alu aSva

afxazuri xalxuri zepirsityviereba (folklori). afxazuri xalxuri
zepirsityviereba, anu folklori metad saintereso da Rrmaa. igi
gamoxatavs
misi
Semqmneli
afxazi
xalxis
rwmena-warmodgenebs
garemomcveli samyaros, adamianis Sinagani bunebis,
sikeTisa da
borotebis
arsis,
afsuaras
(afxazobis,
anu
afxazi
kacisaTvis
savaldebulo dadebiT TvisebaTa erTobliobis) Sesaxeb.
afxazur
xalxur
zepirsityvierebaSi
wamyvani
adgili
uWiravs
originalur, afxazuri warmomavlobis nawarmoebebs, Tumca maT gverdiT
dasturdeba
mezobel
xalxTa
(qarTvelTa,
CerqezTa,
yaraCaelbalyarelTa) zepirsityvierebidan SeTvisebuli nimuSebisa da siuJetebis
wyebac, rac asaxavs afxazTa mravalsaukunovan mWidro kulturul
urTierTobebs am eTnosebTan.
afxazur xalxur zepirsityvierebas Seadgens Sromis simRerebi,
sawesCveulebo poezia, Selocvebi, andazebi, gamocanebi, enis gasatexebi,
sagmiro
eposi,
miTologiuri
Tqmuleba-legendebi,
istoriuli
Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi, sayofacxovrebo poezia satrfialo poeziis
CaTvliT, Sairebi, xalxuri drama da sabavSvo poezia. afxazur
zepirsityvierebaSi Tanabari doziT ar aris warmodgenili poezia da
narativi (xalxuri “proza”): poezias Warbobs narativi, magram aris Temebi
da motivebi, romlebic upiratesad poeturi formiT, Tanac simReris
saxiT gadmoicema. magaliTad, leqs-simRerebad iTqmis Sromis simRerebi,
sawesCveulebo poezia, Selocvebi, sagmiro eposis didi nawili,
istoriuli Tqmulebebi, satrfialo poezia, Sairebi da sabavSvo poeziis
nimuSebi.
Sromis simRerebi . warsulSi simRerebi savaldebulod axlda
sameurneo saqmianobis did nawils. simReras am SemTxvevebSi magiuri
daniSnuleba hqonda, igi mSromels jafasac uadvilebda da xalissac
hmatebda. afxazuri Sromis simRerebi siZveliT gamoirCeva maTSi naTlad
Cans, Tu meurneobis romeli dargi iyo wamyvani afxazi xalxis warsul
yofaSi. Sromis simRerebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: “alu aSva”
(“dolabis simRera”), romelsac qalebi asrulebdnen xelsafqvaviT
muSaobis dros; “avapayawacva raSva” (“nabdis mTelavTa simRera”),
romelic nabdis moTelvisas sruldeboda qalTa mier; matylis, selis,
kanafis damuSavebisas saTqmeli simRerebi; Coxa-axaluxis damzadebis
Tanmxlebi simRerebi; urmuli da a.S. afxazur zepirsityvierebaSi ar Cans
zRvaosnobisa da meTevzeobis amsaxveli simRerebi, xolo folkloristTa
(S. salayaia...) SeniSvniT, afxazur Sromis simRerebSi yvelaze naklebadaa
warmodgenili miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi.
sawesCveulebebo poezia. folkloris es dargic ufro Zvelia, vidre
Sromis simRerebi da uSualodaa dakavSirebuli afxazTa winaprebis
ZvelTaZvel rwmena-warmodgenebTan samyaros Sesaxeb. sawesCveulebo
poeziaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs im ritualur nawarmoebebs,
romlebic asaxavs poliTeizms (mravalRmerTianobas). isini gankuTvnili
iyo sxvadasxva RvTaebis gulis mosagebad da maTgan wyalobis miRebasa
da mfarvelobas isaxavda miznad. am rigis uZvelesi teqstebi eZRvneba
nadirobis mfarvel aJveifSaas, nadirobis, omisa da Zarcvis mfarvel
airgs, amindis mfarvel Zivous da a.S. maTi Sesrulebisas savaldebulo
iyo garkveuli wesebis dacva da saTanado ritualebis Sesruleba.
magaliTad, monadires evaleboda nadirobis win seqsisagan TavSekaveba,
fizikuri
sisufTavis
dacva,
nadirobis
dasrulebamde
sagangebo
sametyvelo kodis (abna bizSva “tyis ena”) gamoyeneba, asi nadiris mokvlis
Semdeg iaraRis garkveuli droiT miwaSi damarxva...; gvalvis dros qalebi
amzadebdnen Tojinas, romelsac sofelSi Camoatarebdnen, mere mihqondaT
mdinaresTan, wyalSi uSvebdnen da wuwaobdnen...
sawesCveulebo poeziis ganuyofeli nawilia mayruli simRerebi,
xelWiqiani
dalocvebi
da
xmiT
natirlebi.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
micvalebulis
datirebac garkveul akrZalvebTanaa
dakavSirebuli
(magaliTad, meuRleebs ara aqvT ufleba Tanamecxedris xmamaRla
datirebisa).
Selocvebi.
aseve
ZvelTaZvel
rwmena-warmodgenebs
ukavSirdeba
Selocvebi, romlebic aucileblad moiTxovda magiuri daniSnulebis
mqone garkveuli ritualebis mkacrad dacvasac. Selocvebis teqstTa erTerTi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani aliteraciisa da asonansis xerxTa
farTo gamoyenebaa. Selocvebidan aRsaniSnavia dakarguli pirityvis
dasacavi, saqonlis ganmkurnebeli, adamianis sxvadasxva sneulebis (Tavis
tkivilis, wiTeli qaris, saWmlis momnelebel organoTa daavadebebis...),
Wrilobis, gaTvalvis, gvelnakbenis sawinaaRmdego Selocvebi. yuradRebas
ipyrobs is faqti, rom afxazur SelocvaTa erTi didi nawili iwyeba
qarTuli Selocvebis sawyisi frazebiT (“ekenia, bekenia”, “saxeliTa
mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa”...), xolo SelocvaTa sxva
jgufSi teqsti an sruliad gaugebaria, anda misi calkeuli frazebia
gabundovanebuli.
enis gasatexebi . enis gasatexebi bavSvis metyvelebis daxvewas isaxavs
miznad da uadvilebs mas Znelad gamosaTqmeli sityvebis sworad
gamoTqmis Cvevis gamomuSavebas, mozrdilTaTvis ki enis gasatexs
gasarTobi funqcia hqonda.
sagmiro
eposi .
afxazur
zepirsityvierebaSi
sagmiro
eposs
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. afxaz xalxSi igi yvelaze popularul
da sayvarel Janrad miiCneva. afxazuri sagmiro eposi ZiriTadad moicavs
narTebis epossa da Tqmulebebs abrskilis Sesaxeb.
narTebis eposi gavrcelebulia kavkasiis ramdenime xalxSi (afxazebSi,
abazebSi, CerqezebSi, osebSi, CeCnebSi, inguSebSi, yaraCael-balyarelebSi,
nawilobriv qarTvel mTielTa Soris, kerZod, raWvelebsa da svanebSi).
eposis warmoSobis Sesaxeb specialistTa Soris azrTa didi sxvaobaa:
zogni mis Semqmnelad osebs asaxeleben, zogni _ Cerqezebs, sxvani _
afxaz-abazebs, danarCenebi _ Turquli modgmis xalxebs, an monRolebsac
ki. erTi ram cxadia: narTebis eposi amJamad yvela dasaxelebuli eTnosis
kuTvnilebaa da TiToeul maTgans Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili eposis
erovnul variantTa SeqmnaSi. aSkaraa isic, rom eposis afxazur variantSi
moqmedeba mimdinareobs an CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, mdinare yubanis
napirebze, anda amJamindel afxazeTis teritoriaze, kerZod, mdinare
bzifis xeobaSi. garda amisa, eposis mTavar personaJTa erT nawils
Cerqezuli
gaformebis
mqone
saxeli
hqvia:
saTanei-gvaSa
(gvaSa
Cerqezulad “qalbatons” niSnavs), sasriyva, aTlagiyva, naSbaTayva (yva
Cerqezulad “vaJs, Zes” niSnavs) da a.S.
narTebis afxazur eposSi mkafiod Cans matriarqatis gamoZaxili: 100
Zma narTi erTi dedis saTanei-gvaSas Svilia da swored es qali marTavs
narTTa cxovrebas, igi iRebs yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas. eposSi
patriarqatis niSnebic sagrZnobia. narTebis saarsebo mesaqonleoba da
sagmiro
Tavgadasavlebis
Ziebaa,
raSic
sxvaTa
Zarcvac
Sedis.
araCveulebrivi fizikuri SesaZleblobebis qoniT gaTamamebuli narTebi
xSirad vardebian gamouval mdgomareobaSi, magram ukanasknel momentSi
maT ueWveli daRupvisagan ixsnis xolme maTi naxevarZma sasriyva,
romelsac narTebi abuCad igdeben imis gamo, rom mamamisi narTebis
mwyemsia. ampartavnobis seni zogjer sasriyvasac awuxebs, magram igi
axerxebs am naklis daZlevas dedis, an narTebis erTaderTi dis,
mzeTunaxav gundas daxmarebiT. mTlianobaSi narTebis eposi gmobs
adamianTa Soris gavrcelebul mraval nakls da amkvidrebs sikeTis
yovlisSemZleobis ideas.
afxazuri warmomavlobisaa Tqmulebebi gmiri abrskilis Sesaxeb. maTi
moqmedeba ZiriTadad amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mimdinareobs.
es Tqmulebebi tipologiurad Zalze axlos dganan amiranis qarTul
eposTan da promeTes berZnul miTTan. abrskilic xalxis samsaxurSi
dgas, ebrZvis mCagvrelebsa da borotebas, nergavs sikeTes, magram bolos
ise gaamaydeba, rom RmerTsac ar uyadrebs Tavs, ris gamoc igi isjeba:
RvTis nebiT abrskils Seipyroben da sofel otafis (oCamCiris r-ni)
axlos mdebare gamoqvabulSi abamen jaWviT.
miTologiuri Tqmulebebi da legendebi. afxazur zepirsityvierebaSi
gamoirCeva uZvelesi animisturi da totemisturi Sexedulebebis amsaxveli
miTebi, romlebSic personaJebad gamoyvanilni arian cxovelTa, mcenareTa
da sxva usulo saganTa mfarveli RvTaebani da sulebi. maTgan yvelaze
xSirad gvxvdebian nadirobis RmerTi aJveifSaa da misi ulamazesi
asulebi, romlebic swyaloben nadirobis wesebis zustad damcvel
vaJkacebs, xolo risxvas atexen Tavs maT, vinc arafrad agdebs
dasaxelebul wesebs.
afxazuri miTologiis originaluri personaJebi arian agreTve juja
awanebi, romlebic moxerxebuli da gamrje xalxia, magram ampartavnoba
maTac ereva da amis isini RvTis mier umkacresad isjebian.
miTologiuri xasiaTisaa agreTve legendebi oCamCiris r-nis sofel
gufis teritoriaze mdebare papanwyuris tbisa da riwis tbis warmoqmnis
Sesaxeb. orive tbis adgilas mdebare soflebSi mosaxleni arRveven
RmerTis mier dawesebul qcevis normebs: papanwyurelma mRvdelma nadSi
mowveul Tanasoflelebs Roris magier ZaRli daukla, ris gamoc
mRvdlis kar-midamo patronian-ojaxianad Caiqca da wyalma dafara
(papanwyuri
megruli
toponimia,
Sdr.
megr.
papa
“mRvdeli”,
nwyuili//nwyviri “namewyri, Caqceuli”); riwis adgilas mdebare soflis
mcxovrebni gagulqvavdnen da gaWirvebul qvrivs ar exmarebodnen.
qvrivTan stumrad misulma RmerTma naxa, rom am qals siRatakis
miuxedavad adamianoba da stumris pativiscemis survili ar daukargavs.
man sofeli mospo da nasoflari wyliT dafara.
istoriuli Tqmulebebi . istoriul TqmulebebSi moTxrobilia afxazi
xalxis istoriis amsaxveli ambebi. afxazur enaze saukuneTa manZilze
damwerlobis uqonloba ganapirobebda amgvari Tqmulebebis rolis zrdas
_ es teqstebi lamis sakralur mniSvnelobas iZenda da yovel afxazs
avaldebulebda maT codnas, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am teqstebis
Sinaarsi mudam ar emTxveva istoriul faqtebs da maT gviandeli Carevis
kvalic etyoba.
romantikuli elferi aqvs Tqmulebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ergo
afxaz
xalxs
afxazeTi:
roca
RmerTma
xalxebisaTvis
miwebis
dasarigeblad
Sekreba
daniSna,
daTqmul
dros
yvela
xalxis
warmomadgeneli gamocxadda afxazis garda, romelic mxolod maSin
mivida, roca yvela miwa ukve ganawilebuli iyo. RmerTma afxazs
usayvedura, aqamde sad iyavio. afxazma miugo, ukve movdiodi, roca
stumari mewvia, stumars kars xom ar mivuxuravdi, sanam ar wavida, SenTan
wamosvla ver SevZelio. RmerTs moewona afxazis stumarTmoyvareoba da
TavisTvis gadanaxuli ulamazesi miwa, afxazeTi gamouyo mas.
am Tqmulebis gverdiT afxazur folklorSi bevri iseTi Tqmulebac
aris, romlebic afxazi xalxis Tavdapirvel samSoblod sxvadasxva
qveyanas asaxeleben. magaliTad, zogi Tqmulebis mixedviT, afxazebi
Tavdapirvelad
CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi,
mdinare
yubanis
napirebze
saxlobdnen, sxva TqmulebebSi aseT qveynebad eTiopia, arabeTi, siria,
saberZneTi, an indoeTi cxaddeba. yvela maTgans erTi pasaJi aerTianebs:
afxazebs problemebi SeqmniaT mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi, amis gamo
ayrilan samSoblodan da axlandel afxazeTSi dasaxlebulan.
zogi istoriuli Tqmulebis moqmedebis drois gansazRvra Wirs. maTSi
daukonkretebladaa asaxuli warsuli, moTxrobilia afxaz vaJkacTa
socialuri brZola boroti adamianebis, moZalade TavadTa, yaCaRebis,
tyveebis gamyidvelTa winaaRmdeg.
gansakuTrebiT bevri Tqmuleba Seqmnilia XIX saukuneSi, romlebSic
Seqebulia afxazi vaJkacebis brZola rusi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg,
dagmobilia
moRalateTa
saqcieli,
xotba
esxmeba
patriotobas.
gansakuTrebuli emociurobiT gamoirCeva afxaz muhajirTa mware bedis
amsaxveli Tqmulebebi da leqsebi (“ozbaqi”, “kac xabiris Ze”, “wabalelTa
xorcis saxarSi qvabi”, “xviT aibas simRera” da sxvani).
xalxis sayvareli personaJebi arian fSkiaWis Ze manCa da misi
ulamazesi satrfo baalous asuli madina, SaraTxvas Ze msousti, inafha
kiagva, ajiris Ze danayai, abaTaa beslani, ajgeris Ze quCuki, kapita kujba,
hajaraT kiaxba, saluman bRaJba, Smaf aSvxvawaa, gudisa smiri da sxvani.
zRaprebi . afxazuri zRaprebi sam mTavar jgufad iyofa: cxovelTa
zRaprebi, jadosnuri zRaprebi da sayofacxovrebo zRaprebi, Tumca bevri
zRapari
kompleqsurad
Seicavs
ori,
an
samive
saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel niSnebs.
yvelaze Zvel teqstebad miiCneva cxovelTa zRaprebi, romelTa mTavari
personaJebi arian adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone cxovelebi da frinvelebi:
daTvi, melia, mgeli, kurdReli, xar-Zroxa, Ramura, iremi... am zRaprebSi
dagmobilia sixarbe, sisastike, gautanloba, sicrue, unamusoba, sibriyve...
TiTqmis yvela zRapari keTilad mTavrdeba da sikeTe imarjvebs
borotebaze, rac saerTodaa damaxasiaTebeli zRaprisaTvis.
jadosnuri zRaprebi ZiriTadad boroti Zalebis (devebis, eSmakis, tyis
kacis, boroti jadoqris) winaaRmdeg dadebiT personaJTa brZolas
asaxavs. am brZolaSi mTavar gmirs (Cveulebriv, Rarib, obol, abuCad
agdebul biWs) megobrobas uweven da exmarebian araCveulebrivi
TvisebebiT dajildoebuli sxva personaJebi. aq didi roli ekisreba
megobrobas, sialales, erTgulebas, erTimeorisTvis Tavganwirvas, rac
sabolood amarcxebs bnel Zalebs.
sayofacxovrebo zRaprebSi Seqebulia ojaxis siwminde, samarTlianoba,
sikeTe, erTguleba, goniereba, zomiereba da sxva dadebiTi adamianuri
Tvisebebi. am teqstebSic sabolood sikeTe da goniereba imarjvebs
uzneobaze, sisastikeze, Zaladobaze...
sayofacxovrebo poezia. folkloris am nawilSi Sedis lirikuli
leqsebi da saxumaro Sairebi. marTalia, afxazuri adaT-wesebi krZalavs
pirad grZnobebze xmamaRla saubars, magram xalxi satrfialo Temaze
mainc qmnida leqs-simRerebs. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom afxazur
xalxur lirikaSi Warbobs qal-vaJis saxumaro paeqroba, erTmaneTis
naklis dacinva. es leqs-simRerebi upiratesad saferxulo cekvebs
(magaliTad, “SaraTins”) axlda xolme. bevri Sairis avtoria cnobili
afxazi xalxuri mTqmeli Jana aCba (anCabaZe).
xalxuri
drama.
es
Janri
afxazur
folklorSi
yvelaze
naklebganviTarebulia.
dramis
xasiaTi
aqvs
saqorwino
wesebTan
dakavSirebul zog elements, mZime sneulisaTvis Ramis saTevad Sekrebisas
(aWafSara) da gardacvlilis sulis mosaxsenebeli dRis wina RamiT
gamarTul saxumaro TamaSobas, romelsac “samaqva” ewodeba.
“samaqva” ase sruldeboda:
romelime Wabuks mkvdariviT gaSotils daawvendnen taxtze da nabads
gadaafarebdnen. TavTiT dedis rolis Semsrulebeli kaci daujdeboda da
moTqvamda, wamali sWirdeba Cems Svils, iqneb gadarCeso. am dros garedan
mamis
rolis
Semsrulebeli
sxva
kaci
sasacilo
manWva-grexiT
Semovardeboda
(mas
viTomda
samaqva
erqva).
ded-mamis
rolebis
Semsruleblebi erTimeores abraleben, Svils ver mouareo. bolos kaci
wamlis mosatanad midioda, maleve brundeboda. kvlav iwyeboda kinklaoba
ded-mamas Soris, mama isev midioda sxva wamlis mosatanad. ukan
dabrunebuls farulad Semohqonda wyliT savse WurWeli da roca
etyodnen, Sens Svils arc axalma wamalma uSvelao, moulodnelad
miasxamda wyals iq damswreebs, romlebic siciliT garbodnen saxlidan.
sabavSvo poezia. am Janris yvelaze mniSvnelovani nimuSebia akvnis
simRerebi (“agaraSva”), romlebic bavSvs amSvidebs da saZiled ganawyobs.
sxva nawarmoebTagan aRsaniSnavia saxumaro leqsebi, cxovel-frinvelebis
Sesaxeb Seqmnili leqsebi, TamaSis dros gasaTvlelad Seqmnili teqstebi.
afxazuri zepirsityvierebis mecnieruli kvlevis istoria. afxazuri
zepirsityvierebis nimuSebi pirvelad XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
gamoqveynda: afxazuri simRerebi da Selocvebi gamoaqveyna pirvelma
afxazma eTnografma solomon zvanbam gazeT “kavkaz”-Si 1855 wels;
afxazuri andazebi Sesulia i. bartolomeis komisiis mier Sedgenil da
1865 wels TbilisSi gamocemul pirvel afxazur saanbano wignSi; XIX
saukunis meore naxevarsa da XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi afxazuri
folkloris nimuSebi Sekribes p. uslarma, n. dubrovinma, a. ioakimovma, v.
milerma, k. maWavarianma, l. albovma, p. Waraiam, d. guliam, s. Wanbam, niko
janaSiam, n. Rarwkiam, n. marma da sxvebma. maTi nawili qveyndeboda
Tbilisur gamocemebSi:
gazeTi “iveria”, Jurnali “akakis Tviuri
krebuli”, «Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа», «Сборник
сведений о кавказских горцах», «Записки Кавказского отдела Императорского
географического общества»... XX saukunis momdevno periodebSi afxazuri
folkloris Sekrebas, kvlevasa da gamocemas ukve sistemuri xasiaTi
mieca. am dargSi nayofierad muSaobdnen k. kovaCi, a. ahaSba, v. kukba, k.
Sayrili, x. bRaJba, i. kortua, S. inal-ifa, b. Sinquba, m. adleiba, S. kamkia,
s. janaSia, a. anSba, s. zuxba, S. salayaia, m. cikolia da sxvani.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda S. salayaias mier Sedgenil
afxazuri folkloris qrestomaTiasa da s. zuxbas mier daweril
afxazuri folkloris saxelmZRvanelos (orive gamocema gankuTvnili iyo
sauniversiteto swavlebisaTvis).
afxazuri folkloris ZiriTadi Zeglebi Targmnili da gamocemulia
qarTul enazec. qarTul enazeve iTargmna da 1990 wels gamoica s. zuxbas
afxazuri folkloris saxelmZRvaneloc (mTargmnelebi: a. arabuli da T.
gvancelaZe).