galls of hemiptera, lepidoptera and thysanoptera from central

ISSN 0100-6304
PUBLICAÇÕES AVULSAS
DO
MUSEU NACIONAL
NÚMERO 110
RIO DE JANEIRO
Abril de 2006
ISSN 0100-6304
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO
REITOR
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MUSEU NACIONAL
DIRETOR
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EDITORES PRO TEMPORE
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Ulisses Caramaschi
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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
David G. Reid
The Natural History Museum - Reino Unido
Maria Helena Paiva Henriques
Universidade de Coimbra - Portugal
David John Nicholas Hind
Royal Botanic Gardens - Reino Unido
Maria Marta Cigliano
Universidad Nacional La Plata - Argentina
Fábio Lang da Silveira
Universidade de São Paulo
Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues
Universidade de São Paulo
François M. Catzeflis
Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution - França
Miriam Lemle
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
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Universidad Nacional del Centro - Argentina
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Universidade de São Paulo
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American Museum of Natural History - EUA
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Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle - França
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Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Universidade Federal do Paraná
J. Van Remsen
Louisiana State University - EUA
Suzanne K. Fish
University of Arizona - EUA
Maria Antonieta da Conceição Rodrigues
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Smithsonian Institution - EUA
PUBLICAÇÕES AVULSAS
DO
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NÚMERO 110
ABRIL – 2006
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MUSEU NACIONAL
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac.
Rio de Janeiro
n.110
p.1-24
abr.2006
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© 2006 – Museu Nacional/UFRJ
Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional – n.1 (1945)
Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional
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2006, 109
Irregular
ISSN 0100-6304
1. Ciência – Periódicos. I. Museu Nacional (Brasil)
CDD500.1
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA1
(With 6 figures)
VALÉRIA CID MAIA2
ABSTRACT: Galls of Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera have been recorded from Central
and South America (n=134, 108 and 14, respectively).These galls occur in 102 plant families,
being more frequent on Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Melastomataceae. The hemipteran
and thysanopteran galling species attack more frequently leaves, while the lepidopteran ones
prefer buds or stem. New records of gall are presented.
Key words: Latin America. Gall. Hemiptera. Lepidoptera. Thysanoptera.
RESUMO: Galhas de Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera da América Central e do Sul.
Galhas de Hemiptera, Lepidoptera e Thysanoptera foram registradas da América Central e do Sul
(n=134, 108 and 14, respectivamente).Tais galhas ocorrem em 102 famílias de plantas, sendo mais
frequentes nas Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Melastomataceae. As espécies de Hemiptera e
Thysanoptera galhadoras atacam mais frequentemente folhas, enquanto que as de Lepidoptera
preferem gemas ou caules. Novos registros de galhas são apresentados.
Palavras-chave: América Latina. Galha. Hemiptera. Lepidoptera. Thysanoptera.
INTRODUCTION
Insect galls are very common in most part of the world (Europe, Asia, Australia,
Africa, North, Central and South America). Six insect orders include galling species:
Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. Among
them, Diptera comprise the great diversity of gallers.
Little is known about the taxonomy, ecology and diversity of hemipteran, lepidopteran
and thysanopteran gallers from Central and South America, in spite of their
importance. Most of the records have been presented at family or order level and the
available information is scattered in literature.
This paper gathers all published records and adds new ones from South and Central
America in order to answer the following questions: How many kinds of
hemipterous, lepidopterous and thysanopterous galls have been recorded in South
and Central America? Which families are the most important as gall inducers in
these regions? Which plant families are preferentially attacked by them? Do they
attack an specific plant organ? How the locality records are distributed along the
South and Central America?
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Most part of the data on hemipterous, lepidopterous and thysanopterous galls
were obtained from literature: AREVALO & TORRES (1987); BRÈTHES (1916);
CAMERON (1877); COSTA-LIMA (1945); CRAWFORD (1910), FERNANDES,
TAMEIRÃO NETO & MARTINS (1988); FERNANDES et al. (1996); GONÇALVESALVIM & FERNANDES (2001); HOUARD (1933); KIEFFER & HERBST (1905; 1911);
KIEFFER & JÖRGENSEN ( 1910); LIZER & TRELLES (1918, 1919); MAIA &
FERNANDES (2004); MONTEIRO et al. (1993); RÜBSAAMEN (1899, 1905, 1907,
1908); SOUZA et al. (2000); STRAND (1910) and TAVARES (1909; 1915; 1917 a, b;
1918;1920 a, b; 1921; 1922; 1925).
1
2
Submitted on November 3, 2004. Accepted on November 8, 2005.
Museu Nacional/UFRJ, Departamento de Entomologia. Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
E-mail: [email protected].
4
V.C.MAIA
New data are also presented, based on field investigation. Collections of insect galls
have been made since 1985 in different restingas of Rio de Janeiro State. Galled
plant organs were removed from the host plant and transferred in plastic pots to the
laboratory of Diptera (Museu Nacional), where part of the samples was dissected in
order to observe the inducer. Other part was kept in plastic pots covered with a fine
screen in order to obtain adults. Immature insects and adults were preserved in
alcohol 70%. Dried galls were deposited in the collection of the Museu Nacional
(MNRJ). All kinds of galls were photographed.
Current lists of host plants (families and species in alphabetical order) and galling
species are presented. Furthermore, information about the number of kinds of galls
per species of plants, the attacked host organ, the country of record and the references
are given.
The following abreviations were adopted: Localities: (AR) Argentina; (BO) Bolivia;
(BR) Brazil; (CH) Chile; (CO) Colombia; (CR) Costa Rica; (DO) Dominican Republic;
(GU) French Guayana; (PE) Peru; (PR) Puerto Rico; (UR) Uruguay. References: (Fern.)
Fernandes; (Kief. & Jörg.) Kieffer & Jörgensen; (Liz. & Trel.) Lizer & Trelles.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One hundred and thirty four hemipterous galls, 108 lepidopterous galls and 14
thysanopterans galls have been recorded from South and Central America. These
galls occurred in 171 species of plants distributed into 47 families, being more
frequent in Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Melastomataceae.
The galling species attacked several plant parts, but each inducer showed preference
of host organ. Hemipterous and thysanopterous galls were more frequent in leaves,
whereas lepidopterous galls in stems and buds.
The following results are presented by insect order: Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and
Thysanoptera, according to the richness of galls.
DATA ON HEMIPTERA
One hundred and thirty four (134) hemipterous galls have been recorded from Central
and South America on 102 plant species distributed into 37 families. Myrtaceae, Asteraceae
and Fabaceae were the plant families with the highest number of galled species (12, 9
and 9, respectively) (Tab.1). These families are well represented in the neotropical region
in number of species as well as in abundance and they are also attacked by insects of
other orders with galling species (Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Thysanoptera).
The mean number of galled species per plant family was about 2.7, but the majority of the
host plant families showed only one galled species (Tab.1).
The gall makers belong to four families: Psyllidae, Coccidae, Aphididae and
Brachyscelidae. The former was the most frequent with 56 morphotypes of galls,
followed by Coccidae (with 28) and Aphididae (with 26). Furthermore, there are 23
records of galls whose gall makers are presented at order level (Tab.13).
Eigtheen species of Psyllidae have been identified into 12 genera, being Trioza the
most common, with 5 species. Ten species of Aphididae have been identified into 6
genera, being Aphis the most common, with 5 species. Only one species of
Brachyscelidae and four species of Coccidae have been identified each one into a
different genus. These data totalize 33 identified galling species, corresponding to
24.6 % of the total records of galls (Tab.2).
The galls of Psyllidae (56 records including identified and not identified galling species)
occur in 46 species of host plants (20 families and 28 genera), being more frequent on
Fabaceae and Asteraceae (on 7 and 6 species of plant, respectively) (Tabs.3-4).
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
5
TABLE 1. List of host plants (families and species) with hemipterous galls in South and Central
America.
FAMILY
Anacardiaceae
Anonaceae
Apocynaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Asteraceae
Beberidaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Burseraceae
Celastraceae
Combretaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fagaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
SPECIES
Anacardium occidentale L.
Atronium sp.
Lithraea molleoides Engl.
Schinus dependens Ortega
Schinus molle L.
Schinus terebinthifoliusRaddi
Schinus sp.
Anona crassiflora Mart
Anona sp.
Aspidosperma australe Muell-Arg.
Aspidosperma pyricollum Muell-Arg.
Aspidosperma sp.
Nerium oleander L.
Ilex paraguensis A . St. Hil.
Ilex sp.
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
Baccharis aphylla DC.
Baccharis confertifolia Colla
Baccharis romarinifolia Hook. & Arn.
Baccharis salicifolia Pers.
Baccharis sp.
Senecio flaklandicus Hook.
Xanthium sp.
Not determined
Berberis ruscifolia Lamk
Cordia curassavica Roem. & Schult
Cordia verbenacea DC.
Brassica oleracea L.
Sisymbrium arnottianum Gill.
Protium crassifolium Engl.
Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl) March
Maytenus boaria Molina
Maytenus sp.
Terminalia australis Cambess
Chamaesyce sp.
Sapium aucuparium Jacq.
Sapium biglandulosum Muell-Arg.
Sebastiania glandulosa (Mart.) Pax.
not determined
Andira anthelma O . Ktze
Andira anthelminthica Benth
Andira sp.
Bauhinia sp.
Inga vera Willd.
Lonchocarpus guillemianus (Tul.)
Malme
Prosopis adesmioids Griseb
Sophora tomentosa L.
not determined
Quercus sp.
Xylosma salzmanni Eichl.
Hyptis sp.
Laurus nobilis L.
Nectandra sp.
Ocotea acutifolia Mez
Ocotea notata (Nees) Mez
Ocotea tristis Mart
Ocotea sp.
continued...
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
6
V.C.MAIA
continued...
FAMILY
Malpighiaceae
Melastomataceae
Meliaceae.
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Pittosporaceae
Polygonaceae
Punicaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Salicaceae
Santalaceae
Sapotaceae
Saxifragaceae
Smilacaceae
Solanaceae
Theaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Not determined
SPECIES
Not determined
Miconia ibaguensis Triana
Trichilia schomburgki C. DC.
Trichilia sp
Urostigma sp.
Eugenia acuminatissima Berg
Eugenia dysenterica DC.
Eugenia sp.
Myrceugenia ferruginea DC.
Myrcia itambensis Berg.
Myrcia spp. (n=2)
Myrciaria tenella (DC) O. Berg.
Psidium guayava L.
Psidium sp.
not determined (n=2)
Pittosporum coriaccum Ait.
Polygonum punctatum Ell.
Punica granatum L.
Pirus malus L.
Prunus persica Stokes
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis
Psychotria sp.
Citrus aurantiam L.
Citrus nobilis Lour
Citrus sp.
Fagara pterota Engl.
Zanthoxylum sp.
Populus canadensis Michx.
Iodina rhombifolia Hook & Arn.
Micropholis melinoniana Pierre
Sideroxylon pallidum Spreng
not determined
Escallonia pulverulenta Pers.
Smilax rufescens Griseb
Cestrum campestre Griseb
Cestrum parqui L’Herit
Cestrum pseudoquina Mart.
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum sp.
Camellia sp.
Lantana sp.
Vitis sp.
----------
The psyllidans galling species attack preferentially leaves (n=55), but also buds or
stems, inflorescences and fruits (n= 6, 4 and 3, respectively) (Tab.5).
The galls of Aphididae (26 records including identified and not determined species)
occur in 24 species of host plants (15 families and 18 genera) (Tabs.6-7). They occur
mainly on Solanaceae (6 species of plant) and are more frequent in leaves (n=24),
but also buds or stems and roots (Tab.6).
The only recorded galling species of Brachyscelidae is associated with Fabaceae and
induces bud galls (Tabs.5, 8).
The Coccidae (28 records including identified and not determined species) are
associated with 22 species of plants (16 families and 19 genera). They are more
frequent on Anacardiaceae (4 species of plants) and most of them induce galls
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
7
TABLE 2. List of galling species per hemipteran families in South and Central America.
FAMILY
NR. OF GALLING
SPP./FAMILY
GALLING SPECIES
Psyllidae
18
Bactericera solani Rübsaamen
Cecidotrioza mendocina Kieffer & Jörgensen
Ceropsylla johnsoni Crawford
Euceropsylla russoi Boselli
Euphalerus ostreoides Crawford
Leuronota leguminicola Crawford
Metaphalara cannela Crawford
Metaphalara spegazziniana Lizer
Neolithus fasciatus Scott
Neotrioza tavaresi Crawford
Psylla itaparica Crawford
Psylla duvauae Scott
Rhinocola eugeniae Kieffer & Herbst
Trioza alacris Flor
Trioza baccharis Kieffer & Herbst
Trioza galliflex Kieffer & Jörgensen
Trioza ocotea Lizer
Trioza ulei Rübsaamen
Trioza ulei Rübsaamen var. tenuicornis
Crawford
Aphididae
10
Anuraphis xantii Del Guercio
Ahis affinis var. gardeniae Del Guercio
Aphis ampelophila Del Guercio
Aphis brassicae Linaeus
Aphis camellicola Del Guercio
Aphis persicae Sulzer
Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann
Pemphigus canadensis Del Guercio
Rhopalosiphum sisymbrii Del Guercio
Toxoptera aurantii Fonseca
Brachyscelidae
01
Ophisthoscelis prosopidis Kieffer & Jörgensen.
Coccidae
04
Asterolecanium variolosum Ratzeberg
Lecanium resinatum Kieffer &
HerbstLepidosaphes espinosai Porter
Mesolecanium deltae Lizer
on leaves (n=23), but some bud or stem galls were also recorded (Tabs. 5, 9-10).
The hemipteran galling species presented at order level (n=23) are associated with
21 species of host plants (14 families and 17 genera) and all of them induce galls on
leaves (Tabs.5, 11).
Leaves are the most attacked plant organ (n=126), followed by bud or stem
galls (n=14); inflorescences (n=4); fruits (n=3) and roots (n=1) (Tab.5). Leaves
are also the preferred attacked plant part by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae:
Diptera) (MANI, 1964).
The records (n=150) from South and Central Americas are restricted to 10 countries:
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, French Guyana, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Peru, Dominicana,
Bolivia and Porto Rico. The great majority of them are from Brazil (92), followed by
Argentina (35) (Tab.12). Brazil presents the highest number of dipterous,
lepidopterous, hymenopterous, coleopterous and thysanopterous galls too. These
results reflect the concentration of research effort in this country.
The richness of gall per hemipteran families in South and Central America is shown
in table 13.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
8
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 3. Distribution of galls induced by Psyllidae (identified galling species) on host plants,
part plants and localities in South and Central America.
GALLING SPECIES
HOST PLANT
PLANT
NR.
GALL
DIST.
PART
REF.
Bactericera solani
Solanum sp.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
RÜBSAAMEN., 1908
Cecidotrioza mendocina
Baccharis salicifolia
infl
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
KIEF. & JÖRG., 1910)
Ceropsylla johnsoni
Myrtaceae
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1921
Euceropsylla russoi
Inga vera
leaf
01
DO
HOUARD, 1933
Euphalerus ostreoides
Andira anthelma
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES., 1920b
Euphalerus sp.
Lonchocarpus
guillemianus
leaf
01
BR
FERN. et al., 1988
Leuronota leguminicola
Leguminosae
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1920b
Metaphalara cannela
Nectandra sp.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1917a
M. spegazziniana
Ilex paraguensis
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
Neolithus fasciatus
Sapium aucuparium
fruit
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1917a
stem
01
AR/
UR
HOUARD, 1933
stem
01
BR
TAVARES, 1917a
Sapium
biglandulosum
leaf/fruit
/ infl
01
BR
FERN. et al., 1988
Neotrioza tavaresi
Malpighiaceae
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1921
Psylla itaparica
Sophora tomentosa
infl
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 192Ob
Psylla duvauae
Schinus dependens
leaf
01
BR/
AR
HOUARD, 1933
Rhinocola eugeniae
Myrceugenia
ferruginea
leaf
01
CH
HOUARD, 1933
KIEF. & HERBST,
1911
Tainarys schini
Schinus dependens
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
Trioza alacris Flor
Laurus nobilis
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
Trioza baccharis
Baccharis
confertifolia
leaf
01
CH
HOUARD, 1933
KIEF. & HERBST,
1911
Trioza galliflex
Schinus dependens
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
KIEF. & JÖRG., 1910
TAVARES, 1915
Trioza ocotea
Ocotea acutifolia
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
LIZ. & TREL., 1919
Trioza ulei
Nectandra sp.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1921
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
RÜBSAAMEN, 1908
Trioza ulei tenuicornis
Nectandra sp.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
TAVARES, 1921, 1922
Triozoida sp.
Myrcia itambensis
leaf
01
BR
FERN. et al., 1988
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
TABLE 4. Distribution of galls induced by Psyllidae (not determined species) on
plants and localities in South and Central America.
HOST PLANT
Anacardium occidentale
9
host plants, part
PLANT PART
NR. GALL
DIST.
REFERENCE
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Andira anthelminthica
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Andira sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1905
Anona sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1918
Aspidosperma sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Asteraceae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Baccharis aphylla
bud
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1917b
Baccharis salicifolia
leaf
01
AR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1915;
Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910
leaf
inflor
leaf
02
01
01
BR
BR
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1917b
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1922
Berberis ruscifolia
leaf
01
AR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1915
Eugenia acuminatissima
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Fagara pterota
leaf
01
PE
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Ilex sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Fabaceae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1920b
Maytenus sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Micropholis melinoniana
leaf
01
GU
Houard, 1933
Baccharis sp.
Myrtaceae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Nectandra sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Ocotea tristis
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Ocotea sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Polygonum punctatum
leaf
01
AR
Houard, 1933
Protium crassifolium
leaf
02
GU
Houard, 1933
Psidium guayava
fruit
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Schinus dependens
stem
leaf
leaf
01
01
01
CH
BR
AR
Houard, 1933; Kieffer & Herbst,
1905
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1899
Houard, 1933
Schinus molle
bud
01
BO
Houard, 1933; Kieffer & Herbst,
1905
Schinus sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Senecio flaklandicus
bud
01
AR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1899
Solanaceae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1918
Trichilia schomburgki
leaf
01
GU
Houard, 1933
Urostigma sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933
Zanthoxylum sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Not determined family
leaf
02
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1921, 1925
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
10
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 5. Distribution of hemipterous galls on part plants in South and Central America.
PLANT PART
PSYLLIDAE APHIDAE COCCIDAE BRACHYSCELIDAE ORDER LEVEL TOTAL
Leaf
55
24
23
01
23
126
Bud/stem
06
02
06
0
0
14
Inflorescence
04
0
0
0
0
04
Fruit
03
0
0
0
0
03
Root
0
01
0
0
0
01
Total
68
27
29
01
23
148
TABLE 6. Distribution of galls induced by Aphididae (identified galling species) on host plants,
part plants and localities in South and Central America.
GALLING SPECIES
HOST PLANT
PLANT PART
NR.
GALL
DIST.
Anuraphis xantii
Ahis affinis var.
gardeniae
Xanthium sp.
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Gardenia
jasminoides
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Aphis ampelophila Vitis sp.
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Aphis brassicae
Brassica oleracea
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Aphis camellicola
Camellia sp.
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Aphis persicae
Prunus persica
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Eriosoma
lanigerum
Pirus malus
roots/
stem
01
Pemphigus
canadensis
Populus
canadensis
leaf
01
BR
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915, 1921
HOUARD, 1933
Rhopalosiphum
Sisymbrii
Sisymbrium
arnottianum
bud
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Toxoptera
aurantii
Citrus aurantiam
Citrus nobilis
leaf
leaf
01
01
BR/AR
BR
DATA
ON
REFERENCE
AR/UR/ HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
CH
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915, 1921
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1921
LEPIDOPTERA
One hundred eigth records of lepidopterous galls have been known from Central and
South America. These galls occurred on 74 species of host plants and 22 families
(Tab.14). Almost all galls have been recorded on phanerogams (n=107), mainly on
angiosperms (dicotyledons) (n=106), but one on gymnosperms (Gnetaceae: Ephedra
americana Humbt. & Bonpl.). There is a single record on cryptogams (Polypodiaceae:
Micrograma squamulosa (Kaulf.) Sota).
Melastomataceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Anacardiaceae were the plant families
with the greatest richness of galls, with 35, 19, 13 and 6 kinds of gall, respectively.
These four families comprised about 71% of all galls (Tab.14).
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
11
TABLE 7. Distribution of galls induced by Aphididae (not determined species) on
part plants and localities in South and Central America.
HOST PLANT
host plants,
PLANT PART
NR. GALLS
DIST.
REFERENCE
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Cestrum campestre
leaf
02
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Cestrum parqui
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Cestrum pseudoquina
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Maytenus boaria
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Myrtaceae not det
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1921
Pittosporum coriaccum
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Punica granatum
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1921
Solanum nigrum
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1918
Solanum sp.
leaf
02
BR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1918
Solanaceae not det.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1918
Terminalia australis
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
Xylosma salzmanni
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; TAVARES, 1915
TABLE 8. Distribution of galls induced by Brachyscelidae (identified galling species) on host
plant, part plant and localities in South and Central America.
GALLING SPECIES
HOST PLANT
PLANT PART NR. GALL DIST. REFERENCE
Ophisthoscelis prosopidis Prosopis adesmioids
bud
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933
KIEFFER & JÖRGENSEN, 1910
TABLE 9. Distribution of galls induced by Coccidae (identified galling species) on host plants,
part plants and localities in South and Central Americas.
GALLING SPECIES
PLANT PART
NR.GALL
DIST.
Asterolecanium
variolosum
Quercus sp.
HOST PLANT
stem
01
CH
HOUARD, 1933
Lecanium
resinatum
Baccharis romarinifolia
bud
01
CH
HOUARD, 1933;
KIEFFER & HERBST, 1909
Lepidosaphes
espinosai
Baccharis romarinifolia
stem
01
CH
HOUARD, 1933
Mesolecanium
deltae
Citrus sp.
leaf
01
AR
HOUARD, 1933; LIZER &
TRELLES, 1917
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
REF.
12
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 10. Distribution of galls induced by Coccidae (not determined species) on
part plants and localities in South and Central America.
HOST PLANT
host plants,
PLANT PART
NR. GALL
DIST.
REF
Anacardium occidental
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Atronium sp.
leaf
01
BR
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Bauhinia sp.
leaf/stem
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1920b
Cordia curassavica
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1905b
Escallonia pulverulenta
leaf
01
CH
Houard, 1933; Kieffer & Herbst, 1909
Eugenia dysenterica
leaf
01
BR
Gonçalves-Alvim et al., 2001
Eugenia sp.
leaf
02
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Euphorbiaceae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1918
Iodina rhombifolia
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1915
Lantana sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1918
Leguminosae
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1920b
Lithraea molleoides
leaf
01
AR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1915
Miconia ibaguensis
stem
01
PE
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1907
Nerium oleander
stem
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1925
Ocotea sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1921;
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Protium heptaphyllum
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1922
Psidium sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Rübsaamen, 1908
Sapotaceae not det.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1921
Schinus sp.
leaf
03
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1918, 1920
Urostigma sp.
leaf
02
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1917b
The plant genera which supported the higher number of kinds of galls were Tibouchina
Aubl. (n=18), Baccharis L. (n=11) and Schinus L. (n=6); and the plant species with the
greatest richness of galls was Schinus dependens Ortega (n= 5) (Tab.14).
Most galls (81.5%) were induced on stem or buds. The leaves were the second most
attacked plant organ (19.4%) and flowers (closed flowers and axis) were the third
(1.8%). None of lepidopterous galls ocurred on fruits or roots (Tab.15).The majority of
the gall inducers attacked a specific plant part, but three of them attacked
simultaneously two plant parts (stem and leaves).
Only 13 species of gall makers have been identified (Tab.16). All other records have been
presented at genera (n=3), family (Momphidae, n=1; Gelechidae, n=1) or order level (n=88).
The identified species belong to 6 families: Gelechidae, Tortricidae, Cecidosidae,
Cosmopterigidae and Momphidae, being the first the most frequent one (Tab.16).
Comparing these results with the european ones, we can notice some differences:
Tortricidae and Tineidae are the most common families of Lepidoptera with galling
species in Europe, whereas in South America there is a predominance of Gelechiidae.
None Tineidae and only one Tortricidae species has been recorded as gall maker here.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
TABLE 11. Distribution of galls induced by Hemiptera (order level) on
and localities in South and Central America.
HOST PLANT
13
host plants, part plants
PLANT PART
NR. GALLS
DISTR.
REFERENCE
Anona crassiflora
leaf
01
BR
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Aspidosperma australe
leaf
01
BR
Fernandes et al., 1988
Aspidosperma pyricollum
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Baccharis romarinifolia
leaf
01
CH
Houard, 1933; Kieffer & Herbst, 1909
Chamaesyce sp.
leaf
01
BR
Gonçalves-Alvim et al., 2001
Citrus aurantium
leaf
01
CR
Houard, 1933
Cordia verbenacea
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Hyptis sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933; Tavares, 1917a
Myrcia sp.
leaf
leaf
01
01
CR
BR
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Myrciaria tenella
leaf
01
BR
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Myrtaceae
leaf
leaf
01
01
BR
BR
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1925
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Ocotea notata
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Protium heptaphylum
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Psychotria sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1922
Schinus dependens
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1909
Schinus terebinthifolius
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993;
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Sebastiania glandulosa
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Sideroxylon pallidum
leaf
01
PR
Houard, 1933
Smilax rufescens
leaf
01
BR
Monteiro et al.,1993
Trichilia sp.
leaf
01
BR
Houard, 1933
Plant not det.
leaf
01
CR
Houard, 1933
Nine records of inquilinous species are known, all from Brazil (Tab.17) .The
inquilinous moths are identified at order level (n=6) or genera level (n=3). They are
associated with 8 different galls, seven of them induced by Diptera: Cecidomyiidae
and one induced by Lepidoptera on 7 plant species.
The records of lepidopterous galls in South America are restricted to five countries,
71.3% of them from Brazil, followed by Argentina (21.3%), French Guyana (3.7%),
Peru (2.7%) and Colombia (1.8%) (Tab.18). Only one lepidopterous gall has been
recorded from 2 localities (Argentina and Brazil). Concerning other countries, no
information is available.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
14
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 12. Distribution of hemipterous galls per localities in South and Central America.
NUMBER OF RECORDS
COUNTRY
PSYLLIDAE
APHIDAE
COCCIDAE
BRACHYSCELIDAE
ORDER LEVEL
TOTAL
Brazil
44
09
21
0
18
92
Argentina
13
19
02
01
0
35
French
Guyana
04
0
0
0
0
04
Chile
02
01
04
0
01
08
Uruguay
02
01
0
0
0
03
Dominicana
01
0
0
0
0
01
Peru
01
0
01
0
0
02
Bolivia
01
0
0
0
0
01
Costa Rica
0
0
0
0
03
03
Porto Rico
0
0
0
0
01
01
Total
68
30
28
01
23
150
TABLE 13. Richness of gall per hemipteran families in South and Central America.
HEMIPTERAN FAMILY
NUMBER OF GALLS
Psyllidae
56
Coccidae
28
Aphididae
26
Brachyscelidae
01
Not determined
23
Total
134
Two new records of lepidopterous galls are presented: one on Schinus terebinthifolium
Raddi (Anacardiaceae) (Fig.1) and the other on Clusia lanceolata Camb. (Clusiaceae)
(Fig.2) in Brazil.
Some species of Lepidoptera are not gall makers, but live in galls as inquilines and
feed on galled tissue. An inquilinous species associated with Cecidomyiidae (Diptera)
gall on Clusia lanceolata is presented here for the first time.
MAIA & FERNANDES (2004) described a bud gall induced by Lepidoptera on Leandra
aurea (Melastomataceae). In this paper, the family of the moth is determined as
Momphidae, being the first record of a Momphidae gall in South America.
For the first time, illustrations of lepidopterous galls on Stigmaphyllum paralias A. Juss.
(Malpighiaceae) (Fig.3) and Rapanea parvifolia (A.D.C.) Mez. (Myrsinaceae) (Fig.4) are given.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
15
TABLE 14. Distribution and richness of lepidopterous galls on host plants and localities in
South America.
HOST PLANT FAMILY
HOST PLANT SPECIES
NR.KIND OF
DIST.
REFERENCE
GALLS
Anacardiaceae
Schinus dependens Ortega
S. terebinthifolium Raddi
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Capparidaceae
Clusiaceae
Ephedraceae
Erythroxylaceae
Fabaceae
Baccharis concinna Barroso
B. dracunculifolia DC.
01
Total: 06
03
02
AR (05)
BR (01)
BR
Houard, 1933
BR
BR
BR
Fernandes et al., 1996
Tavares, 1917;
Fernandes et al., 1996
Arevalo & Torres, 1987
Kieff. & Jörgensen, 1910
Tavares, 1917
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Fernandes et al., 1996
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Gonçalves-Alvim &
Fernandes, 2001
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
BR
PE
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
BR
GU
new record
Houard, 1933
AR
Houard, 1933
BR
Gonçalves-Alvim &
Fernandes, 2001
Tavares, 1915
Houard, 1933
Gonçalves-Alvim &
Fernandes, 2001
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Tavares, 1915
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
BR
AR
BR
AR
AR
BR
CO
AR
GU
AR
BR
B. macrantha H. B. K. B.
salicifolia Pers.
B. schultzi Baker
B. serrulata Pers.
B. subulata D. Don.
Baccharis sp
Eupatorium sp.
Heterothalamus brunioides Less.
Rolandra argentea Rottb.
Vernonia sp.
Not determined
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
04
Total:
Cordia curassavica Roem. & Schult
Total:
Cleome psoralleaefolia DC.
Pedicellaria ulei Gilg.
Total:
Clusia lanceolata Camb.
Clusia panapanari Choisy.
Total:
Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl.
Total:
Erythroxylum sp.
Total:
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
19
01
01
01
01
02
01
02
03
01
01
01
01
01
Bauhinia brevipes Vogel
01
BR
Bauhinia sp.
Cassia aphylla Cav.
Cassia sp.
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.
Gourliea decorticans Gill. ex Hook & Arn
02
01
01
01
01
BR
BR
AR
BR
BR
Prosopis alba Griseb.
P. alpataco Phil.
P. campestris Griseb.
Not determined
01
01
01
02
13
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
01
01
02
01
02
02
AR
AR
AR
AR
Lamiaceae
Hyptis sp.
Lauraceae
Nectandra sp.
Lythraceae
not determined
Malpighiaceae
Byrsonima sericea DC.
Stigmaphyllum paralias A. Juss
Melastomataceae
05
Total:
Total:
Total:
Total:
Total:
Clidemia spicata DC.
Henriettea succosa (Aubl.) DC.
Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn.
Maieta guianensis Aubl.
Miconia theaezans (Bonpl.) Cogn.
Miconia sp. 1
AR
BR
new record
BR
Gonçalves-Alvim
&Fernandes, 2001
Houard, 1933
BR
Houard, 1933
BR
BR
Monteiro et al., 1993
Monteiro et al., 1993
BR
GU
BR
BR
BR
BR (01)
PE (01)
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Houard, 1933
continued...
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
16
V.C.MAIA
...continued
HOST PLANT FAMILY
HOST PLANT SPECIES
NR.KIND OF
DIST.
REFERENCE
GALLS
Melastomataceae
Myrsinaceae
Polypodiaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Solanaceae
Miconia sp. 2
Oxymeris sp.
Tibouchina candolleana (DC.) Cogn.
Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.
Tibouchina hicronymi Cogn
Tibouchina sp
Tococa juruensis Pilg.
Tococa ulei Pilg.
Tococa sp.
Total:
Myrsine sp.
Rapanea andina Mez.
Rapanea parvifolia (A. D. C.) Mez.
Rapanea sp.
Total:
Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) Sota
Total:
Condalia lineata A. Groy
Total:
Rubus bogotensis H. B. & K.
Total:
not determined
Total:
Lycium gracile Meyen
Lycium microphyllum Phil.
Solanum paniculatum L.
01
01
02
02
01
13
01
01
01
35
01
01
01
01
04
01
01
02
02
01
01
02
02
01
01
01
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
BR
PE
BR
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
BR
BR
BR
BR
Houard, 1933
Maia & Fernandes, 2004
Monteiro et al., 1993
Houard, 1933
BR
Kraus et al., 1993
AR
Houard, 1933
CO
Houard, 1933
BR
Houard, 1933
AR
AR
BR
Solanum sp.
01
BR
02
Total: 06
01
Total: 01
01
Total: 01
01
BR
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1918
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1918
Houard, 1933
Houard, 1933
BR
Houard, 1933
BR
Houard, 1933
BR
01
Total: 02
01
Total: 01
AR
Houard, 1933
Tavares, 1918
Houard, 1933
BR
Tavares, 1925
not determined
Sapotaceae
not determined
Styracaceae
Styrax sp.
Verbenaceae
Lantana sp.
Verbena aspera Gill. & Hosk.
Not determined
TABLE 15. Distribution of lepidopterous galls on plant parts in South America.
PLANT PART
NR. OF KINDS OF GALLS
PERCENTAGE
Stem or bud
88
81.5%
Leaf
21
19.4%
Flower
02
1.8%
Fruit
0
0%
Root
0
0%
The data confirme the predominance of lepidopterous galls on Melastomataceae in
South America and corroborate the stem as the plant organ preferencially attacked
by Lepidoptera galling species.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
17
Figs.1-4- Lepidopterous galls on: (1) Schinus terebinthifolium Raddi (Anacardiaceae); (2) Clusia
lanceolata Camb. (Clusiaceae); (3) Stigmaphyllum paralias A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae); (4) Rapanea parvifolia
(A.D.C.) Mez. (Myrsinaceae).
DATA
ON
THYSANOPTERA
Fourteen kinds of thysanopterous galls have been cited from Central and South
Americas (Tabs.20-21). These galls occurred on 7 plant families, being more common
on Myrtaceae (with 6 records) and Moraceae (3 records) (Tab.19). Thysanopterous
galls are associated with 4 different genera of Myrtaceae: Eugenia L., Myrcia DC. ex
Guill., Myrciaria O. Berg and Neomitranthes (K.) D.Legrand and a single genus of
Moraceae: Ficus L. (Tab.19).
All plants are angiosperms (dycotiledons), but one (Polypodium sp: Polypodiaceae),
which belongs to the Pterydophyta division. It is interesting to emphasize that few
insect galls have been recorded on this plant division.
At least, 12 species of host plants are attacked by thysanopteran gall makers in
Central and South Americas. As some host plant species were not determined, the
exact number is certainly higher.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
18
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 16. Distribution of lepidopterous species on host plants, plant parts and localities in
South America.
LEPIDOPTERA
GALL-INDUCING SPECIES
HOST PLANT
CECIDOSIDAE
Cecidoses eremita Curtis
Schinus dependens
Cecidoses minutanus Brèthes
Schinus latifolius
Dicranoses capsulifex Kieff. & Jörgensen Schinus dependens
Oliera argentinana Brèthes
Schinus dependens
Schinus dependens
Total: 04 spp.
COSMOPTERIGIDAE
Washia sp.
Tibouchina sp.
Total: 01 sp.
DIASCHINIDAE
Ridiaschina congregatella Brèthes
Schinus dependens
Total: 01 sp.
GELECHIIDAE
Bruchiana cassiaella Jörgensen
Cassia aphylla
Cecidolechia maculicostella
Prosopis alba
Kieffer & Jörgensen 1910
Prosopis alpataco
Prosopis campestris
Gnorimoschema atriplicella Strand.
Atriplex lampa
Gnorimoschema sp.
Compositae
Tecia albinervella Strand.
Baccharis subulata
Tecia kiefferi Strand.
Grindelia pulchella
Tecia mendozella Strand.
Baccharis serrulata
Ypsolopha cordillerella Strand.
Ephedra americana
Microgramma squamulosa
not identified species
Total: 09 spp.
MOMPHIDAE*
Mompha sp.
Tibouchina sp. (1)
not identified species
Leandra aurea
Total: 02 sp.
TORTRICIDAE
Crosidosema cecidogena Kieff.
Rubus bogotensis
Total: 01 sp.
PLANT PART LOCALITY
stem
stem
stem
stem
stem
AR/BR
BR
AR
AR
AR
leaf
BR
stem
AR
stem
AR
stem
AR
flower axis AR
stem
AR
stem
AR
stem
BR
stem
AR
stem
AR
stem
AR
stem
AR
stem
BR
leaf
stem
BR
BR
stem
CO
The asterisk indicates a new record.
The great majority of the galls occurred on leaves (n=12), but flowers (n=1) and stem
(n=1) are also attacked (Tabs.20-21). Other insect galls are also more frequent on
leaves, as the dipterous and hemipterous ones. A different pattern is presented by
coleopterous, hymenopterous and lepidopterous galls, as they occur preferentially
on buds or stems.
Most of the kinds of thysanopterous galls (n=11) are similar in shape, being
characterized by a partially or complete leaf folding, but rosette (n=1) , blister (n=1)
and deformed flower galls (n=1) were also observed.
Little is known about the taxonomy of the thysanopteran galling species. Only two
species have been identified: Liothrips bakeri Crawford and Gynaikothrips ficorum
Marchal. The other records are presented at order level.
Twelve records are from Brazil and two from Cuba. Concerning the other countries,
no data are available. Comparing these figures with those presented by FELT (1940) 124 kinds of thysanopterous galls from the Netherlands East Indies and 53 from
Asia - the lack of information for Central and South Americas becames evident.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
19
TABLE 17. Distribution of inquilinous Lepidoptera on host plants and plant parts. Information
about the galling species is given.
INQUILINOUS
Lepidoptera
not determined
HOST PLANT SPECIES
HOST PLANT
FAMILY
Clusiaceae*
GALL MAKER
PART
Clusia lanceolata
Camb.
Clusiamyia nitida Maia,
1996 (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae)
Asphondylia sp.
(Cecidomyiidae)
Clinodiplosis sp.
(Cecidomyiidae)
Lepidoptera
not determined
Lepidoptera
not determined
Dilleniaceae
Davilla braziliana
DC.
Croton floribundus
Spreng.
Lepidoptera
not determined
Myrtaceae*
Neomitranthes
obscura (DC) N. J. E.
Silveir
Lepidoptera
not determined
Piperaceae
Piper sp.
Aegeriidae
Aegeria sp.
Piperaceae
Piper luschnathiana
Heliodinidae
Schreckenstenia sp.
Momphidae
Lamprolophus sp.
Melastomataceae Tibouchina sp.
Euphorbiaceae
Piper luschnathiana
Piperaceae
Neomitranthella robusta
Maia, 1995
(Cecidomyiidae)
Dasineura tavaresi Maia,
1995
(Cecidomyiidae)
Asphondyliini
(Cecidomyiidae)
TABLE 18. Distribution of records of lepidopterous galls in South America.
Brazil
Argentina
French Guyana
Peru
Colombia
KINDS OF GALLS
NR.
KINDS OF GALLS
PERCENTAGE
77
23
04
03
02
71,3%
21.3%
3.7%
2.7%
1.8%
TABLE 19. List of host plants of thysanopterous galls from Latin America.
HOST PLANT FAMILY
HOST PLANT SPECIES
Clusiaceae
Hypericaceae
Melastomataceae
Moraceae
Calophyllum sp.
not determined species
not determined species
Ficus microcarpa L.
Ficus nitida Blume
Ficus religiosa L.
Eugenia sp.
Myrcia spp.
Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willdenow) Berg
Neomitranthes obscura (DC.) N. J. E. Silveira
Polypodium sp.
Chrysophyllum sp.
Myrtaceae
Polypodiaceae
Sapotaceae
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
leaves
bud
leaves
and
stem
bud
leaves
leaves
and
stem
leaves
probably Zalepidota
piperis Rübs., 1907
(Cecidomyiidae)
probably Mompho sp.
leaves
(Lepidoptera: Momphidae)
probably Zalepidota
leaves
piperis
The asterisk indicates a new record.
COUNTRY
PLANT
20
V.C.MAIA
TABLE 20. Distribution of thysanopteran gall makers (species presented at order level) on host plants,
attacked plant part, number of kinds of galls per plant species, country of record and references.
HOST PLANT
PLANT PART
NR. GALL
DISTR.
REFERENCES
Calophyllum sp.
leaf
01
BR
MAIA & FERNANDES, 2004: fig. 24
Hyperacaceae (not det.)
leaf
01
BR
TAVARES, 1925; HOUARD, 1933: fig. 85
Melastomataceae (not det.)
leaf
01
BR
TAVARES, 1917; HOUARD, 1933
Eugenia sp.
leaf
02
BR
RUBSAAMEN, 1907; HOUARD, 1933
Myrcia spp.
stem
leaf
01
01
BR
BR
GONÇALVES-ALVIM & FERNANDES,
2001: fig. 80
MAIA& FERNANDES, 2004: fig. 80
Myrciaria floribunda
leaf
01
BR
MONTEIRO et al.,1993
Neomitranthes obscura
leaf
01
BR
MONTEIRO et al.,1993
Polypodium sp.
leaf
01
BR
HOUARD, 1933
Chrysophyllum sp.
leaf
01
BR
TAVARES, 1921; HOUARD, 1933: fig. 736
(BR) Brazil.
TABLE 21. Distribution of thysanopteran gall makers (identified species) on host plants, attacked
plant part, number of kinds of galls per plant species, country record and references.
GALLING SPECIES
Liothrips bakeri Crawford
HOST PLANT
PLANT PART NR. GALL DISTR. REFERENCE
Ficus nitida
leaf
01
CU
F. religiosa
flower
01
CU
leaf
01
BR
Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal F. microcarpa
HOUARD, 1933
CRAWFORD, 1910: fig. 67
HOUARD, 1933
CRAWFORD, 1910: fig. 67
SOUZA et al., 2000:
figs. 1c, f
(BR) Brazil, (CU) Cuba.
GALLS DESCRIPTIONS
Thysanopterous gall on Myrciaria floribunda (Fig.5)
Partial or complete asymmetrical fold and distorsion of the attacked leaf. Color:
almost entirely green, except by many browish perforations. Number of internal
chamber: 01. Immature stages and adults were found at the same time in the
gall. Length and width of the galled leaf: 1.5-6.5cm and 0.7-2.4cm, respectively.
This gall was observed on young and old leaves. Deposited material: BRAZIL. Rio
de Janeiro: Maricá (Restinga of Barra de Maricá), 20/IX/2003, V.C.Maia col., 6
galls (MNRJ).
Thysanopterous gall on Neomitranthes obscura (Fig.6)
Complete and symmetrical fold of the attacked leaf. Both lateral margins become
rolled towards the midvein. Color: almost entirely green, except by many reddish
perforations. Number of internal chambers: 02. Immature stages and adults were
found at the same time in the gall. Length and width of the galled leaf: 2.0-2.3cm
and 0.8-0.9cm, respectively. This gall was observed exclusively on young leaves.
Deposited material: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Maricá (Restinga of Barra de Maricá),
20/IX/2003, V.C.Maia col., 2 galls (MNRJ).
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
GALLS OF HEMIPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA AND THYSANOPTERA
21
5
6
Figs.5-6- Thysanopterous galls on: (5) Myrciaria floribunda O.Berg (Myrtaceae); (6) Neomitranthes
obscura (K.) D.Legrand (Myrtaceae).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Dr. Victor Becker, for the identification of the Momphidae and comments about
Lepidoptera data, and to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
(FAPERJ – Proc. E-26/171.489/2002), for financial support.
REFERENCES
AREVALO, I & TORRES, J.H., 1987. Agallas e insectos asociados en plantas de la familia
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Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 73p.
BRÈTHES, J., 1916. Estúdio fito-zoológico sobre algunos Lepidópteros argentinos productores de
agallas. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina, Buenos Aires, 82:113-140, figs.1-16.
CAMERON, P., 1877. On a remarkable Lepidopterous Gall from South America. Proceedings of
the Natural History Society, Glasgow, 3:121.
COSTA-LIMA, A., 1945. Insetos do Brasil. 5° tomo. Lepidópteros, 1ª parte, Escola Nacional de
Agronomia, série didática n.7, Rio de Janeiro, 379p, 235 figs.
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22
V.C.MAIA
CRAWFORD, D.L., 1910. Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South. II. Pomona College Journal of
Entomology, Califórnia, 2:152-170.
FERNANDES, G.W.; TAMEIRÃO NETO, E. & MARTINS, R. P., 1988. Ocorrência e caracterização
de galhas entomógenas na vegetação do Campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, São Paulo, 5(1):11-29.
FERNANDES, G.W.; CARNEIRO, M.A.A.; LARA, A.C.F.; ALLAIN, L.R.; ANDRADE, G.I.; JULIÃO,
G.R.; REIS, T.R. & SILVA, I.M., 1996. Galling insects on neotropical species of Baccharis
(Asteraceae). Tropical Zoology, Firenze, 9:315-332.
GONÇALVES-ALVIM, S.J. & FERNANDES, G.W., 2001. Comunidades de insetos galhadores (Insecta)
em diferentes fisionomias do cerrado em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia,
Curitiba, 18(Supl.1):289-305.
HOUARD, C., 1933. Les Zoocécidies des Plantes de L’Amérique du Sud et de L’Amérique
Centrale. Paris. Hermann et Cie. 549p.
KIEFFER, J.J. & HERBST, P., 1905. Ueber Gallen und Gallenerzeuger aus Chile. Zeitschrift für
wissenschaftliche Insekten-Biologie, Husum, 10:63-66.
KIEFFER, J.J. & HERBST, P., 1911. Über Gallen und Gallentiere aus Chile. Centralblatt für
Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, Iena, 2(29):696-704.
KIEFFER, J.J. & JÖRGENSEN, P., 1910. Gallen und Gallentiere aus Argentinien. Centralblatt
für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, Iena, 2(27):362-444.
LIZER, K. & TRELLES, C.A., 1918. Sobre la presencia em Argentina de um psílido exótico (Trioza
alacris, F.). Anales de Zoología Aplicada, Santiago, 5:16-21, figs.3-5, 2 pls.
LIZER, K.& TRELLES, C.A., 1919. Sobre uma nueva hemipterocecidia argentina. Primer Reunión
de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciéncias Naturales, Tucumán, 383-388p., fig.1-6.
MANI, M.S., 1964. Ecology of plant galls. The Hague. Junk. 434p.
MONTEIRO, R.F.; FERRAZ, F.; MAIA, V.C. & AZEVEDO, M.A.P., 1993. Galhas entomógenas em restinga:
uma abordagem preliminar. In: SIMPÓSIO DE ECOSSISTEMAS DA COSTA BRASILEIRA, 3., 1993, Serra
Negra. Anais do III Simpósio de Ecossistemas da Costa Brasileira, São Paulo: ACIESP, 3, p.210-220.
MAIA, V.C. & FERNANDES, G.W., 2004. Entomogenous galls from Serra de São José (Tiradentes,
MG, Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Biology, São Carlos, 64(3A):423-445.
RÜBSAAMEN, E.H., 1899. Mitteilung über neue und bekannte Gallen aus Europa, Asien, Afrika,
und Amerika. Entomologische Nachrichten, Berlin, 25:225-282, pls.1-2.
RÜBSAAMEN, E.H., 1905. Beiträge zür Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. II. Beitrag:
Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia, Avellino, 4:65-85, 115-138.
RÜBSAAMEN, E.H., 1907. Beiträge zür Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag:
Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia, Avellino, 6:110-173.
RÜBSAAMEN, E.H., 1908. Beiträge zür Kenntnis aussereuropäischer Zoocecidien. III. Beitrag:
Gallen aus Brasilien und Peru. Marcellia, Avellino, 7:15-79.
TAVARES, J.S., 1909. Contributio primo ad cognitionem cecidologiae Braziliae. Broteria (Série
Zoológica), S.Fiel, 5:5-28.
TAVARES, J.S., 1915. Cécidologie Argentine. Brotéria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 13:88-128, pls.2-5.
TAVARES, J.S., 1917a. As cecidias do Brazil que se criam nas plantas da familia das Melastomataceae.
Brotéria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 15:18-59.
TAVARES, J.S., 1917b. Cecídias brasileiras que se criam em plantas das famílias das Compositae,
Rubiaceae, Tiliaceae, Lythraceae e Artocarpaceae. Brotéria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 15:113-181.
TAVARES, J.S., 1918. Cecidologia Brazileira. Cecídias que se criam em plantas das famílias das Verbenaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Labiatae, Rosaceae, Anonaceae, Ampelidaceae, Bignoniaceae,
Aristolochiaceae e Solanaceae. Brotéria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 16:21-68, figs.I-2, pls.1-2.
TAVARES, J.S., 1920a. O gênero Bruggmanniella Tav. com descrição de uma espécie nova e a clave
dichotomica des generos de Asphondyliariae. Broteria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 18:33-42.
TAVARES, J.S., 1920b. Cecidologia Brazileira. Cecídias que se criam nas plantas das familias
Leguminosae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Punicaceae, Aurantiaceae, Malpighiaceae,
Sapindaceae, Umbelliferae, Loranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Urticaceae, Salicaceae e Graminae.
Broteria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 18:82-125.
TAVARES, J.S., 1921. Cecidologia Brazileira. Cecídias que se criam nas plantas das familias
Leguminosae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Punicaceae, Aurantiaceae, Malpighiaceae,
Sapindaceae, Umbelliferae, Loranthaceae, Apocynaceae, Urticaceae, Salicaceae e Graminae.
Broteria (Série Zoológica), Braga, 19:76-112.
TAVARES, J.S., 1922. Cecidologia Brazileira. As restantes familias. Broteria (Série Zoológica),
Braga, 20:5-48.
TAVARES, J.S., 1925. Nova contribuição para o conhecimento da Cecidologia Brazileira. Brotéria
(Série Zoológica), Caminha, 22:5-55, figs.1-15, pls.1-4.
Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, n.110, p.3-22, abr.2006
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