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Journal of Coastal Research 1671 - 1675 SI 39 ICS 2004 (Proceedings) Brazil ISSN 0749-0208 Carbonate contents of bottom sediments of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil: their importance for biodiversity O. F. de S.Alves†; D. Muehe‡ and J. M. L. Dominguez§ † Dep. of Zoology Institute of Biology Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40.170-290, Brazil [email protected] ‡ Graduate Program in Geography, Institute of Geoscience, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-590, Brazil [email protected] § Graduate Program in Geology, Institute of Geoscience, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40.210-340, Brazil [email protected] ABSTRACT ALVES, O. F. de S.; MUEHE, D. and DOMINGUEZ, J. M. L., 2006. Carbonate contents of bottom sediments of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil: their importance for biodiversity. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), 1671 - 1675. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208. Todos os Santos Bay, located on the Brazilian coast between 12º35' to 13º07' S and 38º29' to 38º48' W, has an area of 1086 Km2 and contains a variety of ecosystems. The bay is surrounded by the densest urban development in the state of Bahia. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the carbonate contents of bottom sediments in this bay and their importance for the biodiversity of the benthic fauna. Sediment samples were obtained using a van Veen grab, from 32 stations during 1997. Total carbonate contents ranged from 3.3% in the northern part of the bay, to 99.9% west of Maré Island, and were higher than 50% at 25% of the stations. The proportion of carbonate decreased with decreasing grain size. Polychaeta, Mollusca Bivalvia and Crustacea Decapoda all had frequencies of occurrence above 85%. Biodiversity, considered as the richness of major taxonomic groups, ranged from 3 to 23. The highest biodiversity values were found in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore of the bay. In this area, sediment texture and composition varied widely. The lowest biodiversity values occurred in the northern part of the bay, where the bottom is muddy with very low carbonate content. Stations with higher biodiversity (richness values over 50%) had sediments with the highest carbonate contents, a statistically significant relationship. In Todos os Santos Bay, then, the biodiversity of the macrobenthos increases with increasing structural heterogeneity of the environment, and carbonate sediments seem to play an important role. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Geoecology, benthos, tropics. INTRODUCTION The tropical coastal ecosystems of Brazil harbor highly diverse floras and faunas, but are generally poorly known. This is especially true for the North and Northeast regions. An assessment of the state of the art of biodiversity investigations in Brazil, coordinated by BICUDO and MENEZES, was published in 1996 by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Brazilian Research Council, in the "Proceedings of the Workshop on Methods for the Assessment of Biodiversity in Plants and Animals". BRESCOVIT (1999) reviewed certain problems concerning biodiversity, and called attention to scientific collections of biological species, a patrimony that has not received enough attention in Brazil. The geopolitical dimension of biodiversity was investigated by ALBAGLI (1997), who found that “the present issue of the loss of biological diversity has, at the same time, a technological, an ecological and a geopolitical dimension" (abstract). Studies on marine benthic communities in tropical ecosystems are still rare in Brazil. Particularly, the coastal zone of Bahia State is the largest and least known in the country. According to LANA et al. (1996), the benthos from the region between Salvador and Vitória, including Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), is the least studied as regards both coastal and continental shelf environments. Despite the social and economic significance of TSB, there is little published information concerning its biological diversity. Evaluation of biodiversity is one of the most important aspects of community studies (RICKLEFS, 1993). The research project "Analysis of marine macrobenthic community structure in relation to sediment and pollution in a tropical environment (Todos os Santos Bay, BA, Brazil)" aimed to analyse the sublittoral macrobenthic community structure of this bay in relation to the environment, using a geoecological approach. A preliminary survey was made in 1996, when 19 stations were sampled in the central area of the TSB and inAratu and Itapagipe bays. In 1997, 32 stations were sampled in a survey that included the entire bay and the adjacent continental shelf. The present report describes the carbonate contents in bottom sediments of TSB and attempts to assess their importance for the biodiversity of this system. STUDY AREA Todos os Santos Bay (12º35' to 13º07' S and 38º29' to 38º48' W) is the second-largest coastal bay in Brazil, with an area of 1086 km2. The bay's complex ecosystem is surrounded by urban development; the city of Salvador, the largest urban region in the state of Bahia, is located at the southern entrance to the bay. LESSA et al. (2000) analyzed the bottom-sediment distribution in TSB, and identified five surface-sediment facies, which were correlated with hydrodynamic-energy distributions in the bay. LESSA et al. (2000) also treated aspects of geology and geomorphology, hydrology and oceanography. According to these authors, the climate is humid-tropical, with a mean air temperature of 25ºC and a mean rainfall of about 1900 mm/y. The geological structure of the bay, a graben, was formed with the major fault systems in the Cretaceous, modified by later tectonic activity in the Tertiary and Quaternary. A general characterisation of the tides and tidal circulation of TSB was published by LESSA et al. (2001), who noted that "the original average freshwater inflow was two orders of magnitude smaller than the estimated tidal discharge through the main bay entrance, and the oceanographic characteristics of the bay, as indicated by bay salinity measurements, are clearly marine" (p.245). Aspects of pollution inside the bay and brief historical comments on its occupation, as well as past and future prospects for the bay were discussed by SILVA et al. (1996). Im the same paper, SILVA et al. noted that Salvador is the most important touristic center in the Brazilian Northeast. Although at present only 26% of all sewage produced is properly collected and treated, the project "Bahia Azul" will increase this proportion to about 80% and will add a submarine outfall. The authors also Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006 1672 Alves et al. suggested that models for future regional development should consider self-sustaining methodologies. GERMEN et al. (1997) discussed means of managing this important Brazilian bay. They described the environmental problems stemming from human occupation, and recommended the formulation of an environmental management plan using an integrated approach. METHODOLOGY The data presented in this work were collected during summer and autumn of 1997 in a survey of the entire bay and the adjacent continental shelf. The survey included a total of 32 stations (Figure 1). TSB was divided into six areas (Figure 1), designated as follows: Area N (northern bay); Area M (northeast, between Maré Island and Frade Island); Area C (central bay, from the western to the eastern shore); Area I (between Itaparica Island and the western shore); Area S (between Itaparica Island and the eastern shore, at the city of Salvador, the main bay entrance) and Area P (the adjacent continental shelf). The areas were demarcated according to the physical and chemical composition and grain size of the sediment, based on the study by BITTENCOURT et al. (1976). Water samples were taken with a van Dorn bottle. Sediment samples were taken with a 0.1m2 van Veen grab. The better to estimate the diversity of the macrobenthos, supplemental samples were taken with a rectangular dredge. In the laboratory, grain size analysis followed the recommendations of SUGUIO (1973). The sediment samples were first analyzed by wetsieving and pipette methods; then, according to GROSS (1971), hydrochloric acid was added to the sediment to eliminate the CaCO3 in each grain size class. The carbonate content of mud samples was also measured. Figure 1. Map of the study area showing the 32 sampling stations. Two groups of data were analyzed, in order to evaluate whether the stations with biotic richness exceeding 50%, and stations with richness less than 50%, differed significantly in respect to carbonate content. The first group of data refers to the richness of major taxonomic groups; and the second data group, to the richness of families of polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and echinoderms (ALVES, 2002 and ALVES et al., 2006). The T-test for independent samples from the Statistica Program was used for the analysis. RESULTS The percentage values obtained for total carbonate, in both sieved fractions (>= 0.062 mm) and mud (< 0.062 mm) ranged from 3.3% (northern part of the bay) to 99.9% (west of Maré Island). Sediments at eight stations (25%) had carbonate contents over 50%. Four of these stations were located in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore (Area I), two near a coral reef that borders the eastern shore of this island (P2 - P3) and two others located near Frades Island (in the southern part, C4) and Maré Island (M3). The pebble fraction was present at 4 stations (12%), ranging from 0.4 to 32.8%. Carbonate contents at these stations were 0, 42, 76 and 100%, respectively. The gravel fraction occurred at 13 stations (41%). This fraction was composed exclusively of carbonate (100%) at 8 stations (25% of the total). Carbonate contents ranged from 17 to 76% at the other stations; i.e., some carbonate was always present in sediments containing this grain size class. The gravel fraction of TSB sediments is essentially composed of carbonate. Some sand was present in all the samples. At 17 stations (53%), sand comprised over 50% of the sediment, and at 6 of these stations carbonate values exceeded 50%. The sand sediment of TSB was composed of 3.6 to 100% carbonate; the carbonate exceeded 50% at 11 stations. The carbonate content in sand sediments decreased with decreasing grain size. At 11 of the 12 stations where the sediments contained very coarse sand, the carbonate proportion was over 50%. Carbonate also predominated at 82% of the stations with coarse sand, 53% of the stations with medium sand, 41% of the stations with fine sand and 19% of the stations with very fine sand. Mud occurred at 24 stations (75%), comprising over 50% of the sediment at 13. The carbonate content at the stations where mud was present ranged from 3.3 to 47%. The grain size and carbonate content varied in each area of TSB. In the northern bay (Area N) the sediment was composed mainly of siliciclastic mud. Two stations in Area M (M1 - M4), located between Frades and Maré Islands, had a similar sediment, while stations M2 and M3 in the same area had heterogeneous sediments that were higher in carbonate. In the central area, siliciclastic mud predominated at four stations (C1, C2, C5 and C6). Carbonate was an important constituent in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore (Area I). Carbonate was also important in some stations in areas S (southern TSB) and P (the adjacent continental shelf). The fauna included a total of 34 major taxonomic groups, with Polychaeta, Mollusca Bivalvia and Crustacea Decapoda occurring at frequencies over 85%. Biodiversity, expressed as richness of taxonomic groups, ranged from 3 to 23. The highest values were found in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore of the bay, area I (except station I3) and at some stations in other areas (Table 1). A total of 80 families of polychaetes, bivalve molluscs and echinoderms were recorded. Richness values of families (Table 1) ranged from 42 (Station I1) to 5 (Stations N4 and M1). The stations with richness values over 50% were significantly different from the others in carbonate content (Table 2). This result was found for the two groups of data analyzed, richness of major taxonomic groups and richness of families (Figure 2). The correlation between these two groups of data was 0.72 (Pearson's r, p < 0.05). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006 1673 Carbonate Contents of Bottom Sediments of Todos os Santos Bay DISCUSSIONAND CONCLUSIONS Todos os Santos Bay is a tropical shallow marine ecosystem. During the 1997 survey, the sampling stations ranged from 1.5 to 62 meters in depth, salinity varied from 27 to 36 º/oo, dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.4 to 10.4 mg/l and the surface-water temperature varied from 26 to 29ºC. The mean grain size of bottom sediments ranged from 0.9 to 9.8 phi; most stations showed standard deviations greater than 1.0, characteristic of poorly sorted to extremely poorly sorted sediments. These data were reported by ALVES (2002). The organic content of the sediment collected was analyzed by MENDES (1999) and ranged from 0.3 to 12.1%. The highest concentrations of organic carbon, organic nitrogen and also organic matter were found in the northern bay and in the channel between Itaparica Island and the western shore; these high concentrations are probably a function of the low mobility of these bottoms and of freshwater discharge from the Paraguaçu River. Moreover, MENDES (1999) found that the highest C:N ratios in the bay occurred at the mouth of this river. Most phyla of marine animals, especially invertebrates, occur in the bottom sediments of TSB (ALVES, 2000 and 2002). Preliminary analyses of the distribution of biological diversity, expressed as richness of taxonomic groups, indicated a pattern of highest diversity in coarse sediments and carbonate-rich stations in the study area (ALVES et al., 1999 and ALVES et al., 2000). Data presented by FIGUEREDO (2000) and ALMEIDA et al. (2001), studying foraminiferans and bryozoans respectively, showed that biodiversity increases in coarse sediments. As discussed above, these results indicate that the heterogeneous nature and carbonate percentages of the bottom sediments in TSB seem to play an important role in the distribution of biodiversity of its benthic communities. The southern part of the bay, especially between Itaparica Island and the western shore (Area I), had the highest richness and also the highest carbonate contents. Contrariwise, the northern bay (Area N) had low biodiversity, very low carbonate content and muddy bottoms. Although the northern bay does not support a diverse fauna, some carbonate is present in the sediments. LEÃ O (1971) studied the composition of a shell deposit located near “Ipeba Laje” in this part of the bay: carbonate content ranged from 42 to 93% at 44 stations (70%) of 63 total samples. This small area was not surveyed in the present investigation, but its benthic communities should be analyzed. The carbonate content of bottom sediments was measured by BITTENCOURT et al. (1976) and MACEDO (1977) over the entire TSB. The former work described four well-defined sedimentary facies; one of the facies was composed of biogenic deposits (> 50% carbonate) and consisted mainly of corroded and perforated mollusc shells. In the latter project, the bay was divided into three parts according to energy action; this research also concluded that the main recent and relict biodetritic components are represented by fragments of molluscs and the alga Halimeda. CORRÊ A and PONZI (1980), in a detailed study of carbonates in bottom sediments of the western bay, found values of about 5% in the area influenced by the Paraguaçu River; the proportion of carbonates increased in the direction of the sea, reaching percentages higher than 75% in some patches. Recently, LESSA et al. (2000) re-evaluated sedimentation into TSB and suggested that at least part of the carbonate sediments apparently underlying the regressive bay-mud facies may be autochthonous. COOPER (1992) believed that in marine environments, most of the sediment carbonate content is autochthonous. Research on the carbonate content of marine sediments has revealed the importance of carbonates to biodiversity patterns of benthic communities in unconsolidated substrates, independent of the origin and composition of the carbonate bottoms. ALVES (1991) studied the associations of molluscs and echinoderms on the continental shelf off the state of Rio de Janeiro, from Cabo Frio to Saquarema, and concluded that "among the variables chosen to characterise the environment, the discriminant analysis revealed that the percentage of carbonate, the sorting coefficient, the mean grain size and the kurtosis of sediment as well as the depth were the most important in environmental discrimination of the three defined faunistic associations" (abstract). In the same study, ALVES found the highest species richness on sandy sediments with biogenic gravel. According to ABSALÃ O et al. (1999), the multivariate approach to establish discriminant models of abiotic environments of communities has not been much used to Table 1. Data for biotic richness of the major taxonomic groups (S_groups) and of families (S_families), in descending order, and data for total carbonate content of sediments at the 32 sampling stations. Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50% (S = richness). Group_01 Stations I5 P2 M3 I2 P3 I1 I4 S7 S3 P5 C4 S2 (N=12) % Total S_ Groups Carbonate 23 23 20 18 18 17 17 15 13 13 12 12 93,97 54,80 99,92 71,61 36,11 60,01 53,60 33,46 27,72 86,62 50,07 38,00 Group_02 % Total S_ Stations Groups Carbonate M4 C1 S4 P1 N3 S5 S6 N1 M2 C3 C5 S1 P4 N5 I3 N2 N4 C2 C6 M1 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 3 17,55 13,84 22,88 35,66 7,72 29,76 4,80 3,34 31,14 24,66 28,57 32,23 5,02 9,51 22,07 5,75 9,66 20,71 28,27 9,89 Group_01 Group_02 % Total S_ Stations Families Carbonate % Total S_ Stations Families Carbonate I1 I2 P5 I5 M3 P3 S2 M2 S6 C3 I4 C4 P2 42 35 35 32 31 28 27 26 26 25 24 23 23 60,01 71,61 86,62 93,97 99,92 36,11 38,00 31,14 4,80 24,66 53,60 50,07 54,80 (N=13) S4 S7 S5 S1 S3 P4 M4 C1 C2 P1 N1 C6 N2 N5 I3 C5 N3 N4 M1 (N=19) (N=20) Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006 21 20 18 17 16 15 12 11 11 11 10 9 8 8 8 7 6 5 5 22,88 33,46 29,76 32,23 27,72 5,02 17,55 13,84 20,71 35,66 3,34 28,27 5,75 9,51 22,07 28,57 7,72 9,66 9,89 1674 Alves et al. Table 2. Results of T-test for independent samples (T0.995 = 2.75 / df = 30). Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50%. (S_Groups = richness of major taxonomic groups and S_Families = richness of families). S_Families Carbonate (total) S_Groups Carbonate (total) Mean Group_1 Mean Group_2 t-value df p Valid N Group_1 Valid N Group_2 Std.Dev. Group_1 29 54,25 11,47 19,14 9,21 4,96 30 30 0,00000 0,00003 13 13 19 19 5,70 28,16 Mean Group_1 Mean Group_2 t-value df p Valid N Group_1 Valid N Group_2 Std.Dev. Group_1 16,75 58,83 8,60 18,15 7,65 6,54 30 30 0,00000 0,00000 12 12 20 20 3,91 24,39 analyze the Brazilian coastal fauna. These authors suggested that several variables be taken into account, including depth and such sedimentological variables as a measure of central tendency, skewness, kurtosis, sorting and percentage of mud; but they did not mention carbonate content. According to CLARKE and CRAME (1997), it is important to better understand the role of spatial heterogeneity in regulating diversity in marine environments. The present investigation found that the biodiversity of bottom sediments, evaluated as the richness of major taxonomic groups and families, reached the highest levels in samples taken from sediments with highly variable texture and composition, especially in the area between Itaparica Island and the western shore of the bay. The lowest biodiversity values occurred in the northern bay, and were associated with a muddy bottom with very low carbonate content and poor water renewal. These results illustrate the principle that biodiversity increases concurrently with the structural heterogeneity of the environment, and suggest that carbonate plays an important role. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4,99 10,78 1,30 6,82 0,59 0,00 Std.Dev. F-ratio p Group_2 variancs variancs 2,14 10,69 3,35 5,20 0,02 0,00 Paulo C. Paiva (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and the student Rômulo Barroso); Bryozoa, Facelúcia B. C. Souza (Federal University of Bahia, and the student Vanessa E. S. Almeida); Crustacea Gammaridea, Cristiana Serejo (National Museum of Rio de Janeiro); Cnidaria, Priscila Grohmann (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro); Ascidiacea, Rosana da Rocha (Federal University of Paraná); Osteichythes, Paulo R. D. Lopes (State University of Feira de Santana - Bahia). LITERATURE CITED ABSALÃ O, R.S.; PIMENTA, A.D.; GOMES, R.S., and CECCHETTI, F., 1999 - Associações malacológicas dos substratos inconsolidados na área de proteção ambiental do arquipélago de Santana, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro. In: SILVA, S.H.R. and LAVRADO, H.P. (eds.), Ecologia dos Ambientes Costeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, vol. VII. 273-289. PPGE - UFRJ. ALBAGLI, S., 1997 - Dimensão geopolítica da biodiversidade. Rio de Janeiro. Tese de Doutorado em Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 287 p. ALMEIDA, V.E.S.; SOUZA, F.B.C. and ALVES, O.F.S., 2001 Riqueza dos briozoários do canal Salvador (Baía de Todos os Santos, Brasil) e suas relações com os parâmetros batimétricos e sedimentológicos. In: VIII Congresso da ABEQUA, 2001, Imbé (RS).Anais, p.428-429. ALVES, O.F.S., 2002. Geoecology of bottom benthic communities from Todos os Santos Bay (BA, Brazil): biotic and sedimentological diversity. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ / PPGG (Graduation Program of Geography). Doctorate's thesis, 155 p. + 1 CD-rom (in Portuguese). ALVES, O.F. S., 2000. Macrobenthos of subtidal sediments of the Todos os Santos Bay (northeast Brazil). In: XVIIIth International Congress of Zoology, 2000, Athens, Greece Book ofAbstracts, p.168-169. ALVES, O.F. S., 1991. Associações de moluscos e equinodermos da plataforma continental interna entre Cabo Frio e 110 110 90 90 70 70 CA_TOTAL CA_TOTAL We are grateful for financial support from the WWF - World Wildlife Fund / Brazil (Nature and Society Program - Project 075/97); PICDT / UFBA, which provided the first author a doctoral scholarship from 1996 to 1999); and PIBIC / UFBA, which provided two undergraduate student scholarships, in 1998 and 1999. The researchers of the Coastal Studies Laboratory (LEC) of the Centre for Research in Geophysics and Geology (CPGG) - UFBA; the Salvador Port Authority, "Capitania dos Portos de Salvador" and the "Estação de Desmagnetização da Marinha (Itaparica)" of the Brazilian Navy and "TEMADRE / PETROBRAS" helped with fieldwork. Several colleagues assisted with taxonomic identifications: Mollusca, Ricardo S. Absalão (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and the students Rafael Fortes and Bianca DellaLibera); Echinodermata, Cynthia L. C. Manso (Phoenix Paleontological Foundation - Sergipe); Polychaeta, Std.Dev. F-ratio p Group_2 variancs variancs 50 30 50 30 Min - Max 25% - 75% Median value 10 -10 1 10 -10 2 1 (major taxonomic groups) 2 (families groups) Figure 2. Box and whisker plots of sediment carbonate content versus richness of major taxonomic groups (left) and richness of families (right). Group 1: S > 50% and Group 2: S < 50% (S = richness and CA_TOTAL = % total carbonate). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006 Carbonate Contents of Bottom Sediments of Todos os Santos Bay Saquarema (RJ) e suas características ambientais. Dissertação de Mestrado em Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 142 p. ALVES, O.F.S.; DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L. and MUEHE, D., 2000 Environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity in subtidal sediments of Todos os Santos Bay (northeast Brazil). In: 31st International Geological Congress, 2000, Rio de Janeiro. Abstracts Volume, CD-rom (1 page). ALVES, O.F.S.; DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L.; MUEHE, D. and VALENÇ A, A.R., 1999. Biodiversidade e os sedimentos infralitorais da BTS (BA - Brasil). VII Congresso da ABEQUA. Anais, viiabequa_zcp062.pdf, 4p. ALVES, O. F. S.; MANSO, C. L. C.; ABSALÃ O, R. S. and PAIVA, P. C., 2006. Geoecology of Sublittoral Benthic Communities in Todos os Santos Bay (Bahia, Brazil): Biotic and Sedimentological Diversity. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8th International Coastal Symposium), submitted. Itajaí, SC Brazil. BRESCOVIT, A.D., 1999. A sistemática na biodiversidade. In: 12º Encontro de Zoologia do Nordeste. Feira de Santana. Resumos, p. 154 - 161. BICUDO, C.E.M. and MENEZES, N.A. (eds.), 1996 Biodiversity in Brazil. A first approach. São Paulo: CNPq, 326p. BITTENCOURT, A.C.S.P.; FERREIRA, Y.A. and DI NAPOLI, E., 1976. Alguns aspectos da sedimentação na Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia. Revista Bras. Geociências, 6 (4): 246 - 263. CORRÊ A, I.C.S. and PONZI, V.R.A., 1980. Estudo dos Carbonatos Associados aos Sedimentos de Fundo da Parte Oeste da Baía de Todos os Santos. An. Acad. brasil. Ciênc., 52 (2): 347 - 352. CLARKE, A. and CRAME, A., 1997. Diversity, latitude and time: Patterns in the shallow sea. In: ORMOND, R.F.G.; GAGE, J.D. and ANGEL, M.V. (ed.), Marine biodiversity: patterns and processes. Cambridge University Press, pp. 122-147. COPPER, P., 1992. Organisms and carbonate substrates in marine environments. Geoscience Canada, 9 (13): 97 - 112. FIGUEREDO, J.G., 2000. Análise Qualitativa e Quantitativa dos Foraminíferos da Baía de Todos os Santos: uma abordagem sedimentológica. Salvador. Dissertação de Mestrado em Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da 1675 Bahia. 123p. GERMEN / UFBA - NIMA, 1997. BTS: diagnóstico sócioambiental e subsísdios para a gestão. Edições Germen, Salvador, BA, 244 p. GROSS, M.G., 1971. Carbon determination. In: CARVER, R.E. (ed.). Procedures in sedimentary petrology. WileyInterscience, pp. 573-596. LANA, P.C.; CAMARGO, M.G.; BROGIM, R.A. and ISAAC, V.J., 1996. O Bentos da costa brasileira: avaliação crítica e levantamento bibliográfico (1858 - 1996). REVIZEE, MMA/ CIRM / FEMAR, RJ, 432p. LEÃ O, Z.M.N., 1971. Um depósito conchífero do fundo da Baía de Todos os Santos, próximo à Laje da Ipeba. Salvador. Dissertação de Mestrado em Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia. 59p. LESSA, G.C.; BITTENCOURT, A.C.S.P.; BRICHTA, A. and DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L., 2000. A reevaluation of the Late Quaternary sedimentation in Todos os Santos Bay (BA), Brazil. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., 72 (4): 573 - 590. LESSA, G.C.; DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L.; BITTENCOURT, A.C.S.P. and BRICHTA, A., 2001. The tides and tidal circulation of Todos os Santos Bay, Northeast Brazil: a general characterization. An. Acad. Bras. Ci., 73 (2): 245 - 261. MACEDO, M.H.F., 1977. Estudo Sedimentológico da Baía de Todos os Santos. Salvador. Dissertação de Mestrado em Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia. 108 p. MENDES, G.M., 1999. Distribuição e característica da matéria orgânica na Baía de Todos os Santos - Bahia. Monografia de Graduação em Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 51p. RICKLEFS, R.E., 1993. The Economy of Nature: A Textbook in Basic Ecology. Third Edition. W H Freeman & Co.; 470p. (In Portuguese by Guanabara Koogan). SILVA, E.M.; ACCIOLY, M.; NAVARRO, M.F.F. and CHASTINET, C.B.A., 1996. Baía de Todos os Santos: situação atual e perspectivas futuras. Revista econ. Nord. Fortaleza, 27 (2): 207-232. SUGUIO, K., 1973. Introdução à sedimentologia. Edgard Blücher e Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 318p. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 39, 2006
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