WP5 – Test sites

GABARDINE Project
“Groundwater artificial recharge based on alternative
sources of water: Advanced integrated
technologies and management”
Work Package Achievements
and Status of Deliverables
WP5 TEST SITES
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering
Groundwater Division
Lisbon, PORTUGAL
www.dha.lnec.pt/nas
João Paulo LOBO-FERREIRA, Dr.-Ing. Habil.
Catarina DIAMANTINO, PhD candidate at LNEC
Teresa LEITÃO, PhD
Manuel OLIVEIRA, PhD
Maria João MOINANTE, PhD candidate
Luís OLIVEIRA, Msc
Patrícia TERCEIRO, Msc
Albino MEDEIROS
GABARDINE WP 5 Coordinating Authors of and participating
authors from each Test Site for Deliverable D5.1
Portugal: João Paulo Lobo Ferreira, Catarina Diamantino, Maria João Moinante,
Manuel Oliveira, Teresa Leitão, Maria José Henriques, Albino Medeiros (LNEC)
Spain: Xavier Sanchez-Vila and Manuela Barbieri (Universitat Politecnica de
Catalunya)
Greece: Klisthenis Dimitriadis and Mike Styllas (GEOSERVICE), Thanassis
Soupilas (EYATH), Panagiotis Maheras, Christina Anagnostopoulou, Konstantia
Tolika, Margaritis Vafiadis, Christos Machairas (AUTH)
Israel: Jacob Bensabat (EWRE), Avichai Hadad (HSI)
Palestine: Ayman Rabi and Abdel Rahman Tamimi (Palestinian Hydrology
Group)
GABARDINE case studies
Objective of artificial recharge (AR)
LLOBREGAT LOWER VALLEY
(Spain)
Sustainable management/recover the good status (both quantity
and quality) by artificial recharge of surface water
CAMPINA DE FARO AQUIFER
IN ALGARVE REGION (Portugal)
Groundwater rehabilitation through artificial recharge using
river water surpluses
COASTAL AQUIFER SHARED
BY ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
(Gaza Strip)
Artificial recharge is already widely used in Israel.
Define aquifer management schemes incorporating AR of
freshwater, treated effluent, desalinated water in periods of
surplus, etc.
SINDOS BASIN OF THESSALONIKI Control seawater intrusion and storage of treated effluent.
(Greece)
Diverse water supply problems:
overexploitation,
saltwater intrusion,
pollution by agricultural
practices, etc.
Viable solution
Artificial Recharge
of alternative sources
of water
WP5 – Test sites (LNEC coordinator)
Objectives:
 Gather all data relevant to the test sites.
 Characterization of the subsurface.
 Field investigations.
 Identify in each test site potential areas for artificial recharge.
Contractual deliverables:
 D51 “Reports describing the test sites and their characteristics” - (LNEC coordinator)
 D52 “GIS platforms for each test site”
 D53 “Fast and efficient integrated numerical algorithms for the different computational models”
(EWRE coordinator)
 D54 “Results of the field investigation” (GEOS coordinator)
 D55 “Guidelines regarding water quality threshold of the recharged water and the impact of the
mixing processes” (GZG coordinator)
WP 5 work developed for each case-study
regarding AR hydrogeological parameter
assessment on quantity and quality
Test site
Infiltration
basin
Big well
(5 m
diam.)
Medium
well
(0.5 m
diam.)
Small
Well
(4”
diam.)
Flash
flood
river bed
(20 m x 4
m)
Artificial
Saturated
Zone
(NaCl)
Vadose
Zone
(NaCl)
Natural
Saturated
Zone
(NaCl,
NO3)
Campina
de Faro –
Portugal
X
(D54)
X
(D54)
X
(D54)
X
X (D54)
X
X
X
(pumping
experiment)
X
X
X
Greece
X
X
(slug test)
Spain
Palestine
Israel
X
Socio- economic analysis related to WP VII
Mathematical modelling and economic analysis WP IV
WP5 TEST SITES Status of Deliverables
WP 5 leader: LNEC
Lead participant
Deliverable
Sites
Status
D51 Test sites and their characteristics
LNEC
Pt, Es, Gr, Is, Pa
Submission date to EC:
December, 2006
D52 GIS platforms for each test site
LNEC
Pt concluded
+
Is, Gr and Es
(*)
D53 Computational models for the simulation
of groundwater flow and multi-component
transport
EWRE
Pt, ?
Submission date to EC:
May 2009
D54 Results of the field investigation
GEOS
Pt, ?
Submission date to EC: ?
GZG
Pt, Es?, Gr ?
Submission date to EC: ?
D55 Guidelines regarding water quality
threshold of the
recharged water and the impact of the mixing
processes
(*) Piotr Wojda has tested Israel (some detailed data on wells, their pumped volumes of water and the exact lithological
description), Greece (two infiltration ponds) and Radu has tested Barcelona.
WP5 Milestones
WP 5 leader: LNEC
WP 5 Milestones
End date
M51 All test sites are characterized
Month 12
M52 Field investigations completed WP05
Month 24
M53 Computational models for the test sites ready
WP05
Month 30
Other Deliverables related to WP5
WP 3 leader: UPC
Lead participant
Deliverable
D31 Inventory of alternative water sources
for each test site
Sites
LNEC
Pt, Es, Gr, Is, Pa
Status
Submission date to EC:
December, 2006
Work package 5 – Test sites
Campina de Faro
artificial recharge experiments
(Portuguese Test Site)
Main groundwater problems in the study area
> High nitrate concentrations in the upper aquifer systems caused by agricultural practices
> Campina de Faro aquifer system is part of a declared Nitrate Vulnerability Zone by the
applications of the Nitrates Directive (since 1997, enlargement in 2004)
Objective of ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE:
> optimisation of groundwater rehabilitation through AR aiming the minimization of diffuse
pollution effects to fulfil the Water Framework Directive goals of achieving good water quality
status by 2015.
NO3 concentrations
Campaign of Sept. 2006
Nitrate vulnerability zone of
Campina de Faro
Portaria n.º 1100/2004
(IDRHA)
Main Results/Conclusions
• Methodology to identify preliminary candidate areas to
implement artificial recharge (GABA-IFI Index)
• Artificial recharge infiltration and tracer tests in Campina de Faro
1) Areal Gordo test site
3 Infiltration basins
2A) Areal Gordo test
site
Injection tests in large
diameter well “nora”
3) Carreiros test site
2 Infiltration basins
in the river bed
Curva de chegada do traçador ao piezóm etro LNEC1 durante o ensaio realizado em Maio
na Bacia de Carreiros
Parâm etros de qualidade da água m edidos no piezóm etro LNEC1, durante a estação seca (Carreiros)
4
55
2400
4500
5
2000
2500
Inicio do ensaio
de infiltração
03/05 15h:45
7
Colocação do
traçador na bacia
08/05 09h:35
8
2000
1500
1000
500
9
Chegada do
traçador
( 29 a 66
horas)
Co ndutividade eléctrica (us/cm)
Cl (mg/L)
NO3 (mg/L)
P ro fundidade ao nível - valo r o bservado (m)
P ro fundidade ao nível - valo r registado (m)
0
10
11
12
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18
09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09 21 09
Dia/hora
Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm)
Cl (mg/L)
Fim do ensaio
11/05 16h:25
3500
50
45
6
Profundidade ao nível (m)
Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm)
Cl e NO3 (mg/L)
4000
3000
Cl (mg/L)
Condutividade eléctrica (us/cm)
NO3 (mg/L)
Escoamento superficial no rio
2200
Alteração causada
por ocorrência de
escoamanto superficial
e infiltração da água
do rio nas bacias
1800
1600
1400
1200
40
35
30
25
1000
20
800
15
600
10
400
5
200
0
19-07 23-07
27-07 31-07
04-08 08-08 12-08
16-08 20-08
24-08 28-08
01-09 05-09 09-09
13-09 17-09
0
21-09 25-09
NO3 (mg/L)
5000
2B) Areal Gordo test site
Injection test in
medium diameter well
Correlation infiltration rates vs hydraulic head and soil
types
Test site Algarve
Nora 1/1 (5 m diameter)
Nora 1/2 (5 m diameter)
Nora 1/3 (5 m diameter)
LNEC 6/1 (0.5 diameter)
LNEC 6/2 (0.5 diameter)
bacia 1 (1000 m2)
bacia 2 (80 m2)
bacia 3 (60 m2)
bacia do leito do rio (80 m2)
Infiltration rate (m3/d)
Hydraulic Head (m)
0.27
3.85
270
9.88
480
16.19
208
15
50
8
40
0.6
37
1
60
1.025
120
4
Soil type
yellow sand
yellow sand
yellow sand
yellow sand
yellow sand
red sand
brown sand
yellow sand
yellow sand
Nora 1/1
Infiltration rate vs hydraulic head
Nora 1/2
Nora 1/3
600
Infiltration Rate (m3/d)
LNEC 6 (furo de injecção)/1
500
LNEC 6 (furo de injecção)/2
bacia 1 (1000 m2)
400
bacia 2 (80 m2)
300
bacia 3 (60 m2)
bacia do leito do rio
200
lnec6
100
nora
Linear (lnec6)
0
0
5
10
Hidraulic Head (m )
15
20
Linear (nora)
Main Results/Conclusions (cont.)
• Seasonal monitoring of piezometry and
groundwater quality.
• Flow and transport groundwater modeling for
different artificial recharge scenarios in Campina de
Faro
• DSS application based on a multicriteria analysis
considering environmental and economical aspects
GABARDINE Project
“Groundwater artificial recharge based on alternative
sources of water: Advanced integrated
technologies and management”
WP5 achievements for integration with
WP 2, 3, 4 and 6
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering
Groundwater Division
Lisbon, PORTUGAL
www.dha.lnec.pt/nas
João Paulo LOBO-FERREIRA, Dr.-Ing. Habil.
Manuel OLIVEIRA, PhD
Luís OLIVEIRA, Msc
Patrícia TERCEIRO, Msc
LNEC main achievements on Gabardine
Rating methodology for a preliminary identification of
candidate areas for artificial recharge – GABA-IFI index
Natural recharge under climate change conditions
Modelling of the infiltration in a well (“Nora”) in Campina de
Faro
Development of a GIS platform and of a DSS on Algarve case
study area
…
…
Rating methodology for a preliminary
identification of candidate areas for
artificial recharge
GABA-IFI
The GABA_IFI was divided in three sub-indexes:
1- GABA-IFI_N : This sub-index considers the natural characteristics of the
aquifer system that influence the choice of an artificial recharge area.
2- GABA-IFI_€ : Two issues should be considered for an economical
analysis:
2.1 - Transport of water from the water source to the artificial recharge area;
2.2 - Construction and maintenance of the artificial recharge facilities.
3- GABA-IFI_SOC : For this analyses it is important to be aware that the
society has a great impact on the decision of a project; and that, the best
area to construct artificial recharge facilities is the one that has the better
impact on the population that depends of the project.
GABA-IFI= GABA-IFIN & GABA-IFI€ & GABA-IFISOC
GABA-IFIN
This sub-index considers the natural characteristics
of the aquifer system that influence the choice of
an artificial recharge area.
For this Sub-Index the parameters are:
 Dist:
Distance to the groundwater discharge area
 D: Depth to the water level
 Artificial recharge rate:
o tt: Vertical travel time to the water table (D/KV)
o KH: Horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer
GABA-IFIN = Dist + D + (1/2*tt+1/2*KH)
Recharge rate
GABA-IFIN
Maximum
= 30
More
favourable
Querença-Silves
(storage)
Minimum
=3
Less
favourable
Campina de Faro
(cleaning)
Incorporation of the GABA-IFI index in GABA-DSS?
Natural recharge under climate
change conditions
Actual:
Climate change:
•
AUTH produced series of daily precipitation and temperatures
developed for the central Algarve in the 1960-2100 period.
•
BALSEQ_MOD numerical code can be run with this data.
•
A 10, 20 and 30 year moving average comparison is now possible to
be made in order to estimate how recharge will change along the
time and depending on the scenarios.
•
The results given for the late period (2071-2100) will determine the
artificial recharge water needs, if similar to today problems exist.
Modelling of the infiltration in a well
(“Nora”) in Campina de Faro
Code developed by the
Nottingham University
Water table
maximum
elevation:
0.84 m
Campina de Faro case-study
Injection test in a large diameter well (“nora”)
Data for the groundwater flow simulation model
Data from the injection test (consider just the last injection test performed)
Injection rate = 20 m3/h
Duration of the injection test = 50 hours
Diameter of the well = 5 m
Depth to the water table before the injection test = 17 m
Depth of the well = 24 m
Data from the aquifer
Unconfined aquifer (sandy aquifer)
Estimated hydraulic conductivity = 35-45 m/d
Porosity = 0.33
Estimated saturated thickness = 50 m
t=110hours
kx/ ky=15
Development of a GIS platform and of a
DSS on Algarve case study area
GIS platform
• Developed in collaboration with the University of Liège (ULG).
• It is an ArcMap project named GeospatialDatabase-GABARDINE.mxd that presents
the following general information:
• wells;
• geology;
• faults;
• surface monitoring stations;
• roads; groundwater bodies;
• river water bodies;
• cartographic base maps;
• land use (Corine Land cover);
• administrative boundaries;
• pedology (soil map);
• piezometric interpolated surface;
• nitrate interpolated surface.
• The Geospatial database links to the Microsoft Access database
GDB_GABARDINE.mdb.
GABARDINE Project
“Groundwater artificial recharge based on alternative
sources of water: Advanced integrated
technologies and management”
Gaba-DSS application to the
Querença-Silves aquifer in the
Algarve case-study region.
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering
Groundwater Division
Lisbon, PORTUGAL
www.dha.lnec.pt/nas
João Paulo LOBO-FERREIRA, Dr.-Ing. Habil.
Luís OLIVEIRA, Msc
Patrícia TERCEIRO, Msc
Teresa LEITÃO, PhD
Manuel OLIVEIRA, PhD
Malva Mancuso, PhD
GABARDINE DSS – Querença-Silves Aquifer Case Study
Water lost during 1995/96, 1996/97,
1997/98 and 2000/01 years in the
Arade Dam
Dam
Hydrological
year
ARADE
2000/2001
Dam
Hydrological
year
ARADE
Depth
discharge
(*103 m3)
37 499.20
Depth
discharge
(*103 m3)
Surface
discharge
(*103 m3)
19 256.70
Surface
discharge
(*103 m3)
Total
discharge
(*103 m3)
During the 2004/2005 drought in the
Querença-Silves Aquifer
56 755.90
Volume of
withdrawal
water (*10 6 m 3)
Percentage
Agriculture
23.79
47.31%
Urban supply of the Águas do
Algarve regional system of Algarve
14.25
28.34%
Urban supply of the local
municipalities
12.25
24.36%
Private users
Not Available
-
Total
50.29
100%
Total discharge
(*103 m3)
1995/96
0
81 255.39
81 255.39
1996/97
0
42 599.62
42 599.62
1997/98
8 556.65
113 762.30
122 318.97
TOTAL (*103
m3)
246 173.98
Sources for the artificial recharge
Standardized Precipitation Index
GABARDINE DSS –
Available and sent Information
SPATIAL INFORMATION
•Channel
• CrossSectionPoint
• Drainage
• DrainageLine, RiverBasin, RiverBasinDistrict, SubBasin
• GroundwaterFeatures
• Borehole, BoreLine, BorePoint, Drain, GroundwaterMonitoringStation, MultipleWell, Screen, Sinkhole,
Spring
• Hydrogeology
• GroundwaterProtectedZone
• Hydrography
• LakeWaterBody, LakeWaterBodySegment, RiverSegment
• Other information
• Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, Impermeable layer, Thickness of Surface impermeable layer, Thickness
of the first aquifer, Depth to Groundwater table, Infiltration rate, Electric conductivity of GW, Nitrate
concentration of GW, Proximity to waste disposal site or other hazardous site, Electric power facility, Road
network, Travel time
GABARDINE DSS –
Available and sent Information
NON SPATIAL INFORMATION
• Basin characteristics
• Water source characteristics
• Water quality assessment
• Water quantity
• Description of water resources problems to be treated by groundwater artificial
recharge
Most of the spatial information was used as a GABARDINE
DSS input
GABARDINE DSS – Spatial Information
GABARDINE DSS - Geodatabase
Valid GABARDINE
Database?
Created Geodatabase with the spatial
information:
GABARDINE DSS - Planning
Basin type 1 or
basin type 2?
Only for intraannual problems?
GABARDINE DSS – Start Planning
HowToSaveaProj.avi
GABARDINE DSS – Empty fields: Some queries
Method 1 or
Method 2?
GABARDINE DSS – Multi Criteria Analysis
Thanks to GABARDINE and all colleagues
Thanks to European Community
Thank you for your attention