O CLIMA E AS “RAÇAS HUMANAS”

O CLIMA E AS “RAÇAS HUMANAS”
Conceito de raças
Arthur de Gobineau
Houston S. Chamberlain
Germs, guns and steel
Jarred Diamond
Em 2006, a comunidade científica considerou que ninguém poderia, graças ao
progresso científico, falar de raças humanas. Com efeito, como disse Albert Jacquard
numa declaração assinada por seiscentos cientistas :
"O conceito de raça pode ser definido somente dentro de espécies cujos vários
grupos foram isolados uns dos outros por um tempo suficientemente longo para
que seu patrimônio genético se diferencie. De onde se conclui que, na espécie
humana, esta diferenciação é tão pouco pronunciada que o conceito de raças
humanas não é operacional.
palavra raça não identifica nenhuma realidade biológica reconhecível no DNA de
nossa espécie, e que portanto não há nada de inevitável ou genético nas
identidades étnicas e culturais, tais como as conhecemos hoje em dia. Sobre isso,
a ciência tem ideias bem claras (Dr Barbujani geneticista)
No caso deste seminário seria “Clima e Fenotipia humana” o
mais título correto.
Are Africans, Europeans, and Asians Different “Races”? A Guided-Inquiry Lab for
Introducing Undergraduate Students to Genetic Diversity and Preparing Them to
Study Natural Selection
Steven T. Kalinowski*,1, Tessa M. Andrews*, Mary J. Leonard†, and Meagan Snodgrass‡
Diane K. O'Dowd, Monitoring Editor
+ Affiliations
Submitted September 22, 2011.
Revised March 23, 2012.
Accepted March 23, 2012.
Abstract
Many students do not recognize that individual organisms within populations vary, and this
may make it difficult for them to recognize the essential role variation plays in natural
selection. Also, many students have weak scientific reasoning skills, and this makes it
difficult for them to recognize misconceptions they might have. This paper describes a 2-h
laboratory for college students that introduces them to genetic diversity and gives them
practice using hypothetico-deductive reasoning. In brief, the lab presents students with DNA
sequences from Africans, Europeans, and Asians, and asks students to determine whether
people from each continent qualify as distinct “races.” Comparison of the DNA sequences
shows that people on each continent are not more similar to one another than to people on
other continents, and therefore do not qualify as distinct races. Ninety-four percent of our
students reported that the laboratory was interesting, and 79% reported that it was a
valuable learning experience. We developed and used a survey to measure the extent to
which students recognized variation and its significance within populations and showed that
the lab increased student awareness of variation. We also showed that the lab improved the
ability of students to construct hypothetico-deductive arguments.
CARACTERÍSTICAS FENOTÍPICAS DEVIDO ÀS ADAPTAÇÕES A
CLIMAS DIFERENTES NO PASSADO:
NEANDERTAIS VS HOMEM MODERNO E O
HOMEM DE DENISOV
HOMEM IDEAL VS REAL:
EQUAÇÃO DE BALANÇO DE ENERGIA
as Si + aL Li - L + M - lE - q - G = 0
Dimorfismo sexual
Diferenças de adaptação:
1- Caçador coletor e a equação de balanço de energia
2- tamanho e força
2- Gordura corporal 15% vs 20%
3- Taxas metabólicas
4- diferenças de uso do cérebro
MUDANÇAS CLIMATICAS E
E A EVOLUÇÃO “RACIAL”
• O VULCÃO TOBA
EXPLOSÃO DO TOBA
70.000 ANOS
Características
Fator seletivo
Adaptação significativa a
esta caract.
Modo de seleção
Pele bastante pigmentada
em áreas tropicais
Intensa radiação solar
Proteção da pele contra o
UV carcinogênico
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Pele bastante
despigmentada da Europa
centro-norte
Pouca radiação solar
Facilita a penetração do
UV para síntese de vit-D
(anti-raquítica)
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Nariz fino e/ou chato em
áreas frias e/ou secas
Baixas temperaturas e
umidade específica
Maximiza o aquecimento
do ar inspirado; protege do
epitélio nasal contra o
dessecamento.
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Narinas largas de climas
quentes e úmidos
Altas temperaturas e
umidade específica
Facilita a troca de vapor
dos pulmões e trato
respiratório; ajuda no
resfriamento evaporativo
?
Corpo relativa/e pequeno
em climas quentes ou
muito comprido e magro
Alta temperatura do ar
Aumenta a razão
superfície/volume e com
isto a dissipação do calor
?
Corpo relativa/e grande
e/ou atarracado para
climas frios
Conservação de calor em
baixas temperaturas
O contrário do acima
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Cabelo em forma de
pipoca dos Bushmen
(ex.)
Alta temperatura e
irradiância solar
Deixa espaços vazios por
onde a pele pode trocar
calor direto com o
ambiente
?
Cabelo encaracolado
e/ou pixaim em climas
quentes
Alta temperatura e
umidade e insolação.
Cria uma camada
protetora de ar (mal
condutor) para diminuir a
insolação.
?
Região naso-malar chata
em Asiáticos
Frio intenso
Aumenta a H da c. limite
sobre a protrusão nasal
reduzindo o
congelamento; gordura
subcutânea malar
protetora
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Prega mongólica
Frio intenso; claridade
excessiva devido ao gelo
As pregas servem para
proteger da claridade
excessiva
Mortalidade diferencial ?
Período de falta de
alimento
Acumulação de gordura
para periodos de
estiagem
Mortalidade diferencial e
fertilidade ?
Esteatopigea
COMPARAÇÃO
GENÉTICA
ENTRE AS
SUB-RAÇAS
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Outline of Human Racial Classification:
I. Capoid or Khoisanid Subspecies of southern Africa
A. Khoid (Hottentot) race
B. Sanid (Bushmen) race
II. Congoid Subspecies of sub-Saharan Africa
A. Central African race
1. Palaecongoid subrace (the Congo river basin: Ivory Coast, Ghana,
Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Angola)
2. Sudanid subrace (western Africa: Niger, Mali, Senegal, Guinea)
3. Nilotid subrace (southern Sudan; the ancient Nubians were of this
subrace)
4. Kafrid or Bantid subrace (east and south Africa: Kenya, Tanzania,
Mozambique, Natal)
B. Bambutid race (African Pygmies)
C. Aethiopid race (Ethiopia, Somalia; hybridized with Caucasoids)
III. Caucasoid or Europid Subspecies
A. Mediterranid race
1. West Mediterranean or Iberid subrace (Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia, and coastal
areas of Morocco and Tunisia; the Atlanto-Mediterranean peoples who expanded over
much of the Atlantic coastal regions of Europe during the Mesolithic period were a
branch of this subrace)
2. East Mediterranean or Pontid subrace (Black Sea coast of Ukraine, Romania and
Bulgaria; Aegean coasts of Greece and Turkey)
3. Dinaricized Mediterraneans (Residual mixed types resulting from the blending of
Mediterranids with Dinarics, Alpines or Armenids; not a unified type, has much regional
variation; predominant element [over 60%] in Sicily and southern Italy, principal element
in Turkey [35%], important element in western Syria, Lebanon and central Italy, common
in northern Italy. The ancient Cappadocian Mediterranean subrace of Anatolia was
dinaricized during the Bronze Age [second millennium B.C.] and is a major contributor to
this type in modern Turkey.)
4. South Mediterranean or Saharid subrace (predominant in Algeria and Libya, important
in Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt)
5. Orientalid or Arabid subrace (predominant in Arabia, major element from Egypt to
Syria, primary in northern Sudan, important in Iraq, predominant element among the
Oriental Jews)
B. Dinaric race (predominant in western Balkans [Dinaric Mountains] and northern
Italy, important in the Czech Republic, eastern and southern Switzerland, western
Austria and eastern Ukraine)
C. Alpine race (predominant element in Luxembourg, primary in Bavaria and
Bohemia, important in France, Hungary, eastern and southern Switzerland)
D. Ladogan race (named after Lake Ladoga; indigenous to Russia; includes
Lappish subrace of arctic Europe)
E. Nordish or Northern European race (various subraces in the British Isles,
Scandinavia, the Netherlands and Belgium; predominant element in Germany,
Switzerland, Poland, Finland and the Baltic States; majority in Austria and Russia;
minority in France, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary; outlined in detail in
The Nordish Race)
F. Armenid race (predominant element in Armenia, common in Syria, Lebanon
and northern Iraq, primary element among the Ashkenazic Jews)
G. Turanid race (partially hybridized with Mongoloids; predominant element in
Kazakhstan.; common in Hungary and Turkey)
H. Irano-Afghan race (predominant in Iran and Afghanistan, primary element in
Iraq, common [25%] in Turkey)
I. Indic or Nordindid race (Pakistan and northern India)
J. Dravidic race (India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka [Ceylon]; ancient stabilized
Indic-Veddoid [Australoid] blend)
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IV. Australoid Subspecies
A. Veddoid race (remnant Australoid population in central and southern
India)
B. Negritos (remnants in Malaysia and the Philippines)
C. Melanesian race (New Guinea, Papua, Solomon Islands)
D. Australian-Tasmanian race (Australian Aborigines)
V. Mongoloid Subspecies
A. Northeast Asian race (various subraces in China, Manchuria, Korea and
Japan)
B. Southeast Asian race (various subraces in Indochina, Thailand,
Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, some partly hybridized with
Australoids)
C. Micronesian-Polynesian race (hybridized with Australoids)
D. Ainuid race (remnants of aboriginal population in northern Japan)
E. Tungid race (Mongolia and Siberia, Eskimos)
F. Amerindian race (American Indians; various subraces)
ABORÍGENES AUSTRALIANOS
TÍPICOS
EUROPEUS
UTILIZADOS
EM CLASSIFICAÇÃO
SUB-RACIAL
PRINCIPAIS SUBTIPOS
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CAUCASÓIDES (~49%)
- NÓRDICOS
- ALPINOS
- ESLAVOS
- DINÁRICOS
- MEDITERRANEOS
- SEMITAS
- HINDUS
NEGRÓIDES OU AFRICANOS (~11%)
- SUDANES
- BANTU
ORIENTAIS (~39%)
- NORTE ORIENTAIS
- SÍNIDOS
- SUL-ORIENTAIS
- AMERINDIOS
NÓRDICOS
The Nordish race (1998) numbers about 530 million people, constituting about 21% of
the Caucasoid subspecies and about 8.8% of the world's total human population. But
due to the drastic decline in its birthrate since 1970, to less than half the world average
(to about 1.8 births per woman, or 15% below the replacement level of 2.1 per woman),
only about 4.4% of the world's children and new births are Nordish. Of the 530 million
Northern Europeans, about 260 million are central and 270 million periphery types.
Approximately 345 million are in Europe (135 million central and 210 million periphery
types) and 185 million outside Europe (125 million central and 60 million periphery
types) in the new Nordish homelands of the United States (142 million), Canada (21
million), Australia (15 million), New Zealand (2.8 million) and South Africa (4.5 million
NÓRDICOS
Nórdicos e o problema de pele
ALPINOS
ALPINOS 2
MEDITERRANEOS
MEDITERRANEOS
(brasileiros)
ESLAVOS
ESLAVOS 2
Arabian girls
NEW ARABIAN GIRLS
Subtipo semita
Semita 2
Subtipo INDIANO (Kashmir ou Bollywoodiano)
Indiano 2 (Bollywoodiano e Global)
Subtipo Indiano Sul
NORTE ORIENTAL
CENTRO ORIENTAL OU SINIDO (chines)
CENTRO ORIENTAL (coreano)
SUL ORIENTAL (indonesio e thai)
POLINESIOS
INDIOS NORTE AMERICANOS
INDIOS SUL-AMERICANOS
SUDANES-1
SUDANES 2
somalis
Outros subtipos subsaarianos
BANTUS 1
BANTUS 2
O nórdico e a somali
mestiços
La Jolie
E o torus orbitalis
ORIENTAL COM NORDICO
AFRO COM CAUCASIANOS
Raça??????????
esteatopigea
Journal of the History of Biology (2011)
44:345–355 Springer 2011
DOI 10.1007/s10739-011-9293-5
Variabilidade intercadal
Climática (PDO, ID,AMO)