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gigi TevzaZe
gigi TevzaZe instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia 2002 1 sarCevi: winasityvaoba............................................................................................................................................ 4 modernulobis da Tanamedroveobis aRwerebi ......................................................................... 6 (Sesavali) .................................................................................................................................................. 6 maqs veberi da talkot parsonsi ............................................................................................. 8 daniel beli da alan tureni ................................................................................................... 11 entoni gidensi ................................................................................................................................. 12 ulrix beki......................................................................................................................................... 16 iurgen habermasi .............................................................................................................................. 19 receptebi da diagnozebi (XX saukunis inteleqtualuri mimarTulebebi) .. 22 Tavi I. Teoriebi socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb ...........................................................23 klasikuri da neoevolucionizmi ...........................................................................................23 ogust konti (1798-1857) ......................................................................................................23 herbert spenseri (1820-1903)............................................................................................ 24 luis morgani (1818-1881) ...................................................................................................... 26 emil durkhaimi (1855-1936) ................................................................................................ 27 ferdinand tionisi (1855-1936) ..........................................................................................28 lester uardi (1841-1913) ................................................................................................... 29 gerhard da jin lenskebi ...................................................................................................... 31 talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) .......................................................................................... 33 diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebis kritika ...............................................36 istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi .............................................................................................. 37 osvald Spengleri (1880-1936) .......................................................................................... 37 arnold toinbi (1889-1975)................................................................................................. 37 vilfredo pareto (1848-1923) ........................................................................................... 38 pitirim sorokini (1889-1968) ............................................................................................ 38 istoriuli materializmi .......................................................................................................... 38 Tavi II. socialuri struqturebis (institutebis) warmoSobis da cvlilebebis Teoriebi ..................................................................................................................... 39 maqs veberi ......................................................................................................................................... 39 simboluri urTierTqmedeba ....................................................................................................... 41 eTnomeTodologia .......................................................................................................................... 42 anomiis Teoriebi ............................................................................................................................ 43 emil durkhaimi ........................................................................................................................... 44 robert mertoni ........................................................................................................................ 44 socialuri kontrolis da struqturis Seqmnis Teoria ........................................ 45 markirebis Teoria ......................................................................................................................... 47 realobis socialuri konstruireba ................................................................................... 49 Tavi III. Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb ..................................................... 51 arnold geleni............................................................................................................................ 51 uiliam zamneri da Carlz qulei ......................................................................................52 malinovski......................................................................................................................................52 2 nawili II .................................................................................................................................................. 55 instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia .............................................................................. 55 Tavi I .................................................................................................................................................... 55 institutis gansazRvreba ........................................................................................................... 55 Sesavali .......................................................................................................................................... 55 socialur instituti da jgufi, organizacia, asociacia, rituali ............56 socialuri institutebis formebi ....................................................................................... 57 “ojaxi” ............................................................................................................................................ 57 “saxelmwifo” ............................................................................................................................... 58 “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba” .................................................................................................... 59 daskvna............................................................................................................................................. 60 Tavi II ...................................................................................................................................................65 socialuri institutebis tipebi ..........................................................................................65 Sesavali ..........................................................................................................................................65 mikroinstitutebi ..................................................................................................................... 66 makroinstitutebi ..................................................................................................................... 66 mezoinstitutebi ....................................................................................................................... 66 daskvna............................................................................................................................................. 67 Tavi III .................................................................................................................................................68 instituciuri kompleqsebi ........................................................................................................68 institucionaluri kompleqsebis monacvleoba, rogorc istoria...................... 69 evropocentrizmis SesaZlo braldebis winaamRdeg ..................................................... 76 instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia _ ori ganzomileba ..............................77 Tavi IV .................................................................................................................................................82 instituciuri cvlilebebi ........................................................................................................82 1. diferenciacia da dediferenciacia .............................................................................82 2. reinstitutizacia ............................................................................................................... 83 institucionalizacia ................................................................................................................... 88 aRwera I _ mezodominanturobis parametrebi:........................................................... 89 aRwera II _ adamiani, rogorc saagento: ...................................................................... 94 makro-mezo da mezo-mikro institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove (gvian-, winwasul- anda, gnebavT post- modernul) socialur sistemebSi.. 98 3 winasityvaoba rodesac SesaZlebeli aRmovCndi. fond gaxda “Ria sazogadoeba es wigni damewera, miuxedavad imisa, rom – saqarTvelos” sakmaod socialuri didi xelSewyobiT siZneleebis instituti winaSe socialuri mecnierebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi cnebaa, Tavad socialuri institutis cnebas sxva socialur fenomenebTan SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iyo institucializaciaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi SexedviT, sociologia gaCenis dRidan aRwers socialur cvlilebebs, erTi konkretuli sazogadoebis, an konkretuli institutis SigniT swraf cvalebadobaze yuradRebis gansakuTrebuli dafiqsireba bolo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda. garda amisa, rTulia rogorc gadmocemis mimarTulebis arCeva, aseve, romelime mimarTulebaSi zedmetad ar dafiqsireba, imdenad, ramdenadac sociologiis, rogorc socialuri cvlilebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis, istoriis avtorebi xSirad toveben da ar aqceven yuradRebas im mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebs, romlebic Cems mier dasaxuli amocanisaTvis, Cemi azriT, sagulisxmo unda yofiliyo. magram, miuxedavad amisa, am wignis pirveli, istoriuli nawili didad aris davalebuli sociologia”6. am piotr Stompkas wignidan aRebulia wignidan Txrobis “socialuri logika da cvlilebis istoriis gadmocemis mimdevroba. aseve, gamoyenebulia smelzeris naSromi “socialuri struqtura”19 da rudolf andorkas “sazogadoebis sociologiur analizis Sesavali”33. rac Seexeba meore nawilis terminologias: cneba “instituciuri kompleqsi” ekuTvnis naklebad cnobil avtorebs makivers da peijsi. imdenad, ramdenadac institutebis cvalebadobis tipologiis asagebad es cneba gamosadegi iyo, Tavs ufleba miveci gamomeyenebina. socialuri institutebis makro, mezo da mikro institutebad dayofis ideis amosavali iyo valter wignis I nawilSi miTiTebuli literatura ixile 54-55 gverdebze, I nawilis dasasrulis Semdeg. 4 uollasis (Walter L. Wallace) statiaSi ”sociologiis disciplinaruli matriqsis mimarTulebiT19” moyvanili socialuri fenomenebis mikro, makro da mezod dayofa. garda amisa, ar minda gaugebroba gamoiwvios Cems mier ori cnebis “modernulobis” da “Tanamedroveobis” gamoyenebam. “modernuloba” Seesabameba termins “Modernity” da aRniSnavs kacobriobis istoriis gansazRvrul periods Sua saukuneebis da aRoZinebis Semdeg. “Tanamedroveoba” Seesabameba termins “Contemporarity” da niSnavs axlandel an cota xnis winandel da axlandel socialur mdgomareobas. “Tanamedroveobis” terminis Semotana gaxda saWiro, radgan sociologiaSi da socialur TeoriaSi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris Semdeg modernulobis da misi Semdgomi droebis gansxvaveba da maTi or damoukidebel socialur da inteleqtualur fenomenad dafiqsireba erT-erTi centraluri diskursia (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT teqstSi). bolos minda madloba gadavuxado bairoiTis universitetis sociologiis kaTedras da am kaTedris gamges profesor arnold cingerles am wignze muSaobisas gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis. bairoiTi. 24 ivlisi, 2001 weli. 5 modernulobis da Tanamedroveobis aRwerebi (Sesavali) socialuri cvlilebebis Seswavla sociologiis centraluri amocanaa. socialuri cvlileba imdenad cxadi movlenaa, rom adre Tu gvian is nebismieri sociologiis centraluri sakiTxi xdeba. TavisTavad, sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis warmoSoba ukavSirdeba socialur cvlilebebs – im did gardaqmnebs, romelic XIX saukuneSi evropul sazogadoebaSi moxda, rodesac SesamCnevad daiwyo tradiciuli evropuli sazogadoebis modernul sazogadoebad gardaqmna. anu, maqs veberis (1864-1920) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, tradiciul-agraruli sazogadoebis kapitalisturi sazogadoebiT Canacvleba (veberi “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”). XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi didma socialurma Zvrebma (pirveli msoflio omi, ruseTis revolucia, meore msoflio omi, germaniaSi faSizmis gamarjveba da kraxi) socialuri cvlilebebis analizi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxada. miuxedavad imisa, rom XX saukunis meore naxevari globaluri katastrofebiT ar gamoirCeoda, sociologebis da inteleqtualebis SefasebiT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis swrafi procesi swored am dros Seesabameba. XX saukunis bolo aTwleulis yvelaze mniSvnelovani globaluri movlenaa sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva, romelic, aRiwereba, rogorc swrafi socialuri cvlilebebis anarekli da kulminacia. 1991 wels entoni gidensi werda: “Cven dRes vcxovrobT cvlilebebiT, damaxasiaTebeli epoqaSi, romelic romelic xasiaTdeba radikalurad cvlilebebisagan. gamaognebeli gansxvavdeba sabWoTa stilis wina socialuri periodebisaTvis socializmis kolafsi, Zalauflebis bipolaruli ganawilebis problema, sul ufro da ufro Zlieri globaluri sakomunikacio sistemebis formireba, msoflioSi kapitalizmis cxadi triumfi, maSin, rodesac msoflios globaluri gadanawileba sul ufro da ufro mwvavdeba, ekologiuri problemebi, romlis arealic sul ufro da ufro farTovdeba – yvela es da sxva sakiTxebi dgas socialuri 6 mecnierebis win, rogorc gamowveva, da socialurma mecnierebam ar unda aaridos mas Tavi”ii. Tuki tradiciul-agraruli sazogadoeba kacobriobis istoriis did nawils moicavs, modernuli sazogadoebis wili ganuzomlad mcirea. modernuli sazogadoebis dasawyisze naTeli SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs, magram, rogorc wesi sawyisad miiCneven XVI saukunidan XVIII saukunemde periods (gidensi pirobebi”iii “modernulobis kumari ”modernuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba. dasavleTis socialuri da politikuri ganviTarebis aspeqtebi"”iv). modernulobis mizezebad asaxeleben amerikul da frangul revoluciebs, romelmac Camoayaliba modernulobis instituciuri CarCo: konstituciuri demokratia, kanonze damyarebuli wesrigi, da saxelmwifo-erebis suverenulobis principi. ogiust kontma (1798-1857), sociologiis damaarsebelma, gansazRvra modernulobis, anu, axali socialuri wesrigis ZiriTadi niSnebi. esenia: 1. samuSao Zalis koncentrireba urbanistul centrebSi; 2. samuSaos organizacia, romelSic warmmarTvelia efeqturoba da sargeblianoba; 3. mecnierebis da teqnologiis warmoSoba gamoyeneba warmoebaSi; damqiraveblebsa kontrastebis damyarebulia da da araTanabrobis Tavisufal 4. faruli, daqiravebulebs zrda; 6. warmoebaze an Ria Soris; ekonomikuri da Ria winaaRmdegobis 5. socialuri sistema, romelic Sejibrebaze (konti “sociologia”). sociologebi, rogorc wesi upirispireben “wina-modernul” da “modernul” sazogadoebebs erTmaneTs da ageben polarul modelebs. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia militaristuli da industriuli sazogadoebebis dapirispireba herbert spenserTan, meqanikuri da organuli solidarobis dapirispireba emil durkhaimTan, tradiciul-agraruli da dapirispireba veberTan. 7 kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis maqs veberi da talkot parsonsi am ori tipis sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro sistematizirebuli aRwera da Sedareba mocemuli aqvs maqs vebers. qvemoT Cven movitanT randal kolinzisv mier Sedgenil cxrils, da aseve, XX saukunis omis Semdgomi wlebis yvelaze ufro cnobil aRweras, romelic SeimuSava talkot parsonsma, romlis cxrilis saxiT rekonstruqcia ekuTvnis polonel sociolog piotr Stompkasvi. ori tipis sazogadoebis veberianuli opozicia: sakuTrebis forma tradiciul-agraruli sazogadoeba SeWidulia memkvidreobiT socialur statusTan samuSaos meqanizacia praqtikulad ar arsebobs samuSao Zalis buneba ZiriTadad ar aris Tavisufali (an piradi monoba, an miwasTan mijaWvuloba). bazari Zalian SezRuduli (gadasaxadebis barieriT, Zarcvis safrTxiT, monetaruli instrumentebis SezRuduleobiT, transportirebis cudi saSualebebi. amis Sedegia an adgilobrivi bazrebi, 8 kapitalisturi sazogadoeba warmoebis yvela saSualebaze kerZo sakuTreba da maTi koncentracia sawarmoebis kontrolis sSualebiT (miwa, Senobebi, manqanebi, masala – yvelaferi kontroldeba erTi agentis saSualebiT, da Tavisuflad icvleba rogorc kerZo sakuTreba bazarze). muSaobis meqanizacia aris dominanturi teqnologia, rac zusti daTvlis da kapitalis aRricxvis saSualebas iZleva. efeqturoba, produqtiuloba, racionaluri organizacia is principebia, romlebic warmarTavs warmoebas. samuSao aris Tavisufali imoZraos pirobebis an moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, warmoebis erTi saxidan meorisken, erTi regionidan meoreSi. pirdapiri mwarmoeblebi yidian sakuTar Sromas xelfasis fasad, rogorc produqts bazarze. mimarTulia Ria bazarze da ar aris tradiciulad SezRuduli (klasobrivi monopolia, sakuTrebis SezRudvebi, proteqcionizmi). bazari rogorc ganawilebis da moxmarebis organizebuli principi. upiratesi kanonebi dominanturi motivaciebi an SezRuduli Soreuli bazrobebi. partikularuli, sxvadaxvanairad miesadageba sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs. patrimonialuri ganaCenis gamotanis da iZulebis wesi. Tavmoyrilia Cveuli saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis garSemo. miRebulia tradiciuli cxovrebis da mogebis wesi. rogorc veberi ambobs, “metis miRwevis SesaZlebloba naklebad mimzidvelia, vidre naklebi muSaoba” universalurad gamosayenebeli, kanonebi, romlebic winaswar gansazRvravs kontraqtebis saxes da uflebebis iZulebiT dacvas. SeuzRudavi mogeba (permanentulad mzardi mogeba) rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis gardauvali motivacia. ori tipis sazogadoebis parsonsiseuli opozicia: tradiciuli sazogadoeba modernuli sazogadoeba socialuri difuziuroba, anu, specifikuroba, anu, rolebis damatebiTi struqturis socialuri rolebis, specializacia, Sromis ganawileba, jgufis artikulacia urTierTobebis, jgufebis cxovrebis dadgenili sazRvrebi araartikulirebuli, farTo, yovlismomcveli xasiaTi. statusis memkvidreobiToba, anu, miRweva, anu, rolebis Sesruleba, safuZvlebi rolebis Sesruleba, statusebis miReba, jgufebis wevroba statusebis miReba, damyarebulia pirad Zalisxmevaze da jgufebis wevroba damsaxurebaze damyarebulia dabadebiT da memkvidreobiT miRebul faqtorebze samuSaoze partikularizmi, anu, universalizmi, anu, socialur ayvanis socialur urTierTobebSi urTierTobebSi partniorebis, iseve kriteriumebi partniorebis, iseve rogorc rolebis Semsruleblebis da rogorc rolebis jgufebis arCeva, damyarebulia zogad, Semsruleblebis da kategoriis rangSi ayvanil niSnebTan, jgufebis arCeva, romlebic jgufebis amocanebis da bunebis, damyarebulia potenciuri anda urTierTobebis pirdapir kandidatebis unikalur, relevanturia. pirovnul niSnebze, 9 Sefasebis fokusireba emociebis roli romlebic aucileblad ar arian samizne saqmianobis an jgufebis bunebis relevanturi koleqtivizmi, anu, adamianebis Sefaseba imis mixedviT, Tu romeli jgufis, koleqtivis, erTobis, tomebis wevrebi arian. centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras ekuTvnian adamianebi, da ara imas, Tu rani arian isini TviTon. afeqturoba, anu, emociebis CarTva socialur cxovrebaSi. individualizmi, anu, adamianebis Sefaseba da aRqma maTi saqmianobis mixedviT. centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras akeTeben isini. neitraluroba, anu, emociuri gamoxatulebis akrZalva, faqtebze orientireba, socialur cxovrebaSi racionaluri klimati. modernulobis gansazRvrebebi amiT ar amoiwureba da arc SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven dRes modernulobis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, romelic zemoT moyvanili ori aRweridan erT-erTiT mainc xasiaTdeba, ar aris miRweuli. meoce saukunis gansxvavebuli mere aRwerebi, modenulobisaTvis Canacvlebulia naxevarSi romelTa tradiciuli axali da inteleqtualur saerTo niSania sivrceSi imis damaxasiaTebeli ganzomilebebiT. magaliTad, gamoCnda gancxadeba, rom ZiriTadi elementebi fukos mixedviT, diskursiuli formaciebi anacvleben warmoebis formebsvii. burdies mixedviT, ekonomikuri tipis kapitali Canacvlebulia kulturuli kapitaliTviii. liotari ambobs, rom didi narativebis gaqrobis da umuSevrobis fonze racionalizmi qreba ganmsazRvreli da did narativebTan dominantiix. erTad bodriari da mxolod janyi ambobs, rom warmoeba rCeba da kvlavwarmoeba gadaqceulia simbolur aqtad, da xdeba simulaciuri warmoebis gabatonebax. lumanis mixedviT, monokonteqstualuri samyaro aRar arsebobs, da sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoeba ganawilebulia sxvadsxva funqcionalur sistemebs Soris, romelTaganac yoveli operirebs 10 misTvis specifikuri, sistemuri kodiT. “polikonteqstualuri” sazogadoeba niSnavs, rom arc erT funqciur sistemas ar SeuZlia ibatonos, an Caanacvlos sxva sistemaxi. yvela es Teoria socialur samyaroSi mimdinare raRac iseTi movlenebis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom Cven modernulobidan gansxvavebul droSi vcxovrobT, romelsac postmodernuloba hqvia. daniel beli da alan tureni postmodernulobis gamocxadebas win uswrebda postindustriuli periodis dadgomis aRwerebi II msoflio omis Semdeg. postindustriuli sazogadoebis klasikuri aRwera SeimuSaves belmaxii da turanmaxiii. maTi aRweris mixedviT, postindustriuli sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba: 1. ekonomikaSi industriuli, moxda ZiriTadi anu veqtoris XIX saukunis kidev erTi sazogadoeba gadatana: Tu xasiaTdeboda miwaTmoqmedebidan industriuli warmoebisken mimarTulebiT, II msoflio omis Semdeg industriuli warmoebidan momsaxureobisken moxda socialuri mniSvnelobis gadanacvleba: warmoiSva axali profesiebis da samuSao adgilebis didi raodenoba, romelic ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli warmoebasTan. moqmedebis iseTma mimarTulebebma, rogoricaa vaWroba, finansebi, marTva, administrireba, ganaTleba da a.S. axali mniSvnelobebi SeiZina. 2. struqturul da stratifikaciul ierarqiaSi gaizarda momsaxure fenis mniSvneloba. xolo TviTon momsaxure fenaSi – profesiuli da teqnikuri jgufebis (mecnierebis, ganviTarebis dargSi momuSaveebi) da “humanitaruli momsaxurebis” (ganaTleba, mecniereba, kultura, socialuri dacva, jandacva da sxva) wona. 11 3. teqnologiaSi moxda axali “inteleqtualuri teqnologiebis” gaCena, romelic informaciis gacvlis da warmoebis procesSi sul ufro da ufro metad aucilebeli xdeboda, vidre masala da energia. 4. sazogadoebis dinamikaSi TviTmdgradma teqnologiurma zrdam centraluri mniSvneloba miiRo. 5. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis RirebulebebSi da yvelgangamWol TemebSi aqcentma gadainacvla codnaze da mis miRebaze mudmivi swavlebis sxvavasxva formebis saSualebiT. postindustriulma sazogadoebam moitana protestis grZnoba da is aRwerebi, romlebic postmodernulobaSi gadasvlas iTxovda da uTiTebda. socialuri cxovrebis ukiduresobamde miyvanilma racionalizaciam da industrializaciam warmoSva zemoT Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebi da imedi, rom SesaZlebelia sxva, modernulobidan gansxvavebul viTarebaSi cxovreba, romelic aRadgens im “yvelafer kargs” rac iyo tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, an Semoitans gansxvavebuls da socialuri mowyobis axal safexurze gadagviyvans. entoni gidensi magram yvela Tvalsazrisi ar aris aseTi radikaluri. gidensisxiv mixedviT jer adrea laparaki postmodernizmze. Cven vimyofebiT gviani, anda maRali modernizmis epoqaSi, romelic gamowveulia modernizmis maxasiaTeblebis/Tvisebebis radikalizaciiT da universalizaciiT. XX saukunis bolos arsebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba modernulobidan, Cveni dRevandeli socialuri samyaro mainc modernulobis nawilia. magram, gidensi aRniSnavs, rom arsebuli viTareba “ar aris adreuli mimarTulebebis ubralo gagrZeleba. metic, gamoCnda Tvisobrivad axali fenomeni, romelic safuZvelSi cvlis Tanamedrove msoflios da SevyavarT gamocdilebis axal da amaRelvebel samyaroSi”. gidensi ganixilavs “maRal modernulobas” oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTulebis mixedviT: ndoba, riski, gaumWvirvaloba da globalizacia. 12 ndobis mniSvneloba gamowveulia dRevandel msoflioSi “abstraqtuli sistemebis” arsebobiT, romelic yvelafers msWvalavs. am sistemebis principebi da moqmedebis wesebi ar aris cxadi Cveulebrivi xalxisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom am sistemebze yoveldRiuri cxovrebaa damokidebuli. es sistemebia transporti, telekomunikaciebi, eleqtrosadgurebi, samxedro finansuri Zalebi, bazari, saerTaSoriso atomuri korporaciebi da organizaciebi, masmedia. es uzarmazari, rTuli, upirovno sistemebia, romlebic gavlenas axdenen yoveldRiurobaze. adamianebi swavloben maT gamoyenebas da maTgan damokidebulad yofnas. amitom, upirovno principebis, anonimuri wesebis ndoba socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli da gardauvali piroba xdeba. maRali modernulobis kidev erTi Tvisobrivad axali niSania riskis axali fenomeni. riski niSnavs daurwmuneblobas sakuTar moqmedebebis SedegebSi; anu damangreveli Sedegebis vergamoTvlis SesaZlebloba, romelic individualuri nebisagan damoukideblad SeiZleba moxdes. principSi, es adamianis cxovrebis erT-erTi aRmoufxvreli Tanamgzavria, magram maRali modernizmis pirobebSi is axal masStabebs da SesaZleblobebs iZens. maRali modernulobis SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba gardauvaloba, romelic gamosulia ara safrTxesTan marto erTad cxovrebis individebis kontrolidan, aramed didi organizaciebis da saxelmwifoebis kontrolidanac. es safrTxe umaRlesi intensivobisaa da emuqreba milionobiT adamianis sicocxles, da potenciurad mTlianad kacobriobas. maRali modernulobis riski gansxvavdeba wina gamocdilebebidan rogorc subieqtur, aseve obieqtur doneebze. orive doneze arsebobs riskis bevrad ufro Zlieri SegrZneba, vidre warsulSi. obieqtur doneze SeimCneva: 1. riskis riski universalizacia: safrTxes uqmnis globaluri yvelas, katastrofis fenis, axali SesaZlebeli eTnikurobis, Zaluflebis ganurCevlad (mag. atomuri omi, ekologiuri katastrofa) 2. riskis globalizacia: riskis garemos gavrceleba kacobriobis farTo segmentebze, riskis garemoSi adamianebis 13 didi masebia moqceuli (mag. finansur bazrebze moqmedebs politikuri arastabiluroba, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, navTze fasebis gaZvireba, korporaciebis kraxi da a.S.) 3. riskis institucionalizacia: iseTi organizaciebis gaCena, romlebsac riski aqvT moqmedebis principad qceuli (mag. sainvesticio bazrebi, an nedleulis gacvla, sporti, dazRveva) 4. riskis refleqsuroba: riskis, rogorc adamianTa moqmedebebis moulodneli gverdiTi efeqtis, an bumerangis efeqtis warmoSoba an intensifikacia (mag. industrializaciis Sedegi – ekologiuri safrTxe, danaSauli da samarTaldarRveva, rogorc araswori socializaciis Sedegi, axali, e.w. “civilizaciis” avadmyofobebi, romlebsac modernulobisaTvis tipiuri Sromis modelebi da cxovrebis stili iwvevs). subieturad, arseboben damatebiTi faqtorebi, romlebic riskis gamocdilebas ufro mwvaved aqcevs: 1. safrTxeebis da muqaris ufro mwvave SegrZneba, romelic gamowveulia magiuri da religiuri dacvebis da racionalizaciis gaqrobis gamo 2. ganaTlebis donis amaRlebiT gamowveuli safrTxis da muqaris ufro sazogadoebrivi (saerTo) SegrZneba 3. eqspertizis sazRvrebis da “abstraqtul sistemebSi” ganmeorebiTi Secdomebis Sesaxeb informirebulobis da gacnobierebulobis gazrda. es yvelaferi ukavSirdeba meoTxe mTavar niSans – “gaumWvirvalobas”, maRali modernulobis pirobebSi socialuri cxovrebis gaugebar, saeWvo bunebas. aseTi saeWvoobis ramdenime wyaro arsebobs: 1. agebis, konstruqciis Secdomebi, romlebic axasiaTebs did, kompleqsur abstraqtul sistemebs. 2. operatoris Secdomebi, romelic gardauvalia, radganac adamiani CarTulia abstraqtuli sistemebis moqmedebasa da kontrolSi 3. moulodneli da amoucnobi, ganusazRvreli (latenturi) efeqtebis gardauvaloba. ara aqvs mniSvneloba ramdenad kargad aris sistema awyobili da ramdenad ganswavlulni arian operatorebi: am sistemis funqcionirebis 14 Sedegebi sxva sistemebTan da saerTod adamianur moqmedebebTan mimarTebaSi SeuZlebelia srulad nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyos. socialuri codnis refleqsurobam, romelic, swored im momentSi, rodesac is axsnis sazogadoebas da aqcevs met-naklebad gaTvlad fenomenad, SeiZleba imoqmedos socialuri procesebis mimdinareobaze gauTvleli da ganusazRvreli formiT. “axali codna” (cnebebi, Teoriebi, mignebebi) ar aqcevs socialur samyaros ufro gamWvirvaled, aramed moqmedebs mis bunebaze, xlarTavs mas axali mimarTulebebiT. 4. Zalauflebis, Rirebulebebis da interesebis eqstremaluri diferenciacia sazogadoebis wevrebs da maT dajgufebebs Soris. amis Sedegia ukontrolo relativizmi, romelic aqrobs socialuri viTarebebis gansazRvrebis da Sefasebis elementarul, konsensusze damyarebul martiv saSualebebs. maRali modernulobis mexuTe Tviseba aris TanamedroveobaSi mimdinare globalizacia. anu, socialuri urTierTobebis, ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli qselebis gadaWimva mTel msoflioze. amis Sedegia, sxvasTan erTad, saxelmwifo-erebis rolis Semcireba, romlebic Zlian mcireni xdebian cxovrebis didi problemebis gadasaWrelad, da Zalian didni patara problemebis gadasaWrelad. ufro pirveladi socialuri kavSirebisadmi da jgufebisadmi erTguleba, romlebic manamde Sekavebuli iyo saxelmwifo-eris mier, TandaTan kvlav Cndeba. erTsa da imave dros Cven vxedavT socialuri urTierTobebis gadaWimvas, da amave dros, rogorc am procesis nawils, imasac, rom adgilobrivi avtonomia da regionaluri kulturuli identuroba Zlierdeba. gidensi amTavrebs maRal modernizmze saubars imiT, rom aRwers im tipiur reaqciebs, romlebic axasiaTebs adamianebs rodesac gamWol gaurkvevlobaSi da riskSi aTavseben sakuTar Tavs: 1. pragmatuli miReba, anu biznes-midgoma, romelic gamoixateba yoveldRiur amocanebze fokusirebiT da cnobierebis mousvenrobis CaxSoba. 15 2. mdgradi optimizmi, rwmena, rom rogorme yvelaferi kargad iqneba da safrTxeebi gaqreba gangebis, mecnierebis da teqnologiis, an adamianuri racionalizmis daxmarebiT. 3. cinikuri optimizmi, mcire (droiTi) perspeqtiviT, da cxovrebiT siamovnebis (aq da axla) hedonisturi ganwyoba, manam sanam safrTxe dadgeba. 4. safrTxis CaxSobili wyaroebisadmi radikaluri opozicia, romelic ZiriTadaT socialuri moZraobebis CarCoebSi gamoixateba. is mimdinareobs imis uTqmelad da daudgenlad, rom mxolod es bolo adaptacia aris konstruqciuli da amitom moaqvs modernulobis ramdenime saxifaTo aspeqtis gadalaxvis Sansi. ulrix beki riskis sazogadoebis mnSvnelovani aRwera, aseve, ekuTvnis urlix beksxv. beki, iseve rogorc gidensi, ambobs, rom amJamindeli mdgomareoba unda aRiweros rogorc axali modernuloba. Tuki klasikur modernuloba asocirdeboda industriul sazogadoebasTan, sazogadoebasTan. amitom, Cven axali modernuloba asocirdeba mxolod industriul sazogadoebaSi riskis aRar vcxovrobT, aramed, iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac industriuloba gamsWvalulia riskiT. beki uwodebs am axal warmonaqmns “refleqsiur modernulobas”: individualizaciis procesma, romelic dasavleTSi daiwyo, ganapiroba is, rom agentebi ufro da ufro Tavisufldebian struqturuli SezRudvebisagan, da amis Sedegad, maT SeuZliaT refleqsurad aagon ara marto sakuTari Tavi, aramed is sazogadoebebic, romelbSic isini cxovroben. magaliTad, klasobrivi viTarebebis mxriv gansazRvris magivrad, adamianebi ufro da ufro operireben sakuTar Tavze dayrdnobiT. imdenad, ramdenadac adamianebi Tavis Tavis anabara darCnen, isini xdebian, iZulebulni arian gaxdnen sul ufro da ufro refleqsurebi. beks mohyavs refleqsurobis mniSvnelobis Semdegi magaliTi: 16 “axali Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebi da socialuri qselebi axla unda airCio individualurad: socialuri kavSirebic, aseve, refleqsuri xdeba, ase rom isini SeiZleba damyardes, SenarCundes da mudmivad ganaxldes individebis mier”. bekis mixedviT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedroveobas (refleqsur modernulobas) da klasikur modernulobas Soris didi gansxvavebaa, refleqsuri modernuloba inarCunebs msgavsebebs da saerTo niSnebs klasikur modernulobasTan, rogorc misi gagrZeleba: klasikuri modernulobis centraluri Tema iyo simdidre da misi maqsimalurad Tanabari ganawileba. axlandel modernulobaSi (“win wasul modernulobaSi”) ki, centraluri Tema aris riski da misi SeCerebis, winaswarmetyvelebis problemebi. Tanasworoba, rodesac daculoba. maSin klasikur Tanasworobis klasikur Tanamedrove modernulobaSi pozitiuri neitralizaciis, mizniT, modernulobaSi modernulobaSi adamianebi magram monitoringis, aRwevdnen Tanamedrove ideali ideali iyo aris solidarobas modernulobaSi es solidaroba miiRweva negatiuri mizniT: iyo daculi safrTxeebisagan. TavisTavad riskebi warmoSobilia imave wyaroebidan, saidanac modernuli sazogadoebis simdidre warmoiSva. anu, dRevandeli sasikvdilo safrTxeebis warmoSobis safuZveli industriaa. beki ambobs, rom es Tanamedrove safrTxeebi ar izRudeba arc droiT da arc sivrciT (atomuri afeTqeba, marTalia lokaluria, magram daazianebs bevr sxva xalxs da adgils, amave dros, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios genetikuri darRvevebi, rac gadaecema momaval Taobebs)xvi. amave dros, riskis sazogadoeba ar arbilebs klasobriv sazRvrebs, aramed, piriqiT, amyarebs maT. beki werda: “riskis ganawilebis istoria aCvenebs, rom simdidris msgavsad, riskic SeWidulia klasobriobasTan, oRond ukuRma: simdidre moTavsebulia ierarqiis wverze, riskebi – fskerze. amitom, riski, rogorc etyoba, aZlierebs, da ar auqmebs, klasobriv sazogadoebas. siRaribe izidavs riskebis mravalferovnebas 17 da did raodenobas. amis sapirispirod, simdidres (Semosavali, Zalaufleba, an ganaTleba) SeuZlia iyidos daculoba da Tavisufleba riskisagan”. rac SeiZleba iTqvas klasebze, igive SeiZleba iTqvas saxelmwifoebze. magram, sabolood aravin ar aris riskisagan daculi. amas beki uwodebs bumerangis efeqts: anu, usafrTxoebis yidva da warmoeba TviTon warmoSobs axal safrTxeebs, romelic mwarmoeblebs ubrundebaT. imdenad, ramdenadac win wasuli modernizacia awarmoebs riskebs, is aseve awarmoebs refleqsurobasac, radganac, adamianebi, romlebic mindobilni arian sakuTar Tavs da xdebian riskebis msxverplni, iwyeben riskebis analizs, fiqrs maTze. imitom, rom isini aRar endobian mecnierebas da mecnierebs. klasikur modernulobaSi buneba da sazogadoeba gayofilia, win wasul modernulobaSi amitomacaa, sazogadoeba rom da cvlilebebi buneba Rrmadaa sazogadoebaSi urTierTdakavSirebuli: moqmedebs bunebaze, xolo cvlilebebi bunebaSi – sazogadoebaze. bekis naTqvami, rom “sazogadoeba aris buneba da buneba aris sazogadoeba” imavdroulad gulisxmobs, rom buneba politizirda, imitom, rom moxda bunebismetyvelebis, iseve rogorc socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebis, politizacia. politikis tradiciuli samefo, mTavroba, kargavs Tavis Zalauflebas, mas mere, rac ZiriTadi riskebi momdinareobs “subpolitikisagan”, anu, didi kompaniebisagan, didi laboratoriebisagan, da a.S. es sub-politikur sistemaSi xdeba, sadac “axali sazogadoebis struqturebi inergeba progresis da codnis gamdidrebis mizniT, saparlamento sistemis gareT, ara sawinaaRmdegod, magram, misi ignorirebiT”. amas beki uwodebs “politikis aSvebas”. rodesac politika aRar aris centraluri mmarTvelobis xelSi, aramed, gadadis sub-jgufebisken da aseve individebisken. es ukanasknelni SeiZleba aRmoCndnen ufro refleqsurebi, vidre mTavroba, da amitom, ukeT gaanalizon is riskebi, romelic maT winaSe dadgeba. ase qmnis win wasuli modernuloba uprecendento riskebs, magram, aseve, uprecendento refleqsiis SesaZleblobebs am riskebis dasaZlevad da gasaneitraleblad. 18 iurgen habermasi Tanamedrove sociluri struqturis aRwerebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs iurgen habarmasisxvii socialur Teorias. habermasis Teoriis wyaroebs Soris asaxeleben marqsizms, fsiqoanalizss, fenomenologias. marqsizmTan kavSiri upirveles yovlisa imiT gamoixateba, rom iseve, rogorc frankfurtis skolis sxva warmomadgenli _ markuze, habermasisTvisac yvela sazogadoeba, tradiciuliT dawyebuli, postkapitalisturis CaTvliT, aris “klasobrivi sazogadoeba”. organizaciuli gansxvavdeba yvela principebi, imisagan, rac am magram marqsma sazogadoebas axasiaTebs postkapitalisturi aRwera. ganviTarebis sakuTari sazogadoeba Sedegad miviReT sazogadoeba romelSic: 1. saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis gayofa, romelic iyo liberaluri kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, Canacvlda maTi SerwymiT; 2. cxovrebis standarti ise amaRlda, rom emansipacia aRar aris mxolod da pirvel rigSi ekonomikuri sakiTxi; 3. proletariatis, rogorc klasobrivi revoluciis specialuri agentis roli gauqmda da dRes SeuZlebelia am jgufebSi klasobrivi cnobiereba ipovo. amaze politikuri dayrdnobiT, sistema habermasi iTvisebs ambobs mTavar (marqsis sawinaaRmdegod), maregulirebel funqcias rom socio- kulturul da ekonomikur sistemebTan mimarTebaSi. habermasi warmoadgens am sami sistemis urTierTobas Semdegnairad (smelzeris mixedviT16): ekonomikuri sistema marTuli moqmedebebi politikuradministraciu li sistema socialuri keTildReobis moqmedebebi sociokulturuli sistema fiskaluri masebis damorCileba (skimloialuroba off) saxelmwifo arsebobs im danamatze, romelic iwarmoeba ekonomikuri sistemis mier, magram Rrmadaa CarTuli 19 ekonomikis organizaciaSi da manipulaciaSi regulaciis da intervenciis saSualebiT. amas uwodebs habermasi “marTul moqmedebebs”. garda amisa, saxelmwifo pirdapir Sedis ekonomikaSi, magaliTad, ganaTlebis da wvrTnis programebis uzrunvelyofiT, materialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis da dagegmvis pirdapiri marTviT (transporti, mSenebloba), kosmosis gamokvlevis organizebiT da SeiaraRebaSi SejibriT. rac Seexeba sociokulturul sistemas (populacias), saxelmwifo moipovebs mis loialurobas krizisebis (zogjer pasiurs) sawinaaRmdego samomxmareblo RonisZiebebis procesebis gatarebiT xelSewyobiT, (keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofi moqmedebebi) da masmediis [saboloo jamSi] kontroliT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo-ekonomikis habermasis administraciul naSromebSi sistemasTan: misi am mimarTeba aparatis mier kontrolis da koordinaciis ZiriTadi funqcia mindobilia instrumentalurteqnikur xelovnebas, romelic awarmoebs codnis adaptacias politikas sxva saxelmwifo da ekonomikur saWiroebebTan. am mxriv, habermasis mixedviT, mecniereba aris postkapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kontrolis da dominaciis erT-erTi mTavari instrumenti. konkretulad, sociologia, imdenad, ramdenadac misi obieqtia sazogadoeba, xdeba marTvis momsaxure gamoyenebiTi mecniereba. kvlevis resursebis teqnikuri Targmani gamoiyeneba ara analitikur sqemaSi, aramed, anacvlebs im socialur realobas, romlis sqematizirebac ukve moxda. am sazogadoebebSi romelic saxis da fiqsirdeba ganviTareba apirobebs ZiriTadia racionalurobis SemecnebiT-instrumentalur Tanamedrove dasavlur gaukuRmarTebul aspeqtebze da gagebas, am mxriv partikularistulia (viwro) da amitom xels uSlis racionaluri diskursis alternatiuli formebis ganviTarebas. am yvelafris manifestacia xdeba “kulturuli” anu, mecnierul-teqnikuri formiT. miuxedavad aseTi aRwerisa, romelic stabilurad da Seucvlelad gamoiyureba, habermasi CamoTvlis im krizisebs, romelic emuqreba mis mier aRweril postkapitalistur sazogadoebas: 1. ekonomikuri krizisi, rogoricaa inflacia, finansuri Cavardnebi, da warmoebis Secdomebi. 2. racionalurobis 20 krizisi, rogoricaa dagegmvis Secdomebi da administraciuli dambla, romelic xdeba raodenobrivad gazrdili jgufebis da gazrdili moTxovnebis Sexvedrisas. 3. legitimurobis krizisi, anu, saxelmwifo-administraciuli Secdomebi sakuTari dapirebebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da Secdomebi, romelsac is uSvebs daqvemdebarebuli klasebis loialurobiT manipulaciisas. 4. motivaciis individualizmi krizisi, da anu, iseTi miRweva, Rirebulebebis romelic erozia, aucilebelia rogoricaa ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebis muSaobisaTvis. magram, meore mxriv, ukve sxva doneze, habermasi gamoTqvams imeds, rom SesaZlebelia sxva saxis racionaloba, romelsac is uwodebs “komunikaciuri racionalurobas”. habermasi am cnebas gansazRvravs rogorc “araZaldatanebiTi, gamaerTianebeli, metyvelebis konsensusis centraluri momtani gamocdileba, Zalis mqone romelSic argumentirebuli sxvadasxva monawileebi Zleven sakuTar mTlianad subieqtur Tvalsazrisebs da raki Tvlian, rom racionalurad motivirebuli darwmuneba ormxrivobis gareSe ar arsebobs, daumtkiceben erTmaneTs rogorc obieqturi samyaros erTianobas, aseve, maTi cxovreb(eb)is intersubieqturobas”xviii. “racionaluroba” aq aRniSnavs konsensusis miRwevis process, romelic xorcieldeba Tavisufali, daumaxinjebeli individebis saSualebiT, romlebSic dasabuTebis moTxovna SemecnebiT-racionaluri ki ar aris, aramed, gamoixateba mizezebis instanciad moyvanaSi, normatiul gamocdilebis dasabuTebaSi gadaqcevaSi. da dasabuTebis saboloo socialuri struqtura, romelic aRmocendeba komunikaciuri moqmedebidan, Tavisufali sazogadoebis msgavsia – romelic Tavisufalia SemecnebiT-racionaluri mentalobis simaxinjeebisagan – emansipirebuli sazogadoeba damyarebulia konsensusze da gonebaze, sazogadoeba, romelsac SeTanxmebuli jgufuri moqmedebis unari aqvs, da SeuZlia daamarcxos gamowvevebis iracionaluroba administraciul/racionaluri sistemis batonoba. 21 represiuli receptebi da diagnozebi (XX saukunis inteleqtualuri mimarTulebebi) XIX-XX saukuneSi radikaluri socialuri Zvrebi inteleqtualebis mier aRqmuli iqna, rogorc seriozuli gamowveva. teqstebis is mravalferovneba, romelebic am dros da am gamowvevis gamo Seiqmna, SeiZleba or nawilad gavyoT, davarqvaT erTs receptebis, xolo meores diagnozis mimarTuleba. diagnozis inteleqtualebi aRweren mimarTulebis [socialur] qveS pirobiTad samyaros da gaerTianebuli cdiloben arsebuli aRweriT gamoiTvalon momavali. receptis mimarTulebis mimdevrebi aRweren samyaros, afaseben mas radikalurad uaryofiTad (xSir SemTxvevebSi es ganwyoba saerToa maTsa da diagnozistebs Soris) da cdiloben daadginon is gza, romlic arsebuli winaaRmdegobrivi viTarebidan gamoiyvans socialur samyaros. am ori mimarTulebis radikalur warmomadgenlebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT parsonsi (diagnozi) da habermasi (recepti). Tumca, es ganwyoba ar gaCenila maincdamainc XX saukuneSi da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nicSes memkvidreobaa. dRes bevrs saubroben nicSes gavlenaze XX saukuneze, da konkretulad, nicSes gavlenaze veberze: am mimarTulebas safuZveli daedo 80-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa reJimis rRvevis dawyebis Semdeg, rodesac, globaluri pirobebis cvlilebis gamo marqsma daiwyo socialurinteleqtualuri aqtualobis kargva, da mniSvnelovani opozicia – marqsiveberi - romelic XX saukunis pirveli naxevari ikavebda socialur TeoriaSi da socialur filosofiaSi momuSave inteleqtualebis Tavebs, Senelda xix. veberis da nicSes urTierTobis kvlevas safuZveli daudo hennisisxx wignma veberis Sesaxeb. idea, romelic nicSe-veberis urTierTobas udevs safuZvlad, aris nicSes da veberis mier arsebuli sazogadoebis Sefasebis igiveoba (veberis mier kapitalisturi sazogadoebis, rogorc rkinis galiis dafiqsireba da 22 a.S.). am konkretuli saxelmZRvanelosaTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania receptualistis (nicSes) gavlena diagnozistze (veberze). Tavad XX saukunis inteleqtualur istoriaSi nicSe SesaZlebelia Sefasdes, rogorc azrovnebis am ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebis damwyebi, Tumca, argumentebi imis sawinaaRmdegod, rom am mxriv marqsis roli naklebia, Zneladaa mosapovebeli. Tavi I. Teoriebi socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb sociologiis gaCena XIX saukuneSi gamowveuli iyo im cvlilebebiT, romelic xdeboda sazogadoebaSi. cvlilebebi im droindel socialur cnobierebasTan da istoriul gamocdilebasTan SedarebiT iyo swrafi, rac bunebrivia, inteleqtualebSi aCenda moTxovnas mecnierulad aexsnaT es cvlilebebi, da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, SesaZlebisdagvarad gamoeTvalaT momavali. amitom, ar aris gasakviri, rom sociologia gaCnda rogorc drois moTxovnaze pasuxi da rogorc Cans, rogorc mecniereba socialuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri da neoevolucionizmi ogust konti (1798-1857) sociologiis damfuZnebeli konti ambobda, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba (anu, industriul-urbanistul-kapitalisturi) gamomdinareobs aucileblobiT misi ar winmswrebi aris SemTxveviTi, procesebisagan. is amitom, SeuZlebelia Tanamedroveobis gageba da adekvaturi axsna, Tu ar gavigebT winare istoriis meqanizms. amisaTvis kontma Camoayaliba “sami etapis (safexuris, stadiis) kanoni”: istoriuli cvlilebebis mamoZravebeli Zala mdebareobs gonebaSi, anu, sulSi. anu, imaSi, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi samyaros, rogor moqmedeben am aRqmis da gagebis Sesabamisad. es yvelaferi aris is codna, romelic aqvs sazogadoebas da romelic ganuxrelad izrdeba. sazogadoebis es centraluri momenti gavlenas axdens socialuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebze (rogoricaa 23 ekonomika, politika, samxedro saqme). kacobrioba gadis sam safexurs: Teologiurs, metafizikurs da pozitiurs. Teologiuri mcire codnis etapia, rodesac adamianebi jer nivTebs da cxovelebs “abraleben” xdomilebebis marTvas, Semdeg mraval RmerTs, Semdeg erT yovlisSemZle RmerTs. es periodi xasiaTdeba samxedro cxovrebis dominanturobiT da farTod gavrcelebuli monobis institutiT. meore, metafizikuri etapi, safexuri dgeba rodesac adamianebi anacvleben RmerTebs realobis fundamenturi abstraqtuli principebiT, romelsac mizezebiT da SinaarsebiT, goneba wvdeba. am dros politikaSi gabatondeba umaRlesi Zalauflebis, kanonze damyarebuli wesrigis da kanonieri mmarTvelobis ideebi. mesame, pozitiuri periodi miiRweva, rodesac adamianebi adgenen kanonebs empiriuli sicxadidan, dakvirvebidan, Sedarebebidan da eqsperimentidan gamomdinare. es aris mecnierebis da industriis dro. raki pozitiuri safexuri miRweulia, ganviTareba xdeba dauboloebeli, imdenad, ramdenadac mecniereba mudam win midis, ufro maRal da maRal xarisxs aRwevs, magram verasdros ver aRwevs saboloo WeSmaritebas. ganviTareba xdeba raodenobrivi. ase rom, kontis istoria aris cvlilebebis mimdevroba gonebaSi da sazogadoebaSi, romlebic ganviTarebis Sesabamisad, Seesabameba da ireklavs erTmaneTs. evolucia upirveles yovlisa codnis miRwevis meTodebis da codnis moculobis evoluciaa. herbert spenseri (1820-1903) spenseri fiqrobda, rom evolucia saerTo principia, rogorc bunebrivi, aseve socialuri procesebisTvis. evolucia, spenseris mixedviT, mimdinareobs struqturuli da funqcionaluri diferenciaciis gziT: 1. martividan rTulisaken 2. amorfulobidan nawilebis gamoxatvisken (artikulaciisaken) 3. erTformianobidan, homogenurobidan specializaciisaken, heterogenulobisaken 4. cvalebadobidan stabilurobisakenxxi. kacobriobis istoriaSi xorcieldeba. socialuri evoluciis evoluciis 24 zogadi meqanizmi kanoni specifikurad eyrdnoba sam princips. 1. homogenuri, erTgvarovani populaciebis Sinagani arastabiluroba. adamianebi araTanabarni arian maTi gamocdilebiT, memkvidreobiT, garemo pirobebiT da a.S. amitom, SeuZlebelia ar daiwyos erTgvarovani sazogadoebis diferenciacia masSi rolebis, Zalauflebis, funqciebis da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gamoyofiT. 2. arsebobs araTanabrobis gaZlierebis, rolebis specializaciis gaRrmavebis, Zalauflebis da simdidris gayofis zrdis tendencia. 3. imdenad, ramdenadac msgavsi poziciebis (rolebis, prestiJis, simdidris, funqciebis mixedviT) xalxi mimarTulia gaerTianebisaken, sazogadoeba iwyebs nawilebad, klasebad da jgufebad dayofas. imdenad, ramdenadac sazRvrebi, romlebic am jgufebs hyofs, fiqsirdeba, populaciis segregacia izrdeba da homogenur mdgomareobasTan dabruneba SeuZlebeli xdeba. es meqanizmi apirobebs kacobriobis istoriis safexurebis gansxvavebas, dawyebuli martivi sazogadoebebidan (ormxrivad izolirebuli, yvela wevris erTgvarovani saqmianoba, sazogadoebebis politikuri (individuumebs Soris organizirebis Sromis gareSe) ganawilebis rTuli Canasaxebi, sazogadoebis segmentebs Soris funqciebis ganawilebis dasawyisi, ierarqiuli politikuri organizacia) teritoriis floba, rTuli da ormagad rTuli kanonebis sistema) gavliT, socialuri mTlianobebi, sazogadoebebis (sakuTari civilizaciamde saxelmwifo-erebi, (yvelaze saxelmwifoebis federaciebi an didi imperiebi). imisaTvis, rom mieTiTebina, Tu saiT midis es evoluciuri procesi, spenserma Semoitana sazogadoebebis tipebis pirveli dixotomiuri, polaruli dapirispireba. industiriuli mixedviTxxii), qvemoT motanil sazogadoebebis anu, Tu rogor cxrilSi idealuri gadmocemda mocemulia tipebis spenseri samxedro sqema 25 (smelzeris sazogadoebis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis dasawyisis da dasasrulis principebs: da da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi ZiriTadi moqmedeba samxedro sazogadoeba teritoriis dacva da dapyroba integraciis principi iZuleba, xisti sanqciebi saxelmwifos da individuumebis urTierToba saxelmwifos da sxva organizaciebis urTierToba politikuri struqtura saxelmwifos batonoba, Tavisuflebis SezRudva stratifikacia ekonomikuri moqmedeba donimanturi Rirebulebebi industriuli sazogadoeba mSvidobiani warmoeba da momsaxurebis/produqciis gacvla Tavisufali, nebelobiTi kooperacia, kontraqtebi saxelmwifo emsaxureba indivuduumebis saWiroebebs, Tavisuflebebs kerZo organizaciebis avtonomia monopolia da saxelmwifos dominiacia centralizacia, autokratia mimagreba, dabali mobiluroba, Caketili sazogadoeba autarkia, proteqcionizmi, TviTkmaroba simamace, disciplina, loialuroba, morCileba, patriotizmi decentralizacia, demokratia miRwevadoba, maRali mobiluroba, Ria sazogadoeba ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, Tavisufali vaWroba iniciativa, gamomgonebloba, damoukidebloba, samarTlianoba/simarTleze orinetirebuloba. luis morgani (1818-1881) amerikelma anTropologma luis morganma Semoitana evoluciis ideis sakuTari varianti. is iyo pirveli imaT Soris, vinc evoluciis amosavali daukavSira teqnologiis evoluciis erTgvarovneba materialur moTxovnebis ganviTarebis da ideasxxiii. gangrZobiToba universalurobasa morgans sjeroda, dakavSirebulia da rom adamianTa mudmivobasTan. aseTi moTxovnebi, romelic saerToa yvela adamianisaTvis (saWmeli, TavSesafari, komforti, stimuls. usafrTxoeba ase, da a.S.) teqnologiuri warmoSobs Zvrebi maTi dakmayofilebis ganpirobebulia im Zebnis materialuri moTxovnebiT, romlebic axasiaTebT adamianebs. axali teqnologiebis gamoCena ki 26 cvlis sazogadoebis bunebas, gavlenas axdens ojaxur cxovrebaze da naTesaobis organizaciaze, ekonomikis da politikis formebze, kulturul Rirebulebebze da yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. kacobriobis istoria sam fazas gadis: veluroba, barbarosoba da civilizacia. gadasvlebi xdeba mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri aRmoCenebis gamo. ase, “martivi velurobis” periodSi Cven vxvdebiT nayofis Segrovebas, xolo “Sua velurobaSi” – cecxlis aRmoCenas da Tevzaobis meTodebs. “maRali veluroba” aris mSvildisris gamogoneba da nadiroba. “dabal babrbarosobaSi” Tixis WurWlis gakeTebis teqnologiaa umniSvnelovanesi, “Sua barbarosobaSi” vxvdebiT moSinaurebas barbarosobaSi” Cndeba da axal rkinis da miwaTmoqmedebis rkinis kulturebs. iaraRebis warmoeba, “maRal romelsac revoluciuri mniSvneloba aqvs. sabolood, civilizaciis dabadeba aRiniSneba fonetikuri anbanis gamogonebiT da weris xelovnebiT. aseTma, anu, monomizezobrivma, teqnologiurma axsnam gavlena moipova. is aisaxa momdevno mniSvnelovan mimdinareobebSi (mag. marqsizmi, neo- evolucionizmi). emil durkhaimi (1855-1936) durkhaimi iyo antireduqcionisti. is uaryofda imis SesaZleblobas, rom socialuri fenomenis mizezebi realobisa (socialur SeiZleba faqtebSi). es sadme iyos, Tvalsazrisi garda aisaxa socialuri mis TeoriaSi socialuri evoluciis Sesaxeb. evoluciis ZiriTad mimarTulebad durkhaimma gansazRvra Sromis ganawilebis, amocanebis, movaleobebis da rolebis diferenciaciis zrda. es tendencia ukavSirdeba demografiul faqtorebsxxiv: populaciis zrda moqmedebs demografiul simWidroveze da moaqvs “moraluri simWidrovis” zrda, rac niSnavs urTierTobebis intensifikacias, socialuri urTierTobebis sirTules, anu, moqmedebs socialuri kavSirebis xarisxze. spenseris msgavsad, durkhaimmac Semoitana sazogadoebebis tipologia romelic eyrdnoba socialuri kavSirebis sxvadasxva xarisxs: “meqanikuri solidaroba” 27 gamomdinareobs funqciebis da amocanebis erTgvarovnebidan da aradiferncirebulobidan, “organuli solidaroba” Zlier diferencirebuli rolebis da adgilebis rTul da ormxriv TanamSromlobazea damyarebuli. durkhaimis mixedviT istoria moZraobs meqanikuri solidarobidan organul solidarobamde. qvemoT mocemuli sqema ganmartavs am dixotomias (Stompkas mixedviT5): Tviseba moqmedebebis ZiriTadi kavSiri meqanikuri solidaroba xasiaTi, erTgvarovani, erTi socialuri formis morali da religiuli konsensusi organuli solidaroba Zlierad diferencirebuli kavSirebi da ormxrivi damokidebuleba individuumis pozicia koleqtivizmi, fokusi individualizmi, fokusi jgufze, sazogadoebaze avtonomiur individebze ekonomikuri struqtura izolirebuli, Sromis ganawileba, autarkiuli, TviTkmari jgufebis ormxrivi jgufebi damokidebuleba erTmaneTze, gacvla socialuri kontroli represiuli kanonebi, restituciuli* kanonebi, darRvevebis dasja damcavi kontraqtebi (kriminaluri samarTali) (samoqalaqo samarTali) * iseTi kanonebi, romelic mimarTulia pirveladi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenaze (mag. zaralis anazRaurebaze). ferdinand tionisi (1855-1936) msgavsi topologiis povna SeiZleba tionisTan. tionisma Semoitana “erTobis” da “sazogadoebis” dayofaxxv. personaluri, intimuri, pirveladi, TviTmiznuri, romelic “erTobis” tipis daxasiaTebaa, modernul “sazogadoebaSi” icvleba impersonaluri, mediaciuri, meoreuli da mTlianad instrumentaluri kontaqtebiT. ufro konkretulad, ix. cxrili (Stompkas mixedviT): 28 Tviseba socialuri urTierTobebi tipiuri institutebi individuumis xati, saxe simdidris firma kanonis tipi centraluri institutebi socialuri kontroli erToba naTesaoba sazogadoeba ekonomikuri gacvla ojaxi TviToba miwa ojaxuri samarTali sofeli saxelmwifo da ekonomika pirovneba, moqalaqe fuli kontraqtebis samarTali qalaqi xalxuri wesi, religia kanoni da sazogadoebrivi azri tionisis midgomis gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs erTobis nostalgiaSi. is aris evolucionistebis akavSirebs evoluciis im da iSviaTi frTis progresis warmomadgeneli, cnebebs romelic erTmaneTTan. misi ar azriT, evolucia midis adamianuri saWiroebebis sawinaaRmdegod, adamianuri pirobebis gauaresebisaken, da ara gaumjobesebisaken. lester uardi (1841-1913) uardi Tavis “dinamiur sociologiaSi”xxvi amtkicebda, rom evoluciis meqanizmi ar aris mudmivi da droTa ganmavlobaSi is icvleba. yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani zRvari, romelic SeiZleba davinaxoT evoluciis procesSi, spontanur, bunebriv orientirebul evolucias evolucias (genezisi) (telezisi) da adamianur, Sorisaa. es mizezze ukanaskneli gansakuTrebulia da warimarTeba adamianebis cnobierebiT da dasaxuli miznebis mixedviT. anu, ufro konkretulad, evolucia iwyeba rogorc “kosmogenezisi”, da moicavs samyaros warmoSobas. raRac momentSi, sicocxlis warmoSobis gamo, Cndeba axali evoluciuri meqanizmi (“biogenezisi”) da iwyebs moqmedebas kosmogenezisTan erTad. Semdgom, adamianis gaCenasTan erTad, axali evoluciuri meqanizmi Cndeba (“anTropogenezisi”) da erTveba evoluciaSi 29 kosmogenezisTan da biogenezisTan erTad. sabolood, rodesac adamiani moeqceva axal organizaciul formaSi, sazogadoebaSi, da warmoiSoba axali meqanizmi „sociogenezisi”. sabolood, oTxi meqanizmi erTad muSaobs, da akontrolebs erTmaneTze dadebul kosmogenezisuri, Sreebs, romlebsac biogenezisuri, sxvadasxva anTropogenezisuri da warmoSoba aqvT: sociogenezisuri. bolo ori fazis dros evolucia ganicdis axal Semobrunebas: dagegmva, aRqma, momavlis konstruireba sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis socialuri cvlilebisaTvis. evolucia gadadis axal, yvelaze maRal doneze da xdeba ufro mravalganzomilebiani da adamianuri (humanuri). evoluciis klasikur Teoriebi mravalmxriv gaakritikes. kritikis samizneebs Soris yvelaze ufro popularuli iyo Semdegi eWvebi: arsebobs Tu ara saerTo istoriuli logika? ganicdis Tu ara adamianebis sazogadoeba, rogorc mTliani, evolucias? marTebulia Tu ara sazogadoebis [mTliani] organizmis analogiiT aRwera? gazviadebuli xom ar aris socialuri cvlilebebis sixSire da socialuri wyobis Secvlaze maTi mimarTuloba? arseboben Tu ara socialuri cvlilebebi, rogorc aseTi? (xom ar arian isini abstraqciiT miRebulebi?); marTebulia Tu ara linearuli evoluciis cneba? realuria Tu ara monomizezobrivi cvlilebebi? yvela am da bevri sxva mizezis gamo, XX saukunis Sua wlebamde evoluciuri modeli aRaravis aRar gaxsenebia. ontologiuri safuZvlebisa, neoevolucionizmis aRmoCenebi paleontologiaSi, anTropologiaSi, garda filosofiuri gaCenas safuZvlad eTnologiaSi da da daedo sxva mecnierebebSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi cxadi gaxda, rom ganviTarebis idea ar iyo sabolood gadasagdebi, radganac sxvadasxva istoriuli mecnierebis monacemebi lamis yoveldRiurad adasturebdnen populaciis zrdis, teqnologiis da 30 warmoebis winsvlis tendenciebs. da rac mTavaria, socialuri sistemebis garTulebas, diferenciacias da urbanizacias. talkot ganviTareba parsonsi qmnis werda: safuZvels “biologiuri rom miviRoT da socialuri sazogadoebis mecnierebis da kulturis fundamenturi gangrZobiToba, rogorc cocxali sistemebis evoluciis ufro farTo da zogadi Teoriis nawili”. magram, neoevolucionizmi ar iyo klasikuri evolucionizmis ubralo gameoreba. gansxvavebebi maT Soris Semdegia: 1. globaluri adamianuri sazogadoebidan fokusma gadainacvla im procesebze, romlebic mimdinareoben civilizaciebSi, ufro kulturebSi, SezRudul gamoyofil socialur erTeulebSi: sazogadoebebSi (tomebSi, saxelmwifo-erebSi, a.S.) 2. ZiriTadi yuradReba sazogadoebebis tipologiuri daxasiaTebebidan gadavida evoluciis mizezebis meqanizmebze. anu, axsna gaxda ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre aucilebeli safexurebis aRwera da CamoTvla. 3. evoluciis gansazRvrebebi gaxda aRweriTi. neoevolucionistebi maqsimalurad cdilobdnen ar SeefasebinaT socialuri procesebi rogorc progresi. 4. teqstebi igeboda ufro “albaT”, “SesaZlebelia” konstruqtebis saSualebiT, vidre deterministuli da darwmunebuli formiT. 5. iyo Sinagani kavSiri evolucionizmis sxva mimarTulebasTan, darvinizmTan, romelic viTardeboda damoukideblad da didi siswrafiT. neoevolucionizmis yvelaze ufro cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian gerhard da jin lenskebi da talkot parsonsi. gerhard da jin lenskebi lenskebis azriT, maTi Teoria (ekologiur-evoluciuri midgoma) biologiaSi evoluciur midgomasTan erTad iziarebs interess cvlilebis procesisadmi – kerZod, ZiriTad, xangZliv, ganviTarebad da adaptirebad cvlilebebisadmi _ da aseve, interess masTan SeWidul - Sejibrebis da 31 konfliqtis procesebisadmi. biologiaSi ekologiur midgomasTan mas aqvs saerTo interesi populaciebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mimarT, SigniT da da populaciebs populaciis da Soris maTi garemos damokidebulebis mimarTxxvii. lenskebis azriT, mimarTulebebis/tendenciebis mniSvnelovani tendencia kacobrobis arseboba teqnologiuri istoriaSi sruliad winsvlaa. cxadia. xangZlivi yvelaze miuxedavad ufro imisa, rom arsebobs “teqnostasisis” da regresiis SemTxveviTi movlenebi, is cvlilebis upiratesi da mTavari mimarTulebaa. sociokulturuli evolucia aris teqnologiuri winsvla da misi Sedegebia. teqnologiuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi idea, Sinaarsi im informaciis moculobis da xarisxis cvlilebaa, romelic garemos kontrolisTvisaa gamosadegi. “me vixrebi darwmunebisaken, rom yvela, an umetesi mimarTulebis safuZveli erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa, romelic xsnis yvela danarCens. es aris adamianebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi informaciis moculobis zrda, konkretulad, ki im informaciis, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia materialuri samyaros manipulireba”. adamianebis warmoSoba cxovelTa samyarodan aris winsvla swavlaSi da informaciis gacvlaSi. informaciis ZiriTadi, sabazo forma wminda genetikuria, umaRlesi forma individualuri swavlebaa. genetikur dones Semdeg misdevs niSnebiT komunikacia (informaciis gaziareba imaTTvis, vinc im wuTas aris gverdiT), da sabolood, simboloebis mniSvnelobebiT komunikacia, informaciis kodireba, Senaxva da gaziareba maTTvis romlebic aucileblad ar arian gverdiT, ara marto sivrceSi, aramed droSic (informaciis gadacema Taobebidan Taobebze). simboluri sistemebi aZleven adamians saSualebas radikalurad axali gzebiT moaxdinos adaptacia da hqondes urTierToba biofizikur funqciuri adamians, garemosaTan. simboluri sistemebi analogebia. Cans, rom momavalSi, miscems mas saSualebas cnobieri genetikuri informacia, romelic eqneba kontroli gauwios evolucias. es daagvirgvinebs “evoluciis evoluciis” process. 32 sistemebis sakuTar socialuri cxovrebis yvela sxva aspeqti mkacrad SeWidulia teqnologiasTan. evoluciis ganmsazRvrelebi ierarqiis mixedviT ase lagdeba: teqnologia, ekonomika, politika, ganawilebis sistema. marTalia, lenskebi uSveben sxva xazis sazogadoebis arsebobasac, mxridan, magram, romelic zogadaT, moqmedebs teqnologiuri teqnologiaze winsvla mTavari ganmsazRvrelia ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis TanavarskvlavedSi – populacia, ena, socialuri struqtura da ideologia – romlebic sazRvravs kacobriobis istoriis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. ase rom, kacobriobis evoluciuri fazebi iyofa teqnologiis kriteriumis mixedviT: 1. nadiroba da Semgrovebloba (7000 Zv.w.-mde) mebaReoba (hortikulturuli faza) (7000-dan 3000-mde Zv.w.), agraruli (3000 Zv.w.-dan 1800 ax. w.) ekologiuri da industriuli pirobebidan (1800 gamomdinare, ax.w.-dan SesaZlebelia dRemde). iyos adgilobrivi alternatiuli xazebi, romlebic uxvevs evoluciis ZiriTad kurss. zogierTma sazogadoebam SeiZleba ganaviTaros ekvivalenturi, magram gansxvavebuli teqnologiebi, efeqturobis igive doneze, rac SeiZleba gaizomos, sazogadoebis mTliani produqtis Rirebulebis gayofiT adamianur energiaze, romelic ixarjeba produqtis warmoebaze. talkot parsonsi (1902-1979) parsonsi ansxvavebs or ZiriTad process, romelic xdeba nebismier socialur sistemaSi: integraciuli da kontrolis procesebi, romlebsac aqvs kompensatoruli efeqti: isini aRadgenen wonasworobas darRvevis Semdeg, da icaven sazogadoebis gangrZobiTobas da reproduqtiulobas. magram, garda amisa, arseboben struqturuli cvlilebebis procesebi, romlebic exeba Rirebulebebis da normebis ZiriTad sistemebs. struqturuli cvlileba aris im Rirebulebebis cvlileba, romelic Soris urTierTobebsxxviii. 33 akontrolebs sistemis erTeulebs stuqturuli yoveli Semdgomi gamoixateba cvlilebebi faza sistemis evoluciur gamoirCeva SigniT models sirTulis mihyvebian. zrdiT, specializirebuli rac procesis Tavis erTeulebis mxriv raodenobis gazrdiT, rasac mosdevs TanamSromlobis, organizaciis da koordinaciis axali formebis aucilebloba. sociokulturuli evolucia, iseve, rogorc organuli evolucia mimdinareobs SedarebiT martividan ufro rTuli formebisaken. anu, mTavari mimarTuleba zogadi adaptiuri SesaZleblobis gaZlierebaa. magram es mxolod zogadi mimarTulebaa, romelic ar moicavs specifikuri evoluciuri traeqtoriis mravalferovnebas. evolucia aris ara monolinearuli, aramed multilinearuli. evoluciis yoveli done moicavs gansxvavebuli formebis da tipebis did mravalferovnebas. arsebobs evoluciis adaptaciuri oTxi gaumjobeseba, (generalizacia). 1. bazisuri meqanizmi: da Rirebulebebis CarTva diferenciaciis meqanizmi, anu, diferenciacia, ganzogadeba struqturulad da funqciurad axali struqturuli erTeulebis Camoyalibeba. diferenciacia struqturis struqturad, funqciurad erTeulis an romlebic sistemis dayofaa gansxvavdeba mniSvnelovania; 2. an met erTmaneTisagan da adaptirebadi or gaumjobeseba erTeulad, an sistemisaTvis yoveli axali erTeulis efeqturobis zrdaa, maTi ufro specializirebuli da efeqturi moqmedeba adreuli, ufro erTgvarovani erTeulebis moqmedebasTan SedarebiT. adaptaciuri gaumjobeseba is procesia, romlis mixedviTac ufro meti resursebia xelmisawvdomi, anu, axali erTeulebis funqcionireba Tavisufalia im SezRudvebisagan, romelic hqonda maT winmswreb erTeulebs; 3. CarTva is meqanizmia, romelic saWiroa axali erTeulebis da sistemebis sazogadoebaSi integraciisaTvis, maTi harmoniuli operirebisaTvis axal konteqstSi; 4. Rirebulebebis ganzogadeba saWiroa maSin, rodesac xdeba axali normatiuli standartebis formulireba, imisaTvis, rom axali erTeulebi CaerTon sazogadoebaSi da maT moqmedebas legitimuri safuZlveli hqondes. es meqanizmi muSobs socialuri stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad. 34 oTxive es meqanizmi moqmedebs erTad, da yoveli cvlileba am oTxi (da sxva) procesis Sedegia. evolucias aqvs Semdegi etapebi-safexurebi: primitiuli, ganviTarebuli primituli da modernuli. primitiuli etapi aris maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba mTliand homogenuli da erTgvarovania. ganviTarebul primitiul safexurze xdeba qvesistemebad dayofa: politikuri funqciebi gamoeyofa religiurs, xolo saeklesio da saero Rirebulebebi diferencirdeba. sazogadoebaSi monawileoba stratificirdeba, da ufro meti yuradReba eqceva miRwevebs, vidre socialur akumulireba warmoiSoba da erT modernulobis qvesistemis gadacema. ZiriTadi, da xdeba sabolood, evoluciur sruli integraciuli roli, warmoSobas. arenaze, ganmasxvavebeli diferenciacia: modelebis romelic damwerlobis “sazogadoebis romelic niSnebia: adaptaciuri, SemanarCunebeli; xasiaTdeba gaCena, masobrivi 2. modernuli evropis 1. informaciis arealia.. sazogadoebaSi mizanze .. “ oTxi orientirebuli, ekonomikis warmoebiT, tipi dominanturi biurokratiuli organizaciiT, bazris yvelgan ganmsWvaluroba da fuli, rogorc gacvlis generalizebuli arena da mediumi; 3. kanonis sistemis, rogorc socialuri koordinaciis da kontrolis ZiriTadi meqanizmis ganviTareba; 4. stratifikacia, romelic damyarebulia miRwevis univeersalur kriteriumze; 5. socialuri urTierTobebis impersonaluri, mediaciuri, rTuli qselebis gavrceleba. parsonsma Tavisi msjeloba evoluciaze daamTavra daskvniT: Cvens droSi unda gamoCeniliyo “wamyvani sazogadoeba”, romlic daasrulebda evoluciur process, da es sazogadoeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. “aSS-m, “pirvelma axalma erma” unda iTamaSos daaxloebiT asrulebda XVII saukuneSi”. 35 igive roli, rasac inglisi diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebis kritika miuxedavad imisa, rom diferenciaciis da modernizaciis Teoriebi Zalian momxibvlelad da ueWvelad gamoiyureba, maT warmoSves kritikis mTeli talRa: diferenciaciis Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi Semdegia: 1. kriteriumebi – am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania Zalauflebis faqtori. anu, kiTxva, Tu visTvisaa efeqturi diferenciacia (anu, visi kriteriumis mixedviT)? Tu am kiTxvas CavuRrmavdebiT mivdivarT ideasTan, rom Zalaufleba arCevs diferenciaciis mimarTulebas da SeuZlia dablokos sxva mimarTulebebi. amdenad, diferenciacia ki ar xdeba, aramed, Zalaufleba awarmoebs mas, Sesabamisad, Sromis ganawilebas, da zogadad, socialuri formebis warmoebas da kvlavwarmoebas. 2. dediferenciaciis mravali SemTxveva – miuxedavad imisa, rom diferenciacia zogadad amarTlebs da xsnis istoriis ZiriTad xazs, istoriaSi arsebobs dediferenciaciis da funqciebis Serwymis mravali SemTxveva (civilizaciebis dacema, qalaqebis da soflebis funqciebis gamartivebaSerwyma, da sxva). garda amisa, modernul samyaroSic aris de- diferenciaciis saintereso SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tanamedrove moqalaqis roli, romelic msWvalavs yvela sxva socialur dayofas. modernizaciis Teoriis winaaRmdegobebi Semdegia: 1. praqtikuli winaaRmdegobebi: XX saukunis Sua wlebis Semdeg gairkva, rom modernizacias xSirad ar moaqvs is Sedegebi, romelsac isaxavda miznad. modernizaciis arasasurvel fundamentalisturi Sedegebad religiebi, miCneuli nacionalizmis iyo omebi, axali sxvadasxva saxe, regionalizmis gaCena da sxva. garda amisa, aSkara iyo, rom qvesistemebis doneze izrdeboda gadaxrebi da danaSaulebebi. mravali Semfaseblis azriT, bevri qveynis politikur sferoSi modernizacias ganviTareba ar moutania. 2. Teoriuli winaaRmdegobebi: am mxriv modernizaciis safuZvlis, evoluciuri modgomis gaziareba aRmoCnda Zneli. 36 Teoretikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom sazogadoebebis modernizacia iwyeba sxvadasxva adgilidan, rac gavlenas axdebs maT kursze. garda amisa, tradiciulobis da modernulobis mkveTri gansxvaveba dadga eWvis qveS. axali qveynebis modernizaciis dawyebam aCvena, Tu ra didi roli aqvs tradicias, rogor SenarCundeba da xandaxan rogor Zlierdeba mizanze igi modernizaciisas. mimarTuli konteqsti SemoTavazebul globaluri, iqna gareT Canacvlebuliyo mimarTuli foniT, romelic kritikosebis azriT, realobas ufro Seesabamiseboda. dabolos, dasavleTze orientirebuli koncefcia ar aRmoCnda damakmayofilebeli, aRiniSneboda, rom bevri modernuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ar viTardeba evropuli saxelmwifo-erebis mimarTulebiT. istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi sanam kacobriobis istoriis cvlilebebis kanonzomierebebze davasrulebdeT saubars, unda aRiniSnos istoriuli ciklebis Teoriebi, romlis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Spengleri, toinbi, pareto, sorokini. osvald Spengleri (1880-1936) Tavis naSromSi “dasavleTis daisi” Spengleri aRniSnavda, rom ar arsebobs istoriis linealuri progresi. Spengleri miuTiTebda “maRali kulturebis” (egvipturi, babilonuri, induri, berZnul-romauli, Cinuri da a.S.) beds, da ambobda, rom isini ibadebian (mcenareebiviT - gansazRvrul miwaze), da kvdebian, rodesac srulad axorcieleben TavianT SesaZleblobebs. istoria aseTi kulturebis “koleqtiuri biografiaa”. arnold toinbi (1889-1975) toinbim dawera 12 tomiani mixedviT, istoriis, rogorc naSromi “istoriis mecnierebis, sagani Seswavla”xxix. aris ara toinbis erTeuli saxelmwifo-eri, ara kacobrioba, rogorc mTlianoba, aramed, is, rac aris maT Soris, anu, is, rasac aqvs ufro meti arsebobis xangZlivoba, vidre calkeul sazogadoebebs, magram ufro mcire, vidre mTlianad kacobriobas. es aris 37 civilizacia. yovel civilizacias aqvs Tavisi specifikuri dominanturi niSani. es niSnebia, magaliTad, esTetika elinistur civilizaciaSi, religia indurSi, mecniereba da meqanikuri teqnologia dasavleTis civilizaciaSi. civilizaciebi warmoiSoba Semdegi pirobebis gamo: SemoqmedebiTi umciresobis arseboba da arc Zalian kargi, civilizaciebis dacema sami da arc momentis Zalian cudi garemo urTierTdamTxvevaa: pirobebi. umciresobis SemoqmedebiTi Zalis dakargva, umravlesobis winaaRmdegoba umciresobisadmi, da rogorc amis Sedegi, sazogadoebis mier socialuri erTianobis dakargva. vilfredo pareto (1848-1923) paretos sazogadoeba warmodgenili hyavda, rogorc sistema, romelic rogorc mTlianad, aseve misi Semadgeneli nawilebic, gadian wonasworobis, destabilizaciis, wonasworobis dakargvis da axali wonasworobis ganmeorebad ciklebs. arsebobs saerTo socialuri cikli, da arseboben segmentuli ciklebi: politikur-militaristuli, ekonomikur-industriuli, ideologiur religiuri, da yoveli maTgani “SigniT” imeorebs aRniSnul ciklsxxx. pitirim sorokini (1889-1968) sorokinma kacbriobis istoria sam etapian ciklebad dahyo. es etapebia ideaciuri, idealisturi da grZnobadi. istoria ganuxrelad mimdinareobs am ciklebis mixedviT. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba aris yvelaze uaresi, da Sesabamisad, grZnobadi. magram, sorokinis es pesimisturi Teoria optimizmis safuZvelsac iZleva. anu, raki axla grZnobadi droa, momavalSi dadgeba ideaciuri xanaxxxi. istoriuli materializmi karl marqsis (1818-1883) istoriul materializms gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriis istoriaSi. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc orTodoqsi (sabWoTa kavSiri), aseve araorTodoqsi (dasavleTi) marqsistebi absoluturad 38 gansxvavebul interpretaciebs iZleodnen. Tavad sociologebisaTvis. marqsis qvemoT nawerebi mokled dRemde ganxilulia sainteresod Stompkas rCeba mier marqsis interpretacia: Stompka marqsis naazrevSi gamohyofs sam dones: moqmedeba-individualuri done (pirovnebis, rogorc ara substanciuri, aramed relaciuri arsebis Teoria), sociostruqturuli done (klasTa Teoria) da msoflio-istoriuli done (socioekonomikuri formaciebis Teoria). aseTi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze marqsi warmogvidgeba rogorc socialuri cvlilebis sami tipis mizezobriobis damdgeni. Sesabamisad, klasTa Teoria, romelic ase popularuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris dros, am konkretuli rekonstruqciiT aris mxolod erTi “fenis” aRwera da arafriT ar asaxavs mTlinad marqss. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove avtori (mag. andorka32) marqsiseul gaucxoebis cnebas akavSirebs anomiis cnebasTan (acxadebs mis winamorbedad). Tavi II. socialuri struqturebis (institutebis) warmoSobis da cvlilebebis Teoriebi maqs veberi socialuri struqtura, romelic warmoiSoba sazrisis mqone interaqciidan. veberis mixedviT, socialuri moqmedeba SeWidulia im subieqtur mniSvnelobasTan, rasac masSi debs aqtori, anu, is, vinc moqmedebs. moqmedeba ganisazRreba, imdenad, ramdenadac moqmedi individuumi aniWebs subieqtur mniSvnelobas sakuTar moqmedebas – iqneba is faruli Tu Ria, Secdoma Tu daTmoba. moqmedeba aris socialuri imdenad, ramdenadac “misi subieqturi mniSvneloba angariSs uwevs sxvebis qcevas da da amitom mimarTulia misi mimarTulebiT” (anu, socialuris mimarTulebiT). am amosavalma ubiZga vebers gaego sociokulturuli fenomeni sxvagvarad, 39 vidre es aris miRebuli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi meTodologiuri [sakuTari ganazrebebi imis sagnis gzebis mimarT], axsnas, da mieZRvna romlebiTac es “inteleqtualuri da fsiqologiuri” fenomeni SeiZleba yofiliyo nawvdomi “gagebis” procesis saSualebiT. e.w. “obieqturi” statistikac ki ar Seileba gagebuli iqnes mxolod rogorc “socialuri moqmedebis mimarTulebis gagebadi (wvdomadi) subieqturi mniSvneloba”xxxii. aqedan subieqturi gamomdinare, veberTan mniSvnelobebidan sakmaod saerTo problematuri mniSvnelobebze, anu, unda iyos institutebze gadasvla. veberTan es problema wydeba idealuri tipebis cnebiT, romelic iZleva saSualebas debumlebebze moxdes da gadasvla mdgomareobebze. subieqturi idealuri mniSvnelobebidan tipi xasiaTdeba, zogad rogorc konstruqcia, an sqema, romelic warmoiSoba mkvlevaris naazrevSi, magram aqvs safuZveli empiriul samyaroSic. idealuri tipis veberiseuli gansazRvreba Semdegia: “is yalibdeba erTi an ramdenime erTmxrivi Tvalsazrisis aqcentuaciis da bevri difuziuri, diskretuli, met-naklebad saxeze arsebuli da SemTxveviTad sinTeziT, ar romlebic konkretuli arsebuli (fenomenebi) Seadgenen indivudualuri im erTmxrivi fenomenebis gamokveTili Tvalsazrisebis mixedviT gaerTianebul, analitikur konstruqcias”. idealuri tipebis konkretuli religiebi da maTi magaliTebi, Sida veberis variaciebi, mixedviT mmarTvelobis arian didi tipebi, msoflio biurokratia, racionaluri burJuaziuli kapitalizmi. veberis mixedviT, idealuri tipi mimarTulebas usaxavs realobis gazomvas, Sedarebas da uflebas aZlevs mkvlevars miaRwios istoriuli fenomenis da misi kavSirebis zogad analizs. veberis am Teoriis kritika eyrdnoba imas, rom ar aris cxadi da erTgvari, Tu sxvadasxvanairad rogor Cndeba upasuxebs struqtura, sami instituti. Tanamedrove Teoria: am problemas simboluri urTierTqmedebis, eTnomeTodologiis da socialuri kontrolis Teoriebi. 40 simboluri urTierTqmedeba simboluri urTierTqmedebis blumermaxxxiii gaakeTa meTodologiuri aqcenti imaze, safuZvlis Tu ra ar Camoyalibebisas aris simboluri urTierTqmedeba: 1. adamianis qceva ar unda gavigoT, rogorc Sedegi, romelsac apirobebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebi – stimuli, ganwyobebi, cnobieri Tu aracnobieri motivebi da a.S. blumerma uaryo rogorc biheviorizmi, aseve fsiqoanalizi, erTi da igive daukavSiros mizeziT: specifikur rodesac mkvlevari qcevas, is amiT cdilobs es faqtorebi ugulvebelyofs sagnebis mniSvnelobas im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic moqmedeben. 2. aseve, adamianis qceva ar unda gavigoT, rogorc iseTi socialuri faqtorebis Sedegi, rogoricaa statusis moTxovnebi, socialuri rolebi, normebi da Rirebulebebi da a.S. blumeris winaaRmdegoba amisadmi igivea: am SemTxvevaSi individuumi gaigeba, rogorc pasiuri WurWeli, romelsac msWvalavs Zalebi, romlebic ar aZlevs individuums saSualebas mianiWos am Zalebs mniSvneloba, gavlena iqonios maTze, da amiT mianiWos individualoba da mniSvneloba sakuTar moqmedebas. 3. sagnebis mniSvneloba – iseTi ubralo sagnebisac ki, rogorebicaa skami da magida – ar SeiZleba vipovoT Tavad sagnis obieqtur daxasiaTebaSi. mniSvnelobis warmoSobaSi gansakuTrebuli adamianuri elementia CarTuli. am midgomiT blumeri uaryofda rogorc pozitivistur, aseve realistur filosofiur tradicias, romlis mixedviTac struqturis da wesrigis fesvebi bunebaSia. 4. igive niSniT, sagnebis mniSvnelobebi ar dadgindeba maTdami gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri mimarTebebiT – iseTi mimarTebebi, rogoricaa mexsiereba, motivebi, ganwyobebi. struqturirebis aseTi wesic mcdaria blumerisaTvis, rac sabolood zRvars avlebs blumers, filosofiur subieqtivizms da fsiqoanalitikur perspeqtivas Soris. 41 mniSvnelobis cneba ZiriTadia simboluri interaqciis TeoriisaTvis: misi wyaroa adamianebs Soris interqciis, urTierTmoqmedebis procesi. individebi urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTs Soris, qmnian da iReben mniSvnelobebs, moqmedeben maT Sesabamisad. damatebiTi elementi am procesSi aris is, rom urTierTqmedebaSi CarTuli interpretaciis process aqvs intraindividualuri komponenti, anu, individuumebi erTvebian komunikaciebSi, interpersonaluri urTierTqmedebis garemoSi akeTeben arCevas, Sesworebebs, miTiTebebs, daskvnebs. procesi gansakuTrebiT rTulia, da Seicavs sxvisi mnSvnelobebis wakiTxvas, mniSvnelobebis gadaxedvas amaze dayrdnobiT, mixvedras, qcevis Sesabamisad, ra wakiTxva aqvs sxvas, da Semdeg, sxvis qcevis/aRqmebis am mixvedrebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas. am TvalTaxedviT Zalian Znelia struqturis erTian ideaze gasvla. amis sapirispirod, simboluri interaqciis Teoria ar tovebs aranair saSualebas davinaxoT makrostruqturebi (mag. saxelmwifo). erTaderTi, rac SesaZlebelia, es aris imis dadgena, rom sazogadoeba warmoiSoba sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebis “urTierTSesabamebisagan”, romlebic sayovelTaod gaziarebulni iqnen, da amiT institucionalizaciis safuZveli Seqmnes. magram am TeoriaSi ar xdeba konkretuli diferenciaciis procesebis axsna an masze gasvla. eTnomeTodologia garfinkelisxxxiv amosavali negatiuri punqti, anu, is Tu rogor uaryofs is sxva Teoriebs, hgavs blumeris ideebs: garfinkeli akritikebda or Teoriul midgomas: rolebis Teorias da molodinebis da fsiqologiur determinizms: 1. rolebis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs rolebis, institutebis damoukidebeli – transcendentuli Tu ara – socialuri realoba, romelic ganyenebulia individuumisagan (imdenad, ramdenadac individuumebi moqmedeben am warmarTveli Zalebis Sesabamisad, da amitom 42 maTi qceva struqturirebulia, da imdenad, ramdenadac maT swamT am Zalebis, maTi ganwyobebi da Rirebulebebi struqturirebulia); 2. nebismieri fsiqologiuri determinizmis Teoria ganixilavs individuumebis mier moqmedebis arCevans, rogorc fsiqoanalitikuri biografiidan, istoriidan da mentaluri funqciebidan gamomdinares; es ori midgoma, garfinkelis azriT, warmoadgens individuums rogorc “zedapirul sulels”, dafiqsirebul romelic molodinebs met-naklebad da ararefleqsiurad gansazRvrulobebs. amis upasuxebs sapirispirod eTnomeTodologias Semoaqvs ufro Tavisufali, praqtikuli, improvizaciis unaris da msjelobis unaris mqone individuumis cneba, romelic alternatiuli moqmedebebis da “racionaliebis” didi mravalferovnebis winaSe dgas: eTnomeTodologiis amocanaa gamoikvlios is arCeuli moqmedebis mimarTulebebi, mniSvneloba, romelic am moqmedebas mieniWa, da is gzebi, romliTac gagebebi “miRebulia” da met-naklebad eqsplicituria. fenomenologiuri tradiciis mixedviT, socialuri realobis struqtura aris ara mocemuli, aramed mudmivad konstruirdeba, rekonstruirdeba da kvlaviwarmoeba. am doneze (kulturuli da eTnomeTodologia normatiuli SeiZleba determinacia) ganvixiloT, aseve Sida rogorc gare (fsiqologiuri determinacia) struqturaze nawilobrivi uaris Tqma da urTierTqmedebis procesis magivrad mimdinareobis iseTi didi gagebis Semotana, mravalferovnebaa romlis mixedviTac xelmisawvdomi (amitom qcevis misi winaswarganWvreta SeuZlebelia). anomiis Teoriebi socialuri struqturis cvlilebebis aRwerasTan erTad sociologiaSi yuradReba mieqca cvlilebis ZiriTad socialuri safuZvlad gadaxris dasaxelda (deviaciis) gadaxra Temas. struqturis (deviacia), romelsac deviantebi anxorcieleben. magram manamde deviaciis Teoria Seiqmna rogorc 43 socialuri gadaxris sixSiris durkhaimsxxxv ekuTvnis ganmarteba. deviaciis mertonsxxxvi. da anomiis klasikuri Teoriebi Teoria ganmartaven deviaciebis sixSires rogorc makrosazogadoebis struqturis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas. garda amisa, arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic yvela deviaciuri qmedebisaTvis saerTo safuZvels agebs. emil durkhaimi durkhaimi ambobda, TviTmkvlelis rom miuxedavad sulSi, anda mis imisa, rom uSualo TviTmkvlelobis garemocvaSi unda wyaro veZeboT, TviTmkvlelobebis sixSiris axsna SesaZlebelia mxolod rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebiT. am mizniT Camoayaliba man anomiis Teoria. anomia socialuri mdgomareobaa, rodesac sazogadoebis qcevis normebi kargavs erTmniSvnelovanebas sazogadoebis mimarTulia cvlilebis da gansazRvrulobas. gamZafrebasTan TviTmkvlelobebis es erTad. gazrdisaken, procesi anomia imdenad, Zlierdeba farTo azriT ramdenadac cxadi moqmedebis wesebis gaqroba adamianis cxovrebaSi daZabulobas, stress iwvevs. anomiis cnebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi durkhaimi ambobs, rom sazogadoebis cvlilebis swrafi, anda, ufro metic, damangreveli mimdinareoba aucileblad qmnis stresul situacias, iwvevs socializaciis mouwesrigeblobas da mTlianad normebis da Rirebulebebis mxriv kriziss. es anomiiis mdgomareobaa. am mdgomareobaze sazogadoebis wevrebi reagireben deviaciuri qceviT. robert mertoni mertoni ikvlevda deviaciuri qmedebebis sixSires amerikuli sazogadoebis ierarqiaSi. yvela devianturi qmedebis wesi modis calke mdgomi individisagan, ZiriTadad Raribebisagan. gamomdinare iqidan, rom anomia deviantis safuZvelia, mertonma gamoimuSava anomiis cneba, radgan aexsna, rogor da ratom aris anomia am fenaSi ufro xSiri. mertonis mixedviT, anomia ar aris ubralod normebis Sesusteba, aramed winaaRmdegoba, romelic 44 arsebobs sazogadoebaSi miRebul miznebsa da daSvebul saSualebebs Soris. magaliTad, amerikul sazogadoebaSi materialuri warmateba, simdidre da kariera sayovelTaod miRebuli mizania. am miznebis misaRwevi nebadarTuli saSualebebia swavla, muSaoba da ekonomia. xSirad Raribi fenis warmomadgenels ar SeuZlia miaRwios mizans daSvebuli saSualebebiT. amitom anomia am fenaSi ufro xSiria. anomiaze aris ramdenime reaqcia, romlebic aCvenebs, rom miznebi da daSvebuli saSualebebi TiTqos miRweulia. es oTxi anomiis reaqcia, konformulobasTan erTad am sqemiT SeiZleba gadmoices (andorkasxxxvii mixedviT): individebis qcevis tipebi mizani daSvebuli saSualeba 1. konformuloba + + 2. inovacia + _ 3. ritualizmi _ + 4. damalva _ _ 5. janyi + _ + _ pliusi niSnavs miRebas, minusi miuReblobas. plius-minusi niSnavs, rom mojanye pirovneba ver iRebs verc mizans da verc saSualebas, magram mis SemTxvevaSi sakuTar miznebs da saSualebebs aqvs adgili. mertoniseuli tipebis daxasiaTeba ar aris Cveulebrivi. magaliTad, yoveldRiur metyvelebis enaze rom vTargmnoT, novacia niSnavs kriminals, ritualizmi niSnavs sazogadoebis normebis ulaparako miyolas (amitomac ar gamoiyureba rogorc devianti). damalva niSnavs suliT avadmyofobas, nevrozs, alkoholizms, eqstremalur SemTxvevebSi _ TviTmkvlelobas. socialuri kontrolis da struqturis Seqmnis Teoria parsonsma struqturisxxxviii wyarod daadgina Rirebulebebze da normebze SeTanxmeba da Rirebulebebis, gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve, gansazRvra normebis, rom socializaciis socialuri mosalodneli obieqtebis Tanxmoba 45 meqanizmi, anu, saerTo internalizacia, TviTregulaciis imis meqanizmia. magram, amave dros, individualur romlebSic parsonsi aqtorebSi, isini wonansworobis acnobierebda, rogorc moqmedeben, darRvevaze. pirovnebebSi, arsebobs es rom aseve, faqtorebi, xdeba maSin, orivegan, im viTarebebSi, romlebic rodesac rogorc mimarTulia gadaxris, an arakonformulobis (uTanxmoebis) tendencia izrdeba, da am dros moqmedebaSi erTveba gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi, romelsac SeiZleba socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi daerqvas. parsonsis gadaxris (deviaciis) modeli eyrdnoba imas, rom yvela interaqciul rolur viTarebaSi arsebobs ambivalentobis (sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebis) wyaro, rogorc interaqciaSi CarTul sxva moqmedTan mimarTebaSi, aseve, im Rirebulebebis da normebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aregulirebs interaqcias. deviacias am amosavalze SeuZlia parsonsma aago axasiaTebdes dayrdnobiT, Seasrulos, im rogorc mimarTulebebis deviaciur qmedebas. da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, aqtiuri, aseve klasifikacia, damatebiTi stresebis pasiuri romelic siaSi, rom roli, SeiZleba romlebmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos deviaciis warmoSobas, aris dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma garkveuli rolebis pirobebSi, normebis ganusazRvreloba da rolebis konfliqti. ra Tqma unda, aq dgas struqturis SenarCunebis da xelSewyobis sakiTxi. “Cveni yuradReba dafiqsirdeba .. winaswar gagebaze da SewinaaRmdegebaze.. .. .. ewinaaRmdegeba da abrunebs sistemas Zveli .. .. deviaciuri tendenciebis da im procesebze, romlebic wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi”. parsonsi aRwers im strategiebs, romlebic am mimarTulebiT exmareba sistemas. naklebad eqstremalurebs Soris aris daxmarebis gaweva da deviaciuri qcevisaTvis „yvelafris uflebis‟ akrZalva, romelsac, amave dros unda axldes pozitiuri azriT gacvla (amis prototipi, parsonsis azriT, fsiqoTerapiis institucionalizaciaa). am konkretuli institucionaluri strategiebis ukan igulisxmeba iseTi moqmedebebi – rogorebicaa institucionaluri prioritetebis dadgena, potenciuri konfliqturi moqmedebebis dagegmva – 46 romelic arbilebs radikaluri konfliqts, moqmedebebis kerZod, rolebis institucionalizacia, konfliqts. rogoricaa, iseTi magaliTad, axalgazrduli kultura, sxva saqmea. gansakuTrebul eqstremalur doneze SesaZlebelia deviantebis izolaciis (hospitalizacia da cixe) strategiac. magram, mniSvnelobebis axalgazrdoba parsonsi gamo amave dros aRniSnavda, brZolasac. SeimuSavebs zogjer Rirebulebebs da rom deviacia deviaciuri Seicavs “liberaluri” msoflmxedvelobas, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maTi mSoblebis “fundamentalizms”. am SemTxvevaSi, rodesac deviacia koleqtiuri xdeba, mag. religiuri kulti, an radikaluri politikuri jgufi, SesaZlebelia es brZola gadaizardos farTo konfliqtSi da cvlilebebSi. rogorc parsonsi werda: “struqturirebuli deviaciuri moqmedebis tendencia, romelic warmatebiT ar kopirdeba socialuri sistemis kontrolis meqnizmebis mier, socialuri sistemis struqturis cvlilebis erT-erTi mTavari wyaroa”. markirebis Teoria es Teoria, romelic aseve ganixilavs deviacias, da romlis warmomadgenlebic arian edvin lemertixxxix, irving gofmanixl da hovard bekerixli, ZiriTadad, kontrolis im tradiciis winaaRmdeg warmoiSva, romelsac safuZveli daudo parsonsma. maTi argumentebia: 1. parsonsi, iseve rogorc umetesoba, vinc muSaobs deviaciis Temaze, ganixilavs deviacias upiratesad qcevis, daxasiaTebis, an, devianturobis pirobebis (iman, ramac gamoiwvia konkretuli devaiantis warmoSoba) cnebebis saSualebiT. imdenad, ramdenadac deviacia socialur interaqciaSi arsebobs da imdenad, ramdenadac is fasdeba raRac arsebuli RirebulebebiT da normatiuli molodinebiT, amosavali ar aris arc deviantis agentebis qceva, da CaTvliT. warmomadgenlebi arc sxvebis imdenad, akavSirebdnen reaqcia, ramdenadac “deviantad” 47 socialuri markirebis gadaqcevas kontrolis Teoriis markirebasTan, ZiriTadi punqti mdgomareobs SemdegSi: deviantis markireba xdeba da isazRvreba imaTi Zalauflebis mier, visac socialuri kontrolis poziciebi uWiravs (eqimebi, mosamarTleebi, kanonaRmsruleblebi da a.S.). amitom, deviaciis mniSvnelobebis problema gamo ufro brZola, zustad da ganisazRvreba, ufro zustad rogorc – brZola ZalauflebisaTvis, romelSic ufro meti Zalauflebis mqone sabolood akisrebs sxvebs sakuTar gansazRvrebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom strategiebis mravalferovneba SeiZleba gamoiyenebul iqnes deviantebad markirebulebis mier, rogorc mniSvnelobebis Setrialeba an maTi saSualebiT manipulireba. 2. parsonsis ZiriTadi wuxili iyo dakavSirebuli deviaciis SedegebTan didi sistemasTan kavSirSi: rogor irRveva masSi wonasworoba, ras mimarTavs is wonasworobis aRsadgenad rogor SeiZleba deviacia iyos sistemis radikaluri cvlilebis safuZveli. amis sawinaaRmdegod, markirebis Teoriis umetesobisaTvis ZiriTadia Tavad markirebulebi – deviantebi: rogor isazRvrebian isini, rogorc sakuTari Tavis mxriv, aseve sxvebis mxriv; da rogor agrZeleben amis Semdeg cxovrebas, rogorc deviantebi. 3. struqturis SenarCunebasTan mimarTebaSi, ori perspeqtiva gamoiyofa: rogorc aRiniSna, parsonsis amosavali iyo wonasworobis SenarCuneba, ase rom ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceoda “mwkrivSi dabrunebis” fenomens. markirebis Teoria, amis sawinaaRmdegod, amodis im tendenciidan, romlis mixedviTac Zalauflebis deviantebisaTvis SenarCunebaSic mqoneebi nakluli qmnian qve-klasis Zalauflebis SemTxvevaSi, markirebis SenarCunebis Tvalsazrisze statusis mqoneebi Teoria dgas, ufro vidre struqturebs “miniWebiT”, dainteresebulebi struqturis struqturis (Tanxmobis) mixedviT SenarCunebis Tvalsazrisze. 48 axal romlis arian. am dominanturi konsensusis realobis socialuri konstruireba bergeris da lukmanis am wignisxlii mizania aCvenos, Tu rogor xdeba erTxel warmoqmnili socialuri struqtura damoukidebeli socialuri realoba da socialuri cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli da safuZveli. avtorebis survili iyo gaegoT “socialuri da individualuri cxovrebis dialeqtika. am arCeul mimarTulebaSi isini miuTiTebdnen mravalferovan wyaroebs – marqss, parsons, simboluri urTierTqmedebis Teorias. am Teoriis amosavali simboluri urTierTqmedebis Teoriaa: cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani xasiaTdeba Semdegnairad: gamocdileba “es pirispir aris urTierTqmedebaa, pirispir yofna, romelic romelSic sxva warmomidgeba, cxad awmyoSi, romelic gaziarebulia orive Cvenganis mier. me vici, rom aseTive cxad awmyoSi warmovudgebi me mas. Cemi da misi “aq da axla” mudmivad ejaxebian erTmaneTs im droSi, sanam pirispir yofna grZeldeba. rogorc Sedegi, adgili aqvs Cemi da misi eqspresiulobis (gamoxatvis formis, gamoxatvis) mudmiv mimocvlas. me vxedav mis Rimils, Semdeg misi Rimilis Sewyvetas, rogorc reaqcias Cemi kopebisSekvraze, Semdeg kvlav Rimils da ase Semdeg. Cemi yoveli eqspresia mimarTulia masze, da piriqiT. eqspresiuli aqtebis es mudmivi ormxrivoba erTdroulad aris SesaZlebelia orive CvenganisaTvis”. amiT bergeri da lukmani warmoadgenen imas, rac maTi analizis ZiriTadi postulatia: urTierTqmedebaSi rutinizaciis da gamartivebis saWiroebas: “adamianebis organizmebis Sinagani arastabiluroba warmoSobs aucileblobas, rom adamiani qmnis stabilur garemos mis [Tavisi organizmis] samarTavad”. adamianis saWiroeba habituaciisaTvis aris urTierTqmedebis Sinagani saWiroeba da marTalia, is win uswrebs institucionalizacias, magram xdeba institucionalizaciis safuZveli. rodesac saerTo azrebi da Camoyalibebulia, iwyeba “eqsternalizacia”; imdenad, ramdenadac es azrebi obieqturi realobis saxeliT iwyebs moqmedebas, gansakuTrebiT maT mimarTebaSi 49 momaval Taobebze (socializaciis gziT). amdenad, habituacia institucionalizirdeba rogorc “ase xdeba, aseTia sagnebis yofnis wesi”. bergerma da lukmanma warmoadgines institucionalizaciis gamravleba bevr specializirebul sferoSi, rogoricaa gansazRvruli rolebis warmoSoba, magram amave dros isini amtkicebdnen, rom sxvadasxva instituciuri sferoebi “gadabmulia”: amis mizezi amave dros fsiqologiuricaa, da misi safuZveli kognitur SesabamisobaSia: “miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenebi SeiZleba daiyos, mniSvnelobebi miemarTeba imisaken, raTa minimalur Tanmimdevruloba mainc hqondeT. warmatebul rodesac momentebze, individuumi is fiqrobs cdilobs sakuTari moaTavsos gamocdilebis maTi mniSvnelobebi urTierTSesabamis da urTierTSeTanxmebul biografiul qselSi”. istoriuli drois ganmavlobaSi, SerCeuli mniSvnelobebi da codnebi, umetesad enobrivi daleqvis” process reprezentaciis sazogadoebis formiT, wevrebis gadis “maobieqtivirebeli cnobierebaSi. anu, is midis garealurebis (reifikaciis), gziT, anu, “xdeba adamianuri fenomenis iseTi warmodgena, TiTqos isini sagnebi iyvnen”. instituciuri realoba gamagrebulia, Zalian farTo azriT, legitimaciebiT, romelic xdeba enaSi, istoriaSi, codnaSi, miTologiaSi, TeologiaSi, romelic adgens am realobas rogorc bunebrivs da swors, da awarmoebs manqanas, romelic moagvarebs urTierTobas alternatiul (deviaciur) simbolur samyaroebTan. simboluri samyaros SenarCunebis specialistebi (religiuri liderebi, kanonis warmomadgenlebi) warmoiSobian rogorc simboluri wesrigis legitimurobis gamamagrebeli Semdgomi gza. dialeqtikis meore mxares gadasvliT bergeri da lukmani yuradRebas uTmoben obieqturi realobis gavrcelebas da gamyarebas socializaciis gziT: pirveladi socializacia, rodesac bavSvebi iReben fundamentur wesebs, realobis aRqmebs, identifikaciis gzebs, da meoradi socializacia, rodesac xdeba specifikuri swavla da momzadeba specifikuri diferencialuri rolebisaTvis. magram, socializaciis (romlic arasodes mTavrdeba) garda, 50 saWiroa mainstituticionebeli saSualeba “realobis-SemanarCunebeli” rutinisaTvis, rac ZiriTadad mdgomareobs saubarSi. “SesaZlebelia Sexedo individis yoveldRiur cxovrebas, rogorc saubris aparatidan gamomdinare moqmedebebs, romelic mudmivad inarCunebs, cvlis, rekonstuirebas ukeTebs subieqtur realobas”. SenarCuneba krizisis periodSi mouxmobs socialuri kontrolis ufro Sinagan da intensiur saSualebebs, romelSic rituals gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. bergeri da lukmani ganixilaven rogorc izolaciis SesaZleblobas, rodesac deviants miaweren specialur jgufs (idioti, nabiWvari da a.S.), aseve, im viTarebebs, rodesac xdeba “deviaciis koleqtivizacia”, anu, transformacia iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogoricaa religiad gardaqmna, da sxva. Tavi III. Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli sociologia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc Teoriebi socialuri institutebis Sesaxeb, Tavad institutebis gansazRvrebaze dafiqsireba da misi damuSaveba rogorc wesi, iSviaTad xdeba. amis mizezi, albaT, upirveles yovlisa isaa, rom instituti imdenad zogadi cnebaa, rom absolutizmSi masSi SesaZlebelia Cavardna, romelsac yvelafris Sedegad moazreba, gamouyenebeli da Sesabamisad, cnebebis Seqmna mosdevs. qvemoT aRvwerT socialuri institutebis gansazRvris sam magaliTs: arnold geleni aviTarebda cnebasTan rogorc socialuri kavSirSixliii. adamianebis institutis ZiriTadi jgufebma, cnebas “Svebis”, moTxovnilebebis aseve calkeulma “gaadvilebis”, dakmayofilebisaTvis, adamianebma garkveuli kulturiT gansazRvruli qcevis wesebi kanonad unda miiRos. amiT calkeuli adamians “uadvildeba” moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis optimaluri formebis yoveldRiuri Zieba. am mxriv, socialuri institutebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, 51 rogorc organizirebuli, kulturiT gansazRvruli gza ZiriTadi socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis. uiliam zamnerma da Carlz quleim ganaviTares sxva Tvalsazrisi. uiliam zamneri da Carlz qulei zamnerixliv wes-Cveulebebs anu, socialur adaTebs ganixilavda, rogorc elementarul socialur fenomenebs, rac warmoadges koleqtiuri qcevis Sedegs rogorc warsulSi, aseve awmyoSi da momavalSi. calkeuli individuumi moqmedebs socialuri adaTebis zewoliT, iZulebiT da MaRar acnobierebs Tavis moqmedebebs. am Tvalsazrisis amosavalia koordinacia da Zaladoba, magram amave dros socialuri qcevis gaucnobiereblobis aspeqtic. amis sawinaaRmdegod, quleixlv ufro konkretuli adamianis mxarze iyo. individuumi aviTarebs pirvelad jgufSi sakuTar specifikur qcevis wess. pirvelad jgufs formulirebuli ki ara aqvs sakuTari qcevis kanoni, aramed jgufis wevrs miuTiTebs jgufis molodinebze. am pirvelad jgufebSi sxva raRacisaken Semobruneba socialuri iZulebis formaa, romelsac Cven vamzadebT socialuri adaTebis da moTxovnebis saSualebiT. es Tvalsazrisebi agebs institutebs erTi mxriv adaTebze, xolo meore mxriv pirvelad jgufebze dayrdnobiT. zamnerisTvis institutis da adaTis gansxvaveba mxolod formaluri kooperaciis da gacnobierebis ufro maRal xarisxSia. qulei ki ambobs, rom pirveladi jgufebi ara marto individuumze axdenen gavlenas, aramed “socialuri institutebisTvisac” mniSvnelovanni arian. am ukanasknels is uwodebs socialuri kulturis specializirebul, kargad Camoyalibebul da rigidul nawils. malinovski malinovskimxlvi institutis cnebis kvleva daafuZna primitiuli sazogadoebebis anTropologiur kvlevebs, romlebsac TviTon atarebda: kulturis safuZvelerTianoba, mimdinareobis mniSvnelovani xarisxi, damoukidebloba da universaluroba, malinovskis mixedviT, adamianTa qcevis organizirirebuli 52 sistema, anu, fundamentur institutia. saWiroebaze yoveli da instituti mihyavs koncentrirdeba konkretuli adamiani raime rogorc am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaken aseve, kooperaciuli qcevisken (jgufi), aviTarebs, aRwevs garkveul konsensuss da muSaobs Sesabamisi teqnikiT. rodesac malinovskiseul institutis gagebaze vlaparakobT, im fenomenebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa qcevis forma, socialuri roli, jgufi, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yovel instituts Semdegi elementebi axasiaTebs: 1. ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani saWiroebebi sazogadoebaSi kmayofildeba institutis saSualebiT. 2. rogorc dakmayofilebis saSualeba, institutSi aRiwereba qcevis gansazRvruli wesi. 3. qcevis es wesi organizirdeba socialur rolebSi, da am rolebis matareblebi grZnoben, ician rom garkveuli qceva, aris “movaleoba”, anda “Tanamdeboba”. 4. imdenad, ramdenadac institutebi mowodebulia daakmayofilos ZiriTadi adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, arsebobs sxvadasxva institutebs Soris garkveuli kavSiri. 5. marTalia, institutebi mniSvnelovani individuumebis saWiroebebisaTvis arsebobs, da socialuri magram didi jgufebis jgufisaTvis, sazogadoebisaTvis isini aseTive ganmsazRvrelia. meri duglasi anTropologma meri duglasma Tavis institutebis TeoriaSi mWidrod daukavSira erTmaneTs codnis safuZveli da koleqtiuri qmedeba. solidaroba da kooperacia SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu individebi iziareben azrovnebis safuZvlebs, midgomebs. duglasis Teoriuli naSromisxlvii mizania axsnas Semecnebis, kogniturobis roli socialuri kavSirebis CamoyalibebaSi, da aseve, rogor aris kognituroba socialurad kontrolirebadi. 53 instituciuri azrovneba, damyarebulia analogiaze. Zalauflebaze, bunebis iseve rogorc institutebi, modelebzea individis romelTac dafuZnebuli. azrovneba, aqvs pretenzia institutebi awarmoebs filtrebs, radgan gadaarCion is, rac unda axsovdeT individebs, da ra unda daaviwydeT. kategorizaciis da damaxsovrebis yvelaze ufro martivi aqtic ki institucirebulia. instituti ar azrovnebs damoukideblad, arc TavisiT ar iqmneba da arc rame sakuTari miznebi aqvs. imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vqmniT Cvens institutebs, Cven vaqcevT erTmaneTis ideebs saerTo formaSi, radgan davumtkicoT maTi legitimuroba sazogadoebis umetes wevrs. meri duglasis mixedviT damajerebeli ar aris is azri, rom institutebi axorcielebs rutinul, dabali donis, banalur azrovnebas. ufro sarwmunoa sapirispiros dajereba. meri primitiuli karnaxiT, duglasi, rogorc adamianebi xolo Cven, albaT anTopologi, fiqrobdnen modernuli amtkicebs, da rom azrovnebden adamianebi azri, rom institutebis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs individualurad vwyvetT, Secdomaa. meri duglass mohyavs magaliTebi, rom Cven azrovnebasac insitutebi “akeTeben”. meri duglasi eyrdnoboda durkhaims da fleks (Ludwik Fleck): “maTTvis namdvili solidaroba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu individebi iziareben azrovnebis kategoriebs. is, rom aseTi gaziareba SesaZlebelia, miuRebelia bevri filosofosisaTvis. es ewinaaRmdegeba racionaluri qcevis Teoriis aqsiomebs, romlis mixedviTac yoveli, vinc fiqrobs da azrovnebs, miRebulia, rogorc suverenuli individi. magram racionaluri arCevnis Teoria, romelic am aqsiomaturi struqturidanaa ganviTarebuli, awydeba gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas solidarobis ideasTan Sexvedrisas.. .. .. kargia Tu cudi, individebi realurad iziareben erTmaneTis azrebs da sakuTari arCevanis garemosTan harmonizaciasac axdenen, da maT ara aqvT sxva gza, miiRon didi gadawyvetilebebi, Tu ara im institutebSi, romlebsac isini aSeneben”. 54 nawili II instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia Tavi I institutis gansazRvreba Sesavali rogorc vnaxeT, institutebis gansazRvrebebi da miTiTebebi socialur institutebze didi mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeva. amitom, ufro moxerxebuli iqneba institutebis Sesaxeb naazrevis ramenairi sistematizacia moaxdinoT, da amaze dayrdnobiT SevecadoT gadavdgaT Semdgomi nabijebi. socialur institutSi mTavari elementebia Rirebulebebi, romelic miRebulia (an dadgenilia) sazogadoebis umravlesobis mier, rogorc garkveuli moTxovnilebebis Sesrulebis legitimuri mimarTuleba, da qcevis wesebi, romelic aseve dadgenilia sazogadoebis mier, rogorc konkretuli institutis Sesabamisi Rirebulebis ganxorcielebis daSvebuli misaRwevi saSualebebi. bunebrivia aq Cndeba kiTxva: vis mier daSvebuli da vis mier legitimireburi? am kiTxvaze me Sevecdebi gavce pasuxi, rodesac visaubrebT institutebis tipologiaze. socialuri instituti muSaobs rogorc “sazogadoebis” nawili da safuZveli, maSin, rodesac misi wevrebi miznad isaxaven rogorc legitimur misaRwev miznebs, aseve, legitimuri miznebis misaRwev legitimur saSualebebs. Tuki romelime es nawili ar sruldeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs gadaxrasTan, anu, deviantur qcevasTan. Tumca, ramdenad aris devianturi qceva institutis damSleli da ara piriqiT, Semakavebeli da gamamyarebeli, sakamaToa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas devianturi qcevis Sesaxeb, rac zemoT aRvniSne legitimur qcevasTan mimarTebaSi; anu, visi devianturi da vin adgens deviantis deviantobas? 55 TvalsazrisiT aris qceva socialur instituti da jgufi, organizacia, asociacia, rituali Teoriebi institutsa da sxva socialur dajgufebebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxvaa. maT Soris polarulebad SeiZleba Semdegi Tvalsazrisebi miiCnioT: 1. insitituti winaswar mocemuli struqturaa, xolo konkretuli dajgufeba, organizacia, asociacia – misi ganxorcieleba, struqturis konkretuli forma (malinivski, geleni, durkhaimi, duglasi)1. 2. asociaciaSi arsebuli wesebi da Rirebulebebi warmoadgenen institutebs, anu, instituti aris procesi, romelic mimdinareobs organizaciaSi (anu, asociaciebi, organizaciebi, sazogadoebebi qmnian Tavis TavSi institutebs rogorc moqmedebis wesebs/normebs) (makiveri, peiji)2. 3. instituti es aris konkretuli jgufebis da organizaciebis wevrebis qcevebisagan abstraqcia3 (konceptualuri konkretizacia), an ubralod, adamianTa qcevebisa, ase rom, is mxolod da mxolod cnobierebis konstruqtia (randal kolinzi, bergeri, lukmani)4. samive am Tvalsazrisis fesvebi TviTon socialuri institutebis bunebaSia. qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi amas cxads gaxdis: qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba zemoT moyvanili sami gansazRvreba socialuri institutebis konkretul formebs: 1 Korte, Hermann und Schafers, Bernard (Hrsg). Einfuhrung in Hauptbegriffe der Soziologie. Leske+budrich. Opladen 1998. anda, durkhaimis pozicia: institutebi “moqmedebis, fiqris da SegrZnebis wesebia, romlebic individuumis gareTaa da iZulebis Zalaufleba aqvs da romlis ZaliTac isini induviduums Tavs exveva”. 2 “Tu Cven vfiqrobT rameze, rogorc organizebul jgufze, es asociaciaa, Tu rogorc procesze, es institutia” (Maciver R.M., Page Charles H. Society. An introductory Analysis. Macmilan &CO LTD. London. 1964). 3 aq urigo ar iqneba randal kolinzis citatis moyvana wignidan “makrosociologiis mikrosafuZvlebis Sesaxeb”: “socialuri Cvevebi, institutebi da organizaciebi mxolod individebis qcevidan miRebuli abstraqciebia..... Tu es abstraqciebi iRebs mudmiv saxes, imitom, rom individebi, romlebic maT akeTeben, imeoreben maT xSirad mikro doneze”. 4 Wossner, Jakobus. Soziologie. Einfuhrung und Grundlegung. Bohlau Verlag, Koln, Wien. 1986 56 socialuri institutebis formebi “ojaxi” adamiani dabadebidanve xvdeba konkretul ojaxSi an ojaxis substitutSi. misTvis arsebobis sxvagvari dasawyisi SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, rogorc empiriuli aRqmis doneze, aseve Teoriuladac, adamiani xedavs ojaxs, rogorc raRac struqturas, romelsac konkretulad bevri jgufi axorcielebs: misi ojaxi, megobris, mezoblis ojaxi da sxva. Semdeg is TviTon, Tuki gadaswyvets ojaxis Seqmnas, irCevs ojaxs, rogorc ukve arsebuli ojaxis struqturis konkretul, miseul ganmsazRvrelad ganxorcielebas. avirCevT aseTi anu, Tuki poziciis socialuri adamians, institutis SevecdebiT masze dayrdnobiT SeviqmnaT saerTod socialur institutebze warmodgena, maSin miviRebT, rom ojaxi, rogorc instituti winaswarmocemuli struqturaa, xolo yvela konkretuli ojaxi, a, b, g, am struqturis konkretuli formebia. am mxriv, aseTi tipis instituti tradiciis safuZvelia, Sedegi da Tavad tradicia. tradicia am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rac ojaxis agentebs da aqtorebs aZlevs legitimuri moTxovnebis da legitimuri Sefasebebis gakeTebis saSualebas. ojaxis aseTi gageba damaxasiaTebelia imisaTvis, vinc “irCevs daojaxebas”, anu, vinc aris konkretuli ojaxis Semqmneli da wamyvani piri. amave dros, ojaxi, rogorc konkretuli socialuri organizacia konkretuli ojaxis aramTavari konkretuli wevris5 azriT, aris organizacia, organizebuli jgufi, romelic Tavis SigniT agebs (konstruirebas uwevs) arsebobis wesebs. amave dros, damkvirveblisaTvis ojaxi abstraqciaa. damkvirvebelSi igulisxmeba is, vinc Tavisi mdgomareobiT, poziciiT, roliT gamoyofilia 5 anu, im wevris azriT, romelic ar asrulebs ojaxSi mTavar rols. es SeiZleba iyos bavSvi, mozardi, naTesavi, mosamsaxure da a.S. 57 ojaxidan, magram masTan kavSiri aqvs: vinc, magaliTad, kanons wers ojaxis Sesaxeb, anda, visac Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis gamo ar moswons ojaxis arsebuli fenomeni da sakuTar Tavs gamoyofs misgan, gverdze ayenebs, mecnieri, romelic ojaxs ikvlevs da a.S. “saxelmwifo” Tuki socialuri institutis modelad avirCevT saxelmwifos, anda, rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben – Zalaufleba-politikas, maSin miviRebT, rom saxelmwifo, rogorc instituti, maTTvis, vinc masSi mTavar rols asrulebs 6, konkretuli didi organizaciaa, romelic Tavis SigniT agebs (konstruirebas uwevs) sxvadasxva legitimur institutebs – parlaments, armias, policias, zogadad Zalauflebas, rogorc konkretuli saxelmwifosaTvis Sesabamis konkretul instituts. es niSnavs, rom am institutSi mTavari moqmedi pirebisaTvis ar arsebobs Zalaufleba-politikis socialuri instituti(ebi) zogadad, is yovelTvis aris konkretul did organzaciaSi, saxelmwifoSi Seqmnili am saxelmwifos konkretuli moqmedeb(eb)isaTvis. anu, rogorc am saxelmwifoSi legitimirebuli mimdinare procesebis normatiuli da maregulirebeli aranormatiuli da wesebis warmmarTveli erToblioba. am SemTxvevaSi, instituti aris organizaciis arsebobis wesi, anu, organizacia, rogorc procesi, socialuri institutia. amave dros, saxelmwifo maTTvis, vinc masSi ar warmoadgens ZiriTad aqtors, magaliTad, vinc mxolod mierTebulia misi institutebis muSaobas, da es institutebi masze mxolod zemoqmedeben7, winaswararsebuli, tradiciuli 6 anu, politikosi, maRali donis saxelmwifo moxele, arCevnebis aqtiuri monawile da a.S. 7 xelfasis, socialuri dacvis, sxva gziT. anu, rodesac ar aris misi mxridan arc survili da arc mcdeloba aqtiuri roli Seasrulos institutis muSaobaSi. 58 fenomenia, romlis moqmedebebi. xolo konkretuli formebia damkvirveblisaTvis8 konkretuli saxelmwifo institutebi aris abstrqcia da im moqmedebebidan romelic saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba. “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba” Tuki socialuri institutis magaliTad avirCevT Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, an zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveynis eklesias, an romelime qveynis Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemas, vnaxavT, rom rig SemTxvevebSi, marTalia maTi legitimacia xdeba normatiul doneze, magram es normatiuli aqtebi arafers ar mixedviTac ambobs es im moqmedebis institutiebi wesze, imarTeba anda, da Rirebulebebze, muSaobs yovel romelTa konkretul SemTxvevaSi. eklesiis9, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da ekonomikuri institutebis mimarT saxelmwifo ifargleba CarCos SemoRebiT. danarCeni, anu, ra saxis institutia is, rogor moqmedebs, ra sakiTxebs miapyrobs yuradRebas, vis mouwodebs CaerTos Tavis moqmedebebSi da a.S. anu, konkretuli socialuri institutis konkretuli saxe, raoba dgindeba imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis moqmedebebs ewevian maTi warmomadgenlebi, maTi aqtiuri, mTavari wevrebi da 8 aRwerili termini “damkvirvebeli” am teqstSi gamoiyeneba “ojaxis” magaliTSi mniSvnelobiT: damkvirvebelSi igulisxmeba is, visac Tavisi msoflmxedvelobis gamo ar moswons socialuri institutis arsebuli fenomeni, is, vinc, magaliTad, kanons wers socialuri institutis Sesaxeb, is, vinc ikvlevs am konkretul socialur instituts da a.S. 9 eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ar dameTanxmon Tanamedrove saqarTvelos politikuri da socialuri viTarebis eqspertebi. magram maTi sawinaamRdego argumenti iqneba is, rom is forma, romliTac dRes saqarTveloSi arsebobs eklesia (saxelmwifo religiad qcevis survilis da religiuri eqstremistebis dajgufebebis CaTvliT) swored is instituciuri formaa, romelic iRebs Sinaars da konkretul moqmedebis struqturas (instituciur ganxorcielebas) wevrebis mier garkveuli moqmedebebis xSiri gameorebis abstraqciiT. 59 misi rogori sixSiriT romel mizanmimarTul moqmedebas imeoreben. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi socialuri instituti iqneba agentebis10 abstraqcia moqmedebebidan, da misi konkretuli saxe iqneba damokidebuli garkveuli moqmedebebis gameorebis, garkveuli aqtivobis Catarebis sixSireze. da es abstraqcia Seicvleba moqmedebis sixSiris SecvlasTan, an SenelebsTan erTad. iseve, rogorc wina or SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri sistema, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da zog SemTxvevaSi eklesia, gvevlineba organizaciad pasiuri mimRebisaTvis11. xolo damkvirvebelisaTvis, imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs ekonomikis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da eklesiis uamravi konkretuli forma, aseTi socialuri institutebis yoveli konkretuli forma garkveuli zogadobis, winaswarmocemuli struqturis ganxorcielebaa. daskvna rogorc vxedavT arsebobs socialuri insititutebis sul mcire sami forma. anu, socialur institutebi SeiZleba samnairad gansazRvro. Cvens mier zemoT motanil gansazRvrebebSi SesaZlebeli, da TiToeuli yvela es magaliTisTvis gansazRvreba samnairi iwarmoeba gansazRvrebaa garkveuli kuTxidan_rolidan. es roli aris sami: 1. “centraluri” – “agenti”; 2. “damkvirvebeli”; 3. “pasiuri monawile” (e.i. visac exeba institutis muSaoba, magram visTvisac institutis es muSaoba calmxrivia, anu, vinc mxolod iRebs Sedegebs da gzavnilebs12). 10 mTavari moqmedi pirebis, vinc axorcielebs konkretuli institutebis muSaobas, akontrolebs mas 11 “pasiuri monawiles” rolis mniSvnelobaa socialuri institutis iseTi wevri, romelic marTalia insititutis wevria, magram ar Rebulobs monawileobas institutis marTvaSi, rac gansazRvrulia rogorc wesi, misi institucionaluri statusiT da insitutis zemoqmedebebis mxolod mimRebad gvevlineba. “pasiuroba” ar niSnavs, rom es wevri fizikurad pasiuria. is SeiZleba hiperaqtiuri iyos, magram mainc rCebodes pasiur wevrad. 12 ix. amave wignis I nawilSi habermasiseuli sazogadoebis aRweris sqema. 60 meore da mesame SemTxvevisaTvis gasagebia ra poziciiT aris mocemuli gansazRvrebebi. aseve, ukve ganisazRvra, ras niSnavs centraluri roli, anu, agentis pozicia: “centraluri” aris institutis ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis, anu, agentebis pozicia. anu, Cvens SemTxvevebSi, ojaxis agentebi iqnebian ojaxis aqtiuri, “mTavari” wevrebi, saxelmwifos – politikosebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi, arCevnebis aqtiurad monawileebi. ekonomikuri sistemaSi, eklesiaSi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi – aqtiuri wevrebi, biznesmenebi, morwmuneebi da a.S. maSasadame, rogorc vxedavT, socialuri institutebis gansazRvreba SesaZlebelia samnairad, sami poziciis gamoyenebiT (rogorc winaswarmocemuli struqturebis, rogorc organizaciis moqmedebis procesebis da rogorc konkretuli moqmedebebidan abstraqciebis [cnobierebis konstruqtebis]). anu, socialuri institutebis mimarT sami pozicia SeiZleba arsebobdes: idealisturi, realisturi da konceptualisturi13. am sami poziciidan erTerTi mainc, romelime instituciuri formis SemTxvevaSi aris centraluri 14, anu, agentis pozicia. 13 aq minda avxsna, ratom SevarCie es saxelebi institutebis formebisaTvis: Sua saukuneebSi cnobilma kamaTma ideebis bunebis Sesaxeb sam nawilad dahyo mokamaTeebi: idealistebad, vinc ambobda, rom 1) ideebi arsebobs RmerTSi, da RmerTi maT mixedviT qmnis sagnebs, 2) konceptualistebad, vinc ambobda, rom ideebi sagnebidan da movlenebidan Cvens mier konstrurirebuli abstraqciebia, da 3) realistebi, vinc ambobdnen, rom ideebi aris Tavad sagnebSi. 14 am SemTxvevaSi sruliad gasagebia institutis sami sxvadasxva gansazRvrebis arseboba. yoveli SemmuSavebeli iyo agentis poziciaSi romelime institucionaluri formis mimarT, xolo sxvebis mimarT – damkvirveblis an pasiuri monawilis mdgomareobaSi. amitomac Sedegad miviReT sami sxvadasxva gansazRvreba. 61 qvemoT moyvanilia sqema, romelic aRwers socialuri institutebis gansazRvrebebs-arsebobis formebs pozicia/rolebTan mimarTebaSi. aSkarad Cans, rom sami poziciis SemTxvevaSi socialuri institutebi samive midgomiT aRiwerebian: konkretuli “ojaxi” “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”, “ekonomikuri sistema”, “eklesia” “saxelmwifo” idealisturi konceptualisturi realisturi idealisturi realisturi konceptualisturi idealisturi socialuri instituti midgoma agenti15 damkvirvebeli konceptualisturi pasiuri mimRebi- realisturi monawile midgomebis/rolebis aseTi dayofa ra Tqma unda pirobiTia. isini umetesad erT adamianSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT. anu, erTi pirovneba, erTi sistema, SeiZleba 15 rodesac aqac da sxvaganac am wignSi “agentis” Sesaxeb vlaparakob, vgulisxmob socialur agents, romelic situaciuri, anu, mdgomareoba, rodesac centraluria fsiqologiuri institutisaTvis, agentisagan. institutisaTvis da fsiqologiuri damaxasiaTebel raime gansxvavdeba agenti aris situaciaSi, viTarebaSi, konkretul momentSi wamyvani, pirobebis mokarnaxe, mTavari moqmedi piri xdeba ara socialuri agenti, aramed sxva: situaciuri agenti SeiZleba iyos bavSvi (romelic uzurpacias uwevs Tavis mSoblebs daZinebis dros), mosarCle (romelsac Seaqvs sarCeli saxelmwifo moxelis, an saxelmwifos winaamRdeg. am SemTxvevaSi is ki ar aris socialuri agenti, aramed advokati), moqalaqe (romelsac wiTeli jvris gancxadebis Tanaxmad miaqvs Zveli tansacmeli mesame qveynebis macxovreblebisaTvis). Tuki davakvirdebiT aq aRweril situaciuri agentebis tipebs, vnaxavT, rom isini yovel zemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi iReben sikeTeebs, sargebels da gzavnilebs institutebis muSaobisagan, da TviTon masSi ar asruleben centralur rolebs. 62 iyos agenti ojaxTan mimarTebaSi, damkvirvebeli eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi da pasiuri monawile saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi. cxrilSi dasaxelebebis kulturaSi mocemuli ganawileba ar sazogadoebaSi, konkretuli aris socialuri aucilebeli, regionSi da sxvadasxva institutebis SeiZleba iyos. sxvadasxva zemoT mocemuli danawileba specifikuria saqarTvelosaTvis, da albaT, zogierTi post-sabWoTa qveynisaTvis16. magram, garkveuli viTarebebis gamo, agentebi xandaxan icvlian pozicias, midgomas. magaliTad, ojaxis agenti xdeba konceptualisti, anda, saxelmwifos agenti – konceptualisti, an, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, eklesiis, ekonomikuri sistemis agenti – realisti17. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu agentebis simravle sakmarisia18, xdeba institucionaluri cvlileba da instituti icvlis tips da formas. magram, zemoT moyvanili socialuri institutebis aRwera gamosadegia, rodesac gainteresebs institucionaluri cvlilebebi. imisaTvs, rom arsebul sazogadoebaSi aRiweros institutebis arsebuli sistemebi, amisaTvis saWiroa instituciuri tipebis cnebis Semotana, romelic formalurad emTxveva instituciur formebs, magram moxerxebulia instituciuri kompleqsebis aRsawerad. 16 aseTi midgomis gansxvavebuli moqniloba sazogadoebebis iZleva saSualebas SemTxvevaSi: gamoiyeno dawyebuli jer is radikalurad kidev arsebuli “pirvelyofili” sazogadoebebidan, sadac Zalaufleba/politika sqemaSi mocemuli aRwerebidan albaT “ojaxs” Tu daemTxveva, da damTavrebuli Bbekis “riskis sazogadoebiT”, sadac Zalaufleba-politika SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc zemoT mocemul sqemaSi “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” da”ekonomikuri sistemebis” identuri. 17 rac am SemTxvevaSi roialistobis tolfasia. 18 zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc vnaxavT, simravles ara aqvs mniSvneloba. 63 bunebrivia, mkiTxvels gauCndeboda daukmayofileblobis grZnoba am Tavis saTaurTan dakavSirebiT: arsad am msjelobaSi ar gvixsenebia jgufi, asociacia, rituali. saqme imaSia, rom iseve, rogorc organizacia, jgufic, asociaciac yvelaferi da ritualic damyarebulia institutis ZiriTadad sxvadasxva monawilis ganzomilebebia. poziciaze: anu, anu, jgufad, asociaciad da ritualad “Sefaseba” da Semdeg am Sefasebis legitimacia, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovania konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaSi, magram institutis aRweris mxriv aranairi siaxle ar Semoaqvs. anu, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom konkretulad “rituali” organizaciis arsebobis wesia, romelic damkvirveblis mier fasdeba, rogorc “rituali”. amis argumenti iqneba Tundac is, rom SesaZlebelia “institucionalizacia” yvelaze ufro “ritualizacia”. socialuri rTuli msgavsi fenomenis deskrifciis debulebebis mimarT, SemTxvevaSic formulireba romelsac upirispirebdnen. 64 ki aRiweros SeiZleba istoriulad rogorc yvela im instituts Tavi II socialuri institutebis tipebi Sesavali institutebis es sami forma, sami ganzomileba, rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs, iwyebs arsebobas da Sesabamisad, “sazogadoebis”19 mimarT sxvadasxvanairi Tvisebebi unda hqondes. institutebi, (Rirebulebebs) da marTalia, adgens erTis moqmedebis mxriv qmnis wesebs, meore misaRwev mxriv, miznebs swored am dadgenebis gamo, isini Semakaveblebi da makontroleblebi arian. Tanac es Sekaveba da kontroli ar aris erTmniSvnelovani da yvela formis institutis SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs Tanabari Zala. SeiZleba institutis Rirebulebebi iyos Zalian Zlieri da SemzRudveli, magram moqmedebis wesebi da sanqciebi imdenad susti, rom aseTi instituti warmoadgendes kontrolis, stabilurobis da moqmedebis wesebis simkacris minimalur dones. SesaZlebelia, piriqiT, Rirebulebebi iyos zogadi da farTo, magram am sifarTovis damcveli zomebi, wesebi da sanqciebi Zlieri da gadaulaxavi. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi instituti warmoadgens stabilurobis, kontrolis da moqmedebis wesebis simkacris maqsimalur dones. zemoT moyvanili aRwerebidan pirvelis magaliTad Cvens garemoSi SeiZleba davasaxeloT ojaxi, xolo meoris – Zalaufleba-politika (zogierTi interpretaciiT – postkapitalisturi saxelmwifo). rogorc zemoT aRwerili socialuri institutebis formebidan vnaxeT, arsebobs institutebi, romlebic, “centraluri” poziciis mixedviT, mTlianad damyarebulia arian agentebis konkretul aqtivobaze. aq SezRudvebi ar arsebobs, qveynis zogadi kanonmdeblobis garda. amitom, am fenaSi xdeba am 19 me aq varCie “sazogadoeba” brWyalebSi Camesva, imdenad, ramdenadac socialur mecnierebaSi da sociologiaSi is TandaTan sul ufro da ufro metad xdeba regulatoruli cneba, Sesabamisad maqsimalurad konkretuli Sinaarsis armqone. 65 yovlismomcveli da amitom, SezRudvebis da CarCoebis TviTdadgena. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es fena Sualeduria SezRudvebis maqsimalur da minimalur doneebs Soris. amitom, SeiZleba “bunebrivi” davarqvaT kontrolis20 qveda da zeda doneebis agentebis mimarTebas gadaaqcion Tavisi institutebi Sualedur institutebad. [amis Sesaxeb, dawvrilebiT TavSi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb]. institutebis am sam tips SeiZleba davarqvaT mikro, makro da mezo institutebi. mikroinstitutebi institutebi, romlebic qmnis moqmedebis, kontrolis da stabilurobis minimalur dones (anu, romelTac ara aqvT saSualeba institutis konkretul ganxorcielebaSi bevri adamiani gaaerTianon). makroinstitutebi institutebi, romlebic qmnis moqmedebis, kontrolis da stabilurobis maqsimalur dones (anu, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aqvT SesaZlebloba RirebulebebiT da wesebiT gaaerTianon “sazogadoebis” wevrebis maqsimalur raodenoba). mezoinstitutebi institutebi, romlebSic arsebobs balansi, wonasworoba SezRudvebs da sanqciebs Soris. damokidebulia 20 am anu, Rirebulebac institutebis (misi wevrebis forma) da SeTanxmebul represiis Zalac moqmedebaze. anu, aq kidev erTxel minda aRvniSno SezRudvebis buneba, romelic tradiciul (idealistur) da saxelmwifos (realistur) doneebs axasiaTebs: idealistur doneze SezRudvebis moTxovna aris mkacri, magram ganxorcielebis da kontrolis mxare – susti. realistur doneze SezRudva yvelaze ufro mcirea, magram ganxorcielebis da kontrolis mxare SesaZleblobis farglebSi absoluturia. amitom, bunebrivia, SesaZlebelia naklebi dawesebuli SezRudvebis arsebobdes swrafva idealisturi donidan samyaroSi moqcevisaken, xolo realisturi donidan, naklebad mkacri represiis doneze moxvedrisaken. 66 potenciurad SezRudvis moTxovna da represiis iaraRi Tanabari Zalisaa. Sesabamisad, es institutebi warmoadgens moqmedebis, kontrolis da stabilurobis Sualedur dones21. daskvna TviTon socialuri institutebis ganawileba am sam tips Soris yvela sazogadoebisaTvis da saxelmwifosaTvis ar aris erTnairi. magaliTad, Tuki ganvixilavT adreul tradiciul-agrarul sazogadoebas, vnaxavT, rom masSi ganaTlebis miReba xdeba ojaxSi, anu gadadis mamidan vaJiSvilze, dedidan qaliSvilze, am SemTxvevaSi, ganaTleba iqneba mikroinstituti22. Tanamedrove dasavleT evropaSi, rodesac umaRlesi ganaTleba saxelmwifo politikis sazrunavia da misi moqmedebis wesebi politikurad isazRvreba, umaRlesi ganaTleba makroinstitutia23. aSS-Si, sadac umaRlesi ganaTleba ZiriTadad bazarzea mibmuli da umetesad kerZoa, umaRlesi ganaTleba mezoinstitutia 24. sabWoTa kavSirSi Tavidan iyo survili yvela instituti makrod gadaeqciaT (ojaxis CaTvliT), anu, yvela instituti moeqciaT realistur formaSi. sabolood es srulad ar ganxorcielda, magram ojaxis sabWoTa instituti Zlier iyo SeWiduli Zalaufleba-politikasTan25. 21 aq SeiZleba spekulacias mivceT gza, da vTqvaT, rom am doneze SesaZlebelia vilaparakoT socialuri Tavisuflebis, anu, gadawyvetilebis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. 22 aqvs idealisturi forma 23 aqvs realisturi forma 24 25 aqvs konceptualuri forma Tumca, sakamaToa, ra aris totalitaruli saxelmwifo am klasifikaciis mixedviT: makroinstituti Tu mikroinstituti? am erTi SexedviT paradoqsuli gamonaTqvamis sasargeblod Semdegi faqtorebi metyvelebs: I. Rirebulebebi da Sesabamisad akrZalvebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi stratificirebulia, ierarqiuli, zustad gawerili. II. marTalia, represiuli meqanizmi erTi SexedviT Zlieria, magram, is yovelTvis xorcieldeba damkvirveblebis da pasiuri mimRebebis 67 imisaTvis, rom am SeWidulobis bunebaSi gaverkveT, unda SemovitanoT kidev erTi cneba. Tavi III instituciuri kompleqsebi instituciuri kompleqsi is socialuri SemTxvevaa, rodesac ramdenime instituti SeWidulia an kanonis, an tradiciis (dauwerlad), an orives ZaliT. anu, rodesac institutis Tanaoba (magaliTad, zogierT konkretul (da sein) sazogadoebaSi/saxelmwifoSi TavisTavad SemTxvevaSi: niSnavs meoris Zalaufleba/politika erT-erTi Tanaobasac. – eklesia, Zalaufleba/politika – eklesia – ojaxi, ganaTleba – ojaxi). sxvadasxva instituciuri kompleqsi SeiZleba aRiweros erTi da igive institutebis saxelebiT. magram sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi es saxelebi, gamomdinare kompleqsis bunebidan da TviTon institutis formidan, sxvadasxva rames aRniSnavs. institutebs, romelTac Cveni garemos istoriis ganmavlobaSi mimarT (represia xdeba ara agentebis, aramed yofili agentebis mimarT). III. agentebs SeuZliaT gverdi auaron represiul aparats Tavisi Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, meore mxriv, unda iTqvas, rom sabolood, totalitaruli reJimis ganviTareba bolos aRwevs makromdgomareobas, imdenad, ramdenadac misi Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis sazRvrebi formalizdeba da umetes SemTxvevaSi neitraluri xdeba. represiuli aparati rCeba igive doneze. swored “umetes da gaurkvevel SemTxvevebSi” neitraluroba, xolo raRac SemTxvevebSi “Zveli drois gaxseneba” xdeba totalitaruli reJimis, rogorc institutis rRvevis safuZveli – warmoiSoba totaluri anomia: erTi da igive SemTxvevis ori da SeiZleba ramdenime interpretacia xdeba. winamdebare teqstis enaze rom vTqvaT, izrdeba da bolos absoluturi xdeba im SemTxvevebis/xdomilebebis ricxvi, romlis monawileebic iZulebulni arian Tanabrad da erTdroulad iyvnen realistebic, konceptualistebic da idealistebic (amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixile TavSi: “institucionalizacia. adamiani, rogorc saagento”). 68 ar SeucvliaT TavianTi forma, da jerjerobiT metwilad aseTad rCebian, aris ojaxi – mikroinstituti, da saxelmwifo (Zalaufleba/politika) – makroinstituti. Cveni garemos, Cveni civilizaciis sxva institutebi, rogorc istoriis ganmavlobaSi, aseve modernulobaSi da TanamedroveobaSi icvlis rogorc formas, aseve tipsac. institucionaluri kompleqsis konkretuli tipis saSualebiT SeiZleba gansazRvros saxelwifos da sazogadoebis tipi. aseve, institucionaluri kompleqsis tipi gansazRvravs erTis mxriv, ra forma aqvs masSi Semaval institutebs, xolo meore mxriv, institutis forma gansazRvravs institucionaluri kompleqsis tips. qvemoT CamoTvlilia institucionaluri kompleqsis ramdenime magaliTi: institucionaluri kompleqsebis monacvleoba, rogorc istoria daviwyoT martivi magaliTiT. gvaqvs institucionaluri kompleqsi – saxelmwifo-eklesia. es aris SemTxveva, rodesac institucionalur kompleqsSi gaerTianebuli arian saxelmwifo da eklesia. Tumca, es erTmniSvnelovnad ar miuTiTebs, rom aseTi kompleqsi niSnavs diqtaturas, an Teokratias. ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebi ZiriTadad aseTi kompleqsiT xasiaTdeboda, magram, aseTive kompleqsiT xasiaTdeboda sul cota xnis winaT (da umetes SemTxvevebSi exlac) evropis ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. es kompleqsi sruliad totalitarulia, rodesac “saxelmwifo-eklesias” daemateba “ekonomika”, “ganaTleba” da “ojaxi”. am SemTxvevaSi, anu, rodesac institucionaluri kompleqsia “saxelmwifo-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba-ojaxi” gvaqvs saqme diqtaturasTan da Tu “eklesia” figurirebs am kompleqsSi, maSin Teokratiul saxelmwifosTan. sabWoTa kavSirSi “eklesia” iyo Canacvlebuli “partia/ideologiiT”. Tanac, am SemTxvevaSi yvela es instituti, romelic gaerTianebulia am kompleqsSi – makroTi isazRvreba da institutebis umravlesoba makro tipisaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi ukve SegviZlia vilaparakoT saxelmwifo/sazogadoebis tipze: imdenad, ramdenadac makroinstitutebi bevria am kompleqsSi, makroinstitutebis Semkvreli Rirebulebebi (SezRudvebi) ver 69 iqneba zogadi, radganac isini bevr konkretul sferos unda Seexon. xolo represiis da SezRudvis iaraRi rCeba Zlieri. amitom, aseTi kompleqsebi erTi mxriv ra Tqma unda, makrodominanturi sistemaa, magram aRweris dros emsgavseba mikrosistemas, im gansxvavebiT, rom represiis iaraRi da saSualeba imasTan SedarebiT, rac mikroinstitutis gaaCnia, ganuzomlad Zlieria da yovlismomcveli. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc vxedavT, makro da mikro institutebis Tvisebebi gaerTianebulia. amitom, aseT kompleqsebs makro-mikro insitutebis kompleqsi SeiZleba davarqvaT. kacobriobis istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc institucionaluri kompleqsebis garTuleba da diferenciacia: anu, winamodernuli periodi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, “saxelmwifo-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba-ojaxi” rogorc – sadac “Zalaufleba/politika-eklesia-ekonomika-ganaTleba” makroinstitutebia, xolo ojaxi 26 mikro26. istoria SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc mimarTuleba Tumca es sqema, iseve, rogorc yvela sqema ar aris absoluturi: ra Tqma unda, winamodernul evropaSi, periodSi iyo inteleqtualuri mezoinstitutebic da (gildiebi religiur-inteleqtualuri Sua saukuneebis jgufebi, vaWrebis asociaciebi da a.S.) magram, wina modernuli periodis adreul xanaSi isini imdenad sustebi arian, rom Znelia maTi calke gamoyofa mikroinstitutebidan. Tanac, isini umetesad arsebobdnen makroinstitutebis nebiT da xelSewyobiT. Zlieri mezoinstituciuri formebi, Tuki warmoiSobodnen, imdenad, ramdenadac agentebisaTvis potenciurad yvelaze misaRebi iyo makroforma, gadadioda makroinstitutis formaSi. amis magaliTia, Tundac qristianobis gavrceleba da aseve, Sua saukuneebSi universitetis warmoSoba: Sua saukuneebis pirveli universiteti Seiqmna boloniaSi XIII saukuneSi (ix. The Rise of Unversities. by Charles Homer Haskins. 1923. Ithaca, New York). Tavidan, universiteti saxeliTac (universitas (laT.) - niSnavs erTianobas, gaerTianebas) da formiTac warmoadgenda profesorTa, anu, ostatTa da studentTa gildiebis gaerTianebas. gildiaSi ostatebs hqondaT didi uflebebi, 70 xolo Segirdebi, rogorc wesi uuflebobisaTvis iyvnen ganwirulni (sanam TviTon gaxdebodnen ostatebi). miuxedavad imisa, rom boloniaSi jer studentTa gildia Seiqmna, da Semdeg profesorebis, qalaqi profesorebis gildias uWrda mxars da uflebebi ZiriTadad profesorebs hqondaT. universitetis, rogorc gildiebis gaerTianebis warmoSobis dasawyisi gamoiwvia wodebis 1163 wlis papis brZanebam, romlis mixedviTac maRali sasuliero pirebs ekrZalebodaT swavleba. am brZanebam gaavlo sademarkacio xazi saeklesio skolebs da universitetebs Soris da misca dasabami universitetebis arsebobas. gildiis garda sxva instituciuri forma im dros ar arsebobda, amitom, axlad Seqmnili universiteti (boloniis) moeqca gildiis instituciur formaSi. magram Tu ostatebi (profesorebi) akmayofilebdnen gildiis moTxovnebs da kmayofilebi iyvnen gildiis wevrobiT, studentebisaTvis universitetSi yofna warmoadgenda problemas; miuxedavad imisa, rom maT calke gildia hqondaT, isini mainc aRiqmebodnen rogorc Segirdebi da qalaqis mxridan aranairi SeRavaTebi ar hqondaT (binis rentis fasi, sxva saxis momsaxureba): 1. isini iyvnen saSualo an maRali fenis ojaxebidan gamosulebi, da ar moswondaT sakuTari Tavis SegirdebisaTvis gatoleba. 2. saeklesio skolebi, sadac adre xdeboda ganaTlebis miReba, ar iyvnen gildiis formis, isini ufro makroinstitutebs warmoadgendnen. 3. studentebi rogorc wesi iyvnen ucxoelebi, da maTi jgufebi upirispirdebodnen qalaqis mmarTvelobas, romelic maT uyurebda rogorc Segirdebs da SegirdebiviT eqceoda (mag. dasawyisSi iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac studentebi garozges). amitom, ukmayofileba studentebs Soris sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda, da bolos miaRwia SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas qalaqis mosaxleobas da studentebs Soris. profesorebi qalaqs uWerdnen mxars. bolos da bolos, konstancis sabWos sagangebo gadawyvetilebiT, studentebs mieniWaT specialuri uflebebi, romelic maT boloniaSi gansakuTrebul pirobebSi ayenebda (profesorebis arCeva, gagdeba, binebze, wignebze fasis dadgena qalaqTan SeTanxmebiT da a.S. ix. Universities in Politics. Case study from the late Middle ages and early Modern period. The John Hopkins Press. Baltimore and London. 1972), aseve, universiteti gaxda klerikaluri wreebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis obieqti. Tumca, aseTi konkretuli warmateba pasiuri wevrebis gaagentebis mimarTulebiT 71 makrodominanturi institucionaluri institucionaluri kompleqsebisaken. darCeba erTaderT kompleqsebidan anu, rodesac makroinstitutad, xolo mezodominanturi “Zalaufleba/politika” “ojaxi” erTaderT mikroinstitutad. danarCeni yvela (eklesia, ganaTleba, ekonomika da sxva) gaxdeba mezoinstituti. aseve, SeiZleba ganvixiloT winaistoriuli periodi (ra Tqma unda hipoTeturi), romelic SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc mikroinstitutebis dominantobidan moZraoba makroinstitutebis dominantobisaken: “dasawyisSi” ganaTleba, ojaxi, ekonomika, SeiZleba eklesiis substitutic, iyvnen mikroinstitutebi. Semdeg, ganviTarebis tendencia wavida mikroinstitutebis makroebad qcevisaken. ra Tqma unda, istoriaSi iyo gamonaklisebic; anu, yvela instituti, ar iyo mxolod mikro da makro tipebis. magram mezoinstitutebi, axali drois dadgomamde, yovelTvis iyo ufro cota, vidre makroinstitutebi. magaliTisaTvis sakmarisia gildiebis socialuri faqtis moxmobac. mxolod Tumca, sakiTxavia, boloniaSi aRiniSneba. is ufro sxva mikroinstitutis qveynebSi, marTalia, am formaze faqtma iyo iqonia gamoZaxili, magram aseTi radikaluri forma ar miuRia. magram amis Semdeg yvela universiteti am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda. universitetis formis meore radikaluri universiteti gamovlineba (bolonias iyo amis oqsfordi, rogorc sapirispirod mTlianad “studentebis profesorebis universitets” uwodebdnen). Tumca, faqtia, rom boloniis universitetis studentebis, anu, socialuri statusis mixedviT pasiuri wevrebis gamosvlebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula institucionalur cvlilebaSi. es aRwerili SemTxveva makrodominantobis tipiuri magaliTia. Semdeg, TandaTan, mezoinstitutebi ikreben Zalas, da ukve modernulobis dadgomasTan erTad, nel-nela makroinstitutebTan erTad Tanabar mdgomareobas ikaveben. kapitalizmis warmoSoba, samoqalaqo aqtiobis specifikuri saxe, sazogadoebrivi azris warmoSoba - es yvelaferi aris mezo donis TandaTanobiTi gaaqtiurebis niSnebi. 72 orientirebuli, Tu mezoze. aseve, ga-mezo-ebis niSnebia XVII saukunidan bazrobebis, savaWro gzebis, salonebis, da a.S. gaCena27. dRes msoflioSi arsebuli tendencia SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc ganviTareba mezodominanturobisaken. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi, religiuri jgufebi, ekonomikuri mqonenic28 aqtualuri mezoinstitutebi, anu, ki jgufebi, – moeqcnen Zalauflebis miiswrafian potenciuri imisaken, TviTregulirebad rom samyaroSi, da gaxdnen gansxvavebiT makro da mikro samyaroebidan. Tumca, GganviTarebad qveynebSi xSiria am procesis Setrialebis mcdelobebi: magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi arsebuli mcdelobebi romelime eklesias mianiWon gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, anu, aqcion makroinstitutad, anda, ekonomikuri sistemebis Zlieri regulaciis survili, rac arcTuise liberalur kanonebSi gamoixateba. aseve, amave qveynebis politikosebis survili saxelmwifo organizaciebis mxridan akontrolon aqtiuroba, da anu, reglamentirebuli gadaaqcion sakuTari gaxadon samoqalaqo organizaciis sazogadoebis procesad. Tumca, es moqmedebebi albaT droebiTia, da Tavad agentebis survils sabolood win veraferi gadaeRobeba (amis Sesaxeb ixile institucionaluri cvlilebebis TavSi). ganviTarebuli makrodominanturi sistemebis evropis sistemebis gardaqmna qveynebSi, reliqtebi mezodominantur sadac jer SemorCenili, sistemebad. kidev mimdinareobs magaliTad, aris am skandinaviis qveynebSi, sadac saskolo elementarul doneze religiuri ganaTlebis wili 27 ix. Habermas, Jurgen. Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Chicago Uni. Press. 1995 28 ix. am wignis pirvel nawilSi bekis “riskis sazogadoeba”. bekis mixedviT, riskis (Tanamedrove) sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba gadadis didi asociaciebis da firmebis xelSi, romlebic ki ar upirispirda arsebul “ofocialur xelisuflebas” aramed ignorirebs mas. 73 sakmao iyo29 TandaTan uars amboben elementaruli skolis saswavlo gegmebSi konkretuli religiis Setanaze da mimarTuleba religiebis istoriaze aqvT aRebuli30. amis gamarTleba upirveles yovlisa isaa, rom ojaxi ukve aRar aris totalurad mijaWvuli eklesiaze; Tu aqamde skola religiuri swavlebiT exmareboda bavSvebs garkveuliyvnen im ritualebSi Tu moqmedebebSi romlebsac ojaxSi an ojaxTan erTad asrulebdnen, arsebuli tendenciebis mixedviT skola male xels SeuSlis bavSvebis ojaxSi urTierTobas religiuri swavlebiT, rogorc ojaxisaTvis ucxo da uCveulo elementis kultivirebiT. rodesac institucionalur gaviTvaliswinoT, iyofodes rom Cvens kompleqsebze mier “qveinstitutebad”. aseT CamoTvlili SemTxvevaSi vlaparakobT, institutebic SesaZlebelia unda SeiZleba ufro Rrma analizis warmoeba, Tu rogor gamodian erTi zeinstitutis farglebidan qveinstitutebi, da rogor Sedian sxva zeinstitutebSi. rac SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos tipis SecvliT (anu, mag. makros mezoTi, an mezos makroTi, rogorc es yofili sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSia zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi. aseve, makrodan nawilobriv gamosvlis da mezoSi Sesvlis magaliTia arCeviTi Serifis Tanamdeboba aSS-Si31). 29 anu, religia iyo [nawilobriv mainc] makroinstituti da gaerTianebuli iyo institucionalur kompleqsSi ZalauflebasTan da saskolo ganaTlebasTan – Sesabamisad ojaxTanac. 30 ix. fineTis dawyebiTi skolis saswavlo gegma. Framecurriculum for comprehencive school. 1999. 31 TavisTavad arCeviTobis faqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc mezodominanturobisken mimarTuleba. Tumca, albaT ara absoluturi, ramdenadac aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT Zalauflebis qarizma da arCeulis a.S. _ mier amitom, miRebuli arCeviToba instituciuri kompleqsis nawilad unda ganvixiloT. 74 Zalauflebis albaT xarisxi, makro-mezo qvemoT sqemis saxiT mocemulia instituciuri kompleqsebis ganviTareba istoriul periodebTan mimarTebaSi: modernulobis Semdegi dro modernuli dro winamodernuli dro winaistoruli dro aRniSnulia makroinstitutebi aRniSnulia mezoinstitutebi aRniSnulia mikroinstitutebi ra Tqma unda, gadasvla erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi ar iyo aseTi mkveTri da gamoyofili, aramed talRovani da TandaTanobiTi. wyvetili xazi aRniSnavs gadasvlis pirobiT talRas. 75 rogorc aRvniSneT, SesaZlebelia gadaxrebic rogorc es iyo sabWoTa kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom gadaxris SemTxvevaSic ki Zalaufleba eweva mezoinstitutebis arsebobis imitacias. sqemaze mezoinstitutis gagrZeleba konusuri formiT miuTiTebs, rom mimdinare da momavali procesi aris mezoinstituciuri farglebis gafarToeba da makro da mikro institutebis Semcireba. magram es procesi albaT sabolood arasodes ganxorcieldeba (dawvrilebiT, ix. bolo Tavi “makro-mezo da mikro-mezo institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove socialur sistemebSi). evropocentrizmis SesaZlo braldebis winaamRdeg aseTi gawyobis SemoTavazebis SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac mouva gamocdil kritikoss TavSi, aris am sqemis evropocentrulobaSi dadanaSauleba, imdenad, ramdenadac es sqema imeorebs dasavluri civilizaciis istorias da a.S. magram, aseTi midgoma ar aris marTebuli, radganac, jer erTi, Cems mier SemoTavazebuli sazogadoebas da institutis cneba civilizacias. universaluria32, institutebis da makro axasiaTebs da mikro yvela tipebic universaluri daxasiaTebaa. rac Seexeba mezoinstitutebs, maTi monaxvac yvela sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba, Zlieri Tu susti formiT. 32 anu, es Teoria ar asaxelebs arc erT konkretul instituts, rogorc aucilebels, midgomebze, mniSvneloba aramed yuradReba gadaaqvs institutebisadmi monawileebis damokidebulebebze, da institutebSi rolebis ganawilebaze. am mxriv, aqvs monawileebis rolebs da poziciebs institutebisadmi. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia moviazroT sazogadoeba, sadac Zalaufleba/politika iseve xasiaTdeba agentis, pasiuri monawilis da damkvirveblis midgomebiT (idealisti, konceptualisti, realisti) rogorc Cvens civilizaciaSi “ojaxi”, da a.S. 76 sxva saqmea, ramdenadaa ase danaxuli cvlileba universaluri, da xom ar aris mosalodneli ramdenime mniSvnelovani SemTxveva, rodesac ganviTareba wava sxva mimarTulebiT. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sabWoTa kavSiris drosac ki, rodesac faqtiurad ar arsebobda mezo done, xdeboda mezo donis institutebis imitacia. rac Seexeba mimarTulebas mezodominanturi sistemebisaken, es ukve Tavad sistemebis sakiTxia, da problema JRers Semdegnairad: aris Tu ara sistema Sinaganad mimarTuli TviTregulaciisaken, Tu ufro sxva sistemiT regulirebisaken? magram, am kiTxvaze sruli pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli iqneba mas Semdeg, rac ganvixilavT instituciuri cvlilebebis sakiTxebs. instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologia _ ori ganzomileba imisaTvis rom aRvweroT instituciuri cvlilebebi, institutebis tipebis da istoriaSi maTi monacvleobis sqema ar gamogvadgeba. es sqema sqemad darCeba, da miuxedavad imisa, rom is produqtiulia saerTo ganviTarebis suraTis dasanaxavad, Tavad konkretuli cvlilebis procesze veranair informacias ver mogvcems. magram, institutebis tipebis da instituciuri kompleqsebis cnebebi sasargebloa arsebuli viTarebis aRsawerad: instituciuri kompleqsebis dadgena SeiZleba kvleviT (rogorc kanonmdeblobis sociologiuri kuTxiT analiziT, aseve CaRrmavebuli da raodenobrivi gamokiTxviT). rogoric ar unda iyos saxelmwifos Tu sazogadoebis garegnuli, imitaciuri Tu simulaciuri saxe, instituciuri kompleqsebis da am kompleqsebSi Semavali institutebis tipebis dadgena ueWvelad miuTiTebs, Tu ra tipis socialur sistemasTan gvaqvs saqme33. 33 instituciuri cvlilebebi SeiZleba gaizomos institucionaluri kompleqsebis cvlilebiT, rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis 77 doneze. magaliTad, Tuki kanonis mixedviT tradiciul eklesias CamoerTmeva privilegiebi, is gaxdeba mezoinstituti. magram SesaZlebelia iseTi SemTxvevac, rom legalurad, anu, normatiuli aqtebis mixedviT eklesias ar hqondes privilegiebi, magram garkveuli pirobebis gamo is mainc makroinstituti iyos da Zalaufleba/politikasTan institucionalur kompleqss qmnides. amis konkretul magaliTia saqarTveloSi dakavSirebiT: qarTul dRevandeli istoriul viTareba marTlmadideblur mecnierebaSi miRebulia eklesiasTan marTlmadidebluri eklesiis aRwera, rogorc saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi makrofenomenis. ramdenad misaRebia es faqti – miT umetes rom gviani Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli axal dromde saqarTvelo dayofili iyo ramdenime saxelmwifod, istoriuli mecnierebis amocanaa. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa wyobilebis damyarebis mere, iseve, rogorc mTel sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, marTlmadidebluri eklesia gaxda makroinstituti. anu, instituti, romelsac winaswar ki ar hqonda mocemuli qcevis da akrZalvebis wesebi, aramed mis SigniT xdeboda am wesebis da akrZalvebis konstruireba, saWieroebisda mixedviT. anu, is kontroldeboda da imarTeboda saxelmwifo struqturebidan. es Careva sabWoTa xelisuflebam ganaxorciela mas mere, rac cxadi gaxda, rom eklesiis ganadgureba SeuZlebelia, imdenad ramdenadac, jer erTi, sazRvargareT arsebobda analogiuri eklesiebi, romlebic yovelTvis darCebodnen orientirebad, da meorec, ramdenime sasuliero piris daxvretam daanaxa sabWoTa mTavrobas, rom mosaxleobas es mxolod aRizianebs da ganawyobs mis sapirispirod. magram makrod qcevis procesi ar iyo erTmniSvnelovani: amave dros erTis mxriv saxelmwifo, xolo meore mxriv TviTon eklesia Seecada, rom ar daekarga mediaciurobis niSnebi, anu, ar daekarga mrevlis mozidvis momxibvleloba. es iqna miRweuli, erTis mxriv saqarTvelos kulturis ZiriTad monapovrad saeklesio xelovnebis (arqiteqtura, sagaloblebi, saeklesio mxatvroba) gamocxadeba-kultivirebiT, da meore mxriv – amave safuZvelze qarTuli nacionlizmis faqtiuri daSvebiT da nacionalistobis “Cumi” uflebis micemiT. amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi mxriv TiTqos cxadi iyo, rom eklesias saxelmwifo akontrolebda, meore mxriv eklesia “saidumlo TavSeyris” adgilad gadaiqca, sadac morwmune-patriotebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen. 78 bunebrivia, es TavSeyris adgilebic iseve kontroldeboda (an ver kontroldeboda – qvemoT Cven vnaxavT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs instituciuri cvlilebebisaTvis aseT moqmedebebs saxelwifos mxridan), rogorc patriarqebis daniSvna da mRvdlad kurTxeva. magram es procedurebi, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT ar iyo cxadi, da savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo vinme “gamZvraliyo”, dasxltomoda maT. ase rom saboloo jamSi, mainc gaurkveveli iyo, eklesia mTlianad kontrolis qveS iyo, Tu SeiZleboda ramdenime “pirovneba-oazisis” monaxva. aseTive viTareba iyo patriot-morwmuneebis mimarTac, romlebic eklesiaSi ikribebodnen. garda amisa, sabWoTa eklesia maqsimalurad cdilobda tolerantuli yofiliyo: saqarTvelos marTlmadideblobis mTavar taZarSi garkveuli periodulobiT sxvadasxva konfesiis warmomadgenlebi erTad loculobdnen. mokled, am pirobebSi eklesias ar aklda arc mrevli, arc saxelmwifos mxridan dafinanseba, da arc saxelmwifos mxridan kontroli. magram, sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdeg legitimuri viTareba radikalurad Seicvala: axal saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi miuTiTebdnen eklesiisagan maqsimalur daSorebisken ramdenadac da yvela konfesiis xelisuflebaSi mainc Tanabrad ZiriTadad gamocxadebisken. yofili Tumca partiuli imdenad, bosebi da saeklesio patritizmze aRzrdili xalxi iyo, konstituciaSi mainc Caweres, rom “marTlmadideblur eklesias gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi”. es erTi SexedviT uwyinari fraza mogvianebiT aRmoCnda is mosaWidi wertili, romlisganc marTlmadideblobis daiwyo saxelmwifo moZraoba religiurma religiad fundamentalizmma, gamocxadebis moTxovnam. anu, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi dRiTi dRe Zlierdeba yofili partiuli bosebis poziciebi, gasagebi unda iyos, rom eklesiisaTvis Zveli saxis dabruneba maT unda awyobdeT, rogorc sazogadoebis kontrolis gamocdili saSualeba (magram, rogorc Semdeg, “institucionalizaciis” TavSi vnaxavT, swored aseTi kontrolis saSualebaa, rac erTis mxriv amyarebs, magram meore mxriv Slis gasaTvaliswinebeli, totalitarul rom legitimurad saxelmwifos). sabWoTa dros Tanac isic eklesia ar aris iyo saxelmwifos nawili. dRes biujeturi met-naklebi gamWvirvalobis pirobebSi 79 TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba eklesiis farulad dafinanseba. amitom, eklesia sul ufro da ufro aqtiurad moiTxovs saxelmwifoebrivi statusis miniWebas. anu, is cdilobs moipovos igive makro statusi, romelic hqonda sabWoTa wyobilebis dros. magram “im” statusis mopoveba dRes SeuZlebelia, radganac legitimaciis gareSe (anu, konstituciuri Sesworebis, oficialuri dafinansebis da sxva) SeuZlebelia im viTarebis niSnebi SeiZino, xolo TavisTavad legitimacia, anu, makroinstitutad qceva gamoricxavs sazogadoebrivi kontrolis im meqanizmis aRdgenas. amitom, dRes saqarTveloSi eklesiam SeiZleba iTqvas, miaRwia makroinstitutis mdgomareobas: Sevida Sesworeba konstituciaSi, saubrobdnen sakonstitucio moxeleebic xelSekrulebaze Tavs valdebulad da a.S. Tvlian prezidenti Svilebi moinaTla, monaTlon da saxelmwifo eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebis afiSireba moawyon. aseve, eklesiis aSeneba iqca erTgvar modad, da amave dros Tavis dacvad, korufciaSi CarTuli xalxis mxridan. Tumca, eklesia legitimaciis saxelmwifos doneze mainc damokidebuleba ar da aris mis bolomde mier makroinstituti, sakuTari Tavis aRqma misdami mTlianad makroinstituts Seefereba. miuxedavad amisa, saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi dRes cdiloben eklesias miaweron mediaciuri funqcia: es maT im Zveli, sazogadoebis kontrolis meqanizmis asamuSaveblad sWirdebad. aq SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, rom Tu eklesia mediaciuri funqcias asrulebda Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris, maSin ratom iyo makroinstituti? saqme isaa, rom “mediacia” ar niSnavs “mezoinstituciur tips”: mediacia SesaZlebelia makroinstitucionalur dones ekuTvnodes, rogorc es iyo eklesiis SemTxvevaSi Sua saukuneebis evropasa da saqarTveloSi. anda, presis da televiziis qveynebSic) ZiriTadi nawili – makroinstitutebad. asruleben sxva dRes ruseTSi makro saqmea, donis rom es da saqarTveloSi (albaT SekveTebs makro done da sxva gvevlinebian ramdenime, SeiZleba urTierTdapirispirebuli nawilebisagan Sedgeba. anu, “mediaciuroba” ar niSnavs mezoinstitucionaluri donisadmi kuTvnilebas. SeiZleba, piriqiT, sapirispirosac ki aRniSnavdes: anu, mediaciuri funqcia SeiZleba saerTod ar iyos mezo donis Tviseba. 80 magram es yvelaferi exeba statikur aRweras, anu, arsebuli mdgomareobis dafiqsirebas da gansazRvrebas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aseTi aRwera arafers ar gvaZlevs instituciuri cvlilebebis axsnisaTvis; anu, aseTma aRweram sistemebi, SeiZleba rom gviTxras, arsebobs Tu ra tendencia – mdgomarebaSia sazogadoebrivi mezodominanturobisaken Tu makrodominanturobisaken. magram ver gvetyvis ratom icvleba konkretulad esa Tu is instituti da ra aris amis safuZveli. imisaTvis, rom vilaparakoT instituciuri cvlilebebis sociologiaze, unda mivmarToT institutebis aRweris sxva ganzomilebas: rodesac Cven vlaparakobdiT socialuri institutebis formebze, aRvwereT institutebis samnairi gagebis SesaZlebloba, rodesac TiToeuli es gageba damokidebulia pirovnuli sistemis sam sxvadasxva nawilze, romelTac Sexeba aqvT socialur institutebTan. anu: agenti – socialuri institutis “mamoZravebeli”, “aqtiuri wevri”, damkvirvebeli – “disidenti” “kanonSemoqmedi”, “mecnieri”, da Ppasiuri wevri, monawile, institutis aqtivobis calmxrivi mimRebi, is vinc mxolod iRebs sikeTeebs da gzavnilebs – anu is, vinc institutis farglebSi arsebobs, magram ar aris aqtiuri, masze ar aris damokidebuli institutis konkretuli saxe da institutSi mimdinare konkretuli procesebi. konkretuli instituciuri cvlileba damyarebulia agentebze. anu, im subieqtebze, romlebic warmarTaven institutebis nebismieri cvlilebebis mimarTulebiT uSualod muSaobas. SeiZleba mimarTulebebze monawileoben, Teoriulad wavides. daviwyebT CarTulni instituciuri magram laparaks, sanam arian da cvlileba instituciuri unda aRvweroT instituciuri cvlilebebis tipebi; socialuri instituti ornairad SeiZleba Seicvalos. es ori cvlilebaa 1) diferenciacia da de-diferenciacia, da 2) reinstitucionalizacia. 81 Tavi IV instituciuri cvlilebebi 1. diferenciacia da dediferenciacia SesaZlebelia erT socialur instituts gamoeyos erTi an ramdenime socialuri instituti, romelic SeinarCunebs rogorc “winapari” institutis tips, aseve institutis formas. magaliTi: XX saukunis meore naxevarSi evropaSi saskolo ganaTlebis institutidan gamoiyo dawyebiTi ganaTlebis instituti, romelsac ukve aqvs sakuTari SerCevis, moqmedebis wesebi da Rirebulebebi. aseTive tipis vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs magaliTia policiis da armiis diferenciacia. rodesac am diferenciaciasTan. tipis Tumca, cvlilebaze SesaZlebelia ukuprocesic, anu, institutebis sinTezi. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis Semdeg samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, rogorc institutis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelmac Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana disidenturi, avangarduli da sxva arsebuli institutebi34. aseTive de-diferenciaciis magaliTia Sua saukuneebSi evropaSi “moqalaqeobis” (zogierT interpretaciaSi “qalaqis”) institutis Camoyalibeba, romelic Tavis TavSi ramdenime arsebul instituts aerTianebda. aseTi diferenciacia da rediferenciaciis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc Sromis danawilebis procesi, aseve gare impulsi, aseve, agentebSi warmoSobili konsolidaciis survili, rodesac isini (anu, cal-calke institutebi) ver umklavdebian problemebs, anda rodesac problemebi saerToa 34 Tumca, Semdeg moxda am gaerTianebis danawevreba da politikuri moZraobebis gamoyofa. Tumca, dRes saqarTveloSi e.w. warumatebeli, an talRovani warmatebis mqone partiebi kidev rCeba (nawilobriv farglebSi. 82 mainc) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da a.S. am mizezebze bevri SeiZleba daiweros da SesaZlebelia mizezebis mTeli gansxvavebuli sistemebi aigos, romlebic, rogorc mosalodnelia, iseTive gansxvavebulebi romlebic iqneba, rogorc rogorc vnaxeT, socialuri institutebis ganmsazRvrelis poziciazea gansazRvrebebi, damokidebuli da emTxveva mas. institutebis erT doneze diferenciacia/rediferenciaciis mizezebi SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyos am doneze warmoSobili saWiroebebi da iyos makro donidan nakarnaxevi, kanonmdeblobis Secvlis an sxva normatiuli aqtis gamocemis gziT35. amitom, am saxis cvlilebebis klasifikacia, ra Tqma unda SesaZlebelia, magram yovel sazogaodebaSi da mikrosazogadoebaSi sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos. ase rom maTze dayrdnobiT raime zogadi wesis gamoyvana rac SesaZlebelia, magram xelovnuri iqneba. sxva saqmea, rodesac laparakia erTi instituciuri formidan meore instituciur formaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. 2. reinstitutizacia instituciuri cvlileba, rodesac erTi instituti icvlis formas (da tipsac) da gadadis sxva institucionalur formaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, institutis tipis ganmsazRvreli aris ara is, Tu ramden adamians moicavs, aramed is, Tu kontrolis, moqmedebis da represiis ra da ra siZlieris wesebia masSi legitimirebuli36. Sesabamisad, raodenobas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, imdenad, ramdenadac raodenoba yovelTvis fardobiTia, da verasodes ver ityvi, ra ricxvi ras gamoxatavs. amitomac, rodesac qvemoT laparaki gveqneba institutebis tipebze, 35 aseve, wina magaliTze dayrdnobiT rom vTqvaT, es gaerTianeba Seiqmna SesaZlebeli mas Semdeg, rac dasavluri organizaciebis kontaqtis prioriteti gaxda zogadaT “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”. anu am SemTxvevaSi moxda garedan mosuli impulsis mixedviT dediferenciacia. 36 legitimacia aq gamoiyeneba yvelaze TavisTavad cxadobis mniSvnelobiT. 83 farTo azriT: dadgenis, gaziarebis, (mikro, makro, mezo) gamoviyenebT ara raodenobriv gansazRvrebas, aramed Sinaarsobrivs - Rirebulebebis, SezRudvebis da normebis tipebis azriT37. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, socialur institutebSi mTavari moqmedi pirebi arian agentebi, romlebic zogierTi institutis SemTxvevaSi adgenen Rirebulebebs da SezRudvebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi asruleben da axorcieleben arsebul normebs. yvelaferi es imaze miuTiTebs, rom agentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini yvela agentebi arian, uxdebaT arseboba araTanabar pirobebSi. anu, martivad rom vTqvaT, iq, sadac SezRudvebi da represiebi naklebia, agentebi miT ukeTesad grZnoben Tavs da miT ufro miiswrafian am mdgomareobisaken38. zemoT aRwerili socialuri institutebis formebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mezodominantur droSi yvelaze naklebi SezRudvebi da represiebi arsebobs konceptualisti agentebis samyaroSi, anu, mezoinstitutebis doneze. naklebi ara im azriT, rom am doneze kanoni ar arsebobs da yvelaferi 37 Tumca, isic cxadia, rom Tu socialur instituts axasiaTebs mkacri SezRudvebi da susti represiis/kontrolis iaraRi, maSin misi konkretuli forma ufro naklebi subieqtebis da agentebis momcveli iqneba, vidre im socialuri institutis konkretuli forma, romelsac aqvs naklebi RirebulebiTi SezRudva da Sesabamisad, represiis naklebi faqtiuri, normatiuli moTxovna. 38 ase, Sua saukuneebis SemTxvevaSi, marTalia mezoinstitutebi arsebobda, magram arsebuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis da Zalauflebis gamo, makroinstitutebSi ufro meti TviTdadgenis da TviTkonstruirebis saSualeba iyo, vidre mezod darCenaSi, anda saerTod mikro doneze gadasvlaSi. am ukanasknel doneebSi mxolod agentebs gaaCndaT ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba, sxva ablosuturad uuflebo iyo. maSin rodesac makro dones SeeZlo nebismierisaTvis “mieniWebina” agentoba - brZanebiT. amitom am periodSi, garda imisa, rom makro doneze naklebi SezRudvaa, makro done yvelaze ufro metad uwyobs xels TviTdamdgen da TviTganmsazRvrel (ra Tqma unda garkveul, mkacrad dadgenil farglebSi) institutebs. 84 daSvebulia. naklebi im azriT, rom kanonebi, Rirebulebebi, tendenciebi da qcevis mimarTulebebi dgindeba TviTon agentebs Soris urTierTobiT da faqtiurad, maTive Semoqmedebaa. anu, am instituciur formaSi da instituciur tipSi Rirebulebebi da normebi dadgenilia agetebis moqmedebebis generalizaciiT, abstraqciiT. rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu sakmarisad bevri agenti Seicvlis qcevas raime mimarTulebiT, Seicvleba ara marto aseTi qcevis miRebuli wesi, aramed Rirebulebac da normac. aseTi rame warmoudgenelia danarCeni ori tipis da formis SemTxvevaSi: warmoudgenelia realisturi formis da makro tipis SemTxvevaSi, radganac aq Zalauflebis organizacia sazRvravs institucionalur formas, anu, qcevis wess da represias da ara piriqiT. aseve warmoudgenelia idealisturi formis da mikro tipis SemTxvevaSi, radganac aq Rirebuleba aris xelSeuxebeli, zeviT mdgomi, realuri idealuri tipi. amjerad mivuaxlovdiT institucionaluri cvlilebis aRweras: agentis Sinagani survili TviTon daadginos sakuTari moqmedebis sazRvrebi (anu, sakuTari institutis konkretuli gamoxatulebis) da wesebi ubiZgebs mas Secvalos institutis rigiduli forma ufro moqnilisaken da gadainacvlos rogorc agentma mezo tipSi, anu, konceptualistur formaSi. aseTi gawyoba xsnis im suraTs, romelic sqemazea gamosaxuli, anu, ratom xdeba makrodomininturi sistemebidan mezodominantur sistemebze gadasvla39. magram, Tu es sqema muSaobs, muSaobs aseve isic, rom arasodes ar moxdeba absoluturi mezodominanturi sistemis miRweva, Tundac imitom, rom am cvlilebebis gamtareblebi agentebi arian da yovelTvis iqneba sakuTari Rirebulebebis, normebis da SezRudvebis dawesebis eqstremaluri survilebi, 39 es ar niSnavs, rom yvela agenti maincdamainc TavisuflebismoyvareobiT aris Sepyrobili. monobis survilic mezo doneze ufro advilad ganxorcieldeba, vidre sxva doneze. iseve, rogorc yvela sxva deviaciuri qcevac. 85 rac damwesebels, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, Caayenebs (an daabrunebs) mikro an makro tipis socialur sistemaSi40. garda amisa, es moZraoba ar aris erTmniSvnelovani. dRevandel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac garkveuli politikuri pirobebis gamo mimdinareobs ukuprocesi. anu, mezo (konceptualisturi) institutebis makroinstitutebad qceva. SesaZlebelia aRwero mikroinstitutebad qcevis SemTxvevebic. Tumca, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom saboloo warmatebiT es mcdelobebi jerjerobiT arsad ar damTavrebula. albaT upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom am mizanmimarTul procesebs Tan sdevs mezodominanturi sistemebis Camoyalibebis procesi, romelic TandaTan totaluri da yvelafris gamWoli xdeba. ase rom iq, sadac mimdinareobs gamakro-obis Segnebuli mcdelobebi, yovelTvis arsebobs mezodominanturi procesis xelSemwyobi saagento41. ase rom, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom nebismieri “devianturi” qceva sakuTari kontrolis dawesebis mcdelobaa. rodesac am mcdelobas didi winaamRdegoba aqvs, maSin is SesaZlebelia ukidures formebSi gadaizardos, revoluciis CaTvliT42. Tu es winaamRdegoba ar aris Zlieri, anu, Tu institucionaluri kompleqsebi mTlianad ar msWvalavs da kravs socialur 40 anu, kidev ufro rom ganvmartoT, SeuZlebelia aRwero iseTi socialuri viTareba, sadac yvela socialuri instituti mezoa. anu, amis Cveneba SeuZlebelia: mezo donis mravalferovneba Tavis TavSi Seicavs am mravalferovnebebs Soris mikro-donis tradiciuli institutebis (magaliTad, tradiciuli ojaxis) arsebobasac. es ki niSnavs, rom imis aRwera (damtkiceba) rom yvela instituti gaxda mezo – SeuZlebelia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas makro donis institutebis mimarTac. 41 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba mezo fenis aqtiuri mxardamWerebi biznesmenebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtivistebis da religiuri umciresobebis saxiT. 42 Tu gamoCnda adamiani, romelic am deviaciebSi daiWers mimarTulebiT wava, ra mimarTulebiTac mas deviantebi gahyvebian. 86 saerTos da im sistemas, SedarebiT umtkivneulod xdeba mezodominanturi procesis ganxorcieleba. amis yvelaze kargi magaliTia Tanamedrove ojaxis mikro tipidan mezo TandaTan dakanoneba, gadaqceva saqorwino ganmsWvalva, kontraqti, intimurobis tipad: homoseqsualisturi ekonomikuri gandevna sistemebis ojaxidan, wyvilebis mier rogorc ojaxis socialuri institutidan da a.S. TandaTan ojaxs aqcevs mezo, anu, konceptualistur warmonaqmnad43. aseve, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT mezodominanturi procesis, iqneba es arCeviToba da decentralizacia, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs imas, rom makroinstitutebi iRebs konceptualistur formas. es procesic, (anu, makroinstitutebis ga-mezo-ebis) iseTive usasrulo unda iyos, rogorc konkretulad ojaxis SemTxvevaSi aRvwereT. amdenad, safuZveli. “devianturi” mTavari am saqcieli SemTxvevaSi aris isaa, rom instituciuri “devianturi” cvlilebis qceva unda axasiaTebdes agents. im SemTxvevaSi Tu devianturi qceva axasaTebs an pasiur wevrs, an damkvirvebels, mis moqmedebas rogorc wesi ar moqvs Sedegi da am SemTxvevaSi represiuli aparati iwyebs Tavis arsenalSi arsebuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas. Tumca, SesaZlebelia pasiuri wevri gadaiqces agentad, Tuki maT SeeqmnebaT Sesabamisi pirobebi. rogorc es vnaxeT Sua saukuneebis boloniis universitetis magaliTis ganxilvisas. 43 es ar niSnavs, rom istoriaSi mxolod mezo dominantur procesebs hqondaT adgili. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi universiteti gildiis konceptualisturi formidan gamovida da gaxda makro, realisturi formis instituti. marTalia, is dRes brundeba mezo formaSi, magram es ar auqmebs Sua saukuneebis faqts. 87 garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi TvalTaxedviT “deviacia” aris ara marto instituciuri cvlilebis, aramed socialuri institutebis arsebobis safuZvelic: “deviantis” qceva garkveul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba institutis gamamyarebelic ki aRmoCndes. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac instituti icvlis tips da formas, magram misi realuri/faqtiuri Semadgenloba, ritualebi, rekvizitebi sazogadoebis da sxva igive simyaris rCeba. anu SemanarCunebelia, aseTi instituciuri imdenad, ramdenadac cvlileba inarCunebs rolebs da adgilebs. is rom am rolebis da adgilebis Sinaarsi aseT SemTxvevebSi Tavidan iwereba, Tavad stabilurobisaTvis ara aqvs mniSvneloba. magaliTisaTvis Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili Tanamedrove ojaxis institutic gamodgeba. institucionaluri cvlilebebis am interpretaciaSi is ki ar aris mTavari, Tu rogori tendenciebia dRes, aramed is, rom instituciuri cvlilebebis (anu, mezodominanturi) mimarTuleba eyrdnoba SesaZleblobis farglebSi yoveli agentis mier maqsimaluri TviTgansazRvris mdgomareobis miRwevis survils. me ar viyeneb sityva Tavisuflebas, radganac, SesaZlebelia romelime konkretul SemTxvevaSi „Tavisufleba‟ iyos konkretuli TviTgansazRvrulobis sawinaamRdego. institucionalizacia institutebis formebis da tipebis TvalTaxedviT institucionalizacia Rirebulebebis da represiuli aparatis legitimaciis procesia, romelic warimarTeba potenciuri, institutuciuri an formisken aqtualuri da tipisken, agentebis an mier an konkretuli momdinareobs konkretuli instituciuri formidan da tipidan. “warimarTeba .. ..ken, momdinareobs .. ..dan” niSnavs agentis mier pasiuri mimRebebis da damkvirveblebis Ziebas. romdesac es sami roli (agenti, pasiuri 88 mimRebi da damkvirvebeli) Segrovdeba Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis aparatis garSemo, institucionalizaciis procesi damTavrebulia. Tumca, es mxolod procesis dasawyisia. legitimaciis procesi aris uwyveti da institutis konkretuli formebis arsebobis Tanamdevi procesia. aRwera I _ mezodominanturobis parametrebi: institutad qcevis, anu, institutcionalizaciis mizezad ZiriTadad ori faqtoria dasaxelebuli: 1. rom instituti adamianis bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvisaa Seqmnili (parsonsi); 2. instituti daxmarebaa, Svebaa mniSvnelovania, aris adamianebisaTvis carieli da forma, amave dros, romelic rac faqtiurad aq CvenTvis Tavisufalia SinaarsisaaTvis (geleni). anu am midgomis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia, instituti marTlac iqmnebodes sadRac bazisuri saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad, magram mas Semdeg avtonomiuria, rac is instituti ufro obieqtivirebulia, anTavisuflebs struqturirebulia, adamianebs maTi pirveladi saWiroebebidan da saSualebas iZleva maT ufro “maRali”, sxva ganzomilebis miznebi daisaxon44. magram, am SemTxvevaSic saqme isevea, rogorc institutebis samnairi gansazRvrebis SemTxvevaSi: institutebi arian erTsa da imave dros rogorc bazisuri, ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis damakmayofileblebi, aseve, carieli formebi, romlebic unda amoivsos konkretuli SinaarsiT. institutebis aseTi ragvaroba damokidebulia poziciebze, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT: anu, kiTxva 44 am gansazRvrebis sailustraciod Semdegi magaliTi gamodgeba: oficialuri sadilis mizani ar aris Wamis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. da arc SimSilis Caqroba. is aris, faqtiurad, carieli forma, romelic SeiZleba aivsos sxva miznebiT da motivebiT, rogoricaa urTierToba, flirti, politikuri kompomilebis gamyareba, mafiozuri jgufis Sekvra da a.S. (ix. Ziderveld, Anton C. The Institutional Imperative. The Interface of Institutions and Networks. 2000. Amsterdam University Press. p. 33-42). 89 unda daisvas ara “ras akmayofilebs instituti?” aramed, “romeli rolisTvis ra funqcias asrulebs instituti?” ase dasmuli kiTxvis pasuxad miviRebT, rom institutebi ZiriTad, bazisur moTxovnebebs akmayofilebs pasiuri wevrebisaTvis. anu, imaTTvis, vinc iRebs institutebis muSaobis Sedegs da gzavnils da TviTon ar/ver axdens maTze zemoqmedebas. agentebisaTvis instituti, garda imisa, rom akmayofilebs sawyis da bazisur45 moTxovnebs, amave dros instituti maTTvis carieli formaa, romelsac isini avseben sakuTari survilis da arCeuli mimarTulebis mixedviT46. vlaparakobT, am SemTxvevaSi, am formebis rodesac sxvadasxva poziciebis simkacre-siviwrove-sixiste iqneba agentebze gadamwyveti mezodominanturi mimarTulebis arCevaSi. ase rom, SesaZlebelia, rom instituti Seiqmna rogorc ZiriTadi da bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba. Tumca, aq Sesaqmnelic araferi iyo, imdenad, ramdenadac Tuki magaliTad, SevadarebT adamians da maRalganviTarebul cxovels, romelic jgufurad cxovrobs, maTi bazisuri institutebi erTi da igive iqneba, mmarTvelobis formis CaTvliT. es Sedareba Zalian Sors wagviyvans, da aq mxolod aRvniSnav, rom am doneze mikro da makro gadaxlarTulia erTmaneTSi da emTxveva erTmaneTs: didi ojaxis Tavkaci 45 “bazisuri” moTxovnilebis cneba sakmaod farToa, da dReisdReobiT, Seicavs iseT momentebs, romelic wina saukunis dasawyisSi ar iTvleboda aseTad. bazisuri moTxovnebia socialuri dacva, samuSao, jandacva, usafrTxoeba, aseve, komunikacia da a.S. 46 anu, ojaxis agentisaTvis “ojaxis” instituti aris carieli forma, romelic man unda Seavsos sakuTari SinaarsiT. magram, aq dgeba am formis siviwrovis sakiTxi, anu, ramdenad farToa esa Tu is instituti imisaTvis, rom agenti ar SeizRudos Tavis molodinebSi. “ojaxis” (ukve konkretulis) pasiuri wevrisaTvis ojaxi bazisuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis formaa. damkvirveblisTvisac, Tu is ojaxSi cxovrobs, ojaxi aseTad gvevlineba. 90 aseve, da jgufis ufrosi erTi da igivea47. am SemTxvevaSi misi farglebi iqneboda Zalian viwro. magram Semdeg iwyeba diferenciaciis da re- institucionalizaciis procesi. anu, institutis farglebis gafarToeba da maqsimaluri dacarieleba. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom faqtiuri institucionalizacia iwyeba reinstitucionalizaciasTan erTad, anu, rodesac Cndeba araZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis survili. am SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro cxadi xdeba instituciuri cvlilebis safuZveli: viwro farglebi da Sevsebuli sivrce, romelic aqvs pirvelad institutebs, ar akmayofilebs agentebs, da isini cdiloben gaafarToon institutis farglebi, ise, rom ar Seavson isini. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas instituciuri ganviTarebis orientacia jer makrodominantur, da Semdeg, rodesac makrodominanturma mimarTulebam amowura Tavisi Tavi – mezodominanturze gadasvla. makrodominanturma mimarTulebam amowura Tavisi Tavi modernistul droSi, rodesac farglebis ukve gafarToeba. SeuZlebeli es cxadi gaxda gaxda, saxelmwifos rodesac organizaciuli aseTi gafarToebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba – ruseTis revolucia _ iyo winamodernul, da lamis winaistoriul periodSi dabruneba. aseTive gafarToebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba iyo faSisturi reJimebi, romlebic aseve, winaistoriul diqtaturebad gadakeTda. ase rom, ruseTis revolucias da faSizmis periods SeiZleba vuwodoT makrodominanturobis piki da dasasruli. ratom aris es piki da Tavis amowurva, SeiZleba ase avxsnaT: TavisTavad agentis (am potenciuri agentis) makrodominanturobaze mimarTeba meti TviTgansazRvrulobis garantad gvevlineba, imdenad, ramdenadac makro 47 doneze sazRvrebi garkveulia da mkacri: arsebobs garkveuli Tumca, erTmniSvnelovnad arc imis Tqma ar SeiZleba, rom maRalganviTarebuli cxovelis sociumi eqstremalurad totalitarulia (ix. farli moueti “nu iyvireb: mgeli, mgeli!” Tbilisi. 1985. Farley Mowat “Don‟t Cry: the Wolf!”). 91 aucilebeli moTxovnebi, romelic agentma unda Seasrulos, xolo is "rac ar aris akrZaluli, daSvebulia”. amitom, agenti, bunebrivia, ecdeba daaRwios Tavi mikro donis mkacr, gaurkvevel da mTlianad amovsebul institutebs da iseT doneebze gadainacvlos, romlebic ufro meti TviTgansazRvruli moqmedebebis saSualebas miscemen. winamodernul istoriaSi am mxriv SeiZleba ormxrivi mimarTuleba davinaxoT: 1. makrodominanturobisaken, mikrodominaturobas, romelic da am mxriv, uSualod aris mosdevs samarTalis da iurispudenciis warmoSobis safuZveli – anu, mimarTuleba makro sazRvrebis mkacri saSualebas AaZlevs da naTeli zustad formulirebisaken, icodes arsebuli rac agents SezRudvebi da farglebi. 2. mezodominanturobisaken, romelic axal dromde SedarebiT sustia, magram mainc rCeba mikrodominanturobisagan Tavis daRwevis erT-erT gzad: amdroindeli mezomimarTuleba, marTalia, TviTdadgenil farglebSi moqmedebs (mag. gildiebi), magram swored imis gamo, rom jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifo samarTali, makro done aqtiurad ereva mis saqmianobaSi, rac bunebrivia SezRudavs mis TviTgansazRvrulobas. imis yuradReba gamo, makro rom mezo doneze warmoiSoba mcdelobebi done da sustadaa ganviTarebuli, makrodominantur procesebzea da ZiriTadi gadatanili, makro donis farglebi maqsimalurad gafarTovdes, anu makro done gaxdes TviTgansazRvruli moqmedebebis sfero. amis Sedegi aris safrangeTis revolucia, romlis istoriac kargad aCvenebs, Tu rogor TviT-sazRvravdnen movlenebs da Semdeg revoluciis diqtatorebi (agentebi). 92 sxvebis mier TviTisazRvrebodnen magram es iyo makrodominantobis pirveli kraxi48. amis Semdeg cotaTi ufro gaZlierda mezodominantobaze orientireba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementebis, Tavisufali bazaris, sabolood kapitalizmis gaCeniT, magram, rogorc Teoriul, pirovnul da aseve globalur-politikur doneze, makrodominantoba (anu, ufro cxadad rom vTqvaT, bednieri da ara represiuli saxelmwifo wyobis miRweva) jer kidev aRiqmeboda, rogorc SesaZlebeli momavali. Mmakro donis farglebis gafarToeba, romelis gamoc bolSevikebi da faSistebi xelisuflebaSi movidnen (orive SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebis mxridan iyo “xalxis arCevnisadmi” anu, situaciuri gansakuTrebiT bolSevikebis SemTxvevaSi, agentebisadmi rodesac droebiTma damorCileba: MmTavrobam faqtiurad winaamRdegoba ar gauwia mojanyeebs. aseve, faSizmis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac hitleri gaaTavisufles cixidan). am makrodominantobis absoluturi ganxorcielebis es bolo mcdelobebic kraxiT damTavrda. anu, Sedegad miviReT absoluturi TviTganmsazRvreli samyaro, sadac Zalian cota iyo agenti, da ZiriTadi sazogadoeba – pasiuri mimRebi da damkvirvebeli49. anu, faqtiurad, es iyo nabiji mikrodominanturobisaken da mikroabsolutizmisaken. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac makrodominanturobis damRupveloba da uSedegoba gamovlinda, aSkaraa mezodominanturoba, ara marto 48 magram meore mxriv, demokratiuli saxelmwifo, rogorc Tanamedrove, aseve romis periodis, aris makrodominanturi mimarTulebis (anu, moqmedebis sazRvrebis maqsimaluri legitimuri gafarToebis) Sedegi. marTalia, Semdeg am gzas Cixamde diqtaturis da totalitarizmis Seqmnamde mivyavarT, magram es sxvaze araferze miuTiTebs, garda imisa, rom SesaZlebelia istoriis ciklurobis/wriulobis daZleva da gadalaxva. 49 Tumca, rig SemTxvevebSi xdeboda spontanuri, situaciuri agentebis warmoSoba da gaqroba (saxalxo dasjis, sasamarTloSi waTrevis inspiratorebi da a.S.). es xdeboda yvela revoluciis dros (maT Soris ruseTSic) da warmoadgenda makroinstitutebis sazRvrebis waSlamde da gaqrobamde gafarToebis Sedegs. 93 empiriul survilebis/molodinebis, aramed Teoriul donezec. aseve aSkaraa mezodominanturobis xelSewyoba globaluri politika-Zalauflebis mxridan. ra Tqma unda, mezodominanturobasac aqvs safrTxeebi. magram, amave dros arsebobs am safrTxeebis daregulirebis saSualeba: is kanonebi, romelic makro donezea dadgenili, da romlebic usazRvraven mezo dones moqmedebis zogad CarCoebs. demokratiuli (post-kapitalisturi) saxelmwifos erTaderTi mizani, rogorc Cans, aris am CarCoebisTvis maqsimaluri sicxadis micema da represiis iseTi iaraRis SemuSaveba, romelzec SeuZlebeli iqneba damrRvevis mier winaamRdegobis gaweva. am SemTxvevaSi Seucvleli iaraRebia sasamarTlo da media50. magram es wonasworoba, romelsac saboloo jamSi mezodominanturi mimarTuleba gvTavazobs, aris myife wonansworoba, romelic SeiZleba advilad dairRves, da aranairad ar aris anomiisagan da gaucxoebisagan gaTavisuflebis saSualeba, rogorc zogierT avtors miaCnia51. anomia da gaucxoeba gauqmdeboda, Tuki yvelas eqneboda aqtualuri saSualeba gamxdariyo agenti. magram mezodominanturobis gaZlierebasTan erTad Cven mivadgebiT anomiis da gaucxoebis advilad daZlevis etaps, rodesac anomirebulsac da gaucxoebulsac eqmneba saSualeba Seqmnas Tavisi Rirebulebebis da akrZalvebis forma, romelSic agentad mogvevlineba52. aRwera II _ adamiani, rogorc saagento: Tumca, zemoT aRwerili mimarTulobis ufro dazustebuli da agentebze orientirebuli 50 aRwerac aris SesaZlebeli: zemoT aRwerili procesi magaliTad bil geiTsisadmi wayenebuli antiminopoliuri kanonis darRvevis braldeba gamodgeba. 51 Ziderveld, Anton C. The Institutional Imperative. The Interface of Institutions and Networks. 2000. Amsterdam University Press. p. 198-201. 52 am SemTxvevaSi mivadeqiT zRvars, romlis iqiTac SesaZlebelia axali eTikis Sesaxeb laparaki. amitom es am wignis Tema aRar aris. 94 istoriul ganviTarebazea orientirebuli, da aRwers statikurad makro da mezo dominantur procesebs, rogor anacvleben isini erTmaneTs da ambobs, Tu ratom aris Tanamedrove samyaroSi mezodominanturoba wamyvani. agentebze orientirebuli aRweris amosavali unda gaxdes SedarebiT ufro naklebmasStabiani procesi, vidre es iyo zemoT mocemuli. anu am SemTxvevaSi Cveni orientiri iqneba revoluciuri viTareba, da is pirobebi, ris gamoc qveyanaSi iqmneba revoluciuri viTareba: totalitarul qveynebSi makro done, rogorc wina aRweraSi aRvniSne, aris mkacri da Sevsebuli kanonebiT, akrZalvebiT, represiuli aparatiT da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, potenciuri agentebi mimarTulebi arian makro doneze adgilebis dakavebisaken. makro doneze agentebis adgilebis raodenoba, marTalia, ufro metia, vidre mikro doneze, magram mainc SezRudulia, da mosurneTa didi nawilis dakmayofileba ar xdeba. makro donisaken mimarTuloba potenciur agentebSi ara marto karieris gamo aris gamowveuli: aq SeiZleba bevri mizezi iyos, dawyebuli ekonomikuri pirobebiT, damTavrebuli sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis surviliT. rodesac potenciuri agentebi ver aRweven makro doneze agentobas, bunebrivia, isini icvlian mimarTulebas mezodonisaken. magram, swored imis gamo, rom makro donis instituciuri farglebi Sevsebulia akrZalvebiT da SezRudvebiT, mezo done faqtiurad ar arsebobs, an Tu arsebobs, arsebobs makro donis Zlieri kontrolis qveS. potenciur agents ar akmayofilebs makro donis zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna, radgan mas am SemTxvevaSi pasiur mimRebad gardaqmna emuqreba. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki damkvirveblad. amitom, rogorc gamosavali am mdgomareobidan, potenciuri agentebi iwyeben saidumlo organizaciebis Seqmnas, romelTagan, SesaZlebelia, arc erTi ar iyos dasawyisidanve radikaluri, aramed, ubralod, klubebis saxe hqondeT. makro donidan amis sapasuxo nabijia saidumlo policiis Seqmna53, radganac 53 amasTan dakavSirebiT ixile: Kreutz, Henrik. “Gutgemeint ist das Gegenteil von ist gelungen”. in: Materials of the Conference: “Organisierte Kriminaliteat oder „Invisible Hands‟?” 95 makro dones arsebuli principidan gamomdinare, man mezo done mTlianad unda daiqvemdebaros da gaakontrolos. saidumlo policiis, rogorc damatebiTi represiis aparatis warmoqmna iwvevs mezoorganizaciebis Sesabamebas policiis miznebisadmi, da isini realur, antisaxelmwifoebriv saidumlo organizaciebad gardaiqmneba, raSic didi wili, empiriul domezec ki saidumlo policias, anu, Tavad makro dones miuZRvis54. es TiTqosda dazRvevis da garantiebis aRebis procesi ukve Tavis TavSi Seicavs makro donis daSlis da gadawyobis marcvlebs: im xalxis socialuri rolebi (anu, makro donis mier dawesebuli amocanebi da valdebulebebi), romelTac akisriaT idRabneba, xdeba makro donis usafrTxoeba, kargavs gansazRvrulobas, gaurkveveli: anu, es adamianebi iwyeben mravalrolian cxovrebas, da es rolebi rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs ewinaamRdegeba55. anu, es xalxi erTsa da imave dros asrulebs agentis rols ramdenime ganzomilebaSi, ramdenime doneze. anu agentebi erTsa da imave dros arian realistebi, konceptualistebi da idealistebi. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeuZlia mosTxovos Tavis moxeles cxadi qceva: aracxadi qcevis wesebi maTi muSaobis wesia. Tanac, zogjer xdeboda am funqciebis micema imaTTvis, visac sazogadoebrivi wesrigis Universitaet Erlangen-Nurnbeg. 20.07.-21.07. Nurnberg. 2001. am naSromSi ganxilulia revoluciis win ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebi da nacadia imdroindeli centraluri socialuri rolebis rekonstruireba. 54 Tuki gadavxedavT nebismieri qveynis revoluciis wina periodis istorias, vnaxavT, rom viTareba am mxriv yvelgan erTnairia: policiis saidumlo TanamSromlebi erTvebian saidumlo organizaciebis muSaobaSi, xandaxan TviTon qmnian mas. iwyeben xalxis mozidvas da maTi, rogorc policiis, aseve organizaciis saqmianobaSi Cabmas. Cndebian ormagi, sammagi da oTxmagi agentebi. 55 Kreutz, Henrik. ibid. roman malinovskis magaliTi: erTi da igive adamiani SeiZleba yofiliyo dumis wevri, oxrankis agenti, revoluciuri jgufis aqtivisti da a.S. 96 dacva evalebodaT: policiisaTvis (mag. ruseTSi, safrangeTSi), rac kidev ufro abnelebda viTarebas da gaurkvevels xdida56. rogorc Cans, revoluciuri mdgomareoba pirdapir kavSirSia agentebis rolebis simravlesTan. ufro zustad ki, erTi individis/sistemis farglebSi arsebul agentebis rolebis mravalferovnebasTan. e.i. revoluciis wina periodSi qveyanaSi izrdeba individebis mier sxvadasxva agentebis rolebis Sesruleba. anu erTi da igive pirovneba monawileobs ramdenime institutSi rogorc agenti. am SemTxvevaSi, mezo doneze qseli iwyebs arsebobas, magram es aris ara institutebis da organizaciebis qseli, aramed, es aris adamiani, pirovneba, individi rogorc qseli (Kreutz). anu adamiani bevri mTavari roliT, adamiani, rogorc saagento. is, Tu aseTi viTarebis Semdeg ra aris konkretuli revoluciis mizezi, empiriuli istoriis sakiTxia da Teoriulad misi gadaWra ar SeiZleba: konkretuli revoluciis mizezi, anu zemoT aRwerili viTarebis gamoyenebis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos gare (mag. rogorc ruseTis SemTxvevaSi – leninis Semogzavna javSnosani matarebliT), SeiZleba Sida (safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia), da aseve sxva bevri. magram mTavari aq is aris, rom revoluciis mizezi aq socialur donezea – mezodominantoba da adamianebi, rogorc saagentoebi. am Tavis boloSi SeiZleba gakeTdes erTi daskvna, romelsac SesaZlebelia praqtikuli mniSvneloba qondes sociologiuri kvlevebisaTvis: rogorc zemoT mocemuli aRwera miuTiTebs, rac ufro meti agentis roli 56 imitom, rom iyo sruliad gaurkveveli, ratom hqondaT policielebs da kriminaluri samyaros warmomadgenlebs (maTi nawili revoluciur davalebebsac asrulebda) urTierToba. Tanac es urTierToba iyo saqmiani, partnioruli da xSir SemTxvevebSi sargeblis momtani. es kidev ufro Zabavda saxelmwifoSi viTarebas, da biZgs aZlevda met xalxs gawevrianebuliyvnen, an Tavi egrZnoT saidumlo organizaciebis wevrebad. Semdeg oTxmagi agentebi da a.S. 97 isini xdebodnen ormagi, sammagi, aqvs erT pirovnul sistemas, miT ufro totalitarulia saxelmwifo. Sesabamisad, rac ufro metia am rolebis matareblebis raodenoba, miT ufro revoluciur mdgomareobaSia saxelmwifo. Sesabamisad, aseve, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom demokratiuli da Ria saxelmwifo unda iyos mimarTuli erTi adamiani/ramdenime agenti mimarTebis Semcirebisaken, da sabolood, stabilurobis da demokratiis ideali unda iyos erTi xorcieldeba pirovnuli agenti57. sistema_erTi dasavleTis ganviTarebul es qveynebSi. dResac met-naklebad amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebad da yofil sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi multiagenturi sistemebi jer garegnuli kidev arsebobs, saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani rac bunebrivia, potenciur isaa, rom safrTxes am anturaJis warmoadgens. safrTxis daZleva magram miuxedavad, amave mxolod dros, realuri demokratizaciiT da ekonomikis liberalizaciiT aris SesaZlebeli, da ara im simulaciuri formebiT, romlebiTac dRes umetes postsabWoTa qveynebSi iaraRdebian. erTi pirovnuli sistema_erTi agenti amave dros qveynis keTildReobasac miuTiTebs: es sistema aCvenebs imas, rom SesaZlebelia erTi agentis rolis SesrulebiT srulyofili cxovreba, rac dRes ganviTarebad qveynebSi warmoudgenelia. is, Tu ra sistemebi da moqmedebebi uzrunvelyofs am mdgomareobas da, Sesabamisad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis arsebuli safrTxis daZlevas, aris Tanamedrove samyaroSi makro da mezo doneebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. makro-mezo da mezo-mikro institucionaluri kompleqsebi Tanamedrove (gvian-, winwasul- anda, gnebavT post- modernul) socialur sistemebSi 57 aseTi sistema iwvevs agentebis rolebis met-nakleb Tanabar gadanawilebas, da albaT, momavalSi, aseT sistemebSi SeuZlebeli iqneba naxo adamiani, romelsac saerTod, arc erT instituciur formaSi ar hqondes agentis roli. 98 viTareba, romelic mezodominantur mimarTulebas Seesabameba, migviTiTebs, rom instituciuri cvlileba midis socialur sistemebis or ZiriTad institucionalur kompleqsad Camoyalibebamde: makro-mezo da mezomikro: miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonebi iqmneba da miiReba makro doneze, mikroinstitutebamde es kanonebi (anu axali akrZalvebi da/an axali qcevis wesebi) sul ufro da ufro xSirad aRwevs mezo donis gavliT: anu, magaliTad, axali kanoni ojaxis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove yofaSi xdeba cnobili a) mediis, b) mcire sazogadoebis g) advokatebis gavliT. TandaTan mivdivarT iseT viTarebamde, rom sxva gza makrodan mikromde ubralod aRar arsebobs. yvela SemTxvevaSi xdeba makro informaciis Targmna mezo doneze da Targmnilis gadacema. sxva saqmea, rom mikro dones Semcirebis tendencia aqvs da sul ufro da ufro cota raodenobis xalxis momcveli xdeba. policia, romelic TiTqos makro donis pirdapiri warmomadgenelia, TandaTan, arCeviTobis, municipalur doneze mibmis da sxva faqtorebis gamo kargavs absoluturi makro donis Tvisebebs da xdeba mezo-makro institucionaluri kompleqsis warmomadgeneli. institucionaluri kompleqsis cneba me ganvsazRvre, rogorc institucionaluri Tanaoba, anu rodesac erTi donis institutis arseboba aucileblad miuTiTebs sxva donis institutis arsebobaze. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani isaa, rom erTi instituti, romelic istoriulad da amocanebis mixedviT ar aris SeWiduli meore donis institutTan xdeba misi aucilebeli mokavSire instituciur kompleqsSi. imis gamo, rom instituciuri kompleqsi asrulebs da axorcielebs im amocanas, romlis gadaWrac cal-calke arc erT institucionalur tips ar SeuZlia. es axali amocana, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia balansTan, wonasworobasTan mezo doneze: mezo done miiswrafis totalizaciisaken. mezo done aris TviTregulirebadi da TviTkonstruirebadi: anu, ara aqvs aranairi 99 Sinagani sazRvrebi. Sinagani sazRvrebis ar qona niSnavs, rom is mxolod agentebis survilzea damyarebuli. amiT isazRvreba mezo donis principuli mravalferovneba da dausrulebloba, magram amiTve iqmneba safrTxe, rom mezo done daiwyebs iseTi jgufebis warmoebas, romlis agentebic Zalauflebis mopovebaze iqnebian orientiebulebi58, da sazRvris arqonis gamo, kvlav totalitarul sistemaSi moxdeba Cavardna. amitom, imisaTvis rom sistema msgavs uwonobis mdgomareobaSi ar moeqces, arsebobs institucionalur- kompleqsuri meqanizmebis mTeli rigi, romelic apirobes mezo donis TviTkontrols. TviTkontrolis yvelaze ufro cnobili formaa arCevnebi: arCevnebi TavisTavad aris mezo movlena da mezo doneze miRebuli gadawyvetileba. magram arCevnebis Sedegad miRebuli konkretuli Zalaufleba makro donisaa da Tavis operirebaSi rCeba makro doneze. es cxadi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor moqmedebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi makro-mezo kompleqsi. arCevnebis institutis gavrceleba da gadaWimva Zalauflebis yvela Tanamdebobaze, policiis CaTvliT, uzrunvelyofs mezo-donis TviTkontrols, rac ar SeuZlia calke makro dones59. makro-mezo instituciuri kompleqsis arsebobis magaliTi, arCevnebis garda, kidev bevri SeiZleba iyos. erT-erTi aseTi konkretuli magaliTia did britaneTSi iseTi saxelmwifo latareis arseboba, romlis Semosavali mTlianad xmardeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis seqtoris ganviTarebas. amitom, rogorc zemoT motanili analizidan Cans, makro donis gaqroba aramc Tu ar aris mosalodneli, aramed arc SeiZleba socialuri sistemebis usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. is, rom Zalaufleba nel-nela gadadis mezo doneze (beki), anda saxelmwifo xdeba Zalian patara arsebuli problemebis dasaZlevad (gidensi) ar auqmebs im faqts, rom mezo dones TviTkontrolis 58 59 amis saukeTeso magaliTia Tanamedrove antiglobalistebis moZraoba. amis mcdeloba iyo revoluciis wina periodebSi saidumlo policiis Seqmna, romlis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen erTsa da imave dros makro da mezo donis agentebi. 100 Camosayalibeblad makro donea aucilebeli. marTalia, zogi didi korporacia usazRvro ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, magram masze kontrolis ufleba da saSualeba makro donezea. amrigad, xdeba ara makro donis gaqroba da nivelireba, aramed makro da mezo doneebis, mezo da mikro doneebis instituciuri Serwyma. dRes kidev aris SesaZlebeli mikro, mezo da makro doneebis gamoyofa, Tundac imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva instituciuri qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxvanairia60. sistema ganviTarebad magram saxelmwifoebSi) imdenad, ramdenadac instituciuri formebi da instituciuri tipebi saerToa da ar aris romelime gansakuTrebuli kulutruli garemos privilegia, mimarTuleba mezo-mikro da mezo-makro instituciuri kompleqsebisaken aseve SesaZlebelia saerTo iyos. magram, meore istoriuli mxriv, ramdenad mdgomareoba, aris rodesac realurad es ori SesaZlebeli kompleqsi iqneba momavlis socialuri sistemis erTaderTi daxasiaTeba, problematuri sakiTxia da masze pasuxi arasodes ar iqneba Semowmebadi. maSasadame, “ganviTarebad” aq cxadi socialur gaxda gansxvaveba institutebs da e.w. “ganviTarebul” saerTod socialur da sistemebs Soris: 1. “ganviTarebuli” socialuri sistemebi miiswrafis „erTi individi_erTi agenti‟ gawyobisaken. oRond, xSirad es „erTi agenti‟ aris organzomilebiani, anu, Seesabameba institucionalur kompleqss (aris an makro-mezo, an mezo-mikro). 2. “ganviTarebadi” socialuri sistemebi xasiaTdeba „erTi pirovneba_saagento‟ gawyobiT. „saagento‟ niSnavs im agentis rolebs, romlis Sesrulebac uwevs individs da romlebic sxvadasxva instituciur tips da formas miekuTvneba. GAgansxvaveba am or sxvadasxva sistemas Soris naTelia, magram garkveuli igiveoba 60 xSirad aZlevs saSualebas ganviTarebadi qveynebis mmarTvelebs rac damokidebulia ekonomikur, politikur da bevr sxva faqtorebze. 101 maxdinon ganviTarebuli socialuri sistemis simulacia: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT eqnebaT warmateba damalon „saagentos‟ sxva rolebi da dasavleTs mxolod ori maTgani daanaxon61. i Maciver, R.M., Page Charles H. Society. An Introductionary Analysis. London, Macmillan & Co. 1964. ii Giddens Antony, Introduction to Sociology. 1991. New York, Norton iii Giddens Antony, The consequences of Modernity. 1990. Cambridge, Polity Press iv Kumar, Krisham, The Rise of Modern Society. 1988. Oxford, Basil Blackwell v Collins, Randall, Theoretical Sociology. 1988. San Diego, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich vi Sztompka Piotr, The Sociology of Social Changes. 1994. Oxford &Cambrige, Blackwell. vii Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things. 1970, London, travistock viii Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. 1986. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. ix Lyotard, Jaen-francois. The Postmodern Conditions. Minneapolis. University od Minnesota Press. x Baudrillard, Jean. Selected Writings. University Chicago Press. 1985. xi Luhmann, Niklas. Social Sysems. 1995. Stanford, California. xii Bell, Daniel. The Coming of Post-Industreal Society. 1974. Lindon, Heinemann xiii Touraine, Alane. The Post-industreal Society. 1974. London, Wildwood xiv Giddens, Antony. The Consequences of Modernity. 1990. Cambridge, Polity Press. xv Beck, Urlich. Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity. 1992. London. Sage Publications. xvi Ritzer, George. Postmodern Social Theory. 1997. New York. McGrew-Hill. xvii Habermas, Jurgen. Theory and Practice. 1973. Boston, Beacon Press Habermas, Jurgen. Legitimation Crisis. 1975. Boston, Bacon Press. xviii Habermas, Jurgen. Theory of Communicative Action. 1984. Boston, Beacon Press. xix Turner, Bryan S. Classical Sociology. 1999. New Dehli. Sage Publications. xx Hennis, W. Max Weber. Essays in Reconstruction. 1988. London. Allen & Unwin. xxi Spencer, Herbert. On Social Evolution. 1972. Chicago University press xxii Smelzer, Neil (editor). Handbook of Sociology. 1988. New Dehli, Sage publications. xxiii Morgan, Lewis. On the Origins of Family, Private property and the State. 1884. 61 rac, zedapiruli gacnobis SemTxvevaSi, advilad SeiZleba didi da xangrZlivi Secdomebis wyaro aRmoCndes. 102 xxiv Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labor in the Society. New York. Free Press. xxv Tonnies, Ferdinand. Gemainschaft und Gesselschaft. 1887. xxvi Ward, Lester. Dynamic Sociology. 1883. xxvii Lenski, gerhard E., and Lenski J. Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. 1976. New York. McGraw Hill. xxviii Parsons, Talcott. Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. 1966. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall The System of Modern Societies. 1971. Englewood Cliffs. Prentice Hall. xxix Toynbee, Arnold. Study of History. 12 vol. 1934-1961. 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