pezistentuli feminizmis mimdevrebi qalebis mimarT seqsualur Zaladobaze
amaxvileben yuradRebas da misi likvidaciis, arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis gzad
masebTan xangrZliv muSaobas miiCneven.
buntaruli feminizmi ki saerTod saeWvod miiCnevs arsebuli genderuli struqturis aRiarebul safuZvels – kacobriobis or sqesad dayofas. isini Tvlian, rom
sqess ara ori, aramed ramdenime kategoria aqvs da nebismieri seqsualuri orientaciis
adamianebis diskriminacia dauSvebelia.
zog sakiTxSi feminizmis aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ideologiiT, midgomebiT, principebiT da brZolis meTodebiT.
Cveni azriT, yvelaze progresulia reformatoruli feminizmi, romlis mizania
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis farglebSi sqesTa Tanasworobisa da
Tanasworuflebianobis damyareba, qalTa potencialis gamoyeneba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikaSi), maTi socialuri statusis
amaRleba. arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad maT saWirod miaCniaT xangrZlivi da
Tanamimdevruli muSaoba. refomatorebis brZolis saSualebebi da meTodebi ar aris
radikaluri, zomierebiT gamoirCeva da sazogadoebis didi nawilis mxardaWerTa da
mowonebiT sargeblobs.
7. 19982000
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra aris feminizmi?
feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.
feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.
ra gansxvavebaa gendersa da feminizms Soris?
feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT
literatura:
1. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da gaeros
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".
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4. Зуикова Е. М., Эволюция феминизма в общественном сознании и научном познании // Ученые
записки МГСУ. 1998
5. Шинелева Л. Т., Диалог о женщине М., 1989
6. Lorber J., Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los
Angeles, California.
7. Bonvillan N., Women and Men Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
8. Fee E., Critiques of Modern Sсience: Tee Relakwns hip of Feminism to Oler Radical Epistemologies //
Feminism Approaches to science.
19
ekonomikur Teoriebs Soris vxvdebiT feministur ekonomikur Teoriasac, sadac
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia qalebTan dakavSirebul problemebze.
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria erTgvarovani ar aris. feministur moZraobaSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva poziciis arseboba feministur ekonomikur TeoriebSic povebs
asaxvas. “feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens Sexeduleba
imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri movaleobebis ganawileba sqesTa Soris arasamarTliania da gamosworebas moiTxovs.” (Bergmann, 1982) feministi ekonomistebi aRiareben,
rom qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad xelsayrel pirobebSi imyofebian da
samarTlianobis mosazrebidan gamomdinare, TavianTi materialuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas moiTxoven.
feministi ekonomisti l. brauni xazs usvams qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis
faqts da aRniSnavs: “feminizmis gansakuTrebul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is azri,
rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mTeli xnis manZilze qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT,
uares socialur, ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen." (Brown,
1989)
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis feministuri kritikiT gamxnevebulma feminist-ekonomistebma ekonomikuri Teoriis obieqturobis sakiTxic daayenes dRis
wesrigSi. p. inglandis azriT, “aucilebelia ekonomikur kvlevebSi uari vTqvaT Seqmnil genderul stereotipebze.” (England, 1990). hardingma es azri ganazogada da
gamoyo ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, sadac feminizms SeuZlia Tavisi mecnieruli
azrovnebis gafarToveba. erTi mxriv, feministuri empirizmi Tavidan aicilebs
seqsizmsa da androcentrizms, radgan mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis qcevis Sesaswavlad. meore
mxriv, feministuri midgomis CarCoebSi qalebis yofiTi gamocdileba, romelic
dakavSirebulia araTanswruflebianobasa da bavSvebis aRzrdis funqciasTan, maT (e.i.
feministebsac) saSualebas aZlevs hqondeT mecnieruli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani sakuTari perspeqtiva. (Harding, 1986)
swored aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi udevs safuZvlad neoklasikur feministur
ekonomikur Teorias, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
1. kacebisa da qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur
mtkicebulebas;
2. sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis aucileblobis
dasabuTebas;
3. androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebis Catarebas.
ekonomikuri kvlevebis pirveli mimarTuleba (kacebisa da qalebis keTildReobas
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumenturi mtkicebuleba) miznad isaxavs kacebisa da
qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur fiqsirebas. keTildReobis done damokidebulia ara marto fulad faqtorebze mag., janmrTeloba,
ojaxuri da megobruli kavSirebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT fulad faqtorebs. amasTan, ra Tqma unda, fulsac aqvs mniSvneloba. qalis
materialuri keTildReobis ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia misi piradi Semosavali da
wili ojaxis mTel SemosavalSi. mesame faqtori dakavSirebulia drois im
raodenobasTan, romelsac igi samuSaos uTmobs.
ganvixiloT qalebis mdgomareoba (rogorc absoluturi, ise kacebTan mimar20
6.qalebi da maTi janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba
Tavi III
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria
1. qalis janmrTelobis yvela
aspeqtisadmi
yuradRebis miqceva;
1. jandacvis sistemis
yvela profesionalisaTvis swavlebis
yuradRebis miqceva;
2. qalTa interesebis
gaTvaliswineba
saqarTveloSi
jandacvis
programebisa da im
strategiebis SemuSavebisas, romlebic
msoflio bankis,
unisebisa da gaeros
jandacvis organizaciis dokumentebSi
umaRlesi prioritetis sakiTxebad
iTvleba;
2. qalTa janmrTelobis
dacvis gaZliereba;
3. umuSevar da
daucvel qalTa
ufaso mkurnalobis
programaTa
SemuSaveba
3. jandacvaSi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi gatarebuli reformebis
qalTa janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaze
zegavlenis Sefaseba;
4. ojaxis dacvis
programebis SemuSaveba
umuSevari da daucveli
qalebisaTvis;
5. mkerdis kibos profilaqtikis Sesaxeb
programebis SemuSaveba;
6. qalTa da bavSvTa
Soris iodis deficitis
profilaqtikis
programaTa mxardaWera
da rekomendireba;
7. qalTa Soris tuberkulozis profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis programebis
SemuSaveba;
8. samuSao adgilze
qalTa janmrTelobis
dacvis regulireba;
9. axalgazrda dedaTa
da fexmZime qalebis
janmrTelobis sruli
dacvis uzrunvelyofa;
10. qalTaTvis
profilaqtikuri,
saganmanaTleblo,
kulturuli
seminarebisa da
swavlebis mowyoba;
117
1. jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis
saministroebi;
1.19981999
2. jandacvis
saministro
2. 19981999
3. jandacvis,
Sromis, soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
3. 19981999
4. jandacvis,
Sromis, soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
4. 19981999
5. jandacvis
saministro;
5. 1998
6. jandacvis
saministro;
6. 1998
7. jandacvis
saministro;
7. 19981999
8. jandacvis
saministro;
jandacvis, Sromis,
soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
9. jandacvis
saministro;
10. jandacvis
saministro; Sromis,
soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
5. qali da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi
1. qalTa CarTva
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis yvelanair
procesSi
2. konfliqtebis
ganmavlobaSi da mis
Semdgom periodSi
qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis
gamomricxavi
meqanizmebisa da
politikis SemuSaveba;
3. konfliqtebis
ganmavlobaSi da mis
Semdgom periodSi
qalTa uflebebis
damcavi meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba;
1. qalTa CarTva
samSvidobo
molaparakebebSi;
1. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
sagareo saqmeTa
saministro;
1. 19981999
2. specialuri iuridiuli meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba da am
procesebSi qalTa
monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa;
2. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
iusticiis
saministro;
2. 19981999
3. ganqorwinebuli
ojaxebis problemaTa
mogvareba;
3. iusticiis
saministro da
saxelmwifo
uSiSroebis
saministro;
3. 19981999
4. iusticiis
saministro
4. 19981999
5. saxelmwifo
uSiSroebis
saministro;
5. 1998
6. arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
ltolvilTa da
mograciis
komiteti;
6. 1998
7. komisia;
7. 19981999
4. SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebis dros
dakarguli piradi
qonebis dabrunebis
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;
5, Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis uflebis
aRdgena;
6. SeiaraRebuli
kinfliqtebis
msxverplTa
reabilitaciis
programebis SemuSaveba;
7. arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis CarTva
konfliqtebis
gadaWris procesSi;
116
TebaSi) da iseTi maCveneblebi rogoricaa: maTi xelfasi, wili Semosavlidan da
samuSaoze daxarjuli dro.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi qalTa umravlesoba muSaobs. Tumca, mTel samuSao dRes
dasaqmebuli qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT, gasamrjelos or mesameds iReben (aSS-s
monacemebi). es sxvaoba struqturuli xasiaTis mizezebiT SeiZleba avxsnaT. bevri
qali dabalanazRaurebadi “qaluri” SromiT aris dakavebuli. maTgan bevrs ufro
dabali xarisxis ganaTleba da kvalifikacia aqvs, vidre kacebs. yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom qalebi, ZiriTadad, bavSvebis aRzrdiT arian dakavebulni. m. gudersoni im daskvnamde midis, rom Sromis bazarze egzogenuri faqtorebi (e.i. sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo funqciebi) anazRaurebaSi gansxvavebis
metad mniSvnelovani wyaroa.” (Guderson, 1987,).
piradi Semosavali qalTa keTildReobis metad mniSvnelovani pirobaa,
gansakuTrebiT gauTxovari, ganqorwinebuli, qvrivi qalebisaTvis da martoxela
dedebisaTvis. gaTxovili qalis keTildReoba qmris Semosavalzec aris damokidebuli. rogor Seicvleba qalis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT
Semosavlebis ganawilebas ojaxis SigniT. a. senas naSromSi laparakia ojaxSi, mis
wevrebs Soris sakvebis araTanaswor ganawilebaze. mag., bangladeSsa da dasavleT
bengaliaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom qalebi, rogorc wesi, kacebze nakleb
kaloriebs iReben da SimSilobis periodSic uWmelobisagan ufro isini zaraldebian.
SemdgomSi Catarebuli kvlevebic a. senas azrs adasturebs. mag., hadadi da kanburi
filipinebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad imave daskvnamde midian. (Sen, 1992).
Cven, ra Tqma unda, meqanikurad ar unda vifiqroT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi
arsebuli tendencia ganviTarebul qveynebzec vrceldeba, magram aRniSnuli imis
safuZvels iZleva, rom gansxvavebaa ara marto anazRaurebaSi, aramed ojaxis
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSic.
iqneb, naklebi anazRaurebis fonze, qalebs ufro meti Tavisufali dro aqvT?
aRniSnuli hipoTeza empiriulad ar aris dadasturebuli. magaliTad, aSS-Si mamakacebi samuSaoze met dros xarjaven (im drois gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac isini
saerTo jamSi xarjaven samsaxursa da saxlSi), magram Tu SevadarebT erTi da imave
samuSaos Sesasruleblad daqiravebuli mamakacebisa da qalebis drois danaxarjs,
aRmoCndeba, rom qalebi gacilebiT met dros uTmoben mas.
ase rom, Tu feministebis ekonomikuri Teoria aRiarebas ver hpovebs, aRniSnuli
faqti pirveli mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvleviTi muSaobis warumateblobiT ar
iqneba gamowveuli.
zomebi, romlebic miiReba Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
rac Seexeba sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis
aucileblobis dasabuTebas, feministi ekonomistebi gamoyofen araTanasworobis sam
sferos: Sromis anazRaurebas, ojaxis Semosavlebis ganawilebas da Tavisufali
drois raodenobas.
bevr qveyanaSi Sromis anazRaurebaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris arsebuli
araTanasworobis daZlevis mizniT saxelmwifos mier regulirebis sxvadasxva zoma
iqna miRebuli, mag., mTel rig qveynebSi miiRes kanonebi qalTa samuSaoze miRebis
stimulirebisa da Tanabari samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb im gaTvliT, rom metma egalitarizmma am sferoSi SeiZleba
Seasustos sxva sferoebSi arsebuli araTanasworobis simZafre (gansakuTrebiT,
ojaxis SigniT Semosavlebis ganawilebis problema).
uTanasworobis daZlevis gzebis arCevani damokidebulia Cvens warmodgenasa da
ganwyobaze am uTanaworobis mizezebis warmoSobis mimarT. fransez vuli gvTavazobs
sam zogad hipoTezas, romlebmac hipoTezis doneze unda axsnas mamakacTa da qalTa
21
SromiTi anazRaurebis sxvaobis, upiratesobis miniWebis doneze arsebuli diskriminaciisa da araswori Sefasebebis statistikasTan dakavSirebuli diskriminaciis
mizezebi. misi azriT, “axsnis yovel tips saxelmwifo politikisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli Sesabamisi praqtikuli daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi aqvs. maT gaaCniaT
agreTve problemebi, romlebsac isini neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe
ayeneben.”... “diskriminaciis modelebi aq warmodgenili formebiT ar mTavrdeba,
magram isini yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba diskriminaciis asaxsnelad da
yvelaze
ufro
kargad
miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
TavisTavad
politikurad
orientirebuli feminizmi sakmarisi ar aris. saWiroa Semdgomi kvlevebi, romlebic
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe axal problemebs daayenebs.” (Wooley,
1993)
1. gardamaval
periodSi qalTa
Soris siRatakis
zrdis SeCereba
2.soflad mcxovrebi
qalebisaTvis siRatakis
aRmofxvris programis
SemuSaveba;
3. makroekonomikuri
kreditebis gamoyenebiT
iseTi specialuri programebis SemuSaveba da
ganxorcieleba, romlebic
xels Seuwyoben qalTa
ojaxebis Semosavlebs;
diskriminacia upiratesobis miniWebis doneze
bazris segregaciis mizezebis asaxsnelad gamoiyenes n. hodorous Teoria.× mamakacebi TavianT identurobas eWvqveS ayeneben, roca qalebi arRveven tradicias da
“mamakacuri” profesiebis aTvisebas iwyeben. n. folberi ixilavs evoluciis process, romelmac SeiZleba sazogadoebas saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmnas, sadac qalebi
mamakacebis dominirebas arCeven. g. bodjsoni aqcents akeTebs institutebis rolze
individis miznebis formirebis procesSi.
×
4. demografiuli
procesebis Seswavla da
saTanado proeqtebis
SemuSaveba;
4.qalebi da siRatake
frensis vuls miaCnia, rom diskriminaciis am saxeobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom mewarmeebs, kolegebs samsaxurSi an momxmareblebs “diskriminaciuli gemovneba
aqvT”, anu isini upiratesobas mamakacebs aniWeben. amis Sedegi ki aris qalebis
dabali anazRaureba da sirTuleebi samsaxuris Sovnisas. magaliTisaTvis, Tu
damqiravebeli upiratesobas mamakacs aniWebs, Sesabamisad mas met anazRaurebas
sTavazobs, xolo qali iZulebulia nakleb xelfass dasjerdes. Tumca, es hipoTeza
pirvelad g. bekeris mier erovnuli niSnis mixedviT arsebuli diskriminaciis
asaxsnelad iqna wamoyenebuli, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria mas qalebis
diskriminaciis asaxsnelad iyenebs.
g. bekeris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis Tanaxmad, mizanmimarTulma saxelmwifo
politikam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos meti Tanasworobis damyarebas, magram ekonomikuri efeqtis Semcirebis xarjze. kanonmdeblobam qalebis samsaxurSi miRebasa da
Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganapirobos meti samarTlianoba, aamaRlos
qalebis anazRaureba da gazardos maT mier samuSaos miRebis Sansi. Tumca, aseTi
politikis ganxorcielebas Tan mosdevs, upirveles yovlisa, damqiraveblis
ekonomikuri interesebis Selaxva da warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcireba. magram g.
bekers miaCnia, rom Sexeduleba efeqtianobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb mTlad marTebuli
ar aris. mewarmes, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, dabalanazRaurebadi qalebis raodenobis
gazrdis xarjze SeuZlia damatebiTi Semosavlebis miReba, rac, TavisTavad, mas
damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas miscems da diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris saSualebas uzrunveleyofs. (Becker, 1985)
diskriminaciuli modelis safuZveli upiratesobis miniWebis doneze mainc mis
gamomwvev mizezebSi unda veZioT. feministi-ekonomistebi (da ara marto isini)
cdiloben am mizezebis garkvevas. magaliTad, p. inglandma da a. braunma Sromis
1. makroekonomikuri investiciebisa da sagadasaxado politikis siRatakis doneze zegavlenis
genderuli TvalsazrisiT
Sefaseba;
5. qalTa migraciisa da
erovnul ekonomikaze misi
zegavlenis Sefaseba;
6. martoxela dedebisaTvis, mravalSviliani
ojaxebisaTvis,
pensionerebisa da
invalidebisaTvis
socialuri daxmarebis
proeqtebis SemuSaveba;
7. xelaxali treningis
axali programebis
SemuSaveba;
8. kanonmdeblobaSi
cvlilebebis Setana
damcveli meqanizmebis
gaZlierebis,
prostituciis, maTxovrobis, SimSilobis
aRmofxvris mizniT,
jandacvis momsaxurebaTa
gawevisa da kulturul
cxovrebaSi monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa, werakiTxvis ucodinarobis
aRmofxvris axali
meTodebis danergva;
9. maRalmTiani regionebis
eqimebisaTvis,
maswavleblebisa da
kulturuli dawesebulebebis muSakTaTvis
SeRavaTebis daweseba;
am Teoriis Tanaxmad biWebs bavSvobisas dedebi zrdian da maT ara aqvT
TavianTi sqesis ufros
warmomadgenlebTan sistematuri urTierTobis SesaZlebloba. amis gamo TavianTi mamakacuri
identurobis gamovlenas isini qalis uaryofaSi hpoveben.
22
115
1. ekonomikis,
finansTa, Sromis,
socuzrunvelyo_fi
sa da dasaqmebis,
saxelmwifo marTvis
qonebis
saministroebi,
proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
1. 19981999
2. soflis
meurneobis da
sursaTis
saministro;
2. 19982000
3. ekonomikis
saministro
3. 19982000
4. Sromis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dasaqmebis saministro,
demografiis
instituti
4. 19981999
5. ltolvilTa da
migraciis
saministro, komisia;
5. 19982000
6. Sromis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dasaqmebis saministro;
6. 19981999
7. Sromis,
socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministro
7. 19982000
8. saqarTvelos
parlamenti, Sromis,
socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis,
ganaTlebis,
jandacvis,
iusticiisa da
kulturis
saministroebi
8. 19982000
9. saqarTvelos
parlamenti;
9. 1999
2. qalTa rolisa da monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebaTa
formirebis procesSi
1. qalTa
monawileobis gazrda
xelisuflebaSi
1. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi",
statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamenti;
1. 19981999
2. proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. 19982000
3. marTvis yvela
rgolSi qalTa kadrebis
rezervis momzadeba;
3. saqarTvelos
mTavroba, roeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi";
3. 19981999
4. saqarTvelos
mTavroba, sagareo
saqmeTa saministro;
4. 19982000
5. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi";
5. 19981999
6. saqarTveloSi
qalTa
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis
direqtoriis
gamoqveyneba;
1. ekonomikis
saministro
6. 1998
2. soflis meurneobisa da
sursaTis,
ekonomikis, Sromis,
dasaqmebisa da
socuzrunvelyofis
saministroebi;
proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi"
2. 19982000
3. saqarTvelos
parlamenti, soflis
meurneobisa da
sursaTis,
ekonomikis da
finansTa saministroebi; saxelmwifo
qonebis marTvis
saministro da
profkavSirebi;
3. 19982000
4. ekonomikis
saministro;
4. 19982000
4. diplomatur samsaxurebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrda;
5. saqarTveloSi
produqtiuli asakis
qalTa direqtoriis
Seqmna, maTi kvalifikaciisa da unaris,
gamocdilebisa da
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
informaciis CaTvliT
1. qalTa ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis
xelSewyoba
3. ekonomikuri politika
1. yvela sferoSi qalTa
monawileobis Sesaxeb
informaciis Segroveba
da gamoqveyneba
2. qalTa swavleba
liderisa da politikuri aqtiurobisaTvis aucilebeli
unar-Cvevebis
ganviTarebisaTvis;
2. sabazro ekonomikisa da mcire
biznesisaTvis gamoyofili kreditebis,
mcire fermebisa da
TviTdasaqmebuli
pirebis (gansakuTrebiT qalebis) Sesaxeb informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofa
1. specialuri
programis SemuSaveba
kerZo seqtorSi
momuSave qalebisaTvis
2. soflad mcxovreb
qalTa Semosavlebis
gazrdis
uzrunvelmyofi
programis SemuSaveba
3. qalTa mcire da
saSualo biznesis
ganviTarebis
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;
4. ganviTarebis gegmis
SemuSavebis genderuli
parametrebis
gaTvaliswineba;
114
1. 19982000
upiratesobis miniWebis cvlilebas feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis miRweva
(rogorc dasaqmebis, ise sxva sferoebSi) diskriminaciis gamomwvevi preferenciebis
gadalaxvas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, keTildReobis Teoriis farglebSi saxelmwifos
mier miRebuli zomebis neoklasikuri midgoma TiTqmis, erTmniSvnelovnad,
upiratesobis miniWebis sabaziso winapirobis mdgradobas eyrdnoba. magaliTisaTvis
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor unda SevafasoT politika, romelic mimarTulia qalebis
mier samuSaos miRebis SesaZleblobebis gasafarToveblad. SesaZloa, upiratesoba
icvleba, eWvqveS dgeba TviT sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba. aseTi kiTxvis
pasuxi ar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovani iyos da swored aRniSnuli sakiTxi
warmoadgens im ZiriTad problemas, romelsac feministebi ekonomikuri Teoriis
winaSe ayeneben. maTi azriT, umTavresi amocanaa SemuSavebuli iqnas modeli.
statistikuri diskriminacia:
midgoma adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis poziciidan
mamakacTa da qalTa Soris arsebul uTanasworobas sxvanairad xsnis hipoTeza
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb. mravalricxovani faqtebi imaze metyvelebs,
rom ori kandidatis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac Tanabari monacemebi aqvT
(erTmaneTisagan mxolod sqesiT gansxvavdebian) upiratesoba mamakacebs eniWebaT.
sxvadasxva kvlevaSi samuSaoze ayvanis sxvadasxva situacia modelirdeboda.
damqiravebels hqonda saSualeba, arCevani gaekeTebina kandidat qals da mamakacs
Soris. Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom mamakacebs ufro xSirad iyvanen universitetebSi,
niSnaven xelmZRvanel an iseT Tanamdebobaze, sadac saWiroa profesiuli momzadeba.
maT ufro maRal xelfass sTavazoben. arsebobs imis damadasturebeli bevri faqti,
rom mamakacebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao ufro maRal Sefasebas iRebs, vidre
qalebisa. ibadeba bunebrivi SekiTxva: ra aris amis mizezi?
erT-erTi axsna, romelic ekonomikur Teorias Seesabameba, aris diskriminacia
statistikis doneze. mag., SesaZlebelia, mTlianobaSi, mxatvari qalebis namuSevrebi
mamakaci mxatvrebis namuSevrebze ukeTesi ar aris, amitomac bazarze maT naklebi
fasi aqvT da Tuki individs miaCnia, rom ori warmodgenili mxatvrobis nimuSidan
(mamakacisa da qalis) mamakacis naxats meti Rirebuleba aqvs, gasamtyunari ar aris.
amitomac Tuki igi qalis namuSevars nakleb fass daadebs, mas naklebi Sansi aqvs,
rom araracionalurad moiqces. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri (d. eigneri, g.keini)
aRniSnavs, rom statistikuri diskriminacia yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs ekonomikur
diskriminacias. SeiZleba bevri maRalmxatvruli namuSevari saTanadod ar Sefasdes,
xolo mdare xarisxisam daumsaxureblad ufro maRali Sefaseba miiRos. saSualo
maCvenebeli mainc samarTliani iqneba.
arsebobs Tu ara empiriuli dadastureba hipoTezisa statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb? gamokvlevisas gamovlinda, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad
iseTi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebisa, rogoricaa asaki, muSaobis gamocdileba,
ganaTleba da sxv., xelfasis sxvaoba diskriminaciiT aris gamowveuli. Tu hipoTeza
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb samarTliania, maSin aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia
sxvaobiT mwarmoeblurobas an adamianuri kapitalis dagrovebas Soris, romlis
drosac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli ganaTlebis da sxv. maCvenebeli.. am problemis
ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT, agreTve, diskriminaciis iseTi
modeli, rogoricaa diskriminacia, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan.
23
diskriminacia, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan
danarTi 5
damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis N308 brZanebulebiT,
24
1998 wlis 18 ivnisi
prioritetebi
saqarTveloSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul RonisZiebaTa gegma
1998-2000 ww.
xangrZl
miznebi
strategiebi
aRmasruleblebi
ivoba
1. genderul
sakiTxebze
informirebulobis
gaumjobeseba,
problemis Sesaxeb
detaluri
informaciis
momzadeba
1.institucionaluri meqanizmebis Seqmna
qalebis dabali anazRaurebis asaxsnelad arsebobs kidev erTi hipoTeza
araswori Sefasebebis Taobaze. adamianebma SeiZleba mcdarad gaazviadon sxvaoba
mamakacebisa da qalebis saSualo SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. diskriminaciis aseT
konservatorul formas xSirad vxvdebiT instituciur struqturebSi. ase
magaliTad, viqtorias epoqis kanonmdebloba qalebs ukrZalavda miwisqveSa samuSaoebis Sesrulebas (magaliTad, metros matareblis mZRolebad muSaobas). es ZalaSi
rCeboda meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSic. ufro metic,
diskriminacia, romelic
mcdar SexedulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebulad mdgradia: qalebs
dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze imitom iReben, rom gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,
isini naklebad kvalificiurebi arian, amasTan, isini Tavis kvalifikacias ver
imaRleben imitom, rom maT mier dakavebuli Tanamdebobebi ar iZleva samsaxurebrivi
winsvlis saSualebas.
diskriminacias, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan da statistikur
diskriminacias, saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT, diametralurad sapirispiro
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. Tu qalebi, damqiraveblis araswori qmedebis gamo, dabal
anazRaurebas iReben, iseTi zomebi rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalebis samuSaoze
miRebis stimulireba, an Tanabari anazRaurebis kanoniT ganmtkiceba, ubralod
aseTi Secdomis gamosworebas iwvevs da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Semcirebas ar
ganapirobebs. Tu saqme statistikur diskriminaciasTan gvaqvs, maSin iZulebiTi
zomebis gatareba samuSaoze ayvanisas an xelfasis gaTanabrebisas samuSao Zalis
saSualo xarisxis
Semcirebas iwvevs (radgan igulisxmeba, rom mamakacebi meti
Sromis nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian), rasac Tan ekonomikuri efeqtianobis kleba
mohyveba. araswor SefasebebTan dakavSirebuli diskriminaciis dros saxelmwifo
politikis es zomebi raime danakargebTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. statistikuri
diskriminacias SemTxvevaSi ki danaklisi sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
m. puiolis azriT, diskrminaciis axsna Sefasebisas daSvebuli sistematuri
Secdomebis xarjze feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris. magram Tu qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis istorias gadavxedavT,
davinaxavT, rom ekonomistebs maT SesaZleblobebze mcdari Sexedulebebi hqondaT.
ase rom, hipoTeza diskriminaciisa sistematuri Secdomebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba
marTebuli iyos da swored aqedan gamomdinareobs Semdgomi problemis arsi, rom
adamianebi SeiZleba sistematurad cdebodnen.
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis mizniT gatarebuli saxelmwifo politikis
analizma aCvena, rom ekonomistebi iZulebulni arian uari Tqvan tradiciul
ekonomikur modelze, sadac upiratesobis miniWeba endogenuri faqtoris saxiT aris
warmodgenili, xolo Secdomas gansjaSi sistematuri xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondes.
(Pujol, 1992).
da, bolos, ganvixiloT androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebi.
feministi ekonomistebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan androcentruli gavlenisagan
Tavisufali kvlevebi, mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT vlindeba. upirveles yovlisa,
isini cdiloben gaaumjobeson ekonomikuri analizis xarisxi. TavianTi modelebis
dasasabuTeblad e.w. "analitikur gamartivebas" mimarTaven; magram genderulma
stereotipebma maTi formulirebisas SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. garda amisa,
bevri feministi ekonomisti Sewuxebulia imiT, rom TeoriaSi xdeba qalTa
problematikasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ignorireba an maT
saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva. xSirad, ekonomistebs "ar ZaluZT" dainaxon qalTa
mdgomareobasTan an genderul diferenciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
2. genderuli
faqtoris
gaTvaliswineba
saxelmwifo
politikasa da
kanonmdeblobaSi
1. qalTa sakiTxebis
departamentis
dafuZneba;
1. saqarTvelos
parlamenti
1. 19992000
2. samTavrobo
struqturebSi qalTa
erTeulebis Seqmna;
2. saqarTvelos
mTavroba
2. 19981999
3. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
finansTa da
ekonomikis
saministroebi
3. 19981999
4. qalTa Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia
(SemdgomSi "komisia") da saqarTvelos mTavrobisa
da gaeros
ganviTarebis
erToblivi programa, qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi;
4. 19981999
5. iusticiis
saministro,
axalgazrda
iuristTa
asociacia;
5. 19981999
6. statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamenti
6. 19981999
7. qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi proeqti
7. 19982000
3. biujetis,
sagadasaxado
politikisa da
swavlebis programebis
SemuSvebis sqesTa
Tanasworobis
sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba;
4. genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebisaTvis
informaciis miwodeba
seminarebis, debatebis,
publikaciebis,
forumebisa da
masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT
5. yvela kanonisa da
kanonproeqtis Sefaseba
genderuli
TvalsazrisiT
6. qalTa da mamakacTa
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
statistikuri
monacemebis Sekreba da
analizi
7. sazogadoebaSi qalisa
da mamakacis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
masalebis gamoqveyneba;
113
uzrunvelyofas.
7. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom (a. kartozia) Caataros saxelmZRvaneloebis
genderuli analizi atereotipebis aRmosafxvrelad cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis damkvidrebis mizniT.
8. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom (i. meneRariSvili) gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcios molaparakebebis procesSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis CarTvas.
9. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom (v. vaSakiZe)
SeimuSavos ltolvili da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebisaTvis daxmarebis
specialuri programa.
10. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrom (b. gulua) – SeimuSaos
specialuri programebi soflad momuSave qalebis dasaxmareblad; - gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcios damtkicebuli programebis ganxorcielebis procesSi qalTa
monawileobas.
11. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis saxelmwifo departamentma (T.
beriZe) socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis saxelmwifo departamentis yovelwliur
angariSSi specialurad daamuSaos statistikuri monacemebi genderul WrilSi.
12. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kancelariasTan arsebulma marTvisa da informaciis centrma (z. jiblaZe) gamosces qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia da
pekinis samoqmedo platforma da gaavrcelos rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebaSi, ise
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
13. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom (d. onofriSvili) 2000 wlis biujetSi
gaiTvaliswinos adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebis gamosacemi xarjebi.
14. qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis daskvniTi komentarebi gamoqveyndes
presaSi am brZanebulebis gamoqveynebisTanave.
15. gadaegzavnos es brZanebuleba gasacnobad saministroebs, samTavrobo struqturebs
da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs.
16. am brZanebulebis Sesrulebis koordinacia da kontroli daevalos erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiles adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi (r. beriZe).
e.SevardnaZe
mTlianobaSi, androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufal kvlevebSi ori mimarTuleba SeiZleba gamovyoT. pirveli dakavSirebulia SecdomiTi gamartivebis
gamoyenebasTan, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola ufro martivia, xolo meore mimarTulia
ekonomikaSi qalis gauCinarebis winaaRmdeg da am mxriv saqme ufro rTuladaa.
judiT lorberis azriT, qalis "gauCinarebis" yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTad
gamodgeba qalis upiratesi universaluri CarTva ojaxur meurneobaSi da misi,
lorberis, rogorc mikroekonomikis specialistis Sexeduleba. ra Tqma unda, ojaxis meurneobis alternatiuli modelebis Seqmnis mcdeloba fundamentur problemas ayenebs neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe. upirveles yovlisa,
mamakacTa da qalTa araTanasworoba Sromis bazarze da ojaxis meurneobaSi
nawilobriv ganpirobebulia upiratesobaTa miniWebiT da institutebiT. feministi
ekonomistebis sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelyofa ki dakavSirebulia im
imedTan, rom upiratesoba da institutebi Sesabamisi saxiT Seicvleba; aqedan
gamomdinareobs keTildReobis ekonomikuri Teoriis analitikuri instrumentebis
Seqmnis aucilebloba, romelic aRniSnuli cvlilebebis analizs iTvaliswinebs.
upiratesobis miniWebis wyaroebis Seswavlas, ojaxuri meurneobis modelis
Seqmnas da ekonomikuri Teoriis instituciuri orientaciis gaZlierebis moTxovnas
marto feministi ekonomistebi rodi awarmoeben. mecnierul samyaroSi gamoCndnen
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ekonomistebi, romlebic feministebis mier wamoyenebul
problemebs uTmoben yuradRebas. Tavis mxriv, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria
farTod iyenebs sxvadasxva Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mimarTulebis ideebs, amasTan,
mas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, rac ganpirobebulia, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT, rom aqcenti gadaaqvs ekonomikuri samarTlianobis problemebze, aerTianebs
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Sromebs da Zlier biZgs iZleva tradiciuli ekonomikuri
Teoriis kritikisaTvis. garda amisa, feministebs mecnierebaSi samyaros aRqmis,
kvlevisa da Secnobis axali perspeqtivebi moaqvT, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs
dainaxon da scadon axsnan mamakacTa da qalTa SromiT anazRaurebaSi arsebuli
diskriminaciis mizezebi, ojaxuri meurneobisa da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
procesis ekonomikuri faqtorebi.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?
2. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.
3. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias dasaqmebis saferoSi?
4. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?
112
25
literatura:
danarTi 4
1. jaSi C. genderi da ekonomika "genderi,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l.
GgafrindaSvili) Tbilisi, 2005
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba
2. Frances R. Wooley, The Feminist Challenge to Newclassical Economics // Cambridge Journal of
Economics, 1993
saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb
3. Guderson M., Male-Female Wage Differentials and Policy Responses // Journal of Economie
Literature, 1987
adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos
konstituciiT da gamocxadebulia umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifoebriv prioritetad. am
mimarTebiT saqarTveloSi mravali RonisZieba ganxorcielda. seriozuli nabijebi
gadaidga qalis – adamianis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. Seiqmna qalTa
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, prezidentis gankargulebiT
damtkicda qalTa ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegma, SemuSavda janmrTelobis dacvis
erovnuli programis proeqtebi, romlebSic qalTa janmrTelobis dacvisa da dasaqmebis
specialuri RonisZiebebia gaTvaliswinebuli. qalis – adamianis uflebebis dacva
uaRresad aqtualuri problemaa saerTaSoriso doneze da CvenTan saqarTveloSi. "qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencias" saqarTvelo SeuerTda 1994 wels,
xolo 1999 wels saqarTvelos pirveladi moxseneba ganxiluli iqna qalTa diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris komitetSi da dadebiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura. komitetma saqarTvelos
moawoda Tavisi daskvniTi komentarebi. Semdgomi muSaobis rekomendaciebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis, adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis,
pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebis, qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
komitetis rekomendaciebis ganxorcielebis mizniT:
1. eTxovos saqarTvelos parlaments imsjelos droebiT specialur RonisZiebebze
qalTa poziciebis gasaumjobeseblad politikuri warmomadgenlobis speroSi, kerZod,
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis kvotebis sakiTxze.
2. saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrom (j.xecuriani) – ucxoel eqspertTa monawileobiT ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis genderuli analizi da mis
safuZvelze SeimuSaos sakanonmdeblo winadaebebi am sferoSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
srulyofisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT. kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowerigebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcios qalTa pirdapiri an iribi diskriminaciis gamoricxvas.
3. qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebelma komisiam (r. beriZe) qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT: - monitoringi gauwios moqmedebis
erovnuli gegmis ganxorcielebas, moamzados rekomendaciebi samTavrobo struqturebisaTvis am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad Casatarebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb; moamzados qalTa mimarT Zaladobis, maT Soris, ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani erovnuli programa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs krizisuli centrebis
Seqmnas, sakonsultacio samsaxurebis gafarTovebas msxverpli qalebisaTvis daxmarebis gasawevad, seqsualuri eqspluataciis msxverpli qalebisaTvis reabilitaciis
programebis Seqmnas.
4. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom (k. TargamaZe) da saqarTvelos
prokutaturam (j. babilaSvili) – mTeli qveynis masStabiT Seagrovos da daamuSaos
monacemebi qalTa winaaqmdeg Zaladobis TiToeuli SemTxvevis Sesaxeb; - mkacri aRwera
Caataros ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebis gamisavlenad da ganaxorcielos RonisZiebebi
maT aRmosafxvrelad.
5. saqarTvelos Sromis, socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis saministrom (T. gazdeliani)
SeimuSaos farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis gegma, romelTa mizani iqneba qalTa
ekonomikuri statusis gaumjobeseba maTi momzadebis da gadamzadebis gziT, qalTa
monawileobis xelSewyoba erovnuli ekonomikis yvela sferoSi.
6. saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis saministrom (a. jorbenaZe) – Caataros qalebis
dasaqmebisaTvis janmrTelobis aucilebeli standartebis analizi da gamiricxos am
standartebiT qalTa iribi an pirdapiri diskriminaciis SesaZlebloba Sromis
bazarze; - SeimuSaos da gaataros RonisZiebaTa farTo sistema dedaTa da bavSvTa
sikvdilianobis da abortebis maRali maCveneblis winaaRmdeg brZolis, qalebisaTvis
aucilebeli samedicino samsaxuris gawevis, kontraceptivebis popularizaciis da
gavrcelebis mizniT; - sadazRvevo sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces
pacienti qalebis saavadmyofoebSi da sxva samedicino dawesebulebebSi mkurnalobis
4. Pujol M.A., Feminism and Antifeminism in Elarly Economie Thought Aldershot Edward Elgar,
1992.
5. Brown L J., Gender and Economic Analyses: A Feminist Perspective. Mimeo. Easterrn,
Washington University, 1989
6. England P., What Can Economic Learns from Feminism. 1990
26
111
danarTi 3
saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romelsac saqarTvelo SeuerTda:
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia
euTos dokumentacia, 1995 wlis 15 seqtembris gadawyvetileba
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis 25 ianvari.
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis
25 ianvari
konvebcia "qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb", 1994 wlis 22
seqtemberi
N111 konvencia "Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb", 1995 wlis
5 maisi
N100 konvencia "Tanabari Rirebulebis SromaSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb" 1996 wlis 29 maisi
saqarTvelos axali kanonmdebloba, romelic efuZneba konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, Seqmnilia qalTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT.
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qalTa uflebani daculia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
gansazRvruli normebiT:
fexmZime qalTa uflebani
dedaTa da bavSvTa uflebani, rac kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli
patimar qalTa uflebani
arasrulwlovanis uflebani
qalis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebebi.
110
Tavi IV
qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
1. qalis rolis da statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareoba yovelTvis iyo gansjis sagani. istoriaSi,
filosofiaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi da sxv. sxvadasxvanairad aisaxeboda
es problema da gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamohqondaT. qalis daniSnulebaze ojaxsa da
sazogadoebaSi, mis Tandayolil Tvisebebze, Rirsebasa Tu naklze gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas religiac amaxvilebda. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi qali moklebuli iyo
saSualebas srulad gamoevlina Tavisi inteleqti. qristianoba gamudmebiT emuqreboda qals anaTemaze gadacemiT da mis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas amtkicebda.
Sua saukuneebSi aseTi damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamyarda da "sust sqesTan"
urTierToba codvad Seiracxa.
xalxis cnobierebaSi fexmokidebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qalis socialuri da
sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebze, urTierTobebze ojaxSi
da a.S. aseTi warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveuli danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs da maT
profesiul zrdas uSlis xels.
gamudmebiT mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs kamaTi qalis, rogorc adamianis,
sazogadoebis wevris da rogorc intimuri urTierTobebis obieqtis WeSmariti Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva epoqaSi mas sxvadasxvanairad afasebdnen. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSic arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebebi qalis daniSnulebaze. mimdinareobs aqtiuri debatebi qalis rolisa da statusis Sesaxeb. amasTan cxadia, rom
egalitaruli Teoriis cxovrebaSi gatareba TviT cxovrebiT aris nakarnaxevi. samuSao drois danaxarjis ori mesamedi qalebis wilad modis, msoflioSi yovel mesame
ojaxs qali inaxavs da miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul sakiTxze erTgvarovani Sexeduleba
ar aris.
Suasaukneobriv Sexedulebebze qalis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina
platonis "Timeosma", romelSic igi amtkicebda, rom laCari da uRirsi mamakacebis
suli sikvdilis Semdeg qalebSi gadainacvlebs, xolo mis mier "saxelmwifoSi"
gamoTqmuli azri qalebis emansipaciis Sesaxeb meorexarisxovnad iqna aRqmuli.
qalis, rogorc sazogadoebis srulyofili wevris, WeSmariti Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, renesansisa da reformaciis xanaSi unda ezrunaT da,
marTlac, aqa iq gamoCnda imedis Canasaxi, magram yvelaferi es imiT Semoifargla,
rom qali esTetikuri Tayvaniscemis obieqti gaxda, xolo mis daqvemdebarebul
mdgomareobaSi ki araferi Secvlila.
kapitalizmis
epoqa
qalis
daniSnulebis
Taobaze
Sexedulebebisa
da
mimdinareobebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. napoleon bonaparte, romelmac axali
kodeqsi Seqmna, qalebis aRzrdis gaumjobesebisaken mouwodebda, magram maT ZiriTad
daniSnulebad mxolod reproduqciis unari rCeboda. burJuaziulma sazogadoebam
warmoaCina mravali fsevdoTeoria, romlebic qalis arasrulfasovnebas usvamdnen
xazs. a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe, o. veinengeri da sxv. amtkicebdnen, rom bunebam qali
mxolod TvalTmaqcobiT, cbierebiT, Ralatisadmi midrekilebiT daajildova.
"dabali tanis, viwromxrebian, farToTeZoebian sqess lamazi SeiZleba uwodos
mxolod seqsualuri vnebiT Tavbrudaxveulma mamakacma... qali Tavisi bunebiT
ganwirulia damorCilebisaTvis, mas batoni sWirdeba... am sqesis yvelaze ufro
brwyinvale warmomadgenlebsac ki araferi WeSmaritad didi da TviTmyofadi ar
SeuqmniaT." (Шопенгауер, 1986,). Sopenhaueris es sityvebi kargad asaxavs mamakacTa
27
tiraniisa da samarTlis epoqas, agreTve avtoris individualur Sexedulebebs.
nicSec uaryofiTi azris iyo qalebze, maTSi arc talantsa da arc Wkuas ar
xedavda. "mamakacebma qalebs dasakuTrebis surviliT unda Sexedon, rogorc
sakuTrebas, romelsac unda daeuflo." da Semdeg: "emansipaciis survili briyvi
ganaTlebuli mamrobiTi sqesis saxedrebis gavleniT aris gamowveuli". (Ницше, 1907).
qalebisadmi gansakuTrebuli uaryofiTi SexedulebebiT gamoirCeva da maTSi
vercerT dadebiT Tvisebas ver xedavs germaneli filosofosi o. veinegeri. misi
azriT, genialoba qalisaTvis sruliad miuwvdomelia. mas ar gaaCnia "cnobierebis
originaloba: am ukanasknels igi qmrisagan iRebs. qali cnobierebis gareSe cxovrobs,
kaci ki cnobierad..." qalebi moklebulni arian logikas. "WeSmaritad qalurma arsebam
ar icis arc logikuri, arc zneobrivi imperativi." qaluri emansipaciis yvelaze
ufro didi da erTad-erTi mteri – TviT qalia." (Вейненгер, 1992).
mamakacTa da qalTa rolebis Teoriuli axsna SeiZleba z. froidisa da t.
parsonsis naSromebSic vnaxoT. z. froidi ambobda, "anatomia - es bedia". cnobili
amerikeli sociologi, struqturuli funqcionalizmis avtori t. parsonsi ki
Tvlida, rom mamakaci mompoveblis, anu instrumentul funqcias asrulebs, xolo
qali, rogorc ojaxis keris Semnaxavi - eqspresiuls. imisaTvis, rom namdvili mamakaci
iyo, erTaderTi gza arsebobs - gqondes prestiJuli samsaxuri da moipovo saarsebo
saxsrebi. qalis realuri statusi ki meuRleoba, dedoba da ojaxis diasaxlisobaa.
rolebis aseTi danawileba, misi azriT, sazogadoebis stabilurobis sawindaria.
Tumca
parsonsis
funqcionalizmi
mwvave
kritikis
sagani
gaxda,
radgan
funqcionalizmi uars ambobs cvlilebebze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da misi
statikurobis momxrea.
qalebisadmi damokidebulebis cvlilebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes utopistsocialistebma da, gansakuTrebiT, Sarl furiem. Tavis wignSi "samyarosa da
sazogadoebis bedi" igi aRniSnavda, rom imis mcdeloba, rom yvela qali diasaxlisad
gadaiqces, socialuri meqanizmis mankierebaze metyvelebs. igi akritikebda yvela
imas, visac miaCnda, rom qalis daniSnuleba mxolod "qoTnidan qafis moxda da Zveli
Sarvlis kemsvaa". (Фурье, 1951).
S. furie iyo pirveli, vinc aRniSna, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi qalebis emansipacia mTliani sazogadoebis emansipaciis sazomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo sazogadoebis civilizaciis done am sazogadoebaSi qalebis mdgomareobis pirdapirproporciulia.
sen-simoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qalis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. Tavis
moZRvrebaSi "wyvilis" Sesaxeb, igi amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebrivi moRvawe unda
yofiliyo ara calkeuli piri, aramed qali da mamakaci erTad, anu "wyvili",
romelsac ufleba hqonda gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da qalTa da mamakacTa
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.
aseTive poziciebze idgnen rusi revolucioneri demokratebi. obieqturad
afasebda ra sazogadoebaSi qalis rols, b. belinski werda, rom mamakacebis
upiratesoba moCvenebiTia. (Белинский, Полн. собр. соч.). n. CerniSevskis aRaSfoTebda
is faqti. rom qals sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi saTanado adgili ar ukavia. misi azriT
"qali mamakacis Tanaswori unda iyos". qals cnobier cxovrebaSi aqamde imitom ekava
aseTi dakninebuli mdgomareoba, rom Zaladobis batonoba mas SesaZleblobas da
ganviTarebis survils arTmevda. (Чернишевски, Полн. собр. соч.).
Teoria sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi marqsizmmac ganaviTara.
k. marqsi l. kugelmanisadmi miweril werilSi werda: "vinc ramdenadme gacnobilia
istorias, icis, rom diadi sazogadoebrivi gadatrialebebi qaluri fermentis gareSe
28
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri 2
moZraoba” -#12
(#3)
(#7)
3
(#15)
(#16)
(#17)
2
(#21)
(#25)
bloki “jumber patiaSvili –
politikuri gaerTianeba
“erToba” - #13
0
2
(#10)
(#14)
1
(#23)
demokratiuli samarTlis
partia -#14
3
(#4)
(#5)
(#9)
2
(#18)
(#19)
5
(#20)
(#22)
(#23)
(#25)
(#28)
saqarTvelos erovnuli
ideologiis partia -#15
2
(#5)
(#6)
3
(#14)
(#15)
(#19)
5
(#22)
(#23)
(#24)
(#27)
(#28)
partia “nodar naTaZe –
saxalxo fronti” -#16
1
(#6)
samarTlianoba -#17
politikuri moZraoba
“Tavisufleba” -#18
sruliad saqarTvelos saxalxo
aliansi -#20
procentuli gamoangariSeba
5
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#35)
(#36)
3
(#30)
(#35)
(#36)
8
(#30)
(#32)
(#43)
(#35)
(#36)
(#37)
(#38)
(#39)
5
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#34)
(#38)
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#47)
1
(#40)
5
(#50)
(#51)
(#56)
(#57)
(#59)
1
(#59)
2
(#44)
(#49)
4
(#52)
(#54)
(#55)
(#58)
4
(#41)
(#44)
(#46)
(#47)
8
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#56)
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
1
(#59)
2
1
0
1
(#14)
(#23)
(#46)
(#15)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
1
1
0
1
2
(#7)
(#17)
(#31)
(#45)
(#48)
0
1
1
3
0
(#11)
(#21)
(#31)
(#33)
(#34)
31.1
13.8
17.5
21.9
18.1
2
(#57)
(#58)
0
23.8
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciuli arCevnebis Sedegad, 7%-iani barieri
gadalaxa mxolod orma politikurma subieqtma – “nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” 67.02%-iT da saarCevno blokma “memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba,
axlebi” - 7.62%-iT. Am procentebis Sesabamisad, “nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” miiRes 135 mandati, romelTagan 15 mandati qalebma moipoves. rac Seexeba
“memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba, axlebs”, maT wilad xvdaT 15 mandati, aqedan 3 –
qalebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maJoritaruli arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli iqna 77
deputati, aqedan 3 – qali. rac Seexeba afxazeTis deputacias, romelsac 1995 wlidan
avtomaturad ugrZeldeboda mandati, 2004 wlis mowvevis parlamentma gaauqma maTi
uflebamosileba, ris gamoc parlaments gamoaklda 11 wevri.
dRes parlamentSi 22 qalia, rac warmoadgens parlamentarebis saerTo ricxvis 9.7%s. unda aRiniSnos, rom wina mowvevis parlamentebTan SedarebiT, es monacemi winsvlaa –
parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba 3%-iT gaizarda.
(monacemebi aRebulia: l. nadaraia "qali da politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "genderi,
Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. gafrindaSvili), Tbilisi, 2005)
109
partiis dasaxeleba
“saqarTvelos
partia”-#1
I
aT-Si
socialisturi 1
(#9)
II
aT-Si
1
(#19)
III
aT-Si
0
IV
aT-Si
1
(#35)
V
aT-Si
5
(#40)
(#43)
(#45)
(#47)
(#48)
3
(#30)
(#33)
(#34)
0
0
“demokratiuli aRorZinebis
kavSiri”-#2
2
(#3)
(#8)
1
(#17)
1
(#29)
saarCevno bloki “memarjvene
opozicia – mrewveloba,
axlebi” -#3
saqarTvelos leiboristuli
partia -#4
2
(#4)
(#9)
1
(#7)
1
(#14)
1
(#27)
1
(#15)
0
2
(#34)
(#37)
“nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” - #5
2
(#1)
(#5)
1
(#17)
1
(#21)
0
1
(#4)
1
(#15)
0
1
(#37)
saqarTvelos erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” - #8
2
(#5)
(#7)
0
4
(#21)
(#22)
(#24)
(#25)
3
(#32)
(#33)
(#35)
konstituciur uflebaTa
dacvis partia - #9
“nacionalistebi”-#10
0
0
3
(#22)
(#23)
(#24)
4
(#33)
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
2
(#45)
(#48)
1
(#9)
2
(#12)
(#13)
1
(#20)
3
(#31)
(#32)
(#35)
6
(#40)
(#41)
(#43)
(#44)
(#46)
(#48)
“saqarTvelos erTiani
komunisturi partia”- #6
saarCevno bloki “edp tradicionalistebi”-#7
bloki “samSoblo” -#11
2
(#41)
(#49)
2
(#44)
(#49)
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#48)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
3
(#40)
(#41)
(#48)
5
(#40)
(#41)
(#42)
(#43)
(#44)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
108
VI
aT-Si
6
(#50)
(#51)
(#53)
(#55)
(#57)
(#58)
0
3
3
(#53)
(#56)
(#58)
0
4
(#51)
(#53)
(#57)
(#58)
4
(#52)
(#53)
(#55)
(#56)
7
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#55)
(#57)
5
(#50)
(#52)
(#55)
(#56)
(#58)
SeuZlebelia" (Маркс, Энгельс, Соч.). marqsi sruliad eTanxmeboda S. furies imaSi,
rom konkretuli sazogadoebis progresi am sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareobis
mixedviT SeiZleba SevafasoT.
ingliseli mecnieri a. barneti sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom qalisadmi
negatiuri damokidebuleba ar damkvidrdeboda sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis
yvela etapze civilizebuli rom yofiliyo. igi ambobs, rom "sakiTxSi tipurisa da
ucvlelis", mamakacisa da qalis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, maTi temperamentisa da
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb ganuxrelad aris damkvidrebuli dogmaturi, sruliad
auxsneli Sexedulebebi.
umravles sazogadoebebSi qalisa da mamakacis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba
ganpirobebulia kvlavwarmoebaSi maTi sxvadasxva roliT, (Барнетт,1968). cxovrebis
pirobebi qalis qcevasa da azrovnebaze Tavis daRs asvamda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
isini saxlisa da ojaxis saqmiT iyvnen dakavebulni, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs Tavisi
moRvaweobis sfero SezRuduli ar hqondaT. maT aseT mdgomareobas mecnierebic
amarTlebdnen. mkvidrdeboda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qals ar SeuZlia aiTvisos
tradiciuli mamakacuri saqmianoba. magaliTad, asi wlis win ar iyvnen eqimi qalebi da
TavisTavad iTvleboda, rom maT am profesiis aTviseba ar ZaluZT. dRes ki eqimebis
naxevarze meti qalebia.
zogierTi mecnieri Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,
qalTa daniSnulebis Sesaxeb oTx ZiriTad Sexedulebas gamoyofs: patriarqalurs,
ekonomikurs, demografiulsa da egalitaruls.
patriarqaluri Sexedulebebis adamianebi amtkiceben, rom samyaro e.w. "bunebriv
safuZvlebs" emyareba, xolo maT ngrevas sazogadoebis ngrevisaken mivyavarT.
"bunebriv safuZvlebSi" isini gulisxmoben sazogadoebaSi funqciebis ganawilebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, qali ojaxis diasaxlisi da ojaxis keris Semnaxavia, xolo
mamakaci - mompovebeli, sazogadoebrivi moRvawe da ojaxis sazogadoebasTan damakavSirebeli. rolebis aseTi ganawileba maT kanonzomierad miaCniaT, radgan, maTi azriT,
sqesobrivi sxvaoba gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre individualuri da piradi
Tvisebebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi daskvnac: qalebis Cabmam sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi ukve mogvitana negatiuri Sedegebi ojaxSi da gamoiwvia dedobrivi
instinqtebis rRveva, moraluri aRviraxsniloba, ojaxis ngreva da RirebulebaTa
cvla, moxucebi, qmrebi da bavSvebi qalebis mzrunvelobis gareSe darCnen, ris gamoc
mimdinareobs mamakacTa feminizacia da sxv.
ekonomistebic qalebis dasaqmebis Semcirebas uWeren mxars da amas imiT
asabuTeben, rom maTi Sroma ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqturia bavSviani
dedebis xSiri gacdenebis gamo. garda amisa, maTi mtkicebiT, qalebs ufro naklebi
kvalifikacia aqvT, vidre mamakacebs.
demografebis azriT, qals upirvelesad reproduqciis funqcia akisria, xolo
Sobadobis Semcireba sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.
egalitaruli azrovnebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben partiarqalur mosazrebebs da
funqciebis
e.w. "bunebriv" ganawilebas socialur iluziad miiCneven. maTi azriT,
patriarqatuli koncefcia Sesabamisi socialuri pirobebis Sedegia da mas momavali ara aqvs.
sqesTa Soris egalitaruli urTierToba mamakacebisa da qalebis urTierTgagebasa da urTierTSevsebazea damyarebuli ojaxsa Tu sazogadoebaSi orive
maTganisaTvis Tavisufali arCevnis safuZvelze xdeba. am Sexedulebebis momxreebs
miaCniaT, rom upirveles yovlisa, adamianis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa
Tanabari socialuri pirobebis da maTi realizebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna,
agreTve mamakacisa da qalis Tanasaworuflebianobis sakiTxis politikur sakiTxad
gadaqceva.
29
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi
Tanamedrove transformirebulma sazogadoebam SeimuSava da ukve cxovrebaSi
danerga sruliad axali, Zvelisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli sqesTa urTierTobebi.
qalebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali da saukeTeso cxovrebiseuli
arCevanis gakeTebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu isini aqtiurad Caebmebian
axal cxovrebaSi, eziarebian da gaiTaviseben axal Rirebulebebs, Tu moxdeba maTi
realuri emansipacia. am amocanis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad saxelmwifos mier
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo, ZiriTadad SromiT saqmianobas
da socialur sferoebs exeba. isini qalebis sazogadoebrivi statusisa da gavlenis
amaRlebas ar iTvaliswinebs.
saxelmwifo politikad miCneulia saxelisuflo institutebis da sazogadoebis
mTeli politikuri sistemis saqmianoba. misi mizania socialuri
yofierebis
sxvadasxva sferos optimaluri marTva. igi gulisxmobs konkretuli sociokulturuli istoriuli amocanebis droul gadaWras. efeqturi saxelmwifo politika
uzrunvelyofs im normebis, Rirebulebebisa da cxovrebiseuli strategiebis
gavrcelebas, romlebic xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa da yvela saxelmwifo struqturis
mier aRiarebuli aucilebeli miznebis miRwevas. saxelmwifo politikis farglebSi
gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc uaxlesi, ise ufro Soreuli miznebis dasaxva, maTi
miRwevisaTvis saWiro meTodebisa da saSualebebis gansazRvra.
saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi, anu, rogorc mas uwodeben, qalTa
saxelmwifo politika, im saerTo socialuri politikis nawilia, romelic saxelmwifos socialur programebsa da praqtikaSia xorcSesxmuli. igi sazogadoebaSi
aregulirebs urTierTobebs mosaxleobis ZiriTadi socialuri jgufebis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiTa da saSualebiT. socialuri politika ekonomikazea damokidebuli,
magram meorexarisxovani ar aris, radgan mas didi roli eniWeba sazogadoebis
materialuri da sulieri kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis. socialuri politikis
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia,
politikuri stabilurobisa da samoqalaqo Tanxmobis uzrunvelyofa. amis miRweva
mosaxleobis fulad Semosavlebsa da sasaqonlo resursebs Soris balansis dacviT
aris SesaZlebeli. aucilebelia agreTve sabinao problemebis gadasaWrelad saWiro
pirobebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobasa da xarisxze mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT saTanado
bazis Seqmna. saWiroa mosaxleobis sulierebis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis amaRleba.
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi aucileblad unda hqondes damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba, vinaidan igi qalebis – didi, specifikuri da mniSvnelovani problemebis mqone socialur-demografiuli jgufis – interesebs exeba da maT
samarTlebriv da socialur statuss ayalibebs; gansazRvravs da awesrigebs agreTve
maT urTierTobebs sazogadoebasTan.
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi konkretul-istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is
damokidebulia politikuri reJimis xasiaTze, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi
demokratiis doneze, saxelmwifo politikis subieqtebis, upirveles yovlisa ki,
politikuri elitis, mier qalTa sakiTxis arsis gagebasa da maT poziciaze. ar
SeiZleba imis daviwyebac. rom qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikis warmateba
ganisazRvreba rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis arsebuli kulturuli tradiciebiT,
aseve Tavad mTeli mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis Segnebisa da aqtiurobis doniT.
qalebis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis Semdeg tipebs ganasxvaveben:
30
47.
Terjola
48.
saCxere
49.
zestafoni
50.
baRdaTi
51.
vani
52.
samtredia
53.
xoni
54.
WiaTura
55.
tyibuli
56.
wyaltubo
57.
quTaisi
58.
ozurgeTi
59.
lanCxuTi
60.
Coxatauri
61.
abaSa
62.
senaki
63.
martvili
64.
xobi
65.
zugdidi
66.
walenjixa
67.
Cxorowyu
68.
foTi
69.
baTumi
70.
qeda
71.
qobuleTi
72.
Suaxevi
73.
xelvaCauri
74.
xulo
75.
liaxvi
saerTo raodenoba
4
8
12
5
5
5
8
12
2
4
10
5
6
1
6
6
7
6
8
3
4
11
6
3
8
3
5
3
11
456
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
2
2
1
54
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
74 mamakaci/3 qali
am cxrilis Tanaxmad, maJoritaruli wesiT wardgenil kandidatTa saerTo ricxvis
11.8% qali iyo, xolo arCeul deputatTa saerTo ricxvSi ki mxolod 3.9%. qal da
mamakac kandidatebs arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobac eZleodaT –
qalebma Seadgines 5.6%., xolo mamakacebisaTvis es cifri gacilebiT meti aRmoCnda –
18.4%.
gamoavlindnen saarCevno subieqtebic, romelTac yvelaze meti qali maJoritari
kandidati waradgines: 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” (11 kandidati); 2. sainiciativo jgufi (8 kandidati); mesame
adgili gainawiles saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partiam da blokma “jumber
patiaSvili – politikuri gaerTianeba “erToba”. sami saarevno subieqtis mier
warmodgenilma maJoritarma kandidatma qalebma SeZles saparlamento arCevnebSi
gamarjveba: quTaisSi “burjanaZe - demokratebis”, yvarelSi sainiciativo jgufisa da
bolnisSi - nacional – demokratebis kandidatebma.
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciul arevnebSi monawile politikuri
partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel eqvs (potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qalma
kandidatebma Semdegi adgilebi daikaves:
107
danarTi 2
2003 wlis 2 noembris maJoritarul saparlamento arCevnebSi kenWi iyara 456
kandidatma, aqedan 65 iyo qali, romelTagan mxolod 3 gaxda maJoritari deputati quTaisis, yvarlisa da bolnisis olqebis.
olqis
wardgenili
wardgenili
arCeuli
olqis
dasaxeleba
kandidatebis
qalikandidatebis
#
ricxvi
kandidatebis
sqesi
ricxvi
1.
mTawminda
12
2
mamakaci
2.
vake
7
3
mamakaci
3.
saburTalo
9
1
mamakaci
4.
krwanisi
8
1
mamakaci
5.
isani
10
0
mamakaci
6.
samgori
8
2
mamakaci
7.
CuRureTi
9
0
mamakaci
8.
didube
15
3
mamakaci
9.
naZaladevi
10
2
mamakaci
10.
gldani
9
1
mamakaci
11.
sagarejo
5
1
mamakaci
12.
gurjaani
11
1
mamakaci
13.
siRnaRi
4
1
mamakaci
14.
dedofliswyaro
5
0
mamakaci
15.
lagodexi
8
1
mamakaci
16.
yvareli
6
3
qali
17.
Telavi
10
1
mamakaci
18.
axmeta
6
1
mamakaci
19.
TianeTi
6
0
mamakaci
20.
rusTavi
8
2
mamakaci
21.
gardabani
2
0
mamakaci
22.
marneuli
5
0
mamakaci
23.
bolnisi
4
1
qali
24.
dmanisi
4
0
mamakaci
25.
walka
8
2
mamakaci
26.
TeTriwyaro
3
0
mamakaci
27.
mcxeTa
5
1
mamakaci
28.
duSeTi
5
2
mamakaci
29.
yazbegi
6
1
mamakaci
30.
kaspi
4
0
mamakaci
31.
axalgori
4
1
mamakaci
32.
gori
7
0
mamakaci
33.
qareli
7
0
mamakaci
34.
xaSuri
5
0
mamakaci
35.
borjomi
6
1
mamakaci
36.
axalcixe
7
1
mamakaci
37.
adigeni
3
0
mamakaci
38.
aspinZa
9
0
mamakaci
39.
axalqalaqi
6
0
mamakaci
40.
ninowminda
2
0
mamakaci
41.
oni
5
1
mamakaci
42.
ambrolauri
3
0
mamakaci
43.
cageri
2
0
mamakaci
44.
lentexi
1
0
mamakaci
45.
mestia
4
0
mamakaci
46.
xaragauli
6
0
mamakaci
106
patriarqaluri saxelmwifo politika – es aris politika, romelic mamakacsa da
qals Soris funqciebis gansazRvruli ganawilebis koncefcias efuZneba. qalis
bunebriv socialur funqciad da daniSnulebad (mowodebad) dedoba, saSinao
meurneobis gaZRola da bavSvebis aRzrda iTvleba. mamakacs saxelmwifo, profesiuli
da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis (moRvaweobis) subieqtis roli akisria. am koncefciis
Tanaxmad, mamakaci ojaxis ufrosi da “marCenalia”, igi damakavSirebeli rgolia
ojaxsa da mTel sazogadoebas Soris.
qalTa sakiTxSi patriarqaluri politikis ZiriTadi miznebia:
araemansipirebuli qalis idealis propaganda;
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, sazogadoebriv sferoSi
qalebis monawileobis SezRudva;
profesiul saqmianobaSi qalis monawileobis Semcireba;
dedis, colisa (meuRlis) da ojaxis diasaxlisis “bunebrivi” funqciebis
SesrulebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna;
paternalisturi politika qalTa sakiTxSi - es aris qalis mimarT saxelmwifos
meurveobisa da proteqcionizmis politika, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens:
qalebis socialuri dacvis sistemis organizacia – SeRavaTebis, daxmarebebis,
Svebulebebis, qalis Sromis gamoyenebis SezRudvisa da a.S. saxiT;
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalebis farTo monawileoba;
qalisa da mamakacis iuridiuli da socialuri mdgomareobis Tanasworoba;
qalis mier dedisa da diasaxlisis funqciebis SeTavsebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebis Seqmna.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Tema bevri saxelmwifos
politikaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi gaxda.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam 1976-1985 wlebi qalTa aTwleulad
gamoacxada, romlis devizic iyo: “Tanasworoba, ganviTareba, mSvidoba". es iyo
mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qalTa problemebis
wina planze wamowevas.
1995 w. pekinSi Sedga qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferencia. man miznad daisaxa im
prioritetebis dadgena, romelTa ganxorcieleba da dacva aucilebeli iqneboda
1986-2000 wlebSi gaeros sistemis farglebSi dasaxuli strategiis cxovrebaSi
gasatareblad.
mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca agreTve konvenciis miReba qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb. man mouwoda "...saxelmwifoebs, miiRon erovnuli
sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic akrZalavs qalTa diskriminacias". konvencia maT
aZlevda rekomendacias miiRon mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris faqtiuri Tanasworobis
damyarebis dasaCqareblad mimarTuli droebiTi specialuri zomebi, agreTve
specialuri
aucilebeli
zomebi
diskriminaciis
SenarCunebis
xelisSemwyobi
socialuri da kulturuli modelebis SecvlisaTvis.
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gaxda “qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saqmianobis
sferoSi perspeqtiuli strategiebi 1986-2000 wlebSi”. aRniSnul strategiebSi sami
mizania dasaxuli: Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba. aq Tanasworoba ganxilulia
ara mxolod rogorc samarTlebrivi cneba, aramed rogorc qalebis uflebebis,
movaleobebisa da SesaZleblobebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevis saSualeba, Zala.
es Tanasworoba uSualod ukavSirdeba mravalmxrivi socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis amocanas da sazogadoebis progress.
aRniSnul dokumentebSi aRiniSna msoflio sazogadoebis swrafva 2000 wlisaTvis
qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaken. isini xels uwyoben sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
31
konceptualuri midgomebis, saxelmwifo politikis strategiisa da taqtikis
SemuSavebas, erovnuli meqanizmebis Seqmnas. maT unda uzrunvelyon miRebuli
programebis (rogorc mimdinare, ise perspeqtiuli) realizaciis monitoringi.
XX saukunis 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi miRebuli iqna
kanonebi qalisa da mamakacis uflebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb: inglisSi (1975 w.),
daniaSi (1978 w.), norvegiaSi (1978 w.), SveciaSi (1978 w.), avstriaSi (1979 w.),
safrangeTSi (1993 w.) da a.S. aRniSnuli kanonebi Seicavs normebs, romlebic
gansazRvravs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas samuSaoze daqiravebis da daTxovnisas,
dajildoebis, profesiuli momzadebis, samsaxurSi dawinaurebis, meuRleebis ojaxuri
valdebulebebis ganawilebisas da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
reformireba an Tavidan Seqmna, socialuri feminologiis instituireba metad
mniSvnelovania da erovnuli meqanizmebis funqcionirebis teqnologiebis Seqmnasa da
damuSavebas da im organizaciuli struqturebis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba, romlebic
qalTa sakiTxis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. msoflios 90 qveyanaSi erovnuli meqanizmebi
saxelmwifo doneze arsebobs, aqedan 5 qveyanaSi maT premier-ministrebi
xelmZRvaneloben. aseTi saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobis analizi saSualebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi arsebobs
gansxvavebuli midgoma da organizaciuli struqturebis sxvadasxva tipi – qalTa
saqmeebis saministroebi, komitetebi da sxv., magram amasTan, udavod ikveTeba erTi
saerTo tendencia – Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelsayofi politika muSavdeba da
misi ganxorcielebis kontroli xdeba ara mxolod sazogadoebriv, aramed saxelmwifo
doneze. sagulisxmoa, rom saorganizacio struqturebi funqcionirebs rogorc did,
ise patara saxelmwifoebSi. maTi Camoyalibebis procesi ki kvlavac grZeldeba.
am struqturebis kompetenciaSi, rogorc wesi, Sedis Semdegi mimarTulebebi:
sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis principis realizacia; reagireba diskriminaciis
konkretul SemTxvevebze; sainformacio moRvaweoba qalTa politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi, Sesabamisi samecniero gamokvlevebis
organizeba, xelis Sewyoba da xelmZRvaneloba, sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla.
70-80-iani wlebis dasavleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri realobis
konceptualuri gaazreba, qalTa sakiTxis gadawyvetis, sazogadoebaSi qalebis
mdgomareobisadmi midgomebiT daukmayofilebloba. am periodSi dasavleTis qveynebSi
cdiloben problemis gaazrebidan konceptualur, koordinirebul, grZelvadian
konkretul etapobriv zomebze gadavidnen, rac realurad uzrunvelyofs sqesTa
Tanasworobis principis cxovrebaSi gatarebas.
evropuli Tanamegobrobis farglebSi, samarTlebrivi regulirebis principebis
safuZvelze, SemuSavda moqmedebis ori grZelvadiani programa (1982-1985 w.w. da 19861999 w.w.), romelTa mizanic Tanabari SesaZleblobebis realizaciaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mravalpartiuli sistemis qveynebSi qalebTan masobriv muSaobas mniSvnelovani roli
eniWeba. maTi mxardaWera am partiis gamarjvebas niSnavs.
senaki
15
martvili
7
2
xobi
7
2
zugdidi
14
walenjixa
7
1
1
Cxorowyu
6
3
1
foTi
3
1
1
3
4
1
1
gulrifSi
2
sul
395
11
29
48
14
13
7
1
3
10
54
14
14
%
60.8
1.9
5.1
8.4
2,4
2.3
1.2
0.2
0.5
1.7
9.4
2.4
2.4
masalis Seswavlam naTelyo, rom politikurad aqtiuri qalebisaTvis ufro
xelsayrelia sainiciativo jgufis mxardaWera, vidre politikur partiebSi gawevrianeba
– sainiciativo jgufis wardginebis Sedegad sakrebuloebSi arCeuli qalebis
procentuli maCvenebeli 3.26% aRemateba igive wesiT arCeuli mamakacebis procentul
maCvenebels.
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika
aWaraSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRes Semdegma
saarCevno subieqtebma:
1. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2
2. politikuri moZaraoba “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” aWaris respublikuri
organizacia - #3
3. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis aWaris samxareo biuro - #5
4. saqarTvelos axali komunisturi partiis aWaris respublikuri organizacia - #14
olqi
#2
#3
#5
#14
q. baTumi
4
q. qobuleTi
3
qobuleTi(r)
33
1
xelvaCauri
30
1
qeda
8
Suaxevi
5
xulo
13
sul
96
2
2
%
96
2
2
1
1
3. qali da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs ideebis generators, politikuri sistemis
instituciuri cvlilebebis damCqarebels uwodeben da meoTxe xelisuflebasTan
aigiveben. faqtobrivad es aris masobrivi komunikacia, romelic teqnikuri da
eleqtronuli saSualebebiT xorcieldeba da xSirad win uswrebs politikur Tu
ekonomikur movlenebs.
32
miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi saarCevno bloki
“aRorZineba – XXI” – erTad aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi sxva saarCevno
subieqtebic iRebdnen monawileobas, aq Catarebuli arCevnebis tendenciuroba da
erTpartiuloba sruliad naTelia – aWaris yvela olqSi saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba
– XXI” arCeul iqna 97-100%. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom aWaraSi arCeuli yvela
qali-kandidati am saarCevno blokis warmomadgenelia.
105
bolnisi
1
dmanisi
6
1
walka
2
10
TeTriwyaro
11
1
2
mcxeTa
7
duSeTi
5
yazbegi
3
kaspi
8
axalgori
4
gori
9
qareli
8
xaSuri
11
borjomi
7
axalcixe
6
adigeni
6
aspinZa
2
1
axalqalaqi
4
1
ninowminda
1
oni
2
ambrolauri
8
cageri
7
lentexi
1
3
mestiia
3
2
xaragauli
18
1
9
1
1
4
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
2
1
1
5
9
2
Terjola
1
saCxere
9
2
zestafoni
8
1
baRdaTi
5
1
vani
2
4
samtredia
4
xoni
2
WiaTura
7
tyibuli
6
wyaltubo
12
ozurgeTi
15
lanCxuTi
1
Coxatauri
13
abaSa
7
2
2
2
1
1
2
7
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
4
5
3
1
1
104
masmedia ayalibebs sazogadoebriv azrs politikis, ekonomikis, politikuri
partiebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, politikuri liderebis, pirovnebebis da
sxv. sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. igi ayalibebs, agreTve. moRvaweobis sferoebs, interesebis
dacvis gzebs, xerxebsa da mimarTulebebs, Rirebulebebs, ama Tu im adamianis Tu
adamianTa jgufis socialur statuss.
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ZiriTad funqcias sazogadoebis politizacia,
misi
mmarTvelobaSi
monawileoba,
stereotipul
azrovnebaze
zemoqmedeba,
sazogadoebriv azrze apelireba, masebis aqtiurobis gazrda, movlenebis mravalwaxnagovani gaSuqeba, Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba da sxv. warmoadgens. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mizani hqondes, iyos obieqturi an araobieqturi, amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia misi sami ZiriTadi funqcia: sainformacio, percefciuli, (aRqma, warmodgena,
asaxva) da interaqtiuli (komunikatorisa da auditoriis urTierTqmedeba). man xeli
unda Seuwyos moqalaqeobrivi poziciis Camoyalibebas, axsnas pirovnebis uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis arsi, xeli Seuwyos konstituciis dacvas, farTod gaaSuqos erovnuli
da saerTaSoriso donis programebi da dokumentebi, droulad da obieqturad
uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis informireba qveyanaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
ra roli SeiZleba Seasrulos masmediam qalTa sakiTxSi? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania: Zalian mniSvnelovani. ra Wirdeba Tanamedrove qals? upirveles yovlisa,
humanuri principebis gavrceleba da naTeli dasturi imisa, rom saWiroa daculi
iqnes genderuli pariteti Cveni sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. masmediam
xeli unda Seuwyos qalis axali cxovrebiseuli modelis propagandas, uzrunvelyos
im teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlebic ganapirobebs qalis socialuri statusis
cvlilebas, agreTve sxvadasxva qveynis qalTa gamocdilebis gaziarebas.
beWdviTi produqcia, radio da televizia sazogadoebriv cnobierebas ayalibeben.
Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili statiebi realur cxovrebiseul suraTs unda qmnidnen,
maT zegavlena unda moaxdinon sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formasa da Sinaarsze,
xalxis samsjavroze gamoitanon kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, brZanebulebebi, ganaxorcielon kavSiri mmarTvelobiT organoebTan da saTanado informacia miawodon
mosaxleobas, presaSi moawyon dialogi, sistematurad gaaSuqon qalTa problematika,
farTo propaganda gauwion egalitarul Teorias.
dasavleTis qveynebSi am mxriv mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga: mimdinareobs masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis orientaciis Secvla qalis rolisa da daniSnulebis axleburad
gaazrebis mimarTulebiT. mag. iaponiaSi 1989 wels gamocxadda "ona–nodzidais", anu
"qalebis eras" dasawyisi. adre aq 70-mde qalebis Jurnali gamodioda, romlebSic ZiriTadi
adgili Worebs da modis siaxleebs eTmoboda. 1989 wlidan maTi Sinaarsi mkveTrad
Seicvala, xolo iseTma mniSvnelovanma Jurnalma rogoric aris "bungeii siudziu"
qalebisaTvis daiwyo specializebuli danamatis "krea"-s gamoSveba. aRniSnul damatebaSi
ibeWdeba statiebi politikur, ekonomikur da sxva seriozul Temebze.
did
britaneTis
gazeT
"gardianSi"
diskusiisaTvis
qalTa
Tematikaze
funqcionirebs sagangebo rubrika, yovelkvireuli Jurnali "ekonomisti" ki aqveynebs
masalebs dasavleTis qveynebSi qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels parizis
"adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebebis saxlma" yovelkvartaluri gamocema feminizmis
problemebs dauTmo. amerikuli presa ZiriTadad qalebisaTvis rCevebis micemaze iyo
orientirebuli - Tu rogor unda moxiblos qalma yvela saqmian saRamoze, rogor
unda aswavlo mamakacs saCuqrebis yidva, rogor unda daSorde momabezrebel
sayvarels da sxv. ukanasknel xanebSi gaCnda ramdenime aTeuli soliduri
gamomcemloba, wignebis maRaziebi, romlebic qalTa problematikaze specializdebian.
gamodis axali Jurnalebi "qalebi kulturasa da sazogadoebaSi", "qalis istoria",
"qalis fsiqologia", "qali da politika" da sxv.
33
4. qalis socialuri statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli
qalebi partiul siebSi
(I-VI aTeulSi)
socialuri statusi, rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
ramdenime elementsa da funqcias. statusi (laT. status - mdgomareoba, pozicia)
asaxavs socialuri jgufis, kerZod, qalebisa da sazogadoebaSi maTi warmomadgenlebis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, maT adgils socialuri kavSirebisa da
urTierTobebis sistemaSi. igi asaxavs agreTve calkeuli individis urTierTobebs
garkveul socialur jgufTan.
qalebi gansakuTrebeli socialuri jgufia. isini mosaxleobis naxevars Seadgenen.
maTi cxovreba, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela urTierTobis garda, konkretuli
socialuri
funqciiTac
gamoirCeva.
qalebi
specifikuri
maxasiaTeblebiTac
xasiaTdebian, amitom maTi socialuri funqciis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli mizezebi
aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sazogadoebis reformirebis procesSi warmoSobili
axali socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da am pirobebSi Tanasworuflebianobis
principis realizeba.
socialuri statusi socialuri yofiT, aRzrdis sistemiT, saqmianobis xasiaTiT,
idealebiT, individis miznebiT, sazogadoebis individisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebiT,
saxelmwifo politikisa da saxelmwifo ideologiiT aris ganpirobebuli.
socialuri statusi bunebrivi monacemebiT – sqesiT, asakiT, agreTve, sulieri
kulturis doniT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveuli materialuri da sulieri
RirebulebebiTac ganisazRvreba. qalis cxovrebiseuli ciklze, pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir, aSkarad Tu SeniRbulad, gavlenas axdens cxovrebis yvela mxare,
sazogadoebrivi yofis yvela elementi da faqtori. maTi asaxvis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi
damokidebulia garkveuli socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur
Tvisebebze. sazogadoebrivi yofa sxvadasxva jgufis qalebis cnobierebis, ganaTlebis
donis. msoflmxedvelobis, profesiuli momzadebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
qalis, rogorc mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlis socialuri statusi unda
ganvasxvavoT misi pirovnuli statusisagan anu im mdgomareobisagan, romelic adamians garkveul jgufSi, ojaxSi ukavia da fasdeba saerTo adamianuri Tvisebebis
TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, qals ukavia garkveuli adgili sazogadoebriv
ierarqiaSi, meore mxriv, igi aris deda, coli, xelmZRvaneli, profesionali da sxv.
garkveul konkretul sferoSi. aqedan gamomdinare cneba "socialuri statusi"
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli "socialuri rolis" gagebasTan da mis dinamikur mxares,
socialuri statusis funqcias warmoadgens.
garkveuli individualuri TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba socialuri sistemis
meqanikuri rgoli rodia, Tumca es sistema masze garkveul gavlenas axdens.
gadawyvetilebebis racionaluri miReba da racionaluri moqmedebebi adamianis
cnobierebaSi, mis qmedebebSi, arsebul socialur sistemaSi momxdari gardatexis
Sedegia da dakavSirebulia sxva pirovnebebTan an individTa jgufTan, romelTac
saerTo miznebi aqvT da am miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRvwian.
ase rom, adamiani garemomcveli samyaros ara mxolod obieqti, aramed subieqti
– misi Semqmneli da masze zemoqmedi Zalacaa. igi gavlenas axdens am samyaroze,
sazogadoebasa da mis msoflmxedvelobaze, im miznebidan gamomdinare, romlebic
srulyofil socialur cxovrebas uzrunvelyofen.
sazogadoeba – es aris adamianTa urTierTqmedeba garkveul ekonomikur,
socialur da sulier pirobebSi. sazogadoeba socialuri institutebisa da
organizaciebis sistemaa. ingliselma sociologma Tomas botomerma igi gansazRvra
rogorc xalxis didi erToba, romelic socialuri organizaciis kompleqsur nimuSSi
erToblivad axorcielebs socialur cxovrebas.
34
saarCevno subieqtebi da sakrebulos wevri qalebi
qali kandidatebi arCeulni iyvnen adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaSi Semdegi saarCevno
subieqtebis wardginebis Sedegad:
1. sainiciativo jgufi - #99
2. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri - #1
3. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2
4. saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” - #3
5. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia - #4
6. erovnul-demokratiuli partia - #5
7. saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia-tradicionalistTa kavSiri - #6
8. merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10
9. politikuri kavSiri “Tanadgoma” - #31
10. konstituciur uflebaTa dacvis partia - #35
11. axali memarjveneebi (axlebi) - #38
12. socialisturi partia - #39
13. sruliad saqarTvelos politikuri organizacia “lemi” - #41
qalaqi Tbilisi
xuTi qali-kandidati gaxda qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos wevri, romlebic waradgines
Semdegma partiebma:
1. saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti” – #34 - 1
2. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia – #4 - 1
3. axali memarjveneebi – #38 - 2
4. saqarTvelos qristian-konservatiuli partia –`Jvanias gundi~ – #36 – 1
danarCen olqebSi suraTi Semdegia:
olqi
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
99
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
31
35
38
39
41
2
1
1
sagarejo
10
2
gurjaani
6
2
siRnaRi
3
1
dedoflis
9
3
4
1
1
wyaro
lagodexi
13
yvareli
3
Telavi
3
axmeta
1
1
1
7
gardabani
7
marneuli
1
3
2
9
1
3
TianeTi
1
1
3
1
1
4
103
saqarTvelos
leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia - #4
1
(#10)
1
(#24)
3
(#32)
(#37)
(#39)
2
(#63)
(#67)
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri 1
moZraoba
–
demokratiuli (#7)
fronti - #34
0
1
(#24)
2
(#30)
(#34)
1
(#42)
“saqarTvelos
qristian- 1
konservatoruli
partia
– (#3)
zurab Jvanias gundi - #36
0
3
(#23)
(#24)
(#29)
4
(#35)
(#37)
(#38)
(#39)
1
(#18)
2
(#26)
(#29)
20
0
8
(#41)
(#43)
(#44)
(#45)
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
2
(#45)
(#47)
30
axali memarjveneebi - #38
procentuli gamoangariSeba
2
(#2)
(#7)
6.7
8.3
20
4
(#71)
(#73)
(#76)
(#79)
1
(#54)
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
2
(#53)
#58)
26.7
socialuri institutebi da organizaciebi uzrunvelyofen koleqtiuri
cxovrebis garkveuli formis mdgradobas. isini xels uwyoben evolucias, kulturis
ganviTarebas, TviTganviTarebas, aregulireben konfliqtebs da sxv.
frangi filosofosisa da sociologis o. kontis (1798-1857 w.w.) azriT, sazogadoeba
–
izolirebuli
individebis,
pirad
interesebze
damyarebuli
xelSekrulebebis ubralo Sekreba rodia. sazogadoeba – organuli erTobaa.
marqsizmis klasikosebi xazs usvamdnen, rom sazogadoeba ubralo nakrebi an
individebis meqanikuri agregati araa. "es TviTon adamiani da misi sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebia", "xalxis urTierTqmedebis produqtia".
dasavlur mecnierebaSi sazogadoebis sami sociologiuri paradigma Camoyalibda:
funqciuri, romlis Tanaxmadac xalxis jgufi moqmedebebis TviTuzrunvelyofad
sistemas warmoadgens da droSi ufro xangrZlivi arsebobis unari Seswevs, vidre
individs; bihevioristuli, konkurentuli da konfliqturi sistemebis erToba,
romlis safuZvelsac individi (am sityvis sruli gagebiT) warmoadgens.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs upirovno, socialur jgufebTan, meoreSi –
socialur institutebsa da jgufebTan, mesameSi – adamianTan.
sazogadoeba
dinamikuri sistemaa, anu Tavisi qvesistemebis (ekonomikuris,
socialuris, politikuris da sxv.) mudmiv ganviTarebas ganicdis. adamiani
sazogadoebaSi jgufis (an jgufebis) saSualebiT Sedis (samecniero, samrewvelo,
saskolo, sauniversiteto da sxv.).
sazogadoeba SeiZleba icvlebodes swrafad an nela, rac sazogadoebriv
progresze, arsebul ideologiaze, politikazea damokidebuli, yvelaferi es ki
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qalis statusze.
5. qalisa da kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
adamianis uflebebis istoria ZiriTadad
kacobriobis ganviTarebis or
mimarTulebad SeiZleba davyoT. pirveli mimarTuleba warmoadgens brZolas adre
miCqmaluli uflebebis aRiarebisa da maTi xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, xolo meore,
piriqiT, arsebuli uflebebisaTvis mimdinare brZolis procesia.
adamianis uflebebi socialuri samarTlis damkvidrebis umniSvnelovanesi
iaraRia. Tu uflebas ar eniWeba saTanado mniSvneloba, brZola mimdinareobs misi
danergvisaTvis. uflebebis sayovelTao aRiarebis procesi ganapirobebs uflebaTa
ukeTesad danergvas, xolo danergvis procesi xels uwyobs uflebebis mzard
aRiarebas.
adamianis uflebaTa valdebulebebis safuZvels gaerTianebuli erebis wesdeba
warmoadgens. adamianis Rirsebis principebis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvelze,
gaeros Seqmna adamianTa cnobierebis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli etapia. mravali
adamianis da adamianTa jgufisaTvis meore msoflio omis dros miyenebuli travma
safuZvels iZleoda, rom xalxs ganesazRvra TavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisadmi
mimarTvisa da moTxovnebis garkveuli standartebi.
1947 wlis adamianTa uflebaTa dacvis sayovelTao deklaracia (UDHR) swored am
standartebis damkvidrebis pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgenda.
gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistemis danergvisa da
zedamxedvelobis mizniT, 1947 wlis TebervalSi Catarda gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis komisiis pirveli regularuli sesia.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis CamoyalibebisaTvis adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis komisiis mier SemuSavda konvencia (SemdgomSi igi gaiyo da daerqva
102
35
36
konstituciur uflebaTa dacvis 4
partia (k.u.d.p.) - #35
(#3)
(#5)
(#6)
(#9)
“saqarTvelos
1
qristian-konservatoruli partia (#3)
– zurab Jvanias gundi - #36
0
2
(#24)
(#26)
1
(#30)
2
(#46)
(#47)
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
0
3
(#23)
(#24)
(#29)
4
(#35)
(#37)
(#38)
(#39)
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
“saqarTvelos
social-demo- 1
kratiuli partia (ssdp) - #37
(#9)
5 (#10)
(#11)
(#14)
(#16)
(#18)
3
(#27)
(#28)
(#29)
axali memarjveneebi - #38
2
(#2)
(#7)
2
(#1)
(#2)
1 (#18)
6
(#30)
(#32)
(#33)
(#34)
(#35)
(#39)
0
8
(#41)
(#43)
(#44)
(#45)
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
4
(#41)
(#45)
(#46)
(#49)
2
(#45)
(#47)
2
(#43)
(#46)
saarCevno bloki “erToba” – j. 1
patiaSvili, al. WaWia - #40
(#6)
1 (#18)
1
(#28)
2
(#36)
(#37)
2
(#53)
#58)
4
(#50)
#53)
(#56)
(#58)
2
(#50)
#53)
procentuli gamoangariSeba
18.6
32.4
29
socialisturi partia - #39
12.9
2
(#26)
(#29)
2 (#15) 1
(#18)
(#26)
1
(#30)
3
(#41)
(#43)
(#49)
32.4
2
(#50)
(#53)
36.2
saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – 0
XXI” - #2
2
(#16)
(#18)
2
(#20)
(#29)
1
(#31)
2
(#43)
(#45)
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba 0
gadaarCens saqarTvelos” #3
1
(#19)
3
(#20)
(#28)
(#29)
3
(#36)
(#37)
(#38)
3
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
101
VI-VII
aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
II aTeulSi
im partiaTa wina rigebi, romelTac gadalaxes oTx procentiani barieri da miiRes
monawileoba Tbilisis arCevnebSi kidev ufro naTlad aCvenebs kanonzomierebas – aq
qal-kandidatTa raodenoba kidev ufro klebulobs da adasturebs faqts, rom qalebi
ganidevnebian Zalauflebis sferodan.
I aTeulSi
paqtebi), agreTve meqanizmebi, rogorc maTi cxovrebis realizaciis formebi,
saCivris, monitoringis, angariSgebisa da sxva procedurebis CaTvliT.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1948 wlis 10
dekembers miiRo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sayovelTao deklaracia.
komisiam Seqmna adamianis uflebaTa dacvis pirveli instrumentis monaxazi.
deklaraciis principebis iuridiulad aRiarebul valdebulebad CamoyalibebisaTvis
im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebmac moaxdines misi ratificireba, generalurma
asambleam igi dayo or “paqtad”. pirveli samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb da meore – socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. 1966
wels gaerTianebuli erebis mesame komitetma (adamianis uflebaTa dacvis generaluri
asamblea) sabolood miiRo ori damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri,
socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (icescr) da meore, saerTaSoriso paqti
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (ICCPR), romlebic adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciasTan erTianobaSi cnobilia rogorc bili adamianis uflebaTa
Sesaxeb da, romelic 1976 wlidan amoqmedda. ICCPR warmoadgens zogad protokols
(an SeniSvnebs paqtis mimarT), romelic SesaZlebels xdis, saxelmwifoebma Tavis erebs
darTon neba, waradginon peticiebi da moiTxovon maTi calke ratificireba.
paqtebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac xSirad “konvenciebs” uwodeben,
mowodebulni arian gansazRvron adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia da Camoayalibon
saxelmwifoTa saxelmZRvanelo standartebi. amiT isini sazogadoebas exmarebian
Seqmnan xelsayreli garemo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganxorcielebisaTvis. paqtebis
ratificireba saxelmwifoebs akisrebs ormag valdebulebas: pirveli, gamoiyenos misi
debulebebi da meore, gaxdes saerTaSoriso kontrolis obieqti. qveynebis mier
konvenciebis ratificirebisTanave maT ekisrebaT valdebuleba, regularuli angariSi
waradginon am konvenciebis Sesabamisobisa da Sesrulebis Taobaze.
saerTaSoriso konvenciebis pirveli monaxazis Seqmnis Semdeg, gaerom daiwyo
specifikur sferoebSi paqtebis, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantis
gamoyeneba. pirveli iyo konvencia “genocidis acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb”, romelic
ZalaSi 1948 wels Sevida. ZiriTadi konvencia, romelic exeboda qalebs, “konvencia
qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW), xelmowerili iqna
1979 wels, ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wels da ratificirebul iqna saxelmwifoTa mier,
romelTagan mravalma gamoTqva konvenciasTan mierTebis survili.
aRniSnuli ori konvenciis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sistemaSi ganisazRvra uflebaTa ori ZiriTadi kategoria: pirveli samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi da meore - ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebi, romelTaganac pirvels ewoda “pirveli Taobis” da meores –
“meore Taobis” uflebebi. (qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, 2001)
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam socialuri TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom
iuridiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, socialuri an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara
aqvT arsebobisa da moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos
mxridan specialur samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroeben da, SesaZloa, warmoadgendnen
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damoukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCnda kidev erTi mimarTuleba - e.w. "adamianTa uflebebis
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxavda calkeuli socialuri jgufebis sasicocxlo
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.
"adamianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#54)
3
(#50)
#51)
(#53)
merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10
2
(#6)
(#8)
0
5
3
(#20) (#32)
(#21) (#35)
(#22) (#38)
(#23)
(#28)
helsinkis kavSiri – erovnuli 2
2
7
7
aRorZineba – erovnuli forumi - (#3)
(#12)
(#20) (#30)
#11
(#4)
(#15)
(#23) (#31)
(#24) (#32)
(#25) (#33)
(#27) (#36)
(#28) (#37)
(#29) (#38)
saqarTvelos
qristianul- informacia ar mogvawoda
demokratiuli kavSiri - #16
daviT aRmaSeneblis partia - #23
saarCevno bloki “saqarTvelos
erovnuli erTianobis partia” #24
informacia ar mogvawoda
2
7 (#10) 6
4
(#7) (#12)
(#20) (#31)
(#9) (#13)
(#21) (#34)
(#14)
(#22) (#35)
(#17)
(#24) (#37)
(#18)
(#26)
(#19)
(#29)
nacionalistebi - #27
0
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#47)
3
(#52)
#53)
(#54)
(#59)
3
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
1
(#51)
7
(#40)
(#42)
(#43)
(#44)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
4
(#41)
(#45)
(#46)
(#49)
4
(#51)
#52)
(#54)
(#58)
1 (#11)
4
(#20)
(#24)
(#27)
(#29)
3
(#30)
(#31)
(#37)
politikuri kavSiri”Tanadgoma” - 1
#31
(#9)
1 (#15)
3
(#23)
(#27)
(#29)
3
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
5
(#40)
(#43)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
saqarTvelos inteleqtualTa liga 1
- #32
(#9)
7 (#10)
(#12)
(#13)
(#14)
(#15)
(#18)
(#19)
6
(#24)
(#25)
(#26)
(#27)
(#28)
(#29)
6
(#30)
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#34)
(#35)
6
(#40)
(#41)
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
saarCevno
bloki
“nacionaluri 1
moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti (#7)
- #34
0
100
1
(#24)
2
(#30)
(#34)
1
(#42)
9
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#55)
(#56)
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
8
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#56)
(#57)
(#59)
9
(#50)
#51)
(#53)
(#54)
(#55)
(#56)
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
1
(#54)
diskriminacia, rac sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli
pirobaa da zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri da demokratiuli ganviTarebis procesebs.
1947 wels dafuZnebuli gaerTianebuli erebis qalis statusis komisia amzadebs
gamokvlevebs, angariSebsa da rekomendaciebs adamianis uflebebis Taobaze da
qalebTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebze. misi monawileobiT moxda qalis uflebebTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi konvenciebis, proeqtebis momzadeba, rogoric aris qalis yvela
formis diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb da gaerTianebuli erebis mier qalTa
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT wamoyenebuli programebi. komisia gamodioda rogorc mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso konferenciebis saorganizacio organo da koncentrirebuli
iyo qalTa politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri statusis gaumjobesebaze.
qalTa ganviTarebis ganyofileba (DAW) pasuxismgebelia qalis statusis komisiisa da qalis yvela formis diskriminaciis salikvidacio komitetis (CEDAW) momsaxurebaze. DAW koncentrirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi genderuli
sakiTxebis koordinirebasa da ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi maT CarTvaze. igi samdivnos
funqcias asrulebda qalTa sakiTxebze gaerTianebuli erebis oTxi msoflio konferenciisaTvis: 1975 (mexiko), 1980 (kopenhageni), 1985 (nairobi) da 1995 (pekini). konferenciebze moxda qalTa statusis Sefaseba da qalTa winsvlis strategiebis dasaxva.*
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gero) mier 1975 wlis qalTa saerTaSoriso
wlad gamocxadeba gadaiqca msoflios sazogadoebriobis mier sayovelTao progresis
saqmeSi qalebis mier Setanili wvlilis aRiarebad da maT winaSe mdgar rTul
problemebze yuradRebis mipyrobis gamoxatulebad. mTeli msoflios masStabiT
Cafiqrebul RonisZiebaTa Soris, romlebic mimarTuli iyo qalTa saerTaSoriso wlis
miznebis misaRwevad, umTavresi yuradReba eTmoboda erovnul, regionul da
saerTaSoriso kvleviT moRvaweobas, monacemebis Segrovebas qalebis mdgomareobis
absoluturad yvela aspeqtis Sesaxeb da maT analizs. es garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo agreTve aTwleulis programis "gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalebi"-s
farglebSi Casatarebeli im RonisZiebebis damuSavebisas, romlebic tardeboda
deviziT: "Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba". am periodSi gaeros sistemaSi
amoqmedda qalebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gamiznuli saerTaSoriso
saswavlo da samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi sferoebis
gansazRvra xdeboda aTwliani programis "qalebi: dasaqmeba, jandacva, ganaTleba,
politikuri moRvaweoba" amocanebis Sesabamisad. qalTa dekadis ganmavlobaSi
konvencia qalis mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
ratificirebuli iqna 130 qveynis mier, rasac uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda,
radganac aRniSnuli konvencia warmoadgens specialurad qalebze mimarTul yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas.
1993 wlis venis adamianis uflebaTa msoflio konferenciaze 171 qveynis
warmomadgenlebma miiRes venis deklaracia, romelSic deklarirebulia: "yvela
adamianis ufleba universaluri, ganuyofeli, urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTdakavSirebulia". konferencia gadaiqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli xedvisa da
praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. misi sawyisi mowodeba da dRis wesrigi arc
qalebisaken iyo mimarTuli da arc genderuli aspeqtisaken, magram mas Semdeg, rac
konferenciaze warmodgenili iqna adamianis istoriuli statusis xelaxali Sefaseba,
*
am konferenciebze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia; Tumca, aqvT didi moraluri da
politikuri datvirTva. maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba adgilobrivi, erovnuli an regionuli miznebis
misaRwevad. konferenciis masalebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
(magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoric aris xelSekruleba socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebebze)
gasaZliereblad da interpretirebisaTvis. rodesac qveyana xels awers aseT xelSekrulebas, mas
saerTaSoriso kanonis statusi eZleva.
37
aq arCeuli iqna 49 qali, rac qalaqebis sakrebulos wevrebis saerTo raodenobis
10,4% Seadgens. es monacemi 1,4% naklebia regionalur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT da kidev
erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom iq sadac Zalauflebis koncentracia matulobs da
ufro mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba, qalTa warmomadgenloba klebulobs.
qalebi partiul siebSi
literatura:
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002
2. qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001
3. saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.
4. Элиас Н., Социальная теория, THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 .
5. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М. 1994.
6. Фурье Ш., Избр. Соч., М., 1951, Т.1
7. Белинский Б., Полн. Собр. Соч. Т.12
8. Чернишевский Н.Г. Полн. Собр. Соч., Т.1
9. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф., Соч. Т. 32
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р., Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М., 2002.
11. Lorber J., Gender Inequality, Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los
Angeles, California.
12. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey 07458.
13. Women, Culture and Society, A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. for The Women’s
Studies Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.
38
VI-VII
aTeulSi
1. ra aris qalis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi Sexedulebis mizezi?
2. ram ganapiroba qalis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis transformireba?
3. rogoria saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxis mimarT?
4. gaaanalizeT qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis tipebi.
5. raSi mdgomareobs qalis socialuri statusi?
V
aTeulSi
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
IV aTeulSi
I
aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
III aTeulSi
arCevnebSi monawile politikuri partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel
(potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qali-kandidatebi Semdeg adgilebs ikavebdnen:
II
aTeulSi
qalis uflebebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis yuradRebis centrSi
aRmoCnda. swored am kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias
mouwodebda yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina adamianis – qalis uflebebi da eRiarebina genderuli Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni, romelic gansxvavebul
formebs iZens sxvadasxva kulturul, masobriv da klasobriv garemocvaSi da rogorc
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva, romelzec myisieri reagirebaa saWiro.
marTalia qalis adamianis uflebebis sistema uaRresad mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi da politikuri cvlilebebis lobirebisaTvis rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise
erovnul doneebze, is aseve mniSvnelovani iaraRia yofiT donezec, aswavlis qalebs
im uflebebs, romelic maTma mTavrobebma unda aRiaron, is aseve aswavlis maTi
gamocdilebis analizis da cvlilebebis dagegmvis organizebasac. adamianis uflebaTa
sistema qmnis sivrces, sadac qalis cxovrebas gansxvavebuli yuradReba eTmoba. mTavari ki is aris, rom aseTi raodenobis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, SeTanxmebebisa da valdebulebebis arseboba qalebs safuZvliani politikuri sayrdeniT da
avtoritetuli orientirebiT uzrunvelyofs. (S banCi,. 2002).
2
(#46)
(#48)
2
(#43)
(#45)
2
(#50)
(#51)
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#54)
3
(#50)
#51)
(#53)
4
(#71)
(#73)
(#76)
(#79)
3
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri - 1 (#9)
#1
1
(#14)
1
(#27)
0
saarCevno
– 0
2
(#16)
(#18)
2
(#20)
(#29)
1
(#31)
saarCevno
bloki
“mrewveloba 0
gadaarCens saqarTvelos” #3
1
(#19)
saqarTvelos
leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia - #4
1
(#10)
3
(#20)
(#28)
(#29)
1
(#24)
3
(#36)
(#37)
(#38)
3
(#32)
(#37)
(#39)
3
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
2
(#63)
(#67)
erovnul-demokratiuli
#5
1
(#16)
4
(#20)
(#23)
(#25)
(#29)
1
(#29)
4
(#30)
(#33)
(#34)
(#38)
4
(#32)
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
1
(#38)
1
(#44)
3
(#31)
(#38)
(#39)
4
(#40)
(#42)
(#48)
(#49)
bloki
“aRorZineba
XXI” - #2
partia
- 1
(#1)
saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia 0
– tradicionalistTa kavSiri” #6
2
(#14)
(#18)
saarCevno
bloki
“erTiani 1
komunisturi partia (stalinuri) (#7)
da mSromelTa sabWoebi” - #7
1
(#19)
2
(#26)
(#27)
mwvaneTa partia - #9
4
(#14)
(#15)
(#17)
(#18)
5
(#20)
(#21)
(#25)
(#27)
(#28)
4
(#5)
(#6)
(#7)
(#8)
99
2
(#40)
(#46)
2
(#42)
(#44)
4
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#55)
3
(#51)
#56)
(#59)
3
(#52)
#55)
(#57)
eqvs
walka
0
5
TeTriwyaro
0
5
mcxeTa
0
7
duSeTi
2
7
kaspi
1
9
gori
2
9
qareli
2
7
xaSuri
1
9
borjomi
1
9
axalcixe
0
9
axalqalaqi
0
7
ninowminda
0
5
oni
1
5
ambrolau-ri
1
5
cageri
1
5
Terjola
0
5
saCxere
0
7
zestafoni
0
9
baRdaTi
0
5
vani
1
5
samtredia
1
9
xoni
1
7
WiaTura
0
9
tyibuli
1
9
wyaltubo
0
9
quTaisi
0
15
ozurgeTi
2
9
lanCxuTi
0
7
Coxatauri
0
5
abaSa
1
7
senaki
1
9
martvili
1
5
xobi
2
5
zugdidi
0
9
walenjixa
1
7
Cxorowyu
0
5
foTi
1
15
baTumi
4
35
qobuleTi
3
19
98
Tavi V
religia da patriarqati
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze
religia is sferoa, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs rogorc sulierebis
matarebeli, es misi zRvruli imedebisa da molodinis, monaniebisa da ganwmendis, misi
WeSmariti, Rrmad dafaruli arsis Secnobis wyaroa. xolo adamianebis yoveldRiuri
saqmianoba, maTi miwieri, materialuri bunebiT ganpirobebuli urTierTobebi,
upirveles yovlisa, Zalaufleba da daqvemdebareba ekonomikisa da politikis sferoa.
religiuri tradicia warmoadgens sruliad realur, xelSesaxeb socialur Zalas.
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi religiur institutebs sakraluri avtoriteti gaaCniaT,
amitomac isini realur Zalauflebas floben.
tradicia memkvidreobiTobis erT-erTi mZlavri meqanizmia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi myari saSualebebiT da kanonebiT, normebiT da
faseulobebiT gadascems adamianebis azrovnebis da qcevis garkveul formebs.
swored mdgradi formebiT fiqsirdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi da momaval
Taobebs gadaecema mTeli informacia adamianebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. Tuki
religiuri tradicionalizmi ritualebisa da dResaswaulebis meSveobiT gadmoscems
miTebsa da legendebs, kulturuli tradicionalizmi (mecniereba, xelovneba,
sazogadoebrivi organizaciis sferoebi: politika, ekonomika, samarTali) amas
mudmivad axorcielebs srulyofis procesSi myofi meqanizmebiT, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs praqtikul da Teoriul gamocdilebasa da codnas garkveuli dargis
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. amitomac, praqtikulad nebismieri sazogadoeba da
sfero, raki isini mudmivad gadainacvleben tradicionalizmis erTi formidan
meoreSi, tradicionalizmis garkveul doneze imyofebian da garkveul wilad
tradiciuli arian.
tradicia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi movlena, TavisTavad ar arsebobs. igi mxolod
axasiaTebs sazogadoebis qcevis myari da ganmeorebiTi formebis mTel kompleqss.
qcevis mudmivad ganmeorebadi saSualebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSavebs
sakuTar ideologiur safuZvels anu SeiZens im ideebsa da cnebebs, romlebic
aucilebelia maT gasamarTleblad, SesanarCuneblad da aRsadgenad sazogadoebrivi
stabilurobis pirobebSi. sul male Tavad tradiciebi xdeba stabilurobis
safuZveli da msoflmxedvelobisa da azrovnebis sistemad gardaiqmneba, rac
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis urTierTobebis simtkices makroistoriul doneze,
politikuri stabilurobis CaTvliT. aq ukve sistema gvkarnaxobs ara mxolod
bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi movlenis axsnas, aramed
gansazRvravs kidec sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadawyvetis ZiriTad midgomebs, e.i.
gvkarnaxobs socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis saSualebas, xelisuflebisa da
subieqtis urTierTobas. aseTi sistemis mTavari gamoxatulebaa sazogadoebrivi
stereotipebi, kanonikuri teqstis avtoriteti, Cveulebrivi samarTali.
“bavSvobaSi qali mamas unda emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris
sikvdilis Semdeg – vaJiSvilebs. qali morCilebisagan Tavisufali arasdros unda
iyos, – ambobs indoelebis “manus kanonebi”.
“madlobeli var ufalo, rom Sen me qalad ar gamaCine”, – imeorebs
yoveldRiur locvaSi orTovoqsi iudeveli.
“colebo, daemorCileT Tqvens qmrebs, rogorc ufals, radgan qmari aris colis
mbrZanebeli, viTarca qriste – eklesiis", – gvarigebs biblia.
39
"qmrebi colebze maRla dganan imitom, rom alahma uboZa pirvelT upiratesoba
meoreebze” – gvimtkicebs yurani.
zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi sakmaod damajereblad cxadyofs, rom
gansxvavebuli religiuri swavlebani erTxmad acxadeben sazogadoebaSi qalebis
daqvemdebarebuli
rolis
Sesaxeb.
tradiciulad,
religiuri
moZRvrebebi
sayovelTaod aSuqeben sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas,
amitomac sruliad gamarTlebuli Cans imis mtkiceba, rom religia usqeso ar
gaxlavT – igi warmoSobiT mamrobiTi sqesisaa.
dRevandel
pirobebSi, roca qali cdilobs ganaviTaros
Tavisi unari
da SesaZleblobani, igi
Tavisdauneburad dgeba memkvidreobiTi, tradiciulad
miRebuli emociuri ganwyobilebis da orientaciis Secvlisa da gadaxalisebis winaSe
ara mxolod gare opoziciasTan, aramed sakuTar TavTan brZolis gziTac, im
winaaRmdegobebTan brZolis gziT, romlebic masSi iyo Camoyalibebuli tradiciuli
idealebis dafuZnebiT.
sazogadoebriv
warmoebaSi
qalebis
CarTva
ganuxrelad
izrdeba.
es
damajereblad mowmobs, rom qalTa socialuri statusis gadasinjva obieqturi
aucilebloba xdeba. aRniSnuli kanonzomieri tendenciis tempebi da misi
umtkivneuloba damokidebulia ara mxolod ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, aramed
ideologiuri xasiaTis faqtorebzec. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba
stereotipebi, romelTa SenarCuneba adamianis cnobierebaSi udides wilad
damokidebulia religiasa da mis institutebze.
dRes xSirad aucilebeli xdeba religiuri praqtikisa da tradiciebis gardaqmna
da
xelaxla
formireba,
raTa
isini
SesabamisobaSi
iqnes
moyvanili
Tanasworuflebianobis arsTan, romelic safuZvlad udevs religiur tradiciebs.
Sesworebis, gardaqmnisa da formulirebis Secvlis mcdelobani mTels msoflioSi
mimdinareobs. msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedi Tavis Tavs romelime religias
ukavSirebs, amitom mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom religiuri xmebi Zalze mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs da Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs Tanasworuflebiani socialuri
struqturebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. ufro metic, vinaidan qalebis Cabma cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi dRevandeli realobiT aris nakarnaxevi, religiur xmebs raRac
konstruqciulis Setana SeuZliaT am problemis ganxilvaSi.
SeuZliaT Tu ara egreT wodebul erovnul moZRvrebebs imgvarad gardaqmna, rom
mxarSi amoudgnen sazogadoebriv progress, romlis erT-erTi komponentic qalTa
diskriminaciis likvidaciaa. am kiTxvas sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben.
erTni, metad konservatulad ganwyobilni, sakiTxis ase dayenebas usafuZlod
TviT religiis arsis winaaRmdeg mimarTulad Tvlian. sxvani, romelTa ricxvic
metad mniSvnelovania, mzad arian da miiswrafvian moaxdinon reformireba tradiciul
religiur moZRvrebaSi.
2. qali da iudaizmi
ebraelebi Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlian, rac RmerTTan maTi sulieri kavSiriT aris
ganpirobebuli. xandaxan iudaizms ebraelebis sulieri da politikuri lideris
saxelis mixedviT - "moses kanonsac" uwodeben. iudaizmis "wmida" wignebad Tora da
Talmudi iTvleba. Tora – yveli aRTqmis pirveli xuTi wignis krebiTi saxelwodebaa.
TviT sityva Tora ki miTiTebas, moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelos niSnavs.
wmida wignebi Seicavs ambavs samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, aRwers
RmerTisa da adamianebis urTierTobas adamisa da evas samoTxidan gandevnis Semdeg.
40
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi Catarda 2002 wlis 16 ivniss. xazi unda gaesvas im
garemoebas, rom aWaris arCevnebs aklda gamWvirvaloba da arCevnebis msvlelobaze
informaciis mopoveba metad Wirda.
olqi
#
olqis
dasaxeleba
qali
kandidatebi
arCeuli wevrebis arCeuli
saerTo ricxvi
qalebis%
4
arCeuli
qalebis
saerTo
ricxvi
4
1
q. baTumi
35
11.4
2
q. qobuleTi
5
3
19
15.8
3
qobuleTi
39
35
244
14.3
4
xelvaCauri
35
31
208
14.9
5
qeda
15
9
94
9.6
6
Suaxevi
6
5
106
4.7
7
xulo
16
13
148
8.8
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakrebuloebSi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis masStabiT
saSualod 8.8%-ia.
statistikuri masalis analizma didi sxvaoba gamoavlina sxvadasxva regions Soris,
sadac qalTa warmomadgenlobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aris lentexis raionSi 25%, xolo yvelaze dabali ki – marneulis raionSi – 0,9%.
qalaqebi
raionul sakrebuloebTan SedarebiT qalaqebsa da raionul centrebSi qalTa
warmomadgenloba kidev ufro dabalia:
qalaqis dasaxeleba
Tbilisi
arCeuli qalebi
5
arCeulTa saerTo ricxvi
49
sagarejo
2
5
gurjaani
0
5
siRnaRi
0
5
dedoflis wyaro
0
5
lagodexi
2
7
yvareli
0
7
Telavi
2
9
axmeta
0
7
rusTavi
0
15
gardabani
0
7
marneuli
0
9
bolnisi
1
7
dmanisi
0
5
97
44
ambrolauri
23
12
95
12.6
45
cageri
12
7
80
8.8
46
lentexi
19
10
40
25
47
mestia
27
14
80
17.5
48
xaragauli
42
20
99
20.2
49
Terjola
25
3
95
3.2
50
saCxere
12
11
67
16.4
51
zestafoni
30
11
99
11.1
52
baRdaTi
26
9
65
13.8
53
vani
38
9
100
9
54
samtredia
35
11
79
13.9
55
xoni
30
10
62
16.1
56
WiaTura
47
9
84
10.7
57
tyibuli
21
7
54
13
58
wyaltubo
37
14
89
15.7
59
quTaisi
15
0
15
0
60
ozurgeTi
66
24
149
16.1
61
lanCxuTi
33
9
61
14.8
62
Coxatauri
37
14
115
12.2
63
abaSa
19
8
82
9.8
64
senaki
53
19
79
24.1
65
martvili
21
13
105
12.4
66
xobi
23
13
105
12.4
67
zugdidi
32
15
159
9.4
68
walenjixa
28
9
74
12.2
69
Cxorowyu
24
10
65
15.4
70
foTi
10
1
15
6.6
75
gulrifSi
6
2
24
8.3
am cxrilis mixedviT, axlad arCeul raionul sakrebuloebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba
saSualod 11.8% -ia, rac wina arCevnebTan SedarebiT qalTa warmomadgenlobis klebaze
migviTiTebs – 2.4% (1998 wels sakrebulos wevri gaxda 14.2% qali). amis mizezi
Zalauflebis koncentraciasa da saarCevno procesebSi Zaladobrivi meTodebis zrdaSi
unda veZeboT.
xuTwigneulis gansakuTrebuli siuJetia RmerTisa da ebreli xalxis urTierToba da
xelSekrulebis – "aRTqmis" dadeba. wignebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia agreTve
religiur da samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. Toris kulminaciur siuJets warmoadgens mose
winaswarmetyvelis qmedebebis da imis aRwera, Tu rogor uboZes mas RvTis "mcnebebi".
Talmudi (moZRvreba, mecniereba) Tavdapirvelad miSnas* klasikuri axsna-ganmartebis
aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda, didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli ganmarteba ki
jemeras
saxeliT aris cnobili. dReisaTvis arsebobs babilonuri da ierusalimis (palestinis)
Talmudebi.
iudaizmSi yvelaferi Toris mcnebebiT da darigebebiT regulirdeba: sakvebis
miReba, piradi urTierTobebi, samsaxuri da a.S., xolo imis axsna, rac ToraSi ar aris
asaxuli, mravalsaukunovani ganmartebebisa da interpretaciis saSualebiT xdeba. ase
rom iudaizmSi avtoritetis sami urTierTgadamkveTi struqturaa – RmerTi, Tora
da ganswavlul brZenTa mier Toris axsna-ganmarteba da interpretacia. Teoriulad
TiToeuli maTgani avtonomiurad arsebobs, magram sinamdvileSi isini dinamikurad
erwymian erTmaneTs. Tumca iTvleba, rom RmerTi Tavis nebas Toris saSualebiT
gamoxatavs, magaram arseboben, agreTve, brZenni-rabinebi, romlebic am nebas
yovelTvis istoriuli periodis Sesabamisad xsnian.
iudaizmis umravles kanonebs iziareben rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, magram
Cveni codnis udidesi nawili misi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb dakavSirebulia lideri
mamakacebis RmerTTan urTierTobasTan. iudaizmi sqesobrivi niSniT aris dayofili
da mamakacebzea orientirebuli. ebrauli Temebis umravlesobam mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi Seitana sqesobrivi segregaciis bevr sakiTxSi da qals saSualeba misca
ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seesrulebina iudaizmis sazogadoebriv sferoSi, Tumca am
monawileobis xarisxi sxvadasxva TemSi sxvadasxvanairia. orTodoqsuli iudaizmi ki
mkacrad icavs Tavis tradiciul poziciebs. siuzan stari am pozicias ase
gadmogvcems: tradiciulad iudaizmi mamakacebs mimarTavs, gvaswavlis, rom RvTaebrivi mimarTva, ZiriTadad, mamakacebis, abramisa da moses saSualebiT iqna gadmocemuli, Sesabamisad, liderobis privilegias igi mamakacebs aniWebs da tradiciulad
qalebs ar uSvebs religiuri gamovlinebebis iseT centralur sferoebSi rogoricaa:
ganaTlebis miReba da sityvieri monawileoba sinagogaSi. diskriminaciulia iudaizmi
memkvidreobis sakiTxebSic. locvebsa da kanonebsac mamakacebi qmnian. miuxedavad
amisa, qalebi ebraeli xalxis istoriul ganvTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobdnen. siuzan staris azriT, iudaizmi mainc iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas,
rom qalebi srulyofili da mamakacis Tanasaworuflebianad Seqmnilni adamianuri
arsebebi arian. RmerTma xelSekruleba dado mTel ebrael mosaxleobasTan
(mamakacebTan da qalebTan) da ara marto mamakacebTan. (Sered, 1992). sxvadasxva enaze
Targmnil bibliur teqstebSi naTqvamia, rom coli Seqmnilia qmris "damxmared" da
masSi (qmarSi) siyvarulis grZnobis gasaRviZeblad. ebrauli teqsti sityva "damxmares"
mamrobiT sqesSi xmarobs da igi Zvel aRTqmaSi 110-jer meordeba da yoveli misi
moxseniebisas laparakia partniorul, Tanasworuflebian urTierTobebze. Tu
mamakaci daimsaxurebs, coli misTvis mokavSire da partniori iqneba, Tu ara –
mowinaaRmdege. (Кураев, 1996)
marTlac, bibliuri teqstebi xSirad mogviTxroben im erTguli qalebis gulad
qmedebebze, romlebic mamakacebisagan damoukideblad moqmedeben zogjer mamakaciliderebis winaaRmdegac. swored patriarqaluri tradiciebis winaaRmdeg gamodis
rebeka, rodesac aviTarebs RvTaebriv gegmas Tavisi umcrosi vaJiSvilis iakobis
*
96
Zv. w. III saukunaSi Sekrebili da aRdgenili Zveli ebrauli kanonebis krebuli, romelic dayofilia 6 da 63
patara nawilad. aRniSnuli krebuli aris adrindel brZenTa tradiciebis gagrZeleba da Talmudis
ganxilvisa da Seswavlisas mis safuZvels warmoadgens.
41
dasacavad. aseve mose, romelmac Semdeg ebraeli xalxi egviptidan gamoiyvana,
bavSvobaSi sikvdils mxolod qalebis SemweobiT gadaurCa, romlebmac faraonis
gegmebi CaSales. Tavdapirvelad bebiaqalebi Sifra da fua ar daemorCilen faraonis
brZanebas – moeklaT yvela iudeveli axalSobili biWi, romelic maT miiRes. moses
dabadebis Semdeg ki misi ufrosma dam – miriamma moaxerxa, rom igi faraonis
qaliSvilma iSvila, xolo misi RviZli deda aRmzrdelad aiyvanes. ase rom, miriamma
igi ara mxolod gadaarCina, aramed misi iudevelad aRzrdac uzrunvelyo.
qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen agreTve israelis religiur ganviTarebaSi. amis magaliTia debora – winaswarmetyveli da Tormet msajulTagan erTaderTi, romelic misdevs moses tradicias – namdvilad uxelmZRvanelos ebrael
xalxs rogorc mosamarTlem. swored igi STaagonebs vanaks, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
sosaras.
Zv. w. meeqvse saukuneSi winaswarmetyveli halda pasuximgebelia kanonis autenturobaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs ebraelebs gaakontrolon WeSmariti ebrauli
tradiciebi da maTi Sesruleba.
rabinulma iudaizmma da Talmudis ufro gvianma ganviTarebam ebraelebis
religiuri cxovrebis koncentrireba Toris Seswavlasa da sinagogaSi yoveldRiuri
msaxurebis irgvliv moaxdines. rodesac rabinuli iudaizmi iudaizmis normatiul
formad iqca, qalebi Toris swavlebasa da yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas TandaTan
Camoaciles, rac praqtikulad imaSi gamoixateboda, rom sinagogebi da akademiebi
faqtobrivad mamakacebis xelSi darCa. miuxedavad amisa, Talmudis aqaduri nawilebi
Seicaven TxrobaTa mTel serias, sadac qalebi Toris Rrma da srulyofil codnas
avlenen.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iudaizmSi Tanasworuflebianobis arsi mdgomareobs
ara marto imaSi, rom qalebi srulyofili adamianebi arian da mamakacTa Tanasworad
arian Seqmnilni, aramed imaSic, rom RmerTma xelSekruleba mTel ebrael
mosaxleobasTan dado da ara marto mxolod mamakacebTan. magram klasikur
moZRvrebaTa umetes nawilSi araferia naTlad naTqvami maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb,
Tumca klasikuri religiuri tradicia xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis ebraeli xalxis
realur istoriasTan.
aRmoCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad qalebi amoRebul iqnen aRTqmis dadebis
procesidan. aRTqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli winadacveTis ceremonia mxolod mamakacebis
daswrebiT Semoifargla da TviT sinas mTaze xelSekrulebis dadebisas mose mxolod
mamakacebs mimarTavs. (gamosvla, 9/15) miuxedavad amisa, rabinuli iudaizmi
adasturebs aRTqmis pirvel ceremoniaze qalebis yofnas. da, marTlac, mTeli Tavisi
istoriis manZilze ebraeli xalxi grZnobda, rom qalebi CarTulni iyvnen saRmrTo
aRTqmaSi da mniSvnelovan rolsac ki asrulebdnen. aRTqma daido ara marto abramTan,
aramed sarasTanac. RmerTis TvalSi mxolod abramisa da saras vaJiSvili iyo
sruluflebiani memkvidre. moses saSualebiT gadmocemuli aRTqmis pirobebi qalebisa
da maT winaSe sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis konkretul valdebulebebs Seicavda.
albaT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania aRTqmis safuZvlebis miRebisa da maTi SenarCunebis
grZeli istoria. swored halda, winaswarmetyveli qali, axdens aRTqmis autenturobis dadgenas. da, marTlac, mTeli istoriis manZilze ebraeli qalebi Toris
zedmiwevniTi dacviT da dietis (kaSeris) wesebis Rrma codniT adasturebdnen Tavis
srulyofil monawileobas aRTqmiseul cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SezRuduli
iyo qalebis mier Toris Seswavla, rabinebi maT kaSeris sakiTxSi did avtoritetebad
miiCnevdnen. rogorc qronikebi adastureben, aseT sakiTxebSi isini sistematurad
mimarTavdnen TavianTi colebis rCevebs.
kidev erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic dakavSirebulia ToraSi gadmocemuli
42
qalTa politikuri aqtiuroba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi
2002 ivniss adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi maJoritaruli wesiT kenWi
iyara 13293 kandidatma, aqedan 1538 iyo qali. sakrebulos wevri gaxda 674 qali. olqebis
mixedviT suraTi Semdegnairia:
olqi
#
olqis dasaxeleba
qali kandidatebi
37
arCeuli
qalebis
saerTo
ricxvi
12
arCeuli
wevrebis
saerTo
ricxvi
108
11
sagarejo
11.1
12
gurjaani
42
15
117
12.8
13
siRnaRi
27
7
70
10
14
dedoflis wyaro
30
12
60
20
15
lagodexi
34
18
79
22.8
16
yvareli
27
7
59
11.9
17
Telavi
45
13
84
15.5
18
axmeta
34
8
77
10.4
19
TianeTi
22
14
60
23.3
20
rusTavi
14
0
15
0
21
gardabani
31
7
131
5.3
22
marneuli
5
1
108
0.9
23
bolnisi
9
2
78
2.6
24
dmanisi
7
6
80
7.5
25
walka
11
12
150
8
26
TeTriwyaro
26
14
100
14
27
mcxeTa
37
8
86
9.3
28
duSeTi
63
15
87
17.2
29
yazbegi
15
4
30
13.3
30
kaspi
21
12
89
13.5
31
axalgori
5
4
40
10
32
gori
44
16
143
11.2
33
qareli
20
8
99
8
35
xaSuri
36
11
70
15.7
36
borjomi
26
10
60
16.7
37
axalcixe
38
7
84
8.3
38
adigeni
27
9
125
7.2
39
aspinZa
17
3
60
5
40
axalqalaqi
13
5
112
4.5
41
ninowminda
6
2
50
4
43
oni
13
13
90
14.4
95
arCeuli
qalebis%
saqarTvelos leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia
1
(#16)
0
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi – mesame gza
1
(#1)
0
– 1
(#8)
0
bloki “saxalxo
didgori”
partia
VI-VII aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
I aTeulSi
II aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
1
(#40)
1
(#69)
0
2
(#34)
(#39)
0
1
(#43)
1
(#68)
0
0
1
(#42)
1
(#66)
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi sakrebulos wevrad arCeul iqna 1526 qali,
rac arCeulTa saerTo raodenobis 14.2% Seadgens. qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos 55
wevridan 7 iyo qali, anu 12.7%. raionebis mixedviT aseTi suraTia:
regionis dasaxeleba
mcxeTa-TianeTi
kaxeTi
qvemo qarTli
Sida qarTli
samcxe-javaxeTi
imereTi
raWa-leCxumi
samegrelo-svaneTi
guria
aWara
arCeuli qalebis
saerTo ricxvi
125
241
79
148
94
329
109
212
93
89
arCeuli wevrebis
saerTo ricxvi
750
1727
1289
1078
964
2294
694
1615
782
918
arCeuli
qalebis%
16.6
13.9
6.1
13.7
9.5
14.3
15.7
13.1
11.8
9.6
sagulisxmoa, rom arCeul qalTa umravlesoba soflebis sakrebulos wevrebi arian,
rac Seexeba qalaqebsa da raionul centrebs, maTi warmomadgenloba minimaluria.
TbilisSi arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo mosaxleobis 40-50%-ma, maT Soris naxevarze
metma qalma (51-53%). msgavsi suraTi gamoikveTa guriasa da zemo svaneTSi. rac Seexeba
qvemo qarTls (marneuli, bolnisi, gardabani), aq qalTa politikuri aqtivoba ramdenadme
naklebi iyo (35-49%). aq gamoCnda qalTa diskriminaciac saarCevno procesSi, roca qalis
dauswreblad, qalis pasportiT, ojaxis ufrosi (mamakaci) avsebda biuletens da mis
magivrad akeTebda arCevans.
94
adamianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb ori ambavis komentirebasa da interpretaciasTan. pirvel
monaTxrobSi (dabadeba 1-2:4) RmerTi samyaros Seqmnis kulminaciur momentSi qmnis
adamians. mamakaci da qali, romelTac saxelebi ara aqvT, erTdroulad Seiqmnen
RmerTis xatad da mis msgavsad da orives miwa gadaeca mflobelobaSi. meore
monaTxrobSi (dabadeba: 2:4 –3:24) pirvelad Seiqmna adami, mis Semdeg cxovelebi,
xolo eva sul bolos, adamis neknidan Seiqmna, radgan cxovelebSi ver moiZebna adamis
Sesabamisi damxmare.
pirveli monaTxrobis mixedviT adami da eva erTdroulad sruliad Tanasworuflebian adamianebad Seiqmnen RmerTis msgavsad da xatad. meore monaTxrobSi qali
mamakacis neknidan Seiqmna, misTvis, masze damokidebuli da daqvemdebarebuli.
am ori miTis rabinulma axsnam lilitis Seqmnamde migviyvana. axsnis Tanaxmad
RmerTma faqtobrivad adamisaTvis ori qali Seqmna – liliti da eva. rogorc
pirveli ambavi gadmogvcems, RmerTma pirveli coli adamis Tanasworad Seqmna, magram
CvenTvis ucnobi mizezis gamo lilitma miatova adami. miuxedavad RmerTis muqarisa,
liliti uars ambobs daubrundes adams. amis Semdeg RmerTi adamisaTvis meore cols
qmnis, magram amJamad igi misi morCilia, Seqmnilia misgan da misTvis.
aseTi interpretacia ewinaaRmdegeba imis mtkicebas, rom mamakaci da qali
Seiqmnen rogorc Tanasworuflebianebi. miuxedavad amisa, isini, vinc iudaizmSi
Tanasworuflebianobis arss uWers mxars, moiTxoven meore istoriis dawvrilebiT
Seswavlas da amtkiceben, rom sinamdvileSi igi amtkicebs qalebis srulfasovnebas da
mamakacTan Tanasworobas. isini aRniSnaven, rom qalis mogvianebiT Seqmna ar niSnavs
mis meorexarisxovnebas da kacisadmi morCilebas. faqtobrivad, Seqmnis aseTi
Tanamimdevroba eqvivalentobas aRniSnavs, radgan iudeuri poeturi tradiciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Tanabari mniSvnelobis elementebis Tavsa da boloSi ganlageba. ase
rom, Txrobis struqtura, faqtobrivad, gadmogvcems erTi da imave elementis
(mamakacis) Seqmnas, Semdeg modis araTanasworuflebiani elementebis (cxovelebis)
Seqmnis procesi, xolo Txroba mTavrdeba mamakacis Tanabari da swori ekvivalenturi
elementis (qalis) Seqmnis istoriiT.
zustad aseve, is faqti, rom qali mamakacis neknidanaa Seqmnili, ar niSnavs, rom
mas damoukideblad arseboba ar SeuZlia. rodesac mamakaci ambobs, rom qali "Zvali
Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagania"... (dabadeba 2:23) amtkicebs, rom isini
erTi materiisagan arian Seqmnilni da maTi arsic erTia.
iudaizmi gvTavazobs mTel rig mtkicebulebebs da eWvqveS ayenebs patriarqaluri
ojaxis struqturis marTebulobas, romlis Tanaxmadac ojaxis wevri qalebi mamebis
sakuTrebas da maTi sistematuri kontrolis obieqts wamoadgenen, xolo colis
mTavari daniSnuleba qmris seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da vaJiSvilebis gaCenaa. es mtkicebulebebi iudaizmSi mTeli rigi faqtorebis erTobliobiT
aris warmodgenili.
pirvel faqtorad gvevlineba is, rom Tumca iudaizmi ar uaryofs ojaxSi
movaleobebis segregacias sqesobrivi niSniT, igi arasdros amarTlebda mis absoluturad patriarqalur struqturas. Zvel israelSic ki dedasa da mamas ojaxSi
Tanabari statusi hqondaT. RmerTis aRTqmis Sesrulebis metad mniSvnelovani
faqtori iyo moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom pativi ecaT rogorc mamisaTvis, ise
dedisaTvis. (dabadeba 20: 12, meore rjuli 5:16). Tora qvrivebis, bavSvebisa da
oblebis Sesaxeb mraval debulebas Seicavs, sadac laparakia imaze, rom maT, imisda
miuxedavad, hyavT Tu ara damcveli mamakacebi, TavianTi uflebebi unda hqondeT.
qorwinebis procedura TalmudSi patarZlis yidvis axloaRmosavlur tradiciasTan axlos dgas, magram swori ar iqneba, Tu mas ganvixilavT, rogorc sakuTrebis
erTi mflobelisagan (mamisagan) meoresaTvis (qmrisaTvis) gadacemis rituals. ebra43
danarTi 1
1995 - 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos bolo ori mowvevis parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba principulad
ucvleli rCeboda - 1995–1999 wlebSi deputat qalTa ricxvi 17-s ar aRemateba.
saqarTvelos parlamentis fraqciebsa da partiebSi 1999 wlis 1 seqtembris
monacemebiT qalTa warmomadgenloba Semdegia:
fraqciebi da partiebi
11
edp
1
saxalxo partia
-
aRorZineba
1
leiboristuli fraqcia
2
imedi
-
socialisturi partia
1
afxazeTi
-
mamuli
-
fraqciis gareSe
1
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1999 wlis noembris arCevnebis Semdeg parlamentSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobas raodenobrivi cvlileba ar ganucdia. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi
asaxulia parlamentSi arCeul qalTa adgili maT warmdgen partiaTa saarCevno siebSi:
44
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri
1
(#6)
1
(#13)
1
(#20)
saarCevno bloki -“saqarTvelos
aRorZineba”
1
(#9)
0
1
(#27)
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba
gadaarCens saqarTvelos”
0
1
(#12)
0
3
(#32)
(#34)
(#39)
0
1
(#49)
2
(#43)
(#44)
VI-VII aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
II aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
3. qali da qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-politikuri
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia
samyaro, romelSic qristianoba aRmocenda patriarqaluri iyo antikuri samyaros
sazogadoebrivi azri ar cnobda qalis da mamakacis Tanasworobas.
aristotele Tavis "poetikaSi" werda, rom qali SeiZleba iyos keTilSobili,
Tumca Tavisi bunebiT igi mdabali arsebaa. daaxloebiT aseTi ganwyoba sufevda
qalisadmi mTeli warmarTuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
II sauknis romaeli filosofosi celsusi Tavis TxzulebaSi "marTali sityva"
werda, rom Tu RmerTs miwaze sulis gamogzavna undoda, ra saWiro iyo igi iseT
uwmindur adgilas moeTavsebina rogoric qalis mucelia. magram amasTan, igi
tradiciuli miTologiis farglebSi dasaSvebad Tvlida, rom RmerTs SeiZleba
Seuyvardes mSvenieri da didebuli qali.
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi gaCnda e.w. qalTa qeba. qalis mTavar
Rirsebad miCneuli iyo Tavmdabloba, erTguleba, sakuTari Riirsebis gmiruli dacva.
xSirad laparaki iyo ara realur, aramed sasurvel qalze. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom
plutarqe Tavisi Txzulebis pirvelive frazaSi ar eTanxmeboda fukidids, romelsac
qali-kandidatebi
moqalaqeTa kavSiri
I aTeulSi
uli kanonebis Tanaxmad, qorwinebisaTvis aucilebelia qalis Tanxmoba, xolo mama
unda daelodos, sanam misi qaliSvili gaizrdeba, raTa man Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos.
aRTqmis mixedviT, aucilebeli pirobaa agreTve is, rom mamakacs coli sakuTari TaviviT uyvardes, xolo pativi Tavis Tavze metad sces. qmars yovelTvis ekrZaleboda
colis cema. qmrisa da colis urTierTdamokidebuleba ki idealur movlenad
iTvleba.
qalze zrunvis damadasturebelia kanoni ojaxisa da ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb.
bibliis mixedviT, qals ar SeeZlo aReZra saqme ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, magram
mogvianebiT rabinebma ebrauli sasamrTloebisaTvis gamosavali naxes da mamakacebi
aiZules qalebisaTvis ganqorwineba nebayoflobiT miecaT. aseTma nabijma dadebiTi
Sedegi gamoiRo da SesaZlebeli gaxada gverdi aevloT kanonisaTvis, romlis
Tanaxmadac, qalebs, romlebic qmrebma miatoves an daqvrivdnen, ar SeeZloT meored
gaTxoveba, radgan ar hqondaT damamtkicebeli sabuTi. aseTi viTareba qorwinebaSi
qals mamakacis Tanabar statuss ar aZlevda da am ukanasknelis dominirebas usvamda
xazs.
ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebi
ki
naTlad
adasturebs
egalitaruli
tendenciebis arsebobas da ojaxis struqturis moqnilobas iudaizmSi.
Semdegi faqtori, romelic patriarqaluri gagebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,
STamomavlobis reproduqciis meoradobaa. ebrauli kanonebis mixedviT, qorwinebis
upirvelesi mizani harmoniuli urTierTobebia da ara Svilebis gaCena. seqsualuri
urTierTobebisas umniSvnelovanesi piroba ki col-qmris fizikuri siamovneba da
ojaxuri bednierebis Seqmna magram reproduqcia ebrauli ojaxis cxovrebaSi mainc
metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. miuxedavad Torisa da Talmudis miTiTebisa,
rom mamakacebi da qalebi unda ganayofierdnen da gamravldnen (dabadeba 1:28),
iudaizmi mxolod mamakacs avalebs izrunos gamravlebaze, rac qalebs uflebas
aZlevs ixmaron Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi, magram aseTi gadawyvetilebis
miRebis dros qali valdebulia izrunos col-qmris, ojaxisa da ukve dabadebuli
Svilebis keTildReobaze. da, marTlac, sxvadasxva rabinuli axsna–ganmartebis
safuZvelze Svilebs eZlevaT saSualeba dagegmon TavianTi ojaxis gamravlebis
procesi da, Sesabamisi argumentebis SemTxvevaSi, uari Tqvan didi raodenobiT
STamomavlobis gaCenaze.
3
(#61)
(#64)
(#67)
0
0
jamSi, axal parlamentSi proporciuli siebiT arCeuli iqna 15 qali, maJoritaruli
wesiT - 1 deputati qali, xolo Zveli parlamentidan avtomaturad gadavida afxazeTis
deputaciis 1 warmomadgeneli qali.
aranakleb sainteresoa qalTa warmomadgeloba im partiaTa saarCevno siebSic,
romlebsac 7%-iani barieris gadalaxvis potencia hqondaT:
93
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. qarTvel qalTa roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi
2. qalTa socialuri roli da statusi feodalur saqarTveloSi
3. saqarTvelos qalTa socialuri aqtivoba XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
4. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc saqarTveloSi qalTa moZraobis aqtiuri mxardamWeri
saqarTvelos qalTa socialur-politikuri aqtivoba sabWoTa periodSi
5. ra zegavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos qalebze gardamavali periodis procesebma?
6. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli qalTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi
7. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
8. saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove politikur procesebSi
literatura:
1. i.WavWavaZe Txzulebani, 1928 w., t. VIII., "qarTuli wignis" gamocema. gv. 278).
2. qafiaSvili
i.
"lomisi", 1994
"Zveli
qarTveli
qarTveli
mwignobari
qalebi"
Tbilisi,
3. xomeriki l., javaxiSvili m. "qalTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi". XIX
saukunis meore naxevari da XX saukunis dasawyisi Tbilisi 2005
4. kiknaZe T. "qali da politika" politologia (saxelmZrvanelo o. gogiaSvilis
redaqtorobiT) Tsu, 2003
5. surmaniZe l. "qali qarTil mentalitetSi". Ggenderis aqtualuri problemebi. Tb. 1997
6. nadaraia l. "qali da politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "genderi,Kkultura.,
Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. GgafrindaSvili), Tbilisi, 2005
7. "genderi,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l. gafrindaSvili) Tbilisi, 2005
8. durgliSvili n., "cvlileba socialur garemoSi da qarTuli ojaxi". Tbilisi. 1997
9. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi , saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
baza da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998
10. qalTa dasaqmebis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1998
11. qali gardamaval periodSi. Tbilisi, 11998
12. qali, mamakaci da sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998
13. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamojvleva, Tbilisi 1999
14. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. gaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tb., gamomc.
"nekeri", 2000
92
miaCnda, rom saukeTesoa is qali, romelzec ucxoebi yvelaze naklebs laparakoben
rogorc saqebrad, ise gasakicxad. moralist plutarqes miaCnda, rom, piriqiT, qals
qeba unda Seasxa. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom warsul droTa gmiri
qalebis qebasTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo warmodgena qalis, rogorc bneli
sawyisis matareblis Sesaxeb. literaturaSi gaCnda alqajebis, momwamvleli qalebis
saxeebi, romlebic miwisqveSa samyaros saSinel RmerTTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli
(Свенцицкая, 1995).
berZnebs omi adamianisaTvis Cveul mdgomarebad miaCndaT. armia polisis Seqmnisa
da arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti da piroba iyo spartaSi ojaxi, rogorc
saxelmwifos pirveladi warmonaqmni, armiam Secvala. warmoiqmna da dakanonda
mamakacTa sxva tipis Tanamegobroba - homoseqsualizmi, romelic yvelaze metad
gamovlinda TebeSi Zv.w. meoTxe saukuneSi. aq Seiqmna sayvarelTa wminda kavSiri,
romlis wevrebic mxardamxar ibZodnen. msgavsi institutebi mowodebuli iyo brZolis
dros gaeRvivebinaT disciplinirebuli, koleqtiuri mamacobis grZnoba da sicocxlis
erToblivi Sewirvis survili aReZraT.
meomari mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebi warmoadgendnen imaT, vinc unda
daecvaT da vinc ojaxis meurneobaSi iyo dasaqmebuli. isini gabatonebuli samxedropolitikuri samyaros naklebad mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgendnen. cxadia, aseTi
viTareba sqesobriv segregacias uwyobda xels.
qristianoba Tavisi moZRvrebiT da institucionaluri struqturiT Tanasworuflebianobis damcvelad mogvevlina. adre dawesebuli normebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ieso qriste xSirad da Riad adasturebda qalebis Rirsebas. misi sikvdilis Semdeg
isini metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen eklesiis institutebis SeqmnaSi,
radganac mTavri rituali iyo monaTvla da ara winadacveTa.
qristes mowafeebi TemSi gaerTiandnen. pirveli qristianuli organizaciebi
swored Temis saxiT arsebobda. morwmuneni aq erTnairi uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,
Tumca iyvnen xelmZRvanelebi – mociqulebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, maswavleblebi,
romelTac aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod maTi piradi Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
ekavaT da rogorc qals, ise mamakacs SeeZlo daekavebina gamorCeuli mdgomareoba. am
periodis qristianul ZeglebSi xSirad vxvdebiT gamoCenili qalebis saxelebs.
Cveni welTaRricxvis meore saukuneSi, rodesac romSi qristianoba oficialur
religiad gamocxadda, qalebs sabolood daexSoT gza saeklesio ierarqiasa da Temis
xelmZRvanelobaSi. Tanasworuflebianoba patriarqaluri instituciuri struqturebiT Seicvala. aseT cvlilebebs Tan axlda saRvTismetyvelo moZRvreba, romelic
patriarqalur wesrigs RvTis nebas miawerda da daJinebiT moiTxovda mamakacsa da
qals Soris iseT urTierTobebs, roca mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo qali
morCilia.
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa patriarqaluri xasiaTi praqtikulad mravali
saukuneis ganmavlobaSi batonobda.
religiuri samarTali da institutebi sayovelTao patriarqaluri wesebis uryev damcvelebad gamodiodnen. mxolod XVI
saukunem – reformaciis periodma, rodesac qristianobaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi
moxda,
rac gamowveuli iyo feodalizmis niadagze axali burJuaziuli
urTierTobebis CasaxviT da ganviTarebiT, Tan moitana "feministuri aRorZnebis" sio.
mokle Sualedma luTersa da kalvins Soris moitana Tavisuflebis gaelveba. beatrisa
galendo, franCeska delebriska, ekaterine aragoneli, dedofali meri, ana bekoni,
jein grei, margaret roperi, meri sidnei – ai, reformaciis dasawyisis ramdenime
gamoCenili qalic saxeli.
keTilismyofel gardaqmnaTa sio, Tumca jer kidev susti da xanmokle, xelaxla
igrZnoboda XVIII saukuneSi, safrangeTisa da amerikis burJuaziul revoluciaTa
45
periodSi, romelmac wamoayena lozungi: "Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba". magram rogorc ki revoluciuri qariSxali Cacxra, sazogadoebam uceb miiviwya gamarjvebaSi qalebis wvlili. saxelmwifos yvela sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoSi upiratesoba mxolod mamakacebs eZleodaT. qalebi Zveleburad
elementaruli politikuri uflebebis gareSe darCnen.
mxolod XX saukuneSi miiRo Seuqcevadi xasiaTi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
mimarTulma moZraobam. yovel aTwleulSi, gansakuTrebiT 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, is sul axal da axal Zalebs ikrebs. mis rigebSi erTiandeba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva warmomadgeneli.
qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma reformatorulma moZraobam
yvelaze didi gaqaneba swored qristianul samyaroSi miiRo, rac dasavleTis
qveyanebis umravlesobaSi sazogadoebriv progresTan aris dakavSirebuli. reformatulad moazrovne Teologebi da eklesiis warmomadgenlebi feministuri moZraobis
zegavleniT, da, rac mTavaria, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, wminda werilebisa da qristianuli sazogadoebis axal interpretaciasac mimarTaven im mizniT, rom uari Tqvan im debulebebze, romlebic qalebis
diskriminaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. am moZraobis udavo miRwevaa qalebis daSveba
saeklesio eparqiaSi, Tumca konfesionalur TemSi sasuliero pirebs Soris qalTa
raodenoba Zalian mcirea. isini saerTod ar arian saeklesio xelisuflebis umaRles
eSelonebSi.
rogorc marTebulad aRniSnaven feministi qalebi, qristianoba jer kidev rCeba
"mamakacTa religiad", romelic qalTa diskriminaciis gamomwvev stereotipebs uWers
mxars, rasac Semdegi warmodgenebic emsaxureba:
upirveles yovlisa, "RmerTis saxe", rogorc mamakacisa. sinamdvileSi "Zvel
aRTqmaSi" RmerTs sqesi ara aqvs. mTeli istoriis manZilze eklesias mamakacebi
marTavdnen da Tavadve ganmartavdnen wminda werils. RmerTis xsenebisas mxolod
mamrobiTi sqesis nacvalsaxels xmarobdnen da qristianuli sameba mamrobiTi sqesis
terminebisagan (mama, Ze da suli wminda) Sedgeba da a.S. yovelive aman sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi warmoSva RmerTis, rogorc mamrobiTi sqesis rwmena.
meore, istoria qalis damorCilebuli mdgomareobis ganCinebisa, romlis
safuZvelsac bibliuri ambavi - adamis neknidan misi samsaxurisaTvis evas Seqmna warmoadgens.
mesame, qristianul simbolikaSi qali warmodgenilia or hipostazSi – evasa da
wminda mariamis saxiT. pirvelSi gansaxierebulia boroteba da adamis SecodebisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba swored mas ekisreboda. meoreSi – absoluturi umankoeba,
maradiuli qalwuloba. feministebs miaCniaT, rom qristianuli Teologia xels
uwyobs sqesis Sesaxeb mamakacuri ideebis gamomxatveli simbolikis gavrcelebas:
meZavi – seqsualuri borotebaa, seqsualuri siwminde – qalwuloba, seqsualuri
aRwarmoebaa – deda (Hole, Livine, 1971) meri deilis sityvebiT, "qalis aRwera
qalwulobis, rZlobis da dedobis kategoriebiT niSnavs misdami midgomas martooden
seqsis CarCoebSi" maSin, rodesac azrad aravis mosdis kacis dasaxasiaTeblad
mimarTos mxolod "umwikvlo qmrisa da mamis" kategoriebs. (Daly, 1968).
meoTxe, mamakacTan SedarebiT qalis ufro dabali bunebis
"RvTiuri
mtkicebuleba" (rasac qalis damorCilebuli mdgomareoba unda Seesabamebodes)
qristinuli eklesiis msaxurebma amoikiTxes pavle mociqulis mimarTvebSi. isini
xSirad moixsenieben pasaJebs pirveli korinTelebisadmi mimarTvidan, romlis
Tanaxmadac qals ekrZaleba Tavsaburavis gareSe locva, maSin, roca "qmarma ar unda
daifaros Tavi TavsaburaviT, radgan igi aris RvTis xati da dideba, coli ki qmris
dideba, radgan "qmari ki ara aris Seqmnili colisagan, aramed colia Seqmnili
ekonomikurma procesebma, faseulobebis cvlilebam da axal sistemaze gadasvlam
uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina qalis statusze, rac gamovlinda ekonomikur da
socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi mamakacebisa da qalebis monawileobis disbalansSi.
saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sferoebis ganviTarebis
procesebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi metad mcirea. amis erT-erTi mizezi ki isev
eTnikur cnobierebaSi unda veZeboT - qalebi ar aRiqmebian Tanasworuflebian
partniorebad da maTi profesiuli, inteleqtualuri da piradi Rirsebebi saTanadod ar
fasdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi realurad ar arsebobs genderuli
Tanasworoba, radgan kanonmdebloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba, Tu igi ganmtkicebulia mTeli rigi RonisZiebebiT, romlebic mimarTulia sxvadasxva sferoSi
erTdroul fundamentur gardaqmnebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi qalebs aqvT
xmis ufleba, saarCevno procesebSi maTi monawileoba kidev ufro dabalia.
gabatonebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa aqtiuroba politikaSi arc ise
sasurvelia – igi mxolod diasaxlisad, mzrunvel dedad, meuRled da qaliSvilad
moiazreba – ganapirobebs am mdgomareobas.
sabWoTa periodTan SedarebiT Semcirda xelisuflebis organoebSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobac. Tu 1990 wels saqarTvelos ssr umaRles sabWoSi deputatTa 16%
qalebi iyvnen, dRes es cifri ar aRemateba saparlamento xelisuflebaSi 7%-s, xolo
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi 10%-s. arc adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSia
saxarbielo mdgomareoba - aq qali mxolod 11%-ia.
Tumca, raodenobrivma cvlilebam xarisxobriv zrdasTan migviyvana. dRes susti
sqesis warmomadgenlebi politikaSi midian ufro gaazrebulad, TavianTi programebiT da
ara statistebis rolSi, rogorc adre iyo.
saqarTvelos politikuri speqtris Seswavlam dagvanaxa, rom jerjerobiT ar aris
gamokveTili realuri politikuri Zala, romelic win wamoswevda qalTa problemebs da
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad aqtiurad da kvalificirebulad mimarTavda Tavis
Zalisxmevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebSi rigma politikurma partiebma – socialistebma, mrewvelebma, leiboristebma, axalma memarjveneebma - Camoayalibes Sida partiuli
qalTa jgufebi (klubebi), magram am jgufebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad qvelmoqmedebazea
mimarTuli. garkveulad gaaqtiurdnen axali demokratebic da TanamSromloba daiwyes
qalTa organizaciebTan. partiaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganacxadi moqalaqeTa
kavSirs ekuTvnis, romelic qalebisaTvis saarCevno siebSi 30%-ani kvotis SemoRebas
apirebda, magram parlamentma amas mxari ar dauWira. miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa,
mainc xazgasasmelia, rom arc erT partias ar gaaCnia qalTa problemebze mimarTuli
konkretuli programebi da maTi gadaWris konkretuli strategia.
unda vifiqroT, rom es mdgomareoba warmavalia da saqarTvelos qalebi uaxloes
momavalSi sul ufro aqtiur monawileobas miiReben sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi, ufro meti raodenobiT gaxdebian politikuri liderebi da saxelmwifo
mosamsaxureebi.
Tu msoflio tendenciebs da Cvens sazogadoebaSi mimdinare demokratiul procesebs
gaviTvaliswinebT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos qalebi yovelmxriv
mzad arian marTvaSi monawileobisa da gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli da sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da yvela
doneze.
gardamavali periodis saqarTveloSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis sxvadasxva
doneze qalTa monawileobis xarisxis gansazRvraSi dagvexmareba 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003
wlebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis genderuli aspeqtis mimoxilva (ix. danarTi 1, 2), sadac
ufro detaluradaa warmodgenili 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis da 2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi.
46
91
qalebis erToblivi muSaobis gzaze. garda amisa, albaT, aucilebelia gaizardos am
problematikaze momuSave mecnierebis ricxvi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalTa Temaze
msoflioSi arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganzogadebas da qarTul sinamdvilesTan adaptirebas, agreTve erovnuli klevebis Catarebas da am dargSi qarTuli samecniero
literaturis Seqmnas.
4. saqarTvelos qalebis monawileoba politikur procesebSi
transformirebadi sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom mis moqalaqeebs hqondeT
garemomcveli sinamdvilisa da misi cvalebadobis prognozirebis unari. es maT
saSualebas miscems, miiRon praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebi da imoqmedon maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis. sazogadoebis transformaciis Tanamedrove gageba gulisxmobs mis demokratizaciasa da humanizacias, cxovrebis patriarqaluri ganwyobebisa da normebis gadalaxvas, warsulSi sazogadoebaSi miRebuli bevri cnebisa da warmodgenis gadafasebas.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gardamaval sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba qalTa sakiTxs.
qarTuli sazogadoebis transformaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebis analizi, ise
rogorc socialuri makrosistemisa, romelic rTul socialur, ekonomikur, politikur, kulturul cvlilebebs ganicdis, saWiroebs socio-genderuli koncefciebis gamoyenebas. genderul urTierTobebs da yovel socialur erTobaSi arsebul urTierTqmedebebs Tavisi garkveuli specifika aqvs, gansxvavdeba konkretuli sociokulturuli,
mentaluri, maT Soris, demografiuli TaviseburebebiT, gaaCnia mravalroliani funqcia.
genderuli midgoma efuZneba sqesTa urTierTobis sociokulturul dinamikas da ar
dahyavs igi mxolod gansazRvrul biologiur urTierTobebze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Cveni istoriis sabWoTa periodSi qalTa emansipacias ideologiuri xasiaTi hqonda,
farTod iyo deklarirebuli da saxelmwifos oficialurad uWerda mas mxars. amJamad
mimdinare transformaciuli procesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi
qalis statusisa da rolis Secvlaze.
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi mamakacisa da qalis rolebis tradiciuli Tanafardoba
icvleba. Tavad cxovreba gvkarnaxobs maTi axali identifikaciis moTxovnas. amasTan,
erT-erTi ZiriTadi determinanti xdeba genderuli urTierTobebis cvlilebebi da
Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebsa da SesaZleblobebis principis praqtikuli realizacia.
saqarTveloSi didi ar aris im qalebis procenti, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukavia
aRmasrulebel organoebsa da parlamentSi, anda adgilibrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi. isini raime gavlenas ver moaxdenen gadawyvetilebis miRbis procesze. amdenad,
qalebi Cveulebriv, xdebian mamakacebis politikuri mmarTvelobis obieqtebi. miuxedavad
qalebis problemebisadmi miZRvnili nairobis 1985 Wlis saerTaSoriso kongresis
gancxadebisa imis Taobaze, rom "saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos qalebis monawileoba
erovnul, saxelmwifoebriv da adgilobriv saxelisuflebo organoebSi da es unda
ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis saSualebiT", saqarTvelos
mTavrobisaTvis es problema ar gaxlavT wamyvani da ramdenadme mniSvnelovani.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 53% qalebia. isini yvelaze did socialur jgufs
warmoadgenen da am jgufis qcevaze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli qveynis warmatebuli ganviTareba. swored amitom, qalis rolisa da adgilis analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikur da socialur reformebTan dakavSirebuli
cvlilebebis Sefaseba.
gardamavali periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma mZafrma politikurma da socialur90
qmrisaTvis. (pavles mociqulis epistoleni pirvelT korinTelTa mimarT 11:7- 11:8)
pirvel mimarTvaSi timoTesadmi naTqvamia: "qali mdumared unda swavlobdes
yovelgvari morCilebis qveS, xolo qals nebas ar vaZlev ibatonos qmarze, aramed
dumdes unda, radgan adamia Seqmnili, Semdeg ki eva." (pavles mociqulis epistoleni,
pirveli timoTes mimarT 2:11- 2:12)
magram feministi qalebis garkveul nawils aseTi reformatoroba uperspeqtivod
miaCnia da amitom sakuTari "feministuri religiis" Seqmnis an spiritualobis ideas
ayeneben. "spirituli feminizmi" ar aris erTgvarovani moZraoba. igi aerTianebs
qalRmerTis
(goddess)
Tayvanismcemel,
matriarqaluri
futurizmis
mimdevar
Teoretikosebs, alqajuri praqtikis momxreebs, rasac pirobiTad "feministuri
religia" ewodeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime misi maxasiaTebeli.
upirveles yovlisa, patriarqalur momakvdav msoflmxedvelobas upirispirdeba
mTlianoba da erTmyofadoba, rac qalTa msoflmxedvelobas mosdevs.
RmerTs, rogorc transcendentul Zalas, feministuri religiis Teoretikosebi
upirispireben qalTa modgmis RvTiurobas. istoriuli iudaizmisa da qristianobis
RmerTebi, - naomi goldbergis azriT, - ar Seefardebian Tanamedrove qalebs, amitom
uaryofili iqnebian da Seicvlebian religiuri eqspresiulobis axali qaluri
formebiT. "spirituli fenimizmis" Tanaxmad, qalRmerTi bunebas ar upirispirdeba, ar
aris misdami transcendentuli, piriqiT, igi bunebis nawilia da imyofeba
TanamoqmedebaSi bunebriv ZalebTan, romlebic miaCnia "ara dasapyrob raimed, aramed
sakuTari Tavis sxva ganzomilebad" feministuri spirituloba Tavisi arsebiT
Tayvaniscemis ekologiuri formaa.
Tumca "spirituli feminizmis" mimdevrebs miaCniaT, rom am religias safuZvlad udevs
erTarsebobis idea, maT ar SeuZliaT gadalaxon maT mierve gakritikebuli diqotomizmi.
arsebiTad, maTi azrovneba ar gamodis imave gaorebulobis samyaros sazRvrebidan, romlis
arsebobisTvis isini brals sdeben "mamakacur kulturas". saboloo angariSiT gansxvaveba
prerogativebis arCevaSia. patriarqaluri kultura aqcents akeTebs gonisa da kulturis
mniSvnelobaze, "qaluri" - upiratesobas intuiciasa da bunebas aniWebs. patriarqaluri
miTebi icvleba matriarqalurad orientirebuli mSvidobismyofelobiT, romelic,
faqtobrivad, qalebis dominirebaze dayrdnobil sistemas aidealebs. "Cven vimyofebiT axali
eris - akvariusis (merwyulis) epoqis karibWesTan, - wers elisabed deivisi, - sxva akvariuli
epoqis gariJraJze. roca, ormocdaTormeti aTasi wlis win didma dedofalma baziliom
wesrigi da samarTlianoba moitana qaosis samyaroSi, romelic Cveni XX saukunis msgavsad,
moculi iyo ukanonobiTa da winaaRmdegobriobiT. qalebi dRes, ise rogorc maSin, amomavali
civilizaciis mqadageblebi arian. Cven Tvals mivapyrobT qalebs, velodebiT ra xsnasa da
gajansaRebas akvariusis amaRorZinebel wylebSi... maqsimalizmis epoqa dasasruls
uaxlovdeba... mxolod sami aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli mamakacuri materializmis
mxecis damxobiT SeuZlia kacobriobas ixsnas Tavi. XXI saukunis mecnierebaSi gzas fizikuri
ki ara, sulieri Zala gaikvlevs... mgrZnobierebaze maRalmgrZnobiare percefcia gaimarjvebs
da isev ibatoneben qalebi".
ra Tqma unda, aseTi saxis moZraobebi izolirebul, alternatiul cxovrebis wess
uweven propagandas. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom isini xSirad antagonizmSi modian
maTTan, vinc "swor kulturul xazs ar misdevs".
reformatorobas, albaT, Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia,. roca am sazRvrebis
gadalaxva ki religiis fundamenturi safuZvlebis Seryevas iwvevs. feministuri
religiis Seqmna TavisTavad ararealuria, Tundac mxolod imis gamo, rom mas mxars
ar uWers TviT qalebis umravlesoba, radgan gabatonebulTa da qveSevrdomTa
adgilebis gadanacvlebiT kacobrioba ufro bednieri ar gaxdeba.
47
qalis statusi induizmSi
induizmis ganviTareba sam aTaswleulze met xans iTvlis, amasTan, mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSi misi tradiciebi mudmivad mdidrdeboda da viTardeboda. istoriuli
gamocdilebis aseTi gavrceleba da im xalxebis kulturuli mravalferovneba,
romlebic mas aRiareben da sxvadasxva teritoriul sivrceze arian gansaxlebuli,
xsnis induizmis mokle da martiv gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis mTel periodSi induizmma
SeinarCuna garkveuli debulebebi, romlebsac SeZleba daeTanxmon misi rogorc
Zveli, ise Tanmedrove mimdevrebi.
erT-erTi aseTi debuleba, romelic mokle
gamonaTqvamebis saxiT aris
gadmocemuli, Cveni eris dasawyisSi gaCnda da SemdgomSi klasikuri induri samarTlis
- "manus kanonebisa" da "manavadarmaSastras" safuZvlad iqca. tradiciulad iTvleba,
rom sanskrituli teqsti Sedgenil iqna brZenis mier, romelsac saxelad manu erqva.
igi TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebis normebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, religiuri
ritualebis, mokled, yvelaferi imis, rasac sanskritSi dxarma hqvia, ganmsazRvrel
kanonTa krebulis erT-erT nawils Seadgens.
dRevandeli induizmi Tavisi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT sakmaod axlo dgas
klasikur induizmTan, romelic ori aTasi wlis win arsebobda. magram aucilebelia
aRiniSnos ori umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba. pirveli - es aris induizmis
farTo gavrceleba subkontinetis mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi da arqauli
tradiciebis Zlieri gavlena maTze. is xalxebi, romlebic e.w. adrevedur da manus
periodSi "ucxoebad" iTvlebodnen, aTaswleulis Semdeg induizmis ZiriTad
mamoZravebel Zalad iqcnen. maTi cxovrebis adaT-wesebi ganuxrelad Seerwya am
moZRvrebis uZvelesi tradiciebis safuZvlebs.
meore cvlileba "sqesobriv orientaciasTan" aris dakavSirebuli. induizmis
tradiciis mixedviT, "mamebis" valis gadaxda vaJiSvilis gaCeniT xdeboda (da ara
mxolod bavSvis), rac damaxasiaTebelia mamakacur sawyisze orientirebuli
religiisaTvis mag., veduri, klasikuri periodis, Sua saukneebisa da dRevandeli
religiebisaTvis. es orientacia SenarCunebulia yvela drois yvela gamolinebaSi –
miTebSi, ritualebSi, doqtrinebSi, simboloebSi. magram Tu imiT vimsjelebT, rom
qali-RmerTebi aqtiurad Semodiodnen im sivrceSi, romelic mamakac RmerTebs ekavaT,
xolo am process Tan sdevda qalebis religiuri gaaqtiureba, gansakuTrebiT ki
ritualur cxovrebaSi, udavoa, rom qalis roli mTlianad induizmis tradiciis
masStabebSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, induizmi mudmivad
ganicdida ubralo, gaunaTlebeli xalxis gavlenas, romlis naxevarsac qalebi
Seadgendnen. realurad saqme imaSi ki ar iyo, rom induizms qalebis aqtiuroba aklda,
aramed saWiro iyo am aqtiurobas aRiareba moepovebina literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi,
agreTve qurumebSi, sataZro da samonastro administraciaSi. amis ganxorcieleba ki
mxolod dRes gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac msoflio ganaTlebisa da sainformacio
SesaZleblobebis wyalobiT
udidesi siCqariT icvleba, rodesac aRniSnuli
institutebi da socialuri cxovrebis sxva elementebi iwyebs induisturi
sazogadoebis, misi klasebis, kastebis, sxvadasxva regionSi qalebis mdgomareobis
obieqturi suraTis asaxvas. (O'Flaherty, 1988).
induizmis yvela reformators, XIX saukunidan dawyebuli, kargad esmoda, rom
qalTa problema ucilobel gadaWras moiTxovs. jer kidev maSin ukve mwvaved
igZnoboda bevri Zveli da Suasaukuneobrivi Teologiuri miTiTebis gadasinjvis
aucilebloba, maT Soris iseTebisa, romlebic qalebis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas
exeboda. sakiTxebi RmerTis, samyaros, adamianis Sesaxeb axleburad dgeboda da
mier, Sesabamis organizaciebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciis safuZvelze, romelic miznad isaxavda pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebas.
konferenciaze, romelic 1998 wlis 24 aprils Catarda, miRebuli iqna gaeros
ganviTarebis programis mier SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi 1998-2000
wlebSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi",
romelic prezidentis mier iqna damtkicebuli. samoqmedo gegma pekinis platformis
Tormeti prioritetidan Svids moicavs.
samoqmedo gegmis mTavari mizani iyo genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi iTvaliswinebda agreTve
qalTa daxmarebis aucileblobas gardamaval periodSi arsebul socialur problemaTa
gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli cvlilebebis Setanas kanonmdeblobaSi. (qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, 2000).
erovnuli instituciuri meqanizmis dafuZneba udaod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo
genderuli Tanasworobis da qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris saxelmwifo politikis
SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.
metic, 1999 wels qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi angariSis wardgenis Semdeg saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli specialuri zomebi adasturebs
genderuli problemis gadaWris politikur nebas.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomendaciebis sapasuxod saxelmwifom gamosca specialuri brZanebuleba, romelic mimarTuli iyo qalTa
uflebebis dacvis gaumjobesebisaken.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos prezidentis #511, 1999/11/05 brZanebuleba – “saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”, darCa formalur
pasuxad qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomendaciebze da
umniSvnelo gavlena moaxdina qalTa winsvlaze.
“qalTa mimarT Zaladobis aRmofxvris deklaraciis” sapasuxod gamoica saqarTvelos
prezidentis #64, 2000/25/02 brZanebuleba da damtkicda 2000-2002 wlebis “qalTa
mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli gegma”.
miuxedavad CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, gardamaval periodSi
qalTa winsvlis
TvalsazrisiT didi Zvra ar momxdara.
2003 wlis, 23 noembris “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda
mTeli rigi administraciuli cvlilebebi. am cvlilebebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina
qalTa winsvlis sakiTxze – marTalia, uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli qalTa winsvlis
komisia 2004 wlis ianvarSi gauqmda, magram mis sanacvlod Camoyalibda saqarTvelos
parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWo.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi qalTa asze meti arasamTvarobo organizaciaa registrirebuli. isini sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asruleben qalTa problematikis wina planze
wamowevis, genderuli balansis miRwevisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis inicirebisa da
lobirebis saqmeSi. maTi saqmianoba aCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala problemaTa prioritetebis miSvneloba qarTveli qalebisaTvis. Tu reformebis sawyis etapze, mwvave
socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi, isini yuradRebas humanitaruli daxmarebis
programebze amaxvilebdnen, bolo periodisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT, 1995 wlis pekinis
konferenciis Semdeg) gaizarda maTi aqtiuroba adamianis uflebebis dacvis, demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis, politikuri da samrTlebrivi reformebis, qalTa
politikuri aqtivobis gazrdis mimarTulebiT. magram es organizaciebi, rogorc wesi,
mxolod qalebisagan Sedgeba da, Sesabamisad, ar aris genderulad dabalansebuli. erTi
mxriv, aRniSnuli faqti xels uwyobs qalebis problemis irgvliv koncentracias, magram,
meore mxriv, seriozuli dabrkolebaa genderuli balansis mizniT mamakacebisa da
48
89
saqarTvelos qalTa dacvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba saerTaSoriso
sakanonmdeblo aqtebs da erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebis
SemuSavebas.
saqarTvelo 1994 wlis 22 seqtembers SeuerTda konvencias 'qalTa diskriminaciis
yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb, riTac man valdebuleba aiRo, rom 'miiRebs
yvela saWiro zomas qveynis politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalTa mimarT
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad, saxeldobr, qalebisaTvis mamakacebTan Tanabar
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs arCevnebsa da sajaro referendumebSi xmis micemis uflebas,
sajarod arCeul organoebSi kandidaturis wamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da monawileobas
mTavrobis politikis Camoyalibebasa da ganxorcielebaSi da imis SesaZleblobas, rom
daikavon saxelmwifo postebi da Seasrulon yvela saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia nebismier
samTavrobo doneze, monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo organizaciebisa da asociaciebis
saqmianobaSi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian qveynis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
cxovrebis problemebiT. (muxli 7) .
1995
wels
saqarTvelos
parlamentma
miiRo
saqarTvelos
konstitucia.
konstituciis me-14 punqtSi naTqvamia: 'adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis
winaSe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa,
qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa an sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
FparlamentSi Seiqmna adamianis dacvisa da erovnul umciresobaTa komiteti da
dedaTa, bavSvTa da ojaxis uflebis dacvis specialuri qvekomiteti, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatSi ki erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis Tanamdeboba
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebSi. aRmasrulebel mTavrobaSi Camoyalibda adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTa ganyofileba, ombucmenis instituti, romelsac mieniWa
farTo uflebamosileba adamianTa uflebebis dacvis kontrolis saqmeSi. am ganyofilebis samuSaos sferoSi Sevida qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebi. erT-erT mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda parlamentar qalTa jgufebis Seqmna. 1992 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos
parlamentSi Seiqmna parlamentar qalTa klubi. klubis moqmedebis gegmaSi asaxulia
pekinis qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis platformis Tormetive prioriteti.
1995 wels daiwyo gaerTianebuli erebisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis erToblivi
proeqtis – "genderuli ganviTareba" ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli programa, ZirTadad,
pekinis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumebisa da pekinis qalTa konferenciidan
gamomdinare Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavda. aRniSnuli proeqtis iniciativiT
momzadda proeqti saqarTvelos qalTa mdgomareobis da maTi problemebis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. momzadda cnobari qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Sesaxeb. muSaoba daiwyo
axalma programam - 'qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi. Catarada qalTa problemebisadmi
miZRvnili seminarebi da konferencia, ganxorcielda genderul problemebTan dakavSirebuli gamokvleva, gamoica broSurebi, momzadda satelevizio da radio gadacemebi.
gaeroSi gaigzavna angariSi saqarTveloSi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
da konvenciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis sabWos adamianis uflebebis
ganyofilebam SeimuSava specialuri programebi yvela sferoSi qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT.
1996 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda konvencias “mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb”, 2002 wels
“qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb” damatebiT
oqms da imave konvenciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesworebis ratificirebis Taobaze”.
samoqmedo platforma, romelic pekinis qalTa konferenciaze iqna miRebuli,
iTvaliswinebda 1997 wlis bolosaTvis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas yvela saxelmwifos
wydeboda. reformatorebma gadasinjes TavianTi midgoma wminda teqstebisadmi da
ganacxades, rom ar SeiZleba am teqstebSi yvelaferi CaiTvalos sayovelTao da
maradiul WeSmaritebad. wina planze gamodioda adamianis axali ideali, mTavari iyo
ara kasturi miTiTebebis im normebis Sesruleba, romlebic sxvadasxva kastis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis sxvadasxva iyo, aramed adamianis gansjis unari: ra aris
zneobrivi? ramdenad aris sasargeblo da azriani? rogori unda iyos is qmedebebi,
romlebic qveyanas keTildReobas moutans? ramdenad didia TiToeuli adamianis
wvlili saerTo erovnul da indoeTis keTildReobis saqmeSi?
Sesabamisad, indur sazogadoebaSi icvleboda da gansjis sagani xdeboda qalis
statusi. "dharmaSastraSi" gadmocemulia adamianis qcevis wesebi (dharma) cxovrebis
sxvadasxva stadiaSi (aSramebSi). misi avtorebis Sexedulebebi metad winaaRmdegobrivia. zogierT adgilas imazec ki aris saubari, rom qalebi dedamiwaze RmerTis
TvisebebiT aRWurvili arsebebia. amasTan erTad vxvdebiT sxva mosazrebebsac: qalis
bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi cudi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa boroteba, cbiereba,
avxorcoba, qarafSutoba da sxv. (Мезенцева, 1993.)
dRes indoeTis konstitucia aRiarebs Tanasworuflebianobas politikur da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. qalebs irCeven parlamentSi, adgilobriv mmarTvelobiT
organoebSi, niSnaven maRal Tanamdebobebze. da, mainc, qalebi mosaxleobis yvelaze
ufro dabal fenas warmoadgenen. aRniSnuli im faqtSic aisaxeba, rom indoeTi im
gamonaklis qveyanas warmoadgens, sadac mosaxleobaSi qalebi mamakacebze naklebia da
maTi sicocoxlis xangrZlivobac ufro xanmoklea.
induizmis formirebasTan erTad icvleboda qalebis mdgomareobac. induizmis,
iseve rogorc qalTa mdgomarebis safuZvlebi unda veZioT ariul patriarqalur
kulturaSi, romelic adgilobrivi da winaariuli periodis kulturis Serwymis
Sedegad warmoiSva da sadac qals sakmaod maRali, Tumca ara gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba ekava.
ariuli panTeoni upiratesad mamakaci RmerTebisagan Sedgeboda. maT ganuyofeli
ariuli ojaxi da samsafexuriani socialuri struqtura hqondaT (qSatriebi,
brahmanebi da vaiSebi). mas Semdeg, rac arielebma adgilobriv mosaxleobaze TavianTi
batonoba gaavrceles, gaCnda meoTxe varna. – Sudrebi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
Seyvanili iyo ara marto adgilobrivi dabali fenis mosaxleoba, aramed Sereuli
qorwinebis Sedegad gaCenili STamomavlebic. amis Semdeg kasta (jati) memkvidreobiT
xasiaTs iZens, fuZndeba matrimonialuri wesi da calkeul individs aRar SeuZlia
Tavisi statusis Secvla. memkvidreobis miReba ki mxolod vaJiSvilebs daukanondaT.
am xanaSi qali jer kidev inarCunebda garkveul Tavisuflebas da qorwineba misTvis
savaldebulo ar iyo, xolo mogvianebiT, rodesac miiRes wesi (endogamiis Sesaxeb),
romelic
qorwinebas kastis CarCoebiT zRudavda, 15-16 wlis qaliSvils SeeZlo
TviTon aerCia saqmro. qvrivebs meored gaTxovebis ufleba hqondaT. magram ukve
maSin qalebi "sxva RatakebTan" erTad miekuTvnebodnen im kategorias, romelTac ar
hqondaT ufleba daswrebodnen mefis karis RonisZiebebs.
qalebis mdgomareobis Semdgomi cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania
brahmanizmis reaqcia budizmisa da janaizmis gamowvevaze. aRniSnuli axali religiebi
qals met Tavisuflebas da arCevanis uflebas aZlevda. radikalur siaxles
warmoadgenda mamakacebis Tanasworad qalebis monawileoba religiur ritualebSi da
qorwinebis
sanacvlod
monazvnobis
arCevanis
ufleba.
adreul
budistur
88
49
uTanasworobis safuZvlebi
literaturaSi vxvdebiT maswavleblebs, mkurnalebs da sxva profesiis qalebs,
romlebic iseve, rogorc mocekvaveebi, momRerlebi, heterebi, damoukideblad
irCendnen Tavs, damoukidebel cxovrebas eweodnen da gaTxovebas TavianT profesias
amjobinebdnen.
budizmiT gatacebuli bevri qali warCinebul ojaxebs tovebda.
brahmanizmis reaqcia ki qalis uflebebis ufro mkacri reglamentacia gaxldaT, rac
mamakacisadmi Semdgom daqvemdebarebas niSnavda.
am periodSi brahmanebma veduri sulieri memkvidreobis codnisa da religiuri
teqstebis Seswavlis monopolizeba moaxdines. sxva varnebis (qSatriebis da vaiSebis).
daSveba mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. Cv. w. aR.-is meore saukuneSi aRniSnuli ufleba
waerTvaT samive umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel qalebs.
qalebis diskriminirebuli mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimida, rodesac gogonebi
amoiRes "upanaianas" (xelTdasxma) religiuri ritulidan. aRniSnuli rituali sami
umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel bavSvebs oficialurad orjer dabadebulTa ricxvs
miakuTvnebda, rac maT winaprebis sulieri memkvidreobis ziarebis, wminda teqstebis
wakiTxvis, ganaTlebis miRebisa da garkveul msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobis miRebis
saSualebas aZlevda. am ritalis gauqmebis Semdeg qalebi TavianTi mdgomarebiT
Sudrebs gautoldnen.
qalebis orjer dabadebis xelTdasxmisaTvis saqorwilo rituali gamoiyeneboda.
vinaidan upanaianis rituali Tavdapirvelad mowafis dabadebis aqtad aRiqmeboda,
misi saqorwilo ritualiT Secvla qmars colisaTvis umaRles RvTaebad, mis
aRmzrdelad da batonad akanonebda. Sesabamisad sapatarZlos asakic TandaTan
mcirdeboda. mTavar moTxovnad darCa xelTdasxmis ritualis Catareba manamde, sanam
gogonas menstrualuri cikli daewyeboda.
adreul asakSi gaTxovebis ideas socialuri sanqciiTac dauWires mxari. brahmani,
romelic aTi wlis asakze ufros cols moiyvanda, Sudras qmrad iTvleboda da
moklebuli iyo yovelgvar privilegiebs. es ki socialur boikots da kastidan
gandevnas niSnavda. amave beds iziarebda qaliSvilis mamac, romelic ver
uzrunvelyofda aRniSnul asakamde siZis monaxvas.
qalis mdgomareobaze sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi manus kanonebSi sakmaod
kategoriulad aris naTqvami: "arc qaliSvilma, arc axalgazrda da arc xanSiSesulma
qalma damoukideblad araferi ar unda gaakeTos TviT sakuTar saxlSic ki. bavSvobaSi
igi mamas unda emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris sikvdilis Semdeg –
vaJiSvilebs". an kidev "dRe da Rame qali Tavis mamakacebze unda iyos damokidebuli.
bavSvobaSi mas mama icavs, mowifulobaSi – qmari, moxucebulobaSi vaJiSvilebi. qali
arasodes varga damoukideblobisaTvis". (Законы Ману, 1960)
tradiciuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, qals ara Tu ar Seswevs unari sakuTari
Tavi daicvas, aramed igi yvela maCvenebliT mamakacze ufro dabla dgas. mas an
saerTod ara aqvs azrovnebis unari an Zalian umniSvnelod. misi SesaZleblobebi,
Zala, Rirseba Zalian SezRudulia da amitom igi mxolod imisaTvis varga, rom
mamakacs emsaxuros da saxlis saqme akeTos. TviT saxlis saqmeebic ki Semoifargleba
mxolod reproduqciiT, bavSvebze zrunviT, moxucebis movliT da ojaxis wevrebis
momsaxurebiT. SedarebiT mniSvnelovani funqciebi – gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
qonebis floba da gankargva – mamakacis funqciaa.
"am samyaroSi qalebis buneba mamakacebisaTvis zianis momtania, amitomac brZenni
maT sifrTxiliT ekidebian". "manus kanonebSi" naTqvamia, rom qalebi nebismier mamakacs eZlevian, miuxedavad misi asakisa. TavianTi vnebis dasakmayofileblad, xasiaTis
cvalebadobisa da ugulobis gamo qmrebs Ralatoben, ra mkacradac ar unda
uTvalTvalo maT. aseTebad Seqmna RmerTma qalebi da mamakacma icis ra yovelive es,
sagangebod unda ufrTxildes maT." (Законы Ману, 1960).
politikuri qaosi da cxovrebis pirobebis ukiduresi gauareseba moyva. dairRva
RirebulebaTa adre arsebuli sistema, rasac ar mohyolia RirebulebaTa axali sistemis
Seqmna. radikalurma socialur-politikurma cvlilebebma Rrma kvali daaCnia adamianTa
cxovrebis wess. saTanado gamocdilebasa da samarTlebriv dacviT meqanizmebs
moklebuli moqalaqeebi moulodnelad riskis situaciaSi aRmoCndnen – iniciativisa da
pasuxismgeblobis simZimis centrma saxelmwifodan maTze gadainacvla. moSlili
ekonomikisa da qaoturi socialur-politikuri cxovrebis pirobebSi pirovnebisaTvis,
faqtobrivad, umTavres problemad axal istoriul viTarebasTan Segueba iqca.
politikurma, ekonomikurma krizisma da SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma, upirveles
yovlisa, qalebze iqonia gavlena. qalebi fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis upirvelesi
msxverpli gaxdnen. imave konfliqtebma gamoiwvia konfliqtebis zonebidan migraciis
rTuli problema* (ltolvilTa 54,4% qalia, maTgan – 97% afxazeTidan, xolo 3% cxinvalis regionidan). aRniSnulma pirobebma Secvala qalTa cxovrebis stili, xeli
SeuSala maT personalur da socialur ganviTarebas, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebidan gariyuli aRmoCnda mosaxleobis is mniSvnelovani nawili, romelTa
interesebic arasrulyofilad aisaxa axal institutebSi.
mkveTrad Semcirda dasaqmebul qalTa ricxvi (1989-94 wlebSi 1250 aTasidan 750
aTasamde). amis garda, qalTa dasaqmebis prioritetul sferoebSi (samecniero-kvleviTi
moRvaweoba, medicina, kultura, msubuqi da kvebis mrewveloba) dabalma anazRaurebam
gamoiwvia qalTa mniSvnelovani gaRatakeba. zemoTaRniSnuli procesebi qalis
reproduqciul qcevaSic aisaxa, rac TavisTavad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qveynis
demografiul suraTze.
bolo periodSi moxda sqesobriv urTierTobebze sazogadoebrivi azris liberalizacia, sazogadoeba ufro Semwynarebeli gaxda ganqorwinebis mimarTac. aman
bunebrivad
Seasusta
meuRleTa
urTierTobebis
oficialuri
registraciis
aucilebloba, rac aisaxa oficialuri statistikis Sesabamisi maCveneblebis SemcirebiT
da mainc, qalebi ufro momzadebulebi aRmoCndnen mwvave krizisis gadasatanad.
ojaxis gadarCenis mizniT qalTa umravlesobam xeli mihyo araregistrirebul bizness
(cxoba, wvrili vaWroba, SromiTi migracia). dRes xSirad, swored qali xdeba ojaxis
erTaderTi marCenali. Tumca es mas Zvirad ujdeba - icvleba misi cxovrebis niri da
xeli eSleba mis pirovnul, sazogadoebriv da socialur ganviTarebas. magram qali
yvelaze naklebad fiqrobs Tavis interesebze an maT lobirebaze, amis Sedegad
sazogadoeba kargavs mosaxleobis sakmaod did segments, romlis interesebi adekvaturad ar aisaxeba axal institutebSi. meore mxriv, ikargeba ganaTlebuli kadrebi, profesionalebi; kadrebis danakargi da sqesTa disbalansi dasaqmebis sferoSi ki garkveulad
xels uwyobs socialur ukmayofilebas da socialur–politikur arastabilurobas.
50
87
3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
qalebis istoriuli da Tanamedrove socialuri mdgomareobis analizi sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi asabuTebs, rom qalebis problemebi internacionaluri xasiaTisaa da
gamoixateba yoveli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis doniT da rom am problemebis realizacia moiTxovs ara mxolod
yovelmxriv axal midgomas qalis mimarT, aramed saxelmwifos da kanonebis
mxardaWerasac.
*
samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis konfliqtebis Sedegad dRes saqarTveloSi 400 aTasi migrantia.
oficialurad daregistrirebulia 286642 ltolvili. aqedan 275096 (95,97%) – afxazeTidan, 11546 (4,0)
– samaCablodan.
rul procesebSi qalTa integraciaze realuri zegavlenis (zemoqmedebis) unari
gamoavlines.
qalis mimarT paternalisturi politika iTvaliswinebda mraval SeRavaTsa da
ojaxebis daxmarebas, rac ZiriTadad adgilebze xorcieldeboda. 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisisTvis dawesebulebebsa da sawarmoebs maTTan momuSave qalebisTvis unda miecaT
15-ze meti saxeobis SeRavaTi da fuladi daxmareba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gardaqmnis periodis ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad momuSave qalebis mdgomareoba ara Tu gaumjobesda, aramed, piriqiT, mkveTrad
gauaresda, moxda maTi samuSao adgilebze Semcireba.
mamakacebi naklebad monawileobdnen saSinao meurneobasa da bavSvebis aRzrdaSi,
amitom momsaxurebisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis samsaxuri cudad iyo ganviTarebuli. am
mimarTulebiT SemuSavebulma saxelmwifo programebma ver SeZlo qalis maRali
sayofacxovrebo datvirTvis Semcireba.
qveyanaSi viTardeboda dedobisa da bavSvobis dacvis sistema. omis Semdgom
periodSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda saavadmyofoebisa da samSobiaro saxlebis qseli,
saqorwilo-saojaxo kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra mamis movaleobebi, saalimento valdebulebebi ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve colisa da Svilebis uflebebi qonebaze.
gaTanabrda qorwinebaSi da qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis uflebebi.
sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi safuZveli Caeyara da Seiqmna bavSvTa sazogadoebrivi
aRzrdis sistema. marTvis centralizaciisa da gegmianobis miuxedavad, bavSvebis
aRzrdis problema sxvadasxva respublikaSi sxvadasxvanairad wydeboda. am sferoSi
qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisTvis deklaraciuloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli. igi ar
iTvaliswinebda sxvadasxva regionis specifikurobas, gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wess.
amgvarad, sabWoTa periodSi qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo:
• sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalebis monawileobis uflebebis
sakanonmdeblo aRiareba;
• sqesTa Tanasworobis principis realizaciis mizniT administraciuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba;
• qalis ara marto dedobrivi, aramed socialuri funqciis aRiareba;
• qalebis statusis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis deklaraciuli xasiaTi.
magram qalebisa da mamakacebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevas arsebiTad xels
uSlida Semdegi faqtorebi:
- qalTa problemebis damoukidebeli statusis maskulinuri uaryofa, maTi klasobrivi interesebisadmi daqvemdebareba, qalTa moZraobis ideologiis STanTqma klasobrivpartiuli ideologiiT, rac mTeli sabWoTa periodisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli;
- qalze mamakaci-patriarqis Zalauflebis totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZalauflebiT Secvla;
- qalebis CamoSoreba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisagan saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela
sferoSi, siZneleebi profesiul zrdaSi, karieraSi, e.i. maTTvis mxolod horizontaluri profesiuli gadanacvlebis realuri SesaZlebloba, xolo vertikaluri –
xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisaken gadanacvleba mamakacTa prerogativa iyo;
- qalebis Camocileba saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi
srulfasovani monawileobisagan;
"qalTa" politikis efeqturi socialuri politikiT ganmtkicebis ararseboba;
qalebis sayofacxovrebo saqmeebiT datvirTvis maRali done.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sabWoTa periodis saxelmwifo politika qalebis mimarT
paternalistur-deklaraciul tips ganekuTvneba.
gardamavali periodis demokratiul procesebsa da ekonomikur cvlilebebs
86
"manus kanonebi" savsea qaluri "boroti sawyisisagan" Tavdacvis ideebiT da
qalebis kontrolis sxvadasxva meTods gvkarnaxobs "dRis da Ramis sifxizlis",
taqtis, saCuqrebisa da garTobebis CaTvliT. qalis monuri erTgulebis dakargvis
SiSi da upativcemulo gansja maT Sesaxeb monebisadmi damokidebulebas mogvagonebs.
religiuri moZRvrebis miTiTebani adamianTa qcevas aregulireben. Cv. w. aR.-is
pirvel saukuneSi maT pirvelad gamoacxades qalebis mier mkacri monogamiis dacvis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac mamakacs poligamiis ufleba rCeboda, arsebuli
poliandria, levirati da meoradi qorwineba qvrivebisaTvis TandaTanobiT socialur
tabud gadaiqca..
sati
VII-VII saukuneebSi aRdgenil iqna qvrivebis TviTdawvis praqtika - "sati", uZvelesi
tradicia, romelic jer kidev Zv. w. V saukuneSi gaauqmes. brahmanebma imis mtkiceba
daiwyes, rom cols ZaluZs qmari amqveyniuri codvebisagan gaanTavisuflos, Tuki mis
cxedarTan erTad Tavs cocxlad daiwvavs. amis Semdeg ki igi bednierad icxovrebs
zecaSi 35 milioni weli. da marTlac, indoeTSi dResac SexvdebiT saflavis qvaze
amokveTil im qalTa saxelebs, romlebmac VII-XIX s.s. TviTdawva ganaxorcieles.
sataZro prostitucia
qalTa mdgomareobis ganxilvis mizniT metad sainteresoa, agreTve, sataZro
prostituciis institutis ganxilva. "RvTis mona" (devadasi) mcirewlovani gogona
gasazrdelad gadaecema taZars. fulis safasurad igi eweva prostitucias, xolo
gasamrjelo xmardeba taZris keTilmowyobasa da saWiroebas. epigrafebze dayrdnobiT
SeiZleba vimsjeloT, rom sxvadasxva dResaswaulsa da Tavyrilobaze isini taZris
mocekvaveebad gamodiodnen. aRniSnuli Cveuleba ukve Zv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi
arsebobda, igi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda Sua saukuneebSi da miuxedavad formaluri
akrZalvisa, mas dResac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, 1981 wels Catarebuli kvlevebis
gamoqveynebis Sedegad irkveva, rom maharaStrisa da karnatakis raionebSi devadasebis
raodenoba 25-30 aTass aRwevda da yovelwliurad maT rigebs 5-6 aTasi gogona
emateboda. (Сыркин, 1996).
qalTa problema reformatorTa SemoqmedebaSi
qalTa problema reformatorTa SemoqmedebaSi maTi saerTo msoflmxedvelobis
WrilSi wydeboda. bengalieli inteleqtualis ramohan roias (1772-1833 ww.) azriT
(igi brahmanebis kastas ekuTvnoda da induizmis erT-erTi reformatori iyo), praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli iyo umsgavso Sexedulebebi zneobriobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli
Sexedulebebi aisaxeboda sxvadasxva araadamianuri adaT-wesis ganxorcielebisas, (mag.,
sati, qvrivebisaTvis qorwinebis akrZalva, qorwineba adreul asakSi da sxv.).
ramohan roias mimdevrebi gauCndnen bengaliaSi, Semdgom ki maharaStraSi,
penjabSi. isini aqtiurad erTvodnen brZolaSi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobis
Sesacvlelad iyo mimarTuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda svami daianadi
sarasvati (1824-1883 ww.), romelmac didi roli Seasrula qalTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi.
igi amtkicebda, rom qals Seswevs unari aiTvisos veduri teqstebis "maradiuli
WeSmaritetebi". reformatorma sakmaod didi muSaoba gaswia im saswavlo dawesebulebebis organizebisaTvis, sadac saswavlo programebi gogonebisaTvis iseTive
datvirTuli iyo, rogorc biWebisaTvis. mas miaCnda, rom qaliSvilma
saqmro
TviTonve unda airCios, rom adreul asakSi qorwineba maTTvis damRupvelia: saqorwino urTierTobebi mowiful asakSi unda daiwyos, mas Semdeg, rac axalgazrdebi
ganaTlebis kurss daamTavreben.
51
"wminda werilebis" axlebur interpretacias da reformatorebis mier gaweul
muSaobas induizmis reformaciis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani Sedegi hqonda. erTxel
dawyebuli religiuri teqstebis gadasinjvis procesi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobas
Seexeboda, aRar SeCerebula. gasuli saukunis reformatorebma uzrunvelyves qalTa
sakiTxisadmi im midgomis safuZvlis Cayra, romelic Semdgom mahaTma gandim (18691948) wamoayena. gandiseuli gageba sazogadoebaSi qalis rolis Sesaxeb SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: religia adamianis mTeli Semoqmedebis safuZvelia (maT Soris
politikuris). amiT igi asabuTebs induizmis normebis, principebisa da debulebebis
gamoyenebis saSualebebiT xalxis masebamde arareligiuri, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
faqtobrivad socialur-politikuri ideebis dayvanis, gamyarebisa da realizebis
saSualebas. amasTan, mas induizmis tradiciul eTikur maqsimebSi Semoaqvs iseTi
debulebebi, romlebmac moZRvrebaSi saerTod ver hpova asaxva: mag., yvela religiis
Tanabari pativiscema, brZola induistur-musulmanuri erTobisaTvis. garda amisa,
gandim moaxdina tradiciuli eTikis zogierTi principebis gadasinjva. (Мезенцева,
1993).
Tumca miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, 1987 wlis seqtemberSi induri gazeTebi
iuwyebodnen satis morigi aqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. rajasThanis Statis sof.
deoralis mcxovrebi 18 wlis
rup kanvari Tavisi qmris cxedris dasawvavad
agizgizebul koconSi cocxlad dawves. 21-e saukunis mijnaze myofi induizmis arsis
gasagebad metad sagulisxmoa deoralSi momxdar faqtTan dakavSirebuli kamaTi.
indoeTis mTavrobam, romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifos sekularizaciis interesebidan gamomdinare da konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebda, swrafi da mkacri
reagireba moaxdina am faqtTan dakavSirebiT da gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac
pirebs, romlebic satis ganxorcielebis waqezebaSi iqnebodnen SemCneuli, samudamo
patimroba an sasikvdilo ganaCeni elodaT. presaSi gaCnda statiebi, romlebic am
anaqronizms da mis momxreebs kicxavdnen, magram polemikisas araferi iyo naTqvami
imis Sesaxeb, subkontinentze uamravi wminda adgilia, sadac warsulSi ganxorcielebuli satis faqtebi didebis SaravandediT aris Semkobili. zogierTi induisturi
seqtis religiuri lideri ki "nebayoflobiTi satis" "sati dharmis" ganxorcielebis
mxardaWeriT gamovida.
aRiSnuli SemTxvevis garSemo gamarTulma debatebma da rajasThanis mkvidrTa
sazogadoebrivma azrma aCvena, rom rom Tanamedrove induizmis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. bombeis, kalkutasa an haidarabadis
caTambjenebidan SeiZleba ar Cans taZrebi da tradiciuli kostumebi, sadResaswaulo
da samgloviaro ritualebi, arc garkveuli kastisadmi kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli
mkveTri niSnebi, magram nebismieri qalaqis an soflis gzajvaredinze SeiZleba idges
ramdenime taZari da aTeulobiT wminda adgili da qandakeba, SeiZleba dainaxoT
RatakTa procesia, Cacmuloba ama Tu im kastisadmi, profesiisadmi Tu induizmis
sxvadasxva mimdinareobisadmi kuTvilebis niSnebi. albaT, Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra,
rom modernizaciam da dasavleTis gavlenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogierT
sferoSi uzrunvelyo induizmis mTeli rigi mavne tradiciebis aRmofxvra. 1984 wels
mokluli indoeTis premier-ministris indira gandis biusts TiTqmis yvela qalaqsa
da sofelSi SexvdebiT. qalRmerTis msgavsad, es biustebi, Cveulebriv, gzajvaredinebTan dgas da yvavilebiT aris Semkobili. indoeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili
mas Tayvans scems. qveyanaSi misi kultia. mimdinareobs indira gandis miTologizacia
– sekularizebuli politikuri cxovrebis hagiografiulad gardaqmna. aRniSnuli ki
imis dasturia, rom induizmi ganuwyvetliv miiwevs TviTganaxlebisaken da am
procesis ganviTareba kanonzomieri procesia. (Times of India, 1987).
seqtorSi.
erovnuli ekonomikis e.w. mamakacur seqtorSic ki (mSenebloba, transporti,
manqanaTmSenebloba, saSeni masalebi da a.S.) qalTa monawileobam 30-40%-s miaRwia.
qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen iseT prestiJul profesiebSi, rogoricaa:
maswavlebeli, eqimi, kulturisa da xelovnebis warmomadgeneli, msubuqi da kvebis
mrewvelobis inJineri. zogadi ganaTlebis doniT da profesiuli kvalifikaciiT
qarTveli qalebi liderobdnen sxva sabWoTa respublikebis qalebs Sorisac.
Sesabamisad, zemoT CamoTvlil seqtorebSi qarTvel qalebs hqondaT konkretuli
asparezi da SesaZleblobebi karieris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, magram totalitaruli saxelmwifos pirobebSi, maTi monawileoba mmarTvelobiT da politikur struqturebSi mkveTrad SezRuduli iyo. qalebi ZiriTadad marTvis saSualo rgolSi iyvnen
warmodgenili, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi posti eWiraT.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda miTi imis
Sesaxeb, rom qalTa problema gadaWris procesSi iyo da feminizmis yovelgvari
gamovlineba negatiur burJuaziul moZraobad aRiqmeboda.
am periodSi qalTa problemebze arsebuli informacia agebuli iyo socialistur da
kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis dapirispirebaze.
Tanac, socialisturi politika aSkarad Selamazebuli iyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
sazogadoebaSi qalis socialuri da politikuri mdgomareobis asaxvis, qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobis xasiaTis, masStabebisa da aRweris Sesaxeb.
sinamdvileSi ssrk konstituciasa da sxva kanonebSi Cawerili qalTa da mamakacTa
uflebebis formaluri Tanasworoba realuri uflebebis Tanasworobis garantias ar
iZleoda. gaeros mier miRebuli da 1981 w. sabWoTa kavSirSi ratificirebuli konvencia
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb ar gaxda qveynis saSinao
cxovrebis kanoni.
qalebma mamakacebTan Tanabar mdgomareobas mxolod ramdenime sferoSi miaRwies,
romelTa ricxvs ganaTleba miekuTvneboda. SemoRebuli iqna savaldebulo dawyebiTi,
Semdeg ki saSualo ganaTleba, saSualo specialuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis
SesaZleblobam gamoiwvia qalebisa da mamakacebis saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis
TandaTanobiT gaTanabreba, magram socialurma saganmanaTleblo praqtikam mTeli rigi
problemebi gamoavlina.
saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebisagan. mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maT bevrad ufro meti siZnele hqondaT profesiul
zrdaSi, karieraSi, e.i. qalebisTvis realurad mxolod horizontaluri profesiuli
gadanacvlebebi arsebobda, xolo vertikaluri – Zalauflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisken
– mamakacebis prerogativa iyo, mag. sxvadasxva rangis mamakac specialistebs Soris
xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen 48%, xolo qalebs Soris mxolod 2%. aRsaniSnavia,
rom
sxvadasxva Semcirebis dros pirvelad qalebs amcirebdnen.
✲
profesiuli diskriminaciisa da segregaciis Sedegi gaxda mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
qalisa da mamakacis anazRaurebebs Soris. 80-iani wlebis bolos qalebi im muSakTa did
nawils Seadgendnen, romlebic minimalur xelfass iRebdnen. erTnair samuSao adgilebze,
Tanamdebobebze momuSave mamakacebisa da qalebis xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba 35-40%-s
warmoadgenda.
qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi
srulfasovani monawileobidan, amis mizezi iyo tradiciuli sazogadoebis konservatulpatriarqaluri safuZvlebi, romlebsac maRali sicocxlisunarianoba da sociokultu-
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85
✲
qalTa profesiuli segregacia aris "qalTa" profesiebis sferoebis an "qalTa" samuSao adgilebis
formireba "mamakacTa profesiebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi qalis Sromis Taviseburebad iqca misi
araprestiJuloba da mcire anazRaureba.
moRvawe qalebi iyvnen Cabmuli, rogorebic iyvnen olRa guramiSvili, nino tatiSviliyifiani, ekaterine gabaSvili, anastasia TumaniSvili.
1902 wels "Tbilisel qalTa wris" mier daarsda saswavlebeli Raribi gogonebisaTvis, romelic miznad isaxavda qalTa erovnul tradiciebze aRzrdas. skolas mniSvnelovan materialur daxmarebas uwevda daviT sarajiSvilis meuRle – ekaterine
foraqiSvili.
skola mTavrobam 1908 wels daxura, rac mZlavri biZgi aRmoCnda iseTi
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis SeqmnisaTvis rogoricaa mag. sazogadoeba "codna".
qalTa wris monawile iyo mariam jambakur-orbeliani, romelmac SemdgomSi Tamar
WavWavaZe-bagration-gruzinskisTan erTad daarsa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia e.w.
"damwvrobis komiteti", romelmac mniSvnelovani muSaoba Caatara 1905 wlis masobrivi
gamosvlebis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad.
erT-erTi pirveli organizacia, romelic qalTa samarTlebrivi sakiTxebiT iyo
dainteresebuli, - "Tbilisel qalTa sazogadoeba" daarsebuli iqna cnobili Jurnalistisa da mwerali qalis dominika erisTavis mier, romelic cnobili iyo "gandegilis"
fsevdonimiT. organizacia eyrdnoboda ruseTis qalTa sazogadoebis programas da
aqcents qalTa Tavisuflebis ideaze akeTebda. igi ideas qalTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
farTo propagandas uwevda da imavdroulad eweoda qvelmoqmedebas, awyobda musikalur
da literaturul saRamoebs.
mniSvnelovani iyo sazogadoeba "ganaTlebis" mier warmoebuli muSaoba qarTuli
skolis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. skolas mwerali anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTeli xelmZRvanelobda.
qalTa ganaTlebisa da uflebebis damcveli sazogadoebebi gaCnda rogorc TbilisSi,
ise provinciebSic. mniSvnelovani iyo maTze social-demokratiuli ideologiis gavlena.
1905 wels anastasia gedevaniSvilis mier daarsda "qalTa Tanasworobis saqarTvelos
kavSiri", romelic miznad qalTa politikur gaTavisuflebas isaxavda. regionuli
organizaciebidan aRsaniSnavia "saqarTvelos qalTa foTis sazogadoeba", romlis
mizanic muSa-qalTa gaTviTcnobireba iyo. organizaciis damaarsebeli iyo mwerali,
social-demokrati qali lidia mamulaSvili-megreliZe.
zogierT regionul organizacias Tavisi filialebi soflebSic hqonda. aseT
organizaciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda mwerali qalis anastasia xoStaria-erisTavis mier
1913 wels gorSi daarsebuli qalTa gaerTianeba "mandili".
4. qalis socialur-politikuri roli islamSi
im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelo ssrk-is nawils Seadgenda, aq mimdinare yvela
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri movlena, ase Tu ise, saqarTvelosTvisac iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi qarTveli qalebi Tavisi ganaTlebiT,
profesionalizmiTa da kvalifikaciiT liderobdnen. 1989 wlis aRweris Sedegad yovel
1000 qalidan 204-s umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda. qalebs ekavaT xelmZRvaneli postebi
saxalxo ganaTlebis, jandacvis da sxva sferoebSi. rogorc gamokvlevebi adasturebs,
swored qalebi gamoirCeodnen saqmisadmi erTgulebiT, keTilsindisieri damokidebulebiT, maRali profesionalizmiT da xelmZRvanelobis kargi unariT.
saqarTveloSi 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis dawyebamde qalebi Cabmuli iyvnen
farTomasStabian ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. qalTa SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmis masStabebi
gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo soflis meurneobaSi, sazogadoebrivi kvebis sistemaSi,
komunikaciebis sferoSi da mrewvelobis ramdenime dargSi (msubuqi, kvebis, qimiuri da
navTob-qimiuri mrewveloba), agreTve ekonomikis yvela ZiriTad araindustriul
XXI saukuneSi islamis politikuri da ideologiuri gaaqtiureba aRaravisaTvis
aris saeWvo, magram kamaTi mis irgvliv ar cxreba. islamis erT-erTi TvalSi sacemi
Taviseburebaa misi sul ufro mzardi gavrceleba evropaSi, amerikis kontinentze
(gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi) da avstraliaSi, maSin, rodesac
dasavleTsa da koloniebis yofil mflobel qveynebSi gabatonebulma religiam –
qristianobam muslimanur qveynebSi fexis mokideba ver SeZlo..
imis kvalobaze, Tu rogor ikidebs fexs islami dasavleTis qveynebSi da,
gansakuTrebiT, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, igi dasavluri kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis bevr niSan-Tvisebas iTvisebs. am fonze islamis socialuri doqtrinis
Seswavla, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi sakiTxisa, rogoricaa sqesTa Soris urTierToba da
qalis roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
amocanas ara marto wminda Teoriuli mniSvnelobiT, aramed praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiTac.
islamis socialur-politikuri da ideuri Sexedulebani misi mkvlevarebisaTvis
axali sakiTxi rodia, ufro metic, mecnier aRmosavleTmcodneTaTvis kargadaa
cnobili "mesame samyaros" qveynebSi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mdgomareoba,
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac politikurma islamma moRvaweoba gaaZliera aziisa da
afrikis did teritoriebze (pakistanSi, avRaneTSi, iranSi, tajikeTSi, TurqeTSi,
sudanSi, egvipteSi, alJirSi, agreTve kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi). arsebobs mTeli
rigi gamokvlevebi, romlebSic politikuri islamis fenomeni ganixileba rogorc
politikuri kulturis dafuZnebisa da da arabul-muslimanuri samyaros socialurekonomikuri evoluciuri ganviTarebis farglebSi "moqcevis procesi". zogierTi
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs axlo aRmosavleTSi socialur-ekonomikur krizissa
da politikur demagogiaze anu socialur-klasobrivi gamijvnis procesze.
metad sayuradReboa am sakiTxisadmi im mkvlevarTa midgoma, romlebic
muslimanur qveynebSi mimdinare socialur-politikur procesebs kulturulideologiuri konfrontaciisa da "axali msoflio wesrigisaTvis" brZolis
konteqstSi ganixilaven. dasavlur mecnierul literaturaSi islamis analizs
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. bolo wlebSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc tradiciul
RirebulebaTa sistemas. islamSi "qalTa sakiTxma" gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro
qalis, rogorc "tradiciebis matareblisa" da "didi aRmzrdelobiTi rolis" gamo.
(Плахов, 1992). aRniSnuli sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda islamisteqstremistTa agresiuli moqmedebisa da terorizmis amerikasa da evropaSi gadatanis
Semdeg.
qalTa mdgomareobis SeswavliT dainteresebul specialistTa umravlesobas
miaCnia, rom hadisebi, yurani da agreTve Sua saukuneebis musliman TeologTa da
iuristTa Sromebi qalTa mdgomareobisa da statusis Sesaxeb yvelaze srul da
adekvatur warmodgenas iZleva, radgan maTi Tanamedrove mowafeebs da memkvidreebs
realuri situaciebis gansazRvrisas aSkara midrekileba aqvT gaazviadon religiuri
dogmebi da samarTlebrivi traqtatebi.
Tu yuranis teqsts mivmarTavT, SeiZleba davrwmundeT, raoden sakamaToa amgvari
midgoma. meoTxe suraSi ("qalebi") naTqvamia: "mamakacebi dganan qalebze maRla imitom,
rom alahma pirvelT mianiWa upiratesoba meoreebze da imitom, rom isini TavianT
qonebas xarjaven... wesieri qalebi mokrZalebulni arian, inaxaven saidumlos, rasac
alahi inaxavs. xolo visi daumorCileblobisac Tqven geSiniaT, daiyolieT, daagdeT
isini Zirs da scemeT da Tuki isini Tqvens winaSe danaSauls Caidenen, neba geZlevaT
sasjelis zoma ar eZioT." es sura, TiTqosda, aSkarad metyvelebs mamakacisa da
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53
2. saqarTvelos qalebis socialuri ganwyoba
qalis araTanasworuflebianobaze, qalis damorCilebul mdgomareobaze. albaT
islamis aseTi debulebebis gacnobam aTqmevina simona de bovuars: "yurani ukiduresi
siZulviliT abuCad igdebs qalebs". magram yuranis interpretatorebi zemoT
citirebulis sapirispirod migviTiTeben Semdeg sityvebze: "da upasuxa maT RmerTma
maTma: me ar gavwirav qmedebasa arc erTi Tqveni moRvawisa – arc kacTa, arc qalTa
(III 193\195). am strofs islamis modernizaciis momxreebi ganmartaven, rogorc
miniSnebas qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobaze.
sxva mniSvnelovan wyaroebs qalTa mdgomareobis retrospeqtuli SeswavlisaTvis
warmoadgens istoriuli qronikebi. magram is, vinc am istoriuli wyaroebis
safuZvelze moindomebs muslimani qalebis statusis dazustebas, imedgacruebuli
darCeba. aseT qronikebSi qalebi gacilebiT ufro iSviaTad moixseniebian, vidre
mamakacebi. maTi saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, vin iyo esa Tu is qali, romelic
poezias an mecnierebas misdevda an politikuri intrigebSi monawileobda, magram
qalTa saerTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis SemuSaveba sakmaod Zneli saqmea.
ufro safuZvliania evropel TviTmxilvelTa – elCebis, vaWrebis, mogzaurebis
Setyobinebebi. mecnierebi, romlebic umetesad am wyaroebiT sargebloben, xazs
usvamen, rom isini ufro obieqturi suraTis miRebis saSualebas iZlevian. magram
miuxedavad amisa, evropelebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mainc ar SeeZloT muslimanuri
yofis, kulturis, Cveulebebis, tradiciebisa da fsiqologiis srulad gageba da
xSirad maTi aRwerilobani da aRqma obieqturi ar iyo. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba
stambulSi inglisis elCis colis ledi meri uortli montegius gamonaTqvami igi
1917 wels evropelebs imisaTvis lanZRavda, rom isini "SfoTaven Turqi qalebis
ubeduri mdgomareobis gamo, romlebic
SeiZleba qveynad yvela qalzu ufro
Tavisufalni arian, dros ganuwyvetel siamovnebaSi, seirnobaSi, banaobasa da
garTobaSi atareben, cxovroben uzrunvelad da udardelad, fuls uangariSod
fantaven axal-axali tansacmelis SesaZenad." (Мейер, 1992).
Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad vupasuxoT kiTxvas, ra gavlena moaxdina islamma qalTa
mdgomareobaze. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa davazustoT - ras vadarebT musliman
qalTa mdgomareobas - V-VII saukuneebis arabeTis beduinebis xanas, VII-IX saukuneebSi
SuamdinareTis glexebis cxovrebas Tu XII-XIV bizantiuri qalaqebSi maT yofas.
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom TviT muslimani qalis yofa ar iyo ucvleli. yuranSi
qalTa uflebebis fiqsacia ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc progresuli monapovari
adrefeodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram, rogorc TurqeTSi qemalisturma
reformebma gviCvena, arasakmarisi - kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi
sazogadoebisaTvis. muslimani qalebis cxovrebaSi kardinalur cvlilebebze SeiZleba
vimsjeloT Tu ganvixilavT Sua aziis yofili sabWoTa respublikebisa da
azerbaijanis magaliTs. amasTan, islamis swrafma gavrcelebam axlo aRmosavleTis,
iranis, indoeTis feodalur sazogadoebebSi unda gvafiqrebinos, rom islamis miReba,
rogoc Cans, ar gulisxmobs arsebiT cvlilebebs socialur organizaciaSi, maT Soris
qalTa mdgomareobaSi. (Мейер, 1992).
yurani mowmobs, rom jihaliis periodSi (winaislamuri periodi) arsebobda
sisxlaRreviTi qorwineba, axladdabadebuli gogonebis miwaSi Cafvlis praqtika,
agreTve sisxlis aRebis wesi. qalebs hyiddnen da yidulobdnen, Cuqnidnen, rogorc
monebs, agiravebdnen, sanam qmari an mama vals ar dafaravda. tomebis beladebs
ufleba hqondaT erTdroulad aTi coli hyolodaT, garda mona qalebisa, romlebic
saTvalavSi ar Sediodnen. qaliSvilis kargad gaTxoveba ki sarfian xelSekrulebasTan
iyo gaigivebuli. lamazi gogonebis gaTxoveba 13 wlis asakidan SeiZleboda.
aRniSnuli Cveuleba yuranSic dafiqsirda da muslimanur qveynebSi dRemde aris Semonaxuli, Tumca savaldebulo xasiaTs ar atarebs. (Еремеев, 1971).
mowveul iqneba wuTisoflis sufrazed Tavisi kuTvnilis adgilis dasaWerad". (i. WavWavaZe, 1928 ).
qalTa moZraobam, ilias azriT, cxadi gaxada, rom qalebs SeuZliaT sazogadoeriv
SromaSi Caeban, faseuloba Seqmnan da amitom is "usamarTloba, romelic dRes aqomamde
dedaTa sqess, am naxevars mTelis kacobriobisas saZiZaodan da samzareulodan gared ar
uSvebda da amaT gareT araviTars saqmeSi monawiled ara xdida, ase, rom lukma-puris
saSovris gzasac ar aZlevda, didxans veRar gauZlebs erTxel fexadgmul moZraobas".
(iqve gv. 279).
ilias, upirveles yovlisa, saWirod miaCnda TviT qalTa masebis daintereseba TavianTive gaTavisuflebis saqmiT. mas "ukbilo sayvedurad da uqm Civilad miaCnda qalebis
mamakacebze wuwuni - ai Tqve gulqva kacebo, ratom Tqvens uflebas Cvenc ar gagvinawilebT" da qalTa ganTavisuflebis mTavar pirobad TviT qalebis iniciativa da
aqtiuroba miaCnda. es iniciativa da TviTmoqmedeba qalebs unda daewyoT TavianTi
swavla-ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofiT, vinaidan amis gareSe, ilias azriT, sul uqmia
laparaki maT gaTanasworebaze mamakacebTan. am gziT maT SeuZliaT moipovon adamianuri
ufleba da Rirseba, anu gaTavisufldnen. amitom iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe didi
sixaruliT Seegeba "qarTveli qalis werils", romelic 1889 wlis 4 martis "iveriaSi"
daibeWda saTauriT:P "sazogadoebis sayuradRebod", sadac "qarTveli qali"* mouwodebda
qalebs TviTon aeRoT Tavze qalTa saswavleblis gaxsna da sakuTari ganaTlebis
xelmZRvaneloba. mxolod am gziT SeeZloT qarTvel qalebs Tavi daeRwiaT im TiTqos
"uwmindesi da usamRvToesi daniSnulebidan" rogoricaa mxolod dedoba, coloba, doba.
yovelive es ilias miaCnda qalis sapatio movaleobad, magram misi daniSnulebis mxolod
amiT amowurva – did regresul, usamarTlo da reaqciul saqmed. swavla-ganaTlebis
gziT daamtkicebs qali, rom igi sruluflebiani adamiania da SeuZlia, mamakacis
msgavsad, Seasrulos yoveli sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia da amave
dros iyos saukeTeso deda, coli da da. am Temis dasamtkiceblad ilia qalTa
emansipaciis mowinaaRmdege g. TumanovTan kamaTis dros mimarTavs karl marqss:
"moviyvanT marqsis naTqvams", - wers ilia da mohyavs misi Semdegi sityvebi: "rogoric
dedakacia, iseTi ojaxicaa, rogoric ojaxia, iseTi saxelmwifocaa" (i. WavWavaZe , 1928 ).
ilia eTanxmeba am sityvebs, rogorc udavo WeSmartebas qalis rolis Rirseulad
dafasebisaTvis da energiulad ibrZvis qalis farTo mecnieruli da teqnikuri
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis da sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobisaTvis.
swored misi moRvaweobis periodSi aRiniSna qalis uflebebis zrda rogorc ojaxSi,
ise sazogadoebriv asparezze, rasac kapitalizmis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli.
Camoyalibda muSa qalebis fena. XX saukuknis dasawyisSi gaixsna kavkasiaSi pirveli
qalTa umaRlesi saswavlebeli - qalTa umaRlesi kursebi. garkveuli warmateba iqna
miRweuli wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi
erT-erT pirvel qalTa formalur organizacias, "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo
organizacias", romelmac farTo saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaTleblo muSaoba Caatara,
swored ilias meuRle – olRa guramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda.
qalTa organizaciebis masobrivi Seqmnis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi 1905 wlis
revoluciis Semdeg gaCnda. iqamde gamokveTil saganmanaTleblo da saqvelmoqmedo
sferos qalTa uflebaTa dacva miemata.
qalTa pirveli formalizebuli, xSirad droebiTi, gaerTianebebi sxvadasxva wris,
komisiis da komitetis saxiT funqcionirebdnen, maTgan aRsaniSnavia ukve zemoT
xsenebuli "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia", "Tbilisel qalTa wris
komisia", "qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba" da sxv. maTSi iseTi gamoCenili sazogado
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83
*
am qarTveli qalis vinaoba dRemde gamourkvevelia.
Tavi VIII
genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi
I. saqarTvelo da qarTveli qali
odiTganve cnobilia, rom qarTveli xalxis zneobrivi siwmindis, Sromismoyvareobis,
vaJkacuri suliskveTebisa da qarTuli xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi qali TvalsaCino rols
asrulebda. mTeli Cveni mravalsaukunovani warsuli mdidaria gamoCenil qalTa
saxelebiT. maTi dedoba, mamulisaTvis Tavdadeba, fizikur mSvenierebasTan Serwymuli
patiosneba, maRali zneoba samSoblos sindisis simbolo iyo. Soreul warsulSi qalis
rolze mogviTxrobs qarTuli zepirsityviereba da werilobiTi Zeglebi. isini naTlad
metyvelebs qveynisaTvis Tavdadebul qalTa sagmiro saqmeebze. maT didi damsaxureba
miuZRviT saqarTvelos materialuri da sulieri kulturis Seqmnasa da dacvaSi.
qarTveli qalebi ara marto ojaxur saqmianobas eweodnen, aramed mZime gansacdelis Jams
aqtiurad monawileobdnen qveynis dacvasa da mtris ganadgurebaSi. qarTveli qali
ojaxSi mudam erTguli deda iyo, brZolaSi - Seudrekeli da uSiSari mebrZoli,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi - aqtiuri da energiuli.
saqarTvelos
mfarveli,
rogorc
sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli,
qalia
–
RvTismSobeli mariami. aseve qali - wminda nino - miCneulia qarTvelebis ganmanaTleblad
da qristianobis gamavrceleblad. Zlieri saqarTvelos erT-erTi simboloc qalia –
Tamar mefe.
feodalur saqarTveloSi qalTa socialuri statusi qveynis geopolitikuri
mdgomareobis, rTuli politikuri viTarebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,
agreTve geografiuli faqtorebis, kulturuli da istoriuli Taviseburebebis fonze
yalibdeboda. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mamakacis Zalauflebas qalze arasdros
hqonia iseTi ukiduresi formebi, rogorc aRmosavleTis muslimanur da dasavleTis
qristianul qveynebSi. profesori giorgi nadareiSvili aRniSnavs, rom feodalur
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda pirveli Ramis ufleba. SoTa rusTavelma ki jer kidev me-12
saukuneSi Tavis ukvdav qmnilebaSi "vefxistyaosani" qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis
idea umaRles doneze aiyvana.
qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebelia misTvis miniWebuli ganqorwinebis
uflebac, romelic mTel qristianul samyaroSi akrZaluli iyo. Tu qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebs mivmarTavT, vnaxavT, rom kanoni ganqorwinebas dasaSvebad Tvlida zog SemTxvevaSi (mag., qmris Ralatis, mamakacis impotenciis dros). ojaxis mitovebis SemTxvevaSi ki orive sqesis meuRle isjeboda. magram miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa,
qalis socialuri funqcia meuRleobiT, axali Taobis kvlavwarmoebiT da saojaxo
SromiT ganisazRvreboda. qali, upirveles yovlisa, saojaxo movaleobis SesrulebiT
unda yofiliyo dakavebuli. qalis mier mamakacuri samuSaoebis Sesruleba sazogadoebis
mxridan mowonebiT ar sargeblobda.
magram XIX saukuneSi ukve daiwyo qalis funqciebisadmi konservatiuli damokidebulebis mZafri kritika. didma qarTvelma mweralma da moazrovnem ilia WavWavaZem
qalTa sakiTxi sazogadoebriv moqalaqeobriv uflebas daukavSira. igi qalis profesiul
Sromas sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTarebis da qalis Tavisuflebis aucilebel
pirobad Tvlida.
ilia, rogorc progresulad moazrovne sazogado moRvawe, aRiarebda qalis
Tanaswor uflebebs da movaleobebs, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis da kulturis yovel
dargSi. qalTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi igi xedavda im Canasaxebs, romlebsac
mohqonda qalis uflebrivi gaTanabreba mamakacebTan. i. WavWavaZe werda: "Sors ar aris
is dro, rodesac dedaTa saqme Tavisas gaitans da es mTeli naxevari sqesi kacobriobisa
82
am periodSi arsebobda droebiTi qorwinebac, rac mahris gadaxdis SesaZleblobis
uqonlobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi qali mamakacs colad
moyavda droebiT, garkveuli droiT da garkveul fasad. qorwinebis amgvari forma
dResac SenarCunebulia Siituri mimarTulebis muslimanur qveynebSi (irani, erayi) da
mas ufro xSirad moxuci da martoxela adamianebi mimarTaven, raTa erTmaneTs
meurneobis warmoebaSi miexmaron (fizikuri siaxlovis gareSe). nebadarTuli iyo
agreTve mamakacs colad SeerTo gardacvlili mamis erT-erTi coli, Tu igi misi
mSobeli deda ar iyo. aRniSnuli qmedebis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT "rZali" mamis
gvareulobaSi da axali patarZlisaTvis mahri ar gadaexadaT (Еремеев, 1971).
zogierTi mkvlevari cdilobda islamis winadroindeli qorwinebis tradiciebSi
matriarqatis gadmonaSTebi moenaxa, rodesac erT qalTan qorwinebaSi ramdenime
mamakaci imyofeboda. Cveni azriT,
qorwinebis aseTi formis WeSmariti mizezi
ekonomikuri
problemebia. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT arabeTis
samxreTSi iemenisa da hadramautis mTian raionebSi dRemde gavrcelebuli tradicia,
sadac bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebi gansakuTrebiT mZimea. Tumca aRniSnuli
praqtika ramdenadme Semcirda, mainc gvxvdeba erT qalze ori mamakacis (Cveulebriv,
Zmebis) qorwinebis SemTxvevebi.
jihaliis droindel arab qals gaTxoveba SeeZlo mxolod Tavisi tomis mamakacze,
raTa STamomalobas Seenaxa am tomis kulturul-enobrivi specifikuri niSnebi.
mamakacs ki SeeZlo colad SeerTo ramdenime qaliSvili sxvadasxva tomidan. tomis
mier aseTi faqtebis waxaliseba miznad isaxavda sxva tomebis warmomadgenlebTan
naTesauri kavSirebis damyarebas da Tavisi tomis kulturuli kavSirebis
gafarToebas. praqtikaSi iyo agreTve gacvliTi qorwineba, roca erTi tomis da da
Zma qorwindeboda meore tomis Zmasa da daze, ris Sedegadac orive mxare
Tavisufldeboda mahris gadasaxadisagan.
qals ar hqonda ufleba yofiliyo qmris, mSoblebisa da Tavisi Svilebis
memkvidre. mokled rom vTqvaT, mas ufleba hqonda, mxolod eWama da ecocxla. amave
dros misi valdebulebebi ramdenimejer aRemateboda mis fizikur SesaZleblobebs.
ojaxur viTarebaSi qals SeeZlo qmarze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdena, rac maT
pirovnul da intimur urTierTobebze iyo damokidebuli, magram sazogadoebis winaSe
qals morCilis roli unda eTamaSa. qmars SeeZlo stumrebis miReba dRisa da Ramis
nebismier dros, ebrZanebina colisaTvis sufris gaSla da a.S. es wes-Cveuleba
dRemdea Semonaxuli, gansakuTrebiT soflad. aseT faqtebs Cvens sinamdvileSic
vxvdebiT, rodesac qali "morCilis" rols TamaSobs, magram ojaxur urTierTobebSi
mas wonadi sityva ekuTvnis.
qalis dabali socialuri statusis specifikuri Tvisebebi winaislamur periodSi
gamomdinareobda tomebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebidan. tomebs Soris arsebuli
winaaRmdegobani brZolisaTvis mudmiv mzadyofnas da misi warmoebis unars
moiTxovda, Sesabamisad, mamakacs misi socialuri mniSvnelobiT wina planze ayenebda.
magram aqac iyo gamonaklisi. zogjer mamakacebTan erTad mamakacur tanisamosSi
gadacmul qalebsac SexvdebodiT. (Даул, 1981).
qali da yurani
islamis istoriisa da Teoriis SeswavlisaTvis ZiriTad wyarosa da dokuments
yurani warmoadgens. mahmadis (muhamedi) sicocxleSi igi zepiri formiT arsebobda.
zogma mTeli yurani icoda zepirad, zogma ki nawyvetebi. sxvadasxva wakiTxvis
Sedegad jer ramdenime werilobiTi krebuli Seiqmna. Semdeg, xalifa osmanis dros
(644-556 w.w.) isini kanonikurad qceul krebulad gaerTianda. saukuneebis manZilze
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misma Seswavlam warmoSva yuranis ganmartebaTa kompleqsuri
55
kvlevis aucilebloba. yurani SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc istoriis,
kulturis, sazogadoebrivi, samrTlebrivi, socialuri urTierTobebis wyaro. mas
arabul-muslimanur samyaroSi iseTi adgili ukavia, rom misi ganmarteba sxvadasxva
istoriul periodsa da sxvadasxva socialur-kulturul garemoSi Zalian did
interess iwvevda da axlac iwvevs.
yurani sakmaod did yuradRebas uTmobs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis Temebs.
masSi saubaria iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa mahri, mravalcolianoba, ganqorwineba,
urTierTobebi Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris, sasjeli col-qmruli Ralatisas da sxv.
igi gansazRvravs agreTve ojaxSi qonebriv urTierTobebs, ojaxuri urTierTobebis
sxva zneobriv da samarTlebriv normebs. magram yurans, rogorc mTavar normatiul
dokuments, ar SeeZlo moecva yvela detali, romelic praqtikul cxovrebaSi
SeiZleba wamoiWras, amitom winaswarmetyveli muhamedi ganmartavda "yuranis
WeSmaritebebs", Sehqonda masSi sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis dasaregulirebeli
saWiro detalebi. muhamedis gamonaTqvamebi (hadisebi) warmoadgens yuranis Semavsebel
kodeqss, romlis safuZvelzec xdeboda muslimanuri samarTlebrivi sistemis –
SariaTis kanonebis SemuSaveba da romelic Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da
muslimanuri moralis sakiTxebs. hadisebi da TviT muhamedis cxovrebis wesi iwodeba
sunad (tradiciad). sunebi muhamedis uaxloesma Tanamoazreebma da colebma gadmogvces. mag., rogorc muslimanebi Tvlian, aiSem, muhamedis mesame colma, 1210 hadisi
gadmogvca.
islamur TeologiaSi yuranisa da sunis axsnasa da ganmartebas "Tavsiris"
(ganmarteba) saxelwodeba aqvs. Tavsirebi VIII saukunidan gamoCnda. isini xSirad
winaaRmdegobrivi da erTmaneTis gamomricxavi iyo. muhameds iseT gamonaTqvamebs
miawerdnen, rac muslimanuri Temis pirobebSi mas ar SeeZlo eTqva. Tavsiris
krebulTa Semdgenlebis ZirTad amocanas warmoadgenda yuranis gaugebari aiaTebis
teqstobrivi ganmarteba. yuranis Sinaarsis ganmartebas muslimani Teoretikosebi
dResac ganagrZoben da mas Tanamedrove yofas usadageben.
Tavisi kanonikurobisa da normatiulobis Sedegad, yurani gacilebiT ufro
mkacri gamodga qalebis mimarT, vidre winaswarmetyveli muhamedi, romlis cxovrebiseuli misiac ufro damoZRvrasa da imis axsnaSi mdgomareobda, risi Secnobac
yuranis debulebebSi adamianebs ar SeeZloT. muhamedi qalis Sesaxeb ambobda: "erideT
qalebs, romlebsac aqvT lamazi garegnoba, magram urigo qceva".
"Tu Sen mama da deda erTdroulad mogixmoben, jer midi dedasTan".
"qali neknisagan aris Seqmnili. Tu Sen Seecdebi gaasworo es mrude Zvali,
gatexav mas, amitom ukeTesia rbilad moeqce qals".
"ar moklaT mterTa TqvenTa colebi da Svilebi".
"pativi eciT qalebs, isini Tqveni dedebi, colebi da debi arian".
sqesTa urTierTobebis regulirebas emsaxureboda agreTve sxva samarTlebrivi
wyaroebic, mag., fiqhi (samarTali) Tavisi orTodoqsuli skolebiT, magram islamis
socialuri doqtrinis mTavari principi mainc yuranSi, sunaSi, TavsirSi da maze
dafuZnebul SariaTis kanonebSia mocemuli.
muslimanur sazogadoebaSi gogona unda aRizardos yuranis Sesabamisad, romlis
Tanaxmad: "qmrebi colebze maRla dganan, imitom, rom alahi pirvelT aZlevs
upiratesobas meoreebze da imitom, rom isini Tavis qonebas xarjaven". amitom
gogonam adreuli asakidan
unda icodes, rom momaval meuRles upiratesi
mdgomareoba eqneba mikuTvnebuli, xolo Tavad mas garkveuli funqciebis Sesruleba
mouwevs. yurani mamakacs avaldebulebs SeirTos morwmuneTa "dacvis qveS aRzrdili
qaliSvilebi" (mase a. t. 1 gv. 125). "adab-ul salahini" colis SerTvis msurvelT aseT
darigebas aZlevs: "patarZali unda iyos qalwuli. saWiroa iseTi qalis SerTva,
56
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis daniSnuleba
2. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis Sedegebi
3. daasaxeleT saerTaSoriso forumebi da maTi gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis Sedegebi
literatura
1. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
baza da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998
2. qali gardamaval periodSi. Tbilisi, 1998
3. qali, mamakaci da sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998
4. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. GsaqarTvelos mTavrobisa da gaeros
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".
5. Платформа действий IV Всемирной конференции по положению женщин. ООН. 1995
6. Борьба
за улучшение положения
Международная жизнь. 1995ю № 3
женщин,
гуманмтарное
развитие
мира
//
7. Шинелева Л.Т. Путь в XXI век. IV Всемиирная конференция по положению женщин в
Пекине. 1995
81
janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli qalebis fsiqologiuri
mdgomareoba. daucveloba, ususuroba, stresebi, Zaladoba ojaxSi, alkoholizmi,
narkomania – yvelaferi es uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qalTa socialur statusze.
qalTa moZraobebi garkveuli programebis realizaciisaTvis iRvwian, romlebic
qalebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoimuSaon sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnoba, SeiZinon
codna da gamocdileba, ibrZolon sakuTari uflebebisaTvis da gaiumjobeson pirobebi,
uzrunvelyon socialur da politikuri procesebSi aqtiuri CarTva.
3. saerTaSoriso forumebi qalTa moZraobis
erToblivi programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori
qalTa masobrivi demokratiuli moZraoba saerTo demokratiuli moZraobis
Semadgeneli nawilia. meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1945 wels daarsda qalTa
saerTaSoriso demokratiuli federacia. qalTa moZraobis istoriaSi es iyo pirveli
masobrivi demokratiuli organizacia. igi gamoxatavda mTeli planetis qalebis
sasicocxlo interesebs: gamodioda qalTa emansipaciis, Tanasworuflebianobis,
ganiaraRebis, mSvidobis, erovnuli damoukideblobis, Tavisulebisa da demokratiis
moTxovniT.
Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTaSoriso demokratiuli organizacia TanamSromlobda ara
marto sxvadasxva qalTa, aramed axalgazrdul organizaciebTan, profkavSirebTan da
sxv. xSirad Tavis moTxovnebs igi gaeros tribunidanac aJRerebda.
1967 wels gaeros generaluri asamleis mier miRebuli deklaracia qalTa
diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb swored misi saqmianobis Sedegi iyo iseT qalTa
saerTaSoriso oragnizaciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo,
iuridiuli profesiebis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia, qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi
da sxv.
qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebasa da ganmtkicebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSes msoflio
konferenciebma, romlebic qalTa mdgomareobas eZRvneboda. pirvelma konferenciam,
romelic mexikoSi Catarda (1975 w.) miiRo moqmedebis gegma, romlis safuZvelzec gaeros
generalurma asambleam gamoacxada qalTa saerTaSoriso aTwleuli (1975-1985) aTwleulis
realizaciis msvlelobisas 1979 wels gaeros generalurma asamleam miiRo konvencia qalTa
mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb.
meore msoflio konferencia Sedga kopenhagenSi 1980 wkls. man miiRo moqmedebis
programa qalTa aTwleulis meore naxevrisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo
jandacvis, ganaTlebis da dasaqmebis problemebs.
mexikos da kopenhagenis konferenciebis momzadebisa da Catarebis saqmeSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes berlinis (1975 w.), praRis (1981 w.) msoflio kogresebma.
1985 wels nairobiSi Sedga mesame msoflio konferencia, romelic qalTa aTwleulSi
Catarebul muSaobisa da misi Sedegebis ganxilvas mieZRvna.
meoTxe msoflio konferencia (pekini 1995 w.), iseve rogorc wina konferenciebi, Catarda
Tanasworobis, mSvidobis, ganviTarebis deviziT. dRis wesrigSi CarTul iqna Zaladobis
problemac. konferenciam gansazRvra qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebis prespeqtivebi Semdgom
wlebSi, miiRo "moqmedebis platforma", romelSic aisaxa sakvanZo problemebi,
strategiuli miznebi da msoflioSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi.
saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebi sxvadasxvanair xasiaTs atareben da garkveulad maTi
mizania zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifoTa politikaze, raTa uzrunvelyon qalTa
sruluflebiani da srulyofili monawileoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
80
romelic qmars oTxi TvisebiT unda jobdes, xolo oTxi TvisebiT ufro dabla unda
idges. asaki, simaRle, qoneba da warmoSoba cols unda hqondes ufro dabali, vidre
saqmros, xolo silamaze, xasiaTi, zrdiloba da sinaze sacoles unda hqondes ufro
maRali, vidre saqmros". ("adab-ul salaxini").
Zveli droidan uSviloba arasasurveli iyo rogorc ojaxisaTvis, ise mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis. xSiri epidemiebi, bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, mousavlianoba, omebi
mosaxleobis demografiul suraTze uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda, amitom qalisadmi
damokidebuleba misi reproduqciis unariT ganisazRvreboda. istoriam Semogvinaxa
Zv. w. 1350 wels qanaaneli mefis mier dawerili werili, romelSic igi werda: "Cemi
yana (Cemi qveyana) gaxma, rogorc uqmro qali, radgan mas mxvneli ara hyavs".
egvipteli brZeni ptahotepi Tavis vaJs moZRvravda: "roca davaJkacdebi, coli
iTxove da Seni saxli Sehqmeni. giyvardes coli, rogorc wesia, aRavse misi sxeuli,
Caacvi da daasaCuqre. igi Seni yanaa, romelic gulmodgined unda daamuSavo".
yuranma moiwona adreuli qorwineba da uaryofiTad Seafasa monazvnoba da
ucolod cxovrebis wesi. mamakacebisaTvis qorwinebis asaki man – 15-16 wlidan
gansazRvra, xolo qalebisaTvis 13-14 wlidan.
mravalcolianoba (poliginia)
mravalcolianoba patriarqaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegi gaxldaT.
igi damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli rigi xalxebisaTvis aziasa da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi, CrdiloeT afrikasa da xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTSi. SemdgomSi zogma
maTganma qristianoba miiRo, zogma ki islami. ebraelebi, romlebmac qristianoba
miiRes, ganagrZobdnen iseTi wesebis Sesrulebas, rogoricaa winadacveTa, Roris
xorcis Wamis akrZalva, ebrauli marxva. maT ori coli mohyavdaT da uars ambobdnen
SabaTs muSaobaze. mravalcolianoba praqtikuli mosazrebiT iyo gamowveuli.
mamakacis, rogorc mebrZolis mniSvneloba yvela socialur parametrs sWarbobda.
islamis damkvidrebisa da sagareo eqspansiis mizniT warmoebuli brZolebis Sedegad
muslimanuri Temis SigniT mkveTrad Semcirda mamakacTa ricxvi da gaCnda martoxela
qalTa (colebis, dedebis, qaliSvilebis) didi raodenoba. am problemis socialuri
regulireba moxda poligamiis (kerZod, poliginiis) SemoRebiT.
yuranSi naTqvamia: "iTxoveT is qalebi, romlebic Tqven gasiamovneben – ori,
sami, oTxi. xolo visac geSiniaT, rom ar iqnebiT marTali, iTxoveT erTi an sami,
visac Tqveni marjvena gaumklavdeba." (yurani 3/4) TviT mahmads, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
14 coli hyavda, sikvdilis momentSi ki – 9. sanam misi pirveli coli - hadije
cocxali iyo, mahmads meore coli ar mohyavda. magram Semdeg misi colebi gaxdnen
aiSe – misi biZis, uaxloesi TanamebrZolisa da momavali pirveli xalifis abu-baqris
qaliSvili; jafsa –momavali meore xalifis omaris qaliSvili,, um-habiba - misi erTerTi gavleniani momxris qaliSvili. colebs Soris iyvnen agreTve muhamedis
mimdevarTa qvrivebi, romelTa qmrebi rwmenisaTvis brZolaSi daiRupnen.
SariaTis mixedviT, qmarma TiToeul Tavis cols unda misces calke sacxovrebeli
bina, uzrunvelyos maTi cxovreba, kargad moepyras, daicvas maTTan saxlSi misvlis
rigiToba. colma, Tavis mxriv, Tavisi movaleoba unda Seasrulos. ra Tqma unda,
mravalcolianoba iyo da darCa SesaZlebeli mxolod mdidari muslimanebisaTvis.
zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis garda, yurani mravalcolianobaSi xedavda ojaxurgvarovnuli da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis damyarebis gziT
muslimanuri Temis ganmtkicebis saSualebas.
filosofosi al-hazali iesos da muhamedis magaliTze xsnida, ratom aris
poligamia mizanSewonili: "kiTxuloben, kurTxeuli ieso darCa ucolod, xolo Cvens
57
arakurTxeul winaswarmetyvels muhameds amdeni coli hyavda, Tumca orive maTgani
umaRles sikeTed RvTis msaxurebas Tvlida. pasuxic aseTia: yvelafers sjobs,
SevaerToT erTica da meorec, Tu rCeuli amisaTvis saWiro Zalasa da sidiades
flobs. Cvenma yovlad dalocvilma winaswarmetyvelma miiRo aseTi Zala da RvTisadmi
erTguleba SeaerTa qorwinebasTan. Tumca mas cxra coli hyavda, igi mTlianad
uZRvnida Tavis Tavs RvTis samsaxurs".
TviTon muhamedma, TiTqosda Tavis marTlebisaTvis, aseTi aiaTebi warmoTqva: "o,
winaswarmetyvelo, Cven neba mogeciT Sen, iyolio colad isini, vinc jildod mogeca
da isinic, visac marjvena Seni daeufla maTgan, vinc alahma giboZa, Seni mamidebis
qaliSvilebic, Seni dedis Zmis qaliSvilebic, Seni deidebis qaliSvilebic, morwmune
qalic, radgan man Tavi miuZRvna winaswarmetyvels da Tu igi mis colobas
moindomebs... amis Semdeg Sen sxva qali aRar gergeba, arc maTi sxva qalebiT Secvla
SegiZlia, maSinac ki, Tu maTi silamaze dagkodavs, Tu ara maTiT, visac Seni marjvena
daeufla" (yurani 33-49).
yuranisa da sxva darigebebis Tanaxmad, cols moeTxoveba misdios garkveul
wesebs: ar gamovides saxlidan, Tu qmrisagan nebarTvas ar miiRebs, agreTve aravin
SeuSvas Tavis saxlSi, yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe Seasrulos diasaxlisis yvela
movaleoba, Tavisi ganwyobileba SeuTanxmos qmris ganwyobilebas – roca is
mxiarulia, colmac mxiaruli saxe unda miiRos, Tu is mowyenilia, colma TanagrZnoba
unda gamoxatos qmris sazrunavsa da sadardebelze; ikmaros is saSualebani da
pirobebi, rac mas qmarma Seuqmna. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg ataros samgloviaro
tansacmeli da, Tu surs saiqioSi Sexvdes gardacvlili qmars, meored aRar
gaTxovdes.
politikuri mrwamsis mqone milionze met qals. arsebobs sauniversiteto ganaTlebis
mqone qalTa amerikuli asociacia
- qalTa yvelaze ufro msxvili erovnuli
gaerTianeba, filialebiT mTels qveyanaSi. mis programas Seadgens: Tanabari uflebebi da
SesaZleblobebi yvela amerikeli qalisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT politikaSi; sakanonmdeblo
bazis gafarToeba; samedicino momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba da sxv.
qalTa moZraobebis amofrqveva dasavleTsa da aSS- Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebze
modis. es aris feminizmis, rogorc socialur-politikuri Teoriis ganviTarebis periodi, rac Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia dasaqmebul qalTa socialur-politikuri aqtiobis zrdasTan, romelTa raodenobac dRiTi-dRe izrdeba. Seicvala qalTa socialuri
prioritetebi, maTi imiji. uaris Tqves ra mxolod colobis, disasaxisobisa da qmrebis
damxmareebis rolze, qalebi iRwvian TviTrealizaciis, socialuri aRiarebisa da
mamakacTan Tanabari partnioruli urTierTobebisaTvis. am periodSi xdeba qalTa
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso moZraobebis da organizaciebis formireba. qalebis
moqalaqeobrivi aqtiurobis zrda, maTi mcdeloba Taviseburi gavlena moaxdinon
politikaze, intersi globaluri problemebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki im problemebisadmi, romlebic adamianis sasicocoxlo interesebSi Sedis, protesti gamalebuli
SeiaraRebis winaaRmdeg, garemos dacva – es yvelaferi qalTa moZraobas Tanamedrove
demokratiis sakmaod mZlavr Zalad aqcevs.
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis gadaWris mniSvnelovani faqtoria
sqesobrivi segregacia da Cadri
islamuri samarTali mkacrad aregulirebs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs. morwmune
muslimani qali arasodes Sedis socialur kontaqtSi mamakacTan, Tu igi masTan
mahramis valdebulebiT ar aris dakavSirebuli. aucilebel SemTxvevebSic ki (mag.
eqimTan wasvlisas) mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs naTesavi, romlis TandaswrebiTac igi
kontaqts amyarebs sawinaaRmdego sqesis ucxo warmomadgenelTan. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi, magaliTad, studentebisaTvis, romlebic dasavleTis universitetebSi
swavloben, rogorc wesi, dasaSvebia auditoriaSi profesor-maswavleblebTan marto
darCena. magram aRniSnuli mxolod gamonakliss warmoadgens. yvela sxva islamuri
qcevis standarti daculi unda iqnes. (Данни, 1998).
qalTa karCaketiloba da amis Sedegad sqesobrivi segregacia, islamis gamogoneba
rodia, Tumca masTan asocirdeba. gaTxovili qalisaTvis garemo samyarsTan
urTierTobis SezRudva damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli da Sua saukuneebis umravlesi
tradiciuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis.
rogorc
"despotur"
aRmosavleTSi,
ise
"demokratiul" saberZneTSi, qali Tavis adgilsamyofels (iqneboda es berZnuli
ginekea, Tu iranuli zanana) ar scildeboda. mas ar hqonda ufleba monawileoba mieRo
mamakacTa saubarSi, ar SeeZlo maTTan erTad sufrasTan damjdariyo da fexze mdgari
emsaxureboda maT. mxolod mamakacebisagan moSorebiT, "sufTa mdgomareobaSi", TeTr
zewarSi gaxveuls (rasac mogvianebiT pavle mociqulma "maszed Zalauflebis niSani"
uwoda), SeeZlo qals RvTismsaxurebas daswreboda. magram fics sakurTxevelTan an
sasamarTloSi Zala maSin hqonda, Tu mas qmari an mamakaci naTesavi adasturebda.
pirvel gandegilebad TviT winaswarmetyvelis colebi gaxdnen. TavianTi qmrebis
maRali mdgomareoba maT avaldebulebdaT "gansakuTrebuli" wesiT ecxovraT. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, yuranis istoriografebma istoriulad SeiZleba daadasturon
qalebi sul ufro farTod ebmevian SromiT saqmianobaSi da momuSaveTa 40%-s
Seadgenen. maTi mier iqmneba materialuri da sulieri Rirebulebebis 1/3~. qalTa Cabmam
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gaamwvava bevri problema, romelic sazogadoebaSi maT
mdgomareobasTan, sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad qalebis gaaqtiurebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sadac qalTa da mamakacTa saerTo ganaTlebsa
da profesionalur momzadebaSi sxvaoba didi ar aris, ekonomikuri gardaqmnis zogierT
seqtorSi mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba da arastabiluri dasaqmebis tendencia qalTa
Soris. sistematural izrdeba dasaqmebul qalTa raodenoba, Sesabamisad mcirdeba maTi
Semosavlebi da SesaZlebloba iyvnen damokuidebeli. (Шинелева, 1995).
mTel msoflioSi SeniSneba diskriminacia Sromis anazRaurebaSi. qalebi oficialurad mamakacebze 25-40%-iT naklebs iReben. mag. germaniaSi sxvaoba Sromis anazRaurebaSi
Seadgens 38%-s, safrangeTSi – 28%-s. didi britaneTSi 40%-s, aSS-Si 40%-s.
xSirad qalebi, romlebsac specialuri ganaTleba aqvT ver Souloben samsaxurs
specialobis mixedviT. garda amisa, qalebi SezRudulni arian codnisa da Cvevebis
miRebaSi, ramac maTi profesionalizmis zrda unda uzrunvelyos. bevri saswavlo
programa isev mxolod mamakacebis interesebzea orientirebuli. aseTi midgoma
aRrmavebs uTanasworobas, aZlierebas diskriminaciul tendenciebs da akninebs
mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis TviTSegnebas. yvela zemoT CamoTvllili faqtori
ganapirobebs qalTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebas.
sxvadasxva qveynis qalebi sxvadasxva formiT gamodian umuSevrobis, inflaciis,
SeiaraRebis, mzardi saxelmwifo xarjebis, genderuli uTanasworobis da sxv. winaaRmdeg
da ibrbvian Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebisaTvis, profesionaluri
momzadebisa da Semdgomi zrdisaTvis.
protests iwvevs, agreTve, genderuli midgoma qalebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobisadmi. zogierT qveyanaSi mcirdeba jandacvaze gamoyofili xarjebis
raodenoba, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs ara marto qalebis, aramed momavali Taobis
janmrTelobaze.
58
79
saTvis"), muSaoba qalTa Soris gaaqtiures social-demokratebmac, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna
qalTa saerTaSoriso socialisturi samdivnos. gaCnda qalTa specializebuli organizaciebi – qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia sauniversiteto ganaTlebiT (1919 w.) Ria
karis internacionali dasqmebul qalTa ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis (1929 w.) da
sxv. kominternTan Seiqmna qalTa saerTaSoriso samdivno.
faSizmis saSiSroebam qalTa antifaSisturi moZraobis Camo.yalibeba gamoiwvia, romelic erTiani saxalxo frontis Semdgeneli nawili iyo. 1934 wels parizSi Catarda
faSizmisa da omis sawinaaRmdego qalTa msoflio kongresi, xolo 1938 wels - marselSi
omissawinaaRmdego qalTa kongresi. meore msoflio omis dros qalTa bevri organizacia
aqtiurad ibrZoda faSizmis wanaaRmdeg.
faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg qalTa moZraobaSi axali procesebi viTardeba. sul
ufro didi aqcenti keTdeba qalTa uflebebis dacvaze, bavSTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze, izrdeba zogadsocialuri, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis, mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis problemebis speqtri.
Tanmedrove pirobebSi dasavleTsa da aSS-Si qalTa moZraoba – es aris qalTa
aqtiuri gamosvlebi, Tanabari ublebebisaTvis samuSaoze miRebisas, profesiis aTvisebis,
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis da qveynis politikuri cxovrebaSi monawileobisas.
miuxedavad arsebuli kanonmdeblobisa am qveynebSi jer kidev ar aris uzrunvelyofili qalTa inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli realizeba. dRemde moqmedeben
patrirqaluri azrovnebis stereotipebi, romlebic qalTa diskriminacias uwyoben xels.
qalebi ZirTadad dasaqmebulni arian momsaxurebis sferoSi, administraciuli aparatis
dabal Tanamdebobebze. Tumca zogierT qveynebSi qalebma SeZles aRiareba moepovebinaT
iseT sferobSi, romlebic wminda mamakacurad iTvleboda. aSS-Si mosamarTle qalTa
raodenoba 1985-1995 wels 7%-dan 18%-de gaizarda, operatorebisa da sainformacio
sistemebis specialistebisa 11%-dan 28%-mde, ekonomistebisa – 13,3%-dan 34,5%-mde,
arqiteqtorebisa 4,3%-dan 11%-mde. rogorc amerikeli mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, Tumca
qalebma SeZles garRveva da aiTvises profesiebi, romelic wminda mamakacur profesiebad iTvleboda, Tanasworobisagan isini jer kidev Sors arian. (Working Women. P.
XII).
MqalTa moZraobis ganviTarebSi udidesi roli iTamaSa gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciam, romelic Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan (1945 wlis 24 oqtomberi) Tanaswori
uflebebis garantad gvevlineba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaerom miiRo konvencia
qalTa mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana am sakiTxSi, agreTve, iuneskom (parizi) – gaeros organizaciam ganaTlebis,
mecnierebisa da kulturis dargSi, romelic 1946 wels Seiqmna. garda saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa ganaTlebis da kulturi dargSi, samecniero-teqnikuri
da kulturuli informaciis gavrcelebisa iuneskom gamovida programiT ganaTlebis
dargSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg da erovnuli kulturebis dacvisaTvis.
Tanamdrove etapze qalTa moZraobam axali gaazreba, Sinaarsi da prioritetebi
SeiZina, rac imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom yalibdeba RirebulebaTa da idealTa
axali sistema, viTardeba da ixveweba feministuri Teoria, romelic moqalaqeobriv
uflebebzea dafuZnebuli, icvleba urTierTobebi ojaxSi, yalibdeba ojaxisa da qcevis
axali modeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qalTa moZraobam, Teoriisa da praqtikis
Serwymis, politikuri, ekonomikuri, samecnieroa, sulieri, socialuri problemebis
gadaWrisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis xarjze, axali xarisxi SeiZina. dReisaTvis SveciaSi
moqmedebs qalTa social-demokratiuli kavSiri, germaniaSi – partiebsa da
profkavSirebSi 100-ze meti qalTa organizacia da seqcia. aSS-Si 1000-ze meti qalTa
organizacia, aqedan 100- ze meti saerToerovnuli. isini aerTianeben sxvadasxva
yuranSi ama Tu im aiaTis gaCenis dro. arsebobs agreTve uamravi legeda Cadris
tarebasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erTi aseTi legenda ukavSirdeba muhamedis sayvarel
cols – aiSas,. magram rogorc ar unda iyos, zewris tareba dakavSirebulia Zvel
drosa da e.w. "evas kompleqsTan". susti sqesis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic SeiZleba
"angelosebma advilad acdunon" Tavi unda daiburon. berZnul miTebSi ar iyvnen
angelosebi, magram iyvnen RmerTebi, romlebsac xSirad SecdomaSi SeyavdaT miwieri
lamazmanebi. bibliaSi qalebis Semcdenlebad RmerTis Svilebi – angelosebi
gvevlinebian.
78
59
socialur-politikuri aqtiuroba
muslimanuri qveynebisaTvis qalTa specifikuri problemebia damaxasiaTebeli:
zogierT qveyanaSi – es aris Sromisa da politikuri uflebebis problema (saudis
arabeTi da sparseTis yuris qveynebi), zogan sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis (arabuli
qveynebi), zogan ganaTlebis problema (sparseTis yure da afrikis CrdiloeTi), zogan
ki dedobis problema (egvipte, palestina, erayi, iemeni, libani).
miuxedavad qalebis aqtiuri monawileobisa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel
moZraobasa (Tumca istoriam ineba, rom yvela muslimanuri qveyana ar yofiliyo
CarTuli aseT brZolaSi) da politikuri cxovrebaSi (siria, iemeni, egvipte), am
qveynebSi politikuri cxovrebaSi qalebis monawileobas formaluri xasiaTi aqvs, rac
ori faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli: upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom mmarTvel reJims
ar gaaCnia demokratiuli tradiciebisa da racionaluri politikis gamocdileba da
meore – TviT qalebs ara aqvT socialur-politikuri aqtiurobisaTvis saWiro
profesiuli da fsiqologiuri Cvevebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel rig muslimanur qveynebSi qalTa politikuri
uflebebi konstituciebiT aris gamyarebuli (siria, egvipte, irani, tunisi, iemeni,
erayi da sxv.) maTi politikuri aqtiuroba sakmaod dabalia. praqtika Teoriisagan
Sors dgas ara marto qalebis aqtiurobis, aramed sazogadoebaSi maTi mdgomareobis
da statusis TvalsazrisiT.
am mxriv, metad sayuradReboa TviT muslimani qalebis mcdelobebi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi Secvalon TavianTi mdgomareoba. sul ufro izrdeba qalTa
organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebic saerTaSoriso organizacia "qalTa platformaSi"
arian gaerTianebulni.
dReisaTvis islamur moZraobaSi SeiniSneba sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. pirvel
mimarTulebas
miekuTvnebian
religiuri
moRvaweebi,
romlebic
gamodian
arapolitikuri aqciebiT da miaCniaT, rom maTi aqtiurobis ZiriTadi sfero
ganaTleba, kultura da socialuri yofaa, radganac axalgazrdobis, gansakuTrebiT
qaliSvilebis, religiuri suliT aRzrda qveynis islamur momavals uzrunvelyofs.
maT sapirispirod, e.w. "reformatorebi", romelTa raodenobac sakmaod didia,
politikuri aqciebis momxreni arian da TavianTi politikuri moRvaweobis centrSi
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis reformas ayeneben.
mesame jgufs miekuTvnebian radikaluri mimarTulebis islamistebi, romlebic
mzad arian qveynis saTaveSi nebismieri gziT (politikuriT Tu SeiaraRebuli)
movidnen. swored am jgufma 1995 wels moaxdina alJiris saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis paralizeba. maTi eqstremizmi "qalTa sakiTxis" gadaWris gzaze sakmaod
rTul barierebs qmnis.
5. budizmi – socialuri da sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba
budizmi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa (qristianobasa da
islamTan erTad). igi warmoiSva CrdiloeT indoeTSi Zv. w. VI-V s.s-Si. mis Semqmnelad
iTvleba sidharTa gautama, igive Sakia (sakia) – muni (gandegili Sakiebis tomidan).
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, igi Sakiebis tomis beladis Sudhodanis vaJi iyo da Zv. w. 623-544
w.w. cxovrobda. gautamam 29 wlis asakSi datova ojaxi da asketuri moxetiale
cxovreba daiwyo. 7 wlis Semdeg igi axali rwmenis mqadagebeli gaxda da safuZveli
Cauyara pirvel ber-monazvnur Tems – sanghis. SemdgomSi Sakia-muns uwodes buda
(sanskr. budha - gasxivosnebuli), xolo mis moZRvrebas – budizmi.
budizmis ZiriTadi doqtrinaa moZRvreba "oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis"
Sesaxeb: arsebobs – tanjva, misi mizezi, tanjvaTa Sewyveta (nirvana – ganTavisuflebis mdgomareoba) da rvamagi gza – nirvanisaken mimavali gza.
budizmis gavrcelebis Semdgom periodSi moxda misi or Stod gayofa: adreul
budizms uwodeben "hinaianas" ("patara etli" anu xsnis "viwro gza"), xolo
mogvianebiT, Cv. w I saukuneSi warmoSobil formas – "mahaianas" ("didi etli" anu
xsnis "didi gza").
indoeTSi budizmis ayvavebis xanad iTvleba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebi – ax.
w I aTaswleulis dasawyisi.
X s-Si budizmma indoeTSi dakarga gabatonebuli mdgomareoba da TandaTan
dauaxlovda induizms – indoeTis axal religias. budizmi, rogorc damoukidebeli
religiuri moZRvreba, farTod gavrcelda samxreT-aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT aziis
qveynebSi. iq damkvidrda hinaiana – samxreTis budizmis anu Teravada budizmis –
sityvasityviT – uxucesTa moZRvrebis saxelwodebiT.
arsebobs budizmis sxvadasxva seqta da skola.
miuxedavad
gansxvavebebisa,
budizmis
yvela
religiur-filosofiur
mimdinareobasa da saxeobaSi arsebul warmodgenaTa erTiani birTvi budizms sxva
religiebisagan ganasxvavebs.
budizmis mixedviT, cxovreba tanjvaa. adamiani Tavad aris sakuTari tanjvis
mizezi da ara gare pirobebi, arasrulyofili sazogadoeba da zebunebrivi Zalis
zemoqmedeba. tanjvaTa mizezi adamianis azrebis, sityvebisa da moqmedebebis
erToblivi Zalis karmaSi mdgomareobs (sanskr. Karma –"saqme, qmedeba, moqmedeba").
ufro metic, karma Tavad sicocxlis mizezia. adamianebi Tavad qmnian TavianT Tavs.
maTi fizikuri ieri (saxe) maTi yofierebis Sedegs warmoadgens. is yalibdeba da
viTardeba sicocxlis, siamovnebis, Zalauflebis, flobisa da Tavisuflebis survilis
zemoqmedebiT. garkveulwilad adamiani xdeba iseTi, rogoric mas unda, rom iyos.
Tavad adamianebma unda moipovon gamarjveba tanjvaze TaviTkontrolis saSualebiT. TviTSezRudvis preqtika da meditacia iwvevs gasxivosnebas (sanskr. "bodhi")
– gamoRviZebasa da tanjvis Sewyvetas (nirvanas).
gza gasxivosnebisa da nirvanisaken iwyeba rwmeniT da Semdeg grZeldeba
gulmowyalebis, zneobrivi disciplinisa da meditaciis saSualebiT.
budizmi saboloo jamSi nirvanisaken swrafvaa, romelsac adamiani sakuTari
keTili saqmeebiTa (kargi karmiT) da sxvebis keTil saqmeebSi TanamonawileobiT
axorcielebs.
budas miaCnda, rom rogorc eriskacebi, ise bermonazvnebi erTnairad unda
iswrafvodnen nirvanisaken. maTi Zalisxmeva mxolod intensiurobis doniT gansxvavdeba. maT Soris unda iyos urTierTkavSiri,. Tumca buda ibrZoda cxovrebis bermonazvnuri wesisaTvis, is xels uwyobda im eriskacebs, romlebic budizms
aRiarebdnen; Tavis berebs ki mouwodebda, kavSiri hqonodaT sazogadoebasTan da
60
Tavi V II
qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi
1. istoriuli eqskursi
rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, qalTa moZraobebi ganmanaTleblobis xanis ganmanTavisuflebel da demokratiuli ideebis CasaxvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mis pirvel
manifests ki "qalis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia" warmoadgens, romelic frangma
mweralma qalma olimpia de guJma "adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis" (1791
w) sapasuxod dawera. man moiTxova qalebis sruluflebian moqalaqeTa kategoriaSi
CarTva, romlis mTavari ideac qalis, rogorc Tavisufali pirovnebis aRiareba da misi
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba iyo. amave ideas usvamda xazs I. furie, rodesac ambobda:
"qalTa uflebebis gazrda yovelgvari socialuri progresis mTavari principia."
TanasworobisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi Tavdapirvelad cdilobdnen Tavisi miznebisaTvis samarTlis sferoSi progresuli reformebis gatarebis gziT mieRwiaT.
safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis dros qalebi monawileobas iRebdnen yvela
farTomasStabian saxalxo gamosvleaSi. magram miuxedavad amisa, revoluciis beladebi
ugulvelyofdnen qalTa Tanasworobis ideas da qalTa pirveli organizaciebi –
revoluciuri klubebi, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen politikuri brZolaSi
TandaTan daxures.
inglisSi qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis idea wamoyenebul iqna meri uolston kraftis (1759-1797) mier wignSi "qalTa uflebebis dasacavad" (1792).
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qalTa moZraobis aqtivistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
Tanaswor uflebebze ganaTlebis miRebis sakiTxSi. am moTxovnebs emateba ufleba
Sromaze. safrangeTSi mwifdeba idea qalis ojaxSi monobis winaaRmdeg, xolo aSS-sa da
did britaneTSi – mamakacebTan Tanaswori saarCevno xmis uflebis mopovebis Sesaxeb.
XIX saukuneSi burJuaziulma revoluciebma evropis mTel rig qveynebSi qalTa
politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi TansaworobisaTvis moZraobas axali impulsi misces.
gaCnda qalTa klubebi, mravalricxvovani qalTa kavSirebi. 1848 wels aSS-Si Sedga
istoriaSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis pirveli yriloba.
XIX sauknis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qalTa organizaciebi gaCnda evropis,
aziisa da amerikis bevr qveyanaSi. 1888 wels amerikeli qalebis iniciativiT Seiqmna
qalTa pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia – qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo. 1904 wels
daarsda sufraJistTa saerTaSoriso organizacia - qalTa saamomrCevlo uflebaTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi. amasTan erTad iqmneboda saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri, erovnuli
qalTa organizaciebi. iyo mcdelobebi Seqmniliyo calkeuli qalTa profkavSiruli
organizaciebi, rac kapitalistur qveynebSi muSaTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. rig evropis qveynebSi qalTa moZraobebi sul ufro proletarul
mimarTulebas iZenen, Tanasworobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba mSromelTa socialuri
Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTul saerTo amocanebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo amgvari
moZraoba germaniaSi, sadac klara cetkinis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyes Jurnalis gamocema, regularulad iwveoda sruliadgermaniis qalTa konferenciebi. 1907, wels
StudgartSi da 1910 wels kopenhagenSi Sedga qal-socialistTa saerTaSoriso
konferenciebi. kopenhagenSi, sadac 17 qveynis delegati qalebi eswrebodnen, miRebuli
iqna gadawyvetileba 8 marti dawesebuliyo qalTa saerTaSoriso dRed.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi mimdinareobs difenenciaciis procesi. am periodSi
isxeba saerTaSoiso pacefisturi moZraoba. 1915 wels haagaSi amerikeli sazogadoebrivi
moRvawis jein adamsis iniciativiT daarsda qalTa saerTaSoriso komiteti "myari
mSvidobisaTvis (1919 wlidan qalTa saerTaSoriso liga "mSvidobisa da Tavisuflebi77
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis rolsa
da statusze.
2. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?
3. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebebebi ra zomebi aris
miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb., bakur sulakauris gamocema, 2002
"genderis aqtualuri sakiTxebi". Ggaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, 1998.
qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij. Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001
saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi; saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.
5. qali da arCevnebi. "genderuli ganviTarebis asociacia". Tbilisi, 2002
6. Бергер И., На чем держится теория модернизации? "РЖ Социлогия", 1997 № 4
7. Женщины скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века.Орел 2000
8. Кон И.С., Введение в сексологию. М., 1988
9. Мюрдаен Г., Современные проблемы «третьего мира» М., 1972
10. Уськов Г.С., Твои права, человек. М., 1993
11. Хабермас Ю., Модернизация – несовершенный проект. Ж. Вопросы Философии, 1994, № 4
12. Фридан Б. Загадки женственности М., 1994
13. Шинелева Л.И. Женщина и власть. Интеграция в политику // Пеформа, 1996 №11
76
masTan mTlianad ar gaewyvitaT kavSiri. bermonazvnebi eriskacebis sazogadoebis
gverdiT unda cxovrobdnen da am sazogadoebis STagonebis wyaro, gamaTavisuflebeli TviTdisciplinis magaliTi da maswavleblebi unda iyvnen. eriskacebma ki
pativi unda scen bermonazvnebs da sakuTari Tavi imisTvis unda moamzadon, rom uari
Tqvan yovelgvar sikeTeze da am gziT miaRwion nirvanas. budas mier naCvenebi gzebi
gulisxmobs mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobis aucileblobas, mkacr zneobriobas,
civ racionalizmsa da meditacias.
budam Tavis gzas nirvanisaken uwoda "Sualeduri gza, romelic gadis grZnobadi
moTxovnilebebis Tavawyvetil dakmayofilebasa (gedonizmi) da mkacr gandgomas
(asketizmi) Soris". misi gza gansakuTrebul yuradRebas cnobierebis disciplinaze
amaxvilebda.
budam uaryo farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena maradiuli sulisa da maradiuli
RmerTis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela cvlilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. budizmis
mixedviT, ar arsebobs subieqtisa da obieqtis, sulisa da materiis dapirispireba, ar
arsebobs RmerTi, rogorc Semoqmedi da aucilebeli umaRlesi arseba. buda im
daskvnamde mivida, rom cvalebadoba adamianis yofierebis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa.
adamiani, iseve rogorc yvelaferi, rac mis garSemoa, mudmivad moZraobs, yovel wams
aRorZindeba da Wkneba. amasTan, ar arsebobs am cvlilebebis ucvleli subieqti,
ucvleli adamianuri "me". gadmocemis Tanaxmad, budas bolo sityvebi iyo: "yvelaferi, rac warmoiSoba, qreba, gulmodgined eZieT xsna".
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli budizmi qadagebda adamianTa Tanasworobas, ganurCevlad maTi kasturi da wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. is aRiarebda maTi "xsnis" Tanabar
uflebas. adamianis xsna damokidebulia ara RmerTebis daxmarebaze, ara mis socialur
mdgomareobasa da warmoSobaze, aramed mxolod mis mondomebaze.
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze budizmi uaryofda raime gansxvavebas
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gasxivosnebis miRwevis gzebTan dakavSirebiT. budizmis
mTavari debulebis Tanaxmad, yvela adamians, miuxedavad sqesisa da socialuri
statusisa, SeuZlia miaRwios gasxivisnebas. Tumca, niSandoblivia, rom budizmis
ganviTarebis adreul etapebze dedaTa samonastro ordenebi instituciurad
mamakacTa ordenebs eqvemdebareboda. es daqvemdebareba Tavad budas mier iyo
dadgenili. Tavdapirvelad man uari Tqva ukve daarsebul ordenSi qalebis miRebaze,
Semdeg ki maTTvis calke ordeni daafuZna. dedaTa ordeni berebis kontrols
eqvemdebareboda.
aseTma instituciurma subordinaciam gamoiwvia dedaTa ordenebis gaufasureba,
mogvianebiT ki – maTi dacema. Teravadis (e.w. samxreTis budizmis) Tanaxmad
gasxivosnebas mxolod im adamianebma SeiZleba miaRwion, romlebic mTel TavianT
sicocxles samonastro cxovrebas miuZRvnian. amgvarad, dedaTa monastrebis dacemam
mkacrad SezRuda qalebis imedi, mieRwiaT gasxivosnebisaTvis. magram miuxedavad
amisa, maRali saero wris qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen religiur
cxovrebaSi. isini xSirad finansur mxardaWeras uwevdnen mamakacebis monastrebs.
hinaianisagan gansxvavebiT, mahaianis budizmSi qalebis monastrebis dacemas aseTi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, radgan gasxivosnebis miRweva ar Semoifargleboda mxolod
samonastro elitiT. mahaiana amtkicebs, rom nebismieri cxovrebiseuli gza,
monasterSi an mis gareT, SeiZleba iqces gasxivosnebis miRwevis saSualebad. mahaianis
teqstebSi moTxrobilia im daqorwinebul mamakacebsa da gaTxovil qalebze,
romlebmac gasxivosnebis gzaze warmatebas miaRwies.
budas miaCnda, rom qalebma SeiZleba miaRwion gasxivosnebis dones da ar
arsebobs misi miRwevis gansxvavebuli gzebi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. erT-erTi
fici, romelsac zogierTi beri debs, mouwodebs maT, ar daamciron qalebi da xeli
61
Seuwyon maT gasxivosnebis miRwevaSi.
budizmma yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada samonastro cxovreba, miuxedavad
sqesisa da kastisa. man adamianebs SesTavaza am cxovrebaSi xelmeored dabadebis
gzebi. brahmanizmisagan gansxvavebiT, budizmma aRiara socialuri Tanasworoba da
uari Tqva induistur Sexedulebaze, romlis Tanaxmad mamakacebsa da qalebs
sxvadasxva gza aqvT. budizmi mouwodebda yvela qals – qaliSvils, romelic
gaTxovebas elodeba, cols, romelic Svilebs zrdis, Tu qvrivs – Tavi daenebebinaT
ubiwo cxovrebisaTvis induistur sazogadoebaSi da gasxivosnebisaken swrafva
gamoeCinaT.
budizmi gaxda ara marto Tavisuflebis
miRwevis alternatiuli saSualeba,
aramed agreTve sazogadoebaSi qalebis Cagruli mdgomareobisagan ganTavisuflebis
saSualebac.
budizmi patriarqaluri ojaxuri struqturis ryevis mraval wyaros Seicavs.
upirveles yovlisa, samonastro Temis, rogorc ojaxuri cxovrebis alternativis
gavlenam Searyia ojaxis mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi. patriarqatis dros mamakaci –
ojaxis ufrosi – sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens, magram
budizmSi, romlis rwmenis mixedviT gasxivosnebis miRweva SesaZlebelia samonastro
TemSi, mcirdeba ojaxis roli. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris gamoxatuli Teravadis
budizmSi, sadac gasxivosnebisaken gza SesaZlebelia ojaxur cxovrebaze xelis
aRebiT da samonastro Temis wevrad gaxdomiT. induizmisagan gansxvavebiT, Terevadas
budizmi samonastro cxovrebas qorwinebis srul alternativad ganixilavs. ojaxs
meorexarisxovani statusi miekuTvneba mahaianis budizmSic, romlis qadagebis
mixedviT, gasxivosnebis miRweva ojaxSi darCeniTac SeiZleba. aseT situaciaSi
gasxivosneba SesaZlebelia, magram misi miRweva ufro rTulia. am SemTxvevaSic, Tumca
nakleb, samonastro cxovreba ojaxur cxovrebaze metad fasdeba.
budizmi, aniWebs ra ojaxs meorexarisxovan statuss, aryevs saerTod ojaxur
cxovrebas da ara kerZod patriarqalurs. mtkiceba, rom qals SeuZlia miaRwios
gasxivosnebas, ara mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom qals aqvs gasxivosnebis miRwevis
unari, aramed imasac, rom es misTvis socialurad kanonieria. marTlac, Tu Svilebma
monasterSi wasasvlelad orive mSoblis nebarTva unda miiRon, colebisaTvis qmrebis
aseTi nebarTva saWiro ar aris.
budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man
indoeTSi SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi religiuri cxovreba da ojaxis patriarqaluri
struqturis Sesusteba. pirvel rigSi, qalebs ojaxis alternatiuli varianti miecaT.
arCevanis SesaZleblobam qals meti ufleba misca rogorc gaTxovebaze Tanxmobis
gamocxadebis dros, ise ojaxur cxovrebaSi. budizmi adgens Tanasworobas meuRleebs
Soris da awesebs ara mxolod colebis valdebulebebs qmrebis mimarT, aramed qmrebis
valdebulebebsac qalebis mimarT. vinaidan rogorc dedam, ise mamam nebarTva unda
miscen TavianT Svilebs monasterSi sacxovreblad wasasvlelad, cxadia, rom Svilebi
ekuTvnian rogorc mamas, ise dedas. ufro metic, gaTxovil qalebs garkveuli
finansuri damoukidebloba aqvT, radgan SeuZliaT memkvidreobiT miiRon sakuTreba
da Tavad gankargon is.
col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb budisturi Sexeduleba arRvevs warmodgenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom qvrivi qalis seqsualurobas misi meuRle marTavs. budizmSi qali Tavis
col-qmrul movaleobas qmris sikvdilamde asrulebs. misgan ar moiTxoven erTgulebas xelmeored gaTxovebaze uaris TqmiT, amis nacvlad, mas SeuZlia arCevanis
gakeTeba: ar SeuerTdes religiur Tems, darCes marto an xelmeored gaTxovdes.
socialuri ierarqiisa da patriarqaluri ojaxis struqturis rRvevis faruli
potencialis miuxedavad, budizmi, Cveulebriv, adamianis fsiqologiur mdgomareoba62
luqsemburgi
didi
britaneTi
malta
poloneTi
portugalia
safrangeTi
fineTi
somxeTi
luqsemburgSi samma yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovanma partiam,
romlebic parlamentSia (palataSi) warmodgenili ganaxorciela
Sida pozitiuri RonsiZiebebi. socialur-qristianulma partiam
amocanad daisaxa sruli Tanasworobis miRweva partiul Tanamdebobebze da parlamentSi. saarCevno siebSi 1/4 qalebia. mwvaneTa
partiam gamoacxada kvota 50/50. Sedegad qalebis raodenoba
mTavrobaSi 40%-ia, xolo parlametSi – 18%.
did britaneTSi 2002 wlis dekemberSi miRebuli iqna kanoni,
romelic politikur partiebs nebas rTavs ganaxorcielon pozitiuri zomebi qalTa da mamakacTa araTanabari warmomadgenlobis
Sesamcireblad.
maltaSi
leiboristulma
partiam
generalur
konferenciaSi
monawileobis misaRebad SemoiRo kvotis sistema: 1999 w. - 25%; 2000
w. - 40%; 2001 w. - 45%; 2002 w. – 40%, xolo partiul
Tanamdebobebze 20%-iani kvota.
poloneTSi ZiriTadi politikuri partiebi aRiareben qalTa
monawileobis gazrdis aucileblobas, magram araviTar specialur
RonisZiebebs ar axorcieleben.
portugaliaSi erTaderTi partia, romelsac dawesebuli aqvs 25%iani kvota rogorc partiuli TanamdebobisaTvis, ise saarCevno
siebisaTvis, aris socialisturi partia. 2002 wlis arCevnebSi es
partia 97 adgiliT mesame adgilze gavida. parlamentis 240
wevridan 22 qalia (22,9%).
safrangeTSi orma politikurma partiam - socialisturma da mwvaneTa
partiam ganaxorciela pozitiuri RonisZiebani partiis SigniT.
1999 wels moxda konstituciis gadasinjva da gamocxadda arCeviT
Tanamdebdebobebsa da arCeviT organoebSi qalTa da mamakacTa monawileobis misawvdomoba. me-4 muxli kanons avalebs pasuxismgeblobas
Tanabar misawvdomlobaze xolo muxli 4 acxadebs, rom politikurma
partiebma xeli unda Seuwyon aRniSnuli principis ganxorcielebas. 2000
wlis 4 maiss miRebuli iqna specialuri kanoni qalebisa da mamakacebis
Tanabari misawvdomobis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqti mTavrobis mier iqna
wardgenili. mTavrobam airCia, erTi mxriv, balansirebuli warmomadgenloba (50% TiTeuli sqesis kandidati), meore mxriv, ar Seexo xmis
micemis sistemas. saparlamento arCevnebSi yovel saarCevno siaSi
"sxvaoba qal da mamakac kandidatTa raodenobas Soris erTs ar unda
aRematebodes" xolo adgilobriv da regionul arCevnebSi 8 kandidaturisagan Sedgenil yovel jgufSi 4 qali da 4 mamakaci unda iyos.
ufro metic, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu politikur partiaSi qalTa kandidatebis da mamakac kandidatebis sxvaoba 2%-s aRemateba, maSin partiis
dafinanseba Semcirdeba im procentebis naxevris raodenobiT, rasac es
gansxvaveba Seadgens, (mag., 10% - sxvaoba, 5% - dafinansebis Semcireba).
amis Sedegad 2001 welis arCevnebiT senatSi qalTa raodenoba gaormagda,
2001 wlis municipalur arCevnebSi qalTa raodenobam 47,5% Seadgina.
fineTSi 1995 wlis qvotis kanoni avalebs xelisuflebas xeli
Seuwyos qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis miRwevas. qvotis kanoni
ar exeba saparlamento da municipalur arCevnebs. saerTo klimati
qveyanaSi aseTia: mTavrobaSi qalTa warmomadgenloba – 44,4%,
parlamentSi – 47%.
somxeTSi 1999 wels miRebuli iqna saarCevno kodeqsi, romlis
Tanaxmad partiuli siebi unda Seicavdes qali kandidatebis
aranakleb 5%-sa.
75
qveyana
gatarebuli zomebi
belgia
belgiaSi 1994 wels miiRes kanoni, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos
qalTa da mamakacTa balansirebul monawileobas saarCevno siebSi.
am kanonis mixedviT, yvela politikur arCevnebSi kandidatebis
mxolod 2/4 SeiZleba iyos erTi da imave sqesis. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, adgilebi, romlebic qalebs unda SeevsoT, vakanturi
rCeba. praqtkulad es niSnavs, rom yovel partiul siaSi
dawesebulia 1/4 kvota qali kandidatebisaTvis.
2000 wels senatis da warmomadgenelTa palatis mier moxda belgiis
konstituciis meore Tavis gadasinjva. qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworoba garantirebulia konstituciiT, romelic acxadebs,
rom kanoni, dekreti an wesi qalebs da mamakacebs maTi uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis Tanabari gamoyenebis garantias aZlevs
gansakuTrebulad uwyobs xels maT Tanabar monawileobas arCeviT
da sajaro Tanamdebobeze. garda amisa, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs
Sereul monawileobas mTavrobebSi.
parlamentSi gansaxilvelad aris agreTve Setanili kanonproeqti,
romlis mizania nebismieri donis saarCevno siebi Tanabari iyos. am
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, yovel siaSi sxvaoba TiToeuli sqesis
warmomadgenelTa Soris erTs ar unda aRematebodes. garda amisa,
siis TavSi ori kandidiati unda iyos sxvadasxva sqesis
warmomadgeneli.
irlandiaSi eqvsi ZiriTadi politikuri partiidan samSi moqmedebs
kvotis sistema (20%-dan 40%-de qali kandidatebi). danarCeni sami
partiidan erTma, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdis mizniT, miiRo
pozitiuri samoqmedo gegma, xolo meorem qalTa 40%-iani
warmomadgenloba daawesa.
islandiaSi oTxi ZiriTadi politikuri partiidan ors aqvs qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis wesi. erTma partiam miiRo
genderuli balansis samoqmedo gegma.
islandiis parlamentma 1991 wels miiRo dadgenileba qalTa
politikuri monawileobis RonsiZiebaTa gazrdis Sesaxeb. socialur
sakiTxTa saministros mier Seqmnilma komitetma organizeba gauwia
sareklamo kampanias, romelic qalebs mouwodebda politikaSi
mieRoT
monawileoba, sazogadoebis da politikuri partiebis
yuradRebas miapyrobda politikur procesebSi da saarCevno siebis
warmodgenisas genderuli balansis sakiTxebze.
makedoniaSi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis lobirebiT 2002
wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni kvotis Sesaxeb: @40% qalTa
warmomadgenloba yvela partiul siaSi.
SvedeTSi
politikuri
partiebi
mxars
uWeren
40/70
wess
Tanamdebobebze da saarCevno siebSi dasaxelebis dros, rac
praqtikulad niSnavs, rom arc mamakacTa da arc qalTa raodenoba
ar unda iyos 40%-ze naklebi. socialisturi demokratiuli partia
Tavis 1994 wlidan Tavis saarCevno sias mamakacTa da qalTa
monacvleobiT
adgens,
ris
Sedegadac
mTavrobaSi
qalebis
raodenoba 45%-ia, palamentSi ki – 44%.
espaneTSi politikuri partiebi TviTon gansazRvraven, rogor
gazardon
qalTa
warmomadgenloba
xelisuflebaSi.
Sedegad,
mTavrobaSi 21% qalebia, xolo parlamentSi 28%.
norvegiaSi yvela sajaro Tanamdebobaze, sabWoSi Tu komitetSi,
qalTa warmomadgenloba unda iyos 40% mainc. saparlamento
arCevnebs es kvota ar exeba. politikur partiaTa umetesoba
TviTon adgens araoficialur wess da meTods, rac TiTqmis kvotis
identuria. aRniSnuli politikis gatarebis Sedegad mTavrobaSi
qalTa raodenoba 42%-ia, parlamentSi ki - 47%.
irlandia
islandia
makedonia
SvedeTi
espaneTSi
norvegia
74
ze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amgvarad, iSviaTad cdilobs, socialur struqturebs,
romlebic qalebs Cagraven kanoniereba waarTvas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmi egueba garemomcvel kulturas, maSinac ki, Tu
kultura efuZneba mamakacis gabatonebul rols da axalisebs Zlieri sqesis aseT
mdgomareobas. miuxedavad amisa, budizmSi socialuri Tanasworobis qveteqsti
warmoadgens wyaros sazogadoebaSi qalebis statusis gasaTanabreblad.. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom budizmma istoriulad xeli ar Seuwyo qalebis Tanabari statusis
damkvidrebas socialur sferoSi. budisturi kacTmoyvareobis qadageba arasdros
gamodioda monobis, qonebrivi uTanasworobis, qalTa daCagruli mdgomareobisa da
socialuri uTanasworobis sxva gamovlenaTa winaaRmdeg.
dRemde budistur qveynebSi gabatonebulia patriarqaluri socialuri struqtura da Tvalsazrisi, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabla dganan.
budizmma mniSvnelivani gavlena moaxdina rogorc indoeTis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoze, ise im qveynebis kulturaze, sadac igi gavrcelda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmma Tavisi arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze bevr sxvadasxva kulturul tradiciasa da individualur moTxovnilebasTan
adaptaciis procesSi SeiTvisa gansxvavebuli adgilobrivi religiebi da rwmenebi,
Tavisi kulti mravali wes-CveulebiT gaamdidra. swored aman ganapiroba, rom
budizmi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa.
amJamad budas moZRvrebas mTel msoflioSi uamravi (xuTas milionze meti)
mimdevari hyavs. budizmi gavrcelebulia tibetSi, monRoleTSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi,
nepalsa da aRmosavleTis bevr sxva qveyanaSi. mas bevri mimdevari hyavs evropasa da
CrdiloeT amerikaSi. budizmi ZiriTadi religiaa bevr aziur qveyanaSi. man didi
gavlena moaxdina msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis cxovrebis wesze.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze.
2. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?
3. egalitarizmis elementebi iudaizmSi.
4. ras iTvaliswinebda induizmis reforma qalTa sakiTxSi?
5. ra aris sati?
6. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?
7. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?
8. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?
9. qalis roli budizmSi.
10. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa da qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?
11. ra aris budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe?
63
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64
gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli formaa, romelic moiTxovs
maRal pasuxismgeblobas da, arcTu iSviaTad, drois zedmet danaxarjsac. amdenad,
qalebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis kardinalur gardaqmnaze im mizniT, rom man ar Seaferxos
qalis individualuri Tvisebebis gamovlenisa da realizebis procesi.
xSirad diskusiis sagani xdeba SekiTxva: rad unda qals maRali Tanamdebobrivi
posti? asaxeleben alternativas: an xelmZRvaneloba, an siyvaruli, ojaxi, bedniereba. aseTi alternativa, ubralod, dResdReobiT koreqtuli ar aris. siyvaruli,
ojaxi, bavSvebi partniorobas, rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis Tanabar monawileobas
moiTxovs.
rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, qalis yovel nabijs axali
socialuri rolis aTvisebis gzaze Tan sdevs uaryofiTi reaqcia sazogadoebis
konservatiulad ganwyobili nawilisagan, romelic am movlenaSi Tavisi Cveuli
privilegiebis dakargvis saSiSroebas xedavs. ase iyo, rodesac qalebi ibrZodnen
ganaTlebis da muSaobis uflebebis misaRebad, politikuri TavisuflebebisTvis.
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso centrebis da institutebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi
cxadyofen, rom qalebis monawileoba mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze stabilurobis
faqtoria. iq, sadac qalebi mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi 40%-s Seadgenen,
sazogadoeba ufro stabilurad viTardeba da socialurad aris orientirebuli.
kvotebis problema
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam gviCvena, qalebis politikaSi integracia
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes egalitaruli politikis formirebis, qalTa realuri
Tanasworobis saqmeSi saxelmwifos, wamyvani politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebriobis farTo masebis rolis gazrdis xarjze. (Шинелева,1996). msoflio
praqtikidan
gamomdinare,
umaRles
sakanonmdeblo
organoebSi
qalTa
warmomadgenlobis gazrdaze warmatebulad moqmedebs Semdegi faqtorebi:
partiuli kvota, anu, parlamentSi proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT,
kandidati-qalebis raodenobis gazrdis politikuri mizani;
kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmad sqesTa Tanafardoba partiebis mier
wardgenil kandidatTa siebSi unda Seesebamebodes qveynis demografiul maCvenebels;
saarCevno sistemis Secvla erTmandatiani (maJoritaruli) warmomadgenlobidan
proporciul warmomadgenlobaze.
aucilebelia Setanili iqnes koreqtivebi ara marto saxelmwifos
arsebul
ideologiaSi, armed qalTa mimarT moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi. saubaria imaze, rom
aRmoifxvras uTanasworoba, romelic qalTa konkurentunarianobas obieqturad
amcirebs.
mizanSewonilia SemuSavebuli iqnes qvotebis sistema, romelsac Tan unda sdevdes
mTeli saarCevno sistemis koreqtireba da romlis mizanic iqneba partiul siebSi
qal-kandidatTa raodenobis gazrda.
SemuSavebul unda iqnas miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa genderuli eqspertizis
sistema, agreTve qalTa uflebebis dacvaze sistematuri kontroli da sakadro
politika.
saxelmwifom da sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma unda uzrunvelyon politikuri
liderobis skolebis Seqmna, romlebic xels Seuwyobs qalebis momzadebas
politikuri saqmianobisaTvis.
zomebi, romelic zogierTma evropis sabWos qveyanam ganaxorciela genderuli
balansis gasaumjobeseblad
73
gacilebiT met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, agreTve, qalTa eleqtoratis, maTi
motivaciisa da qcevis, politikuri organizaciis, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis, agreTve
qalTa politikuri momzadebis sakadro politikis Seswavla. Cveni codna am mxriv,
mcirea da ufro intuiciasa da improvizaciazea damyarebuli.
Tavi VI
qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi arsebobs mniSvnelovani asimetria mamakacisa da
qalis, rogorc politikuri liderisa da xelmZRvanelis SefasebaSi. erTi mxriv,
rogorc wesi, sakmaod rTulad aRiqmeba qalis SesaZleblobebi, rogorc liderisa,
damoukidebeli, obieqturi pirovnebisa, romelsac gaaCnia masStaburad fiqrisa da
politikuri manevrirebis unari.
meore mxriv, xelmZRvaneli muSakis stereotipuli modeli qal-liderze
Tavisebur gavlenas axdens. igi yalibdeba "mamakacuri" standartis safuZvelze, ris
Sedegadac tansacmeli, qcevis manera Tavisebur cvlilebas ganicdis da saxezea
ramdenadme "maskulinizebuli" qali, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia qcevis sixiste
da TviTdajerebuloba. Sedegad komprometirebulia qali-lideris idea. Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli da sasurveli iqneboda dRis wesrigSi damdgariyo
tradiciulad gamomuSavebeli normebis da qcevis Cveuli ritualis Secvla.
msoflios umetesi qveynebis konstituciebSi dafiqsirebulia qalisa da mamakacis
Tanasworuflebisanoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, mT Soris politikaSi. ar arsebobs
pirdpiri samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic SezRudavdnen qalebis politikur da
mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi monawileobas, magram bevr qveyanaSi aris normatiuli
aqtebi sxvadasxva SromiTi SeRavaTis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia mSoblobis institutTan da orientirebulia mxolod erT mSobelze dedaze. dedas am SemTxvevaSi uxdeba ojaxuri da samsaxurebrivi funqciebis
SeTavseba. Sesabamisad, qali aRiqmeba muSakad, romelsac bevri SeRavaTi aqvs da
marTvelobiT struqturebSi dawinaurebisaTvis arasaimedo kandidatia.
socialur-ekoomikuri faqtorebis garda moqmedebaSi modis socialur-kulturuli normac, romelic aregulirebs adamianis qmedebas garkveul situaciaSi. mis
safuZvels warmoadgens SezRudvebi da akrZalvebi, romelTa saSualebiT sazogadoeba
Tavisi wevrebis qmedebaTa standartizebas axdens. garda amisa, is Seicavs dadebiT
ganawessac, romelic miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda da SeiZleba moiqces adamiani. am
normebis Sesruleba metwilad Sinagani fsiqologiuri ganawesiT aris ganpirobebuli.
lideris qcevis normebi sazogadoebis socionormatiuli kulturiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
namdvilad misaRebia i. konis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom sqesTa Soris sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa xasiaTi damokidebulia ara imdenad Sromis danawilebaze
sqesis mixedviT da mamakacebisa da qalebis specifikur movaleobebze, ramdenadac
Zalauflebis ganawilebaze, mamakacuri da qaluri saqmianobis sazogadoebrivi
aRiarebis zomaze. (Кон, 1988).
tradiciuli damokidebuleba qalisadmi mTeli sicxadiT swored mmarTvelobiT
sferoSi vlindeba, rogorc privilegirebuli, prestiJuli saqmianobis dargSi,
romelic maRal socialur-ekonomikur statuss uzrunvelyos.
qalTa politikur mmarTvelobaSi CarTvisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes Semdegi faqtorebi: profesiuli zrda da profesiuli kompetenturoba, individis konkurentunarianoba, socialur-sayofacxovrebo sferos struqturis xarisxi.
mesame aTaswleulis dadgoma radikaluri cvlilebebiT aRiniSneba, rac saSualebas iZleva vilaparakoT axali civilizaciis warmoSobaze, romelSic warsulis
kulturul tradiciaTa mravalferovneba Serwymuli iqneba adamianTa urTierTobebisa da sazogadoebis mowyobis universalur safuZvlebTan.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis gageba SeuZlebelia ufro zogadi socialuri problemebis, maT Soris modernizaciis, globalizaciisa da integraciis problemebis gaTvaliswinebisa da analizis gareSe. .
dRes termins "globaloba" ZiriTadi koduri mniSvneloba eniWeba. mas uamravi
datvirTva aqvs – msoflmxedvelobrivi, mecnieruli, ideologiuri, kulturuli da
sxv. globalizacia, rogorc principi, moiTxovs adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis
urTierTkavSirebis erTobliobis erT struqturad ganxilvas. es sistema permanentulad krizisul mdgomareobaSia, radgan kacobriobis dRevandeli yofierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela daZabuloba da konfliqti, katastrofa da afeTqeba, ase Tu
ise, sakvlevi sferos sazRvrebSi iyris Tavs. amasTan dakavSirebiT yalibdeba
planetaze mimdinare procesebis globalurad gaazrebis meqanizmi. globaluri
problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetazec adamianTa civilizaciis arseboba da progresi
aris damokidebuli. am problemebis gadawyveta erovnuli Zalisxmevis saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis efeqturi sistemis saqmianobasTan racionaluri Serwymis meSveobiT
aris SesaZlebeli. mecnier-globalistebis azriT, globalur problemebs zogadsakacobrio da sayovelTao masStabi aqvs, gamoirCeva kompleqsurobiT, dinamizmiT,
simwvaviT. isini erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. maTi warmoSoba da
ganviTareba ganapiroba, erTi SexedviT, gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
teqnikur-ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri, bunebrivi procesebis urTierTqmedebam da urTierzegavlenam. isini gamoxatulebas poulobs moralur-eTikur, msoflmxedvelobriv, filosofiur Sexedulebebsa da koncefciebSi, romelTa safuZvelze
globalur problemebs gansaxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis saxelmwifoebi
sxadasxvanairad gaiazreben da maT gadasawyvetad gansxvavebul gzebsa da meTodebs
irCeven.
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi gaaqtiurda sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
humanizaciis procesi. realuri Tanasworobis problema kacobriobis ganviTarebis
globalur problemaTa rigs miekuTvna. msoflio Tanamegobroba im daskvnamde mivida,
rom uflebaTa iuridiulma Tanasworobam, romlisTvisac amdeni Zala da energia iqna
daxarjuli, molodini ver gaamarTla. Tanasworoba kanoniT faqtobriv Tanasworobas
rodi niSnavs.
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam socialuri TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom
iuridiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, socialuri an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara
aqvT arsebobisa da moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos
mxridan specialur samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroeben da, SesaZloa, warmoadgenen
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damoukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCnda kidev erTi mimarTuleba e.w. "adamianTa uflebebis
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxavs calkeuli socialuri jgufebis sasicocxlo
72
65
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.
"adamianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis
diskriminacia, romelic sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli
pirobaa da zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri da demokratiuli
ganviTarebis procesebs.
moipoves ra mamakacebTan Tanaswori politikuri uflebebi, qalebi sul ufro
did warmatebebs aRweven politikur saqmianobasa da marTvis saqmeSi. maT xelmZRvaneli postebi ukaviaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, sxvadasxva qveynis parlamentebsa da mTavrobebSi, politikur da sazogadoebriv moZraobebSi. politika,
romelic sul axlo warsulSi mamakacTa saqmed iTvleboda, dRes bevri qalis
cxovrebiseul orientirad iqca, magram, arcTu iSviaTad, sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba
qalTa politikur karieras skeptikurad uyurebs da xSirad TviTon qalebic garkveuli eWvis qveS ayeneben TavianTi politikuri karieris SesaZleblobebs.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored politika warmoadgens im sferos, sadac yvelaze ufro
TvalnaTliv igrZnoba dapirispireba qalTa iuridiul da faqtobriv mdgomareobaSi.
sazogadoebis cvlilebis koncefciebi da programebi iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis, politikisa da marTvis garkveul modelebs varaudoben, rom
sulieri, politikuri da mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis obieqts TviTganviTarebis
unari aqvs, xolo subieqtma iseTi zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinos TviTregulirebis
meqanizmebze, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT maqsimalur Tavisufal ganviTarebas.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria gviCvenebs rom Teoria yovelTvis ar pasuxobs im
kiTxvebs, romlebsac socialuri sinamdvile ayenebs da misi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia socialur-istoriul socialur-kulturul da sxv. faqtorebze, romelTa
moqmedebis rolisa da Sedegebis winaswar gamocnoba sakmaod rTulia.
dRevandeli sazogadoebis sasurveli moderizaciis mniSvnelovani formaluri
niSnebia: radikaluroba, cvlilebaTa kompleqsuroba, ganviTarebis koherentuloba,
rac sazogadoebis yvela qvesistemis cvlilebas niSnavs. modernizaciis niSnebs Soris
gamoyofen: ekonomikur zrdas, politikuri mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT sistemas, kulturaSi sekularul normebs, socialuri da sivrculi mobilurobis maRal
maCvenebels, warmatebisaken swrafvas, empaTias, rogorc Tanamedrove pirovnebis
mniSvnelovan Tvisebas. (Бергер, 1997).
modernizaciis procesebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa umetesobas gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvs. zogierTi mkvlevari modernizaciul procesebs ukavSirebs axal droSi
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi momxdar movlenebs da miaCnia, rom isini istoriulad
aucilebeli da savaldebuloa yvela qveynisaTvis, romlebmac ganviTarebis dasavluri modeli airCies. (Хабермас, 1994). mecnierTa garkveul nawils miaCnia, rom modernizacia aris gadasvla tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze da, amave dros,
aseT gadasvlasTan dakavSirebuli sxvebis gamocdilebis gacnobierebuli, Segnebuli
aTviseba. zogi mkvlevari modernizacias uwodebs swrafvas - tradiciul sociokulturaSi politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebis transformaciasa da dasavlur
analogiebTan maT (upirveles yovlisa sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebsa da
demokratiuli politikuri wyobis) daaxloebas. (Кантор, Капустин, 1999)
modernizaciis Sesaxeb arsebobs agreTve koncefcia, romelic gamoiyeneba
rogorc ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi programa Tanamedrove samyaros
globalizaciis procesebis fonze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi
(Мюрдаен, 1972).
socialur-politikur sferoSi modernizacia ukavSirdeba adamianebis, socialu-
zogjer suleluric ki. aseTi qmedeba Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeba, magram Tu
amgvarad moiqceva qali, umetes SemTxvevaSi masze ityvian: "qalia da mets ras unda
moelode misgan".
magram dRes sul ufro xSirad gaismis mowodeba politikaSi qaluri
subkulturis danergvis Sesaxeb, rodesac erTmaneTs Seerwymis mamakacuri Zala,
swrafva batonobisaken da qalis sawyisi – aRzrda, daqvemdebareba aqtiurobis
stimulirebis gziT. aRniSnulma axali politikuri wesrigisaken, qalis rolisa da
statusis cvlilebis, misi inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli gamoyenebisa da
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gardaqmnisaken unda migviyvanos.
XX saukunem politikur kulturaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. qalebi
ekonomikurad damoukideblebi gaxdnen, ramac pozitiuri Zvrebisaken wagviyvana
Tundac im gagebiT, rom maT SeswevT unari damoukideblad gadawyviton TavianTi
bedi. mamakacebis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmuli wesi ki mainc ar Secvlila.
ekonomikurad da politikurad sazogadoebas kvlav mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo
qali meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs. qalebis epizoduri gamoCena xelisuflebis
saTaveSi saerTo suraTs realurad ar cvlis, radganac garemo da Rirebulebrivmsoflmxedelobrivi klimati "mamakacuri suliT aris gaJRenTili".
mamakacebi mimdinare procesebs xSirad Zalauflebis damaxinjebuli prizmidan
afaseben, ris Sedegadac Zalaufleba maTTvis TviTmiznad aris qceuli. Cveni
epoqisaTvis ki, romlisTvisac informacia wamyvan elementad iqca, sul ufro naTeli
xdeba, rom "Zalisa" da "flobis" strategiuli paradigma gamousadegaria. saWiroa
axali paradigma, romelic damyarebuli iqneba ara "flobaze", aramed "yofaze" da
gaiTvaliswinebs racionalurisa da emociur-intuiciuris erTianobas. aRinSnul
imperativs kargad pasuxoben qalebi, radganac maT bunebiT ufro harmoniuli
struqtura aqvT da SeswevT imis unari, rom gaiTvaliswinon flobasa da Zalaze
damyarebuli civilizaciis principuli naklovanebebi.
sqesis problema aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac civilizacia iseTi principuli
siZneleebis winaSe dgeba, romlebic ver gadaiWreba arsebuli pirobebisa da
kulturuli normebis CarCoebSi. swored industriuli civilizaciis krizisul
situaciaSi, romelmac sxvadasxva sferoSi iCina Tavi, aiZula sazogadoeba miemarTa
genderuli problemisaTvis.* amerikeli feministi qali ane kent ruSi Tavis wignSi
"feminizmi da Terapia" (1974 w.) wers, rom feminizmi politikis Terapiad mogvevlina,
igi mas moraluri dacemisagan ixsnis. da es SemTxeviT ar aris. rTul situaciaSi,
romelic Tavadve Seqmnes, mamakacebi yovelTvis qalebs mimarTaven.
SeiZleba gamovyoT qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi specifiuri Tvisebebi. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobs azrovnebis sivrcis
gafarToebas da winapiroba iqneba axali, harmoniuli sociumis Sesaqmnelad.
specialistebis azriT, qalebs politikaSi SemoaqvT mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani
Rirebulebebi da damatebiTi kompetenturoba. isini gacilebiT ufro naklebad arian
midrekilni konfrontaciisadmi da iSviaTad mimarTaven problemebis gadaWras
Zaladobis gziT, miznis miRwevisas Tanamimdevrulobas, gamomgoneblobas da
adamianur urTierTobebSi kontaqturobis maRal unars avlenen. marTvisas qalebi
naklebad avtoritarulebi arian da xSirad uars amboben ZviradRirebuli anturaJis
Seqmnaze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia umaRlesi rangis CinovnikebisaTvis. dabolos
maRal ierarqiul struqturebSi qalebis yofna Zalze dadebiTad moqmedebs maTi
kolega mamakacebis qcevaze – akavebs, disciplinas matebs da akeTilSobilebs maT
qmedebebs.
66
71
*
sayuradReboa, rom sqesis problema socialurad aRqmadi gaxda SedarebiT arc Tu didi xnis win, bolo
daaxloebiT 100-150 welia.
kontaqtebis eTikas, politikur ganaTlebas da sxv.
civilizebuli politikuri kulturis qveynebSi dawyebulia
politikis
feminizacia. sul ufro xSirad wina planze gamodis e.w. "saTaTbiro demokratia",
xolo amosaval principebad gvevlineba Tanasworoba politikur sferoSi,
xelisuflebis gadanawileba, uaris Tqma wminda mamakacur warmomadgenlobaze,
politikis humanizacia da demokratizacia. ase rom, qalebs SesaZlebloba aqvT
mravalferovneba da zneobrivi sawyisi Seitanon politikaSi.
magram aseT gardaqmnaTa gzaze bevri damabrkolebeli mizezia. mxolod erTi
gafiqrebac ki imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi SeiZleba monawileobdnen cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT, iseTebSi, sadac mxolod Zlieri da mkacri mamakacebi
saqmianoben, maT mZafr winaRmdegobas iwvevs.
modiT, gavarkvioT, SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs realuri mizezebi, romelTa gamo
qalebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon xmaTa umravlesoba sapalamento arCevnebis dros, ar
SeuZliaT uxelmZRvanelon ekonomikur gaerTianebebs, imsaxuron armiaSi generlis
wodebis miRebamde da sxv. Tu Cven aseT mizezebs aRmovaCenT, dRes mimdinare
movlenebi ucnaurad mogveCvneba, magram aseTi mizezebi ar arsebobs.
rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
miiRes, prezidentma uoren hartingma ganacxada: "politikur cxovrebaSi qalTa
mosvliT SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom maTi inteleqti, maTi organizatoruli
SesaZleblobani, maTi bunebis sinatife da keTilismyofeli gavlenis niWi xels
Segviwyobs sazogadoebis socialur mowyobaSi".
es naTqvami iyo 1921 wlis 4 marts, magram jerjerobiT qalTa monawileoba
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, maTi mcire ricxvis gamo, mkrTalad gamoiyureba. qalTa
politikaSi CarTvis procesi sakmaod nela mimdinareobs. venaSi gamarTul gaeros
konferenciaze adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb (1993 w.) qalebi gamovidnen TavianTi
uflebebis dasacavad da aRniSnes, rom maT ar surT "meore xarisxovan" moqalaqeebad
yofna. pekinis konferenciaze miRebul dokumentebSic aRniSnulia, rom Tanasworoba
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas Tavisebur sadaveebs warmoadgens, romlis
gareSec saxelmwifo politikis formirebisas realuri Tanasworobis miRweva
naklebad SesaZlebelia. Tanabari monawileoba politikaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saerTo procesSi.
problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalebi saxelisuflebo
struqturebSi sakmaod sustad arian warmodgenilni. erTgvari "bumi" patriarqaluri
ganwyobiT Seicvala. saministroebSi da xelisuflebis sxva organoebSi qalebis
raodenoba sakmaod mcirea. dReisaTvis maTi raodenoba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi
10%-ia, ufro naklebia aRmasrulebel xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze. bevri politikuri
partiisa da saxelmwifo struqturebis tradiciuli Sexedulebebi xels uSlis qalTa
monawileobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. (qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis
masalebi. Tb., 1995, gv. 93).
ri da politikuri institutebis mkafio specializacias sxvadasxva saxis saqmianobaSi,
romelic sul ufro naklebad xdeba damokidebuli sqessze, asakze, socialur
warmoSobaze, pirad kavSirebze da transformaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianis
pirovnuli TvisebebiT ganisazRvreba. socialur-politikuri modernizacia gulisxmobs ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebisa da vertikaluri damokidebulebis Secvlas Tanasworuflebiani partniorobiT, romelic saerTo interesebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. magram am process Tan axlavs adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis dros pirovnuli
saxis dakargva, ojaxis rolisa da funqciebis, agreTve demografiuli struqturis
Secvla.
aRniSnuli procesebi aseve gulisxmobs dasavlur RirebulebebTan asimilirebas
da erovnuli tradiciebis transformacias, radgan, rogorc miCneulia, es tradiciebi ar Seesabameba aqtualur socialur realobas. transformaciis klasikuri
evropuli gza niSnavda politikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis cvlilebas im
adreuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze da gavleniT, romlebic RirebulebiT orientaciebSi, moTxovnilebebsa da interesebSi moxda. aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo ara
imdenad sulieri kulturis ganviTarebiT, ramdenadac warmoebis evoluciiT, misi
teqnikur-teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da miznobrivi mimarTulobis SecvliT.
sulier-ideologiuri da ekonomikuri eqspansia warmoadgens trasnformaciis ZiriTad
wyaros msoflio TanamegobrobaSi.
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam aCvena, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
sabaziso safuZvels warmoadgens ara sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi da finasuri da
teqnikur-teqnologiuri gavlenebi warmoebis sferoSi, aramed Rirebulebebis radikaluri transformacia, rac cvlis maT interesebs.
ekonomistebi, politologebi, kulturologebi, praqtikulad codnis yvela
humanitaruli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben moxazon am adamianuri Tanacxovrebis SesaZlo parametrebi da tendenciebi, romelsac axali tipis politikuri
kulturis Seqmnasa da patriarqatidan dabalansebul biarqatizmamde mivyavarT.
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb.
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi qali-politikosis Sefasebis gansakuTrebuli
kriteriumebi arsebobs. rogorc wesi, maT gacilebiT ufro maRal moTxovnebs
uyeneben, vidre mamakac politikosebs. qals ufro meti pozitiuri Tvisebebi unda
hqondes, unda iyos Sromismoyvare, inteleqtualurad momzadebuli, gamoirCeodes
intuiciis unariT. mamakacma romelime politikur forumze an Sexvedraze SeiZleba
gaakeTos skandaluri gancxadeba – yviriliT, isteriulobiT, SeuracxyofebiT,
dekabristebis erT-erTi lideris, nikita muraviovis konstituciis proeqtSi
SeiZleba movnaxoT metad mniSvnelovani SeniSvna: "qali ara marto ar warmoadgens
politikur uflebaTa subieqts, aramed mas sakanonmdeblo organos Ria sxdomebze
daswrebac ki ekrZaleba. orpalatiani parlamenti Tavisi sxdomebis dros, Cveulebrivad, dasaSvebad miiCnevs mayurebelTa daswrebas, magram qalebs da arasrulwlovnebs (e.i. 21 wlamde mamakacebs) palataSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT".
aseTi Sexeduleba qalTa uflebebze politikaSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
sruliad bunebrivad gamoiyureboda ara marto ruseTSi, aramed mTel evropaSi.
aRniSnuli Sexedulebis gadaxedva TviT cxovrebam moitana. samkuTxedis - eklesia–
samzareulo-bavSvebi - CarCoebidan gamosvla gulisxmobda sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
sruluflebian monawileobas, potenciurad qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis
miniWebas – e.i. upirveles yovlisa, uflebas, aerCiaT da yofiliyvnen arCeuli
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebSi. qalTa emansipaciuri moZraobis ZiriTadi
Sinaarsi XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi evropasa da
amerikaSi swored qalTa iuridiuli da politikuri Tanasworuflebianoba iyo.
sazogadoebaSi dRemde gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, samsaxurSi Cabmuli qalebis Taobaze arsebobs negatiuri stereotipi, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa dasaqmeba
uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvTa aRzrdasa da ojaxur urTierTobebze. aseTi
70
67
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani
warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveulwilad iwvevs danaSaulis grZnobas, xels uSlis maT
socialur-politikur aqtiurobas da profesiul TviTrealizacias.
Fam mxriv, sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari qalis beti fridanis azri.
Tavis wignSi "qalurobis saidumlo" igi aRniSnavs, rom momuSave qalTa bavSvebi
naklebad vardebian ukiduresobebSi (arc Zalian agresiulebi arian da arc Zalian
Senelebuli reaqcia aqvT), skolaSi ukeTesad swavloben, ufro ganviTarebuli aqvT
sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, vidre diasaxlisi dedebis Svilebs.
meore kvlevam, romlis drosac Seswavlil iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
dedebi, aCvena, rom
maTi samsaxuri uaryofiTad ar moqmedebs arc maT ojaxur
urTierTobebsa da fsiqologiur klimatze da arc bavSvebis problemebis ricxvsa da
seriozulobaze, (Фридан, 1994)
arnold grinis kvlevebma gamoalina faruli problema, rac imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom saSualo amerikuli ojaxis diasaxlisis roli bevr dedas aiZulebs TavianT
qaliSvilebsa da vaJiSvilebSi CaaxSon pirovneba da infantilizmis grZnoba ganuviTaron. (Фридан, 1994)
istoriuli gamocdilebac mowmobs: imis gamo, rom qalebma miiRes ganaTleba,
daiwyes Sroma warmoebaSi, gamoiyenes TavianTi politikuri uflebebi, sazogadoebam
mxolod moigo. Semdgomi nabiji qalebis winsvlaSi axali socialur-politikuri
rolis aTvisebasa da yvela doneze mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis miRebaSia.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs im faseulobaTa sistemis damuSaveba da
ganviTarebis teqnologiis danergva, romelic uzrunvelyofs iniciativiani, suverenuli, gonieri qalis Camoyalibebas. aseTi socialuri teqnologiebis moTxovnileba
gamowveulia radikalurad Secvlili socio-kulturuli procesebisadmi adaptaciis
daCqarebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobiT. qalebisaTvis es teqnologiebi unda
iTvaliswinebdes maTi socialuri mdgomareobis specifikas da masobriv cnobierebaSi
iseTi genderuli stereotipebis batonobas, romlebic qalTa TviTrealizaciis
sferoebs zRudavs.
aucilebelia, rom qals mieces SesaZlebloba airCios saxli an samsaxuri, an
SeuTavsos isini erTmaneTs. Tu mas aqvs gonebrivi Sromisadmi interesi, moTxovnileba sxvadasxva profesiul sarbielze moaxdinos Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis realizeba, aseT faseulobaTa orientacias unda mivesalmoT da mxari
unda davuWiroT. Tu survili ar iqneba qalSi pirovneba, individi davinaxoT, es ver
waadgeba sazogadoebis socialur da politikur progress.
mamakacsa da qals Soris rolebis ganawilebis procesis mniSvnelovani Sedegia is,
rom es procesi Seexo ara mxolod ojaxis, aramed politikisa da xelisuflebis
sferoebsac, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis institutad aRviqvamT. es
ukanaskneli dRes aRar aris gamorCeulad mamakacTa sfero. qalebma uzrunvelyves
TavisTvis xelisuflebis institutebis misawvdomoba da politikaSi aqtiuri
monawileobis ufleba.
mniSvnelovani cvlileba qalTa socialur statusSi iyo maT mier saarCevno
uflebis miReba. qalebma sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saarCevno xma sxvadasxva dros miiRes:
fineTSi - 1907 wels, daniaSi – 1915 wels, Sveciasa da kanadaSi – 1918 wels, ssrk-Si –
1918 wels, aSS-Si – 1920 wels, didi britaneTSi – 1928 wels, safrangeTSi – 1944 wels.
XX saukunem mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana GpolitikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis saqmeSi. Seicvala qalis socialuri roli, rasac Semdegi niSnebi axasiaTebs:
1. globaloba, e.i. moicavs msoflios sxvadasxva regions, qveyanas;
2. cvlilebebi xdeba erTdroulad sxvadasxva sferoSi (politika, ekonomika,
ganaTleba, ojaxi);
3. qalTa socialuri rolis cvlileba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobs. mas bevri
winaaRmdegoba axlavs.
rolebis Zveleburi mkacri ganawileba (kaci – Semomtani, ZiriTadi muSaki, qali
ki – deda, diasaxlisi) Tavad cxovrebam daarRvia. qalebi bevr qveyanaSi farTod
Caebnen ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. dasavleTSi qalis sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi Cabmis
aRmniSvneli termini "vardisferi sayeloebi" gaCnda 1985 wels qalebma Seadgines
muSaxelis 45% (Griffin S., 1978).
Tanamedrove politikuri moRvaweobis ZirTad kriteriumad, ra Tqma unda,
gvevlineba erToblivi moqmedeba, rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis, rogorc
umravlesobis, ise umciresobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, winaaRmdegobaTa
Tavidan acilebis, materialuri dovlaTis ganawilebisas winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis
gziT. dRes sazogadoebis "gaadamianurebis" sakiTxi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
wuxili imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sqesi ufro met Zalauflebas flobs.
qalTa politikaSi Cabmis procesi progresuli, civilizebuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis tendenciis maCvenebelia. dResdReisobiT dasavleT evropisa da
CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis, iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiis da sxv. qalebis
maRali samTavrobo postebi ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qalebis
aqtiuroba SveciaSi, sadac maT ministrTa postebis naxevari ukaviaT, fineTSi – 30%,
xolo qveynis prezidenti qalia, daniaSi – 37%, norvegiaSi – 42%. (Женщины
скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века ,2000).
Owlebis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis prezidenti iyo gru harlem brutlandi, didi
britaneTis premier-ministri – margaret TetCeri, israelisa – golda meiri,
indoeTisa – indira gandi, filipinebisa – korason akino, pakistanisa – benazir
fxuto, nikaraguasi – violeta barios de Camoro da sxv.
70-80-ian wlebSi kanonmdebloba mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb
miRebul iqna did britaneTSi (1975), norvegiaSi, daniaSi, SveciaSi (1975), avstriaSi (1979),
gfr-Si (1980), safrangeTSi (1983), da sxv. saxelmwifoebSi.
90-ian wlebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis wevrTa Soris SveciaSi, germaniaSi,
avstriaSi, norvegiaSi, fineTSi, qalebma Seadgines 23-dan 40%-mde. qalTa
warmomadgeloba sxvadasxva qveynis parlamentebSi ase gamoiyureba:
68
69
10%-mde
brazilia
didi britaneTi
ungreTi
saberZneTi
indonezia
ruseTi
iugoslavia
iaponia
10-20%
avstralia
angola
belgia
kanada
espaneTi
italia
safrangeTi
Sveicaria
CineTi
20-30%
argentina
avstria
germania
islandia
kuba
30-40%
Svecia
fineTi
norvegia
dania
niderlandebi
am periodisaTvis msoflios qveynebis parlamentrTa Soris 89% mamakacebi, xolo
11% qalebi iyo. (Уськов,1993).
qalTa warmomadgenlobis garantiisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kvotebi.
evropis qveynebSi qalTa warmomadgelobis qvotebi dawesebulia yvela xelmZRvanel
(partiul, saparlameto, aRmasrulebel) organoSi. kvotebi arsebobs evropis
ramdenime qveynis parlamentebSi: evroparlamentSi – 19% qalia, holandiaSi – 25%,
daniaSi – 30% da sxv. kandidaturebis wamoyeneba xdeba ara marto sqesis mixedviT,
aramed profesiuli da
saqmiani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo maTi
realizaciisaTvis saTanado momzadebaa saWiro, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqmiani
warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveulwilad iwvevs danaSaulis grZnobas, xels uSlis maT
socialur-politikur aqtiurobas da profesiul TviTrealizacias.
Fam mxriv, sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari qalis beti fridanis azri.
Tavis wignSi "qalurobis saidumlo" igi aRniSnavs, rom momuSave qalTa bavSvebi
naklebad vardebian ukiduresobebSi (arc Zalian agresiulebi arian da arc Zalian
Senelebuli reaqcia aqvT), skolaSi ukeTesad swavloben, ufro ganviTarebuli aqvT
sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, vidre diasaxlisi dedebis Svilebs.
meore kvlevam, romlis drosac Seswavlil iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
dedebi, aCvena, rom
maTi samsaxuri uaryofiTad ar moqmedebs arc maT ojaxur
urTierTobebsa da fsiqologiur klimatze da arc bavSvebis problemebis ricxvsa da
seriozulobaze, (Фридан, 1994)
arnold grinis kvlevebma gamoalina faruli problema, rac imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom saSualo amerikuli ojaxis diasaxlisis roli bevr dedas aiZulebs TavianT
qaliSvilebsa da vaJiSvilebSi CaaxSon pirovneba da infantilizmis grZnoba ganuviTaron. (Фридан, 1994)
istoriuli gamocdilebac mowmobs: imis gamo, rom qalebma miiRes ganaTleba,
daiwyes Sroma warmoebaSi, gamoiyenes TavianTi politikuri uflebebi, sazogadoebam
mxolod moigo. Semdgomi nabiji qalebis winsvlaSi axali socialur-politikuri
rolis aTvisebasa da yvela doneze mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis miRebaSia.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs im faseulobaTa sistemis damuSaveba da
ganviTarebis teqnologiis danergva, romelic uzrunvelyofs iniciativiani, suverenuli, gonieri qalis Camoyalibebas. aseTi socialuri teqnologiebis moTxovnileba
gamowveulia radikalurad Secvlili socio-kulturuli procesebisadmi adaptaciis
daCqarebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobiT. qalebisaTvis es teqnologiebi unda
iTvaliswinebdes maTi socialuri mdgomareobis specifikas da masobriv cnobierebaSi
iseTi genderuli stereotipebis batonobas, romlebic qalTa TviTrealizaciis
sferoebs zRudavs.
aucilebelia, rom qals mieces SesaZlebloba airCios saxli an samsaxuri, an
SeuTavsos isini erTmaneTs. Tu mas aqvs gonebrivi Sromisadmi interesi, moTxovnileba sxvadasxva profesiul sarbielze moaxdinos Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis realizeba, aseT faseulobaTa orientacias unda mivesalmoT da mxari
unda davuWiroT. Tu survili ar iqneba qalSi pirovneba, individi davinaxoT, es ver
waadgeba sazogadoebis socialur da politikur progress.
mamakacsa da qals Soris rolebis ganawilebis procesis mniSvnelovani Sedegia is,
rom es procesi Seexo ara mxolod ojaxis, aramed politikisa da xelisuflebis
sferoebsac, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis institutad aRviqvamT. es
ukanaskneli dRes aRar aris gamorCeulad mamakacTa sfero. qalebma uzrunvelyves
TavisTvis xelisuflebis institutebis misawvdomoba da politikaSi aqtiuri
monawileobis ufleba.
mniSvnelovani cvlileba qalTa socialur statusSi iyo maT mier saarCevno
uflebis miReba. qalebma sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saarCevno xma sxvadasxva dros miiRes:
fineTSi - 1907 wels, daniaSi – 1915 wels, Sveciasa da kanadaSi – 1918 wels, ssrk-Si –
1918 wels, aSS-Si – 1920 wels, didi britaneTSi – 1928 wels, safrangeTSi – 1944 wels.
XX saukunem mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana GpolitikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis saqmeSi. Seicvala qalis socialuri roli, rasac Semdegi niSnebi axasiaTebs:
1. globaloba, e.i. moicavs msoflios sxvadasxva regions, qveyanas;
2. cvlilebebi xdeba erTdroulad sxvadasxva sferoSi (politika, ekonomika,
ganaTleba, ojaxi);
3. qalTa socialuri rolis cvlileba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobs. mas bevri
winaaRmdegoba axlavs.
rolebis Zveleburi mkacri ganawileba (kaci – Semomtani, ZiriTadi muSaki, qali
ki – deda, diasaxlisi) Tavad cxovrebam daarRvia. qalebi bevr qveyanaSi farTod
Caebnen ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. dasavleTSi qalis sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi Cabmis
aRmniSvneli termini "vardisferi sayeloebi" gaCnda 1985 wels qalebma Seadgines
muSaxelis 45% (Griffin S., 1978).
Tanamedrove politikuri moRvaweobis ZirTad kriteriumad, ra Tqma unda,
gvevlineba erToblivi moqmedeba, rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis, rogorc
umravlesobis, ise umciresobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, winaaRmdegobaTa
Tavidan acilebis, materialuri dovlaTis ganawilebisas winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis
gziT. dRes sazogadoebis "gaadamianurebis" sakiTxi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
wuxili imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sqesi ufro met Zalauflebas flobs.
qalTa politikaSi Cabmis procesi progresuli, civilizebuli sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis tendenciis maCvenebelia. dResdReisobiT dasavleT evropisa da
CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis, iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiis da sxv. qalebis
maRali samTavrobo postebi ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qalebis
aqtiuroba SveciaSi, sadac maT ministrTa postebis naxevari ukaviaT, fineTSi – 30%,
xolo qveynis prezidenti qalia, daniaSi – 37%, norvegiaSi – 42%. (Женщины
скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века ,2000).
Owlebis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis prezidenti iyo gru harlem brutlandi, didi
britaneTis premier-ministri – margaret TetCeri, israelisa – golda meiri,
indoeTisa – indira gandi, filipinebisa – korason akino, pakistanisa – benazir
fxuto, nikaraguasi – violeta barios de Camoro da sxv.
70-80-ian wlebSi kanonmdebloba mamakacebisa da qalebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb
miRebul iqna did britaneTSi (1975), norvegiaSi, daniaSi, SveciaSi (1975), avstriaSi (1979),
gfr-Si (1980), safrangeTSi (1983), da sxv. saxelmwifoebSi.
90-ian wlebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis wevrTa Soris SveciaSi, germaniaSi,
avstriaSi, norvegiaSi, fineTSi, qalebma Seadgines 23-dan 40%-mde. qalTa
warmomadgeloba sxvadasxva qveynis parlamentebSi ase gamoiyureba:
68
69
10%-mde
brazilia
didi britaneTi
ungreTi
saberZneTi
indonezia
ruseTi
iugoslavia
iaponia
10-20%
avstralia
angola
belgia
kanada
espaneTi
italia
safrangeTi
Sveicaria
CineTi
20-30%
argentina
avstria
germania
islandia
kuba
30-40%
Svecia
fineTi
norvegia
dania
niderlandebi
am periodisaTvis msoflios qveynebis parlamentrTa Soris 89% mamakacebi, xolo
11% qalebi iyo. (Уськов,1993).
qalTa warmomadgenlobis garantiisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kvotebi.
evropis qveynebSi qalTa warmomadgelobis qvotebi dawesebulia yvela xelmZRvanel
(partiul, saparlameto, aRmasrulebel) organoSi. kvotebi arsebobs evropis
ramdenime qveynis parlamentebSi: evroparlamentSi – 19% qalia, holandiaSi – 25%,
daniaSi – 30% da sxv. kandidaturebis wamoyeneba xdeba ara marto sqesis mixedviT,
aramed profesiuli da
saqmiani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo maTi
realizaciisaTvis saTanado momzadebaa saWiro, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqmiani
kontaqtebis eTikas, politikur ganaTlebas da sxv.
civilizebuli politikuri kulturis qveynebSi dawyebulia
politikis
feminizacia. sul ufro xSirad wina planze gamodis e.w. "saTaTbiro demokratia",
xolo amosaval principebad gvevlineba Tanasworoba politikur sferoSi,
xelisuflebis gadanawileba, uaris Tqma wminda mamakacur warmomadgenlobaze,
politikis humanizacia da demokratizacia. ase rom, qalebs SesaZlebloba aqvT
mravalferovneba da zneobrivi sawyisi Seitanon politikaSi.
magram aseT gardaqmnaTa gzaze bevri damabrkolebeli mizezia. mxolod erTi
gafiqrebac ki imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi SeiZleba monawileobdnen cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT, iseTebSi, sadac mxolod Zlieri da mkacri mamakacebi
saqmianoben, maT mZafr winaRmdegobas iwvevs.
modiT, gavarkvioT, SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs realuri mizezebi, romelTa gamo
qalebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon xmaTa umravlesoba sapalamento arCevnebis dros, ar
SeuZliaT uxelmZRvanelon ekonomikur gaerTianebebs, imsaxuron armiaSi generlis
wodebis miRebamde da sxv. Tu Cven aseT mizezebs aRmovaCenT, dRes mimdinare
movlenebi ucnaurad mogveCvneba, magram aseTi mizezebi ar arsebobs.
rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba
miiRes, prezidentma uoren hartingma ganacxada: "politikur cxovrebaSi qalTa
mosvliT SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom maTi inteleqti, maTi organizatoruli
SesaZleblobani, maTi bunebis sinatife da keTilismyofeli gavlenis niWi xels
Segviwyobs sazogadoebis socialur mowyobaSi".
es naTqvami iyo 1921 wlis 4 marts, magram jerjerobiT qalTa monawileoba
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, maTi mcire ricxvis gamo, mkrTalad gamoiyureba. qalTa
politikaSi CarTvis procesi sakmaod nela mimdinareobs. venaSi gamarTul gaeros
konferenciaze adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb (1993 w.) qalebi gamovidnen TavianTi
uflebebis dasacavad da aRniSnes, rom maT ar surT "meore xarisxovan" moqalaqeebad
yofna. pekinis konferenciaze miRebul dokumentebSic aRniSnulia, rom Tanasworoba
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas Tavisebur sadaveebs warmoadgens, romlis
gareSec saxelmwifo politikis formirebisas realuri Tanasworobis miRweva
naklebad SesaZlebelia. Tanabari monawileoba politikaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs
qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saerTo procesSi.
problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalebi saxelisuflebo
struqturebSi sakmaod sustad arian warmodgenilni. erTgvari "bumi" patriarqaluri
ganwyobiT Seicvala. saministroebSi da xelisuflebis sxva organoebSi qalebis
raodenoba sakmaod mcirea. dReisaTvis maTi raodenoba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi
10%-ia, ufro naklebia aRmasrulebel xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze. bevri politikuri
partiisa da saxelmwifo struqturebis tradiciuli Sexedulebebi xels uSlis qalTa
monawileobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. (qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis
masalebi. Tb., 1995, gv. 93).
ri da politikuri institutebis mkafio specializacias sxvadasxva saxis saqmianobaSi,
romelic sul ufro naklebad xdeba damokidebuli sqessze, asakze, socialur
warmoSobaze, pirad kavSirebze da transformaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianis
pirovnuli TvisebebiT ganisazRvreba. socialur-politikuri modernizacia gulisxmobs ierarqiuli daqvemdebarebisa da vertikaluri damokidebulebis Secvlas Tanasworuflebiani partniorobiT, romelic saerTo interesebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. magram am process Tan axlavs adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis dros pirovnuli
saxis dakargva, ojaxis rolisa da funqciebis, agreTve demografiuli struqturis
Secvla.
aRniSnuli procesebi aseve gulisxmobs dasavlur RirebulebebTan asimilirebas
da erovnuli tradiciebis transformacias, radgan, rogorc miCneulia, es tradiciebi ar Seesabameba aqtualur socialur realobas. transformaciis klasikuri
evropuli gza niSnavda politikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis cvlilebas im
adreuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze da gavleniT, romlebic RirebulebiT orientaciebSi, moTxovnilebebsa da interesebSi moxda. aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo ara
imdenad sulieri kulturis ganviTarebiT, ramdenadac warmoebis evoluciiT, misi
teqnikur-teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da miznobrivi mimarTulobis SecvliT.
sulier-ideologiuri da ekonomikuri eqspansia warmoadgens trasnformaciis ZiriTad
wyaros msoflio TanamegobrobaSi.
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam aCvena, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
sabaziso safuZvels warmoadgens ara sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi da finasuri da
teqnikur-teqnologiuri gavlenebi warmoebis sferoSi, aramed Rirebulebebis radikaluri transformacia, rac cvlis maT interesebs.
ekonomistebi, politologebi, kulturologebi, praqtikulad codnis yvela
humanitaruli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben moxazon am adamianuri Tanacxovrebis SesaZlo parametrebi da tendenciebi, romelsac axali tipis politikuri
kulturis Seqmnasa da patriarqatidan dabalansebul biarqatizmamde mivyavarT.
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb.
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi qali-politikosis Sefasebis gansakuTrebuli
kriteriumebi arsebobs. rogorc wesi, maT gacilebiT ufro maRal moTxovnebs
uyeneben, vidre mamakac politikosebs. qals ufro meti pozitiuri Tvisebebi unda
hqondes, unda iyos Sromismoyvare, inteleqtualurad momzadebuli, gamoirCeodes
intuiciis unariT. mamakacma romelime politikur forumze an Sexvedraze SeiZleba
gaakeTos skandaluri gancxadeba – yviriliT, isteriulobiT, SeuracxyofebiT,
dekabristebis erT-erTi lideris, nikita muraviovis konstituciis proeqtSi
SeiZleba movnaxoT metad mniSvnelovani SeniSvna: "qali ara marto ar warmoadgens
politikur uflebaTa subieqts, aramed mas sakanonmdeblo organos Ria sxdomebze
daswrebac ki ekrZaleba. orpalatiani parlamenti Tavisi sxdomebis dros, Cveulebrivad, dasaSvebad miiCnevs mayurebelTa daswrebas, magram qalebs da arasrulwlovnebs (e.i. 21 wlamde mamakacebs) palataSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT".
aseTi Sexeduleba qalTa uflebebze politikaSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
sruliad bunebrivad gamoiyureboda ara marto ruseTSi, aramed mTel evropaSi.
aRniSnuli Sexedulebis gadaxedva TviT cxovrebam moitana. samkuTxedis - eklesia–
samzareulo-bavSvebi - CarCoebidan gamosvla gulisxmobda sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
sruluflebian monawileobas, potenciurad qalebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis
miniWebas – e.i. upirveles yovlisa, uflebas, aerCiaT da yofiliyvnen arCeuli
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebSi. qalTa emansipaciuri moZraobis ZiriTadi
Sinaarsi XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi evropasa da
amerikaSi swored qalTa iuridiuli da politikuri Tanasworuflebianoba iyo.
sazogadoebaSi dRemde gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, samsaxurSi Cabmuli qalebis Taobaze arsebobs negatiuri stereotipi, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa dasaqmeba
uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvTa aRzrdasa da ojaxur urTierTobebze. aseTi
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67
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.
"adamianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis
diskriminacia, romelic sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli
pirobaa da zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri da demokratiuli
ganviTarebis procesebs.
moipoves ra mamakacebTan Tanaswori politikuri uflebebi, qalebi sul ufro
did warmatebebs aRweven politikur saqmianobasa da marTvis saqmeSi. maT xelmZRvaneli postebi ukaviaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, sxvadasxva qveynis parlamentebsa da mTavrobebSi, politikur da sazogadoebriv moZraobebSi. politika,
romelic sul axlo warsulSi mamakacTa saqmed iTvleboda, dRes bevri qalis
cxovrebiseul orientirad iqca, magram, arcTu iSviaTad, sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba
qalTa politikur karieras skeptikurad uyurebs da xSirad TviTon qalebic garkveuli eWvis qveS ayeneben TavianTi politikuri karieris SesaZleblobebs.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored politika warmoadgens im sferos, sadac yvelaze ufro
TvalnaTliv igrZnoba dapirispireba qalTa iuridiul da faqtobriv mdgomareobaSi.
sazogadoebis cvlilebis koncefciebi da programebi iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis, politikisa da marTvis garkveul modelebs varaudoben, rom
sulieri, politikuri da mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis obieqts TviTganviTarebis
unari aqvs, xolo subieqtma iseTi zemoqmedeba unda moaxdinos TviTregulirebis
meqanizmebze, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT maqsimalur Tavisufal ganviTarebas.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria gviCvenebs rom Teoria yovelTvis ar pasuxobs im
kiTxvebs, romlebsac socialuri sinamdvile ayenebs da misi ganxorcieleba damokidebulia socialur-istoriul socialur-kulturul da sxv. faqtorebze, romelTa
moqmedebis rolisa da Sedegebis winaswar gamocnoba sakmaod rTulia.
dRevandeli sazogadoebis sasurveli moderizaciis mniSvnelovani formaluri
niSnebia: radikaluroba, cvlilebaTa kompleqsuroba, ganviTarebis koherentuloba,
rac sazogadoebis yvela qvesistemis cvlilebas niSnavs. modernizaciis niSnebs Soris
gamoyofen: ekonomikur zrdas, politikuri mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT sistemas, kulturaSi sekularul normebs, socialuri da sivrculi mobilurobis maRal
maCvenebels, warmatebisaken swrafvas, empaTias, rogorc Tanamedrove pirovnebis
mniSvnelovan Tvisebas. (Бергер, 1997).
modernizaciis procesebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa umetesobas gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvs. zogierTi mkvlevari modernizaciul procesebs ukavSirebs axal droSi
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi momxdar movlenebs da miaCnia, rom isini istoriulad
aucilebeli da savaldebuloa yvela qveynisaTvis, romlebmac ganviTarebis dasavluri modeli airCies. (Хабермас, 1994). mecnierTa garkveul nawils miaCnia, rom modernizacia aris gadasvla tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze da, amave dros,
aseT gadasvlasTan dakavSirebuli sxvebis gamocdilebis gacnobierebuli, Segnebuli
aTviseba. zogi mkvlevari modernizacias uwodebs swrafvas - tradiciul sociokulturaSi politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebis transformaciasa da dasavlur
analogiebTan maT (upirveles yovlisa sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebsa da
demokratiuli politikuri wyobis) daaxloebas. (Кантор, Капустин, 1999)
modernizaciis Sesaxeb arsebobs agreTve koncefcia, romelic gamoiyeneba
rogorc ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi programa Tanamedrove samyaros
globalizaciis procesebis fonze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi
(Мюрдаен, 1972).
socialur-politikur sferoSi modernizacia ukavSirdeba adamianebis, socialu-
zogjer suleluric ki. aseTi qmedeba Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeba, magram Tu
amgvarad moiqceva qali, umetes SemTxvevaSi masze ityvian: "qalia da mets ras unda
moelode misgan".
magram dRes sul ufro xSirad gaismis mowodeba politikaSi qaluri
subkulturis danergvis Sesaxeb, rodesac erTmaneTs Seerwymis mamakacuri Zala,
swrafva batonobisaken da qalis sawyisi – aRzrda, daqvemdebareba aqtiurobis
stimulirebis gziT. aRniSnulma axali politikuri wesrigisaken, qalis rolisa da
statusis cvlilebis, misi inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli gamoyenebisa da
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gardaqmnisaken unda migviyvanos.
XX saukunem politikur kulturaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. qalebi
ekonomikurad damoukideblebi gaxdnen, ramac pozitiuri Zvrebisaken wagviyvana
Tundac im gagebiT, rom maT SeswevT unari damoukideblad gadawyviton TavianTi
bedi. mamakacebis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmuli wesi ki mainc ar Secvlila.
ekonomikurad da politikurad sazogadoebas kvlav mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo
qali meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs. qalebis epizoduri gamoCena xelisuflebis
saTaveSi saerTo suraTs realurad ar cvlis, radganac garemo da Rirebulebrivmsoflmxedelobrivi klimati "mamakacuri suliT aris gaJRenTili".
mamakacebi mimdinare procesebs xSirad Zalauflebis damaxinjebuli prizmidan
afaseben, ris Sedegadac Zalaufleba maTTvis TviTmiznad aris qceuli. Cveni
epoqisaTvis ki, romlisTvisac informacia wamyvan elementad iqca, sul ufro naTeli
xdeba, rom "Zalisa" da "flobis" strategiuli paradigma gamousadegaria. saWiroa
axali paradigma, romelic damyarebuli iqneba ara "flobaze", aramed "yofaze" da
gaiTvaliswinebs racionalurisa da emociur-intuiciuris erTianobas. aRinSnul
imperativs kargad pasuxoben qalebi, radganac maT bunebiT ufro harmoniuli
struqtura aqvT da SeswevT imis unari, rom gaiTvaliswinon flobasa da Zalaze
damyarebuli civilizaciis principuli naklovanebebi.
sqesis problema aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac civilizacia iseTi principuli
siZneleebis winaSe dgeba, romlebic ver gadaiWreba arsebuli pirobebisa da
kulturuli normebis CarCoebSi. swored industriuli civilizaciis krizisul
situaciaSi, romelmac sxvadasxva sferoSi iCina Tavi, aiZula sazogadoeba miemarTa
genderuli problemisaTvis.* amerikeli feministi qali ane kent ruSi Tavis wignSi
"feminizmi da Terapia" (1974 w.) wers, rom feminizmi politikis Terapiad mogvevlina,
igi mas moraluri dacemisagan ixsnis. da es SemTxeviT ar aris. rTul situaciaSi,
romelic Tavadve Seqmnes, mamakacebi yovelTvis qalebs mimarTaven.
SeiZleba gamovyoT qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi specifiuri Tvisebebi. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobs azrovnebis sivrcis
gafarToebas da winapiroba iqneba axali, harmoniuli sociumis Sesaqmnelad.
specialistebis azriT, qalebs politikaSi SemoaqvT mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani
Rirebulebebi da damatebiTi kompetenturoba. isini gacilebiT ufro naklebad arian
midrekilni konfrontaciisadmi da iSviaTad mimarTaven problemebis gadaWras
Zaladobis gziT, miznis miRwevisas Tanamimdevrulobas, gamomgoneblobas da
adamianur urTierTobebSi kontaqturobis maRal unars avlenen. marTvisas qalebi
naklebad avtoritarulebi arian da xSirad uars amboben ZviradRirebuli anturaJis
Seqmnaze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia umaRlesi rangis CinovnikebisaTvis. dabolos
maRal ierarqiul struqturebSi qalebis yofna Zalze dadebiTad moqmedebs maTi
kolega mamakacebis qcevaze – akavebs, disciplinas matebs da akeTilSobilebs maT
qmedebebs.
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71
*
sayuradReboa, rom sqesis problema socialurad aRqmadi gaxda SedarebiT arc Tu didi xnis win, bolo
daaxloebiT 100-150 welia.
gacilebiT met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, agreTve, qalTa eleqtoratis, maTi
motivaciisa da qcevis, politikuri organizaciis, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis, agreTve
qalTa politikuri momzadebis sakadro politikis Seswavla. Cveni codna am mxriv,
mcirea da ufro intuiciasa da improvizaciazea damyarebuli.
Tavi VI
qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi arsebobs mniSvnelovani asimetria mamakacisa da
qalis, rogorc politikuri liderisa da xelmZRvanelis SefasebaSi. erTi mxriv,
rogorc wesi, sakmaod rTulad aRiqmeba qalis SesaZleblobebi, rogorc liderisa,
damoukidebeli, obieqturi pirovnebisa, romelsac gaaCnia masStaburad fiqrisa da
politikuri manevrirebis unari.
meore mxriv, xelmZRvaneli muSakis stereotipuli modeli qal-liderze
Tavisebur gavlenas axdens. igi yalibdeba "mamakacuri" standartis safuZvelze, ris
Sedegadac tansacmeli, qcevis manera Tavisebur cvlilebas ganicdis da saxezea
ramdenadme "maskulinizebuli" qali, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia qcevis sixiste
da TviTdajerebuloba. Sedegad komprometirebulia qali-lideris idea. Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli da sasurveli iqneboda dRis wesrigSi damdgariyo
tradiciulad gamomuSavebeli normebis da qcevis Cveuli ritualis Secvla.
msoflios umetesi qveynebis konstituciebSi dafiqsirebulia qalisa da mamakacis
Tanasworuflebisanoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, mT Soris politikaSi. ar arsebobs
pirdpiri samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic SezRudavdnen qalebis politikur da
mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi monawileobas, magram bevr qveyanaSi aris normatiuli
aqtebi sxvadasxva SromiTi SeRavaTis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia mSoblobis institutTan da orientirebulia mxolod erT mSobelze dedaze. dedas am SemTxvevaSi uxdeba ojaxuri da samsaxurebrivi funqciebis
SeTavseba. Sesabamisad, qali aRiqmeba muSakad, romelsac bevri SeRavaTi aqvs da
marTvelobiT struqturebSi dawinaurebisaTvis arasaimedo kandidatia.
socialur-ekoomikuri faqtorebis garda moqmedebaSi modis socialur-kulturuli normac, romelic aregulirebs adamianis qmedebas garkveul situaciaSi. mis
safuZvels warmoadgens SezRudvebi da akrZalvebi, romelTa saSualebiT sazogadoeba
Tavisi wevrebis qmedebaTa standartizebas axdens. garda amisa, is Seicavs dadebiT
ganawessac, romelic miuTiTebs, Tu rogor unda da SeiZleba moiqces adamiani. am
normebis Sesruleba metwilad Sinagani fsiqologiuri ganawesiT aris ganpirobebuli.
lideris qcevis normebi sazogadoebis socionormatiuli kulturiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
namdvilad misaRebia i. konis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom sqesTa Soris sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa xasiaTi damokidebulia ara imdenad Sromis danawilebaze
sqesis mixedviT da mamakacebisa da qalebis specifikur movaleobebze, ramdenadac
Zalauflebis ganawilebaze, mamakacuri da qaluri saqmianobis sazogadoebrivi
aRiarebis zomaze. (Кон, 1988).
tradiciuli damokidebuleba qalisadmi mTeli sicxadiT swored mmarTvelobiT
sferoSi vlindeba, rogorc privilegirebuli, prestiJuli saqmianobis dargSi,
romelic maRal socialur-ekonomikur statuss uzrunvelyos.
qalTa politikur mmarTvelobaSi CarTvisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes Semdegi faqtorebi: profesiuli zrda da profesiuli kompetenturoba, individis konkurentunarianoba, socialur-sayofacxovrebo sferos struqturis xarisxi.
mesame aTaswleulis dadgoma radikaluri cvlilebebiT aRiniSneba, rac saSualebas iZleva vilaparakoT axali civilizaciis warmoSobaze, romelSic warsulis
kulturul tradiciaTa mravalferovneba Serwymuli iqneba adamianTa urTierTobebisa da sazogadoebis mowyobis universalur safuZvlebTan.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis gageba SeuZlebelia ufro zogadi socialuri problemebis, maT Soris modernizaciis, globalizaciisa da integraciis problemebis gaTvaliswinebisa da analizis gareSe. .
dRes termins "globaloba" ZiriTadi koduri mniSvneloba eniWeba. mas uamravi
datvirTva aqvs – msoflmxedvelobrivi, mecnieruli, ideologiuri, kulturuli da
sxv. globalizacia, rogorc principi, moiTxovs adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis
urTierTkavSirebis erTobliobis erT struqturad ganxilvas. es sistema permanentulad krizisul mdgomareobaSia, radgan kacobriobis dRevandeli yofierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvela daZabuloba da konfliqti, katastrofa da afeTqeba, ase Tu
ise, sakvlevi sferos sazRvrebSi iyris Tavs. amasTan dakavSirebiT yalibdeba
planetaze mimdinare procesebis globalurad gaazrebis meqanizmi. globaluri
problemebi, romelTa gadawyvetazec adamianTa civilizaciis arseboba da progresi
aris damokidebuli. am problemebis gadawyveta erovnuli Zalisxmevis saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis efeqturi sistemis saqmianobasTan racionaluri Serwymis meSveobiT
aris SesaZlebeli. mecnier-globalistebis azriT, globalur problemebs zogadsakacobrio da sayovelTao masStabi aqvs, gamoirCeva kompleqsurobiT, dinamizmiT,
simwvaviT. isini erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli. maTi warmoSoba da
ganviTareba ganapiroba, erTi SexedviT, gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
teqnikur-ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri, bunebrivi procesebis urTierTqmedebam da urTierzegavlenam. isini gamoxatulebas poulobs moralur-eTikur, msoflmxedvelobriv, filosofiur Sexedulebebsa da koncefciebSi, romelTa safuZvelze
globalur problemebs gansaxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis saxelmwifoebi
sxadasxvanairad gaiazreben da maT gadasawyvetad gansxvavebul gzebsa da meTodebs
irCeven.
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi gaaqtiurda sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
humanizaciis procesi. realuri Tanasworobis problema kacobriobis ganviTarebis
globalur problemaTa rigs miekuTvna. msoflio Tanamegobroba im daskvnamde mivida,
rom uflebaTa iuridiulma Tanasworobam, romlisTvisac amdeni Zala da energia iqna
daxarjuli, molodini ver gaamarTla. Tanasworoba kanoniT faqtobriv Tanasworobas
rodi niSnavs.
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam socialuri TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom
iuridiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, socialuri an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara
aqvT arsebobisa da moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos
mxridan specialur samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroeben da, SesaZloa, warmoadgenen
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damoukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCnda kidev erTi mimarTuleba e.w. "adamianTa uflebebis
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxavs calkeuli socialuri jgufebis sasicocxlo
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12. Кикнадзе Т.Р., Женщина в религии и политике. Религия. История. Современность. М.,
“Юнити“ 1998.
13. Мейер М. С., Послесловия редактора к книге Бахрие Учок "Женщина-правитель в
мусульманских государствах", М., "Наука", 1992
14. Плахов В. Д., Традииция и Общество., М., Мысль, 1992
15. The annual review of women in world religions. V.1-3 – Albany, 1992-94.
16. Allik T., Human finitude and the concept of women’s experience // Mod. theology. – Oxford;
Cambridge, 1993. – v.9, N 1.
17. Amaru B.H., The first woman, wives, and mothers in Jubilees // J. of Biblicallit.: JBL. – Atlanta
(Ga), 1994 – v.113, N 4.
18. Barnes Nancy Shuster. “ Buddhism”. Women in World Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma, Albany,
N.Y., State University of N.Y. Press, 1987, 105-34.
19. Daly M., The Church and the Second Sex N.Y., 1968.
20. Hole J. and Livine E., Rebirth of Femimism W.J. 1971.
21. Sered Susan Starr, Women as Ritual Experts: The Religious Lives of Elderly Jewish Women in
Jerusalem. N.Y., Oxford UP, 1992.
22. O'Flaherty W. D., Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Manchester Press, 1988.
23. Times of India, New Delhi, December 11, 1987.
1.
2.
3.
4.
64
gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli formaa, romelic moiTxovs
maRal pasuxismgeblobas da, arcTu iSviaTad, drois zedmet danaxarjsac. amdenad,
qalebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis kardinalur gardaqmnaze im mizniT, rom man ar Seaferxos
qalis individualuri Tvisebebis gamovlenisa da realizebis procesi.
xSirad diskusiis sagani xdeba SekiTxva: rad unda qals maRali Tanamdebobrivi
posti? asaxeleben alternativas: an xelmZRvaneloba, an siyvaruli, ojaxi, bedniereba. aseTi alternativa, ubralod, dResdReobiT koreqtuli ar aris. siyvaruli,
ojaxi, bavSvebi partniorobas, rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis Tanabar monawileobas
moiTxovs.
rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, qalis yovel nabijs axali
socialuri rolis aTvisebis gzaze Tan sdevs uaryofiTi reaqcia sazogadoebis
konservatiulad ganwyobili nawilisagan, romelic am movlenaSi Tavisi Cveuli
privilegiebis dakargvis saSiSroebas xedavs. ase iyo, rodesac qalebi ibrZodnen
ganaTlebis da muSaobis uflebebis misaRebad, politikuri TavisuflebebisTvis.
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso centrebis da institutebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi
cxadyofen, rom qalebis monawileoba mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze stabilurobis
faqtoria. iq, sadac qalebi mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi 40%-s Seadgenen,
sazogadoeba ufro stabilurad viTardeba da socialurad aris orientirebuli.
kvotebis problema
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam gviCvena, qalebis politikaSi integracia
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes egalitaruli politikis formirebis, qalTa realuri
Tanasworobis saqmeSi saxelmwifos, wamyvani politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebriobis farTo masebis rolis gazrdis xarjze. (Шинелева,1996). msoflio
praqtikidan
gamomdinare,
umaRles
sakanonmdeblo
organoebSi
qalTa
warmomadgenlobis gazrdaze warmatebulad moqmedebs Semdegi faqtorebi:
partiuli kvota, anu, parlamentSi proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT,
kandidati-qalebis raodenobis gazrdis politikuri mizani;
kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmad sqesTa Tanafardoba partiebis mier
wardgenil kandidatTa siebSi unda Seesebamebodes qveynis demografiul maCvenebels;
saarCevno sistemis Secvla erTmandatiani (maJoritaruli) warmomadgenlobidan
proporciul warmomadgenlobaze.
aucilebelia Setanili iqnes koreqtivebi ara marto saxelmwifos
arsebul
ideologiaSi, armed qalTa mimarT moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi. saubaria imaze, rom
aRmoifxvras uTanasworoba, romelic qalTa konkurentunarianobas obieqturad
amcirebs.
mizanSewonilia SemuSavebuli iqnes qvotebis sistema, romelsac Tan unda sdevdes
mTeli saarCevno sistemis koreqtireba da romlis mizanic iqneba partiul siebSi
qal-kandidatTa raodenobis gazrda.
SemuSavebul unda iqnas miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa genderuli eqspertizis
sistema, agreTve qalTa uflebebis dacvaze sistematuri kontroli da sakadro
politika.
saxelmwifom da sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma unda uzrunvelyon politikuri
liderobis skolebis Seqmna, romlebic xels Seuwyobs qalebis momzadebas
politikuri saqmianobisaTvis.
zomebi, romelic zogierTma evropis sabWos qveyanam ganaxorciela genderuli
balansis gasaumjobeseblad
73
qveyana
gatarebuli zomebi
belgia
belgiaSi 1994 wels miiRes kanoni, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos
qalTa da mamakacTa balansirebul monawileobas saarCevno siebSi.
am kanonis mixedviT, yvela politikur arCevnebSi kandidatebis
mxolod 2/4 SeiZleba iyos erTi da imave sqesis. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, adgilebi, romlebic qalebs unda SeevsoT, vakanturi
rCeba. praqtkulad es niSnavs, rom yovel partiul siaSi
dawesebulia 1/4 kvota qali kandidatebisaTvis.
2000 wels senatis da warmomadgenelTa palatis mier moxda belgiis
konstituciis meore Tavis gadasinjva. qalTa da mamakacTa
Tanasworoba garantirebulia konstituciiT, romelic acxadebs,
rom kanoni, dekreti an wesi qalebs da mamakacebs maTi uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis Tanabari gamoyenebis garantias aZlevs
gansakuTrebulad uwyobs xels maT Tanabar monawileobas arCeviT
da sajaro Tanamdebobeze. garda amisa, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs
Sereul monawileobas mTavrobebSi.
parlamentSi gansaxilvelad aris agreTve Setanili kanonproeqti,
romlis mizania nebismieri donis saarCevno siebi Tanabari iyos. am
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, yovel siaSi sxvaoba TiToeuli sqesis
warmomadgenelTa Soris erTs ar unda aRematebodes. garda amisa,
siis TavSi ori kandidiati unda iyos sxvadasxva sqesis
warmomadgeneli.
irlandiaSi eqvsi ZiriTadi politikuri partiidan samSi moqmedebs
kvotis sistema (20%-dan 40%-de qali kandidatebi). danarCeni sami
partiidan erTma, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdis mizniT, miiRo
pozitiuri samoqmedo gegma, xolo meorem qalTa 40%-iani
warmomadgenloba daawesa.
islandiaSi oTxi ZiriTadi politikuri partiidan ors aqvs qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis wesi. erTma partiam miiRo
genderuli balansis samoqmedo gegma.
islandiis parlamentma 1991 wels miiRo dadgenileba qalTa
politikuri monawileobis RonsiZiebaTa gazrdis Sesaxeb. socialur
sakiTxTa saministros mier Seqmnilma komitetma organizeba gauwia
sareklamo kampanias, romelic qalebs mouwodebda politikaSi
mieRoT
monawileoba, sazogadoebis da politikuri partiebis
yuradRebas miapyrobda politikur procesebSi da saarCevno siebis
warmodgenisas genderuli balansis sakiTxebze.
makedoniaSi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis lobirebiT 2002
wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni kvotis Sesaxeb: @40% qalTa
warmomadgenloba yvela partiul siaSi.
SvedeTSi
politikuri
partiebi
mxars
uWeren
40/70
wess
Tanamdebobebze da saarCevno siebSi dasaxelebis dros, rac
praqtikulad niSnavs, rom arc mamakacTa da arc qalTa raodenoba
ar unda iyos 40%-ze naklebi. socialisturi demokratiuli partia
Tavis 1994 wlidan Tavis saarCevno sias mamakacTa da qalTa
monacvleobiT
adgens,
ris
Sedegadac
mTavrobaSi
qalebis
raodenoba 45%-ia, palamentSi ki – 44%.
espaneTSi politikuri partiebi TviTon gansazRvraven, rogor
gazardon
qalTa
warmomadgenloba
xelisuflebaSi.
Sedegad,
mTavrobaSi 21% qalebia, xolo parlamentSi 28%.
norvegiaSi yvela sajaro Tanamdebobaze, sabWoSi Tu komitetSi,
qalTa warmomadgenloba unda iyos 40% mainc. saparlamento
arCevnebs es kvota ar exeba. politikur partiaTa umetesoba
TviTon adgens araoficialur wess da meTods, rac TiTqmis kvotis
identuria. aRniSnuli politikis gatarebis Sedegad mTavrobaSi
qalTa raodenoba 42%-ia, parlamentSi ki - 47%.
irlandia
islandia
makedonia
SvedeTi
espaneTSi
norvegia
74
ze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amgvarad, iSviaTad cdilobs, socialur struqturebs,
romlebic qalebs Cagraven kanoniereba waarTvas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmi egueba garemomcvel kulturas, maSinac ki, Tu
kultura efuZneba mamakacis gabatonebul rols da axalisebs Zlieri sqesis aseT
mdgomareobas. miuxedavad amisa, budizmSi socialuri Tanasworobis qveteqsti
warmoadgens wyaros sazogadoebaSi qalebis statusis gasaTanabreblad.. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom budizmma istoriulad xeli ar Seuwyo qalebis Tanabari statusis
damkvidrebas socialur sferoSi. budisturi kacTmoyvareobis qadageba arasdros
gamodioda monobis, qonebrivi uTanasworobis, qalTa daCagruli mdgomareobisa da
socialuri uTanasworobis sxva gamovlenaTa winaaRmdeg.
dRemde budistur qveynebSi gabatonebulia patriarqaluri socialuri struqtura da Tvalsazrisi, rom qalebi mamakacebTan SedarebiT dabla dganan.
budizmma mniSvnelivani gavlena moaxdina rogorc indoeTis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoze, ise im qveynebis kulturaze, sadac igi gavrcelda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmma Tavisi arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze bevr sxvadasxva kulturul tradiciasa da individualur moTxovnilebasTan
adaptaciis procesSi SeiTvisa gansxvavebuli adgilobrivi religiebi da rwmenebi,
Tavisi kulti mravali wes-CveulebiT gaamdidra. swored aman ganapiroba, rom
budizmi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa.
amJamad budas moZRvrebas mTel msoflioSi uamravi (xuTas milionze meti)
mimdevari hyavs. budizmi gavrcelebulia tibetSi, monRoleTSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi,
nepalsa da aRmosavleTis bevr sxva qveyanaSi. mas bevri mimdevari hyavs evropasa da
CrdiloeT amerikaSi. budizmi ZiriTadi religiaa bevr aziur qveyanaSi. man didi
gavlena moaxdina msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis cxovrebis wesze.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze.
2. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?
3. egalitarizmis elementebi iudaizmSi.
4. ras iTvaliswinebda induizmis reforma qalTa sakiTxSi?
5. ra aris sati?
6. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?
7. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?
8. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?
9. qalis roli budizmSi.
10. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa da qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?
11. ra aris budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe?
63
Seuwyon maT gasxivosnebis miRwevaSi.
budizmma yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada samonastro cxovreba, miuxedavad
sqesisa da kastisa. man adamianebs SesTavaza am cxovrebaSi xelmeored dabadebis
gzebi. brahmanizmisagan gansxvavebiT, budizmma aRiara socialuri Tanasworoba da
uari Tqva induistur Sexedulebaze, romlis Tanaxmad mamakacebsa da qalebs
sxvadasxva gza aqvT. budizmi mouwodebda yvela qals – qaliSvils, romelic
gaTxovebas elodeba, cols, romelic Svilebs zrdis, Tu qvrivs – Tavi daenebebinaT
ubiwo cxovrebisaTvis induistur sazogadoebaSi da gasxivosnebisaken swrafva
gamoeCinaT.
budizmi gaxda ara marto Tavisuflebis
miRwevis alternatiuli saSualeba,
aramed agreTve sazogadoebaSi qalebis Cagruli mdgomareobisagan ganTavisuflebis
saSualebac.
budizmi patriarqaluri ojaxuri struqturis ryevis mraval wyaros Seicavs.
upirveles yovlisa, samonastro Temis, rogorc ojaxuri cxovrebis alternativis
gavlenam Searyia ojaxis mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi. patriarqatis dros mamakaci –
ojaxis ufrosi – sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens, magram
budizmSi, romlis rwmenis mixedviT gasxivosnebis miRweva SesaZlebelia samonastro
TemSi, mcirdeba ojaxis roli. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris gamoxatuli Teravadis
budizmSi, sadac gasxivosnebisaken gza SesaZlebelia ojaxur cxovrebaze xelis
aRebiT da samonastro Temis wevrad gaxdomiT. induizmisagan gansxvavebiT, Terevadas
budizmi samonastro cxovrebas qorwinebis srul alternativad ganixilavs. ojaxs
meorexarisxovani statusi miekuTvneba mahaianis budizmSic, romlis qadagebis
mixedviT, gasxivosnebis miRweva ojaxSi darCeniTac SeiZleba. aseT situaciaSi
gasxivosneba SesaZlebelia, magram misi miRweva ufro rTulia. am SemTxvevaSic, Tumca
nakleb, samonastro cxovreba ojaxur cxovrebaze metad fasdeba.
budizmi, aniWebs ra ojaxs meorexarisxovan statuss, aryevs saerTod ojaxur
cxovrebas da ara kerZod patriarqalurs. mtkiceba, rom qals SeuZlia miaRwios
gasxivosnebas, ara mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom qals aqvs gasxivosnebis miRwevis
unari, aramed imasac, rom es misTvis socialurad kanonieria. marTlac, Tu Svilebma
monasterSi wasasvlelad orive mSoblis nebarTva unda miiRon, colebisaTvis qmrebis
aseTi nebarTva saWiro ar aris.
budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man
indoeTSi SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi religiuri cxovreba da ojaxis patriarqaluri
struqturis Sesusteba. pirvel rigSi, qalebs ojaxis alternatiuli varianti miecaT.
arCevanis SesaZleblobam qals meti ufleba misca rogorc gaTxovebaze Tanxmobis
gamocxadebis dros, ise ojaxur cxovrebaSi. budizmi adgens Tanasworobas meuRleebs
Soris da awesebs ara mxolod colebis valdebulebebs qmrebis mimarT, aramed qmrebis
valdebulebebsac qalebis mimarT. vinaidan rogorc dedam, ise mamam nebarTva unda
miscen TavianT Svilebs monasterSi sacxovreblad wasasvlelad, cxadia, rom Svilebi
ekuTvnian rogorc mamas, ise dedas. ufro metic, gaTxovil qalebs garkveuli
finansuri damoukidebloba aqvT, radgan SeuZliaT memkvidreobiT miiRon sakuTreba
da Tavad gankargon is.
col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb budisturi Sexeduleba arRvevs warmodgenas imis
Sesaxeb, rom qvrivi qalis seqsualurobas misi meuRle marTavs. budizmSi qali Tavis
col-qmrul movaleobas qmris sikvdilamde asrulebs. misgan ar moiTxoven erTgulebas xelmeored gaTxovebaze uaris TqmiT, amis nacvlad, mas SeuZlia arCevanis
gakeTeba: ar SeuerTdes religiur Tems, darCes marto an xelmeored gaTxovdes.
socialuri ierarqiisa da patriarqaluri ojaxis struqturis rRvevis faruli
potencialis miuxedavad, budizmi, Cveulebriv, adamianis fsiqologiur mdgomareoba62
luqsemburgi
didi
britaneTi
malta
poloneTi
portugalia
safrangeTi
fineTi
somxeTi
luqsemburgSi samma yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovanma partiam,
romlebic parlamentSia (palataSi) warmodgenili ganaxorciela
Sida pozitiuri RonsiZiebebi. socialur-qristianulma partiam
amocanad daisaxa sruli Tanasworobis miRweva partiul Tanamdebobebze da parlamentSi. saarCevno siebSi 1/4 qalebia. mwvaneTa
partiam gamoacxada kvota 50/50. Sedegad qalebis raodenoba
mTavrobaSi 40%-ia, xolo parlametSi – 18%.
did britaneTSi 2002 wlis dekemberSi miRebuli iqna kanoni,
romelic politikur partiebs nebas rTavs ganaxorcielon pozitiuri zomebi qalTa da mamakacTa araTanabari warmomadgenlobis
Sesamcireblad.
maltaSi
leiboristulma
partiam
generalur
konferenciaSi
monawileobis misaRebad SemoiRo kvotis sistema: 1999 w. - 25%; 2000
w. - 40%; 2001 w. - 45%; 2002 w. – 40%, xolo partiul
Tanamdebobebze 20%-iani kvota.
poloneTSi ZiriTadi politikuri partiebi aRiareben qalTa
monawileobis gazrdis aucileblobas, magram araviTar specialur
RonisZiebebs ar axorcieleben.
portugaliaSi erTaderTi partia, romelsac dawesebuli aqvs 25%iani kvota rogorc partiuli TanamdebobisaTvis, ise saarCevno
siebisaTvis, aris socialisturi partia. 2002 wlis arCevnebSi es
partia 97 adgiliT mesame adgilze gavida. parlamentis 240
wevridan 22 qalia (22,9%).
safrangeTSi orma politikurma partiam - socialisturma da mwvaneTa
partiam ganaxorciela pozitiuri RonisZiebani partiis SigniT.
1999 wels moxda konstituciis gadasinjva da gamocxadda arCeviT
Tanamdebdebobebsa da arCeviT organoebSi qalTa da mamakacTa monawileobis misawvdomoba. me-4 muxli kanons avalebs pasuxismgeblobas
Tanabar misawvdomlobaze xolo muxli 4 acxadebs, rom politikurma
partiebma xeli unda Seuwyon aRniSnuli principis ganxorcielebas. 2000
wlis 4 maiss miRebuli iqna specialuri kanoni qalebisa da mamakacebis
Tanabari misawvdomobis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqti mTavrobis mier iqna
wardgenili. mTavrobam airCia, erTi mxriv, balansirebuli warmomadgenloba (50% TiTeuli sqesis kandidati), meore mxriv, ar Seexo xmis
micemis sistemas. saparlamento arCevnebSi yovel saarCevno siaSi
"sxvaoba qal da mamakac kandidatTa raodenobas Soris erTs ar unda
aRematebodes" xolo adgilobriv da regionul arCevnebSi 8 kandidaturisagan Sedgenil yovel jgufSi 4 qali da 4 mamakaci unda iyos.
ufro metic, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu politikur partiaSi qalTa kandidatebis da mamakac kandidatebis sxvaoba 2%-s aRemateba, maSin partiis
dafinanseba Semcirdeba im procentebis naxevris raodenobiT, rasac es
gansxvaveba Seadgens, (mag., 10% - sxvaoba, 5% - dafinansebis Semcireba).
amis Sedegad 2001 welis arCevnebiT senatSi qalTa raodenoba gaormagda,
2001 wlis municipalur arCevnebSi qalTa raodenobam 47,5% Seadgina.
fineTSi 1995 wlis qvotis kanoni avalebs xelisuflebas xeli
Seuwyos qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis miRwevas. qvotis kanoni
ar exeba saparlamento da municipalur arCevnebs. saerTo klimati
qveyanaSi aseTia: mTavrobaSi qalTa warmomadgenloba – 44,4%,
parlamentSi – 47%.
somxeTSi 1999 wels miRebuli iqna saarCevno kodeqsi, romlis
Tanaxmad partiuli siebi unda Seicavdes qali kandidatebis
aranakleb 5%-sa.
75
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis rolsa
da statusze.
2. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?
3. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebebebi ra zomebi aris
miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb., bakur sulakauris gamocema, 2002
"genderis aqtualuri sakiTxebi". Ggaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, 1998.
qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij. Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001
saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi; saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.
5. qali da arCevnebi. "genderuli ganviTarebis asociacia". Tbilisi, 2002
6. Бергер И., На чем держится теория модернизации? "РЖ Социлогия", 1997 № 4
7. Женщины скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века.Орел 2000
8. Кон И.С., Введение в сексологию. М., 1988
9. Мюрдаен Г., Современные проблемы «третьего мира» М., 1972
10. Уськов Г.С., Твои права, человек. М., 1993
11. Хабермас Ю., Модернизация – несовершенный проект. Ж. Вопросы Философии, 1994, № 4
12. Фридан Б. Загадки женственности М., 1994
13. Шинелева Л.И. Женщина и власть. Интеграция в политику // Пеформа, 1996 №11
76
masTan mTlianad ar gaewyvitaT kavSiri. bermonazvnebi eriskacebis sazogadoebis
gverdiT unda cxovrobdnen da am sazogadoebis STagonebis wyaro, gamaTavisuflebeli TviTdisciplinis magaliTi da maswavleblebi unda iyvnen. eriskacebma ki
pativi unda scen bermonazvnebs da sakuTari Tavi imisTvis unda moamzadon, rom uari
Tqvan yovelgvar sikeTeze da am gziT miaRwion nirvanas. budas mier naCvenebi gzebi
gulisxmobs mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobis aucileblobas, mkacr zneobriobas,
civ racionalizmsa da meditacias.
budam Tavis gzas nirvanisaken uwoda "Sualeduri gza, romelic gadis grZnobadi
moTxovnilebebis Tavawyvetil dakmayofilebasa (gedonizmi) da mkacr gandgomas
(asketizmi) Soris". misi gza gansakuTrebul yuradRebas cnobierebis disciplinaze
amaxvilebda.
budam uaryo farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena maradiuli sulisa da maradiuli
RmerTis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela cvlilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. budizmis
mixedviT, ar arsebobs subieqtisa da obieqtis, sulisa da materiis dapirispireba, ar
arsebobs RmerTi, rogorc Semoqmedi da aucilebeli umaRlesi arseba. buda im
daskvnamde mivida, rom cvalebadoba adamianis yofierebis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa.
adamiani, iseve rogorc yvelaferi, rac mis garSemoa, mudmivad moZraobs, yovel wams
aRorZindeba da Wkneba. amasTan, ar arsebobs am cvlilebebis ucvleli subieqti,
ucvleli adamianuri "me". gadmocemis Tanaxmad, budas bolo sityvebi iyo: "yvelaferi, rac warmoiSoba, qreba, gulmodgined eZieT xsna".
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli budizmi qadagebda adamianTa Tanasworobas, ganurCevlad maTi kasturi da wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. is aRiarebda maTi "xsnis" Tanabar
uflebas. adamianis xsna damokidebulia ara RmerTebis daxmarebaze, ara mis socialur
mdgomareobasa da warmoSobaze, aramed mxolod mis mondomebaze.
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze budizmi uaryofda raime gansxvavebas
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gasxivosnebis miRwevis gzebTan dakavSirebiT. budizmis
mTavari debulebis Tanaxmad, yvela adamians, miuxedavad sqesisa da socialuri
statusisa, SeuZlia miaRwios gasxivisnebas. Tumca, niSandoblivia, rom budizmis
ganviTarebis adreul etapebze dedaTa samonastro ordenebi instituciurad
mamakacTa ordenebs eqvemdebareboda. es daqvemdebareba Tavad budas mier iyo
dadgenili. Tavdapirvelad man uari Tqva ukve daarsebul ordenSi qalebis miRebaze,
Semdeg ki maTTvis calke ordeni daafuZna. dedaTa ordeni berebis kontrols
eqvemdebareboda.
aseTma instituciurma subordinaciam gamoiwvia dedaTa ordenebis gaufasureba,
mogvianebiT ki – maTi dacema. Teravadis (e.w. samxreTis budizmis) Tanaxmad
gasxivosnebas mxolod im adamianebma SeiZleba miaRwion, romlebic mTel TavianT
sicocxles samonastro cxovrebas miuZRvnian. amgvarad, dedaTa monastrebis dacemam
mkacrad SezRuda qalebis imedi, mieRwiaT gasxivosnebisaTvis. magram miuxedavad
amisa, maRali saero wris qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen religiur
cxovrebaSi. isini xSirad finansur mxardaWeras uwevdnen mamakacebis monastrebs.
hinaianisagan gansxvavebiT, mahaianis budizmSi qalebis monastrebis dacemas aseTi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, radgan gasxivosnebis miRweva ar Semoifargleboda mxolod
samonastro elitiT. mahaiana amtkicebs, rom nebismieri cxovrebiseuli gza,
monasterSi an mis gareT, SeiZleba iqces gasxivosnebis miRwevis saSualebad. mahaianis
teqstebSi moTxrobilia im daqorwinebul mamakacebsa da gaTxovil qalebze,
romlebmac gasxivosnebis gzaze warmatebas miaRwies.
budas miaCnda, rom qalebma SeiZleba miaRwion gasxivosnebis dones da ar
arsebobs misi miRwevis gansxvavebuli gzebi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis. erT-erTi
fici, romelsac zogierTi beri debs, mouwodebs maT, ar daamciron qalebi da xeli
61
5. budizmi – socialuri da sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba
budizmi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa (qristianobasa da
islamTan erTad). igi warmoiSva CrdiloeT indoeTSi Zv. w. VI-V s.s-Si. mis Semqmnelad
iTvleba sidharTa gautama, igive Sakia (sakia) – muni (gandegili Sakiebis tomidan).
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, igi Sakiebis tomis beladis Sudhodanis vaJi iyo da Zv. w. 623-544
w.w. cxovrobda. gautamam 29 wlis asakSi datova ojaxi da asketuri moxetiale
cxovreba daiwyo. 7 wlis Semdeg igi axali rwmenis mqadagebeli gaxda da safuZveli
Cauyara pirvel ber-monazvnur Tems – sanghis. SemdgomSi Sakia-muns uwodes buda
(sanskr. budha - gasxivosnebuli), xolo mis moZRvrebas – budizmi.
budizmis ZiriTadi doqtrinaa moZRvreba "oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis"
Sesaxeb: arsebobs – tanjva, misi mizezi, tanjvaTa Sewyveta (nirvana – ganTavisuflebis mdgomareoba) da rvamagi gza – nirvanisaken mimavali gza.
budizmis gavrcelebis Semdgom periodSi moxda misi or Stod gayofa: adreul
budizms uwodeben "hinaianas" ("patara etli" anu xsnis "viwro gza"), xolo
mogvianebiT, Cv. w I saukuneSi warmoSobil formas – "mahaianas" ("didi etli" anu
xsnis "didi gza").
indoeTSi budizmis ayvavebis xanad iTvleba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebi – ax.
w I aTaswleulis dasawyisi.
X s-Si budizmma indoeTSi dakarga gabatonebuli mdgomareoba da TandaTan
dauaxlovda induizms – indoeTis axal religias. budizmi, rogorc damoukidebeli
religiuri moZRvreba, farTod gavrcelda samxreT-aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT aziis
qveynebSi. iq damkvidrda hinaiana – samxreTis budizmis anu Teravada budizmis –
sityvasityviT – uxucesTa moZRvrebis saxelwodebiT.
arsebobs budizmis sxvadasxva seqta da skola.
miuxedavad
gansxvavebebisa,
budizmis
yvela
religiur-filosofiur
mimdinareobasa da saxeobaSi arsebul warmodgenaTa erTiani birTvi budizms sxva
religiebisagan ganasxvavebs.
budizmis mixedviT, cxovreba tanjvaa. adamiani Tavad aris sakuTari tanjvis
mizezi da ara gare pirobebi, arasrulyofili sazogadoeba da zebunebrivi Zalis
zemoqmedeba. tanjvaTa mizezi adamianis azrebis, sityvebisa da moqmedebebis
erToblivi Zalis karmaSi mdgomareobs (sanskr. Karma –"saqme, qmedeba, moqmedeba").
ufro metic, karma Tavad sicocxlis mizezia. adamianebi Tavad qmnian TavianT Tavs.
maTi fizikuri ieri (saxe) maTi yofierebis Sedegs warmoadgens. is yalibdeba da
viTardeba sicocxlis, siamovnebis, Zalauflebis, flobisa da Tavisuflebis survilis
zemoqmedebiT. garkveulwilad adamiani xdeba iseTi, rogoric mas unda, rom iyos.
Tavad adamianebma unda moipovon gamarjveba tanjvaze TaviTkontrolis saSualebiT. TviTSezRudvis preqtika da meditacia iwvevs gasxivosnebas (sanskr. "bodhi")
– gamoRviZebasa da tanjvis Sewyvetas (nirvanas).
gza gasxivosnebisa da nirvanisaken iwyeba rwmeniT da Semdeg grZeldeba
gulmowyalebis, zneobrivi disciplinisa da meditaciis saSualebiT.
budizmi saboloo jamSi nirvanisaken swrafvaa, romelsac adamiani sakuTari
keTili saqmeebiTa (kargi karmiT) da sxvebis keTil saqmeebSi TanamonawileobiT
axorcielebs.
budas miaCnda, rom rogorc eriskacebi, ise bermonazvnebi erTnairad unda
iswrafvodnen nirvanisaken. maTi Zalisxmeva mxolod intensiurobis doniT gansxvavdeba. maT Soris unda iyos urTierTkavSiri,. Tumca buda ibrZoda cxovrebis bermonazvnuri wesisaTvis, is xels uwyobda im eriskacebs, romlebic budizms
aRiarebdnen; Tavis berebs ki mouwodebda, kavSiri hqonodaT sazogadoebasTan da
60
Tavi V II
qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi
1. istoriuli eqskursi
rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, qalTa moZraobebi ganmanaTleblobis xanis ganmanTavisuflebel da demokratiuli ideebis CasaxvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mis pirvel
manifests ki "qalis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia" warmoadgens, romelic frangma
mweralma qalma olimpia de guJma "adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis" (1791
w) sapasuxod dawera. man moiTxova qalebis sruluflebian moqalaqeTa kategoriaSi
CarTva, romlis mTavari ideac qalis, rogorc Tavisufali pirovnebis aRiareba da misi
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba iyo. amave ideas usvamda xazs I. furie, rodesac ambobda:
"qalTa uflebebis gazrda yovelgvari socialuri progresis mTavari principia."
TanasworobisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi Tavdapirvelad cdilobdnen Tavisi miznebisaTvis samarTlis sferoSi progresuli reformebis gatarebis gziT mieRwiaT.
safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis dros qalebi monawileobas iRebdnen yvela
farTomasStabian saxalxo gamosvleaSi. magram miuxedavad amisa, revoluciis beladebi
ugulvelyofdnen qalTa Tanasworobis ideas da qalTa pirveli organizaciebi –
revoluciuri klubebi, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen politikuri brZolaSi
TandaTan daxures.
inglisSi qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis idea wamoyenebul iqna meri uolston kraftis (1759-1797) mier wignSi "qalTa uflebebis dasacavad" (1792).
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qalTa moZraobis aqtivistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
Tanaswor uflebebze ganaTlebis miRebis sakiTxSi. am moTxovnebs emateba ufleba
Sromaze. safrangeTSi mwifdeba idea qalis ojaxSi monobis winaaRmdeg, xolo aSS-sa da
did britaneTSi – mamakacebTan Tanaswori saarCevno xmis uflebis mopovebis Sesaxeb.
XIX saukuneSi burJuaziulma revoluciebma evropis mTel rig qveynebSi qalTa
politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi TansaworobisaTvis moZraobas axali impulsi misces.
gaCnda qalTa klubebi, mravalricxvovani qalTa kavSirebi. 1848 wels aSS-Si Sedga
istoriaSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis pirveli yriloba.
XIX sauknis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qalTa organizaciebi gaCnda evropis,
aziisa da amerikis bevr qveyanaSi. 1888 wels amerikeli qalebis iniciativiT Seiqmna
qalTa pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia – qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo. 1904 wels
daarsda sufraJistTa saerTaSoriso organizacia - qalTa saamomrCevlo uflebaTa
saerTaSoriso aliansi. amasTan erTad iqmneboda saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri, erovnuli
qalTa organizaciebi. iyo mcdelobebi Seqmniliyo calkeuli qalTa profkavSiruli
organizaciebi, rac kapitalistur qveynebSi muSaTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. rig evropis qveynebSi qalTa moZraobebi sul ufro proletarul
mimarTulebas iZenen, Tanasworobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba mSromelTa socialuri
Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTul saerTo amocanebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo amgvari
moZraoba germaniaSi, sadac klara cetkinis xelmZRvanelobiT daiwyes Jurnalis gamocema, regularulad iwveoda sruliadgermaniis qalTa konferenciebi. 1907, wels
StudgartSi da 1910 wels kopenhagenSi Sedga qal-socialistTa saerTaSoriso
konferenciebi. kopenhagenSi, sadac 17 qveynis delegati qalebi eswrebodnen, miRebuli
iqna gadawyvetileba 8 marti dawesebuliyo qalTa saerTaSoriso dRed.
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi mimdinareobs difenenciaciis procesi. am periodSi
isxeba saerTaSoiso pacefisturi moZraoba. 1915 wels haagaSi amerikeli sazogadoebrivi
moRvawis jein adamsis iniciativiT daarsda qalTa saerTaSoriso komiteti "myari
mSvidobisaTvis (1919 wlidan qalTa saerTaSoriso liga "mSvidobisa da Tavisuflebi77
saTvis"), muSaoba qalTa Soris gaaqtiures social-demokratebmac, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna
qalTa saerTaSoriso socialisturi samdivnos. gaCnda qalTa specializebuli organizaciebi – qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia sauniversiteto ganaTlebiT (1919 w.) Ria
karis internacionali dasqmebul qalTa ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis (1929 w.) da
sxv. kominternTan Seiqmna qalTa saerTaSoriso samdivno.
faSizmis saSiSroebam qalTa antifaSisturi moZraobis Camo.yalibeba gamoiwvia, romelic erTiani saxalxo frontis Semdgeneli nawili iyo. 1934 wels parizSi Catarda
faSizmisa da omis sawinaaRmdego qalTa msoflio kongresi, xolo 1938 wels - marselSi
omissawinaaRmdego qalTa kongresi. meore msoflio omis dros qalTa bevri organizacia
aqtiurad ibrZoda faSizmis wanaaRmdeg.
faSizmis damarcxebis Semdeg qalTa moZraobaSi axali procesebi viTardeba. sul
ufro didi aqcenti keTdeba qalTa uflebebis dacvaze, bavSTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze, izrdeba zogadsocialuri, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis, mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis problemebis speqtri.
Tanmedrove pirobebSi dasavleTsa da aSS-Si qalTa moZraoba – es aris qalTa
aqtiuri gamosvlebi, Tanabari ublebebisaTvis samuSaoze miRebisas, profesiis aTvisebis,
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis da qveynis politikuri cxovrebaSi monawileobisas.
miuxedavad arsebuli kanonmdeblobisa am qveynebSi jer kidev ar aris uzrunvelyofili qalTa inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli realizeba. dRemde moqmedeben
patrirqaluri azrovnebis stereotipebi, romlebic qalTa diskriminacias uwyoben xels.
qalebi ZirTadad dasaqmebulni arian momsaxurebis sferoSi, administraciuli aparatis
dabal Tanamdebobebze. Tumca zogierT qveynebSi qalebma SeZles aRiareba moepovebinaT
iseT sferobSi, romlebic wminda mamakacurad iTvleboda. aSS-Si mosamarTle qalTa
raodenoba 1985-1995 wels 7%-dan 18%-de gaizarda, operatorebisa da sainformacio
sistemebis specialistebisa 11%-dan 28%-mde, ekonomistebisa – 13,3%-dan 34,5%-mde,
arqiteqtorebisa 4,3%-dan 11%-mde. rogorc amerikeli mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, Tumca
qalebma SeZles garRveva da aiTvises profesiebi, romelic wminda mamakacur profesiebad iTvleboda, Tanasworobisagan isini jer kidev Sors arian. (Working Women. P.
XII).
MqalTa moZraobis ganviTarebSi udidesi roli iTamaSa gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciam, romelic Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan (1945 wlis 24 oqtomberi) Tanaswori
uflebebis garantad gvevlineba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaerom miiRo konvencia
qalTa mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana am sakiTxSi, agreTve, iuneskom (parizi) – gaeros organizaciam ganaTlebis,
mecnierebisa da kulturis dargSi, romelic 1946 wels Seiqmna. garda saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa ganaTlebis da kulturi dargSi, samecniero-teqnikuri
da kulturuli informaciis gavrcelebisa iuneskom gamovida programiT ganaTlebis
dargSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg da erovnuli kulturebis dacvisaTvis.
Tanamdrove etapze qalTa moZraobam axali gaazreba, Sinaarsi da prioritetebi
SeiZina, rac imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom yalibdeba RirebulebaTa da idealTa
axali sistema, viTardeba da ixveweba feministuri Teoria, romelic moqalaqeobriv
uflebebzea dafuZnebuli, icvleba urTierTobebi ojaxSi, yalibdeba ojaxisa da qcevis
axali modeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qalTa moZraobam, Teoriisa da praqtikis
Serwymis, politikuri, ekonomikuri, samecnieroa, sulieri, socialuri problemebis
gadaWrisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis xarjze, axali xarisxi SeiZina. dReisaTvis SveciaSi
moqmedebs qalTa social-demokratiuli kavSiri, germaniaSi – partiebsa da
profkavSirebSi 100-ze meti qalTa organizacia da seqcia. aSS-Si 1000-ze meti qalTa
organizacia, aqedan 100- ze meti saerToerovnuli. isini aerTianeben sxvadasxva
yuranSi ama Tu im aiaTis gaCenis dro. arsebobs agreTve uamravi legeda Cadris
tarebasTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erTi aseTi legenda ukavSirdeba muhamedis sayvarel
cols – aiSas,. magram rogorc ar unda iyos, zewris tareba dakavSirebulia Zvel
drosa da e.w. "evas kompleqsTan". susti sqesis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic SeiZleba
"angelosebma advilad acdunon" Tavi unda daiburon. berZnul miTebSi ar iyvnen
angelosebi, magram iyvnen RmerTebi, romlebsac xSirad SecdomaSi SeyavdaT miwieri
lamazmanebi. bibliaSi qalebis Semcdenlebad RmerTis Svilebi – angelosebi
gvevlinebian.
78
59
socialur-politikuri aqtiuroba
muslimanuri qveynebisaTvis qalTa specifikuri problemebia damaxasiaTebeli:
zogierT qveyanaSi – es aris Sromisa da politikuri uflebebis problema (saudis
arabeTi da sparseTis yuris qveynebi), zogan sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis (arabuli
qveynebi), zogan ganaTlebis problema (sparseTis yure da afrikis CrdiloeTi), zogan
ki dedobis problema (egvipte, palestina, erayi, iemeni, libani).
miuxedavad qalebis aqtiuri monawileobisa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel
moZraobasa (Tumca istoriam ineba, rom yvela muslimanuri qveyana ar yofiliyo
CarTuli aseT brZolaSi) da politikuri cxovrebaSi (siria, iemeni, egvipte), am
qveynebSi politikuri cxovrebaSi qalebis monawileobas formaluri xasiaTi aqvs, rac
ori faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli: upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom mmarTvel reJims
ar gaaCnia demokratiuli tradiciebisa da racionaluri politikis gamocdileba da
meore – TviT qalebs ara aqvT socialur-politikuri aqtiurobisaTvis saWiro
profesiuli da fsiqologiuri Cvevebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel rig muslimanur qveynebSi qalTa politikuri
uflebebi konstituciebiT aris gamyarebuli (siria, egvipte, irani, tunisi, iemeni,
erayi da sxv.) maTi politikuri aqtiuroba sakmaod dabalia. praqtika Teoriisagan
Sors dgas ara marto qalebis aqtiurobis, aramed sazogadoebaSi maTi mdgomareobis
da statusis TvalsazrisiT.
am mxriv, metad sayuradReboa TviT muslimani qalebis mcdelobebi Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi Secvalon TavianTi mdgomareoba. sul ufro izrdeba qalTa
organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebic saerTaSoriso organizacia "qalTa platformaSi"
arian gaerTianebulni.
dReisaTvis islamur moZraobaSi SeiniSneba sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. pirvel
mimarTulebas
miekuTvnebian
religiuri
moRvaweebi,
romlebic
gamodian
arapolitikuri aqciebiT da miaCniaT, rom maTi aqtiurobis ZiriTadi sfero
ganaTleba, kultura da socialuri yofaa, radganac axalgazrdobis, gansakuTrebiT
qaliSvilebis, religiuri suliT aRzrda qveynis islamur momavals uzrunvelyofs.
maT sapirispirod, e.w. "reformatorebi", romelTa raodenobac sakmaod didia,
politikuri aqciebis momxreni arian da TavianTi politikuri moRvaweobis centrSi
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis reformas ayeneben.
mesame jgufs miekuTvnebian radikaluri mimarTulebis islamistebi, romlebic
mzad arian qveynis saTaveSi nebismieri gziT (politikuriT Tu SeiaraRebuli)
movidnen. swored am jgufma 1995 wels moaxdina alJiris saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis paralizeba. maTi eqstremizmi "qalTa sakiTxis" gadaWris gzaze sakmaod
rTul barierebs qmnis.
arakurTxeul winaswarmetyvels muhameds amdeni coli hyavda, Tumca orive maTgani
umaRles sikeTed RvTis msaxurebas Tvlida. pasuxic aseTia: yvelafers sjobs,
SevaerToT erTica da meorec, Tu rCeuli amisaTvis saWiro Zalasa da sidiades
flobs. Cvenma yovlad dalocvilma winaswarmetyvelma miiRo aseTi Zala da RvTisadmi
erTguleba SeaerTa qorwinebasTan. Tumca mas cxra coli hyavda, igi mTlianad
uZRvnida Tavis Tavs RvTis samsaxurs".
TviTon muhamedma, TiTqosda Tavis marTlebisaTvis, aseTi aiaTebi warmoTqva: "o,
winaswarmetyvelo, Cven neba mogeciT Sen, iyolio colad isini, vinc jildod mogeca
da isinic, visac marjvena Seni daeufla maTgan, vinc alahma giboZa, Seni mamidebis
qaliSvilebic, Seni dedis Zmis qaliSvilebic, Seni deidebis qaliSvilebic, morwmune
qalic, radgan man Tavi miuZRvna winaswarmetyvels da Tu igi mis colobas
moindomebs... amis Semdeg Sen sxva qali aRar gergeba, arc maTi sxva qalebiT Secvla
SegiZlia, maSinac ki, Tu maTi silamaze dagkodavs, Tu ara maTiT, visac Seni marjvena
daeufla" (yurani 33-49).
yuranisa da sxva darigebebis Tanaxmad, cols moeTxoveba misdios garkveul
wesebs: ar gamovides saxlidan, Tu qmrisagan nebarTvas ar miiRebs, agreTve aravin
SeuSvas Tavis saxlSi, yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe Seasrulos diasaxlisis yvela
movaleoba, Tavisi ganwyobileba SeuTanxmos qmris ganwyobilebas – roca is
mxiarulia, colmac mxiaruli saxe unda miiRos, Tu is mowyenilia, colma TanagrZnoba
unda gamoxatos qmris sazrunavsa da sadardebelze; ikmaros is saSualebani da
pirobebi, rac mas qmarma Seuqmna. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg ataros samgloviaro
tansacmeli da, Tu surs saiqioSi Sexvdes gardacvlili qmars, meored aRar
gaTxovdes.
politikuri mrwamsis mqone milionze met qals. arsebobs sauniversiteto ganaTlebis
mqone qalTa amerikuli asociacia
- qalTa yvelaze ufro msxvili erovnuli
gaerTianeba, filialebiT mTels qveyanaSi. mis programas Seadgens: Tanabari uflebebi da
SesaZleblobebi yvela amerikeli qalisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT politikaSi; sakanonmdeblo
bazis gafarToeba; samedicino momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba da sxv.
qalTa moZraobebis amofrqveva dasavleTsa da aSS- Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebze
modis. es aris feminizmis, rogorc socialur-politikuri Teoriis ganviTarebis periodi, rac Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia dasaqmebul qalTa socialur-politikuri aqtiobis zrdasTan, romelTa raodenobac dRiTi-dRe izrdeba. Seicvala qalTa socialuri
prioritetebi, maTi imiji. uaris Tqves ra mxolod colobis, disasaxisobisa da qmrebis
damxmareebis rolze, qalebi iRwvian TviTrealizaciis, socialuri aRiarebisa da
mamakacTan Tanabari partnioruli urTierTobebisaTvis. am periodSi xdeba qalTa
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso moZraobebis da organizaciebis formireba. qalebis
moqalaqeobrivi aqtiurobis zrda, maTi mcdeloba Taviseburi gavlena moaxdinon
politikaze, intersi globaluri problemebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki im problemebisadmi, romlebic adamianis sasicocoxlo interesebSi Sedis, protesti gamalebuli
SeiaraRebis winaaRmdeg, garemos dacva – es yvelaferi qalTa moZraobas Tanamedrove
demokratiis sakmaod mZlavr Zalad aqcevs.
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis gadaWris mniSvnelovani faqtoria
sqesobrivi segregacia da Cadri
islamuri samarTali mkacrad aregulirebs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs. morwmune
muslimani qali arasodes Sedis socialur kontaqtSi mamakacTan, Tu igi masTan
mahramis valdebulebiT ar aris dakavSirebuli. aucilebel SemTxvevebSic ki (mag.
eqimTan wasvlisas) mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs naTesavi, romlis TandaswrebiTac igi
kontaqts amyarebs sawinaaRmdego sqesis ucxo warmomadgenelTan. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi, magaliTad, studentebisaTvis, romlebic dasavleTis universitetebSi
swavloben, rogorc wesi, dasaSvebia auditoriaSi profesor-maswavleblebTan marto
darCena. magram aRniSnuli mxolod gamonakliss warmoadgens. yvela sxva islamuri
qcevis standarti daculi unda iqnes. (Данни, 1998).
qalTa karCaketiloba da amis Sedegad sqesobrivi segregacia, islamis gamogoneba
rodia, Tumca masTan asocirdeba. gaTxovili qalisaTvis garemo samyarsTan
urTierTobis SezRudva damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli da Sua saukuneebis umravlesi
tradiciuli
sazogadoebebisaTvis.
rogorc
"despotur"
aRmosavleTSi,
ise
"demokratiul" saberZneTSi, qali Tavis adgilsamyofels (iqneboda es berZnuli
ginekea, Tu iranuli zanana) ar scildeboda. mas ar hqonda ufleba monawileoba mieRo
mamakacTa saubarSi, ar SeeZlo maTTan erTad sufrasTan damjdariyo da fexze mdgari
emsaxureboda maT. mxolod mamakacebisagan moSorebiT, "sufTa mdgomareobaSi", TeTr
zewarSi gaxveuls (rasac mogvianebiT pavle mociqulma "maszed Zalauflebis niSani"
uwoda), SeeZlo qals RvTismsaxurebas daswreboda. magram fics sakurTxevelTan an
sasamarTloSi Zala maSin hqonda, Tu mas qmari an mamakaci naTesavi adasturebda.
pirvel gandegilebad TviT winaswarmetyvelis colebi gaxdnen. TavianTi qmrebis
maRali mdgomareoba maT avaldebulebdaT "gansakuTrebuli" wesiT ecxovraT. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, yuranis istoriografebma istoriulad SeiZleba daadasturon
qalebi sul ufro farTod ebmevian SromiT saqmianobaSi da momuSaveTa 40%-s
Seadgenen. maTi mier iqmneba materialuri da sulieri Rirebulebebis 1/3~. qalTa Cabmam
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gaamwvava bevri problema, romelic sazogadoebaSi maT
mdgomareobasTan, sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad qalebis gaaqtiurebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sadac qalTa da mamakacTa saerTo ganaTlebsa
da profesionalur momzadebaSi sxvaoba didi ar aris, ekonomikuri gardaqmnis zogierT
seqtorSi mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba da arastabiluri dasaqmebis tendencia qalTa
Soris. sistematural izrdeba dasaqmebul qalTa raodenoba, Sesabamisad mcirdeba maTi
Semosavlebi da SesaZlebloba iyvnen damokuidebeli. (Шинелева, 1995).
mTel msoflioSi SeniSneba diskriminacia Sromis anazRaurebaSi. qalebi oficialurad mamakacebze 25-40%-iT naklebs iReben. mag. germaniaSi sxvaoba Sromis anazRaurebaSi
Seadgens 38%-s, safrangeTSi – 28%-s. didi britaneTSi 40%-s, aSS-Si 40%-s.
xSirad qalebi, romlebsac specialuri ganaTleba aqvT ver Souloben samsaxurs
specialobis mixedviT. garda amisa, qalebi SezRudulni arian codnisa da Cvevebis
miRebaSi, ramac maTi profesionalizmis zrda unda uzrunvelyos. bevri saswavlo
programa isev mxolod mamakacebis interesebzea orientirebuli. aseTi midgoma
aRrmavebs uTanasworobas, aZlierebas diskriminaciul tendenciebs da akninebs
mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis TviTSegnebas. yvela zemoT CamoTvllili faqtori
ganapirobebs qalTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebas.
sxvadasxva qveynis qalebi sxvadasxva formiT gamodian umuSevrobis, inflaciis,
SeiaraRebis, mzardi saxelmwifo xarjebis, genderuli uTanasworobis da sxv. winaaRmdeg
da ibrbvian Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebisaTvis, profesionaluri
momzadebisa da Semdgomi zrdisaTvis.
protests iwvevs, agreTve, genderuli midgoma qalebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobisadmi. zogierT qveyanaSi mcirdeba jandacvaze gamoyofili xarjebis
raodenoba, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs ara marto qalebis, aramed momavali Taobis
janmrTelobaze.
58
79
janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli qalebis fsiqologiuri
mdgomareoba. daucveloba, ususuroba, stresebi, Zaladoba ojaxSi, alkoholizmi,
narkomania – yvelaferi es uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qalTa socialur statusze.
qalTa moZraobebi garkveuli programebis realizaciisaTvis iRvwian, romlebic
qalebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoimuSaon sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnoba, SeiZinon
codna da gamocdileba, ibrZolon sakuTari uflebebisaTvis da gaiumjobeson pirobebi,
uzrunvelyon socialur da politikuri procesebSi aqtiuri CarTva.
3. saerTaSoriso forumebi qalTa moZraobis
erToblivi programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori
qalTa masobrivi demokratiuli moZraoba saerTo demokratiuli moZraobis
Semadgeneli nawilia. meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1945 wels daarsda qalTa
saerTaSoriso demokratiuli federacia. qalTa moZraobis istoriaSi es iyo pirveli
masobrivi demokratiuli organizacia. igi gamoxatavda mTeli planetis qalebis
sasicocxlo interesebs: gamodioda qalTa emansipaciis, Tanasworuflebianobis,
ganiaraRebis, mSvidobis, erovnuli damoukideblobis, Tavisulebisa da demokratiis
moTxovniT.
Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTaSoriso demokratiuli organizacia TanamSromlobda ara
marto sxvadasxva qalTa, aramed axalgazrdul organizaciebTan, profkavSirebTan da
sxv. xSirad Tavis moTxovnebs igi gaeros tribunidanac aJRerebda.
1967 wels gaeros generaluri asamleis mier miRebuli deklaracia qalTa
diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb swored misi saqmianobis Sedegi iyo iseT qalTa
saerTaSoriso oragnizaciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo,
iuridiuli profesiebis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia, qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi
da sxv.
qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebasa da ganmtkicebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSes msoflio
konferenciebma, romlebic qalTa mdgomareobas eZRvneboda. pirvelma konferenciam,
romelic mexikoSi Catarda (1975 w.) miiRo moqmedebis gegma, romlis safuZvelzec gaeros
generalurma asambleam gamoacxada qalTa saerTaSoriso aTwleuli (1975-1985) aTwleulis
realizaciis msvlelobisas 1979 wels gaeros generalurma asamleam miiRo konvencia qalTa
mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb.
meore msoflio konferencia Sedga kopenhagenSi 1980 wkls. man miiRo moqmedebis
programa qalTa aTwleulis meore naxevrisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo
jandacvis, ganaTlebis da dasaqmebis problemebs.
mexikos da kopenhagenis konferenciebis momzadebisa da Catarebis saqmeSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes berlinis (1975 w.), praRis (1981 w.) msoflio kogresebma.
1985 wels nairobiSi Sedga mesame msoflio konferencia, romelic qalTa aTwleulSi
Catarebul muSaobisa da misi Sedegebis ganxilvas mieZRvna.
meoTxe msoflio konferencia (pekini 1995 w.), iseve rogorc wina konferenciebi, Catarda
Tanasworobis, mSvidobis, ganviTarebis deviziT. dRis wesrigSi CarTul iqna Zaladobis
problemac. konferenciam gansazRvra qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebis prespeqtivebi Semdgom
wlebSi, miiRo "moqmedebis platforma", romelSic aisaxa sakvanZo problemebi,
strategiuli miznebi da msoflioSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi.
saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebi sxvadasxvanair xasiaTs atareben da garkveulad maTi
mizania zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifoTa politikaze, raTa uzrunvelyon qalTa
sruluflebiani da srulyofili monawileoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
80
romelic qmars oTxi TvisebiT unda jobdes, xolo oTxi TvisebiT ufro dabla unda
idges. asaki, simaRle, qoneba da warmoSoba cols unda hqondes ufro dabali, vidre
saqmros, xolo silamaze, xasiaTi, zrdiloba da sinaze sacoles unda hqondes ufro
maRali, vidre saqmros". ("adab-ul salaxini").
Zveli droidan uSviloba arasasurveli iyo rogorc ojaxisaTvis, ise mTeli
sazogadoebisaTvis. xSiri epidemiebi, bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, mousavlianoba, omebi
mosaxleobis demografiul suraTze uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda, amitom qalisadmi
damokidebuleba misi reproduqciis unariT ganisazRvreboda. istoriam Semogvinaxa
Zv. w. 1350 wels qanaaneli mefis mier dawerili werili, romelSic igi werda: "Cemi
yana (Cemi qveyana) gaxma, rogorc uqmro qali, radgan mas mxvneli ara hyavs".
egvipteli brZeni ptahotepi Tavis vaJs moZRvravda: "roca davaJkacdebi, coli
iTxove da Seni saxli Sehqmeni. giyvardes coli, rogorc wesia, aRavse misi sxeuli,
Caacvi da daasaCuqre. igi Seni yanaa, romelic gulmodgined unda daamuSavo".
yuranma moiwona adreuli qorwineba da uaryofiTad Seafasa monazvnoba da
ucolod cxovrebis wesi. mamakacebisaTvis qorwinebis asaki man – 15-16 wlidan
gansazRvra, xolo qalebisaTvis 13-14 wlidan.
mravalcolianoba (poliginia)
mravalcolianoba patriarqaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegi gaxldaT.
igi damaxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli rigi xalxebisaTvis aziasa da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi, CrdiloeT afrikasa da xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTSi. SemdgomSi zogma
maTganma qristianoba miiRo, zogma ki islami. ebraelebi, romlebmac qristianoba
miiRes, ganagrZobdnen iseTi wesebis Sesrulebas, rogoricaa winadacveTa, Roris
xorcis Wamis akrZalva, ebrauli marxva. maT ori coli mohyavdaT da uars ambobdnen
SabaTs muSaobaze. mravalcolianoba praqtikuli mosazrebiT iyo gamowveuli.
mamakacis, rogorc mebrZolis mniSvneloba yvela socialur parametrs sWarbobda.
islamis damkvidrebisa da sagareo eqspansiis mizniT warmoebuli brZolebis Sedegad
muslimanuri Temis SigniT mkveTrad Semcirda mamakacTa ricxvi da gaCnda martoxela
qalTa (colebis, dedebis, qaliSvilebis) didi raodenoba. am problemis socialuri
regulireba moxda poligamiis (kerZod, poliginiis) SemoRebiT.
yuranSi naTqvamia: "iTxoveT is qalebi, romlebic Tqven gasiamovneben – ori,
sami, oTxi. xolo visac geSiniaT, rom ar iqnebiT marTali, iTxoveT erTi an sami,
visac Tqveni marjvena gaumklavdeba." (yurani 3/4) TviT mahmads, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
14 coli hyavda, sikvdilis momentSi ki – 9. sanam misi pirveli coli - hadije
cocxali iyo, mahmads meore coli ar mohyavda. magram Semdeg misi colebi gaxdnen
aiSe – misi biZis, uaxloesi TanamebrZolisa da momavali pirveli xalifis abu-baqris
qaliSvili; jafsa –momavali meore xalifis omaris qaliSvili,, um-habiba - misi erTerTi gavleniani momxris qaliSvili. colebs Soris iyvnen agreTve muhamedis
mimdevarTa qvrivebi, romelTa qmrebi rwmenisaTvis brZolaSi daiRupnen.
SariaTis mixedviT, qmarma TiToeul Tavis cols unda misces calke sacxovrebeli
bina, uzrunvelyos maTi cxovreba, kargad moepyras, daicvas maTTan saxlSi misvlis
rigiToba. colma, Tavis mxriv, Tavisi movaleoba unda Seasrulos. ra Tqma unda,
mravalcolianoba iyo da darCa SesaZlebeli mxolod mdidari muslimanebisaTvis.
zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis garda, yurani mravalcolianobaSi xedavda ojaxurgvarovnuli da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebisa da urTierTobebis damyarebis gziT
muslimanuri Temis ganmtkicebis saSualebas.
filosofosi al-hazali iesos da muhamedis magaliTze xsnida, ratom aris
poligamia mizanSewonili: "kiTxuloben, kurTxeuli ieso darCa ucolod, xolo Cvens
57
kvlevis aucilebloba. yurani SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc istoriis,
kulturis, sazogadoebrivi, samrTlebrivi, socialuri urTierTobebis wyaro. mas
arabul-muslimanur samyaroSi iseTi adgili ukavia, rom misi ganmarteba sxvadasxva
istoriul periodsa da sxvadasxva socialur-kulturul garemoSi Zalian did
interess iwvevda da axlac iwvevs.
yurani sakmaod did yuradRebas uTmobs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis Temebs.
masSi saubaria iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa mahri, mravalcolianoba, ganqorwineba,
urTierTobebi Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris, sasjeli col-qmruli Ralatisas da sxv.
igi gansazRvravs agreTve ojaxSi qonebriv urTierTobebs, ojaxuri urTierTobebis
sxva zneobriv da samarTlebriv normebs. magram yurans, rogorc mTavar normatiul
dokuments, ar SeeZlo moecva yvela detali, romelic praqtikul cxovrebaSi
SeiZleba wamoiWras, amitom winaswarmetyveli muhamedi ganmartavda "yuranis
WeSmaritebebs", Sehqonda masSi sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis dasaregulirebeli
saWiro detalebi. muhamedis gamonaTqvamebi (hadisebi) warmoadgens yuranis Semavsebel
kodeqss, romlis safuZvelzec xdeboda muslimanuri samarTlebrivi sistemis –
SariaTis kanonebis SemuSaveba da romelic Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da
muslimanuri moralis sakiTxebs. hadisebi da TviT muhamedis cxovrebis wesi iwodeba
sunad (tradiciad). sunebi muhamedis uaxloesma Tanamoazreebma da colebma gadmogvces. mag., rogorc muslimanebi Tvlian, aiSem, muhamedis mesame colma, 1210 hadisi
gadmogvca.
islamur TeologiaSi yuranisa da sunis axsnasa da ganmartebas "Tavsiris"
(ganmarteba) saxelwodeba aqvs. Tavsirebi VIII saukunidan gamoCnda. isini xSirad
winaaRmdegobrivi da erTmaneTis gamomricxavi iyo. muhameds iseT gamonaTqvamebs
miawerdnen, rac muslimanuri Temis pirobebSi mas ar SeeZlo eTqva. Tavsiris
krebulTa Semdgenlebis ZirTad amocanas warmoadgenda yuranis gaugebari aiaTebis
teqstobrivi ganmarteba. yuranis Sinaarsis ganmartebas muslimani Teoretikosebi
dResac ganagrZoben da mas Tanamedrove yofas usadageben.
Tavisi kanonikurobisa da normatiulobis Sedegad, yurani gacilebiT ufro
mkacri gamodga qalebis mimarT, vidre winaswarmetyveli muhamedi, romlis cxovrebiseuli misiac ufro damoZRvrasa da imis axsnaSi mdgomareobda, risi Secnobac
yuranis debulebebSi adamianebs ar SeeZloT. muhamedi qalis Sesaxeb ambobda: "erideT
qalebs, romlebsac aqvT lamazi garegnoba, magram urigo qceva".
"Tu Sen mama da deda erTdroulad mogixmoben, jer midi dedasTan".
"qali neknisagan aris Seqmnili. Tu Sen Seecdebi gaasworo es mrude Zvali,
gatexav mas, amitom ukeTesia rbilad moeqce qals".
"ar moklaT mterTa TqvenTa colebi da Svilebi".
"pativi eciT qalebs, isini Tqveni dedebi, colebi da debi arian".
sqesTa urTierTobebis regulirebas emsaxureboda agreTve sxva samarTlebrivi
wyaroebic, mag., fiqhi (samarTali) Tavisi orTodoqsuli skolebiT, magram islamis
socialuri doqtrinis mTavari principi mainc yuranSi, sunaSi, TavsirSi da maze
dafuZnebul SariaTis kanonebSia mocemuli.
muslimanur sazogadoebaSi gogona unda aRizardos yuranis Sesabamisad, romlis
Tanaxmad: "qmrebi colebze maRla dganan, imitom, rom alahi pirvelT aZlevs
upiratesobas meoreebze da imitom, rom isini Tavis qonebas xarjaven". amitom
gogonam adreuli asakidan
unda icodes, rom momaval meuRles upiratesi
mdgomareoba eqneba mikuTvnebuli, xolo Tavad mas garkveuli funqciebis Sesruleba
mouwevs. yurani mamakacs avaldebulebs SeirTos morwmuneTa "dacvis qveS aRzrdili
qaliSvilebi" (mase a. t. 1 gv. 125). "adab-ul salahini" colis SerTvis msurvelT aseT
darigebas aZlevs: "patarZali unda iyos qalwuli. saWiroa iseTi qalis SerTva,
56
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis daniSnuleba
2. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis Sedegebi
3. daasaxeleT saerTaSoriso forumebi da maTi gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis Sedegebi
literatura
1. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
baza da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998
2. qali gardamaval periodSi. Tbilisi, 1998
3. qali, mamakaci da sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998
4. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. GsaqarTvelos mTavrobisa da gaeros
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".
5. Платформа действий IV Всемирной конференции по положению женщин. ООН. 1995
6. Борьба
за улучшение положения
Международная жизнь. 1995ю № 3
женщин,
гуманмтарное
развитие
мира
//
7. Шинелева Л.Т. Путь в XXI век. IV Всемиирная конференция по положению женщин в
Пекине. 1995
81
Tavi VIII
genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi
I. saqarTvelo da qarTveli qali
odiTganve cnobilia, rom qarTveli xalxis zneobrivi siwmindis, Sromismoyvareobis,
vaJkacuri suliskveTebisa da qarTuli xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi qali TvalsaCino rols
asrulebda. mTeli Cveni mravalsaukunovani warsuli mdidaria gamoCenil qalTa
saxelebiT. maTi dedoba, mamulisaTvis Tavdadeba, fizikur mSvenierebasTan Serwymuli
patiosneba, maRali zneoba samSoblos sindisis simbolo iyo. Soreul warsulSi qalis
rolze mogviTxrobs qarTuli zepirsityviereba da werilobiTi Zeglebi. isini naTlad
metyvelebs qveynisaTvis Tavdadebul qalTa sagmiro saqmeebze. maT didi damsaxureba
miuZRviT saqarTvelos materialuri da sulieri kulturis Seqmnasa da dacvaSi.
qarTveli qalebi ara marto ojaxur saqmianobas eweodnen, aramed mZime gansacdelis Jams
aqtiurad monawileobdnen qveynis dacvasa da mtris ganadgurebaSi. qarTveli qali
ojaxSi mudam erTguli deda iyo, brZolaSi - Seudrekeli da uSiSari mebrZoli,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi - aqtiuri da energiuli.
saqarTvelos
mfarveli,
rogorc
sayovelTaodaa
aRiarebuli,
qalia
–
RvTismSobeli mariami. aseve qali - wminda nino - miCneulia qarTvelebis ganmanaTleblad
da qristianobis gamavrceleblad. Zlieri saqarTvelos erT-erTi simboloc qalia –
Tamar mefe.
feodalur saqarTveloSi qalTa socialuri statusi qveynis geopolitikuri
mdgomareobis, rTuli politikuri viTarebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,
agreTve geografiuli faqtorebis, kulturuli da istoriuli Taviseburebebis fonze
yalibdeboda. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mamakacis Zalauflebas qalze arasdros
hqonia iseTi ukiduresi formebi, rogorc aRmosavleTis muslimanur da dasavleTis
qristianul qveynebSi. profesori giorgi nadareiSvili aRniSnavs, rom feodalur
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda pirveli Ramis ufleba. SoTa rusTavelma ki jer kidev me-12
saukuneSi Tavis ukvdav qmnilebaSi "vefxistyaosani" qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis
idea umaRles doneze aiyvana.
qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebelia misTvis miniWebuli ganqorwinebis
uflebac, romelic mTel qristianul samyaroSi akrZaluli iyo. Tu qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebs mivmarTavT, vnaxavT, rom kanoni ganqorwinebas dasaSvebad Tvlida zog SemTxvevaSi (mag., qmris Ralatis, mamakacis impotenciis dros). ojaxis mitovebis SemTxvevaSi ki orive sqesis meuRle isjeboda. magram miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa,
qalis socialuri funqcia meuRleobiT, axali Taobis kvlavwarmoebiT da saojaxo
SromiT ganisazRvreboda. qali, upirveles yovlisa, saojaxo movaleobis SesrulebiT
unda yofiliyo dakavebuli. qalis mier mamakacuri samuSaoebis Sesruleba sazogadoebis
mxridan mowonebiT ar sargeblobda.
magram XIX saukuneSi ukve daiwyo qalis funqciebisadmi konservatiuli damokidebulebis mZafri kritika. didma qarTvelma mweralma da moazrovnem ilia WavWavaZem
qalTa sakiTxi sazogadoebriv moqalaqeobriv uflebas daukavSira. igi qalis profesiul
Sromas sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTarebis da qalis Tavisuflebis aucilebel
pirobad Tvlida.
ilia, rogorc progresulad moazrovne sazogado moRvawe, aRiarebda qalis
Tanaswor uflebebs da movaleobebs, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis da kulturis yovel
dargSi. qalTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi igi xedavda im Canasaxebs, romlebsac
mohqonda qalis uflebrivi gaTanabreba mamakacebTan. i. WavWavaZe werda: "Sors ar aris
is dro, rodesac dedaTa saqme Tavisas gaitans da es mTeli naxevari sqesi kacobriobisa
82
am periodSi arsebobda droebiTi qorwinebac, rac mahris gadaxdis SesaZleblobis
uqonlobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi qali mamakacs colad
moyavda droebiT, garkveuli droiT da garkveul fasad. qorwinebis amgvari forma
dResac SenarCunebulia Siituri mimarTulebis muslimanur qveynebSi (irani, erayi) da
mas ufro xSirad moxuci da martoxela adamianebi mimarTaven, raTa erTmaneTs
meurneobis warmoebaSi miexmaron (fizikuri siaxlovis gareSe). nebadarTuli iyo
agreTve mamakacs colad SeerTo gardacvlili mamis erT-erTi coli, Tu igi misi
mSobeli deda ar iyo. aRniSnuli qmedebis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT "rZali" mamis
gvareulobaSi da axali patarZlisaTvis mahri ar gadaexadaT (Еремеев, 1971).
zogierTi mkvlevari cdilobda islamis winadroindeli qorwinebis tradiciebSi
matriarqatis gadmonaSTebi moenaxa, rodesac erT qalTan qorwinebaSi ramdenime
mamakaci imyofeboda. Cveni azriT,
qorwinebis aseTi formis WeSmariti mizezi
ekonomikuri
problemebia. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT arabeTis
samxreTSi iemenisa da hadramautis mTian raionebSi dRemde gavrcelebuli tradicia,
sadac bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebi gansakuTrebiT mZimea. Tumca aRniSnuli
praqtika ramdenadme Semcirda, mainc gvxvdeba erT qalze ori mamakacis (Cveulebriv,
Zmebis) qorwinebis SemTxvevebi.
jihaliis droindel arab qals gaTxoveba SeeZlo mxolod Tavisi tomis mamakacze,
raTa STamomalobas Seenaxa am tomis kulturul-enobrivi specifikuri niSnebi.
mamakacs ki SeeZlo colad SeerTo ramdenime qaliSvili sxvadasxva tomidan. tomis
mier aseTi faqtebis waxaliseba miznad isaxavda sxva tomebis warmomadgenlebTan
naTesauri kavSirebis damyarebas da Tavisi tomis kulturuli kavSirebis
gafarToebas. praqtikaSi iyo agreTve gacvliTi qorwineba, roca erTi tomis da da
Zma qorwindeboda meore tomis Zmasa da daze, ris Sedegadac orive mxare
Tavisufldeboda mahris gadasaxadisagan.
qals ar hqonda ufleba yofiliyo qmris, mSoblebisa da Tavisi Svilebis
memkvidre. mokled rom vTqvaT, mas ufleba hqonda, mxolod eWama da ecocxla. amave
dros misi valdebulebebi ramdenimejer aRemateboda mis fizikur SesaZleblobebs.
ojaxur viTarebaSi qals SeeZlo qmarze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdena, rac maT
pirovnul da intimur urTierTobebze iyo damokidebuli, magram sazogadoebis winaSe
qals morCilis roli unda eTamaSa. qmars SeeZlo stumrebis miReba dRisa da Ramis
nebismier dros, ebrZanebina colisaTvis sufris gaSla da a.S. es wes-Cveuleba
dRemdea Semonaxuli, gansakuTrebiT soflad. aseT faqtebs Cvens sinamdvileSic
vxvdebiT, rodesac qali "morCilis" rols TamaSobs, magram ojaxur urTierTobebSi
mas wonadi sityva ekuTvnis.
qalis dabali socialuri statusis specifikuri Tvisebebi winaislamur periodSi
gamomdinareobda tomebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebidan. tomebs Soris arsebuli
winaaRmdegobani brZolisaTvis mudmiv mzadyofnas da misi warmoebis unars
moiTxovda, Sesabamisad, mamakacs misi socialuri mniSvnelobiT wina planze ayenebda.
magram aqac iyo gamonaklisi. zogjer mamakacebTan erTad mamakacur tanisamosSi
gadacmul qalebsac SexvdebodiT. (Даул, 1981).
qali da yurani
islamis istoriisa da Teoriis SeswavlisaTvis ZiriTad wyarosa da dokuments
yurani warmoadgens. mahmadis (muhamedi) sicocxleSi igi zepiri formiT arsebobda.
zogma mTeli yurani icoda zepirad, zogma ki nawyvetebi. sxvadasxva wakiTxvis
Sedegad jer ramdenime werilobiTi krebuli Seiqmna. Semdeg, xalifa osmanis dros
(644-556 w.w.) isini kanonikurad qceul krebulad gaerTianda. saukuneebis manZilze
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misma Seswavlam warmoSva yuranis ganmartebaTa kompleqsuri
55
qalis araTanasworuflebianobaze, qalis damorCilebul mdgomareobaze. albaT
islamis aseTi debulebebis gacnobam aTqmevina simona de bovuars: "yurani ukiduresi
siZulviliT abuCad igdebs qalebs". magram yuranis interpretatorebi zemoT
citirebulis sapirispirod migviTiTeben Semdeg sityvebze: "da upasuxa maT RmerTma
maTma: me ar gavwirav qmedebasa arc erTi Tqveni moRvawisa – arc kacTa, arc qalTa
(III 193\195). am strofs islamis modernizaciis momxreebi ganmartaven, rogorc
miniSnebas qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobaze.
sxva mniSvnelovan wyaroebs qalTa mdgomareobis retrospeqtuli SeswavlisaTvis
warmoadgens istoriuli qronikebi. magram is, vinc am istoriuli wyaroebis
safuZvelze moindomebs muslimani qalebis statusis dazustebas, imedgacruebuli
darCeba. aseT qronikebSi qalebi gacilebiT ufro iSviaTad moixseniebian, vidre
mamakacebi. maTi saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, vin iyo esa Tu is qali, romelic
poezias an mecnierebas misdevda an politikuri intrigebSi monawileobda, magram
qalTa saerTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis SemuSaveba sakmaod Zneli saqmea.
ufro safuZvliania evropel TviTmxilvelTa – elCebis, vaWrebis, mogzaurebis
Setyobinebebi. mecnierebi, romlebic umetesad am wyaroebiT sargebloben, xazs
usvamen, rom isini ufro obieqturi suraTis miRebis saSualebas iZlevian. magram
miuxedavad amisa, evropelebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mainc ar SeeZloT muslimanuri
yofis, kulturis, Cveulebebis, tradiciebisa da fsiqologiis srulad gageba da
xSirad maTi aRwerilobani da aRqma obieqturi ar iyo. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba
stambulSi inglisis elCis colis ledi meri uortli montegius gamonaTqvami igi
1917 wels evropelebs imisaTvis lanZRavda, rom isini "SfoTaven Turqi qalebis
ubeduri mdgomareobis gamo, romlebic
SeiZleba qveynad yvela qalzu ufro
Tavisufalni arian, dros ganuwyvetel siamovnebaSi, seirnobaSi, banaobasa da
garTobaSi atareben, cxovroben uzrunvelad da udardelad, fuls uangariSod
fantaven axal-axali tansacmelis SesaZenad." (Мейер, 1992).
Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad vupasuxoT kiTxvas, ra gavlena moaxdina islamma qalTa
mdgomareobaze. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa davazustoT - ras vadarebT musliman
qalTa mdgomareobas - V-VII saukuneebis arabeTis beduinebis xanas, VII-IX saukuneebSi
SuamdinareTis glexebis cxovrebas Tu XII-XIV bizantiuri qalaqebSi maT yofas.
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom TviT muslimani qalis yofa ar iyo ucvleli. yuranSi
qalTa uflebebis fiqsacia ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc progresuli monapovari
adrefeodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram, rogorc TurqeTSi qemalisturma
reformebma gviCvena, arasakmarisi - kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi
sazogadoebisaTvis. muslimani qalebis cxovrebaSi kardinalur cvlilebebze SeiZleba
vimsjeloT Tu ganvixilavT Sua aziis yofili sabWoTa respublikebisa da
azerbaijanis magaliTs. amasTan, islamis swrafma gavrcelebam axlo aRmosavleTis,
iranis, indoeTis feodalur sazogadoebebSi unda gvafiqrebinos, rom islamis miReba,
rogoc Cans, ar gulisxmobs arsebiT cvlilebebs socialur organizaciaSi, maT Soris
qalTa mdgomareobaSi. (Мейер, 1992).
yurani mowmobs, rom jihaliis periodSi (winaislamuri periodi) arsebobda
sisxlaRreviTi qorwineba, axladdabadebuli gogonebis miwaSi Cafvlis praqtika,
agreTve sisxlis aRebis wesi. qalebs hyiddnen da yidulobdnen, Cuqnidnen, rogorc
monebs, agiravebdnen, sanam qmari an mama vals ar dafaravda. tomebis beladebs
ufleba hqondaT erTdroulad aTi coli hyolodaT, garda mona qalebisa, romlebic
saTvalavSi ar Sediodnen. qaliSvilis kargad gaTxoveba ki sarfian xelSekrulebasTan
iyo gaigivebuli. lamazi gogonebis gaTxoveba 13 wlis asakidan SeiZleboda.
aRniSnuli Cveuleba yuranSic dafiqsirda da muslimanur qveynebSi dRemde aris Semonaxuli, Tumca savaldebulo xasiaTs ar atarebs. (Еремеев, 1971).
mowveul iqneba wuTisoflis sufrazed Tavisi kuTvnilis adgilis dasaWerad". (i. WavWavaZe, 1928 ).
qalTa moZraobam, ilias azriT, cxadi gaxada, rom qalebs SeuZliaT sazogadoeriv
SromaSi Caeban, faseuloba Seqmnan da amitom is "usamarTloba, romelic dRes aqomamde
dedaTa sqess, am naxevars mTelis kacobriobisas saZiZaodan da samzareulodan gared ar
uSvebda da amaT gareT araviTars saqmeSi monawiled ara xdida, ase, rom lukma-puris
saSovris gzasac ar aZlevda, didxans veRar gauZlebs erTxel fexadgmul moZraobas".
(iqve gv. 279).
ilias, upirveles yovlisa, saWirod miaCnda TviT qalTa masebis daintereseba TavianTive gaTavisuflebis saqmiT. mas "ukbilo sayvedurad da uqm Civilad miaCnda qalebis
mamakacebze wuwuni - ai Tqve gulqva kacebo, ratom Tqvens uflebas Cvenc ar gagvinawilebT" da qalTa ganTavisuflebis mTavar pirobad TviT qalebis iniciativa da
aqtiuroba miaCnda. es iniciativa da TviTmoqmedeba qalebs unda daewyoT TavianTi
swavla-ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofiT, vinaidan amis gareSe, ilias azriT, sul uqmia
laparaki maT gaTanasworebaze mamakacebTan. am gziT maT SeuZliaT moipovon adamianuri
ufleba da Rirseba, anu gaTavisufldnen. amitom iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe didi
sixaruliT Seegeba "qarTveli qalis werils", romelic 1889 wlis 4 martis "iveriaSi"
daibeWda saTauriT:P "sazogadoebis sayuradRebod", sadac "qarTveli qali"* mouwodebda
qalebs TviTon aeRoT Tavze qalTa saswavleblis gaxsna da sakuTari ganaTlebis
xelmZRvaneloba. mxolod am gziT SeeZloT qarTvel qalebs Tavi daeRwiaT im TiTqos
"uwmindesi da usamRvToesi daniSnulebidan" rogoricaa mxolod dedoba, coloba, doba.
yovelive es ilias miaCnda qalis sapatio movaleobad, magram misi daniSnulebis mxolod
amiT amowurva – did regresul, usamarTlo da reaqciul saqmed. swavla-ganaTlebis
gziT daamtkicebs qali, rom igi sruluflebiani adamiania da SeuZlia, mamakacis
msgavsad, Seasrulos yoveli sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia da amave
dros iyos saukeTeso deda, coli da da. am Temis dasamtkiceblad ilia qalTa
emansipaciis mowinaaRmdege g. TumanovTan kamaTis dros mimarTavs karl marqss:
"moviyvanT marqsis naTqvams", - wers ilia da mohyavs misi Semdegi sityvebi: "rogoric
dedakacia, iseTi ojaxicaa, rogoric ojaxia, iseTi saxelmwifocaa" (i. WavWavaZe , 1928 ).
ilia eTanxmeba am sityvebs, rogorc udavo WeSmartebas qalis rolis Rirseulad
dafasebisaTvis da energiulad ibrZvis qalis farTo mecnieruli da teqnikuri
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis da sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobisaTvis.
swored misi moRvaweobis periodSi aRiniSna qalis uflebebis zrda rogorc ojaxSi,
ise sazogadoebriv asparezze, rasac kapitalizmis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli.
Camoyalibda muSa qalebis fena. XX saukuknis dasawyisSi gaixsna kavkasiaSi pirveli
qalTa umaRlesi saswavlebeli - qalTa umaRlesi kursebi. garkveuli warmateba iqna
miRweuli wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi
erT-erT pirvel qalTa formalur organizacias, "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo
organizacias", romelmac farTo saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaTleblo muSaoba Caatara,
swored ilias meuRle – olRa guramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda.
qalTa organizaciebis masobrivi Seqmnis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi 1905 wlis
revoluciis Semdeg gaCnda. iqamde gamokveTil saganmanaTleblo da saqvelmoqmedo
sferos qalTa uflebaTa dacva miemata.
qalTa pirveli formalizebuli, xSirad droebiTi, gaerTianebebi sxvadasxva wris,
komisiis da komitetis saxiT funqcionirebdnen, maTgan aRsaniSnavia ukve zemoT
xsenebuli "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia", "Tbilisel qalTa wris
komisia", "qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba" da sxv. maTSi iseTi gamoCenili sazogado
54
83
*
am qarTveli qalis vinaoba dRemde gamourkvevelia.
moRvawe qalebi iyvnen Cabmuli, rogorebic iyvnen olRa guramiSvili, nino tatiSviliyifiani, ekaterine gabaSvili, anastasia TumaniSvili.
1902 wels "Tbilisel qalTa wris" mier daarsda saswavlebeli Raribi gogonebisaTvis, romelic miznad isaxavda qalTa erovnul tradiciebze aRzrdas. skolas mniSvnelovan materialur daxmarebas uwevda daviT sarajiSvilis meuRle – ekaterine
foraqiSvili.
skola mTavrobam 1908 wels daxura, rac mZlavri biZgi aRmoCnda iseTi
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis SeqmnisaTvis rogoricaa mag. sazogadoeba "codna".
qalTa wris monawile iyo mariam jambakur-orbeliani, romelmac SemdgomSi Tamar
WavWavaZe-bagration-gruzinskisTan erTad daarsa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia e.w.
"damwvrobis komiteti", romelmac mniSvnelovani muSaoba Caatara 1905 wlis masobrivi
gamosvlebis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad.
erT-erTi pirveli organizacia, romelic qalTa samarTlebrivi sakiTxebiT iyo
dainteresebuli, - "Tbilisel qalTa sazogadoeba" daarsebuli iqna cnobili Jurnalistisa da mwerali qalis dominika erisTavis mier, romelic cnobili iyo "gandegilis"
fsevdonimiT. organizacia eyrdnoboda ruseTis qalTa sazogadoebis programas da
aqcents qalTa Tavisuflebis ideaze akeTebda. igi ideas qalTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
farTo propagandas uwevda da imavdroulad eweoda qvelmoqmedebas, awyobda musikalur
da literaturul saRamoebs.
mniSvnelovani iyo sazogadoeba "ganaTlebis" mier warmoebuli muSaoba qarTuli
skolis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. skolas mwerali anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTeli xelmZRvanelobda.
qalTa ganaTlebisa da uflebebis damcveli sazogadoebebi gaCnda rogorc TbilisSi,
ise provinciebSic. mniSvnelovani iyo maTze social-demokratiuli ideologiis gavlena.
1905 wels anastasia gedevaniSvilis mier daarsda "qalTa Tanasworobis saqarTvelos
kavSiri", romelic miznad qalTa politikur gaTavisuflebas isaxavda. regionuli
organizaciebidan aRsaniSnavia "saqarTvelos qalTa foTis sazogadoeba", romlis
mizanic muSa-qalTa gaTviTcnobireba iyo. organizaciis damaarsebeli iyo mwerali,
social-demokrati qali lidia mamulaSvili-megreliZe.
zogierT regionul organizacias Tavisi filialebi soflebSic hqonda. aseT
organizaciaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda mwerali qalis anastasia xoStaria-erisTavis mier
1913 wels gorSi daarsebuli qalTa gaerTianeba "mandili".
4. qalis socialur-politikuri roli islamSi
im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelo ssrk-is nawils Seadgenda, aq mimdinare yvela
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri movlena, ase Tu ise, saqarTvelosTvisac iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi qarTveli qalebi Tavisi ganaTlebiT,
profesionalizmiTa da kvalifikaciiT liderobdnen. 1989 wlis aRweris Sedegad yovel
1000 qalidan 204-s umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda. qalebs ekavaT xelmZRvaneli postebi
saxalxo ganaTlebis, jandacvis da sxva sferoebSi. rogorc gamokvlevebi adasturebs,
swored qalebi gamoirCeodnen saqmisadmi erTgulebiT, keTilsindisieri damokidebulebiT, maRali profesionalizmiT da xelmZRvanelobis kargi unariT.
saqarTveloSi 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis dawyebamde qalebi Cabmuli iyvnen
farTomasStabian ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. qalTa SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmis masStabebi
gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo soflis meurneobaSi, sazogadoebrivi kvebis sistemaSi,
komunikaciebis sferoSi da mrewvelobis ramdenime dargSi (msubuqi, kvebis, qimiuri da
navTob-qimiuri mrewveloba), agreTve ekonomikis yvela ZiriTad araindustriul
XXI saukuneSi islamis politikuri da ideologiuri gaaqtiureba aRaravisaTvis
aris saeWvo, magram kamaTi mis irgvliv ar cxreba. islamis erT-erTi TvalSi sacemi
Taviseburebaa misi sul ufro mzardi gavrceleba evropaSi, amerikis kontinentze
(gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi) da avstraliaSi, maSin, rodesac
dasavleTsa da koloniebis yofil mflobel qveynebSi gabatonebulma religiam –
qristianobam muslimanur qveynebSi fexis mokideba ver SeZlo..
imis kvalobaze, Tu rogor ikidebs fexs islami dasavleTis qveynebSi da,
gansakuTrebiT, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, igi dasavluri kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis bevr niSan-Tvisebas iTvisebs. am fonze islamis socialuri doqtrinis
Seswavla, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi sakiTxisa, rogoricaa sqesTa Soris urTierToba da
qalis roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
amocanas ara marto wminda Teoriuli mniSvnelobiT, aramed praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiTac.
islamis socialur-politikuri da ideuri Sexedulebani misi mkvlevarebisaTvis
axali sakiTxi rodia, ufro metic, mecnier aRmosavleTmcodneTaTvis kargadaa
cnobili "mesame samyaros" qveynebSi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mdgomareoba,
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac politikurma islamma moRvaweoba gaaZliera aziisa da
afrikis did teritoriebze (pakistanSi, avRaneTSi, iranSi, tajikeTSi, TurqeTSi,
sudanSi, egvipteSi, alJirSi, agreTve kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi). arsebobs mTeli
rigi gamokvlevebi, romlebSic politikuri islamis fenomeni ganixileba rogorc
politikuri kulturis dafuZnebisa da da arabul-muslimanuri samyaros socialurekonomikuri evoluciuri ganviTarebis farglebSi "moqcevis procesi". zogierTi
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs axlo aRmosavleTSi socialur-ekonomikur krizissa
da politikur demagogiaze anu socialur-klasobrivi gamijvnis procesze.
metad sayuradReboa am sakiTxisadmi im mkvlevarTa midgoma, romlebic
muslimanur qveynebSi mimdinare socialur-politikur procesebs kulturulideologiuri konfrontaciisa da "axali msoflio wesrigisaTvis" brZolis
konteqstSi ganixilaven. dasavlur mecnierul literaturaSi islamis analizs
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. bolo wlebSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc tradiciul
RirebulebaTa sistemas. islamSi "qalTa sakiTxma" gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro
qalis, rogorc "tradiciebis matareblisa" da "didi aRmzrdelobiTi rolis" gamo.
(Плахов, 1992). aRniSnuli sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda islamisteqstremistTa agresiuli moqmedebisa da terorizmis amerikasa da evropaSi gadatanis
Semdeg.
qalTa mdgomareobis SeswavliT dainteresebul specialistTa umravlesobas
miaCnia, rom hadisebi, yurani da agreTve Sua saukuneebis musliman TeologTa da
iuristTa Sromebi qalTa mdgomareobisa da statusis Sesaxeb yvelaze srul da
adekvatur warmodgenas iZleva, radgan maTi Tanamedrove mowafeebs da memkvidreebs
realuri situaciebis gansazRvrisas aSkara midrekileba aqvT gaazviadon religiuri
dogmebi da samarTlebrivi traqtatebi.
Tu yuranis teqsts mivmarTavT, SeiZleba davrwmundeT, raoden sakamaToa amgvari
midgoma. meoTxe suraSi ("qalebi") naTqvamia: "mamakacebi dganan qalebze maRla imitom,
rom alahma pirvelT mianiWa upiratesoba meoreebze da imitom, rom isini TavianT
qonebas xarjaven... wesieri qalebi mokrZalebulni arian, inaxaven saidumlos, rasac
alahi inaxavs. xolo visi daumorCileblobisac Tqven geSiniaT, daiyolieT, daagdeT
isini Zirs da scemeT da Tuki isini Tqvens winaSe danaSauls Caidenen, neba geZlevaT
sasjelis zoma ar eZioT." es sura, TiTqosda, aSkarad metyvelebs mamakacisa da
84
53
2. saqarTvelos qalebis socialuri ganwyoba
"wminda werilebis" axlebur interpretacias da reformatorebis mier gaweul
muSaobas induizmis reformaciis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani Sedegi hqonda. erTxel
dawyebuli religiuri teqstebis gadasinjvis procesi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobas
Seexeboda, aRar SeCerebula. gasuli saukunis reformatorebma uzrunvelyves qalTa
sakiTxisadmi im midgomis safuZvlis Cayra, romelic Semdgom mahaTma gandim (18691948) wamoayena. gandiseuli gageba sazogadoebaSi qalis rolis Sesaxeb SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: religia adamianis mTeli Semoqmedebis safuZvelia (maT Soris
politikuris). amiT igi asabuTebs induizmis normebis, principebisa da debulebebis
gamoyenebis saSualebebiT xalxis masebamde arareligiuri, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
faqtobrivad socialur-politikuri ideebis dayvanis, gamyarebisa da realizebis
saSualebas. amasTan, mas induizmis tradiciul eTikur maqsimebSi Semoaqvs iseTi
debulebebi, romlebmac moZRvrebaSi saerTod ver hpova asaxva: mag., yvela religiis
Tanabari pativiscema, brZola induistur-musulmanuri erTobisaTvis. garda amisa,
gandim moaxdina tradiciuli eTikis zogierTi principebis gadasinjva. (Мезенцева,
1993).
Tumca miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, 1987 wlis seqtemberSi induri gazeTebi
iuwyebodnen satis morigi aqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. rajasThanis Statis sof.
deoralis mcxovrebi 18 wlis
rup kanvari Tavisi qmris cxedris dasawvavad
agizgizebul koconSi cocxlad dawves. 21-e saukunis mijnaze myofi induizmis arsis
gasagebad metad sagulisxmoa deoralSi momxdar faqtTan dakavSirebuli kamaTi.
indoeTis mTavrobam, romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifos sekularizaciis interesebidan gamomdinare da konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebda, swrafi da mkacri
reagireba moaxdina am faqtTan dakavSirebiT da gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac
pirebs, romlebic satis ganxorcielebis waqezebaSi iqnebodnen SemCneuli, samudamo
patimroba an sasikvdilo ganaCeni elodaT. presaSi gaCnda statiebi, romlebic am
anaqronizms da mis momxreebs kicxavdnen, magram polemikisas araferi iyo naTqvami
imis Sesaxeb, subkontinentze uamravi wminda adgilia, sadac warsulSi ganxorcielebuli satis faqtebi didebis SaravandediT aris Semkobili. zogierTi induisturi
seqtis religiuri lideri ki "nebayoflobiTi satis" "sati dharmis" ganxorcielebis
mxardaWeriT gamovida.
aRiSnuli SemTxvevis garSemo gamarTulma debatebma da rajasThanis mkvidrTa
sazogadoebrivma azrma aCvena, rom rom Tanamedrove induizmis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. bombeis, kalkutasa an haidarabadis
caTambjenebidan SeiZleba ar Cans taZrebi da tradiciuli kostumebi, sadResaswaulo
da samgloviaro ritualebi, arc garkveuli kastisadmi kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli
mkveTri niSnebi, magram nebismieri qalaqis an soflis gzajvaredinze SeiZleba idges
ramdenime taZari da aTeulobiT wminda adgili da qandakeba, SeiZleba dainaxoT
RatakTa procesia, Cacmuloba ama Tu im kastisadmi, profesiisadmi Tu induizmis
sxvadasxva mimdinareobisadmi kuTvilebis niSnebi. albaT, Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra,
rom modernizaciam da dasavleTis gavlenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogierT
sferoSi uzrunvelyo induizmis mTeli rigi mavne tradiciebis aRmofxvra. 1984 wels
mokluli indoeTis premier-ministris indira gandis biusts TiTqmis yvela qalaqsa
da sofelSi SexvdebiT. qalRmerTis msgavsad, es biustebi, Cveulebriv, gzajvaredinebTan dgas da yvavilebiT aris Semkobili. indoeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili
mas Tayvans scems. qveyanaSi misi kultia. mimdinareobs indira gandis miTologizacia
– sekularizebuli politikuri cxovrebis hagiografiulad gardaqmna. aRniSnuli ki
imis dasturia, rom induizmi ganuwyvetliv miiwevs TviTganaxlebisaken da am
procesis ganviTareba kanonzomieri procesia. (Times of India, 1987).
seqtorSi.
erovnuli ekonomikis e.w. mamakacur seqtorSic ki (mSenebloba, transporti,
manqanaTmSenebloba, saSeni masalebi da a.S.) qalTa monawileobam 30-40%-s miaRwia.
qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen iseT prestiJul profesiebSi, rogoricaa:
maswavlebeli, eqimi, kulturisa da xelovnebis warmomadgeneli, msubuqi da kvebis
mrewvelobis inJineri. zogadi ganaTlebis doniT da profesiuli kvalifikaciiT
qarTveli qalebi liderobdnen sxva sabWoTa respublikebis qalebs Sorisac.
Sesabamisad, zemoT CamoTvlil seqtorebSi qarTvel qalebs hqondaT konkretuli
asparezi da SesaZleblobebi karieris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, magram totalitaruli saxelmwifos pirobebSi, maTi monawileoba mmarTvelobiT da politikur struqturebSi mkveTrad SezRuduli iyo. qalebi ZiriTadad marTvis saSualo rgolSi iyvnen
warmodgenili, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi posti eWiraT.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda miTi imis
Sesaxeb, rom qalTa problema gadaWris procesSi iyo da feminizmis yovelgvari
gamovlineba negatiur burJuaziul moZraobad aRiqmeboda.
am periodSi qalTa problemebze arsebuli informacia agebuli iyo socialistur da
kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis dapirispirebaze.
Tanac, socialisturi politika aSkarad Selamazebuli iyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
sazogadoebaSi qalis socialuri da politikuri mdgomareobis asaxvis, qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobis xasiaTis, masStabebisa da aRweris Sesaxeb.
sinamdvileSi ssrk konstituciasa da sxva kanonebSi Cawerili qalTa da mamakacTa
uflebebis formaluri Tanasworoba realuri uflebebis Tanasworobis garantias ar
iZleoda. gaeros mier miRebuli da 1981 w. sabWoTa kavSirSi ratificirebuli konvencia
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb ar gaxda qveynis saSinao
cxovrebis kanoni.
qalebma mamakacebTan Tanabar mdgomareobas mxolod ramdenime sferoSi miaRwies,
romelTa ricxvs ganaTleba miekuTvneboda. SemoRebuli iqna savaldebulo dawyebiTi,
Semdeg ki saSualo ganaTleba, saSualo specialuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis
SesaZleblobam gamoiwvia qalebisa da mamakacebis saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis
TandaTanobiT gaTanabreba, magram socialurma saganmanaTleblo praqtikam mTeli rigi
problemebi gamoavlina.
saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebisagan. mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maT bevrad ufro meti siZnele hqondaT profesiul
zrdaSi, karieraSi, e.i. qalebisTvis realurad mxolod horizontaluri profesiuli
gadanacvlebebi arsebobda, xolo vertikaluri – Zalauflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisken
– mamakacebis prerogativa iyo, mag. sxvadasxva rangis mamakac specialistebs Soris
xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen 48%, xolo qalebs Soris mxolod 2%. aRsaniSnavia,
rom
sxvadasxva Semcirebis dros pirvelad qalebs amcirebdnen.
✲
profesiuli diskriminaciisa da segregaciis Sedegi gaxda mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
qalisa da mamakacis anazRaurebebs Soris. 80-iani wlebis bolos qalebi im muSakTa did
nawils Seadgendnen, romlebic minimalur xelfass iRebdnen. erTnair samuSao adgilebze,
Tanamdebobebze momuSave mamakacebisa da qalebis xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba 35-40%-s
warmoadgenda.
qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi
srulfasovani monawileobidan, amis mizezi iyo tradiciuli sazogadoebis konservatulpatriarqaluri safuZvlebi, romlebsac maRali sicocxlisunarianoba da sociokultu-
52
85
✲
qalTa profesiuli segregacia aris "qalTa" profesiebis sferoebis an "qalTa" samuSao adgilebis
formireba "mamakacTa profesiebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi qalis Sromis Taviseburebad iqca misi
araprestiJuloba da mcire anazRaureba.
rul procesebSi qalTa integraciaze realuri zegavlenis (zemoqmedebis) unari
gamoavlines.
qalis mimarT paternalisturi politika iTvaliswinebda mraval SeRavaTsa da
ojaxebis daxmarebas, rac ZiriTadad adgilebze xorcieldeboda. 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisisTvis dawesebulebebsa da sawarmoebs maTTan momuSave qalebisTvis unda miecaT
15-ze meti saxeobis SeRavaTi da fuladi daxmareba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gardaqmnis periodis ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad momuSave qalebis mdgomareoba ara Tu gaumjobesda, aramed, piriqiT, mkveTrad
gauaresda, moxda maTi samuSao adgilebze Semcireba.
mamakacebi naklebad monawileobdnen saSinao meurneobasa da bavSvebis aRzrdaSi,
amitom momsaxurebisa da sazogadoebrivi kvebis samsaxuri cudad iyo ganviTarebuli. am
mimarTulebiT SemuSavebulma saxelmwifo programebma ver SeZlo qalis maRali
sayofacxovrebo datvirTvis Semcireba.
qveyanaSi viTardeboda dedobisa da bavSvobis dacvis sistema. omis Semdgom
periodSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda saavadmyofoebisa da samSobiaro saxlebis qseli,
saqorwilo-saojaxo kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra mamis movaleobebi, saalimento valdebulebebi ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve colisa da Svilebis uflebebi qonebaze.
gaTanabrda qorwinebaSi da qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis uflebebi.
sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi safuZveli Caeyara da Seiqmna bavSvTa sazogadoebrivi
aRzrdis sistema. marTvis centralizaciisa da gegmianobis miuxedavad, bavSvebis
aRzrdis problema sxvadasxva respublikaSi sxvadasxvanairad wydeboda. am sferoSi
qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisTvis deklaraciuloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli. igi ar
iTvaliswinebda sxvadasxva regionis specifikurobas, gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wess.
amgvarad, sabWoTa periodSi qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo:
• sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalebis monawileobis uflebebis
sakanonmdeblo aRiareba;
• sqesTa Tanasworobis principis realizaciis mizniT administraciuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba;
• qalis ara marto dedobrivi, aramed socialuri funqciis aRiareba;
• qalebis statusis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis deklaraciuli xasiaTi.
magram qalebisa da mamakacebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevas arsebiTad xels
uSlida Semdegi faqtorebi:
- qalTa problemebis damoukidebeli statusis maskulinuri uaryofa, maTi klasobrivi interesebisadmi daqvemdebareba, qalTa moZraobis ideologiis STanTqma klasobrivpartiuli ideologiiT, rac mTeli sabWoTa periodisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli;
- qalze mamakaci-patriarqis Zalauflebis totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZalauflebiT Secvla;
- qalebis CamoSoreba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisagan saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela
sferoSi, siZneleebi profesiul zrdaSi, karieraSi, e.i. maTTvis mxolod horizontaluri profesiuli gadanacvlebis realuri SesaZlebloba, xolo vertikaluri –
xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisaken gadanacvleba mamakacTa prerogativa iyo;
- qalebis Camocileba saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi
srulfasovani monawileobisagan;
"qalTa" politikis efeqturi socialuri politikiT ganmtkicebis ararseboba;
qalebis sayofacxovrebo saqmeebiT datvirTvis maRali done.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sabWoTa periodis saxelmwifo politika qalebis mimarT
paternalistur-deklaraciul tips ganekuTvneba.
gardamavali periodis demokratiul procesebsa da ekonomikur cvlilebebs
86
"manus kanonebi" savsea qaluri "boroti sawyisisagan" Tavdacvis ideebiT da
qalebis kontrolis sxvadasxva meTods gvkarnaxobs "dRis da Ramis sifxizlis",
taqtis, saCuqrebisa da garTobebis CaTvliT. qalis monuri erTgulebis dakargvis
SiSi da upativcemulo gansja maT Sesaxeb monebisadmi damokidebulebas mogvagonebs.
religiuri moZRvrebis miTiTebani adamianTa qcevas aregulireben. Cv. w. aR.-is
pirvel saukuneSi maT pirvelad gamoacxades qalebis mier mkacri monogamiis dacvis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac mamakacs poligamiis ufleba rCeboda, arsebuli
poliandria, levirati da meoradi qorwineba qvrivebisaTvis TandaTanobiT socialur
tabud gadaiqca..
sati
VII-VII saukuneebSi aRdgenil iqna qvrivebis TviTdawvis praqtika - "sati", uZvelesi
tradicia, romelic jer kidev Zv. w. V saukuneSi gaauqmes. brahmanebma imis mtkiceba
daiwyes, rom cols ZaluZs qmari amqveyniuri codvebisagan gaanTavisuflos, Tuki mis
cxedarTan erTad Tavs cocxlad daiwvavs. amis Semdeg ki igi bednierad icxovrebs
zecaSi 35 milioni weli. da marTlac, indoeTSi dResac SexvdebiT saflavis qvaze
amokveTil im qalTa saxelebs, romlebmac VII-XIX s.s. TviTdawva ganaxorcieles.
sataZro prostitucia
qalTa mdgomareobis ganxilvis mizniT metad sainteresoa, agreTve, sataZro
prostituciis institutis ganxilva. "RvTis mona" (devadasi) mcirewlovani gogona
gasazrdelad gadaecema taZars. fulis safasurad igi eweva prostitucias, xolo
gasamrjelo xmardeba taZris keTilmowyobasa da saWiroebas. epigrafebze dayrdnobiT
SeiZleba vimsjeloT, rom sxvadasxva dResaswaulsa da Tavyrilobaze isini taZris
mocekvaveebad gamodiodnen. aRniSnuli Cveuleba ukve Zv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi
arsebobda, igi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda Sua saukuneebSi da miuxedavad formaluri
akrZalvisa, mas dResac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, 1981 wels Catarebuli kvlevebis
gamoqveynebis Sedegad irkveva, rom maharaStrisa da karnatakis raionebSi devadasebis
raodenoba 25-30 aTass aRwevda da yovelwliurad maT rigebs 5-6 aTasi gogona
emateboda. (Сыркин, 1996).
qalTa problema reformatorTa SemoqmedebaSi
qalTa problema reformatorTa SemoqmedebaSi maTi saerTo msoflmxedvelobis
WrilSi wydeboda. bengalieli inteleqtualis ramohan roias (1772-1833 ww.) azriT
(igi brahmanebis kastas ekuTvnoda da induizmis erT-erTi reformatori iyo), praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli iyo umsgavso Sexedulebebi zneobriobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli
Sexedulebebi aisaxeboda sxvadasxva araadamianuri adaT-wesis ganxorcielebisas, (mag.,
sati, qvrivebisaTvis qorwinebis akrZalva, qorwineba adreul asakSi da sxv.).
ramohan roias mimdevrebi gauCndnen bengaliaSi, Semdgom ki maharaStraSi,
penjabSi. isini aqtiurad erTvodnen brZolaSi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobis
Sesacvlelad iyo mimarTuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda svami daianadi
sarasvati (1824-1883 ww.), romelmac didi roli Seasrula qalTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi.
igi amtkicebda, rom qals Seswevs unari aiTvisos veduri teqstebis "maradiuli
WeSmaritetebi". reformatorma sakmaod didi muSaoba gaswia im saswavlo dawesebulebebis organizebisaTvis, sadac saswavlo programebi gogonebisaTvis iseTive
datvirTuli iyo, rogorc biWebisaTvis. mas miaCnda, rom qaliSvilma
saqmro
TviTonve unda airCios, rom adreul asakSi qorwineba maTTvis damRupvelia: saqorwino urTierTobebi mowiful asakSi unda daiwyos, mas Semdeg, rac axalgazrdebi
ganaTlebis kurss daamTavreben.
51
literaturaSi vxvdebiT maswavleblebs, mkurnalebs da sxva profesiis qalebs,
romlebic iseve, rogorc mocekvaveebi, momRerlebi, heterebi, damoukideblad
irCendnen Tavs, damoukidebel cxovrebas eweodnen da gaTxovebas TavianT profesias
amjobinebdnen.
budizmiT gatacebuli bevri qali warCinebul ojaxebs tovebda.
brahmanizmis reaqcia ki qalis uflebebis ufro mkacri reglamentacia gaxldaT, rac
mamakacisadmi Semdgom daqvemdebarebas niSnavda.
am periodSi brahmanebma veduri sulieri memkvidreobis codnisa da religiuri
teqstebis Seswavlis monopolizeba moaxdines. sxva varnebis (qSatriebis da vaiSebis).
daSveba mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. Cv. w. aR.-is meore saukuneSi aRniSnuli ufleba
waerTvaT samive umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel qalebs.
qalebis diskriminirebuli mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimida, rodesac gogonebi
amoiRes "upanaianas" (xelTdasxma) religiuri ritulidan. aRniSnuli rituali sami
umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel bavSvebs oficialurad orjer dabadebulTa ricxvs
miakuTvnebda, rac maT winaprebis sulieri memkvidreobis ziarebis, wminda teqstebis
wakiTxvis, ganaTlebis miRebisa da garkveul msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobis miRebis
saSualebas aZlevda. am ritalis gauqmebis Semdeg qalebi TavianTi mdgomarebiT
Sudrebs gautoldnen.
qalebis orjer dabadebis xelTdasxmisaTvis saqorwilo rituali gamoiyeneboda.
vinaidan upanaianis rituali Tavdapirvelad mowafis dabadebis aqtad aRiqmeboda,
misi saqorwilo ritualiT Secvla qmars colisaTvis umaRles RvTaebad, mis
aRmzrdelad da batonad akanonebda. Sesabamisad sapatarZlos asakic TandaTan
mcirdeboda. mTavar moTxovnad darCa xelTdasxmis ritualis Catareba manamde, sanam
gogonas menstrualuri cikli daewyeboda.
adreul asakSi gaTxovebis ideas socialuri sanqciiTac dauWires mxari. brahmani,
romelic aTi wlis asakze ufros cols moiyvanda, Sudras qmrad iTvleboda da
moklebuli iyo yovelgvar privilegiebs. es ki socialur boikots da kastidan
gandevnas niSnavda. amave beds iziarebda qaliSvilis mamac, romelic ver
uzrunvelyofda aRniSnul asakamde siZis monaxvas.
qalis mdgomareobaze sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi manus kanonebSi sakmaod
kategoriulad aris naTqvami: "arc qaliSvilma, arc axalgazrda da arc xanSiSesulma
qalma damoukideblad araferi ar unda gaakeTos TviT sakuTar saxlSic ki. bavSvobaSi
igi mamas unda emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris sikvdilis Semdeg –
vaJiSvilebs". an kidev "dRe da Rame qali Tavis mamakacebze unda iyos damokidebuli.
bavSvobaSi mas mama icavs, mowifulobaSi – qmari, moxucebulobaSi vaJiSvilebi. qali
arasodes varga damoukideblobisaTvis". (Законы Ману, 1960)
tradiciuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, qals ara Tu ar Seswevs unari sakuTari
Tavi daicvas, aramed igi yvela maCvenebliT mamakacze ufro dabla dgas. mas an
saerTod ara aqvs azrovnebis unari an Zalian umniSvnelod. misi SesaZleblobebi,
Zala, Rirseba Zalian SezRudulia da amitom igi mxolod imisaTvis varga, rom
mamakacs emsaxuros da saxlis saqme akeTos. TviT saxlis saqmeebic ki Semoifargleba
mxolod reproduqciiT, bavSvebze zrunviT, moxucebis movliT da ojaxis wevrebis
momsaxurebiT. SedarebiT mniSvnelovani funqciebi – gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
qonebis floba da gankargva – mamakacis funqciaa.
"am samyaroSi qalebis buneba mamakacebisaTvis zianis momtania, amitomac brZenni
maT sifrTxiliT ekidebian". "manus kanonebSi" naTqvamia, rom qalebi nebismier mamakacs eZlevian, miuxedavad misi asakisa. TavianTi vnebis dasakmayofileblad, xasiaTis
cvalebadobisa da ugulobis gamo qmrebs Ralatoben, ra mkacradac ar unda
uTvalTvalo maT. aseTebad Seqmna RmerTma qalebi da mamakacma icis ra yovelive es,
sagangebod unda ufrTxildes maT." (Законы Ману, 1960).
politikuri qaosi da cxovrebis pirobebis ukiduresi gauareseba moyva. dairRva
RirebulebaTa adre arsebuli sistema, rasac ar mohyolia RirebulebaTa axali sistemis
Seqmna. radikalurma socialur-politikurma cvlilebebma Rrma kvali daaCnia adamianTa
cxovrebis wess. saTanado gamocdilebasa da samarTlebriv dacviT meqanizmebs
moklebuli moqalaqeebi moulodnelad riskis situaciaSi aRmoCndnen – iniciativisa da
pasuxismgeblobis simZimis centrma saxelmwifodan maTze gadainacvla. moSlili
ekonomikisa da qaoturi socialur-politikuri cxovrebis pirobebSi pirovnebisaTvis,
faqtobrivad, umTavres problemad axal istoriul viTarebasTan Segueba iqca.
politikurma, ekonomikurma krizisma da SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma, upirveles
yovlisa, qalebze iqonia gavlena. qalebi fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladobis upirvelesi
msxverpli gaxdnen. imave konfliqtebma gamoiwvia konfliqtebis zonebidan migraciis
rTuli problema* (ltolvilTa 54,4% qalia, maTgan – 97% afxazeTidan, xolo 3% cxinvalis regionidan). aRniSnulma pirobebma Secvala qalTa cxovrebis stili, xeli
SeuSala maT personalur da socialur ganviTarebas, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebidan gariyuli aRmoCnda mosaxleobis is mniSvnelovani nawili, romelTa
interesebic arasrulyofilad aisaxa axal institutebSi.
mkveTrad Semcirda dasaqmebul qalTa ricxvi (1989-94 wlebSi 1250 aTasidan 750
aTasamde). amis garda, qalTa dasaqmebis prioritetul sferoebSi (samecniero-kvleviTi
moRvaweoba, medicina, kultura, msubuqi da kvebis mrewveloba) dabalma anazRaurebam
gamoiwvia qalTa mniSvnelovani gaRatakeba. zemoTaRniSnuli procesebi qalis
reproduqciul qcevaSic aisaxa, rac TavisTavad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qveynis
demografiul suraTze.
bolo periodSi moxda sqesobriv urTierTobebze sazogadoebrivi azris liberalizacia, sazogadoeba ufro Semwynarebeli gaxda ganqorwinebis mimarTac. aman
bunebrivad
Seasusta
meuRleTa
urTierTobebis
oficialuri
registraciis
aucilebloba, rac aisaxa oficialuri statistikis Sesabamisi maCveneblebis SemcirebiT
da mainc, qalebi ufro momzadebulebi aRmoCndnen mwvave krizisis gadasatanad.
ojaxis gadarCenis mizniT qalTa umravlesobam xeli mihyo araregistrirebul bizness
(cxoba, wvrili vaWroba, SromiTi migracia). dRes xSirad, swored qali xdeba ojaxis
erTaderTi marCenali. Tumca es mas Zvirad ujdeba - icvleba misi cxovrebis niri da
xeli eSleba mis pirovnul, sazogadoebriv da socialur ganviTarebas. magram qali
yvelaze naklebad fiqrobs Tavis interesebze an maT lobirebaze, amis Sedegad
sazogadoeba kargavs mosaxleobis sakmaod did segments, romlis interesebi adekvaturad ar aisaxeba axal institutebSi. meore mxriv, ikargeba ganaTlebuli kadrebi, profesionalebi; kadrebis danakargi da sqesTa disbalansi dasaqmebis sferoSi ki garkveulad
xels uwyobs socialur ukmayofilebas da socialur–politikur arastabilurobas.
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3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
qalebis istoriuli da Tanamedrove socialuri mdgomareobis analizi sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi asabuTebs, rom qalebis problemebi internacionaluri xasiaTisaa da
gamoixateba yoveli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis doniT da rom am problemebis realizacia moiTxovs ara mxolod
yovelmxriv axal midgomas qalis mimarT, aramed saxelmwifos da kanonebis
mxardaWerasac.
*
samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis konfliqtebis Sedegad dRes saqarTveloSi 400 aTasi migrantia.
oficialurad daregistrirebulia 286642 ltolvili. aqedan 275096 (95,97%) – afxazeTidan, 11546 (4,0)
– samaCablodan.
saqarTvelos qalTa dacvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba saerTaSoriso
sakanonmdeblo aqtebs da erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebis
SemuSavebas.
saqarTvelo 1994 wlis 22 seqtembers SeuerTda konvencias 'qalTa diskriminaciis
yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb, riTac man valdebuleba aiRo, rom 'miiRebs
yvela saWiro zomas qveynis politikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalTa mimarT
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad, saxeldobr, qalebisaTvis mamakacebTan Tanabar
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs arCevnebsa da sajaro referendumebSi xmis micemis uflebas,
sajarod arCeul organoebSi kandidaturis wamoyenebis SesaZleblobas da monawileobas
mTavrobis politikis Camoyalibebasa da ganxorcielebaSi da imis SesaZleblobas, rom
daikavon saxelmwifo postebi da Seasrulon yvela saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia nebismier
samTavrobo doneze, monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo organizaciebisa da asociaciebis
saqmianobaSi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian qveynis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
cxovrebis problemebiT. (muxli 7) .
1995
wels
saqarTvelos
parlamentma
miiRo
saqarTvelos
konstitucia.
konstituciis me-14 punqtSi naTqvamia: 'adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis
winaSe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa, politikuri da sxva
Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa,
qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa an sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
FparlamentSi Seiqmna adamianis dacvisa da erovnul umciresobaTa komiteti da
dedaTa, bavSvTa da ojaxis uflebis dacvis specialuri qvekomiteti, erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatSi ki erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis Tanamdeboba
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebSi. aRmasrulebel mTavrobaSi Camoyalibda adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTa ganyofileba, ombucmenis instituti, romelsac mieniWa
farTo uflebamosileba adamianTa uflebebis dacvis kontrolis saqmeSi. am ganyofilebis samuSaos sferoSi Sevida qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebi. erT-erT mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda parlamentar qalTa jgufebis Seqmna. 1992 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos
parlamentSi Seiqmna parlamentar qalTa klubi. klubis moqmedebis gegmaSi asaxulia
pekinis qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis platformis Tormetive prioriteti.
1995 wels daiwyo gaerTianebuli erebisa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis erToblivi
proeqtis – "genderuli ganviTareba" ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli programa, ZirTadad,
pekinis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis forumebisa da pekinis qalTa konferenciidan
gamomdinare Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavda. aRniSnuli proeqtis iniciativiT
momzadda proeqti saqarTvelos qalTa mdgomareobis da maTi problemebis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. momzadda cnobari qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Sesaxeb. muSaoba daiwyo
axalma programam - 'qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi. Catarada qalTa problemebisadmi
miZRvnili seminarebi da konferencia, ganxorcielda genderul problemebTan dakavSirebuli gamokvleva, gamoica broSurebi, momzadda satelevizio da radio gadacemebi.
gaeroSi gaigzavna angariSi saqarTveloSi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris
da konvenciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis sabWos adamianis uflebebis
ganyofilebam SeimuSava specialuri programebi yvela sferoSi qalTa uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT.
1996 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda konvencias “mamakacTa da qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb”, 2002 wels
“qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yovelgvari formis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb” damatebiT
oqms da imave konvenciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesworebis ratificirebis Taobaze”.
samoqmedo platforma, romelic pekinis qalTa konferenciaze iqna miRebuli,
iTvaliswinebda 1997 wlis bolosaTvis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas yvela saxelmwifos
wydeboda. reformatorebma gadasinjes TavianTi midgoma wminda teqstebisadmi da
ganacxades, rom ar SeiZleba am teqstebSi yvelaferi CaiTvalos sayovelTao da
maradiul WeSmaritebad. wina planze gamodioda adamianis axali ideali, mTavari iyo
ara kasturi miTiTebebis im normebis Sesruleba, romlebic sxvadasxva kastis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis sxvadasxva iyo, aramed adamianis gansjis unari: ra aris
zneobrivi? ramdenad aris sasargeblo da azriani? rogori unda iyos is qmedebebi,
romlebic qveyanas keTildReobas moutans? ramdenad didia TiToeuli adamianis
wvlili saerTo erovnul da indoeTis keTildReobis saqmeSi?
Sesabamisad, indur sazogadoebaSi icvleboda da gansjis sagani xdeboda qalis
statusi. "dharmaSastraSi" gadmocemulia adamianis qcevis wesebi (dharma) cxovrebis
sxvadasxva stadiaSi (aSramebSi). misi avtorebis Sexedulebebi metad winaaRmdegobrivia. zogierT adgilas imazec ki aris saubari, rom qalebi dedamiwaze RmerTis
TvisebebiT aRWurvili arsebebia. amasTan erTad vxvdebiT sxva mosazrebebsac: qalis
bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi cudi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa boroteba, cbiereba,
avxorcoba, qarafSutoba da sxv. (Мезенцева, 1993.)
dRes indoeTis konstitucia aRiarebs Tanasworuflebianobas politikur da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. qalebs irCeven parlamentSi, adgilobriv mmarTvelobiT
organoebSi, niSnaven maRal Tanamdebobebze. da, mainc, qalebi mosaxleobis yvelaze
ufro dabal fenas warmoadgenen. aRniSnuli im faqtSic aisaxeba, rom indoeTi im
gamonaklis qveyanas warmoadgens, sadac mosaxleobaSi qalebi mamakacebze naklebia da
maTi sicocoxlis xangrZlivobac ufro xanmoklea.
induizmis formirebasTan erTad icvleboda qalebis mdgomareobac. induizmis,
iseve rogorc qalTa mdgomarebis safuZvlebi unda veZioT ariul patriarqalur
kulturaSi, romelic adgilobrivi da winaariuli periodis kulturis Serwymis
Sedegad warmoiSva da sadac qals sakmaod maRali, Tumca ara gabatonebuli
mdgomareoba ekava.
ariuli panTeoni upiratesad mamakaci RmerTebisagan Sedgeboda. maT ganuyofeli
ariuli ojaxi da samsafexuriani socialuri struqtura hqondaT (qSatriebi,
brahmanebi da vaiSebi). mas Semdeg, rac arielebma adgilobriv mosaxleobaze TavianTi
batonoba gaavrceles, gaCnda meoTxe varna. – Sudrebi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic
Seyvanili iyo ara marto adgilobrivi dabali fenis mosaxleoba, aramed Sereuli
qorwinebis Sedegad gaCenili STamomavlebic. amis Semdeg kasta (jati) memkvidreobiT
xasiaTs iZens, fuZndeba matrimonialuri wesi da calkeul individs aRar SeuZlia
Tavisi statusis Secvla. memkvidreobis miReba ki mxolod vaJiSvilebs daukanondaT.
am xanaSi qali jer kidev inarCunebda garkveul Tavisuflebas da qorwineba misTvis
savaldebulo ar iyo, xolo mogvianebiT, rodesac miiRes wesi (endogamiis Sesaxeb),
romelic
qorwinebas kastis CarCoebiT zRudavda, 15-16 wlis qaliSvils SeeZlo
TviTon aerCia saqmro. qvrivebs meored gaTxovebis ufleba hqondaT. magram ukve
maSin qalebi "sxva RatakebTan" erTad miekuTvnebodnen im kategorias, romelTac ar
hqondaT ufleba daswrebodnen mefis karis RonisZiebebs.
qalebis mdgomareobis Semdgomi cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania
brahmanizmis reaqcia budizmisa da janaizmis gamowvevaze. aRniSnuli axali religiebi
qals met Tavisuflebas da arCevanis uflebas aZlevda. radikalur siaxles
warmoadgenda mamakacebis Tanasworad qalebis monawileoba religiur ritualebSi da
qorwinebis
sanacvlod
monazvnobis
arCevanis
ufleba.
adreul
budistur
88
49
uTanasworobis safuZvlebi
qalis statusi induizmSi
induizmis ganviTareba sam aTaswleulze met xans iTvlis, amasTan, mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSi misi tradiciebi mudmivad mdidrdeboda da viTardeboda. istoriuli
gamocdilebis aseTi gavrceleba da im xalxebis kulturuli mravalferovneba,
romlebic mas aRiareben da sxvadasxva teritoriul sivrceze arian gansaxlebuli,
xsnis induizmis mokle da martiv gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis mTel periodSi induizmma
SeinarCuna garkveuli debulebebi, romlebsac SeZleba daeTanxmon misi rogorc
Zveli, ise Tanmedrove mimdevrebi.
erT-erTi aseTi debuleba, romelic mokle
gamonaTqvamebis saxiT aris
gadmocemuli, Cveni eris dasawyisSi gaCnda da SemdgomSi klasikuri induri samarTlis
- "manus kanonebisa" da "manavadarmaSastras" safuZvlad iqca. tradiciulad iTvleba,
rom sanskrituli teqsti Sedgenil iqna brZenis mier, romelsac saxelad manu erqva.
igi TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebis normebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, religiuri
ritualebis, mokled, yvelaferi imis, rasac sanskritSi dxarma hqvia, ganmsazRvrel
kanonTa krebulis erT-erT nawils Seadgens.
dRevandeli induizmi Tavisi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT sakmaod axlo dgas
klasikur induizmTan, romelic ori aTasi wlis win arsebobda. magram aucilebelia
aRiniSnos ori umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba. pirveli - es aris induizmis
farTo gavrceleba subkontinetis mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi da arqauli
tradiciebis Zlieri gavlena maTze. is xalxebi, romlebic e.w. adrevedur da manus
periodSi "ucxoebad" iTvlebodnen, aTaswleulis Semdeg induizmis ZiriTad
mamoZravebel Zalad iqcnen. maTi cxovrebis adaT-wesebi ganuxrelad Seerwya am
moZRvrebis uZvelesi tradiciebis safuZvlebs.
meore cvlileba "sqesobriv orientaciasTan" aris dakavSirebuli. induizmis
tradiciis mixedviT, "mamebis" valis gadaxda vaJiSvilis gaCeniT xdeboda (da ara
mxolod bavSvis), rac damaxasiaTebelia mamakacur sawyisze orientirebuli
religiisaTvis mag., veduri, klasikuri periodis, Sua saukneebisa da dRevandeli
religiebisaTvis. es orientacia SenarCunebulia yvela drois yvela gamolinebaSi –
miTebSi, ritualebSi, doqtrinebSi, simboloebSi. magram Tu imiT vimsjelebT, rom
qali-RmerTebi aqtiurad Semodiodnen im sivrceSi, romelic mamakac RmerTebs ekavaT,
xolo am process Tan sdevda qalebis religiuri gaaqtiureba, gansakuTrebiT ki
ritualur cxovrebaSi, udavoa, rom qalis roli mTlianad induizmis tradiciis
masStabebSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, induizmi mudmivad
ganicdida ubralo, gaunaTlebeli xalxis gavlenas, romlis naxevarsac qalebi
Seadgendnen. realurad saqme imaSi ki ar iyo, rom induizms qalebis aqtiuroba aklda,
aramed saWiro iyo am aqtiurobas aRiareba moepovebina literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi,
agreTve qurumebSi, sataZro da samonastro administraciaSi. amis ganxorcieleba ki
mxolod dRes gaxda SesaZlebeli, rodesac msoflio ganaTlebisa da sainformacio
SesaZleblobebis wyalobiT
udidesi siCqariT icvleba, rodesac aRniSnuli
institutebi da socialuri cxovrebis sxva elementebi iwyebs induisturi
sazogadoebis, misi klasebis, kastebis, sxvadasxva regionSi qalebis mdgomareobis
obieqturi suraTis asaxvas. (O'Flaherty, 1988).
induizmis yvela reformators, XIX saukunidan dawyebuli, kargad esmoda, rom
qalTa problema ucilobel gadaWras moiTxovs. jer kidev maSin ukve mwvaved
igZnoboda bevri Zveli da Suasaukuneobrivi Teologiuri miTiTebis gadasinjvis
aucilebloba, maT Soris iseTebisa, romlebic qalebis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas
exeboda. sakiTxebi RmerTis, samyaros, adamianis Sesaxeb axleburad dgeboda da
mier, Sesabamis organizaciebsa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciis safuZvelze, romelic miznad isaxavda pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebas.
konferenciaze, romelic 1998 wlis 24 aprils Catarda, miRebuli iqna gaeros
ganviTarebis programis mier SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi 1998-2000
wlebSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi",
romelic prezidentis mier iqna damtkicebuli. samoqmedo gegma pekinis platformis
Tormeti prioritetidan Svids moicavs.
samoqmedo gegmis mTavari mizani iyo genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi iTvaliswinebda agreTve
qalTa daxmarebis aucileblobas gardamaval periodSi arsebul socialur problemaTa
gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli cvlilebebis Setanas kanonmdeblobaSi. (qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, 2000).
erovnuli instituciuri meqanizmis dafuZneba udaod wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo
genderuli Tanasworobis da qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris saxelmwifo politikis
SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.
metic, 1999 wels qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetSi angariSis wardgenis Semdeg saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli specialuri zomebi adasturebs
genderuli problemis gadaWris politikur nebas.
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomendaciebis sapasuxod saxelmwifom gamosca specialuri brZanebuleba, romelic mimarTuli iyo qalTa
uflebebis dacvis gaumjobesebisaken.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos prezidentis #511, 1999/11/05 brZanebuleba – “saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”, darCa formalur
pasuxad qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomendaciebze da
umniSvnelo gavlena moaxdina qalTa winsvlaze.
“qalTa mimarT Zaladobis aRmofxvris deklaraciis” sapasuxod gamoica saqarTvelos
prezidentis #64, 2000/25/02 brZanebuleba da damtkicda 2000-2002 wlebis “qalTa
mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli gegma”.
miuxedavad CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, gardamaval periodSi
qalTa winsvlis
TvalsazrisiT didi Zvra ar momxdara.
2003 wlis, 23 noembris “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda
mTeli rigi administraciuli cvlilebebi. am cvlilebebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina
qalTa winsvlis sakiTxze – marTalia, uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli qalTa winsvlis
komisia 2004 wlis ianvarSi gauqmda, magram mis sanacvlod Camoyalibda saqarTvelos
parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio sabWo.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi qalTa asze meti arasamTvarobo organizaciaa registrirebuli. isini sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asruleben qalTa problematikis wina planze
wamowevis, genderuli balansis miRwevisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis inicirebisa da
lobirebis saqmeSi. maTi saqmianoba aCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala problemaTa prioritetebis miSvneloba qarTveli qalebisaTvis. Tu reformebis sawyis etapze, mwvave
socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi, isini yuradRebas humanitaruli daxmarebis
programebze amaxvilebdnen, bolo periodisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT, 1995 wlis pekinis
konferenciis Semdeg) gaizarda maTi aqtiuroba adamianis uflebebis dacvis, demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis, politikuri da samrTlebrivi reformebis, qalTa
politikuri aqtivobis gazrdis mimarTulebiT. magram es organizaciebi, rogorc wesi,
mxolod qalebisagan Sedgeba da, Sesabamisad, ar aris genderulad dabalansebuli. erTi
mxriv, aRniSnuli faqti xels uwyobs qalebis problemis irgvliv koncentracias, magram,
meore mxriv, seriozuli dabrkolebaa genderuli balansis mizniT mamakacebisa da
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qalebis erToblivi muSaobis gzaze. garda amisa, albaT, aucilebelia gaizardos am
problematikaze momuSave mecnierebis ricxvi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalTa Temaze
msoflioSi arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganzogadebas da qarTul sinamdvilesTan adaptirebas, agreTve erovnuli klevebis Catarebas da am dargSi qarTuli samecniero
literaturis Seqmnas.
4. saqarTvelos qalebis monawileoba politikur procesebSi
transformirebadi sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom mis moqalaqeebs hqondeT
garemomcveli sinamdvilisa da misi cvalebadobis prognozirebis unari. es maT
saSualebas miscems, miiRon praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebi da imoqmedon maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis. sazogadoebis transformaciis Tanamedrove gageba gulisxmobs mis demokratizaciasa da humanizacias, cxovrebis patriarqaluri ganwyobebisa da normebis gadalaxvas, warsulSi sazogadoebaSi miRebuli bevri cnebisa da warmodgenis gadafasebas.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gardamaval sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba qalTa sakiTxs.
qarTuli sazogadoebis transformaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebis analizi, ise
rogorc socialuri makrosistemisa, romelic rTul socialur, ekonomikur, politikur, kulturul cvlilebebs ganicdis, saWiroebs socio-genderuli koncefciebis gamoyenebas. genderul urTierTobebs da yovel socialur erTobaSi arsebul urTierTqmedebebs Tavisi garkveuli specifika aqvs, gansxvavdeba konkretuli sociokulturuli,
mentaluri, maT Soris, demografiuli TaviseburebebiT, gaaCnia mravalroliani funqcia.
genderuli midgoma efuZneba sqesTa urTierTobis sociokulturul dinamikas da ar
dahyavs igi mxolod gansazRvrul biologiur urTierTobebze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Cveni istoriis sabWoTa periodSi qalTa emansipacias ideologiuri xasiaTi hqonda,
farTod iyo deklarirebuli da saxelmwifos oficialurad uWerda mas mxars. amJamad
mimdinare transformaciuli procesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi
qalis statusisa da rolis Secvlaze.
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi mamakacisa da qalis rolebis tradiciuli Tanafardoba
icvleba. Tavad cxovreba gvkarnaxobs maTi axali identifikaciis moTxovnas. amasTan,
erT-erTi ZiriTadi determinanti xdeba genderuli urTierTobebis cvlilebebi da
Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebsa da SesaZleblobebis principis praqtikuli realizacia.
saqarTveloSi didi ar aris im qalebis procenti, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukavia
aRmasrulebel organoebsa da parlamentSi, anda adgilibrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi. isini raime gavlenas ver moaxdenen gadawyvetilebis miRbis procesze. amdenad,
qalebi Cveulebriv, xdebian mamakacebis politikuri mmarTvelobis obieqtebi. miuxedavad
qalebis problemebisadmi miZRvnili nairobis 1985 Wlis saerTaSoriso kongresis
gancxadebisa imis Taobaze, rom "saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos qalebis monawileoba
erovnul, saxelmwifoebriv da adgilobriv saxelisuflebo organoebSi da es unda
ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis saSualebiT", saqarTvelos
mTavrobisaTvis es problema ar gaxlavT wamyvani da ramdenadme mniSvnelovani.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 53% qalebia. isini yvelaze did socialur jgufs
warmoadgenen da am jgufis qcevaze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli qveynis warmatebuli ganviTareba. swored amitom, qalis rolisa da adgilis analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikur da socialur reformebTan dakavSirebuli
cvlilebebis Sefaseba.
gardamavali periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma mZafrma politikurma da socialur90
qmrisaTvis. (pavles mociqulis epistoleni pirvelT korinTelTa mimarT 11:7- 11:8)
pirvel mimarTvaSi timoTesadmi naTqvamia: "qali mdumared unda swavlobdes
yovelgvari morCilebis qveS, xolo qals nebas ar vaZlev ibatonos qmarze, aramed
dumdes unda, radgan adamia Seqmnili, Semdeg ki eva." (pavles mociqulis epistoleni,
pirveli timoTes mimarT 2:11- 2:12)
magram feministi qalebis garkveul nawils aseTi reformatoroba uperspeqtivod
miaCnia da amitom sakuTari "feministuri religiis" Seqmnis an spiritualobis ideas
ayeneben. "spirituli feminizmi" ar aris erTgvarovani moZraoba. igi aerTianebs
qalRmerTis
(goddess)
Tayvanismcemel,
matriarqaluri
futurizmis
mimdevar
Teoretikosebs, alqajuri praqtikis momxreebs, rasac pirobiTad "feministuri
religia" ewodeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime misi maxasiaTebeli.
upirveles yovlisa, patriarqalur momakvdav msoflmxedvelobas upirispirdeba
mTlianoba da erTmyofadoba, rac qalTa msoflmxedvelobas mosdevs.
RmerTs, rogorc transcendentul Zalas, feministuri religiis Teoretikosebi
upirispireben qalTa modgmis RvTiurobas. istoriuli iudaizmisa da qristianobis
RmerTebi, - naomi goldbergis azriT, - ar Seefardebian Tanamedrove qalebs, amitom
uaryofili iqnebian da Seicvlebian religiuri eqspresiulobis axali qaluri
formebiT. "spirituli fenimizmis" Tanaxmad, qalRmerTi bunebas ar upirispirdeba, ar
aris misdami transcendentuli, piriqiT, igi bunebis nawilia da imyofeba
TanamoqmedebaSi bunebriv ZalebTan, romlebic miaCnia "ara dasapyrob raimed, aramed
sakuTari Tavis sxva ganzomilebad" feministuri spirituloba Tavisi arsebiT
Tayvaniscemis ekologiuri formaa.
Tumca "spirituli feminizmis" mimdevrebs miaCniaT, rom am religias safuZvlad udevs
erTarsebobis idea, maT ar SeuZliaT gadalaxon maT mierve gakritikebuli diqotomizmi.
arsebiTad, maTi azrovneba ar gamodis imave gaorebulobis samyaros sazRvrebidan, romlis
arsebobisTvis isini brals sdeben "mamakacur kulturas". saboloo angariSiT gansxvaveba
prerogativebis arCevaSia. patriarqaluri kultura aqcents akeTebs gonisa da kulturis
mniSvnelobaze, "qaluri" - upiratesobas intuiciasa da bunebas aniWebs. patriarqaluri
miTebi icvleba matriarqalurad orientirebuli mSvidobismyofelobiT, romelic,
faqtobrivad, qalebis dominirebaze dayrdnobil sistemas aidealebs. "Cven vimyofebiT axali
eris - akvariusis (merwyulis) epoqis karibWesTan, - wers elisabed deivisi, - sxva akvariuli
epoqis gariJraJze. roca, ormocdaTormeti aTasi wlis win didma dedofalma baziliom
wesrigi da samarTlianoba moitana qaosis samyaroSi, romelic Cveni XX saukunis msgavsad,
moculi iyo ukanonobiTa da winaaRmdegobriobiT. qalebi dRes, ise rogorc maSin, amomavali
civilizaciis mqadageblebi arian. Cven Tvals mivapyrobT qalebs, velodebiT ra xsnasa da
gajansaRebas akvariusis amaRorZinebel wylebSi... maqsimalizmis epoqa dasasruls
uaxlovdeba... mxolod sami aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli mamakacuri materializmis
mxecis damxobiT SeuZlia kacobriobas ixsnas Tavi. XXI saukunis mecnierebaSi gzas fizikuri
ki ara, sulieri Zala gaikvlevs... mgrZnobierebaze maRalmgrZnobiare percefcia gaimarjvebs
da isev ibatoneben qalebi".
ra Tqma unda, aseTi saxis moZraobebi izolirebul, alternatiul cxovrebis wess
uweven propagandas. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom isini xSirad antagonizmSi modian
maTTan, vinc "swor kulturul xazs ar misdevs".
reformatorobas, albaT, Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia,. roca am sazRvrebis
gadalaxva ki religiis fundamenturi safuZvlebis Seryevas iwvevs. feministuri
religiis Seqmna TavisTavad ararealuria, Tundac mxolod imis gamo, rom mas mxars
ar uWers TviT qalebis umravlesoba, radgan gabatonebulTa da qveSevrdomTa
adgilebis gadanacvlebiT kacobrioba ufro bednieri ar gaxdeba.
47
periodSi, romelmac wamoayena lozungi: "Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba". magram rogorc ki revoluciuri qariSxali Cacxra, sazogadoebam uceb miiviwya gamarjvebaSi qalebis wvlili. saxelmwifos yvela sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel organoSi upiratesoba mxolod mamakacebs eZleodaT. qalebi Zveleburad
elementaruli politikuri uflebebis gareSe darCnen.
mxolod XX saukuneSi miiRo Seuqcevadi xasiaTi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
mimarTulma moZraobam. yovel aTwleulSi, gansakuTrebiT 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, is sul axal da axal Zalebs ikrebs. mis rigebSi erTiandeba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva warmomadgeneli.
qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma reformatorulma moZraobam
yvelaze didi gaqaneba swored qristianul samyaroSi miiRo, rac dasavleTis
qveyanebis umravlesobaSi sazogadoebriv progresTan aris dakavSirebuli. reformatulad moazrovne Teologebi da eklesiis warmomadgenlebi feministuri moZraobis
zegavleniT, da, rac mTavaria, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, wminda werilebisa da qristianuli sazogadoebis axal interpretaciasac mimarTaven im mizniT, rom uari Tqvan im debulebebze, romlebic qalebis
diskriminaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. am moZraobis udavo miRwevaa qalebis daSveba
saeklesio eparqiaSi, Tumca konfesionalur TemSi sasuliero pirebs Soris qalTa
raodenoba Zalian mcirea. isini saerTod ar arian saeklesio xelisuflebis umaRles
eSelonebSi.
rogorc marTebulad aRniSnaven feministi qalebi, qristianoba jer kidev rCeba
"mamakacTa religiad", romelic qalTa diskriminaciis gamomwvev stereotipebs uWers
mxars, rasac Semdegi warmodgenebic emsaxureba:
upirveles yovlisa, "RmerTis saxe", rogorc mamakacisa. sinamdvileSi "Zvel
aRTqmaSi" RmerTs sqesi ara aqvs. mTeli istoriis manZilze eklesias mamakacebi
marTavdnen da Tavadve ganmartavdnen wminda werils. RmerTis xsenebisas mxolod
mamrobiTi sqesis nacvalsaxels xmarobdnen da qristianuli sameba mamrobiTi sqesis
terminebisagan (mama, Ze da suli wminda) Sedgeba da a.S. yovelive aman sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi warmoSva RmerTis, rogorc mamrobiTi sqesis rwmena.
meore, istoria qalis damorCilebuli mdgomareobis ganCinebisa, romlis
safuZvelsac bibliuri ambavi - adamis neknidan misi samsaxurisaTvis evas Seqmna warmoadgens.
mesame, qristianul simbolikaSi qali warmodgenilia or hipostazSi – evasa da
wminda mariamis saxiT. pirvelSi gansaxierebulia boroteba da adamis SecodebisaTvis
pasuxismgebloba swored mas ekisreboda. meoreSi – absoluturi umankoeba,
maradiuli qalwuloba. feministebs miaCniaT, rom qristianuli Teologia xels
uwyobs sqesis Sesaxeb mamakacuri ideebis gamomxatveli simbolikis gavrcelebas:
meZavi – seqsualuri borotebaa, seqsualuri siwminde – qalwuloba, seqsualuri
aRwarmoebaa – deda (Hole, Livine, 1971) meri deilis sityvebiT, "qalis aRwera
qalwulobis, rZlobis da dedobis kategoriebiT niSnavs misdami midgomas martooden
seqsis CarCoebSi" maSin, rodesac azrad aravis mosdis kacis dasaxasiaTeblad
mimarTos mxolod "umwikvlo qmrisa da mamis" kategoriebs. (Daly, 1968).
meoTxe, mamakacTan SedarebiT qalis ufro dabali bunebis
"RvTiuri
mtkicebuleba" (rasac qalis damorCilebuli mdgomareoba unda Seesabamebodes)
qristinuli eklesiis msaxurebma amoikiTxes pavle mociqulis mimarTvebSi. isini
xSirad moixsenieben pasaJebs pirveli korinTelebisadmi mimarTvidan, romlis
Tanaxmadac qals ekrZaleba Tavsaburavis gareSe locva, maSin, roca "qmarma ar unda
daifaros Tavi TavsaburaviT, radgan igi aris RvTis xati da dideba, coli ki qmris
dideba, radgan "qmari ki ara aris Seqmnili colisagan, aramed colia Seqmnili
ekonomikurma procesebma, faseulobebis cvlilebam da axal sistemaze gadasvlam
uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina qalis statusze, rac gamovlinda ekonomikur da
socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi mamakacebisa da qalebis monawileobis disbalansSi.
saqarTvelos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sferoebis ganviTarebis
procesebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi metad mcirea. amis erT-erTi mizezi ki isev
eTnikur cnobierebaSi unda veZeboT - qalebi ar aRiqmebian Tanasworuflebian
partniorebad da maTi profesiuli, inteleqtualuri da piradi Rirsebebi saTanadod ar
fasdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi realurad ar arsebobs genderuli
Tanasworoba, radgan kanonmdebloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba, Tu igi ganmtkicebulia mTeli rigi RonisZiebebiT, romlebic mimarTulia sxvadasxva sferoSi
erTdroul fundamentur gardaqmnebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi qalebs aqvT
xmis ufleba, saarCevno procesebSi maTi monawileoba kidev ufro dabalia.
gabatonebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa aqtiuroba politikaSi arc ise
sasurvelia – igi mxolod diasaxlisad, mzrunvel dedad, meuRled da qaliSvilad
moiazreba – ganapirobebs am mdgomareobas.
sabWoTa periodTan SedarebiT Semcirda xelisuflebis organoebSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobac. Tu 1990 wels saqarTvelos ssr umaRles sabWoSi deputatTa 16%
qalebi iyvnen, dRes es cifri ar aRemateba saparlamento xelisuflebaSi 7%-s, xolo
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi 10%-s. arc adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSia
saxarbielo mdgomareoba - aq qali mxolod 11%-ia.
Tumca, raodenobrivma cvlilebam xarisxobriv zrdasTan migviyvana. dRes susti
sqesis warmomadgenlebi politikaSi midian ufro gaazrebulad, TavianTi programebiT da
ara statistebis rolSi, rogorc adre iyo.
saqarTvelos politikuri speqtris Seswavlam dagvanaxa, rom jerjerobiT ar aris
gamokveTili realuri politikuri Zala, romelic win wamoswevda qalTa problemebs da
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad aqtiurad da kvalificirebulad mimarTavda Tavis
Zalisxmevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebSi rigma politikurma partiebma – socialistebma, mrewvelebma, leiboristebma, axalma memarjveneebma - Camoayalibes Sida partiuli
qalTa jgufebi (klubebi), magram am jgufebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad qvelmoqmedebazea
mimarTuli. garkveulad gaaqtiurdnen axali demokratebic da TanamSromloba daiwyes
qalTa organizaciebTan. partiaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganacxadi moqalaqeTa
kavSirs ekuTvnis, romelic qalebisaTvis saarCevno siebSi 30%-ani kvotis SemoRebas
apirebda, magram parlamentma amas mxari ar dauWira. miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa,
mainc xazgasasmelia, rom arc erT partias ar gaaCnia qalTa problemebze mimarTuli
konkretuli programebi da maTi gadaWris konkretuli strategia.
unda vifiqroT, rom es mdgomareoba warmavalia da saqarTvelos qalebi uaxloes
momavalSi sul ufro aqtiur monawileobas miiReben sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi, ufro meti raodenobiT gaxdebian politikuri liderebi da saxelmwifo
mosamsaxureebi.
Tu msoflio tendenciebs da Cvens sazogadoebaSi mimdinare demokratiul procesebs
gaviTvaliswinebT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos qalebi yovelmxriv
mzad arian marTvaSi monawileobisa da gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli da sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi da yvela
doneze.
gardamavali periodis saqarTveloSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis sxvadasxva
doneze qalTa monawileobis xarisxis gansazRvraSi dagvexmareba 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003
wlebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis genderuli aspeqtis mimoxilva (ix. danarTi 1, 2), sadac
ufro detaluradaa warmodgenili 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis da 2003 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi.
46
91
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. qarTvel qalTa roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi
2. qalTa socialuri roli da statusi feodalur saqarTveloSi
3. saqarTvelos qalTa socialuri aqtivoba XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
4. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc saqarTveloSi qalTa moZraobis aqtiuri mxardamWeri
saqarTvelos qalTa socialur-politikuri aqtivoba sabWoTa periodSi
5. ra zegavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos qalebze gardamavali periodis procesebma?
6. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli qalTa uflebebis dacvis saqmeSi
7. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
8. saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove politikur procesebSi
literatura:
1. i.WavWavaZe Txzulebani, 1928 w., t. VIII., "qarTuli wignis" gamocema. gv. 278).
2. qafiaSvili
i.
"lomisi", 1994
"Zveli
qarTveli
qarTveli
mwignobari
qalebi"
Tbilisi,
3. xomeriki l., javaxiSvili m. "qalTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi". XIX
saukunis meore naxevari da XX saukunis dasawyisi Tbilisi 2005
4. kiknaZe T. "qali da politika" politologia (saxelmZrvanelo o. gogiaSvilis
redaqtorobiT) Tsu, 2003
5. surmaniZe l. "qali qarTil mentalitetSi". Ggenderis aqtualuri problemebi. Tb. 1997
6. nadaraia l. "qali da politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "genderi,Kkultura.,
Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. GgafrindaSvili), Tbilisi, 2005
7. "genderi,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l. gafrindaSvili) Tbilisi, 2005
8. durgliSvili n., "cvlileba socialur garemoSi da qarTuli ojaxi". Tbilisi. 1997
9. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi , saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
baza da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998
10. qalTa dasaqmebis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1998
11. qali gardamaval periodSi. Tbilisi, 11998
12. qali, mamakaci da sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998
13. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamojvleva, Tbilisi 1999
14. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. gaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tb., gamomc.
"nekeri", 2000
92
miaCnda, rom saukeTesoa is qali, romelzec ucxoebi yvelaze naklebs laparakoben
rogorc saqebrad, ise gasakicxad. moralist plutarqes miaCnda, rom, piriqiT, qals
qeba unda Seasxa. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom warsul droTa gmiri
qalebis qebasTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo warmodgena qalis, rogorc bneli
sawyisis matareblis Sesaxeb. literaturaSi gaCnda alqajebis, momwamvleli qalebis
saxeebi, romlebic miwisqveSa samyaros saSinel RmerTTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli
(Свенцицкая, 1995).
berZnebs omi adamianisaTvis Cveul mdgomarebad miaCndaT. armia polisis Seqmnisa
da arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti da piroba iyo spartaSi ojaxi, rogorc
saxelmwifos pirveladi warmonaqmni, armiam Secvala. warmoiqmna da dakanonda
mamakacTa sxva tipis Tanamegobroba - homoseqsualizmi, romelic yvelaze metad
gamovlinda TebeSi Zv.w. meoTxe saukuneSi. aq Seiqmna sayvarelTa wminda kavSiri,
romlis wevrebic mxardamxar ibZodnen. msgavsi institutebi mowodebuli iyo brZolis
dros gaeRvivebinaT disciplinirebuli, koleqtiuri mamacobis grZnoba da sicocxlis
erToblivi Sewirvis survili aReZraT.
meomari mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebi warmoadgendnen imaT, vinc unda
daecvaT da vinc ojaxis meurneobaSi iyo dasaqmebuli. isini gabatonebuli samxedropolitikuri samyaros naklebad mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgendnen. cxadia, aseTi
viTareba sqesobriv segregacias uwyobda xels.
qristianoba Tavisi moZRvrebiT da institucionaluri struqturiT Tanasworuflebianobis damcvelad mogvevlina. adre dawesebuli normebisagan gansxvavebiT,
ieso qriste xSirad da Riad adasturebda qalebis Rirsebas. misi sikvdilis Semdeg
isini metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen eklesiis institutebis SeqmnaSi,
radganac mTavri rituali iyo monaTvla da ara winadacveTa.
qristes mowafeebi TemSi gaerTiandnen. pirveli qristianuli organizaciebi
swored Temis saxiT arsebobda. morwmuneni aq erTnairi uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,
Tumca iyvnen xelmZRvanelebi – mociqulebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, maswavleblebi,
romelTac aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod maTi piradi Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
ekavaT da rogorc qals, ise mamakacs SeeZlo daekavebina gamorCeuli mdgomareoba. am
periodis qristianul ZeglebSi xSirad vxvdebiT gamoCenili qalebis saxelebs.
Cveni welTaRricxvis meore saukuneSi, rodesac romSi qristianoba oficialur
religiad gamocxadda, qalebs sabolood daexSoT gza saeklesio ierarqiasa da Temis
xelmZRvanelobaSi. Tanasworuflebianoba patriarqaluri instituciuri struqturebiT Seicvala. aseT cvlilebebs Tan axlda saRvTismetyvelo moZRvreba, romelic
patriarqalur wesrigs RvTis nebas miawerda da daJinebiT moiTxovda mamakacsa da
qals Soris iseT urTierTobebs, roca mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo qali
morCilia.
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa patriarqaluri xasiaTi praqtikulad mravali
saukuneis ganmavlobaSi batonobda.
religiuri samarTali da institutebi sayovelTao patriarqaluri wesebis uryev damcvelebad gamodiodnen. mxolod XVI
saukunem – reformaciis periodma, rodesac qristianobaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi
moxda,
rac gamowveuli iyo feodalizmis niadagze axali burJuaziuli
urTierTobebis CasaxviT da ganviTarebiT, Tan moitana "feministuri aRorZnebis" sio.
mokle Sualedma luTersa da kalvins Soris moitana Tavisuflebis gaelveba. beatrisa
galendo, franCeska delebriska, ekaterine aragoneli, dedofali meri, ana bekoni,
jein grei, margaret roperi, meri sidnei – ai, reformaciis dasawyisis ramdenime
gamoCenili qalic saxeli.
keTilismyofel gardaqmnaTa sio, Tumca jer kidev susti da xanmokle, xelaxla
igrZnoboda XVIII saukuneSi, safrangeTisa da amerikis burJuaziul revoluciaTa
45
danarTi 1
1995 - 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos bolo ori mowvevis parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba principulad
ucvleli rCeboda - 1995–1999 wlebSi deputat qalTa ricxvi 17-s ar aRemateba.
saqarTvelos parlamentis fraqciebsa da partiebSi 1999 wlis 1 seqtembris
monacemebiT qalTa warmomadgenloba Semdegia:
fraqciebi da partiebi
11
edp
1
saxalxo partia
-
aRorZineba
1
leiboristuli fraqcia
2
imedi
-
socialisturi partia
1
afxazeTi
-
mamuli
-
fraqciis gareSe
1
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1999 wlis noembris arCevnebis Semdeg parlamentSi qalTa
warmomadgenlobas raodenobrivi cvlileba ar ganucdia. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi
asaxulia parlamentSi arCeul qalTa adgili maT warmdgen partiaTa saarCevno siebSi:
44
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri
1
(#6)
1
(#13)
1
(#20)
saarCevno bloki -“saqarTvelos
aRorZineba”
1
(#9)
0
1
(#27)
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba
gadaarCens saqarTvelos”
0
1
(#12)
0
3
(#32)
(#34)
(#39)
0
1
(#49)
2
(#43)
(#44)
VI-VII aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
II aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
3. qali da qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-politikuri
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia
samyaro, romelSic qristianoba aRmocenda patriarqaluri iyo antikuri samyaros
sazogadoebrivi azri ar cnobda qalis da mamakacis Tanasworobas.
aristotele Tavis "poetikaSi" werda, rom qali SeiZleba iyos keTilSobili,
Tumca Tavisi bunebiT igi mdabali arsebaa. daaxloebiT aseTi ganwyoba sufevda
qalisadmi mTeli warmarTuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
II sauknis romaeli filosofosi celsusi Tavis TxzulebaSi "marTali sityva"
werda, rom Tu RmerTs miwaze sulis gamogzavna undoda, ra saWiro iyo igi iseT
uwmindur adgilas moeTavsebina rogoric qalis mucelia. magram amasTan, igi
tradiciuli miTologiis farglebSi dasaSvebad Tvlida, rom RmerTs SeiZleba
Seuyvardes mSvenieri da didebuli qali.
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi gaCnda e.w. qalTa qeba. qalis mTavar
Rirsebad miCneuli iyo Tavmdabloba, erTguleba, sakuTari Riirsebis gmiruli dacva.
xSirad laparaki iyo ara realur, aramed sasurvel qalze. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom
plutarqe Tavisi Txzulebis pirvelive frazaSi ar eTanxmeboda fukidids, romelsac
qali-kandidatebi
moqalaqeTa kavSiri
I aTeulSi
uli kanonebis Tanaxmad, qorwinebisaTvis aucilebelia qalis Tanxmoba, xolo mama
unda daelodos, sanam misi qaliSvili gaizrdeba, raTa man Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos.
aRTqmis mixedviT, aucilebeli pirobaa agreTve is, rom mamakacs coli sakuTari TaviviT uyvardes, xolo pativi Tavis Tavze metad sces. qmars yovelTvis ekrZaleboda
colis cema. qmrisa da colis urTierTdamokidebuleba ki idealur movlenad
iTvleba.
qalze zrunvis damadasturebelia kanoni ojaxisa da ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb.
bibliis mixedviT, qals ar SeeZlo aReZra saqme ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, magram
mogvianebiT rabinebma ebrauli sasamrTloebisaTvis gamosavali naxes da mamakacebi
aiZules qalebisaTvis ganqorwineba nebayoflobiT miecaT. aseTma nabijma dadebiTi
Sedegi gamoiRo da SesaZlebeli gaxada gverdi aevloT kanonisaTvis, romlis
Tanaxmadac, qalebs, romlebic qmrebma miatoves an daqvrivdnen, ar SeeZloT meored
gaTxoveba, radgan ar hqondaT damamtkicebeli sabuTi. aseTi viTareba qorwinebaSi
qals mamakacis Tanabar statuss ar aZlevda da am ukanasknelis dominirebas usvamda
xazs.
ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebi
ki
naTlad
adasturebs
egalitaruli
tendenciebis arsebobas da ojaxis struqturis moqnilobas iudaizmSi.
Semdegi faqtori, romelic patriarqaluri gagebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,
STamomavlobis reproduqciis meoradobaa. ebrauli kanonebis mixedviT, qorwinebis
upirvelesi mizani harmoniuli urTierTobebia da ara Svilebis gaCena. seqsualuri
urTierTobebisas umniSvnelovanesi piroba ki col-qmris fizikuri siamovneba da
ojaxuri bednierebis Seqmna magram reproduqcia ebrauli ojaxis cxovrebaSi mainc
metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. miuxedavad Torisa da Talmudis miTiTebisa,
rom mamakacebi da qalebi unda ganayofierdnen da gamravldnen (dabadeba 1:28),
iudaizmi mxolod mamakacs avalebs izrunos gamravlebaze, rac qalebs uflebas
aZlevs ixmaron Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi, magram aseTi gadawyvetilebis
miRebis dros qali valdebulia izrunos col-qmris, ojaxisa da ukve dabadebuli
Svilebis keTildReobaze. da, marTlac, sxvadasxva rabinuli axsna–ganmartebis
safuZvelze Svilebs eZlevaT saSualeba dagegmon TavianTi ojaxis gamravlebis
procesi da, Sesabamisi argumentebis SemTxvevaSi, uari Tqvan didi raodenobiT
STamomavlobis gaCenaze.
3
(#61)
(#64)
(#67)
0
0
jamSi, axal parlamentSi proporciuli siebiT arCeuli iqna 15 qali, maJoritaruli
wesiT - 1 deputati qali, xolo Zveli parlamentidan avtomaturad gadavida afxazeTis
deputaciis 1 warmomadgeneli qali.
aranakleb sainteresoa qalTa warmomadgeloba im partiaTa saarCevno siebSic,
romlebsac 7%-iani barieris gadalaxvis potencia hqondaT:
93
saqarTvelos leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia
1
(#16)
0
erovnul-demokratiuli
aliansi – mesame gza
1
(#1)
0
– 1
(#8)
0
bloki “saxalxo
didgori”
partia
VI-VII aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
I aTeulSi
II aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
1
(#40)
1
(#69)
0
2
(#34)
(#39)
0
1
(#43)
1
(#68)
0
0
1
(#42)
1
(#66)
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi sakrebulos wevrad arCeul iqna 1526 qali,
rac arCeulTa saerTo raodenobis 14.2% Seadgens. qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos 55
wevridan 7 iyo qali, anu 12.7%. raionebis mixedviT aseTi suraTia:
regionis dasaxeleba
mcxeTa-TianeTi
kaxeTi
qvemo qarTli
Sida qarTli
samcxe-javaxeTi
imereTi
raWa-leCxumi
samegrelo-svaneTi
guria
aWara
arCeuli qalebis
saerTo ricxvi
125
241
79
148
94
329
109
212
93
89
arCeuli wevrebis
saerTo ricxvi
750
1727
1289
1078
964
2294
694
1615
782
918
arCeuli
qalebis%
16.6
13.9
6.1
13.7
9.5
14.3
15.7
13.1
11.8
9.6
sagulisxmoa, rom arCeul qalTa umravlesoba soflebis sakrebulos wevrebi arian,
rac Seexeba qalaqebsa da raionul centrebs, maTi warmomadgenloba minimaluria.
TbilisSi arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo mosaxleobis 40-50%-ma, maT Soris naxevarze
metma qalma (51-53%). msgavsi suraTi gamoikveTa guriasa da zemo svaneTSi. rac Seexeba
qvemo qarTls (marneuli, bolnisi, gardabani), aq qalTa politikuri aqtivoba ramdenadme
naklebi iyo (35-49%). aq gamoCnda qalTa diskriminaciac saarCevno procesSi, roca qalis
dauswreblad, qalis pasportiT, ojaxis ufrosi (mamakaci) avsebda biuletens da mis
magivrad akeTebda arCevans.
94
adamianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb ori ambavis komentirebasa da interpretaciasTan. pirvel
monaTxrobSi (dabadeba 1-2:4) RmerTi samyaros Seqmnis kulminaciur momentSi qmnis
adamians. mamakaci da qali, romelTac saxelebi ara aqvT, erTdroulad Seiqmnen
RmerTis xatad da mis msgavsad da orives miwa gadaeca mflobelobaSi. meore
monaTxrobSi (dabadeba: 2:4 –3:24) pirvelad Seiqmna adami, mis Semdeg cxovelebi,
xolo eva sul bolos, adamis neknidan Seiqmna, radgan cxovelebSi ver moiZebna adamis
Sesabamisi damxmare.
pirveli monaTxrobis mixedviT adami da eva erTdroulad sruliad Tanasworuflebian adamianebad Seiqmnen RmerTis msgavsad da xatad. meore monaTxrobSi qali
mamakacis neknidan Seiqmna, misTvis, masze damokidebuli da daqvemdebarebuli.
am ori miTis rabinulma axsnam lilitis Seqmnamde migviyvana. axsnis Tanaxmad
RmerTma faqtobrivad adamisaTvis ori qali Seqmna – liliti da eva. rogorc
pirveli ambavi gadmogvcems, RmerTma pirveli coli adamis Tanasworad Seqmna, magram
CvenTvis ucnobi mizezis gamo lilitma miatova adami. miuxedavad RmerTis muqarisa,
liliti uars ambobs daubrundes adams. amis Semdeg RmerTi adamisaTvis meore cols
qmnis, magram amJamad igi misi morCilia, Seqmnilia misgan da misTvis.
aseTi interpretacia ewinaaRmdegeba imis mtkicebas, rom mamakaci da qali
Seiqmnen rogorc Tanasworuflebianebi. miuxedavad amisa, isini, vinc iudaizmSi
Tanasworuflebianobis arss uWers mxars, moiTxoven meore istoriis dawvrilebiT
Seswavlas da amtkiceben, rom sinamdvileSi igi amtkicebs qalebis srulfasovnebas da
mamakacTan Tanasworobas. isini aRniSnaven, rom qalis mogvianebiT Seqmna ar niSnavs
mis meorexarisxovnebas da kacisadmi morCilebas. faqtobrivad, Seqmnis aseTi
Tanamimdevroba eqvivalentobas aRniSnavs, radgan iudeuri poeturi tradiciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Tanabari mniSvnelobis elementebis Tavsa da boloSi ganlageba. ase
rom, Txrobis struqtura, faqtobrivad, gadmogvcems erTi da imave elementis
(mamakacis) Seqmnas, Semdeg modis araTanasworuflebiani elementebis (cxovelebis)
Seqmnis procesi, xolo Txroba mTavrdeba mamakacis Tanabari da swori ekvivalenturi
elementis (qalis) Seqmnis istoriiT.
zustad aseve, is faqti, rom qali mamakacis neknidanaa Seqmnili, ar niSnavs, rom
mas damoukideblad arseboba ar SeuZlia. rodesac mamakaci ambobs, rom qali "Zvali
Cemi ZvalTagani da xorci Cemi xorcTagania"... (dabadeba 2:23) amtkicebs, rom isini
erTi materiisagan arian Seqmnilni da maTi arsic erTia.
iudaizmi gvTavazobs mTel rig mtkicebulebebs da eWvqveS ayenebs patriarqaluri
ojaxis struqturis marTebulobas, romlis Tanaxmadac ojaxis wevri qalebi mamebis
sakuTrebas da maTi sistematuri kontrolis obieqts wamoadgenen, xolo colis
mTavari daniSnuleba qmris seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da vaJiSvilebis gaCenaa. es mtkicebulebebi iudaizmSi mTeli rigi faqtorebis erTobliobiT
aris warmodgenili.
pirvel faqtorad gvevlineba is, rom Tumca iudaizmi ar uaryofs ojaxSi
movaleobebis segregacias sqesobrivi niSniT, igi arasdros amarTlebda mis absoluturad patriarqalur struqturas. Zvel israelSic ki dedasa da mamas ojaxSi
Tanabari statusi hqondaT. RmerTis aRTqmis Sesrulebis metad mniSvnelovani
faqtori iyo moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom pativi ecaT rogorc mamisaTvis, ise
dedisaTvis. (dabadeba 20: 12, meore rjuli 5:16). Tora qvrivebis, bavSvebisa da
oblebis Sesaxeb mraval debulebas Seicavs, sadac laparakia imaze, rom maT, imisda
miuxedavad, hyavT Tu ara damcveli mamakacebi, TavianTi uflebebi unda hqondeT.
qorwinebis procedura TalmudSi patarZlis yidvis axloaRmosavlur tradiciasTan axlos dgas, magram swori ar iqneba, Tu mas ganvixilavT, rogorc sakuTrebis
erTi mflobelisagan (mamisagan) meoresaTvis (qmrisaTvis) gadacemis rituals. ebra43
dasacavad. aseve mose, romelmac Semdeg ebraeli xalxi egviptidan gamoiyvana,
bavSvobaSi sikvdils mxolod qalebis SemweobiT gadaurCa, romlebmac faraonis
gegmebi CaSales. Tavdapirvelad bebiaqalebi Sifra da fua ar daemorCilen faraonis
brZanebas – moeklaT yvela iudeveli axalSobili biWi, romelic maT miiRes. moses
dabadebis Semdeg ki misi ufrosma dam – miriamma moaxerxa, rom igi faraonis
qaliSvilma iSvila, xolo misi RviZli deda aRmzrdelad aiyvanes. ase rom, miriamma
igi ara mxolod gadaarCina, aramed misi iudevelad aRzrdac uzrunvelyo.
qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen agreTve israelis religiur ganviTarebaSi. amis magaliTia debora – winaswarmetyveli da Tormet msajulTagan erTaderTi, romelic misdevs moses tradicias – namdvilad uxelmZRvanelos ebrael
xalxs rogorc mosamarTlem. swored igi STaagonebs vanaks, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
sosaras.
Zv. w. meeqvse saukuneSi winaswarmetyveli halda pasuximgebelia kanonis autenturobaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs ebraelebs gaakontrolon WeSmariti ebrauli
tradiciebi da maTi Sesruleba.
rabinulma iudaizmma da Talmudis ufro gvianma ganviTarebam ebraelebis
religiuri cxovrebis koncentrireba Toris Seswavlasa da sinagogaSi yoveldRiuri
msaxurebis irgvliv moaxdines. rodesac rabinuli iudaizmi iudaizmis normatiul
formad iqca, qalebi Toris swavlebasa da yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas TandaTan
Camoaciles, rac praqtikulad imaSi gamoixateboda, rom sinagogebi da akademiebi
faqtobrivad mamakacebis xelSi darCa. miuxedavad amisa, Talmudis aqaduri nawilebi
Seicaven TxrobaTa mTel serias, sadac qalebi Toris Rrma da srulyofil codnas
avlenen.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iudaizmSi Tanasworuflebianobis arsi mdgomareobs
ara marto imaSi, rom qalebi srulyofili adamianebi arian da mamakacTa Tanasworad
arian Seqmnilni, aramed imaSic, rom RmerTma xelSekruleba mTel ebrael
mosaxleobasTan dado da ara marto mxolod mamakacebTan. magram klasikur
moZRvrebaTa umetes nawilSi araferia naTlad naTqvami maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb,
Tumca klasikuri religiuri tradicia xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis ebraeli xalxis
realur istoriasTan.
aRmoCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad qalebi amoRebul iqnen aRTqmis dadebis
procesidan. aRTqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli winadacveTis ceremonia mxolod mamakacebis
daswrebiT Semoifargla da TviT sinas mTaze xelSekrulebis dadebisas mose mxolod
mamakacebs mimarTavs. (gamosvla, 9/15) miuxedavad amisa, rabinuli iudaizmi
adasturebs aRTqmis pirvel ceremoniaze qalebis yofnas. da, marTlac, mTeli Tavisi
istoriis manZilze ebraeli xalxi grZnobda, rom qalebi CarTulni iyvnen saRmrTo
aRTqmaSi da mniSvnelovan rolsac ki asrulebdnen. aRTqma daido ara marto abramTan,
aramed sarasTanac. RmerTis TvalSi mxolod abramisa da saras vaJiSvili iyo
sruluflebiani memkvidre. moses saSualebiT gadmocemuli aRTqmis pirobebi qalebisa
da maT winaSe sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis konkretul valdebulebebs Seicavda.
albaT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania aRTqmis safuZvlebis miRebisa da maTi SenarCunebis
grZeli istoria. swored halda, winaswarmetyveli qali, axdens aRTqmis autenturobis dadgenas. da, marTlac, mTeli istoriis manZilze ebraeli qalebi Toris
zedmiwevniTi dacviT da dietis (kaSeris) wesebis Rrma codniT adasturebdnen Tavis
srulyofil monawileobas aRTqmiseul cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SezRuduli
iyo qalebis mier Toris Seswavla, rabinebi maT kaSeris sakiTxSi did avtoritetebad
miiCnevdnen. rogorc qronikebi adastureben, aseT sakiTxebSi isini sistematurad
mimarTavdnen TavianTi colebis rCevebs.
kidev erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic dakavSirebulia ToraSi gadmocemuli
42
qalTa politikuri aqtiuroba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi
2002 ivniss adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi maJoritaruli wesiT kenWi
iyara 13293 kandidatma, aqedan 1538 iyo qali. sakrebulos wevri gaxda 674 qali. olqebis
mixedviT suraTi Semdegnairia:
olqi
#
olqis dasaxeleba
qali kandidatebi
37
arCeuli
qalebis
saerTo
ricxvi
12
arCeuli
wevrebis
saerTo
ricxvi
108
11
sagarejo
11.1
12
gurjaani
42
15
117
12.8
13
siRnaRi
27
7
70
10
14
dedoflis wyaro
30
12
60
20
15
lagodexi
34
18
79
22.8
16
yvareli
27
7
59
11.9
17
Telavi
45
13
84
15.5
18
axmeta
34
8
77
10.4
19
TianeTi
22
14
60
23.3
20
rusTavi
14
0
15
0
21
gardabani
31
7
131
5.3
22
marneuli
5
1
108
0.9
23
bolnisi
9
2
78
2.6
24
dmanisi
7
6
80
7.5
25
walka
11
12
150
8
26
TeTriwyaro
26
14
100
14
27
mcxeTa
37
8
86
9.3
28
duSeTi
63
15
87
17.2
29
yazbegi
15
4
30
13.3
30
kaspi
21
12
89
13.5
31
axalgori
5
4
40
10
32
gori
44
16
143
11.2
33
qareli
20
8
99
8
35
xaSuri
36
11
70
15.7
36
borjomi
26
10
60
16.7
37
axalcixe
38
7
84
8.3
38
adigeni
27
9
125
7.2
39
aspinZa
17
3
60
5
40
axalqalaqi
13
5
112
4.5
41
ninowminda
6
2
50
4
43
oni
13
13
90
14.4
95
arCeuli
qalebis%
44
ambrolauri
23
12
95
12.6
45
cageri
12
7
80
8.8
46
lentexi
19
10
40
25
47
mestia
27
14
80
17.5
48
xaragauli
42
20
99
20.2
49
Terjola
25
3
95
3.2
50
saCxere
12
11
67
16.4
51
zestafoni
30
11
99
11.1
52
baRdaTi
26
9
65
13.8
53
vani
38
9
100
9
54
samtredia
35
11
79
13.9
55
xoni
30
10
62
16.1
56
WiaTura
47
9
84
10.7
57
tyibuli
21
7
54
13
58
wyaltubo
37
14
89
15.7
59
quTaisi
15
0
15
0
60
ozurgeTi
66
24
149
16.1
61
lanCxuTi
33
9
61
14.8
62
Coxatauri
37
14
115
12.2
63
abaSa
19
8
82
9.8
64
senaki
53
19
79
24.1
65
martvili
21
13
105
12.4
66
xobi
23
13
105
12.4
67
zugdidi
32
15
159
9.4
68
walenjixa
28
9
74
12.2
69
Cxorowyu
24
10
65
15.4
70
foTi
10
1
15
6.6
75
gulrifSi
6
2
24
8.3
am cxrilis mixedviT, axlad arCeul raionul sakrebuloebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba
saSualod 11.8% -ia, rac wina arCevnebTan SedarebiT qalTa warmomadgenlobis klebaze
migviTiTebs – 2.4% (1998 wels sakrebulos wevri gaxda 14.2% qali). amis mizezi
Zalauflebis koncentraciasa da saarCevno procesebSi Zaladobrivi meTodebis zrdaSi
unda veZeboT.
xuTwigneulis gansakuTrebuli siuJetia RmerTisa da ebreli xalxis urTierToba da
xelSekrulebis – "aRTqmis" dadeba. wignebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia agreTve
religiur da samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. Toris kulminaciur siuJets warmoadgens mose
winaswarmetyvelis qmedebebis da imis aRwera, Tu rogor uboZes mas RvTis "mcnebebi".
Talmudi (moZRvreba, mecniereba) Tavdapirvelad miSnas* klasikuri axsna-ganmartebis
aRsaniSnavad ixmareboda, didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli ganmarteba ki
jemeras
saxeliT aris cnobili. dReisaTvis arsebobs babilonuri da ierusalimis (palestinis)
Talmudebi.
iudaizmSi yvelaferi Toris mcnebebiT da darigebebiT regulirdeba: sakvebis
miReba, piradi urTierTobebi, samsaxuri da a.S., xolo imis axsna, rac ToraSi ar aris
asaxuli, mravalsaukunovani ganmartebebisa da interpretaciis saSualebiT xdeba. ase
rom iudaizmSi avtoritetis sami urTierTgadamkveTi struqturaa – RmerTi, Tora
da ganswavlul brZenTa mier Toris axsna-ganmarteba da interpretacia. Teoriulad
TiToeuli maTgani avtonomiurad arsebobs, magram sinamdvileSi isini dinamikurad
erwymian erTmaneTs. Tumca iTvleba, rom RmerTi Tavis nebas Toris saSualebiT
gamoxatavs, magaram arseboben, agreTve, brZenni-rabinebi, romlebic am nebas
yovelTvis istoriuli periodis Sesabamisad xsnian.
iudaizmis umravles kanonebs iziareben rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, magram
Cveni codnis udidesi nawili misi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb dakavSirebulia lideri
mamakacebis RmerTTan urTierTobasTan. iudaizmi sqesobrivi niSniT aris dayofili
da mamakacebzea orientirebuli. ebrauli Temebis umravlesobam mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi Seitana sqesobrivi segregaciis bevr sakiTxSi da qals saSualeba misca
ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seesrulebina iudaizmis sazogadoebriv sferoSi, Tumca am
monawileobis xarisxi sxvadasxva TemSi sxvadasxvanairia. orTodoqsuli iudaizmi ki
mkacrad icavs Tavis tradiciul poziciebs. siuzan stari am pozicias ase
gadmogvcems: tradiciulad iudaizmi mamakacebs mimarTavs, gvaswavlis, rom RvTaebrivi mimarTva, ZiriTadad, mamakacebis, abramisa da moses saSualebiT iqna gadmocemuli, Sesabamisad, liderobis privilegias igi mamakacebs aniWebs da tradiciulad
qalebs ar uSvebs religiuri gamovlinebebis iseT centralur sferoebSi rogoricaa:
ganaTlebis miReba da sityvieri monawileoba sinagogaSi. diskriminaciulia iudaizmi
memkvidreobis sakiTxebSic. locvebsa da kanonebsac mamakacebi qmnian. miuxedavad
amisa, qalebi ebraeli xalxis istoriul ganvTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobdnen. siuzan staris azriT, iudaizmi mainc iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas,
rom qalebi srulyofili da mamakacis Tanasaworuflebianad Seqmnilni adamianuri
arsebebi arian. RmerTma xelSekruleba dado mTel ebrael mosaxleobasTan
(mamakacebTan da qalebTan) da ara marto mamakacebTan. (Sered, 1992). sxvadasxva enaze
Targmnil bibliur teqstebSi naTqvamia, rom coli Seqmnilia qmris "damxmared" da
masSi (qmarSi) siyvarulis grZnobis gasaRviZeblad. ebrauli teqsti sityva "damxmares"
mamrobiT sqesSi xmarobs da igi Zvel aRTqmaSi 110-jer meordeba da yoveli misi
moxseniebisas laparakia partniorul, Tanasworuflebian urTierTobebze. Tu
mamakaci daimsaxurebs, coli misTvis mokavSire da partniori iqneba, Tu ara –
mowinaaRmdege. (Кураев, 1996)
marTlac, bibliuri teqstebi xSirad mogviTxroben im erTguli qalebis gulad
qmedebebze, romlebic mamakacebisagan damoukideblad moqmedeben zogjer mamakaciliderebis winaaRmdegac. swored patriarqaluri tradiciebis winaaRmdeg gamodis
rebeka, rodesac aviTarebs RvTaebriv gegmas Tavisi umcrosi vaJiSvilis iakobis
*
96
Zv. w. III saukunaSi Sekrebili da aRdgenili Zveli ebrauli kanonebis krebuli, romelic dayofilia 6 da 63
patara nawilad. aRniSnuli krebuli aris adrindel brZenTa tradiciebis gagrZeleba da Talmudis
ganxilvisa da Seswavlisas mis safuZvels warmoadgens.
41
"qmrebi colebze maRla dganan imitom, rom alahma uboZa pirvelT upiratesoba
meoreebze” – gvimtkicebs yurani.
zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi sakmaod damajereblad cxadyofs, rom
gansxvavebuli religiuri swavlebani erTxmad acxadeben sazogadoebaSi qalebis
daqvemdebarebuli
rolis
Sesaxeb.
tradiciulad,
religiuri
moZRvrebebi
sayovelTaod aSuqeben sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas,
amitomac sruliad gamarTlebuli Cans imis mtkiceba, rom religia usqeso ar
gaxlavT – igi warmoSobiT mamrobiTi sqesisaa.
dRevandel
pirobebSi, roca qali cdilobs ganaviTaros
Tavisi unari
da SesaZleblobani, igi
Tavisdauneburad dgeba memkvidreobiTi, tradiciulad
miRebuli emociuri ganwyobilebis da orientaciis Secvlisa da gadaxalisebis winaSe
ara mxolod gare opoziciasTan, aramed sakuTar TavTan brZolis gziTac, im
winaaRmdegobebTan brZolis gziT, romlebic masSi iyo Camoyalibebuli tradiciuli
idealebis dafuZnebiT.
sazogadoebriv
warmoebaSi
qalebis
CarTva
ganuxrelad
izrdeba.
es
damajereblad mowmobs, rom qalTa socialuri statusis gadasinjva obieqturi
aucilebloba xdeba. aRniSnuli kanonzomieri tendenciis tempebi da misi
umtkivneuloba damokidebulia ara mxolod ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, aramed
ideologiuri xasiaTis faqtorebzec. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba
stereotipebi, romelTa SenarCuneba adamianis cnobierebaSi udides wilad
damokidebulia religiasa da mis institutebze.
dRes xSirad aucilebeli xdeba religiuri praqtikisa da tradiciebis gardaqmna
da
xelaxla
formireba,
raTa
isini
SesabamisobaSi
iqnes
moyvanili
Tanasworuflebianobis arsTan, romelic safuZvlad udevs religiur tradiciebs.
Sesworebis, gardaqmnisa da formulirebis Secvlis mcdelobani mTels msoflioSi
mimdinareobs. msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedi Tavis Tavs romelime religias
ukavSirebs, amitom mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom religiuri xmebi Zalze mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs da Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs Tanasworuflebiani socialuri
struqturebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. ufro metic, vinaidan qalebis Cabma cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi dRevandeli realobiT aris nakarnaxevi, religiur xmebs raRac
konstruqciulis Setana SeuZliaT am problemis ganxilvaSi.
SeuZliaT Tu ara egreT wodebul erovnul moZRvrebebs imgvarad gardaqmna, rom
mxarSi amoudgnen sazogadoebriv progress, romlis erT-erTi komponentic qalTa
diskriminaciis likvidaciaa. am kiTxvas sxvadasxvanairad pasuxoben.
erTni, metad konservatulad ganwyobilni, sakiTxis ase dayenebas usafuZlod
TviT religiis arsis winaaRmdeg mimarTulad Tvlian. sxvani, romelTa ricxvic
metad mniSvnelovania, mzad arian da miiswrafvian moaxdinon reformireba tradiciul
religiur moZRvrebaSi.
2. qali da iudaizmi
ebraelebi Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlian, rac RmerTTan maTi sulieri kavSiriT aris
ganpirobebuli. xandaxan iudaizms ebraelebis sulieri da politikuri lideris
saxelis mixedviT - "moses kanonsac" uwodeben. iudaizmis "wmida" wignebad Tora da
Talmudi iTvleba. Tora – yveli aRTqmis pirveli xuTi wignis krebiTi saxelwodebaa.
TviT sityva Tora ki miTiTebas, moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelos niSnavs.
wmida wignebi Seicavs ambavs samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, aRwers
RmerTisa da adamianebis urTierTobas adamisa da evas samoTxidan gandevnis Semdeg.
40
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi Catarda 2002 wlis 16 ivniss. xazi unda gaesvas im
garemoebas, rom aWaris arCevnebs aklda gamWvirvaloba da arCevnebis msvlelobaze
informaciis mopoveba metad Wirda.
olqi
#
olqis
dasaxeleba
qali
kandidatebi
arCeuli wevrebis arCeuli
saerTo ricxvi
qalebis%
4
arCeuli
qalebis
saerTo
ricxvi
4
1
q. baTumi
35
11.4
2
q. qobuleTi
5
3
19
15.8
3
qobuleTi
39
35
244
14.3
4
xelvaCauri
35
31
208
14.9
5
qeda
15
9
94
9.6
6
Suaxevi
6
5
106
4.7
7
xulo
16
13
148
8.8
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakrebuloebSi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis masStabiT
saSualod 8.8%-ia.
statistikuri masalis analizma didi sxvaoba gamoavlina sxvadasxva regions Soris,
sadac qalTa warmomadgenlobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aris lentexis raionSi 25%, xolo yvelaze dabali ki – marneulis raionSi – 0,9%.
qalaqebi
raionul sakrebuloebTan SedarebiT qalaqebsa da raionul centrebSi qalTa
warmomadgenloba kidev ufro dabalia:
qalaqis dasaxeleba
Tbilisi
arCeuli qalebi
5
arCeulTa saerTo ricxvi
49
sagarejo
2
5
gurjaani
0
5
siRnaRi
0
5
dedoflis wyaro
0
5
lagodexi
2
7
yvareli
0
7
Telavi
2
9
axmeta
0
7
rusTavi
0
15
gardabani
0
7
marneuli
0
9
bolnisi
1
7
dmanisi
0
5
97
walka
0
5
TeTriwyaro
0
5
mcxeTa
0
7
duSeTi
2
7
kaspi
1
9
gori
2
9
qareli
2
7
xaSuri
1
9
borjomi
1
9
axalcixe
0
9
axalqalaqi
0
7
ninowminda
0
5
oni
1
5
ambrolau-ri
1
5
cageri
1
5
Terjola
0
5
saCxere
0
7
zestafoni
0
9
baRdaTi
0
5
vani
1
5
samtredia
1
9
xoni
1
7
WiaTura
0
9
tyibuli
1
9
wyaltubo
0
9
quTaisi
0
15
ozurgeTi
2
9
lanCxuTi
0
7
Coxatauri
0
5
abaSa
1
7
senaki
1
9
martvili
1
5
xobi
2
5
zugdidi
0
9
walenjixa
1
7
Cxorowyu
0
5
foTi
1
15
baTumi
4
35
qobuleTi
3
19
98
Tavi V
religia da patriarqati
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze
religia is sferoa, romelSic adamiani cxovrobs rogorc sulierebis
matarebeli, es misi zRvruli imedebisa da molodinis, monaniebisa da ganwmendis, misi
WeSmariti, Rrmad dafaruli arsis Secnobis wyaroa. xolo adamianebis yoveldRiuri
saqmianoba, maTi miwieri, materialuri bunebiT ganpirobebuli urTierTobebi,
upirveles yovlisa, Zalaufleba da daqvemdebareba ekonomikisa da politikis sferoa.
religiuri tradicia warmoadgens sruliad realur, xelSesaxeb socialur Zalas.
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi religiur institutebs sakraluri avtoriteti gaaCniaT,
amitomac isini realur Zalauflebas floben.
tradicia memkvidreobiTobis erT-erTi mZlavri meqanizmia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi myari saSualebebiT da kanonebiT, normebiT da
faseulobebiT gadascems adamianebis azrovnebis da qcevis garkveul formebs.
swored mdgradi formebiT fiqsirdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi da momaval
Taobebs gadaecema mTeli informacia adamianebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. Tuki
religiuri tradicionalizmi ritualebisa da dResaswaulebis meSveobiT gadmoscems
miTebsa da legendebs, kulturuli tradicionalizmi (mecniereba, xelovneba,
sazogadoebrivi organizaciis sferoebi: politika, ekonomika, samarTali) amas
mudmivad axorcielebs srulyofis procesSi myofi meqanizmebiT, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs praqtikul da Teoriul gamocdilebasa da codnas garkveuli dargis
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. amitomac, praqtikulad nebismieri sazogadoeba da
sfero, raki isini mudmivad gadainacvleben tradicionalizmis erTi formidan
meoreSi, tradicionalizmis garkveul doneze imyofebian da garkveul wilad
tradiciuli arian.
tradicia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi movlena, TavisTavad ar arsebobs. igi mxolod
axasiaTebs sazogadoebis qcevis myari da ganmeorebiTi formebis mTel kompleqss.
qcevis mudmivad ganmeorebadi saSualebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSavebs
sakuTar ideologiur safuZvels anu SeiZens im ideebsa da cnebebs, romlebic
aucilebelia maT gasamarTleblad, SesanarCuneblad da aRsadgenad sazogadoebrivi
stabilurobis pirobebSi. sul male Tavad tradiciebi xdeba stabilurobis
safuZveli da msoflmxedvelobisa da azrovnebis sistemad gardaiqmneba, rac
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis urTierTobebis simtkices makroistoriul doneze,
politikuri stabilurobis CaTvliT. aq ukve sistema gvkarnaxobs ara mxolod
bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi movlenis axsnas, aramed
gansazRvravs kidec sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadawyvetis ZiriTad midgomebs, e.i.
gvkarnaxobs socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis saSualebas, xelisuflebisa da
subieqtis urTierTobas. aseTi sistemis mTavari gamoxatulebaa sazogadoebrivi
stereotipebi, kanonikuri teqstis avtoriteti, Cveulebrivi samarTali.
“bavSvobaSi qali mamas unda emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris
sikvdilis Semdeg – vaJiSvilebs. qali morCilebisagan Tavisufali arasdros unda
iyos, – ambobs indoelebis “manus kanonebi”.
“madlobeli var ufalo, rom Sen me qalad ar gamaCine”, – imeorebs
yoveldRiur locvaSi orTovoqsi iudeveli.
“colebo, daemorCileT Tqvens qmrebs, rogorc ufals, radgan qmari aris colis
mbrZanebeli, viTarca qriste – eklesiis", – gvarigebs biblia.
39
aq arCeuli iqna 49 qali, rac qalaqebis sakrebulos wevrebis saerTo raodenobis
10,4% Seadgens. es monacemi 1,4% naklebia regionalur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT da kidev
erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom iq sadac Zalauflebis koncentracia matulobs da
ufro mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi miiReba, qalTa warmomadgenloba klebulobs.
qalebi partiul siebSi
literatura:
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002
2. qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001
3. saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo
da realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.
4. Элиас Н., Социальная теория, THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 .
5. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М. 1994.
6. Фурье Ш., Избр. Соч., М., 1951, Т.1
7. Белинский Б., Полн. Собр. Соч. Т.12
8. Чернишевский Н.Г. Полн. Собр. Соч., Т.1
9. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф., Соч. Т. 32
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р., Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М., 2002.
11. Lorber J., Gender Inequality, Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los
Angeles, California.
12. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey 07458.
13. Women, Culture and Society, A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. for The Women’s
Studies Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.
38
VI-VII
aTeulSi
1. ra aris qalis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi Sexedulebis mizezi?
2. ram ganapiroba qalis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis transformireba?
3. rogoria saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxis mimarT?
4. gaaanalizeT qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis tipebi.
5. raSi mdgomareobs qalis socialuri statusi?
V
aTeulSi
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
IV aTeulSi
I
aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
III aTeulSi
arCevnebSi monawile politikuri partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel
(potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qali-kandidatebi Semdeg adgilebs ikavebdnen:
II
aTeulSi
qalis uflebebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis yuradRebis centrSi
aRmoCnda. swored am kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias
mouwodebda yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina adamianis – qalis uflebebi da eRiarebina genderuli Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni, romelic gansxvavebul
formebs iZens sxvadasxva kulturul, masobriv da klasobriv garemocvaSi da rogorc
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva, romelzec myisieri reagirebaa saWiro.
marTalia qalis adamianis uflebebis sistema uaRresad mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi da politikuri cvlilebebis lobirebisaTvis rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise
erovnul doneebze, is aseve mniSvnelovani iaraRia yofiT donezec, aswavlis qalebs
im uflebebs, romelic maTma mTavrobebma unda aRiaron, is aseve aswavlis maTi
gamocdilebis analizis da cvlilebebis dagegmvis organizebasac. adamianis uflebaTa
sistema qmnis sivrces, sadac qalis cxovrebas gansxvavebuli yuradReba eTmoba. mTavari ki is aris, rom aseTi raodenobis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, SeTanxmebebisa da valdebulebebis arseboba qalebs safuZvliani politikuri sayrdeniT da
avtoritetuli orientirebiT uzrunvelyofs. (S banCi,. 2002).
2
(#46)
(#48)
2
(#43)
(#45)
2
(#50)
(#51)
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#54)
3
(#50)
#51)
(#53)
4
(#71)
(#73)
(#76)
(#79)
3
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri - 1 (#9)
#1
1
(#14)
1
(#27)
0
saarCevno
– 0
2
(#16)
(#18)
2
(#20)
(#29)
1
(#31)
saarCevno
bloki
“mrewveloba 0
gadaarCens saqarTvelos” #3
1
(#19)
saqarTvelos
leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia - #4
1
(#10)
3
(#20)
(#28)
(#29)
1
(#24)
3
(#36)
(#37)
(#38)
3
(#32)
(#37)
(#39)
3
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
2
(#63)
(#67)
erovnul-demokratiuli
#5
1
(#16)
4
(#20)
(#23)
(#25)
(#29)
1
(#29)
4
(#30)
(#33)
(#34)
(#38)
4
(#32)
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
1
(#38)
1
(#44)
3
(#31)
(#38)
(#39)
4
(#40)
(#42)
(#48)
(#49)
bloki
“aRorZineba
XXI” - #2
partia
- 1
(#1)
saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia 0
– tradicionalistTa kavSiri” #6
2
(#14)
(#18)
saarCevno
bloki
“erTiani 1
komunisturi partia (stalinuri) (#7)
da mSromelTa sabWoebi” - #7
1
(#19)
2
(#26)
(#27)
mwvaneTa partia - #9
4
(#14)
(#15)
(#17)
(#18)
5
(#20)
(#21)
(#25)
(#27)
(#28)
4
(#5)
(#6)
(#7)
(#8)
99
2
(#40)
(#46)
2
(#42)
(#44)
4
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#55)
3
(#51)
#56)
(#59)
3
(#52)
#55)
(#57)
eqvs
merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10
2
(#6)
(#8)
0
5
3
(#20) (#32)
(#21) (#35)
(#22) (#38)
(#23)
(#28)
helsinkis kavSiri – erovnuli 2
2
7
7
aRorZineba – erovnuli forumi - (#3)
(#12)
(#20) (#30)
#11
(#4)
(#15)
(#23) (#31)
(#24) (#32)
(#25) (#33)
(#27) (#36)
(#28) (#37)
(#29) (#38)
saqarTvelos
qristianul- informacia ar mogvawoda
demokratiuli kavSiri - #16
daviT aRmaSeneblis partia - #23
saarCevno bloki “saqarTvelos
erovnuli erTianobis partia” #24
informacia ar mogvawoda
2
7 (#10) 6
4
(#7) (#12)
(#20) (#31)
(#9) (#13)
(#21) (#34)
(#14)
(#22) (#35)
(#17)
(#24) (#37)
(#18)
(#26)
(#19)
(#29)
nacionalistebi - #27
0
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#47)
3
(#52)
#53)
(#54)
(#59)
3
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
1
(#51)
7
(#40)
(#42)
(#43)
(#44)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
4
(#41)
(#45)
(#46)
(#49)
4
(#51)
#52)
(#54)
(#58)
1 (#11)
4
(#20)
(#24)
(#27)
(#29)
3
(#30)
(#31)
(#37)
politikuri kavSiri”Tanadgoma” - 1
#31
(#9)
1 (#15)
3
(#23)
(#27)
(#29)
3
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
5
(#40)
(#43)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
saqarTvelos inteleqtualTa liga 1
- #32
(#9)
7 (#10)
(#12)
(#13)
(#14)
(#15)
(#18)
(#19)
6
(#24)
(#25)
(#26)
(#27)
(#28)
(#29)
6
(#30)
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#34)
(#35)
6
(#40)
(#41)
(#46)
(#47)
(#48)
(#49)
saarCevno
bloki
“nacionaluri 1
moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti (#7)
- #34
0
100
1
(#24)
2
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8
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9
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1
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diskriminacia, rac sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli
pirobaa da zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri da demokratiuli ganviTarebis procesebs.
1947 wels dafuZnebuli gaerTianebuli erebis qalis statusis komisia amzadebs
gamokvlevebs, angariSebsa da rekomendaciebs adamianis uflebebis Taobaze da
qalebTan dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxebze. misi monawileobiT moxda qalis uflebebTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi konvenciebis, proeqtebis momzadeba, rogoric aris qalis yvela
formis diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb da gaerTianebuli erebis mier qalTa
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT wamoyenebuli programebi. komisia gamodioda rogorc mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso konferenciebis saorganizacio organo da koncentrirebuli
iyo qalTa politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri statusis gaumjobesebaze.
qalTa ganviTarebis ganyofileba (DAW) pasuxismgebelia qalis statusis komisiisa da qalis yvela formis diskriminaciis salikvidacio komitetis (CEDAW) momsaxurebaze. DAW koncentrirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi genderuli
sakiTxebis koordinirebasa da ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi maT CarTvaze. igi samdivnos
funqcias asrulebda qalTa sakiTxebze gaerTianebuli erebis oTxi msoflio konferenciisaTvis: 1975 (mexiko), 1980 (kopenhageni), 1985 (nairobi) da 1995 (pekini). konferenciebze moxda qalTa statusis Sefaseba da qalTa winsvlis strategiebis dasaxva.*
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gero) mier 1975 wlis qalTa saerTaSoriso
wlad gamocxadeba gadaiqca msoflios sazogadoebriobis mier sayovelTao progresis
saqmeSi qalebis mier Setanili wvlilis aRiarebad da maT winaSe mdgar rTul
problemebze yuradRebis mipyrobis gamoxatulebad. mTeli msoflios masStabiT
Cafiqrebul RonisZiebaTa Soris, romlebic mimarTuli iyo qalTa saerTaSoriso wlis
miznebis misaRwevad, umTavresi yuradReba eTmoboda erovnul, regionul da
saerTaSoriso kvleviT moRvaweobas, monacemebis Segrovebas qalebis mdgomareobis
absoluturad yvela aspeqtis Sesaxeb da maT analizs. es garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo agreTve aTwleulis programis "gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalebi"-s
farglebSi Casatarebeli im RonisZiebebis damuSavebisas, romlebic tardeboda
deviziT: "Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba". am periodSi gaeros sistemaSi
amoqmedda qalebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gamiznuli saerTaSoriso
saswavlo da samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi sferoebis
gansazRvra xdeboda aTwliani programis "qalebi: dasaqmeba, jandacva, ganaTleba,
politikuri moRvaweoba" amocanebis Sesabamisad. qalTa dekadis ganmavlobaSi
konvencia qalis mimarT diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
ratificirebuli iqna 130 qveynis mier, rasac uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda,
radganac aRniSnuli konvencia warmoadgens specialurad qalebze mimarTul yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas.
1993 wlis venis adamianis uflebaTa msoflio konferenciaze 171 qveynis
warmomadgenlebma miiRes venis deklaracia, romelSic deklarirebulia: "yvela
adamianis ufleba universaluri, ganuyofeli, urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTdakavSirebulia". konferencia gadaiqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli xedvisa da
praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. misi sawyisi mowodeba da dRis wesrigi arc
qalebisaken iyo mimarTuli da arc genderuli aspeqtisaken, magram mas Semdeg, rac
konferenciaze warmodgenili iqna adamianis istoriuli statusis xelaxali Sefaseba,
*
am konferenciebze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia; Tumca, aqvT didi moraluri da
politikuri datvirTva. maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba adgilobrivi, erovnuli an regionuli miznebis
misaRwevad. konferenciis masalebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis
(magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoric aris xelSekruleba socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uflebebze)
gasaZliereblad da interpretirebisaTvis. rodesac qveyana xels awers aseT xelSekrulebas, mas
saerTaSoriso kanonis statusi eZleva.
37
36
konstituciur uflebaTa dacvis 4
partia (k.u.d.p.) - #35
(#3)
(#5)
(#6)
(#9)
“saqarTvelos
1
qristian-konservatoruli partia (#3)
– zurab Jvanias gundi - #36
0
2
(#24)
(#26)
1
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2
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3
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0
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4
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3
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“saqarTvelos
social-demo- 1
kratiuli partia (ssdp) - #37
(#9)
5 (#10)
(#11)
(#14)
(#16)
(#18)
3
(#27)
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axali memarjveneebi - #38
2
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2
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1 (#18)
6
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2
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2
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saarCevno bloki “erToba” – j. 1
patiaSvili, al. WaWia - #40
(#6)
1 (#18)
1
(#28)
2
(#36)
(#37)
2
(#53)
#58)
4
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#53)
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2
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procentuli gamoangariSeba
18.6
32.4
29
socialisturi partia - #39
12.9
2
(#26)
(#29)
2 (#15) 1
(#18)
(#26)
1
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3
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32.4
2
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36.2
saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – 0
XXI” - #2
2
(#16)
(#18)
2
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1
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2
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saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba 0
gadaarCens saqarTvelos” #3
1
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3
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101
VI-VII
aTeulSi
V aTeulSi
IV aTeulSi
III aTeulSi
partiis dasaxeleba
II aTeulSi
im partiaTa wina rigebi, romelTac gadalaxes oTx procentiani barieri da miiRes
monawileoba Tbilisis arCevnebSi kidev ufro naTlad aCvenebs kanonzomierebas – aq
qal-kandidatTa raodenoba kidev ufro klebulobs da adasturebs faqts, rom qalebi
ganidevnebian Zalauflebis sferodan.
I aTeulSi
paqtebi), agreTve meqanizmebi, rogorc maTi cxovrebis realizaciis formebi,
saCivris, monitoringis, angariSgebisa da sxva procedurebis CaTvliT.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1948 wlis 10
dekembers miiRo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sayovelTao deklaracia.
komisiam Seqmna adamianis uflebaTa dacvis pirveli instrumentis monaxazi.
deklaraciis principebis iuridiulad aRiarebul valdebulebad CamoyalibebisaTvis
im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebmac moaxdines misi ratificireba, generalurma
asambleam igi dayo or “paqtad”. pirveli samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis
Sesaxeb da meore – socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. 1966
wels gaerTianebuli erebis mesame komitetma (adamianis uflebaTa dacvis generaluri
asamblea) sabolood miiRo ori damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri,
socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (icescr) da meore, saerTaSoriso paqti
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (ICCPR), romlebic adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciasTan erTianobaSi cnobilia rogorc bili adamianis uflebaTa
Sesaxeb da, romelic 1976 wlidan amoqmedda. ICCPR warmoadgens zogad protokols
(an SeniSvnebs paqtis mimarT), romelic SesaZlebels xdis, saxelmwifoebma Tavis erebs
darTon neba, waradginon peticiebi da moiTxovon maTi calke ratificireba.
paqtebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac xSirad “konvenciebs” uwodeben,
mowodebulni arian gansazRvron adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia da Camoayalibon
saxelmwifoTa saxelmZRvanelo standartebi. amiT isini sazogadoebas exmarebian
Seqmnan xelsayreli garemo adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganxorcielebisaTvis. paqtebis
ratificireba saxelmwifoebs akisrebs ormag valdebulebas: pirveli, gamoiyenos misi
debulebebi da meore, gaxdes saerTaSoriso kontrolis obieqti. qveynebis mier
konvenciebis ratificirebisTanave maT ekisrebaT valdebuleba, regularuli angariSi
waradginon am konvenciebis Sesabamisobisa da Sesrulebis Taobaze.
saerTaSoriso konvenciebis pirveli monaxazis Seqmnis Semdeg, gaerom daiwyo
specifikur sferoebSi paqtebis, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis garantis
gamoyeneba. pirveli iyo konvencia “genocidis acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb”, romelic
ZalaSi 1948 wels Sevida. ZiriTadi konvencia, romelic exeboda qalebs, “konvencia
qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW), xelmowerili iqna
1979 wels, ZalaSi Sevida 1981 wels da ratificirebul iqna saxelmwifoTa mier,
romelTagan mravalma gamoTqva konvenciasTan mierTebis survili.
aRniSnuli ori konvenciis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis sistemaSi ganisazRvra uflebaTa ori ZiriTadi kategoria: pirveli samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi da meore - ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebi, romelTaganac pirvels ewoda “pirveli Taobis” da meores –
“meore Taobis” uflebebi. (qalis adamianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, 2001)
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam socialuri TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom
iuridiuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, socialuri an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara
aqvT arsebobisa da moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos
mxridan specialur samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroeben da, SesaZloa, warmoadgendnen
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis damoukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCnda kidev erTi mimarTuleba - e.w. "adamianTa uflebebis
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxavda calkeuli socialuri jgufebis sasicocxlo
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.
"adamianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxedavad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis
3
(#50)
(#51)
(#54)
3
(#50)
#51)
(#53)
saqarTvelos
leiboristuli 0
(Sromis) partia - #4
1
(#10)
1
(#24)
3
(#32)
(#37)
(#39)
2
(#63)
(#67)
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri 1
moZraoba
–
demokratiuli (#7)
fronti - #34
0
1
(#24)
2
(#30)
(#34)
1
(#42)
“saqarTvelos
qristian- 1
konservatoruli
partia
– (#3)
zurab Jvanias gundi - #36
0
3
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4
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30
axali memarjveneebi - #38
procentuli gamoangariSeba
2
(#2)
(#7)
6.7
8.3
20
4
(#71)
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(#76)
(#79)
1
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3
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2
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#58)
26.7
socialuri institutebi da organizaciebi uzrunvelyofen koleqtiuri
cxovrebis garkveuli formis mdgradobas. isini xels uwyoben evolucias, kulturis
ganviTarebas, TviTganviTarebas, aregulireben konfliqtebs da sxv.
frangi filosofosisa da sociologis o. kontis (1798-1857 w.w.) azriT, sazogadoeba
–
izolirebuli
individebis,
pirad
interesebze
damyarebuli
xelSekrulebebis ubralo Sekreba rodia. sazogadoeba – organuli erTobaa.
marqsizmis klasikosebi xazs usvamdnen, rom sazogadoeba ubralo nakrebi an
individebis meqanikuri agregati araa. "es TviTon adamiani da misi sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebia", "xalxis urTierTqmedebis produqtia".
dasavlur mecnierebaSi sazogadoebis sami sociologiuri paradigma Camoyalibda:
funqciuri, romlis Tanaxmadac xalxis jgufi moqmedebebis TviTuzrunvelyofad
sistemas warmoadgens da droSi ufro xangrZlivi arsebobis unari Seswevs, vidre
individs; bihevioristuli, konkurentuli da konfliqturi sistemebis erToba,
romlis safuZvelsac individi (am sityvis sruli gagebiT) warmoadgens.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs upirovno, socialur jgufebTan, meoreSi –
socialur institutebsa da jgufebTan, mesameSi – adamianTan.
sazogadoeba
dinamikuri sistemaa, anu Tavisi qvesistemebis (ekonomikuris,
socialuris, politikuris da sxv.) mudmiv ganviTarebas ganicdis. adamiani
sazogadoebaSi jgufis (an jgufebis) saSualebiT Sedis (samecniero, samrewvelo,
saskolo, sauniversiteto da sxv.).
sazogadoeba SeiZleba icvlebodes swrafad an nela, rac sazogadoebriv
progresze, arsebul ideologiaze, politikazea damokidebuli, yvelaferi es ki
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qalis statusze.
5. qalisa da kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
adamianis uflebebis istoria ZiriTadad
kacobriobis ganviTarebis or
mimarTulebad SeiZleba davyoT. pirveli mimarTuleba warmoadgens brZolas adre
miCqmaluli uflebebis aRiarebisa da maTi xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, xolo meore,
piriqiT, arsebuli uflebebisaTvis mimdinare brZolis procesia.
adamianis uflebebi socialuri samarTlis damkvidrebis umniSvnelovanesi
iaraRia. Tu uflebas ar eniWeba saTanado mniSvneloba, brZola mimdinareobs misi
danergvisaTvis. uflebebis sayovelTao aRiarebis procesi ganapirobebs uflebaTa
ukeTesad danergvas, xolo danergvis procesi xels uwyobs uflebebis mzard
aRiarebas.
adamianis uflebaTa valdebulebebis safuZvels gaerTianebuli erebis wesdeba
warmoadgens. adamianis Rirsebis principebis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvelze,
gaeros Seqmna adamianTa cnobierebis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli etapia. mravali
adamianis da adamianTa jgufisaTvis meore msoflio omis dros miyenebuli travma
safuZvels iZleoda, rom xalxs ganesazRvra TavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisadmi
mimarTvisa da moTxovnebis garkveuli standartebi.
1947 wlis adamianTa uflebaTa dacvis sayovelTao deklaracia (UDHR) swored am
standartebis damkvidrebis pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgenda.
gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sistemis danergvisa da
zedamxedvelobis mizniT, 1947 wlis TebervalSi Catarda gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis komisiis pirveli regularuli sesia.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis CamoyalibebisaTvis adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis komisiis mier SemuSavda konvencia (SemdgomSi igi gaiyo da daerqva
102
35
4. qalis socialuri statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli
qalebi partiul siebSi
(I-VI aTeulSi)
socialuri statusi, rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs
ramdenime elementsa da funqcias. statusi (laT. status - mdgomareoba, pozicia)
asaxavs socialuri jgufis, kerZod, qalebisa da sazogadoebaSi maTi warmomadgenlebis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, maT adgils socialuri kavSirebisa da
urTierTobebis sistemaSi. igi asaxavs agreTve calkeuli individis urTierTobebs
garkveul socialur jgufTan.
qalebi gansakuTrebeli socialuri jgufia. isini mosaxleobis naxevars Seadgenen.
maTi cxovreba, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela urTierTobis garda, konkretuli
socialuri
funqciiTac
gamoirCeva.
qalebi
specifikuri
maxasiaTeblebiTac
xasiaTdebian, amitom maTi socialuri funqciis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli mizezebi
aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sazogadoebis reformirebis procesSi warmoSobili
axali socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da am pirobebSi Tanasworuflebianobis
principis realizeba.
socialuri statusi socialuri yofiT, aRzrdis sistemiT, saqmianobis xasiaTiT,
idealebiT, individis miznebiT, sazogadoebis individisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebiT,
saxelmwifo politikisa da saxelmwifo ideologiiT aris ganpirobebuli.
socialuri statusi bunebrivi monacemebiT – sqesiT, asakiT, agreTve, sulieri
kulturis doniT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveuli materialuri da sulieri
RirebulebebiTac ganisazRvreba. qalis cxovrebiseuli ciklze, pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir, aSkarad Tu SeniRbulad, gavlenas axdens cxovrebis yvela mxare,
sazogadoebrivi yofis yvela elementi da faqtori. maTi asaxvis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi
damokidebulia garkveuli socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur
Tvisebebze. sazogadoebrivi yofa sxvadasxva jgufis qalebis cnobierebis, ganaTlebis
donis. msoflmxedvelobis, profesiuli momzadebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.
qalis, rogorc mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlis socialuri statusi unda
ganvasxvavoT misi pirovnuli statusisagan anu im mdgomareobisagan, romelic adamians garkveul jgufSi, ojaxSi ukavia da fasdeba saerTo adamianuri Tvisebebis
TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, qals ukavia garkveuli adgili sazogadoebriv
ierarqiaSi, meore mxriv, igi aris deda, coli, xelmZRvaneli, profesionali da sxv.
garkveul konkretul sferoSi. aqedan gamomdinare cneba "socialuri statusi"
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli "socialuri rolis" gagebasTan da mis dinamikur mxares,
socialuri statusis funqcias warmoadgens.
garkveuli individualuri TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba socialuri sistemis
meqanikuri rgoli rodia, Tumca es sistema masze garkveul gavlenas axdens.
gadawyvetilebebis racionaluri miReba da racionaluri moqmedebebi adamianis
cnobierebaSi, mis qmedebebSi, arsebul socialur sistemaSi momxdari gardatexis
Sedegia da dakavSirebulia sxva pirovnebebTan an individTa jgufTan, romelTac
saerTo miznebi aqvT da am miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRvwian.
ase rom, adamiani garemomcveli samyaros ara mxolod obieqti, aramed subieqti
– misi Semqmneli da masze zemoqmedi Zalacaa. igi gavlenas axdens am samyaroze,
sazogadoebasa da mis msoflmxedvelobaze, im miznebidan gamomdinare, romlebic
srulyofil socialur cxovrebas uzrunvelyofen.
sazogadoeba – es aris adamianTa urTierTqmedeba garkveul ekonomikur,
socialur da sulier pirobebSi. sazogadoeba socialuri institutebisa da
organizaciebis sistemaa. ingliselma sociologma Tomas botomerma igi gansazRvra
rogorc xalxis didi erToba, romelic socialuri organizaciis kompleqsur nimuSSi
erToblivad axorcielebs socialur cxovrebas.
34
saarCevno subieqtebi da sakrebulos wevri qalebi
qali kandidatebi arCeulni iyvnen adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaSi Semdegi saarCevno
subieqtebis wardginebis Sedegad:
1. sainiciativo jgufi - #99
2. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri - #1
3. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2
4. saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” - #3
5. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia - #4
6. erovnul-demokratiuli partia - #5
7. saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia-tradicionalistTa kavSiri - #6
8. merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10
9. politikuri kavSiri “Tanadgoma” - #31
10. konstituciur uflebaTa dacvis partia - #35
11. axali memarjveneebi (axlebi) - #38
12. socialisturi partia - #39
13. sruliad saqarTvelos politikuri organizacia “lemi” - #41
qalaqi Tbilisi
xuTi qali-kandidati gaxda qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos wevri, romlebic waradgines
Semdegma partiebma:
1. saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti” – #34 - 1
2. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia – #4 - 1
3. axali memarjveneebi – #38 - 2
4. saqarTvelos qristian-konservatiuli partia –`Jvanias gundi~ – #36 – 1
danarCen olqebSi suraTi Semdegia:
olqi
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
99
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
31
35
38
39
41
2
1
1
sagarejo
10
2
gurjaani
6
2
siRnaRi
3
1
dedoflis
9
3
4
1
1
wyaro
lagodexi
13
yvareli
3
Telavi
3
axmeta
1
1
1
7
gardabani
7
marneuli
1
3
2
9
1
3
TianeTi
1
1
3
1
1
4
103
bolnisi
1
dmanisi
6
1
walka
2
10
TeTriwyaro
11
1
2
mcxeTa
7
duSeTi
5
yazbegi
3
kaspi
8
axalgori
4
gori
9
qareli
8
xaSuri
11
borjomi
7
axalcixe
6
adigeni
6
aspinZa
2
1
axalqalaqi
4
1
ninowminda
1
oni
2
ambrolauri
8
cageri
7
lentexi
1
3
mestiia
3
2
xaragauli
18
1
9
1
1
4
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
2
1
1
5
9
2
Terjola
1
saCxere
9
2
zestafoni
8
1
baRdaTi
5
1
vani
2
4
samtredia
4
xoni
2
WiaTura
7
tyibuli
6
wyaltubo
12
ozurgeTi
15
lanCxuTi
1
Coxatauri
13
abaSa
7
2
2
2
1
1
2
7
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
3
2
4
5
3
1
1
104
masmedia ayalibebs sazogadoebriv azrs politikis, ekonomikis, politikuri
partiebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, politikuri liderebis, pirovnebebis da
sxv. sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. igi ayalibebs, agreTve. moRvaweobis sferoebs, interesebis
dacvis gzebs, xerxebsa da mimarTulebebs, Rirebulebebs, ama Tu im adamianis Tu
adamianTa jgufis socialur statuss.
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ZiriTad funqcias sazogadoebis politizacia,
misi
mmarTvelobaSi
monawileoba,
stereotipul
azrovnebaze
zemoqmedeba,
sazogadoebriv azrze apelireba, masebis aqtiurobis gazrda, movlenebis mravalwaxnagovani gaSuqeba, Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba da sxv. warmoadgens. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mizani hqondes, iyos obieqturi an araobieqturi, amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia misi sami ZiriTadi funqcia: sainformacio, percefciuli, (aRqma, warmodgena,
asaxva) da interaqtiuli (komunikatorisa da auditoriis urTierTqmedeba). man xeli
unda Seuwyos moqalaqeobrivi poziciis Camoyalibebas, axsnas pirovnebis uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis arsi, xeli Seuwyos konstituciis dacvas, farTod gaaSuqos erovnuli
da saerTaSoriso donis programebi da dokumentebi, droulad da obieqturad
uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis informireba qveyanaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
ra roli SeiZleba Seasrulos masmediam qalTa sakiTxSi? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania: Zalian mniSvnelovani. ra Wirdeba Tanamedrove qals? upirveles yovlisa,
humanuri principebis gavrceleba da naTeli dasturi imisa, rom saWiroa daculi
iqnes genderuli pariteti Cveni sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. masmediam
xeli unda Seuwyos qalis axali cxovrebiseuli modelis propagandas, uzrunvelyos
im teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlebic ganapirobebs qalis socialuri statusis
cvlilebas, agreTve sxvadasxva qveynis qalTa gamocdilebis gaziarebas.
beWdviTi produqcia, radio da televizia sazogadoebriv cnobierebas ayalibeben.
Jurnal-gazeTebSi dabeWdili statiebi realur cxovrebiseul suraTs unda qmnidnen,
maT zegavlena unda moaxdinon sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formasa da Sinaarsze,
xalxis samsjavroze gamoitanon kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, brZanebulebebi, ganaxorcielon kavSiri mmarTvelobiT organoebTan da saTanado informacia miawodon
mosaxleobas, presaSi moawyon dialogi, sistematurad gaaSuqon qalTa problematika,
farTo propaganda gauwion egalitarul Teorias.
dasavleTis qveynebSi am mxriv mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga: mimdinareobs masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebis orientaciis Secvla qalis rolisa da daniSnulebis axleburad
gaazrebis mimarTulebiT. mag. iaponiaSi 1989 wels gamocxadda "ona–nodzidais", anu
"qalebis eras" dasawyisi. adre aq 70-mde qalebis Jurnali gamodioda, romlebSic ZiriTadi
adgili Worebs da modis siaxleebs eTmoboda. 1989 wlidan maTi Sinaarsi mkveTrad
Seicvala, xolo iseTma mniSvnelovanma Jurnalma rogoric aris "bungeii siudziu"
qalebisaTvis daiwyo specializebuli danamatis "krea"-s gamoSveba. aRniSnul damatebaSi
ibeWdeba statiebi politikur, ekonomikur da sxva seriozul Temebze.
did
britaneTis
gazeT
"gardianSi"
diskusiisaTvis
qalTa
Tematikaze
funqcionirebs sagangebo rubrika, yovelkvireuli Jurnali "ekonomisti" ki aqveynebs
masalebs dasavleTis qveynebSi qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels parizis
"adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebebis saxlma" yovelkvartaluri gamocema feminizmis
problemebs dauTmo. amerikuli presa ZiriTadad qalebisaTvis rCevebis micemaze iyo
orientirebuli - Tu rogor unda moxiblos qalma yvela saqmian saRamoze, rogor
unda aswavlo mamakacs saCuqrebis yidva, rogor unda daSorde momabezrebel
sayvarels da sxv. ukanasknel xanebSi gaCnda ramdenime aTeuli soliduri
gamomcemloba, wignebis maRaziebi, romlebic qalTa problematikaze specializdebian.
gamodis axali Jurnalebi "qalebi kulturasa da sazogadoebaSi", "qalis istoria",
"qalis fsiqologia", "qali da politika" da sxv.
33
konceptualuri midgomebis, saxelmwifo politikis strategiisa da taqtikis
SemuSavebas, erovnuli meqanizmebis Seqmnas. maT unda uzrunvelyon miRebuli
programebis (rogorc mimdinare, ise perspeqtiuli) realizaciis monitoringi.
XX saukunis 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi miRebuli iqna
kanonebi qalisa da mamakacis uflebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb: inglisSi (1975 w.),
daniaSi (1978 w.), norvegiaSi (1978 w.), SveciaSi (1978 w.), avstriaSi (1979 w.),
safrangeTSi (1993 w.) da a.S. aRniSnuli kanonebi Seicavs normebs, romlebic
gansazRvravs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas samuSaoze daqiravebis da daTxovnisas,
dajildoebis, profesiuli momzadebis, samsaxurSi dawinaurebis, meuRleebis ojaxuri
valdebulebebis ganawilebisas da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis
reformireba an Tavidan Seqmna, socialuri feminologiis instituireba metad
mniSvnelovania da erovnuli meqanizmebis funqcionirebis teqnologiebis Seqmnasa da
damuSavebas da im organizaciuli struqturebis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba, romlebic
qalTa sakiTxis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. msoflios 90 qveyanaSi erovnuli meqanizmebi
saxelmwifo doneze arsebobs, aqedan 5 qveyanaSi maT premier-ministrebi
xelmZRvaneloben. aseTi saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobis analizi saSualebas
gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi arsebobs
gansxvavebuli midgoma da organizaciuli struqturebis sxvadasxva tipi – qalTa
saqmeebis saministroebi, komitetebi da sxv., magram amasTan, udavod ikveTeba erTi
saerTo tendencia – Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelsayofi politika muSavdeba da
misi ganxorcielebis kontroli xdeba ara mxolod sazogadoebriv, aramed saxelmwifo
doneze. sagulisxmoa, rom saorganizacio struqturebi funqcionirebs rogorc did,
ise patara saxelmwifoebSi. maTi Camoyalibebis procesi ki kvlavac grZeldeba.
am struqturebis kompetenciaSi, rogorc wesi, Sedis Semdegi mimarTulebebi:
sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis principis realizacia; reagireba diskriminaciis
konkretul SemTxvevebze; sainformacio moRvaweoba qalTa politikuri, ekonomikuri
da socialuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi, Sesabamisi samecniero gamokvlevebis
organizeba, xelis Sewyoba da xelmZRvaneloba, sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla.
70-80-iani wlebis dasavleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri realobis
konceptualuri gaazreba, qalTa sakiTxis gadawyvetis, sazogadoebaSi qalebis
mdgomareobisadmi midgomebiT daukmayofilebloba. am periodSi dasavleTis qveynebSi
cdiloben problemis gaazrebidan konceptualur, koordinirebul, grZelvadian
konkretul etapobriv zomebze gadavidnen, rac realurad uzrunvelyofs sqesTa
Tanasworobis principis cxovrebaSi gatarebas.
evropuli Tanamegobrobis farglebSi, samarTlebrivi regulirebis principebis
safuZvelze, SemuSavda moqmedebis ori grZelvadiani programa (1982-1985 w.w. da 19861999 w.w.), romelTa mizanic Tanabari SesaZleblobebis realizaciaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mravalpartiuli sistemis qveynebSi qalebTan masobriv muSaobas mniSvnelovani roli
eniWeba. maTi mxardaWera am partiis gamarjvebas niSnavs.
senaki
15
martvili
7
2
xobi
7
2
zugdidi
14
walenjixa
7
1
1
Cxorowyu
6
3
1
foTi
3
1
1
3
4
1
1
gulrifSi
2
sul
395
11
29
48
14
13
7
1
3
10
54
14
14
%
60.8
1.9
5.1
8.4
2,4
2.3
1.2
0.2
0.5
1.7
9.4
2.4
2.4
masalis Seswavlam naTelyo, rom politikurad aqtiuri qalebisaTvis ufro
xelsayrelia sainiciativo jgufis mxardaWera, vidre politikur partiebSi gawevrianeba
– sainiciativo jgufis wardginebis Sedegad sakrebuloebSi arCeuli qalebis
procentuli maCvenebeli 3.26% aRemateba igive wesiT arCeuli mamakacebis procentul
maCvenebels.
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika
aWaraSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRes Semdegma
saarCevno subieqtebma:
1. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2
2. politikuri moZaraoba “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos” aWaris respublikuri
organizacia - #3
3. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis aWaris samxareo biuro - #5
4. saqarTvelos axali komunisturi partiis aWaris respublikuri organizacia - #14
olqi
#2
#3
#5
#14
q. baTumi
4
q. qobuleTi
3
qobuleTi(r)
33
1
xelvaCauri
30
1
qeda
8
Suaxevi
5
xulo
13
sul
96
2
2
%
96
2
2
1
1
3. qali da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs ideebis generators, politikuri sistemis
instituciuri cvlilebebis damCqarebels uwodeben da meoTxe xelisuflebasTan
aigiveben. faqtobrivad es aris masobrivi komunikacia, romelic teqnikuri da
eleqtronuli saSualebebiT xorcieldeba da xSirad win uswrebs politikur Tu
ekonomikur movlenebs.
32
miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi saarCevno bloki
“aRorZineba – XXI” – erTad aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi sxva saarCevno
subieqtebic iRebdnen monawileobas, aq Catarebuli arCevnebis tendenciuroba da
erTpartiuloba sruliad naTelia – aWaris yvela olqSi saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba
– XXI” arCeul iqna 97-100%. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom aWaraSi arCeuli yvela
qali-kandidati am saarCevno blokis warmomadgenelia.
105
danarTi 2
2003 wlis 2 noembris maJoritarul saparlamento arCevnebSi kenWi iyara 456
kandidatma, aqedan 65 iyo qali, romelTagan mxolod 3 gaxda maJoritari deputati quTaisis, yvarlisa da bolnisis olqebis.
olqis
wardgenili
wardgenili
arCeuli
olqis
dasaxeleba
kandidatebis
qalikandidatebis
#
ricxvi
kandidatebis
sqesi
ricxvi
1.
mTawminda
12
2
mamakaci
2.
vake
7
3
mamakaci
3.
saburTalo
9
1
mamakaci
4.
krwanisi
8
1
mamakaci
5.
isani
10
0
mamakaci
6.
samgori
8
2
mamakaci
7.
CuRureTi
9
0
mamakaci
8.
didube
15
3
mamakaci
9.
naZaladevi
10
2
mamakaci
10.
gldani
9
1
mamakaci
11.
sagarejo
5
1
mamakaci
12.
gurjaani
11
1
mamakaci
13.
siRnaRi
4
1
mamakaci
14.
dedofliswyaro
5
0
mamakaci
15.
lagodexi
8
1
mamakaci
16.
yvareli
6
3
qali
17.
Telavi
10
1
mamakaci
18.
axmeta
6
1
mamakaci
19.
TianeTi
6
0
mamakaci
20.
rusTavi
8
2
mamakaci
21.
gardabani
2
0
mamakaci
22.
marneuli
5
0
mamakaci
23.
bolnisi
4
1
qali
24.
dmanisi
4
0
mamakaci
25.
walka
8
2
mamakaci
26.
TeTriwyaro
3
0
mamakaci
27.
mcxeTa
5
1
mamakaci
28.
duSeTi
5
2
mamakaci
29.
yazbegi
6
1
mamakaci
30.
kaspi
4
0
mamakaci
31.
axalgori
4
1
mamakaci
32.
gori
7
0
mamakaci
33.
qareli
7
0
mamakaci
34.
xaSuri
5
0
mamakaci
35.
borjomi
6
1
mamakaci
36.
axalcixe
7
1
mamakaci
37.
adigeni
3
0
mamakaci
38.
aspinZa
9
0
mamakaci
39.
axalqalaqi
6
0
mamakaci
40.
ninowminda
2
0
mamakaci
41.
oni
5
1
mamakaci
42.
ambrolauri
3
0
mamakaci
43.
cageri
2
0
mamakaci
44.
lentexi
1
0
mamakaci
45.
mestia
4
0
mamakaci
46.
xaragauli
6
0
mamakaci
106
patriarqaluri saxelmwifo politika – es aris politika, romelic mamakacsa da
qals Soris funqciebis gansazRvruli ganawilebis koncefcias efuZneba. qalis
bunebriv socialur funqciad da daniSnulebad (mowodebad) dedoba, saSinao
meurneobis gaZRola da bavSvebis aRzrda iTvleba. mamakacs saxelmwifo, profesiuli
da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis (moRvaweobis) subieqtis roli akisria. am koncefciis
Tanaxmad, mamakaci ojaxis ufrosi da “marCenalia”, igi damakavSirebeli rgolia
ojaxsa da mTel sazogadoebas Soris.
qalTa sakiTxSi patriarqaluri politikis ZiriTadi miznebia:
araemansipirebuli qalis idealis propaganda;
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, sazogadoebriv sferoSi
qalebis monawileobis SezRudva;
profesiul saqmianobaSi qalis monawileobis Semcireba;
dedis, colisa (meuRlis) da ojaxis diasaxlisis “bunebrivi” funqciebis
SesrulebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna;
paternalisturi politika qalTa sakiTxSi - es aris qalis mimarT saxelmwifos
meurveobisa da proteqcionizmis politika, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens:
qalebis socialuri dacvis sistemis organizacia – SeRavaTebis, daxmarebebis,
Svebulebebis, qalis Sromis gamoyenebis SezRudvisa da a.S. saxiT;
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalebis farTo monawileoba;
qalisa da mamakacis iuridiuli da socialuri mdgomareobis Tanasworoba;
qalis mier dedisa da diasaxlisis funqciebis SeTavsebisaTvis saWiro
pirobebis Seqmna.
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Tema bevri saxelmwifos
politikaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi gaxda.
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam 1976-1985 wlebi qalTa aTwleulad
gamoacxada, romlis devizic iyo: “Tanasworoba, ganviTareba, mSvidoba". es iyo
mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qalTa problemebis
wina planze wamowevas.
1995 w. pekinSi Sedga qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferencia. man miznad daisaxa im
prioritetebis dadgena, romelTa ganxorcieleba da dacva aucilebeli iqneboda
1986-2000 wlebSi gaeros sistemis farglebSi dasaxuli strategiis cxovrebaSi
gasatareblad.
mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca agreTve konvenciis miReba qalTa diskriminaciis
yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb. man mouwoda "...saxelmwifoebs, miiRon erovnuli
sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic akrZalavs qalTa diskriminacias". konvencia maT
aZlevda rekomendacias miiRon mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris faqtiuri Tanasworobis
damyarebis dasaCqareblad mimarTuli droebiTi specialuri zomebi, agreTve
specialuri
aucilebeli
zomebi
diskriminaciis
SenarCunebis
xelisSemwyobi
socialuri da kulturuli modelebis SecvlisaTvis.
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gaxda “qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saqmianobis
sferoSi perspeqtiuli strategiebi 1986-2000 wlebSi”. aRniSnul strategiebSi sami
mizania dasaxuli: Tanasworoba, ganviTareba da mSvidoba. aq Tanasworoba ganxilulia
ara mxolod rogorc samarTlebrivi cneba, aramed rogorc qalebis uflebebis,
movaleobebisa da SesaZleblobebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevis saSualeba, Zala.
es Tanasworoba uSualod ukavSirdeba mravalmxrivi socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis amocanas da sazogadoebis progress.
aRniSnul dokumentebSi aRiniSna msoflio sazogadoebis swrafva 2000 wlisaTvis
qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaken. isini xels uwyoben sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
31
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi
Tanamedrove transformirebulma sazogadoebam SeimuSava da ukve cxovrebaSi
danerga sruliad axali, Zvelisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli sqesTa urTierTobebi.
qalebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali da saukeTeso cxovrebiseuli
arCevanis gakeTebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu isini aqtiurad Caebmebian
axal cxovrebaSi, eziarebian da gaiTaviseben axal Rirebulebebs, Tu moxdeba maTi
realuri emansipacia. am amocanis gadasaWrelad mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad saxelmwifos mier
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo, ZiriTadad SromiT saqmianobas
da socialur sferoebs exeba. isini qalebis sazogadoebrivi statusisa da gavlenis
amaRlebas ar iTvaliswinebs.
saxelmwifo politikad miCneulia saxelisuflo institutebis da sazogadoebis
mTeli politikuri sistemis saqmianoba. misi mizania socialuri
yofierebis
sxvadasxva sferos optimaluri marTva. igi gulisxmobs konkretuli sociokulturuli istoriuli amocanebis droul gadaWras. efeqturi saxelmwifo politika
uzrunvelyofs im normebis, Rirebulebebisa da cxovrebiseuli strategiebis
gavrcelebas, romlebic xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa da yvela saxelmwifo struqturis
mier aRiarebuli aucilebeli miznebis miRwevas. saxelmwifo politikis farglebSi
gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc uaxlesi, ise ufro Soreuli miznebis dasaxva, maTi
miRwevisaTvis saWiro meTodebisa da saSualebebis gansazRvra.
saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi, anu, rogorc mas uwodeben, qalTa
saxelmwifo politika, im saerTo socialuri politikis nawilia, romelic saxelmwifos socialur programebsa da praqtikaSia xorcSesxmuli. igi sazogadoebaSi
aregulirebs urTierTobebs mosaxleobis ZiriTadi socialuri jgufebis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiTa da saSualebiT. socialuri politika ekonomikazea damokidebuli,
magram meorexarisxovani ar aris, radgan mas didi roli eniWeba sazogadoebis
materialuri da sulieri kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis. socialuri politikis
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia,
politikuri stabilurobisa da samoqalaqo Tanxmobis uzrunvelyofa. amis miRweva
mosaxleobis fulad Semosavlebsa da sasaqonlo resursebs Soris balansis dacviT
aris SesaZlebeli. aucilebelia agreTve sabinao problemebis gadasaWrelad saWiro
pirobebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobasa da xarisxze mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT saTanado
bazis Seqmna. saWiroa mosaxleobis sulierebis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis amaRleba.
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi aucileblad unda hqondes damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba, vinaidan igi qalebis – didi, specifikuri da mniSvnelovani problemebis mqone socialur-demografiuli jgufis – interesebs exeba da maT
samarTlebriv da socialur statuss ayalibebs; gansazRvravs da awesrigebs agreTve
maT urTierTobebs sazogadoebasTan.
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi konkretul-istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is
damokidebulia politikuri reJimis xasiaTze, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi
demokratiis doneze, saxelmwifo politikis subieqtebis, upirveles yovlisa ki,
politikuri elitis, mier qalTa sakiTxis arsis gagebasa da maT poziciaze. ar
SeiZleba imis daviwyebac. rom qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikis warmateba
ganisazRvreba rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis arsebuli kulturuli tradiciebiT,
aseve Tavad mTeli mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis Segnebisa da aqtiurobis doniT.
qalebis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis Semdeg tipebs ganasxvaveben:
30
47.
Terjola
48.
saCxere
49.
zestafoni
50.
baRdaTi
51.
vani
52.
samtredia
53.
xoni
54.
WiaTura
55.
tyibuli
56.
wyaltubo
57.
quTaisi
58.
ozurgeTi
59.
lanCxuTi
60.
Coxatauri
61.
abaSa
62.
senaki
63.
martvili
64.
xobi
65.
zugdidi
66.
walenjixa
67.
Cxorowyu
68.
foTi
69.
baTumi
70.
qeda
71.
qobuleTi
72.
Suaxevi
73.
xelvaCauri
74.
xulo
75.
liaxvi
saerTo raodenoba
4
8
12
5
5
5
8
12
2
4
10
5
6
1
6
6
7
6
8
3
4
11
6
3
8
3
5
3
11
456
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
2
2
1
54
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
qali
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
mamakaci
74 mamakaci/3 qali
am cxrilis Tanaxmad, maJoritaruli wesiT wardgenil kandidatTa saerTo ricxvis
11.8% qali iyo, xolo arCeul deputatTa saerTo ricxvSi ki mxolod 3.9%. qal da
mamakac kandidatebs arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobac eZleodaT –
qalebma Seadgines 5.6%., xolo mamakacebisaTvis es cifri gacilebiT meti aRmoCnda –
18.4%.
gamoavlindnen saarCevno subieqtebic, romelTac yvelaze meti qali maJoritari
kandidati waradgines: 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi politikuri
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” (11 kandidati); 2. sainiciativo jgufi (8 kandidati); mesame
adgili gainawiles saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partiam da blokma “jumber
patiaSvili – politikuri gaerTianeba “erToba”. sami saarevno subieqtis mier
warmodgenilma maJoritarma kandidatma qalebma SeZles saparlamento arCevnebSi
gamarjveba: quTaisSi “burjanaZe - demokratebis”, yvarelSi sainiciativo jgufisa da
bolnisSi - nacional – demokratebis kandidatebma.
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciul arevnebSi monawile politikuri
partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel eqvs (potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qalma
kandidatebma Semdegi adgilebi daikaves:
107
partiis dasaxeleba
“saqarTvelos
partia”-#1
I
aT-Si
socialisturi 1
(#9)
II
aT-Si
1
(#19)
III
aT-Si
0
IV
aT-Si
1
(#35)
V
aT-Si
5
(#40)
(#43)
(#45)
(#47)
(#48)
3
(#30)
(#33)
(#34)
0
0
“demokratiuli aRorZinebis
kavSiri”-#2
2
(#3)
(#8)
1
(#17)
1
(#29)
saarCevno bloki “memarjvene
opozicia – mrewveloba,
axlebi” -#3
saqarTvelos leiboristuli
partia -#4
2
(#4)
(#9)
1
(#7)
1
(#14)
1
(#27)
1
(#15)
0
2
(#34)
(#37)
“nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” - #5
2
(#1)
(#5)
1
(#17)
1
(#21)
0
1
(#4)
1
(#15)
0
1
(#37)
saqarTvelos erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” - #8
2
(#5)
(#7)
0
4
(#21)
(#22)
(#24)
(#25)
3
(#32)
(#33)
(#35)
konstituciur uflebaTa
dacvis partia - #9
“nacionalistebi”-#10
0
0
3
(#22)
(#23)
(#24)
4
(#33)
(#34)
(#36)
(#38)
2
(#45)
(#48)
1
(#9)
2
(#12)
(#13)
1
(#20)
3
(#31)
(#32)
(#35)
6
(#40)
(#41)
(#43)
(#44)
(#46)
(#48)
“saqarTvelos erTiani
komunisturi partia”- #6
saarCevno bloki “edp tradicionalistebi”-#7
bloki “samSoblo” -#11
2
(#41)
(#49)
2
(#44)
(#49)
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#48)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
3
(#40)
(#41)
(#48)
5
(#40)
(#41)
(#42)
(#43)
(#44)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
108
VI
aT-Si
6
(#50)
(#51)
(#53)
(#55)
(#57)
(#58)
0
3
3
(#53)
(#56)
(#58)
0
4
(#51)
(#53)
(#57)
(#58)
4
(#52)
(#53)
(#55)
(#56)
7
(#50)
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#55)
(#57)
5
(#50)
(#52)
(#55)
(#56)
(#58)
SeuZlebelia" (Маркс, Энгельс, Соч.). marqsi sruliad eTanxmeboda S. furies imaSi,
rom konkretuli sazogadoebis progresi am sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareobis
mixedviT SeiZleba SevafasoT.
ingliseli mecnieri a. barneti sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom qalisadmi
negatiuri damokidebuleba ar damkvidrdeboda sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis
yvela etapze civilizebuli rom yofiliyo. igi ambobs, rom "sakiTxSi tipurisa da
ucvlelis", mamakacisa da qalis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis, maTi temperamentisa da
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb ganuxrelad aris damkvidrebuli dogmaturi, sruliad
auxsneli Sexedulebebi.
umravles sazogadoebebSi qalisa da mamakacis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba
ganpirobebulia kvlavwarmoebaSi maTi sxvadasxva roliT, (Барнетт,1968). cxovrebis
pirobebi qalis qcevasa da azrovnebaze Tavis daRs asvamda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
isini saxlisa da ojaxis saqmiT iyvnen dakavebulni, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs Tavisi
moRvaweobis sfero SezRuduli ar hqondaT. maT aseT mdgomareobas mecnierebic
amarTlebdnen. mkvidrdeboda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qals ar SeuZlia aiTvisos
tradiciuli mamakacuri saqmianoba. magaliTad, asi wlis win ar iyvnen eqimi qalebi da
TavisTavad iTvleboda, rom maT am profesiis aTviseba ar ZaluZT. dRes ki eqimebis
naxevarze meti qalebia.
zogierTi mecnieri Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,
qalTa daniSnulebis Sesaxeb oTx ZiriTad Sexedulebas gamoyofs: patriarqalurs,
ekonomikurs, demografiulsa da egalitaruls.
patriarqaluri Sexedulebebis adamianebi amtkiceben, rom samyaro e.w. "bunebriv
safuZvlebs" emyareba, xolo maT ngrevas sazogadoebis ngrevisaken mivyavarT.
"bunebriv safuZvlebSi" isini gulisxmoben sazogadoebaSi funqciebis ganawilebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, qali ojaxis diasaxlisi da ojaxis keris Semnaxavia, xolo
mamakaci - mompovebeli, sazogadoebrivi moRvawe da ojaxis sazogadoebasTan damakavSirebeli. rolebis aseTi ganawileba maT kanonzomierad miaCniaT, radgan, maTi azriT,
sqesobrivi sxvaoba gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre individualuri da piradi
Tvisebebi. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi daskvnac: qalebis Cabmam sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi ukve mogvitana negatiuri Sedegebi ojaxSi da gamoiwvia dedobrivi
instinqtebis rRveva, moraluri aRviraxsniloba, ojaxis ngreva da RirebulebaTa
cvla, moxucebi, qmrebi da bavSvebi qalebis mzrunvelobis gareSe darCnen, ris gamoc
mimdinareobs mamakacTa feminizacia da sxv.
ekonomistebic qalebis dasaqmebis Semcirebas uWeren mxars da amas imiT
asabuTeben, rom maTi Sroma ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqturia bavSviani
dedebis xSiri gacdenebis gamo. garda amisa, maTi mtkicebiT, qalebs ufro naklebi
kvalifikacia aqvT, vidre mamakacebs.
demografebis azriT, qals upirvelesad reproduqciis funqcia akisria, xolo
Sobadobis Semcireba sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.
egalitaruli azrovnebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben partiarqalur mosazrebebs da
funqciebis
e.w. "bunebriv" ganawilebas socialur iluziad miiCneven. maTi azriT,
patriarqatuli koncefcia Sesabamisi socialuri pirobebis Sedegia da mas momavali ara aqvs.
sqesTa Soris egalitaruli urTierToba mamakacebisa da qalebis urTierTgagebasa da urTierTSevsebazea damyarebuli ojaxsa Tu sazogadoebaSi orive
maTganisaTvis Tavisufali arCevnis safuZvelze xdeba. am Sexedulebebis momxreebs
miaCniaT, rom upirveles yovlisa, adamianis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa
Tanabari socialuri pirobebis da maTi realizebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna,
agreTve mamakacisa da qalis Tanasaworuflebianobis sakiTxis politikur sakiTxad
gadaqceva.
29
tiraniisa da samarTlis epoqas, agreTve avtoris individualur Sexedulebebs.
nicSec uaryofiTi azris iyo qalebze, maTSi arc talantsa da arc Wkuas ar
xedavda. "mamakacebma qalebs dasakuTrebis surviliT unda Sexedon, rogorc
sakuTrebas, romelsac unda daeuflo." da Semdeg: "emansipaciis survili briyvi
ganaTlebuli mamrobiTi sqesis saxedrebis gavleniT aris gamowveuli". (Ницше, 1907).
qalebisadmi gansakuTrebuli uaryofiTi SexedulebebiT gamoirCeva da maTSi
vercerT dadebiT Tvisebas ver xedavs germaneli filosofosi o. veinegeri. misi
azriT, genialoba qalisaTvis sruliad miuwvdomelia. mas ar gaaCnia "cnobierebis
originaloba: am ukanasknels igi qmrisagan iRebs. qali cnobierebis gareSe cxovrobs,
kaci ki cnobierad..." qalebi moklebulni arian logikas. "WeSmaritad qalurma arsebam
ar icis arc logikuri, arc zneobrivi imperativi." qaluri emansipaciis yvelaze
ufro didi da erTad-erTi mteri – TviT qalia." (Вейненгер, 1992).
mamakacTa da qalTa rolebis Teoriuli axsna SeiZleba z. froidisa da t.
parsonsis naSromebSic vnaxoT. z. froidi ambobda, "anatomia - es bedia". cnobili
amerikeli sociologi, struqturuli funqcionalizmis avtori t. parsonsi ki
Tvlida, rom mamakaci mompoveblis, anu instrumentul funqcias asrulebs, xolo
qali, rogorc ojaxis keris Semnaxavi - eqspresiuls. imisaTvis, rom namdvili mamakaci
iyo, erTaderTi gza arsebobs - gqondes prestiJuli samsaxuri da moipovo saarsebo
saxsrebi. qalis realuri statusi ki meuRleoba, dedoba da ojaxis diasaxlisobaa.
rolebis aseTi danawileba, misi azriT, sazogadoebis stabilurobis sawindaria.
Tumca
parsonsis
funqcionalizmi
mwvave
kritikis
sagani
gaxda,
radgan
funqcionalizmi uars ambobs cvlilebebze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da misi
statikurobis momxrea.
qalebisadmi damokidebulebis cvlilebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes utopistsocialistebma da, gansakuTrebiT, Sarl furiem. Tavis wignSi "samyarosa da
sazogadoebis bedi" igi aRniSnavda, rom imis mcdeloba, rom yvela qali diasaxlisad
gadaiqces, socialuri meqanizmis mankierebaze metyvelebs. igi akritikebda yvela
imas, visac miaCnda, rom qalis daniSnuleba mxolod "qoTnidan qafis moxda da Zveli
Sarvlis kemsvaa". (Фурье, 1951).
S. furie iyo pirveli, vinc aRniSna, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi qalebis emansipacia mTliani sazogadoebis emansipaciis sazomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo sazogadoebis civilizaciis done am sazogadoebaSi qalebis mdgomareobis pirdapirproporciulia.
sen-simoni did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qalis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. Tavis
moZRvrebaSi "wyvilis" Sesaxeb, igi amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebrivi moRvawe unda
yofiliyo ara calkeuli piri, aramed qali da mamakaci erTad, anu "wyvili",
romelsac ufleba hqonda gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da qalTa da mamakacTa
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.
aseTive poziciebze idgnen rusi revolucioneri demokratebi. obieqturad
afasebda ra sazogadoebaSi qalis rols, b. belinski werda, rom mamakacebis
upiratesoba moCvenebiTia. (Белинский, Полн. собр. соч.). n. CerniSevskis aRaSfoTebda
is faqti. rom qals sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi saTanado adgili ar ukavia. misi azriT
"qali mamakacis Tanaswori unda iyos". qals cnobier cxovrebaSi aqamde imitom ekava
aseTi dakninebuli mdgomareoba, rom Zaladobis batonoba mas SesaZleblobas da
ganviTarebis survils arTmevda. (Чернишевски, Полн. собр. соч.).
Teoria sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi marqsizmmac ganaviTara.
k. marqsi l. kugelmanisadmi miweril werilSi werda: "vinc ramdenadme gacnobilia
istorias, icis, rom diadi sazogadoebrivi gadatrialebebi qaluri fermentis gareSe
28
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri 2
moZraoba” -#12
(#3)
(#7)
3
(#15)
(#16)
(#17)
2
(#21)
(#25)
bloki “jumber patiaSvili –
politikuri gaerTianeba
“erToba” - #13
0
2
(#10)
(#14)
1
(#23)
demokratiuli samarTlis
partia -#14
3
(#4)
(#5)
(#9)
2
(#18)
(#19)
5
(#20)
(#22)
(#23)
(#25)
(#28)
saqarTvelos erovnuli
ideologiis partia -#15
2
(#5)
(#6)
3
(#14)
(#15)
(#19)
5
(#22)
(#23)
(#24)
(#27)
(#28)
partia “nodar naTaZe –
saxalxo fronti” -#16
1
(#6)
samarTlianoba -#17
politikuri moZraoba
“Tavisufleba” -#18
sruliad saqarTvelos saxalxo
aliansi -#20
procentuli gamoangariSeba
5
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#35)
(#36)
3
(#30)
(#35)
(#36)
8
(#30)
(#32)
(#43)
(#35)
(#36)
(#37)
(#38)
(#39)
5
(#31)
(#32)
(#33)
(#34)
(#38)
3
(#42)
(#45)
(#47)
1
(#40)
5
(#50)
(#51)
(#56)
(#57)
(#59)
1
(#59)
2
(#44)
(#49)
4
(#52)
(#54)
(#55)
(#58)
4
(#41)
(#44)
(#46)
(#47)
8
(#51)
(#52)
(#53)
(#54)
(#56)
(#57)
(#58)
(#59)
1
(#59)
2
1
0
1
(#14)
(#23)
(#46)
(#15)
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze
1
1
0
1
2
(#7)
(#17)
(#31)
(#45)
(#48)
0
1
1
3
0
(#11)
(#21)
(#31)
(#33)
(#34)
31.1
13.8
17.5
21.9
18.1
2
(#57)
(#58)
0
23.8
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciuli arCevnebis Sedegad, 7%-iani barieri
gadalaxa mxolod orma politikurma subieqtma – “nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” 67.02%-iT da saarCevno blokma “memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba,
axlebi” - 7.62%-iT. Am procentebis Sesabamisad, “nacionalurma moZraoba demokratebma” miiRes 135 mandati, romelTagan 15 mandati qalebma moipoves. rac Seexeba
“memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba, axlebs”, maT wilad xvdaT 15 mandati, aqedan 3 –
qalebs.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maJoritaruli arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli iqna 77
deputati, aqedan 3 – qali. rac Seexeba afxazeTis deputacias, romelsac 1995 wlidan
avtomaturad ugrZeldeboda mandati, 2004 wlis mowvevis parlamentma gaauqma maTi
uflebamosileba, ris gamoc parlaments gamoaklda 11 wevri.
dRes parlamentSi 22 qalia, rac warmoadgens parlamentarebis saerTo ricxvis 9.7%s. unda aRiniSnos, rom wina mowvevis parlamentebTan SedarebiT, es monacemi winsvlaa –
parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba 3%-iT gaizarda.
(monacemebi aRebulia: l. nadaraia "qali da politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "genderi,
Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. gafrindaSvili), Tbilisi, 2005)
109
danarTi 3
saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romelsac saqarTvelo SeuerTda:
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia
euTos dokumentacia, 1995 wlis 15 seqtembris gadawyvetileba
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis 25 ianvari.
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis
25 ianvari
konvebcia "qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis likvidaciis Sesaxeb", 1994 wlis 22
seqtemberi
N111 konvencia "Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb", 1995 wlis
5 maisi
N100 konvencia "Tanabari Rirebulebis SromaSi qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb" 1996 wlis 29 maisi
saqarTvelos axali kanonmdebloba, romelic efuZneba konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, Seqmnilia qalTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT.
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qalTa uflebani daculia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT
gansazRvruli normebiT:
fexmZime qalTa uflebani
dedaTa da bavSvTa uflebani, rac kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli
patimar qalTa uflebani
arasrulwlovanis uflebani
qalis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebebi.
110
Tavi IV
qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
1. qalis rolis da statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareoba yovelTvis iyo gansjis sagani. istoriaSi,
filosofiaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi da sxv. sxvadasxvanairad aisaxeboda
es problema da gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamohqondaT. qalis daniSnulebaze ojaxsa da
sazogadoebaSi, mis Tandayolil Tvisebebze, Rirsebasa Tu naklze gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas religiac amaxvilebda. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi qali moklebuli iyo
saSualebas srulad gamoevlina Tavisi inteleqti. qristianoba gamudmebiT emuqreboda qals anaTemaze gadacemiT da mis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas amtkicebda.
Sua saukuneebSi aseTi damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamyarda da "sust sqesTan"
urTierToba codvad Seiracxa.
xalxis cnobierebaSi fexmokidebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qalis socialuri da
sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebze, urTierTobebze ojaxSi
da a.S. aseTi warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveuli danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs da maT
profesiul zrdas uSlis xels.
gamudmebiT mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs kamaTi qalis, rogorc adamianis,
sazogadoebis wevris da rogorc intimuri urTierTobebis obieqtis WeSmariti Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb. sxvadasxva epoqaSi mas sxvadasxvanairad afasebdnen. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSic arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebebi qalis daniSnulebaze. mimdinareobs aqtiuri debatebi qalis rolisa da statusis Sesaxeb. amasTan cxadia, rom
egalitaruli Teoriis cxovrebaSi gatareba TviT cxovrebiT aris nakarnaxevi. samuSao drois danaxarjis ori mesamedi qalebis wilad modis, msoflioSi yovel mesame
ojaxs qali inaxavs da miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul sakiTxze erTgvarovani Sexeduleba
ar aris.
Suasaukneobriv Sexedulebebze qalis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina
platonis "Timeosma", romelSic igi amtkicebda, rom laCari da uRirsi mamakacebis
suli sikvdilis Semdeg qalebSi gadainacvlebs, xolo mis mier "saxelmwifoSi"
gamoTqmuli azri qalebis emansipaciis Sesaxeb meorexarisxovnad iqna aRqmuli.
qalis, rogorc sazogadoebis srulyofili wevris, WeSmariti Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, renesansisa da reformaciis xanaSi unda ezrunaT da,
marTlac, aqa iq gamoCnda imedis Canasaxi, magram yvelaferi es imiT Semoifargla,
rom qali esTetikuri Tayvaniscemis obieqti gaxda, xolo mis daqvemdebarebul
mdgomareobaSi ki araferi Secvlila.
kapitalizmis
epoqa
qalis
daniSnulebis
Taobaze
Sexedulebebisa
da
mimdinareobebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. napoleon bonaparte, romelmac axali
kodeqsi Seqmna, qalebis aRzrdis gaumjobesebisaken mouwodebda, magram maT ZiriTad
daniSnulebad mxolod reproduqciis unari rCeboda. burJuaziulma sazogadoebam
warmoaCina mravali fsevdoTeoria, romlebic qalis arasrulfasovnebas usvamdnen
xazs. a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe, o. veinengeri da sxv. amtkicebdnen, rom bunebam qali
mxolod TvalTmaqcobiT, cbierebiT, Ralatisadmi midrekilebiT daajildova.
"dabali tanis, viwromxrebian, farToTeZoebian sqess lamazi SeiZleba uwodos
mxolod seqsualuri vnebiT Tavbrudaxveulma mamakacma... qali Tavisi bunebiT
ganwirulia damorCilebisaTvis, mas batoni sWirdeba... am sqesis yvelaze ufro
brwyinvale warmomadgenlebsac ki araferi WeSmaritad didi da TviTmyofadi ar
SeuqmniaT." (Шопенгауер, 1986,). Sopenhaueris es sityvebi kargad asaxavs mamakacTa
27
literatura:
danarTi 4
1. jaSi C. genderi da ekonomika "genderi,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l.
GgafrindaSvili) Tbilisi, 2005
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba
2. Frances R. Wooley, The Feminist Challenge to Newclassical Economics // Cambridge Journal of
Economics, 1993
saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb
3. Guderson M., Male-Female Wage Differentials and Policy Responses // Journal of Economie
Literature, 1987
adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos
konstituciiT da gamocxadebulia umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifoebriv prioritetad. am
mimarTebiT saqarTveloSi mravali RonisZieba ganxorcielda. seriozuli nabijebi
gadaidga qalis – adamianis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. Seiqmna qalTa
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, prezidentis gankargulebiT
damtkicda qalTa ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegma, SemuSavda janmrTelobis dacvis
erovnuli programis proeqtebi, romlebSic qalTa janmrTelobis dacvisa da dasaqmebis
specialuri RonisZiebebia gaTvaliswinebuli. qalis – adamianis uflebebis dacva
uaRresad aqtualuri problemaa saerTaSoriso doneze da CvenTan saqarTveloSi. "qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencias" saqarTvelo SeuerTda 1994 wels,
xolo 1999 wels saqarTvelos pirveladi moxseneba ganxiluli iqna qalTa diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris komitetSi da dadebiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura. komitetma saqarTvelos
moawoda Tavisi daskvniTi komentarebi. Semdgomi muSaobis rekomendaciebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis, adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis,
pekinis samoqmedo platformis ganxorcielebis, qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
komitetis rekomendaciebis ganxorcielebis mizniT:
1. eTxovos saqarTvelos parlaments imsjelos droebiT specialur RonisZiebebze
qalTa poziciebis gasaumjobeseblad politikuri warmomadgenlobis speroSi, kerZod,
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis kvotebis sakiTxze.
2. saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrom (j.xecuriani) – ucxoel eqspertTa monawileobiT ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis genderuli analizi da mis
safuZvelze SeimuSaos sakanonmdeblo winadaebebi am sferoSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
srulyofisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT. kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowerigebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcios qalTa pirdapiri an iribi diskriminaciis gamoricxvas.
3. qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebelma komisiam (r. beriZe) qalTa
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT: - monitoringi gauwios moqmedebis
erovnuli gegmis ganxorcielebas, moamzados rekomendaciebi samTavrobo struqturebisaTvis am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad Casatarebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb; moamzados qalTa mimarT Zaladobis, maT Soris, ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis samwliani erovnuli programa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs krizisuli centrebis
Seqmnas, sakonsultacio samsaxurebis gafarTovebas msxverpli qalebisaTvis daxmarebis gasawevad, seqsualuri eqspluataciis msxverpli qalebisaTvis reabilitaciis
programebis Seqmnas.
4. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom (k. TargamaZe) da saqarTvelos
prokutaturam (j. babilaSvili) – mTeli qveynis masStabiT Seagrovos da daamuSaos
monacemebi qalTa winaaqmdeg Zaladobis TiToeuli SemTxvevis Sesaxeb; - mkacri aRwera
Caataros ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebis gamisavlenad da ganaxorcielos RonisZiebebi
maT aRmosafxvrelad.
5. saqarTvelos Sromis, socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis saministrom (T. gazdeliani)
SeimuSaos farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis gegma, romelTa mizani iqneba qalTa
ekonomikuri statusis gaumjobeseba maTi momzadebis da gadamzadebis gziT, qalTa
monawileobis xelSewyoba erovnuli ekonomikis yvela sferoSi.
6. saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacvis saministrom (a. jorbenaZe) – Caataros qalebis
dasaqmebisaTvis janmrTelobis aucilebeli standartebis analizi da gamiricxos am
standartebiT qalTa iribi an pirdapiri diskriminaciis SesaZlebloba Sromis
bazarze; - SeimuSaos da gaataros RonisZiebaTa farTo sistema dedaTa da bavSvTa
sikvdilianobis da abortebis maRali maCveneblis winaaRmdeg brZolis, qalebisaTvis
aucilebeli samedicino samsaxuris gawevis, kontraceptivebis popularizaciis da
gavrcelebis mizniT; - sadazRvevo sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces
pacienti qalebis saavadmyofoebSi da sxva samedicino dawesebulebebSi mkurnalobis
4. Pujol M.A., Feminism and Antifeminism in Elarly Economie Thought Aldershot Edward Elgar,
1992.
5. Brown L J., Gender and Economic Analyses: A Feminist Perspective. Mimeo. Easterrn,
Washington University, 1989
6. England P., What Can Economic Learns from Feminism. 1990
26
111
uzrunvelyofas.
7. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom (a. kartozia) Caataros saxelmZRvaneloebis
genderuli analizi atereotipebis aRmosafxvrelad cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalTa
da mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis damkvidrebis mizniT.
8. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom (i. meneRariSvili) gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcios molaparakebebis procesSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis CarTvas.
9. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom (v. vaSakiZe)
SeimuSavos ltolvili da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli qalebisaTvis daxmarebis
specialuri programa.
10. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrom (b. gulua) – SeimuSaos
specialuri programebi soflad momuSave qalebis dasaxmareblad; - gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcios damtkicebuli programebis ganxorcielebis procesSi qalTa
monawileobas.
11. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis saxelmwifo departamentma (T.
beriZe) socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis saxelmwifo departamentis yovelwliur
angariSSi specialurad daamuSaos statistikuri monacemebi genderul WrilSi.
12. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kancelariasTan arsebulma marTvisa da informaciis centrma (z. jiblaZe) gamosces qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris konvencia da
pekinis samoqmedo platforma da gaavrcelos rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebaSi, ise
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
13. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom (d. onofriSvili) 2000 wlis biujetSi
gaiTvaliswinos adamianis uflebaTa dokumentebis gamosacemi xarjebi.
14. qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis daskvniTi komentarebi gamoqveyndes
presaSi am brZanebulebis gamoqveynebisTanave.
15. gadaegzavnos es brZanebuleba gasacnobad saministroebs, samTavrobo struqturebs
da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs.
16. am brZanebulebis Sesrulebis koordinacia da kontroli daevalos erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiles adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi (r. beriZe).
e.SevardnaZe
mTlianobaSi, androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufal kvlevebSi ori mimarTuleba SeiZleba gamovyoT. pirveli dakavSirebulia SecdomiTi gamartivebis
gamoyenebasTan, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola ufro martivia, xolo meore mimarTulia
ekonomikaSi qalis gauCinarebis winaaRmdeg da am mxriv saqme ufro rTuladaa.
judiT lorberis azriT, qalis "gauCinarebis" yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTad
gamodgeba qalis upiratesi universaluri CarTva ojaxur meurneobaSi da misi,
lorberis, rogorc mikroekonomikis specialistis Sexeduleba. ra Tqma unda, ojaxis meurneobis alternatiuli modelebis Seqmnis mcdeloba fundamentur problemas ayenebs neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe. upirveles yovlisa,
mamakacTa da qalTa araTanasworoba Sromis bazarze da ojaxis meurneobaSi
nawilobriv ganpirobebulia upiratesobaTa miniWebiT da institutebiT. feministi
ekonomistebis sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelyofa ki dakavSirebulia im
imedTan, rom upiratesoba da institutebi Sesabamisi saxiT Seicvleba; aqedan
gamomdinareobs keTildReobis ekonomikuri Teoriis analitikuri instrumentebis
Seqmnis aucilebloba, romelic aRniSnuli cvlilebebis analizs iTvaliswinebs.
upiratesobis miniWebis wyaroebis Seswavlas, ojaxuri meurneobis modelis
Seqmnas da ekonomikuri Teoriis instituciuri orientaciis gaZlierebis moTxovnas
marto feministi ekonomistebi rodi awarmoeben. mecnierul samyaroSi gamoCndnen
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ekonomistebi, romlebic feministebis mier wamoyenebul
problemebs uTmoben yuradRebas. Tavis mxriv, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria
farTod iyenebs sxvadasxva Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mimarTulebis ideebs, amasTan,
mas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, rac ganpirobebulia, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT, rom aqcenti gadaaqvs ekonomikuri samarTlianobis problemebze, aerTianebs
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Sromebs da Zlier biZgs iZleva tradiciuli ekonomikuri
Teoriis kritikisaTvis. garda amisa, feministebs mecnierebaSi samyaros aRqmis,
kvlevisa da Secnobis axali perspeqtivebi moaqvT, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs
dainaxon da scadon axsnan mamakacTa da qalTa SromiT anazRaurebaSi arsebuli
diskriminaciis mizezebi, ojaxuri meurneobisa da ojaxSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
procesis ekonomikuri faqtorebi.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?
2. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.
3. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias dasaqmebis saferoSi?
4. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?
112
25
diskriminacia, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan
danarTi 5
damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis N308 brZanebulebiT,
24
1998 wlis 18 ivnisi
prioritetebi
saqarTveloSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul RonisZiebaTa gegma
1998-2000 ww.
xangrZl
miznebi
strategiebi
aRmasruleblebi
ivoba
1. genderul
sakiTxebze
informirebulobis
gaumjobeseba,
problemis Sesaxeb
detaluri
informaciis
momzadeba
1.institucionaluri meqanizmebis Seqmna
qalebis dabali anazRaurebis asaxsnelad arsebobs kidev erTi hipoTeza
araswori Sefasebebis Taobaze. adamianebma SeiZleba mcdarad gaazviadon sxvaoba
mamakacebisa da qalebis saSualo SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. diskriminaciis aseT
konservatorul formas xSirad vxvdebiT instituciur struqturebSi. ase
magaliTad, viqtorias epoqis kanonmdebloba qalebs ukrZalavda miwisqveSa samuSaoebis Sesrulebas (magaliTad, metros matareblis mZRolebad muSaobas). es ZalaSi
rCeboda meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSic. ufro metic,
diskriminacia, romelic
mcdar SexedulebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebulad mdgradia: qalebs
dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoze imitom iReben, rom gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,
isini naklebad kvalificiurebi arian, amasTan, isini Tavis kvalifikacias ver
imaRleben imitom, rom maT mier dakavebuli Tanamdebobebi ar iZleva samsaxurebrivi
winsvlis saSualebas.
diskriminacias, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan da statistikur
diskriminacias, saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT, diametralurad sapirispiro
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. Tu qalebi, damqiraveblis araswori qmedebis gamo, dabal
anazRaurebas iReben, iseTi zomebi rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalebis samuSaoze
miRebis stimulireba, an Tanabari anazRaurebis kanoniT ganmtkiceba, ubralod
aseTi Secdomis gamosworebas iwvevs da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Semcirebas ar
ganapirobebs. Tu saqme statistikur diskriminaciasTan gvaqvs, maSin iZulebiTi
zomebis gatareba samuSaoze ayvanisas an xelfasis gaTanabrebisas samuSao Zalis
saSualo xarisxis
Semcirebas iwvevs (radgan igulisxmeba, rom mamakacebi meti
Sromis nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian), rasac Tan ekonomikuri efeqtianobis kleba
mohyveba. araswor SefasebebTan dakavSirebuli diskriminaciis dros saxelmwifo
politikis es zomebi raime danakargebTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. statistikuri
diskriminacias SemTxvevaSi ki danaklisi sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
m. puiolis azriT, diskrminaciis axsna Sefasebisas daSvebuli sistematuri
Secdomebis xarjze feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris. magram Tu qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis istorias gadavxedavT,
davinaxavT, rom ekonomistebs maT SesaZleblobebze mcdari Sexedulebebi hqondaT.
ase rom, hipoTeza diskriminaciisa sistematuri Secdomebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba
marTebuli iyos da swored aqedan gamomdinareobs Semdgomi problemis arsi, rom
adamianebi SeiZleba sistematurad cdebodnen.
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis mizniT gatarebuli saxelmwifo politikis
analizma aCvena, rom ekonomistebi iZulebulni arian uari Tqvan tradiciul
ekonomikur modelze, sadac upiratesobis miniWeba endogenuri faqtoris saxiT aris
warmodgenili, xolo Secdomas gansjaSi sistematuri xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondes.
(Pujol, 1992).
da, bolos, ganvixiloT androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebi.
feministi ekonomistebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan androcentruli gavlenisagan
Tavisufali kvlevebi, mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT vlindeba. upirveles yovlisa,
isini cdiloben gaaumjobeson ekonomikuri analizis xarisxi. TavianTi modelebis
dasasabuTeblad e.w. "analitikur gamartivebas" mimarTaven; magram genderulma
stereotipebma maTi formulirebisas SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. garda amisa,
bevri feministi ekonomisti Sewuxebulia imiT, rom TeoriaSi xdeba qalTa
problematikasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ignorireba an maT
saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva. xSirad, ekonomistebs "ar ZaluZT" dainaxon qalTa
mdgomareobasTan an genderul diferenciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
2. genderuli
faqtoris
gaTvaliswineba
saxelmwifo
politikasa da
kanonmdeblobaSi
1. qalTa sakiTxebis
departamentis
dafuZneba;
1. saqarTvelos
parlamenti
1. 19992000
2. samTavrobo
struqturebSi qalTa
erTeulebis Seqmna;
2. saqarTvelos
mTavroba
2. 19981999
3. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
finansTa da
ekonomikis
saministroebi
3. 19981999
4. qalTa Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia
(SemdgomSi "komisia") da saqarTvelos mTavrobisa
da gaeros
ganviTarebis
erToblivi programa, qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi;
4. 19981999
5. iusticiis
saministro,
axalgazrda
iuristTa
asociacia;
5. 19981999
6. statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamenti
6. 19981999
7. qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi proeqti
7. 19982000
3. biujetis,
sagadasaxado
politikisa da
swavlebis programebis
SemuSvebis sqesTa
Tanasworobis
sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba;
4. genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebisaTvis
informaciis miwodeba
seminarebis, debatebis,
publikaciebis,
forumebisa da
masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis
gamoyenebiT
5. yvela kanonisa da
kanonproeqtis Sefaseba
genderuli
TvalsazrisiT
6. qalTa da mamakacTa
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
statistikuri
monacemebis Sekreba da
analizi
7. sazogadoebaSi qalisa
da mamakacis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
masalebis gamoqveyneba;
113
2. qalTa rolisa da monawileobis gazrda gadawyvetilebaTa
formirebis procesSi
1. qalTa
monawileobis gazrda
xelisuflebaSi
1. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi",
statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamenti;
1. 19981999
2. proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. 19982000
3. marTvis yvela
rgolSi qalTa kadrebis
rezervis momzadeba;
3. saqarTvelos
mTavroba, roeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi";
3. 19981999
4. saqarTvelos
mTavroba, sagareo
saqmeTa saministro;
4. 19982000
5. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi";
5. 19981999
6. saqarTveloSi
qalTa
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis
direqtoriis
gamoqveyneba;
1. ekonomikis
saministro
6. 1998
2. soflis meurneobisa da
sursaTis,
ekonomikis, Sromis,
dasaqmebisa da
socuzrunvelyofis
saministroebi;
proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi"
2. 19982000
3. saqarTvelos
parlamenti, soflis
meurneobisa da
sursaTis,
ekonomikis da
finansTa saministroebi; saxelmwifo
qonebis marTvis
saministro da
profkavSirebi;
3. 19982000
4. ekonomikis
saministro;
4. 19982000
4. diplomatur samsaxurebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi qalTa monawileobis gazrda;
5. saqarTveloSi
produqtiuli asakis
qalTa direqtoriis
Seqmna, maTi kvalifikaciisa da unaris,
gamocdilebisa da
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
informaciis CaTvliT
1. qalTa ekonomikuri
damoukideblobis
xelSewyoba
3. ekonomikuri politika
1. yvela sferoSi qalTa
monawileobis Sesaxeb
informaciis Segroveba
da gamoqveyneba
2. qalTa swavleba
liderisa da politikuri aqtiurobisaTvis aucilebeli
unar-Cvevebis
ganviTarebisaTvis;
2. sabazro ekonomikisa da mcire
biznesisaTvis gamoyofili kreditebis,
mcire fermebisa da
TviTdasaqmebuli
pirebis (gansakuTrebiT qalebis) Sesaxeb informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofa
1. specialuri
programis SemuSaveba
kerZo seqtorSi
momuSave qalebisaTvis
2. soflad mcxovreb
qalTa Semosavlebis
gazrdis
uzrunvelmyofi
programis SemuSaveba
3. qalTa mcire da
saSualo biznesis
ganviTarebis
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;
4. ganviTarebis gegmis
SemuSavebis genderuli
parametrebis
gaTvaliswineba;
114
1. 19982000
upiratesobis miniWebis cvlilebas feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis miRweva
(rogorc dasaqmebis, ise sxva sferoebSi) diskriminaciis gamomwvevi preferenciebis
gadalaxvas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, keTildReobis Teoriis farglebSi saxelmwifos
mier miRebuli zomebis neoklasikuri midgoma TiTqmis, erTmniSvnelovnad,
upiratesobis miniWebis sabaziso winapirobis mdgradobas eyrdnoba. magaliTisaTvis
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor unda SevafasoT politika, romelic mimarTulia qalebis
mier samuSaos miRebis SesaZleblobebis gasafarToveblad. SesaZloa, upiratesoba
icvleba, eWvqveS dgeba TviT sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba. aseTi kiTxvis
pasuxi ar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovani iyos da swored aRniSnuli sakiTxi
warmoadgens im ZiriTad problemas, romelsac feministebi ekonomikuri Teoriis
winaSe ayeneben. maTi azriT, umTavresi amocanaa SemuSavebuli iqnas modeli.
statistikuri diskriminacia:
midgoma adamianuri kapitalis Teoriis poziciidan
mamakacTa da qalTa Soris arsebul uTanasworobas sxvanairad xsnis hipoTeza
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb. mravalricxovani faqtebi imaze metyvelebs,
rom ori kandidatis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac Tanabari monacemebi aqvT
(erTmaneTisagan mxolod sqesiT gansxvavdebian) upiratesoba mamakacebs eniWebaT.
sxvadasxva kvlevaSi samuSaoze ayvanis sxvadasxva situacia modelirdeboda.
damqiravebels hqonda saSualeba, arCevani gaekeTebina kandidat qals da mamakacs
Soris. Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom mamakacebs ufro xSirad iyvanen universitetebSi,
niSnaven xelmZRvanel an iseT Tanamdebobaze, sadac saWiroa profesiuli momzadeba.
maT ufro maRal xelfass sTavazoben. arsebobs imis damadasturebeli bevri faqti,
rom mamakacebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao ufro maRal Sefasebas iRebs, vidre
qalebisa. ibadeba bunebrivi SekiTxva: ra aris amis mizezi?
erT-erTi axsna, romelic ekonomikur Teorias Seesabameba, aris diskriminacia
statistikis doneze. mag., SesaZlebelia, mTlianobaSi, mxatvari qalebis namuSevrebi
mamakaci mxatvrebis namuSevrebze ukeTesi ar aris, amitomac bazarze maT naklebi
fasi aqvT da Tuki individs miaCnia, rom ori warmodgenili mxatvrobis nimuSidan
(mamakacisa da qalis) mamakacis naxats meti Rirebuleba aqvs, gasamtyunari ar aris.
amitomac Tuki igi qalis namuSevars nakleb fass daadebs, mas naklebi Sansi aqvs,
rom araracionalurad moiqces. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri (d. eigneri, g.keini)
aRniSnavs, rom statistikuri diskriminacia yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs ekonomikur
diskriminacias. SeiZleba bevri maRalmxatvruli namuSevari saTanadod ar Sefasdes,
xolo mdare xarisxisam daumsaxureblad ufro maRali Sefaseba miiRos. saSualo
maCvenebeli mainc samarTliani iqneba.
arsebobs Tu ara empiriuli dadastureba hipoTezisa statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb? gamokvlevisas gamovlinda, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad
iseTi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebisa, rogoricaa asaki, muSaobis gamocdileba,
ganaTleba da sxv., xelfasis sxvaoba diskriminaciiT aris gamowveuli. Tu hipoTeza
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb samarTliania, maSin aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia
sxvaobiT mwarmoeblurobas an adamianuri kapitalis dagrovebas Soris, romlis
drosac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli ganaTlebis da sxv. maCvenebeli.. am problemis
ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT, agreTve, diskriminaciis iseTi
modeli, rogoricaa diskriminacia, romelic dakavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan.
23
SromiTi anazRaurebis sxvaobis, upiratesobis miniWebis doneze arsebuli diskriminaciisa da araswori Sefasebebis statistikasTan dakavSirebuli diskriminaciis
mizezebi. misi azriT, “axsnis yovel tips saxelmwifo politikisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli Sesabamisi praqtikuli daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi aqvs. maT gaaCniaT
agreTve problemebi, romlebsac isini neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe
ayeneben.”... “diskriminaciis modelebi aq warmodgenili formebiT ar mTavrdeba,
magram isini yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba diskriminaciis asaxsnelad da
yvelaze
ufro
kargad
miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
TavisTavad
politikurad
orientirebuli feminizmi sakmarisi ar aris. saWiroa Semdgomi kvlevebi, romlebic
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe axal problemebs daayenebs.” (Wooley,
1993)
1. gardamaval
periodSi qalTa
Soris siRatakis
zrdis SeCereba
2.soflad mcxovrebi
qalebisaTvis siRatakis
aRmofxvris programis
SemuSaveba;
3. makroekonomikuri
kreditebis gamoyenebiT
iseTi specialuri programebis SemuSaveba da
ganxorcieleba, romlebic
xels Seuwyoben qalTa
ojaxebis Semosavlebs;
diskriminacia upiratesobis miniWebis doneze
bazris segregaciis mizezebis asaxsnelad gamoiyenes n. hodorous Teoria.× mamakacebi TavianT identurobas eWvqveS ayeneben, roca qalebi arRveven tradicias da
“mamakacuri” profesiebis aTvisebas iwyeben. n. folberi ixilavs evoluciis process, romelmac SeiZleba sazogadoebas saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmnas, sadac qalebi
mamakacebis dominirebas arCeven. g. bodjsoni aqcents akeTebs institutebis rolze
individis miznebis formirebis procesSi.
×
4. demografiuli
procesebis Seswavla da
saTanado proeqtebis
SemuSaveba;
4.qalebi da siRatake
frensis vuls miaCnia, rom diskriminaciis am saxeobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom mewarmeebs, kolegebs samsaxurSi an momxmareblebs “diskriminaciuli gemovneba
aqvT”, anu isini upiratesobas mamakacebs aniWeben. amis Sedegi ki aris qalebis
dabali anazRaureba da sirTuleebi samsaxuris Sovnisas. magaliTisaTvis, Tu
damqiravebeli upiratesobas mamakacs aniWebs, Sesabamisad mas met anazRaurebas
sTavazobs, xolo qali iZulebulia nakleb xelfass dasjerdes. Tumca, es hipoTeza
pirvelad g. bekeris mier erovnuli niSnis mixedviT arsebuli diskriminaciis
asaxsnelad iqna wamoyenebuli, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria mas qalebis
diskriminaciis asaxsnelad iyenebs.
g. bekeris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis Tanaxmad, mizanmimarTulma saxelmwifo
politikam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos meti Tanasworobis damyarebas, magram ekonomikuri efeqtis Semcirebis xarjze. kanonmdeblobam qalebis samsaxurSi miRebasa da
Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganapirobos meti samarTlianoba, aamaRlos
qalebis anazRaureba da gazardos maT mier samuSaos miRebis Sansi. Tumca, aseTi
politikis ganxorcielebas Tan mosdevs, upirveles yovlisa, damqiraveblis
ekonomikuri interesebis Selaxva da warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcireba. magram g.
bekers miaCnia, rom Sexeduleba efeqtianobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb mTlad marTebuli
ar aris. mewarmes, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, dabalanazRaurebadi qalebis raodenobis
gazrdis xarjze SeuZlia damatebiTi Semosavlebis miReba, rac, TavisTavad, mas
damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas miscems da diskriminaciis
aRmofxvris saSualebas uzrunveleyofs. (Becker, 1985)
diskriminaciuli modelis safuZveli upiratesobis miniWebis doneze mainc mis
gamomwvev mizezebSi unda veZioT. feministi-ekonomistebi (da ara marto isini)
cdiloben am mizezebis garkvevas. magaliTad, p. inglandma da a. braunma Sromis
1. makroekonomikuri investiciebisa da sagadasaxado politikis siRatakis doneze zegavlenis
genderuli TvalsazrisiT
Sefaseba;
5. qalTa migraciisa da
erovnul ekonomikaze misi
zegavlenis Sefaseba;
6. martoxela dedebisaTvis, mravalSviliani
ojaxebisaTvis,
pensionerebisa da
invalidebisaTvis
socialuri daxmarebis
proeqtebis SemuSaveba;
7. xelaxali treningis
axali programebis
SemuSaveba;
8. kanonmdeblobaSi
cvlilebebis Setana
damcveli meqanizmebis
gaZlierebis,
prostituciis, maTxovrobis, SimSilobis
aRmofxvris mizniT,
jandacvis momsaxurebaTa
gawevisa da kulturul
cxovrebaSi monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa, werakiTxvis ucodinarobis
aRmofxvris axali
meTodebis danergva;
9. maRalmTiani regionebis
eqimebisaTvis,
maswavleblebisa da
kulturuli dawesebulebebis muSakTaTvis
SeRavaTebis daweseba;
am Teoriis Tanaxmad biWebs bavSvobisas dedebi zrdian da maT ara aqvT
TavianTi sqesis ufros
warmomadgenlebTan sistematuri urTierTobis SesaZlebloba. amis gamo TavianTi mamakacuri
identurobis gamovlenas isini qalis uaryofaSi hpoveben.
22
115
1. ekonomikis,
finansTa, Sromis,
socuzrunvelyo_fi
sa da dasaqmebis,
saxelmwifo marTvis
qonebis
saministroebi,
proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
1. 19981999
2. soflis
meurneobis da
sursaTis
saministro;
2. 19982000
3. ekonomikis
saministro
3. 19982000
4. Sromis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dasaqmebis saministro,
demografiis
instituti
4. 19981999
5. ltolvilTa da
migraciis
saministro, komisia;
5. 19982000
6. Sromis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da dasaqmebis saministro;
6. 19981999
7. Sromis,
socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministro
7. 19982000
8. saqarTvelos
parlamenti, Sromis,
socialuri
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis,
ganaTlebis,
jandacvis,
iusticiisa da
kulturis
saministroebi
8. 19982000
9. saqarTvelos
parlamenti;
9. 1999
5. qali da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi
1. qalTa CarTva
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis yvelanair
procesSi
2. konfliqtebis
ganmavlobaSi da mis
Semdgom periodSi
qalTa winaaRmdeg
Zaladobis
gamomricxavi
meqanizmebisa da
politikis SemuSaveba;
3. konfliqtebis
ganmavlobaSi da mis
Semdgom periodSi
qalTa uflebebis
damcavi meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba;
1. qalTa CarTva
samSvidobo
molaparakebebSi;
1. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
sagareo saqmeTa
saministro;
1. 19981999
2. specialuri iuridiuli meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba da am
procesebSi qalTa
monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa;
2. saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
iusticiis
saministro;
2. 19981999
3. ganqorwinebuli
ojaxebis problemaTa
mogvareba;
3. iusticiis
saministro da
saxelmwifo
uSiSroebis
saministro;
3. 19981999
4. iusticiis
saministro
4. 19981999
5. saxelmwifo
uSiSroebis
saministro;
5. 1998
6. arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi,
ltolvilTa da
mograciis
komiteti;
6. 1998
7. komisia;
7. 19981999
4. SeiaraRebuli
konfliqtebis dros
dakarguli piradi
qonebis dabrunebis
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;
5, Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis uflebis
aRdgena;
6. SeiaraRebuli
kinfliqtebis
msxverplTa
reabilitaciis
programebis SemuSaveba;
7. arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis CarTva
konfliqtebis
gadaWris procesSi;
116
TebaSi) da iseTi maCveneblebi rogoricaa: maTi xelfasi, wili Semosavlidan da
samuSaoze daxarjuli dro.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi qalTa umravlesoba muSaobs. Tumca, mTel samuSao dRes
dasaqmebuli qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT, gasamrjelos or mesameds iReben (aSS-s
monacemebi). es sxvaoba struqturuli xasiaTis mizezebiT SeiZleba avxsnaT. bevri
qali dabalanazRaurebadi “qaluri” SromiT aris dakavebuli. maTgan bevrs ufro
dabali xarisxis ganaTleba da kvalifikacia aqvs, vidre kacebs. yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom qalebi, ZiriTadad, bavSvebis aRzrdiT arian dakavebulni. m. gudersoni im daskvnamde midis, rom Sromis bazarze egzogenuri faqtorebi (e.i. sxvadasxva sayofacxovrebo funqciebi) anazRaurebaSi gansxvavebis
metad mniSvnelovani wyaroa.” (Guderson, 1987,).
piradi Semosavali qalTa keTildReobis metad mniSvnelovani pirobaa,
gansakuTrebiT gauTxovari, ganqorwinebuli, qvrivi qalebisaTvis da martoxela
dedebisaTvis. gaTxovili qalis keTildReoba qmris Semosavalzec aris damokidebuli. rogor Seicvleba qalis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT
Semosavlebis ganawilebas ojaxis SigniT. a. senas naSromSi laparakia ojaxSi, mis
wevrebs Soris sakvebis araTanaswor ganawilebaze. mag., bangladeSsa da dasavleT
bengaliaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom qalebi, rogorc wesi, kacebze nakleb
kaloriebs iReben da SimSilobis periodSic uWmelobisagan ufro isini zaraldebian.
SemdgomSi Catarebuli kvlevebic a. senas azrs adasturebs. mag., hadadi da kanburi
filipinebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad imave daskvnamde midian. (Sen, 1992).
Cven, ra Tqma unda, meqanikurad ar unda vifiqroT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi
arsebuli tendencia ganviTarebul qveynebzec vrceldeba, magram aRniSnuli imis
safuZvels iZleva, rom gansxvavebaa ara marto anazRaurebaSi, aramed ojaxis
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSic.
iqneb, naklebi anazRaurebis fonze, qalebs ufro meti Tavisufali dro aqvT?
aRniSnuli hipoTeza empiriulad ar aris dadasturebuli. magaliTad, aSS-Si mamakacebi samuSaoze met dros xarjaven (im drois gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac isini
saerTo jamSi xarjaven samsaxursa da saxlSi), magram Tu SevadarebT erTi da imave
samuSaos Sesasruleblad daqiravebuli mamakacebisa da qalebis drois danaxarjs,
aRmoCndeba, rom qalebi gacilebiT met dros uTmoben mas.
ase rom, Tu feministebis ekonomikuri Teoria aRiarebas ver hpovebs, aRniSnuli
faqti pirveli mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvleviTi muSaobis warumateblobiT ar
iqneba gamowveuli.
zomebi, romlebic miiReba Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
rac Seexeba sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis
aucileblobis dasabuTebas, feministi ekonomistebi gamoyofen araTanasworobis sam
sferos: Sromis anazRaurebas, ojaxis Semosavlebis ganawilebas da Tavisufali
drois raodenobas.
bevr qveyanaSi Sromis anazRaurebaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris arsebuli
araTanasworobis daZlevis mizniT saxelmwifos mier regulirebis sxvadasxva zoma
iqna miRebuli, mag., mTel rig qveynebSi miiRes kanonebi qalTa samuSaoze miRebis
stimulirebisa da Tanabari samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis qalTa da mamakacTa Tanabari
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb im gaTvliT, rom metma egalitarizmma am sferoSi SeiZleba
Seasustos sxva sferoebSi arsebuli araTanasworobis simZafre (gansakuTrebiT,
ojaxis SigniT Semosavlebis ganawilebis problema).
uTanasworobis daZlevis gzebis arCevani damokidebulia Cvens warmodgenasa da
ganwyobaze am uTanaworobis mizezebis warmoSobis mimarT. fransez vuli gvTavazobs
sam zogad hipoTezas, romlebmac hipoTezis doneze unda axsnas mamakacTa da qalTa
21
ekonomikur Teoriebs Soris vxvdebiT feministur ekonomikur Teoriasac, sadac
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia qalebTan dakavSirebul problemebze.
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria erTgvarovani ar aris. feministur moZraobaSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva poziciis arseboba feministur ekonomikur TeoriebSic povebs
asaxvas. “feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens Sexeduleba
imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri movaleobebis ganawileba sqesTa Soris arasamarTliania da gamosworebas moiTxovs.” (Bergmann, 1982) feministi ekonomistebi aRiareben,
rom qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT, naklebad xelsayrel pirobebSi imyofebian da
samarTlianobis mosazrebidan gamomdinare, TavianTi materialuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas moiTxoven.
feministi ekonomisti l. brauni xazs usvams qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis
faqts da aRniSnavs: “feminizmis gansakuTrebul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is azri,
rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mTeli xnis manZilze qalebi, kacebTan SedarebiT,
uares socialur, ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen." (Brown,
1989)
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis feministuri kritikiT gamxnevebulma feminist-ekonomistebma ekonomikuri Teoriis obieqturobis sakiTxic daayenes dRis
wesrigSi. p. inglandis azriT, “aucilebelia ekonomikur kvlevebSi uari vTqvaT Seqmnil genderul stereotipebze.” (England, 1990). hardingma es azri ganazogada da
gamoyo ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, sadac feminizms SeuZlia Tavisi mecnieruli
azrovnebis gafarToveba. erTi mxriv, feministuri empirizmi Tavidan aicilebs
seqsizmsa da androcentrizms, radgan mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis qcevis Sesaswavlad. meore
mxriv, feministuri midgomis CarCoebSi qalebis yofiTi gamocdileba, romelic
dakavSirebulia araTanswruflebianobasa da bavSvebis aRzrdis funqciasTan, maT (e.i.
feministebsac) saSualebas aZlevs hqondeT mecnieruli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani sakuTari perspeqtiva. (Harding, 1986)
swored aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi udevs safuZvlad neoklasikur feministur
ekonomikur Teorias, romelic iTvaliswinebs:
1. kacebisa da qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur
mtkicebulebas;
2. sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis aucileblobis
dasabuTebas;
3. androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebis Catarebas.
ekonomikuri kvlevebis pirveli mimarTuleba (kacebisa da qalebis keTildReobas
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumenturi mtkicebuleba) miznad isaxavs kacebisa da
qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur fiqsirebas. keTildReobis done damokidebulia ara marto fulad faqtorebze mag., janmrTeloba,
ojaxuri da megobruli kavSirebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT fulad faqtorebs. amasTan, ra Tqma unda, fulsac aqvs mniSvneloba. qalis
materialuri keTildReobis ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia misi piradi Semosavali da
wili ojaxis mTel SemosavalSi. mesame faqtori dakavSirebulia drois im
raodenobasTan, romelsac igi samuSaos uTmobs.
ganvixiloT qalebis mdgomareoba (rogorc absoluturi, ise kacebTan mimar20
6.qalebi da maTi janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba
Tavi III
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria
1. qalis janmrTelobis yvela
aspeqtisadmi
yuradRebis miqceva;
1. jandacvis sistemis
yvela profesionalisaTvis swavlebis
yuradRebis miqceva;
2. qalTa interesebis
gaTvaliswineba
saqarTveloSi
jandacvis
programebisa da im
strategiebis SemuSavebisas, romlebic
msoflio bankis,
unisebisa da gaeros
jandacvis organizaciis dokumentebSi
umaRlesi prioritetis sakiTxebad
iTvleba;
2. qalTa janmrTelobis
dacvis gaZliereba;
3. umuSevar da
daucvel qalTa
ufaso mkurnalobis
programaTa
SemuSaveba
3. jandacvaSi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi gatarebuli reformebis
qalTa janmrTelobis
mdgomareobaze
zegavlenis Sefaseba;
4. ojaxis dacvis
programebis SemuSaveba
umuSevari da daucveli
qalebisaTvis;
5. mkerdis kibos profilaqtikis Sesaxeb
programebis SemuSaveba;
6. qalTa da bavSvTa
Soris iodis deficitis
profilaqtikis
programaTa mxardaWera
da rekomendireba;
7. qalTa Soris tuberkulozis profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis programebis
SemuSaveba;
8. samuSao adgilze
qalTa janmrTelobis
dacvis regulireba;
9. axalgazrda dedaTa
da fexmZime qalebis
janmrTelobis sruli
dacvis uzrunvelyofa;
10. qalTaTvis
profilaqtikuri,
saganmanaTleblo,
kulturuli
seminarebisa da
swavlebis mowyoba;
117
1. jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis
saministroebi;
1.19981999
2. jandacvis
saministro
2. 19981999
3. jandacvis,
Sromis, soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
3. 19981999
4. jandacvis,
Sromis, soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
4. 19981999
5. jandacvis
saministro;
5. 1998
6. jandacvis
saministro;
6. 1998
7. jandacvis
saministro;
7. 19981999
8. jandacvis
saministro;
jandacvis, Sromis,
soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
9. jandacvis
saministro;
10. jandacvis
saministro; Sromis,
soc.
uzrunvelyofisa da
dasaqmebis
saministroebi;
profkavSirebi;
1. saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobisa da
funqcionirebadi
meqanizmebis
TavsebadobaSi moyvana
1. samTavrobo
struqturebisaTvis
swavlebis Catareba
qalTa uflebebis
sakiTxebze;
2. genderuli
diskriminaciis yvela
faqtoris aRmofxvra
2. saerTaSoriso
konvenciebisa da pekinis
moqmedebaTa platformis
Targmna da gamoqveyneba;
7. qalTa uflebani
3. qalTa arasamTavrobo
organozaciebisaTvis
treningis Catareba
qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb;
4. qalTa uflebebis
Sesaxeb specialuri
saganmanaTleblo
programebis SemuSaveba
saSualo skolebisa da
umaRlesi
saswavleblebisaTvis;
5. kanongamtarebeli
organoebisaTvis qalTa
uflebebis Sesaxeb
treningis Catareba;
6. mas mediis
saSualebebisaTvis
seqsizmis Temaze
specialuri seminaris
mowyoba;
1. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi
1. 19981999
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. proeqti "qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
2. 1998
3. komisia, proeqti
3. 19982000
"qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi";
4. ganaTlebis,
jandacvisa da
4. 19982000
kulturis
saministroebi;
5. iusticiis,
Sinagan saqmeTa
saministroebi,
saxelmwifo
prokuroris ofisi;
5. 19982000
6. komisia, proeqti
6. 19982000
"qalebi
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
ganviTarebis
7.antidiskriminaciul
sakiTxebze treningis
Catareba.
procesSi";
7. komisia, proeqti
"qalebi
ganviTarebis
procesSi".
118
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri struqturis farglebSi xedaven, xolo
rezistentebs SeuZleblad miaCniaT yovelgvari genderuli Tanasworoba sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis farglebSi.
arsebuli mdgomareobis kritikis dros reformistebi aqcents akeTeben sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ekonomikur mxareze, rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze,
xolo pezistentuli feminizmis mimdevrebi qalebis mimarT seqsualur Zaladobaze
amaxvileben yuradRebas da misi likvidaciis, arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis gzad
masebTan xangrZliv muSaobas miiCneven.
buntaruli feminizmi ki saerTod saeWvod miiCnevs arsebuli genderuli struqturis aRiarebul safuZvels – kacobriobis or sqesad dayofas. isini Tvlian, rom
sqess ara ori, aramed ramdenime kategoria aqvs da nebismieri seqsualuri orientaciis
adamianebis diskriminacia dauSvebelia.
zog sakiTxSi feminizmis aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ideologiiT, midgomebiT, principebiT da brZolis meTodebiT.
Cveni azriT, yvelaze progresulia reformatoruli feminizmi, romlis mizania
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis farglebSi sqesTa Tanasworobisa da
Tanasworuflebianobis damyareba, qalTa potencialis gamoyeneba sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikaSi), maTi socialuri statusis
amaRleba. arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad maT saWirod miaCniaT xangrZlivi da
Tanamimdevruli muSaoba. refomatorebis brZolis saSualebebi da meTodebi ar aris
radikaluri, zomierebiT gamoirCeva da sazogadoebis didi nawilis mxardaWerTa da
mowonebiT sargeblobs.
7. 19982000
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ra aris feminizmi?
feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.
feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.
ra gansxvavebaa gendersa da feminizms Soris?
feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT
literatura:
1. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da gaeros
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".
2. T. kiknaZe, qali da politika. politologia (leqciebis kursi) Tbilisi. Tsu 2001
3. Женщина и свобода. Материалы международной конференции. М., Наука 1994
4. Зуикова Е. М., Эволюция феминизма в общественном сознании и научном познании // Ученые
записки МГСУ. 1998
5. Шинелева Л. Т., Диалог о женщине М., 1989
6. Lorber J., Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los
Angeles, California.
7. Bonvillan N., Women and Men Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
8. Fee E., Critiques of Modern Sсience: Tee Relakwns hip of Feminism to Oler Radical Epistemologies //
Feminism Approaches to science.
19
gamoxatulebaa, mecnierebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom dominireba hormonaluri da
genetikuri sxvaobis Sedegia, sakanonmdeblo sistemiT, masmediiT, sportiT, pornografiiT, romelic mamakacTa Zaladobas, maT mier seqsualur eqspluatacias uwyobs xels.
zogierT feminists miaCnia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqtura
universaluria da saukeTeso gamosavali imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seiqmnas qalebze
orientirebuli sazogadoeba Tavisi kulturiT, eTikiT da religiiTac ki. aseTi
mimarTuleba feminizmSi kulturuli feminizmis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili da igi
raRac Sualeduria radikalebsa da lesboselebs Soris. rezistentuli genderuli
feminizmis zogierT warmomadgenels ki miaCnia, rom imisaTvis, rom aRmoifxvras qalebis
mimarT sistematuri Zaladoba da maTi seqsualuri eqspluatacia, saWiroa xangrZlivi
politikuri muSaobis warmoeba mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan. magram erT sakiTxSi isini
saerTo poziciebze dganan, rom saWiroa Zalisxmeva da brZola imisaTvis, rom qalebma
SeigrZnon TavianTi Zala, irwmunon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi, iswavlon Tu rogor unda
daicvan Tavi seqsualuri Zaladobisagan.
buntaruli feminzmi (multikulturuli, mamakacTa, socialuri konstruqciis,
postmodernistuli, homoseqsualTa da sxv.) im procesebisa da simboloebis dekonstruqcias axdens, romlebic, maTi azriT, genderuli asimetriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
buntaruli feminizmi arsebuli genderuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis kritikiT gamodis
da eWvqveS ayenebs mis safuZvels - kacobriobis or sqesad dayofas.
e.w. `buntaruli feminizmi~ ilaSqrebs uSualod arsebuli genderuli struqturis
winaaRmdeg. maTi azriT saWiroa sqesi warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi mravalferovani
kategoriebiT da im faruli sazRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic arsebobs mamakacebsa da qalebs, mdedrobiTsa da mamrobiTs, heteroseqsualebsa da homoseqsualebs
Soris. ayeneben ra eWvqveS mamakacisa da qalis, heteroseqsualobisa da homoseqsualobis, maskulinurisa da feminuris, mdedrobiTisa da mamrobiTis dualobas isini
marTebulad ar Tvlian romelime jgufisaTvis raime samarTlebrivi upiratesobis
miniWebas sxvasTan SedarebiT. isini genders rasobriv, eTnikur, religiur, socialur
klasTan, seqsualur orentaciasTan konteqstSi ganixilaven. maTi mtkicebiT arsebulma
genderulma socialurma wesrigma iseve SeiZleba daapirispiros mamakaci mamakacTan
rogorc mamakaci qalTan. erTi da imave rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufis, an ekonomikuri
struqturis mamakacebsa da qalebs gacilebiT ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre sxvadasxva
jgufis mamakacebs an qalebs. aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebi da
qalebi, geebi da lesboselebi, romlebsac solidarobis gamZafrebuli grZnoba aqvT,
qmnian koalicias, erTad ibrZvian TavianTi uflebebisaTvis, muSaoben Sidsis Tavidan
asacileblad da a. S.
daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT da
gavaanalizebT feministuri moZraobis sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas, maTi erTi saerTo
tendencia unda gamovyoT – es aris sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis
kritika da mis winaaRmadeg aqtiuri moqmedeba, galaSqreba qalTa diskriminaciisa da
eqsploataciis winaaRmdeg, brZola qalTa uflebebis dasacavad, sqesTa samarTlebrivi
da feqtobrivi Tanasworobis dasamyareblad. saerTo feministuri ideologiis Tanaxmad,
adamianebs, miuxedavad sqesisa, unda hqondeT Tavisufali arCevanis (anu arCevanis
Tavisuflebis) ufleba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanasworuflebiani
monawileobis saSualeba.
niSandoblivia, rom xSirad identuria ara marto am mimarTulebis Sexedulebebi,
aramed maTi brZolis saSualebebi da gzebi, magram aRniSnul feministur moZraobebs ara
marto bevri ram aqvT saerTo, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebac aris. moviyvanT mxo;od
ramdenime ganmasxvavebel niSans.
reformatorebi qalisa da mamakacis ststusis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas Tavad
18
danarTi 6
119
4. genderi da Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri judiT lorberi, romelic feministuri moZraobis
erT-erT TvalsaCino mkvlevrad iTvleba, Tavis naSromebSi retrospeqtulad ganixilavs
feminizmis ganviTarebas bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. genderTan mimarTebaSi
igi feminizmis sam ZiriTad tips gamoyofs: reformatoruls (gender reform feminisms),
rezistentulsa (gender resistance feminisms) da e.w. buntaruls (gender rebellion feminisms).
TiToeuli es mimarTuleba feminizmis zogad Teoriul safuZvlebs eyrdnoba.
reformatorebi (liberaluri, marqsisnuli da socialisturi, postkoloniuri
feminizmi) TavianTi brZolis arss sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturis farglebSi
qalisa da mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xedaven. XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi
warmoCnda qalisa da mamakacis azrovnebis, fsiqikis, sxeulis, seqsualobisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebisadmi kritikuli damokidebuleba, romelTa
Tanaxmadac, mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, ufro Zlierebi, Wkvianebi da niWierebi
arian; ase rom, sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba maTi sferoa. qalebis daniSnuleba ki
dedobrivi siTbo, mzrunveloba da ojaxuri saqmianobaa. samuSaos is nawili, romelsac
qalebi saxlSi asruleben virtualuria, dauTvleli da erovnul ekonomikur statistikaSi ar figurirebs. reformatorebi (liberaluri, marqsistuli da socialisturi,
postkoloniuri feminizmi) yuradRebas amaxvileben ojaxSi qalis Sromasa da ekonomikaze, rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze.
isini brZolis ZiriTad arss arsebuli genderuli socialuri struqturis
farglebSi qalisa da mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xedaven (magaliTad, maT undaT
meti qali ixilon msxvili korporaciebis prezidentebad, xelmZRvanel muSakebad).
reformatorebma naTeli gaxades is diskriminacia, romelsac qalebi ganicdidnen
dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis sferoSi. isini mouwodeben
gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes is potenciali, romelsac qalebi floben, xolo qalebma
TavianTi cxovreba ise warmarTon, rogorc surT. maTi azriT, adamians, miuxedavad
sqesisa, unda hqondes arCevanis Tavisufleba, Tanabari aRiareba, Tanasworuflebiani
monawileobis saSualeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, da Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis
Sesabamisi anazRaureba. adamianebs, ganurCevlad sqesisa, unda SeeZloT airCion TavianTi
moRvaweobis sfero, imuSaon, iyvnen mecnierebi, politikosebi an romelime sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebi.
rezistentuli mimarTulebis feministebi (radikalebi, lesboselebi, fsiqoanalitikosebi da sxv. qalis mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciisa da seqsualuri Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg gamodian da akritikeben im faqts, rom qalis gamocdileba ar aris
warmoCenili ganaTlebisa da kulturis warmoebis sferoebSi. isini ibrZvian arsebul
genderul struqturul sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis mier qalebis Seviwroebisa da
eqspluataciis (gansakuTrebiT, seqsualuri Zaladobis da gabatonebuli kulturuli
warmodgenebis) winaaRmdeg.
rezistentuli moZraobis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis mocemuli
genderuli struqturis pirobebSi, sadac ase sagrZnobia kacebis dominireba, qalTaTvis
genderuli Tanasworoba SeuZlebelia. es mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu isini
mamakacebiviT uemocio da karierze orentirebulni gaxdebian. maT metad mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT qalTa gamocdilebis ganzogadebis perspeqtiva. 1970-80-ian wlebSi maT metad
mniSvnelovani Teoria ganaviTares genderuli ideologiis Zalauflebis (the power of
gender ideology) Rirebulebebisa da warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria, maTi azriT,
genderul socialuri samarTlianobis likvidacias Seuwyobs xels. am moZraobis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom genderuli uTanasworoba gamyarebulia umetesi religiebiT,
romlebic imas qadageben, rom mamakacis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba RmerTis survilis
120
17
datvirTva. qeiT mileTis gagebiT, patriarqati mamaTa Zalaufleba gaxlavT. es aris
ojaxuri, ideologiuri, politikuri sistema, romelSic qaluri yovelTvis mamakacurs
aris damorCilebuli. qalebis daTrgunva momdinareobs ara biologiuri gansxvavebidan,
aramed feminuris, rogorc meoradis socialurad dakanonebidan, politika socialuri
Zalauflebis paradigmaa, romelic mowodebulia patriarqatis wesebis Sesabamisad
gaakontrolos qaluri subieqturoba.
sociologiaSi, politologiasa da istoriaSi cneba "genderi" muSavdeba rogorc
klasis analogiuri, fundamenturi mastabilizebeli principi. genderuli poziciidan
socialur-politikuri procesebis interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sociologiuri
modelebi, romlebiTac aixsneba socialuri identurobis Camoyalibebis procesi da misi
droiTi cvlilebebi, socialuri jgufebis warmoSoba da daSla uTanasworobis
pirobebSi, gabatonebuli jgufebis kulturuli hegemoniis damyareba da Seryeva.
genderis problemebis Sesaxeb ufro zusti warmodgena Segveqmneba, Tu gavecnobiT
fransez vulis, judiT lorberis, gizela bokisa da sxvaTa publikaciebs.
norbert eliasis da natali zemon devisis naSromebi sakmaod mravalmxriv
warmodgenas qmnis axal droSi qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis
modelis Sesaxeb. amave problemas eZRvneba cnobili ingliseli istorikosis jon
hajnalis statiebi. metad mniSvnelovania agreTve sxvadasxva religiaSi qalis rolisa da
statusis gamokvlevebi, romlebic Caatares nensi Susterma, semuel heilmanma, jina da
jon bouqrebma, ivlin qeim, blu grinbergma, siuzan seredma, ediT dinma, ruf reqha
verbam da sxv.
genderis koncefciaSi, rogorc socialurad konstruirebul, simbolurad interpretirebul, istoriulad cvalebad modelSi, aSkarad Cans frangi filosofosipostmodernistis Jak deridas dekonstruqciis Teoriis gavlenis kvali. termini
"dekonstruqcia" niSnavs metaforebis amocnobis process, maTi im faruli logikis
gamomzeurebas, romelic, Cveulebriv, arsebobs, rogorc cnebaTa binaruli opozicia
(mamakaci-qali, subieqti-obieqti, kultura-buneba da a.S.). J. derida gviCvenebs, rom ar
arsebobs wminda gansxvavebebi dominaciis gareSe, vinaidan amgvar opoziciaSi erTi mxare
yovelTvis meores aris daqvemdebarebuli. termini "dekonstruqcia" aRniSnavs zogadad,
nebismieri cnebisaTvis, rogorc ideologiurad an kulturulad konstruirebulisaTvis
fardis axdas da ara ubralod bunebrivi realobis asaxvas. (Derrida, 1976).
deridas Teoriam didi gavlena moaxdina franguli postmodernistuli feminizmis
warmomadgenlebis – holen sisus, lusi irigareis, iulia qrisTevois Sexedulebebze.
frangul feminizmSi genderis kategoriis analizi dekonstruqciis saSualebiT ufro
egzistenciuri da metaforuli xasiaTisaa, xolo amerikul feminizmSi genderis kategoria socialur da meTodologiur funqcias asrulebs. genderis konstruqciul
kategoriaSi sqesi kulturuli metafora xdeba da, rogorc e. efi aRniSnavs, sulisa da
bunebis urTierTobas gadmoscems.. suli mamakacia, buneba – qali, xolo Secnoba
aRmocendeba rogorc flobis garkveuli agresiuli aqti: pasiuri buneba ganicdis
gansxeulebas, gaxsnas, adamiani mis siRrmeebSi SeaRwevs da daimorCilebs. adamianis
gaigiveba mamakacuri saxis mqone Semcnob sulTan, bunebisa ki daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi myof qalTan yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris dasavleTis kulturis mTavari
Tema (Fee, 1980)
16
121
samoqalaqo da iuridiuli uflebebis uqonlobaSi xedavdnen. Sesabamisad, am problemis
gadaWris
saSualebad
isini
socialur-ekonomikur
da
iuridiul
reformebs
miiCnevdnen.
socialisturma mimdinareobam⊗ marqsistuli da feministuri Sexedulebebis sinTezi
moaxdina. qalTa diskriminaciis ZiriTad mizezebad aq kerZo sakuTreba da sazogadoebis
klasobrivi struqtura iqna miCneuli. amgvar ideebs jer kidev XIX saukuneSi
gamoTqvamda f.engelsi naSromSi "ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa da saxelmwifos warmoSoba".
Tumca f.engelsisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic dauSveblad miiCnevda proletarulisagan
gancalkevebuli, gansakuTrebuli qalTa moZraobis arsebobas, socialisturi feministebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen qalTa problemebis klasobrivi da zogadi socialuri
problemebidan calke gamoyofas.
ideebis mixedviT yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli da gavleniani gaxda radikaluri
mimarTuleba⊗, romelic ikvlevda qalTa Cagvris zogad, siRrmiseul safuZvlebs. am
mimarTulebis mimdevarTa azriT, amgvari sistemaa patriarqati – qalebze mamakacebis
dominirebis sistema.
am periodis feministurma moZraobam bevr warmatebas miaRwia. moZraobis efeqtianobaze metyvelebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gasaocari cvlilebebi da dasavleTis
qveynebis politikur struqturebSi momxdari realuri Zvrebi: xelisuflebis umaRles
eSelonebsa (parlamentebis, mTavrobebisa da xelmZRvaneli partiuli organoebis
CaTvliT) da warmoebis marTvis sferoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zrda.
dReisaTvis zemoT aRniSnuli sami mimdinareoba iseTi gamokveTili saxiT ar
arsebobs, rogorc 60-ian wlebSi. garda amisa, gaCnda axali mimarTulebebi: “kulturuli
feminizmi”, romlis Teoretikosebic separatistuli (mamakacebisa da maskulinurobisagan
Tavisufali) qaluri kulturis ganviTarebis ideiT gamodian; “humanuri feminizmi”- misi
momxreebi kulturaSi qaluri aqcentebis ganviTarebas da rogorc “qaluri”, ise
“mamakacuri” interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, “feminuri” da “maskulinuri” Tvisebebis Tanabrad aRiarebas moiTxoven; “Savi feminizmi”, anu Savkaniani amerikuli feminizmi; aseve
mravali sxvadasxva erovnuli Seferilobis feminizmi, mag., laTinur-amrikuli,
afrikuli, musulmanuri da sxv., sadac qalebis mdgomareoba ara mxolod sqesis, aramed
rasobrivi da erovnuli niSnebis mixedviTac aris gaanalizebuli.
3. genderi da feminizmi
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi warmoiSva sazogadoebaSi qalTa Cagvrisa da
diskriminaciis mizezebisadmi socialur kulturuli anu e.w. genderuli midgomis
tradicia. am Teoriul muSaobas, rogorc dasavleTSi miaCniaT, safuZveli Cauyara
frangma filosofosma-egzistencialistma simona de bovuarma Tavis naSromSi "meore
sqesi". swored aq daisva pirvelad sakiTxi kulturaSi feminuris –qaluris daTrgunvis
Sesaxeb. masSi naCvenebia, rom sazogadoeba akanonebs mamakacurs (maskulinurs), rogorc
pozitiur kulturul normas, xolo qalurs (feminurs), rogorc normidan gadaxras.
qeiT mileTi Tavis naSromSi "seqsualuri politika" aviTarebda s. bovuaris
naazrevs da werda kulturaSi feminuris daTrgunvaze, rogorc patriarqatis socialur
politikaze. termini "patriarqati" qeiT mileTis naSromze bevrad ufro adre
moixsenieba, magram swored man mianiWa kulturis analizSi am termins ZiriTadi cnebis
⊗
⊗
122
zila aizensTaini, linda gordoni, meri o''braieni da sxv.
qeiT mileTi, sulamif faiersTouni, andrea dvorniki, qrisTina delfi, meri doili da sxv.
15
vaganturi xasiaTi miiRo, rac gamovlinda gamomwvev, tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis
uCveulo lozungebSi, protestis gamoxatvis formebSi. feministebi miiswrafodnen ra
gamoeRviZebinaT qalTa Segneba, gaeTavisuflebinaT sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba patriarqalurad orientirebuli mizandasaxulebaTa imperiisagan. am mizniT isini iyenebdnen,
magaliTad, “moednis Teatris” meTodebs. 1968 wels Seqmnili im amerikuli organizaciis
furclebSi, romelsac skandaluri saxelwodeba “kudiani” erqva, naTqvamia: “yvelafers,
rac represiulia, aqvs martooden mamakacuri orientacia, Suriania, aRiniSneba
puritanulobiT da avtoritarulobiT da igi Tqveni kritikis samizned unda iqces.
Tqveni iaraRia Teatri, satira, ,,feierverki, magia, sawamlavi, musika, kostumi, niRabi,
simRera, plakatebi, naxatebi, trafaretebi, filmebi, JRarunebi, agurebi, cocxebi, Tofebi, mojadovebuli Tojinebi, katebi, sanTlebi, zarebi, abreSumi, gazeTis amonaWrebi,
xelyumbarebi, mowamluli beWdebi, sapirwamleebi, audioCanawerebi, Tqveni mSvenieri
moCvenebiTi warmosaxva. Tqveni Zala Tqvenganve momdinareobs iseve, rogorc qalebisa –
qalebisganve da igi mravalgzis Zlierdeba Tqvens debTan erToblivi muSaobiT... Tqveni
movaleobaa gaaTavisufloT Tqveni Zmebi (undaT maT Tu ara) da Tqveni Tavi sqesobrivi
rolebis stereotipebisagan.”
gamaognebel xasiaTs atarebda ara marto feministuri protestis formebi, aramed
misi Sinaarsic. kritika Tavs esxmoda Tanacxovrebis im safuZvlebs, romlebic,
feministebis azriT, xels uwyobda qalebis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas:
gaTxovebas, dedobas, da sxv. gansjaTa logika ki daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: “qorwinebaSi,
kanonis mixedviT, mamakaci da qali erTi pirovnebaa, e.i. TviT yofna, anu samarTlebrivi
arseboba qalisa gaTxovebisTanave wydeba, radgan igi yovelTvis mamakacis batonobas
gulisxmobs.”
bevri fiqrobs, rom feministuri ideebi jer kidev aRorZinebis epoqaSi Caisaxa.
zogierT mkvlevars pirvel feministad Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni⊗ miaCnia.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi Seiqmna qristina de lizanis da kornelius agripas pirveli traqtatebi, romlebSic saubari iyo qalis pirovnebis daTrgunvasa da misdami sazogadoebis
usamarTlo damokidebulebaze.
dRes aSkaraa, rom feministuri Teoriebis Casaxva da Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovan
wilad momzadebuli iqna socialur-filosofiuri da politikuri koncefciebiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia jon lokis, Jan-Jak rusosa da jon
stiuart milis liberaluri filosofia, romlis farglebSi viTardeboda adamianis
uflebaTa ZiriTadi Teoriebi. calke unda gamovyoT Sarl furies, anri sen-simonisa da
robert ouenis utopiuri socializmis Teoriis gavlena.
da bolos, aRsaniSnavia me-20 saukunis Sua xanebisa da miwurulis Teoriebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gavaerTianoT socialur da politikur konteqstSi maTSi seqsualurobisa da adamianis seqsualuri qcevis problemebis ganxilvis safuZvelze.⊗
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, feminizmis ganviTarebis axali etapi me-20 saukunis 60-ian
wlebSi daiwyo. am periodSi feminizmis SigniT Camoyalibda sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:
liberalur-reformatoruli, socialisturi da radikaluri.
liberalur-reformatoruli mimarTuleba⊗ ZiriTadad ganagrZobda ideebs, romlebic ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, mogvianebiT ki m. uolsTonkraftis da j. sT. milis mier
viTardeboda. qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis mizezs feministebi garkveuli
⊗
dasavluri diskusiebis mimoxilvebi platonis warmodgenebis Sesaxeb qalis socialuri rolis Taobaze. ix.
Феминизм: перспективы социального знания. М. 1992. с. 56-76.
⊗
elis haverloqi, zigmund froidi, vilhelm raixi, margaret midi, herbert markuze, frankfurtis skola,
fukos, deridas da liotaris zogierTi naSromi.
⊗
beti fridani da misi momxreebi qalTa erovnuli moZraobidan.
14
123
frankfurtSi gamovida wigni “qali adamiani ar aris”, 1750 wels ki laifcigSi gamoCnda
wigni “sayuradRebo sabuTi imisa, rom qali adamianTa modgmas ar miekuTvneba”. Sua
saukuneebSi SeiniSneboda e.w. “kudianebze nadiroba”. inkviziciis mier dasjil mamakacTa
da qalTa raodenobas mkvlevarebi 1:20, zogi 1:100, da 1:1000 SefardebiTac ki
ganixilavda.
ai, rogor ganisazRvreboda qalis roli wignSi “col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic evropaSi gamovida 1943 wels: “qalis movaleoba misi qmris mimarT mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom emsaxuros mas morCilad, iyos mokrZalebuli saubarSi da Cacma-daxurvaSi.
yuradReba miaqcios wesrigs saxlSi da awarmoos saojaxo saqmeebi.”
ukve XIX saukneSi ogiust konti, romelic sociologiis mamamTavrad iTvleba,
aRniSnavda, rom sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba
“qalis organizmis bunebrivi sisustiT. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes kacisa da qalis
socialuri Tanasworoba. qalis gansakuTrebuli mowodeba ojaxuri movaleobebia.”
egreT wodebuli “qalTa sakiTxi” axal xanaSi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli
revoluciis
epoqaSi
warmoiSva.
qalebma
moiTxoves
mamakacebTan
uflebebis
gaTanasworeba sazogadoebriv da pirad cxovrebaSi. “adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaraciis “gamoqveynebis Semdeg gamoqveynda "qalisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaracia", romelic olimpia de guJma dawera. qalebma daaarses TavianTi klubi,
Jurnalebi, daiwyes debatebSi monawileobis miReba. sqesTa Soris garegani gansxvaveba
rom moespoT, mamakacis tansacmeli Caicves. magram konventma qalebs CamoarTva Sekrebis
ufleba da daxura maTi klubebi. Tavad olimpia de guJi sikvdiliT dasajes. amiT
damTavrda es moZraoba, romelic ivlisis revoluciis dros aRmocenda. am droidan
ixmareba gamoTqma “qalTa emansipacia”. 1948 wels Tebervlis revoluciis droidan qalTa
moZraoba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gavrcelda.
2. feministuri Teoriebi
feminizmi (fr. feminisme, laTinuri femina-dan - qali) aris qalebisa da mamakacebis
uflebebis gaTanabrebisaTvis warmoebuli farTo moZraobisa da socialur-politikuri
Teoriis saerTo saxelwodeba. feministuri moZraobis pirvel etapebze miznad iqna
dasaxuli qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis mopoveba, amitom moZraobis monawileebs
sufraJistebs (inglisuri sityvidan sufrage – xmis ufleba) uwodebdnen. sufraJizmi
aRmocenda inglisSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, mogvianebiT ki gavrcelda aSS-Si,
germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi. saarCevno uflebebisaTvis
brZolaSi pirvelad finelma qalebma moipoves warmateba (1905 w.), Semdeg norvegielebma
da danielebma. seriozuli nabiji gadaidga win 1918-1920 wlebSi, roca qalebs saarCevno
ufleba misces belgiaSi, germaniaSi, poloneTSi, kanadaSi, aSS-Si da zogierT sxva
qveyanaSi. sufraJizmis warmatebebma droebiT SeaCera qalTa politikuri moZraobis
saerTo ganviTareba da momdevno TiTqmis ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ZilquSis
mdgomareobaSi iyo. gamoRviZeba anu "qalTa aRorZineba" XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
daiwyo. misi epicentri gaxda aSS, sadac swored am wlebSi SeiniSneboda diskriminaciis
sxvadasxva formis, pirvel rigSi ki rasizmis likvidaciisaken mimarTuli demokratiuli
procesebis gaaqtiureba. qalTa moZraobam axali, xSirad radikaluri formebi SeiZina,
rac mis saxelwodebaSic - "qalTa ganmaTavisuflebeli" moZraoba ("Women's Liberation")
aisaxa. emansipaciisaTvis brZolis axali talRa ganpirobebuli iyo Rrma struqturuli
cvlilebebiT sociumSi, upirveles yovlisa ki, sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalTa Sromis
wilis zrdiT.
60-ian da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi feministurma moZraobam ramdenadme eqstra124
13
Tavi II
feminizmis nairsaxeobebi da maTi roli genderuli
Tanasworobis damkvidrebaSi
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi
sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaSi qalebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva miTi arsebobda. Sua
saukuneebis inkviziciis dros gavrcelebuli iyo miTi kudiani qalebis Sesaxeb, rasac
mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira. XIX saukunis bolos bevri mwerles SemoqmedebaSi
aisaxa miTi sabediswero, Seubralebeli, macduri qalis Sesaxeb. XIX saukuneSi yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi batonobda miTi superqalis Sesaxeb, romelic erTdroulad iyo qali deda, qali – mosamsaxure da qali - sazogado moRvawe.
saWiroa movixsenioT erTi paradoqsic: rac ufro aRmerTebdnen qals da Tayvans
scemdnen mas istoriis ama Tu im monakveTSi, miT ufro damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi
iyo igi sinamdvileSi. amerikeli mkvlevari beti fridani am paradoqss ase xsnis: “rac
ufro naklebia realuri funqciebi qalis rolisaTvis, miT ufro rTaven da alamazeben
mas uazro detalebiT, raTa sicariele Seavson.”
Tu istorias mivmarTavT, am azris dadasturebas namdvilad movnaxavT. Zveli
berZnebi aRmerTebdnen qalis silamazes, qmnidnen mis skulpturul portretebs,
romlebiTac TavianT taZrebs amSvenebdnen, magram realur cxovrebaSi “zedmet”
gogonebs yridnen an msxverplad swiravdnen, qaliSvilebs yiddnen, qalebs ki, rogorc
usityvo da morCil diasaxlisebs, ise uyurebdnen. qalebi saxls iyvnen mijaWvulni, ar
SeeZloT sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi Careva, qalaqis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba,
qonebis gankargva an floba. maT raimes yidvac ki ar SeeZloT, Tu misi Rirebuleba
gansazRvrul Tanxas aRemateboda. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze isini ojaxis wevr
mamakacebs, jer mamas, mere qmars, Zmas Tu Svils emorCilebodnen.
saxelganTqmuli berZeni filosofosi sokrate ambobda: “sami ram SeiZleba
CavTvaloT bednierebad: is, rom Sen veluri cxoveli ara xar, rom Sen barbarosi ara xar
da rom Sen kaci xar da ara qali”. aristoteles miaCnda, rom “qali imitom aris qali,
rom mas ara aqvs kacuri Tvisebebi, amitom masSi iseT arsebas unda vxedavdeT, romelic
bunebriv arasrulyofilebas ganicdis.” hipokrate ki ambobda, rom "coli kacs mxolod
orjer axarebs: qorwinebis dRes da dakrZalvis dRes". ebraelebi, iseve rogorc
berZnebi, Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlidnen. ebraeli mamakacebi ki yovelTvis Semdeg locvas
imeorebdnen: “madlobeli var, RmerTo, rom ar Semqmeni me warmarTad, gaunaTleblad da
qalad.”
“neknidan Seqmna” qalze seriozul Tavdasxmisa safuZveli gaxda. bibliaSi naTqvamia,
rom mas Semdeg rac RmerTma Seqmna adami, mas ukvdavi suli STabera, evas Sesaxeb ki
bibliaSi raime cnoba ar aris.
sakiTxma, aqvs Tu ara qals suli, samRvdeloebaSi didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. bevri
kidevac eWvsac ki gamoTqvamda, aris Tu ara qali adamiani.
585 wels msoflio saeklesio krebaze specialurad ganixiles es sakiTxi da didi
diskusiebis Semdeg, mxolod erTi xmis upiratesobiT, formalurad scnes, rom qals aqvs
suli. aseTi marTlac “gmiruli” aRiareba SesaZlebeli gaxda saRmrTo werilis
wyalobiT, sadac miTiTebulia, rom Ze RvTisa, ieso qriste, imavdroulad iyo adamianis
Svili, vinaidan misi deda adamiani iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, zemoT aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas SemdgomSic eWvqveS ayenebdnen da
saukuneTa Semdeg am sakiTxis ganxilvas isev da isev ubrundebodnen. 1690 wels
12
125
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р. Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М. 2002
11. Феминизм: перспективы социального знания, М. 1992
12. Lorber J. Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing Company. Los
Angeles, California.
13. Lorber J., Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power., New York and London: Tavistook, 1984.
14. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective.Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458.
15. Women, Culture and Society. A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. for The Women’s Studies
Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.
16. Epstein E.F. Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender and the Social Order. New Haven (CT): Yale
University Press, 1988.,
17. Kanter R.M., Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, Basic Books, 1977.
126
11
biologiuri da socialuri gansxvavebis garda, seqsizmi sqess kulturul donezec
ganixilavs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamakacuri sawyisi racionaluri, sulieri, RvTaebrivi
da kulturulia, xolo qaluri – grZnobaze agebuli, xorcieli, miwieri da bunebrivi.
yvelaferi isic ki, rac sqesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli (buneba da kultura, grZnoba da
racionalizmi, RvTiuri da miwieri) mamakacur sawyisTan aris gaigivebuli. (Феминизм:
перспективы социального знания, 1992) feminizmi seqsizmis mwvave kritikiT gamodis,
gansakuTrebiT kulturis sferoSi da sruliad samarTlianad aviTarebs im azrs, rom
maskulinuri kultura ara marto qalebis, aramed mamakacebis degradaciasa da
aqtiurobis CaxSobas uwyobs xels.
seqsizmis Zirebi sqesobrivi gansxvavebis absolutizaciasa da biologizaciaSi unda
veZeboT, romelTagan bevri maTgani sinamdvileSi konkretuli socialuri pirobebidan
da kulturuli normidan momdinareobs, mravalwaxnagovani da mravalfenovania,
zogierTi ki, saerTod, iluzorulia da mxolod warmosaxvis produqtia.
ukanasknel periodSi civilizebul samyaroSi gaZlierda brZola seqsizmis
winaaRmdeg, amasTan, wina planze wamovida bevri feministuri idea. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, mimdinareobs mTeli rigi Sexedulebebis, Teoriebis revizia da axali,
seqsizmisagan Tavisufali normebis damkvidrebisaTvis brZola.
amerikel mecniers i. hofmans miaCnia, rom religia ki ara, swored sqesia xalxis
opiumi, xolo kaliforniis universitetis profesori, fsiqologi e. goldbergi Tavis
trilogiaSi “riskia iyo mamakaci”, “axali mamakaci”, “mamakacisa da qalis axali
damokidebulebebi” (1965 w.) aRniSnavs: “komfortuloba sqesTa Soris TviTgamoxatvis
saSualebas iZleva. male sqesTa antagonizmi, rogorc warsulis gadmonaSTi, ise
aRiqmeba”.
kiTxvebi da davalebebi:
1.
2.
3.
4.
gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc biosocialuri fenomeni.
rogoria mamakacisa da qalis socialuri da biologiuri gansxvaveba?
genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
ra aris seqsizmi?
literatura:
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002
2. "genderis aqtualuri sakiTxebi". gaeros ganviTarebis programa. Tbilisi. 1998
3. T. kiknaZe qali da politika. politologia (leqciebis kursi) Tbilisi. Tsu 2001
4. Силласте Г.Г. Гендерная социология как чстная социологическая теория // Социс. № 11, 2000 г.
5. Элиас Н. Отношения между мужчиной и женщиной: изменение установки. THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 г.
6. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М., 1994
7. Здравомыслова Е.А., Темкина А.А., Социология гендерных отношений и гендерный подход в
социологии // Социс. № 11, 2000
8. Биологическое и социальное в развитии человека. М., 1977
9. Заводская Л..О равенстве прав и обязанностей мужчин и женщин //Человек и труд. 1995. № 8
10
127
saxlze, ojaxze, xelovnebaze. ganawyenebisas xSirad icvlian TavianTi gatacebis obieqts.
biologiurad gansxvavdeba agreTve mamakacisa da qalis kunTovani sistema. qalTa
kunTovani sistema axalgazrda asakSi mamakacTa kunTovani sistemis 65%-s utoldeba,
xolo xanSiSesulobaSi kidev ufro naklebia. qalebis guli ufro pataraa da sisxlis
raodenobac naklebia, sasunTqi organoebic ufro sustia, gansxvavebulia kunTebis
bioqimiuri Sedgeniloba. maT ConCxs specifikuri konstruqcia aqvs.
qalebi mamakacebs uswreben moZraobis tempiT, magram ufro male iRlebian. isini
ufro reagireben garemos gamRizianeblebze, naklebad mdgradi nervuli sistema aqvT da
fsiqologiurad momentalurad gardaiqmnebian. saSualod, qalebisa da mamakacebis
gonebrivi monacemebi erTnairia. ingliseli mecnieri entoni barneti werda. rom
gacilebiT ufro metia saSualo ganviTarebis qalebi, vidre mamakacebi. mamakacebSi
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT ukidures gamovlinebebs – an Zalian maRal an dabal inteleqts.
(Барнетт, 1968)
mecnieris mtkicebiT, 40 wlis Semdeg qalebi TavianT inteleqts ukeTesad
inarCuneben. e. montegiu aRniSnavs, rom kacebi ufro xSirad avadmyofoben. maT ufro
susti fsiqika aqvT da ufro xSirad xvdebian fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. isini
qalebze ufro xSirad asruleben sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT.
Tumca sruliad marTebulia SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom gonma, rogorc universumma,
ar icis sqesobrivi gansxvaveba. yvelaferi imis gakeTeba, rac SeuZlia mamakacs, SeuZlia
qalsac.
4.seqsizmi da misi arsi
cneba seqsizmi iuneskos mier iqna SemoRebuli 1981 wels. igi sqesobriv diskriminacias, anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas niSnavs. iuneskos mierve axsnilia misi
reaqciuli arsi, rac zRudavs qalis pirovnebas, akninebs mis rols sazogadoebaSi, qmnis
qalis negatiur saxes. es ki TavisTavad, arRvevs Tanasworuflebianobis princips da
adamianuri Rirsebis daqveiTebas iwvevs.
seqsizmis Sedegad saTanadod ar xdeba qalis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gaTvaliswineba da misi Sefaseba mxolod biologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
seqsizmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi SenarCunebuli unda iyos bunebrivi wesrigi,
romlis mixedviTac qalebsa da mamakacebs sxvadasxva funqcia da roli aqvT. sociolog
andre miSels, romelic parizis erovnuli kvlevebis centris samecniero xelmZRvanelia,
miaCnia, rom “seqsizmi – es aris pozicia an moqmedeba, romelic adamianebs sqesis
mixedviT amcirebs, uaryofs, saTanadod ar afasebs, maT stereotipebad dayofas axdens".
seqsisturi modeli qals, mamakacTan SedarebiT, iseTi uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebiT
axasiaTebs, romlebic kacs TiTqos ar gaaCnia. am modelis Tanaxmad, mamakacs gacilebiT
ufro meti dadebiTi Tvisebebi (vaJkacoba, Wkua, TviTdamkvidrebis unari, profesiuli
kompetenturoba, riskisa da Tavgadasavlebisadmi midrekileba, iniciativianoba da efeqtianoba) aqvT. andre miSelis azriT, seqsisturi Sexedulebebi yalibdeba ojaxSi, skolaSi, mozardTa urTierTobebSi, Sromis bazarze, politikaSi, masobrivi informaciebis
saSualebebiT. stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad qalebs uCndebaT eWvi sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis, damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, rac, TavisTavad, gavlenas axdens sqesTa
Tanasworobaze, romelic deklarirebulia saerTaSoriso, regionuli da erovnuli
dekretebiT, konvenciiT qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.
seqsizmis Teoria sazogadoebaSi arsebuli bevri problemis gadaWraSi qalebis monawileobis SezRudvis safeZvels qmnis. amiT sazogadoeba mniSvnelovan adamianur resurss
kargavs.
128
9
vikvlevT. erTganzomilebiani komponentebis Seswavla gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda
xdebodes. Tu kvlevis mizani qalis da mamakacis statusis kvlevaa, Sedarebis safuZveli
ar unda iyos sqesis biologiuri kategoria, radgan, magaliTad, transseqsualebs qalis
genderuli statusi aqvT, magram isini dabadebidan ar miekuTvnebian mdedrobiT sqess.
ase rom, mizani da mizezi am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iqnes gaigivebuli.
Tu kvlevis centrSi sqesia, rogorc procesi, marTebulia SevadaroT maTi
socializacia, vinc dabadebidanve mdedrobiT sqess miekuTvneba, izrdeboda rogorc
qaliSvili da mowifulobaSi qalis statusi aqvs, imaT, vinc mowiful asakSi kacis
statusi miiRo, (magaliTad, imitom, rom mamakacis samuSao mieRo, an sqesis Secvlis
mizniT operacia gaikeTa). zustad aseve unda SevadaroT individebi, romlebic dabadebidan mamrobiTi sqesis arian, izrdebodnen rogorc biWebi, xolo mowifulobaSi mamakacis statusi miiRes maT, vinc mowiful asakSi qalis statusi miiRes (mudmivi transvestitebi da transseqsualebi). amis Semdeg yvela aRniSnuli jgufi SeiZleba erTmaneTs
SevadaroT. aseTi midgomisas aRmoCndeba ara ori, aramed oTxi an eqvsi saxis sqesi.
genderuli statusis gadajaWvis da im socialuri institutebis kvleva, romlebisTvisac sqesobriv gansxvavebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Seicavs im mamakacebisa
da qalebis karieris SedarebiT analizs, romlebic ar Seesatyvisebian TavianT genderul
statuss. aRniSnuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT erTi da igive an gansxvavebuli procesebi, romlebmac ganapirobes maT mier profesiis arCeva da, Sesabamisad, profesiuli warmatebebi. (Epstein, 1988, Kanter, 1977, Lorber, 1984).
3. qalisa da mamakacis, rogorc biosocialuri fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikeTe, xasiaTis
sirbile, humanuroba, demokratizmi. isini bunebasTan ufro axlos arian, uaryofiTi
ganwyoba aqvT Zaladobis mimarT, ver eguebian uxeSobas, sxvaTa gaWirveba gulTan axlos
miaqvT, advilad eqvemdebarebian aRzrdas, adaptacias, mkveTrad sazRvraven Tavis
funqcias ojaxSi, bavSvebis mimarT. qalebSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro Zlierad
vlindeba gonieri, uxeSi Zaladobis, rogorc cxoveluri instinqtis gamovlinebis (maT
Soris seqsualuri) sawinaaRmdego grZnoba. qali gacilebiT ufro mijaWvulia kacze da
mudmivad Txoulobs misgan siyvarulis dadasturebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sulier
wonasworobas kargavs. qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gonivruli zomiereba, aqtiuri
urTierTobebisaken swrafva. mokled rom vTqvaT, qali civilizaciis stabilurobis
garantia.. magram igi moklebuli ar aris negatiur Tvisebebsac, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia: gulmaviwyoba, TavSeukavebloba, isteriuloba, nervozuloba, depresiuli
mdgomareobis mkveTri gamovlineba, Surianoba, bevri laparaki.
kacobriobis naxevars, mamakacebsac, axasiaTebs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
Tvisebebi. es Tvisebebia: sazrianoba, moxerxebuloba, gamomgonebloba, axal garemosTan
adaptirebis unari, fsiqikuri saqmianobis aqtiuroba, romelic mis TviTdamkvirebasa da
TviTrealizaciaSi vlindeba. yvela es Tviseba dadebiT kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT. mamakacebis azrovneba qalebisagan meti abstraqtulobiT gansxvavdeba. mamakacebi
ZiriTadad samsaxurze arian koncentrirebulni da ara ojaxze. xSirad simamace maTTvis
SiSis daZlevas ukavSirdeba, xolo aqtiuroba saSualebas aZlevs maT Tavi ufro
mamakacebad SeigrZnon. negatiur Tvisebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: agresiuloba, Zalauflebisaken swrafva, avantiurizmi, simkacre, sarkazmi, Tavis Tavze didi warmodgena,
emociebis gamovlenisagan, rogorc sisustisagan Tavis Sekaveba. qalebis mxridan
siyvarulis dasadastureblad isini fizikur siaxloves iTxoven. maT uyvarT komforti,
erTmaneTTan saubrisas xSirad laparakoben samsaxurebriv saqmianobaze, sportze da ara
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raRac cxadi, bunebrivi movlena, romelic axsnas ar saWiroebs. dRes aRiarebulia, rom
genderuli diferenciacia da asimetria arsebobs yvela sazogadoebaSi da kulturaSi,
Tumca konkretuli warmodgena maskulinursa da feminurze sxvadasxva kulturaSi
gansxvavebulia. amitom “genderuli urTierToba ganixileba, - wers gizela boki –
rogorc socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli sidide, romelic arc araistoriul
fenomenze daiyvaneba da arc erTaderT “sawyis” an “imamentur” mizezamde.
2. sqesis dialeqtika
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, adamianis bunebrivi monacemebi aRzrdisa da
sazogadoebis zegavleniT socialurad realizdeba.
sqess ayalibebs aRzrdis sistema: (ojaxi), ganaTleba, kultura, religia, masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebi, saxelmwifo politika da sxv.
Tanamedrove mecniereba sqesis problemebis Seswavlas sami mimarTulebiT
axorcielebs:
1. sqesobrivi gansxvavebis fsiqometruli Seswavla da inteleqtis kvleva.
magaliTad, inteleqtis kvlevisas amerikeli mecnierebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom
gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildovebulTa Soris ufro meti mamakacia, vidre qali,
magram, amasTan, ufro meti gonebaCamorCenilic.
amerikeli anTropologi u. montegiu Tavis wignSi “qalis bunebrivi upiratesoba”
werda, rom inteleqtualobis saSualo koeficienti qalebs ufro maRali aqvT, vidre
mamakacebs. isini TavianT inteleqts ukeT inarCuneben, ufro emociurebi arian da
didxansac cxovroben.
2. mamakacebisa da qalebis biologiuri gansxvaveba. kognitur (SemecnebiT) sferoSi
genetikuri, hormonaluri da neirofiziologiuri determinantebis Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswineba.
3. sqesobriv rolebTan dakavSirebuli im socialur-fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis
analizi, romlebic gavlenas axdens SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebsa da saqmianobis sferos
arCevanze.
aRniSnuli kvlevebi kidev erTxel adastureben, rom sqesis analizs dialeqtikurad
unda mivudgeT. rogorc o. veiningeri aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi “sqesi da xasiaTi”, yvela
adamianSi ori sawyisia, rom embrionSi sqesis garCeva SeuZlebelia. mxolod misi
arsebobidan xuTi kviris Semdeg Cndeba mamakacisa Tu qalis sqesobrivi Taviseburebebi.
Tumca arsebobs biseqsualuri midrekilebebic, romelTa drosac mudmivi orsqesianoba
adamianis agebulebaSi an mis gonebriv moRvaweobaSi vlindeba. orsqesianobis gamovlinebaa, agreTve, homoseqsualoba da lesboseloba. normalur adamianSi ki (qalsa Tu
mamakacSi) yovelTvis arsebobs sapirispiro sqesisadmi ltolva.
ori sawyisis arsebobas berZeni filosofosi platonic usvams xazs. Tavis naSromSi
“nadimi” igi aRniSnavs, rom adamianSi ori - mamakacuri da qaluri - sawyisia Serwymuli,
romlebic sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxvanairad vlindeba.
frangi socialist-utopisti sen-simon klod anri de ruvrua Tavis naSromSi “axali
qristianoba” (1825 w.) mogviTxrobda mamakacisa da qalis idealuri wyvilisa da maTi
erToblivi politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mas aucileblad miaCnda, rom sensimonistebis sxdomebze sen-simonis mowafe anafantenis savarZlis gverdiT, daedgaT
savarZeli, romelic “umaRles qurum qals”, mis Tanamoazres eloda. wyvils SeeZlo
mieRo umaRlesi gadawyvetilebebi da sazogadoebaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.
sqesis nebismier kvlevaSi aucileblad unda ganvsazRvroT, mis romel komponents
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7
TeoriebSi. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ukve Camoyalibda qalTa moqalaqeobrivi da
politikuri monawileobisadmi iseTi mecnieruli da politikuri midgomebi, romlebic
genderuli gamokvlevebis da genderuli politikis saxeliT aris cnobili. genderuli
gamokvlevebi da teqnologiebi ara mxolod qalTa forumebis, aramed gaeros komisiisa
da generaluri asambleis gadawyvetilebaTa doneze ganixileba, xdeba maTi institucionalizacia da saerTaSoriso aqtebiT gamyareba.
bolo 20 wlis manZilze SeiZleba genderuli kvlevis sami ZiriTadi faza gamovyoT.
pirveli faza – es aris feministurad ganwyobili mecnierebis mier humanitarul
mecnierebebSi sindrocentrizmis kritika da genderuli kvlevebis, rogorc Teoriuli
codnis sferos dafuZnebis mcdeloba. am stadiaze mecnierTa Zalisxmeva koncentrirebuli iyo “genderuli sibrmavisa” da sindrocentrizmis axsnaze tradiciul, specialur da humanitarul mecnierebebSi.
XX s. 70-ian wlebSi Zalian bevri feministuri naSromi daibeWda. zogierTi maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo garkveuli radikalizmi. feministuri literaturis momZlavrebas arc mecnierebi Sexvdnen gulgrilad. Tumca es ideebi yvelaze metad Seexo
maT, vinc ojaxis sociologiis problemebs ikvlevda. amave periodSi gamovida sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri da anTropologiuri Sromebi, romlebSic gaanalizebuli iyo
sqesobrivi rolebis diferenciaciis procesi. kvlevebi sqesis sociologiisa da
fsiqologiis sferoSi popularuli gaxda. es iyo siaxle, romelic noyier niadags qmnida
sqesis problemebis gasaazreblad. sociologiaSi ganviTarda socialuri diferenciaciis dasavluri tradiciuli Teoriebis kritika. profesorma jesi beriordma am
periods uwoda “revolucia sociologiaSi”.
erT-erTi pirveli Sroma, romelSic warmoCnda genderis sistemis cneba da naTlad
iqna mocemuli gansxvaveba biologiur sqessa (sex) da socialur sqess (gender) Soris iyo
heil rabiis statia “qalebiT vaWroba” (1974 w.). am statiaSi igi sqess (sex) ganmartavda
rogorc biologiur reproduqciul gansxvavebas. xolo sqesi (gender), misi azriT, warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac biologiuri sqesi ganicdis transformacias maskulinuri
kulturis zemoqmedebiT da feminuri konstruqciiT.
Semdegi Sroma, romelSic gamoCnda termini "genderi" (gender), iyo fsiqolog roda
uigeris statia “sqesisa da genderis axali gansazRvra”. igi 1979 wels gamovida. avtori
masSi sityva sex-s xmarobda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac specialur biologiur meqanizmebs
mimarTavda, xolo sityva gender-s mxolod maSin, roca specialur kulturul da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs ganixilavda. es aspeqtebi tipuri da misaRebia maTTvis, vinc
sazogadoebas garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis, normebis, stereotipebis saSualebiT ganmartavs.
meore fazas warmoadgenda saswavlo kursebis farTo integracia e.w. “qalis kvlevebis” (women’s studies) dargSi, universitetebis saswavlo programebSi, da maT safuZvelze qalTa mdgomareobis gamokvleva, qalTa damorCilebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
Teoriebis ganviTareba. am periodis sociologiuri da kulturologiuri kvlevebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia “qalis faqtoris” damateba da masze aqcentis gakeTeba, simona
de bovuaris Sromebis, rasizmis, fsiqoanalizisa da poststruqturalizmis gavlena.
mesame fazam moqmedebis sfero qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevebidan genderamde gaafarTova; pirvel adgilze daayena midgomebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, adamianTa sazogadoebis
yvela aspeqti kulturisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT genderulia. am
periodSi aqcentis gadatana “qalis faqtoridan” xdeba imaze, Tu rogor arsebobs da
konstruirdeba genderi yvela socialur procesSi.
imis gamo, rom bolo wlebSi ganmtkicda axali damokidebuleba sqesisa da
genderisadmi, maskulinurisa da feminurisadmi, es cnebebi ukve aRar miiCneva, rogorc
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Tavi I
genderi da misi arsi
1. genderis cneba
kacobrioba qalebisa da kacebisagan Sedgeba. sazogadoebaSi maT sxvadasxva adgili
ukaviaT da gansxvavebul funqciebs asruleben, rac ama Tu im sa
zogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT aris ganpirobebuli. sqesTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia adamianisa da sazogadoebis kompleqsuri
Seswavla, amitom dRes es sakiTxi sxvadasxva mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqts warmoadgens,
socialur mecnierebebSi ki mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili uWiravs.
sqesis socialuri Teoria sqesTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli patriarqaluri
urTierTobebis egalitaruli urTierTobebiT Secvlas iTvaliswinebs da umTavresi
principis – sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis realizacias gulisxmobs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebam moiTxova arsebuli maskulinuri sazogadoebrivi mowyobis struqturis, saxelisuflo institutebisa da kulturuli normebis
Secvla, agreTve qaluri sawyisis, rogorc inertulisa da daqvemdebarebulis, filosofiurad dasabuTebuli stereotipis axleburad gaazreba.
am procesis dinamikis analizis, misi Sedegis gansazRvrisa da masze zemoqmedebis
zomebis SemuSavebis dros sociologebi waawydnen sqesis kategoriebis konceptualuri
dasabuTebis aucileblobas.
dReisaTvis miCneulia, rom sqess aqvs biologiuri (sex) da socialuri (gender)
kategoriebi. biologiuri kategoria adamianis biologiur da anatomiur Taviseburebebs
iTvaliswinebs, xolo socialuri anu genderul-sociokulturul aspeqtebs moicavs.
mTlianobaSi sqesi biologiurisa da socialuris erTobliobaa. adamianuri individis
sqesobrivi identifikacia misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze yalibdeba. mecnierulad
dasabuTebulia, rom am evoluciuri procesis pirveli rgoli – qromosomuli (genetikuri) nakrebi - ganayofierebisas iqmneba da organizmis momaval genetikur programas
gansazRvravs. bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg sqesobrivi identifikaciis biologiuri faqtorebi socialuriT ivseba. arsebuli garemocvis zegavleniT xdeba sruli TviTaRqma da
masTan dakavSirebul interesTa, moTxovnilebaTa, RirebulebaTa sistemis Camoyalibeba.
( Lorber., 1982).
termini "genderi" momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan "genos" – dabadeba, warmoSoba,
jiSi, gvari, STamomavali, sqesi (forma Gender mimReobis formaa). genderi gulisxmobs,
rom mamakacebis, qalebis da garemos urTierTkavSiris analizs, upirveles yovlisa,
safuZvlad unda daedos ara sqesis, aramed gvaris gamocdileba, sadac qalis sociumi
mTliani sazogadoebrivi sistemis integralur nawilad ganixileba. amasTan, socialuri
gamokvlevebis meTodologiis poziciidan, cnebas "genderuli urTierToba" erTmniSvnelovani ganmarteba ara aqvs.
dasavleTis qveynebSi "genderul kvlevebs" xSirad aigiveben cnebasTan "qalTa
problemebis kvlevebi". farTo mniSvnelobiT cneba "genderuli urTierToba" sqesTa
socialurad organizebul urTierTobas niSnavs. genderi, rogorc procesi da movlena,
gulisxmobs sqesobrivi gansxvavebis niadagze mamakacis mxridan qalis yovelgvari Cagvris likvidacias. faqtobrivad, es termini asaxavs socialur-ekonomikur fonze qalTa
da mamakacTa urTierTobis fenomens da, Sesabamisad, damkvidrda, rogorc garkveuli
direqtiuli mimarTuleba qalTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. genderis mizania qalis
dacva seqsizmisagan, rac sqesobriv diskriminacias, anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas
niSnavs.
genderuli kvlevebi sul ufro did adgils ikavebs sazogadoebriv-politikur
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5
Sinaarsi
Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 3
Tavi I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
genderi da misi arsi ........................................................................................
genderis cneba ................................................................................................
sqesis dialeqtika ..........................................................................................
qalisa da mamakacis, rogorc biosocialuri fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi .....
seqsizmi da misi arsi ......................................................................................
5
5
7
8
9
Tavi II. feminizmis nairsaxeobebi da maTi roli genderuli
Tanasworobis damkvidrebaSi ..........................................................................12
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi ............................................................12
2. feministuri Teoriebi ..................................................................................13
3. genderi da feminizmi ....................................................................................15
4. genderi da Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia ..........................................17
Tavi III. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria ................................................................20
Tavi IV. qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ......................................................... 27
1. qalis rolis da statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ................ 27
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi ............................................................. 30
3. qali da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi .................................................. 32
4. qalis socialuri statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli ..................... 34
5. qalisa da kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ........ 35
Tavi V. religia da patriarqati ................................................................................... 39
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze ........................................... 39
2. qali da iudaizmi ............................................................................................... 40
3. qali da qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-politikuri
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia .............................................................. 44
4. qalis statusi induizmSi ................................................................................. 48
5. qalis socialur-politikuri roli islamSi .................................................. 53
6. budizmi – socialuri da sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba .................... 60
Tavi VI. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema ................................... 65
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi ............. 65
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb .................. 67
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani ................................ 70
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi ....................... 72
VII. qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi ........................................................... 77
1. istoriuli eqskursi ......................................................................................... 77
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis gadaWris mniSvnelovani faqtori ..... 79
3. saerTaSoriso forumebi - qalTa moZraobis erToblivi
programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori ........................................... 80
Tavi VII. genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi .........................................82
I. saqarTvelo da qarTveli qali .................................................................................82
2. saqarTvelos qalebis socialuri ganwyoba ............................................................84
3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi ..........................87
4.saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi ....................................90
danarTi 1 ...............................................................................................................................93
danarTi 2 .............................................................................................................................106
danarTi 3 .............................................................................................................................110
danarTi 4 .............................................................................................................................111
danarTi 5 .............................................................................................................................113
danarTi 6 .............................................................................................................................119
4
133
sakiTxebi diskusiisa da weriTi davalebebisaTvis
1. gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc biosocialuri fenomeni.
2. rogoria mamakacisa da qalis socialuri da biologiuri gansxvaveba?
3. genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.
4. ra aris seqsizmi?
5. ra aris feminizmi?
6. feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.
7. feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.
8. ra gansxvavebaa gendersa da feminizms Soris?
9. feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT
10. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?
11. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.
12. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias dasaqmebis saferoSi?
13. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?
14. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur
procesebSi CarTvaze.
15. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?
16. egalitarizmis elementebi iudaizmSi.
17. ras iTvaliswinebda induizmis reforma qalTa sakiTxSi?
18. ra aris sati?
19. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?
20. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?
21. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?
22. qalis roli budizmSi.
23. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa da qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?
24. ra aris budizmis istoriuli damsaxureba qalebis winaSe?
25. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis
rolsa da statusze.
26. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-politikuri aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?
27. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani
28. ra zomebi aris miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?
29. qalTa moZraobebis ZiriTadi etapebi
30. qalTa msoflio konferenciebi da maTi mniSvneloba
31. qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba Zvel saqarTveloSi.
32. qalis soialur-politikuri aqtivoba me-19 saukuneSi
33. ilia rogorc feministuri moZraobis momxre
34. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da erovnuli meqanizmebi
35. qarTveli qali gardamaval periodSi
36. adamianis uflebebis arsi da miznebi
37. adamianis uflebebis “mesame Taoba" da qalebi.
134
Sesavali
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi termini `genderi~ (gender), sqesis (sex) biologiuri
gagebisagan gansxvavebiT, sqesis socialuri fenomenisa da sociologiuri diskursis
aRsaniSnavad ixmareba. igi sazogadoebis socialuri struqturis erT-erTi sabaziso
ganzomilebaa, romelic sxva kulturul da socialur-demografiul monacemebTan
erTad (rasa, asaki, eTnosi, strata) ayalibebs socialur sistemas. es aris garkveul
kulturaze dafuZnebuli mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris sazogadoebis ZiriTad socialur
institutebSi konstruirebuli socialuri urTierTobebis fundamenturi maCvenebeli.
Ggenderuli rolebis (mamakacebisa da qalebis) gansazRvra subieqturia da
konkretul-istoriul xasiaTs atarebs. TiToeul sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi Cveulebebi,
tradiciebi da normebi, romlebic socialur-sqesobriv rolebs gansazRvravs.
GdRes genderuli urTierTobebi ganixileba rogorc mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi (marTvis, politikur, ojaxis da sxv.)
arsebuli urTierTobebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
GaRniSnuli problematika saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa da analizis
sagani gaxda gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. es periodi ki dakavSirebulia
mniSvnelovan politikur da socialur gardaqmnebTan. am procesebis genderul
meTodologiaze dayrdnobiT Sewavla da ganzogadeba saSualebas iZleva, SemuSavebuli
iqnes iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs qalis resocializacias,
sazogadoebaSi misi rolisa da statusis amaRlebas da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
strategiebis Camoyalibebas.
Cven SevecadeT Segvejerebina am sakiTxze arsebuli samecniero literatura da
Segveqmna saleqcio kursi, romelic studentebs daexmareba genderis politikuri da
socialuri aspeqtebis SeswavlaSi.
saleqcio kursi Seicavs agreTve specialur terminebs. maTi codna xels Seuwyobs
mkiTxvelebs aRniSnuli problematikis aTvisebaSi.
3