Contributo para um sistema de automação e robótica na
Transcrição
Contributo para um sistema de automação e robótica na
! "# $" % " & " % ' ( (")* "% !"! ! + #% " !" # , . / #, # ! ("! "0 #% " %# ! " (% #$ % " !"! ! - " " " "-" 1 #% "! " # "! ' - %")2 3 # ' "!"' # %& '()* +, %+-'*& .* /), .%0'& %.(+, /'+1& '2 '/. +3/4')%5 ' 6 % # 1; % "03 45 1 3 ! "# " %1 < "! " #" 3 , 4 66 67889: # "% # ;4 % " ' =>83 ? " # ' # ' " # "#! "#! 1 ! 4 @8A@73 78894 %.0.34)* .7%+*+1& .8)* +, /)12 +%91/'.* +3/4')%5 6 ! # "03 "# #" 4 "! " #" ;' '- "3 1 3 4 66 # # "% ;4 ' # "! " " "-" 1 # ' " " # "#! # "! ' ' "# 1; % 3 ?@A77 # % ?8 1 '- 3 78893 (" 4 ),:1'/.;<+* )%.'* 7)% /)1-'& + B " "! " % # ' %" "#! ( " (+%5 B # % %" # # (" ! #( :1(.%=3 7@ %1# %" " - -; ("''" "! " B 1 # "# ( D? ;D # "' # "! " ! # " 1" #( ! ! !" ! & ' # " 3 #" # #, "! " " # # % '- 7889 F" # ")* ! % #( ' E" ' #" # # "' # E" % ! ' ( % ("# 0")* % #" % #% )* #" # "#!" ! 0" ' 4 >G! "! " # #( #(5 # "#! ! ";3 78894 , ( #" ; #( " "- %" ' " # #G7 ! ")* ! % " " J "! " " .1& .%>,5 )%& :(.3 ?? "#! ?7 " " (" C # "#! 3 E" C3 "#! #! " ! ;C3 % ")* 4 H>>I@83 & % )* ! !"%)* ! " "-" 1 '"# % - %")* 4 - "3 '- ! 788@ ' #% "( "! % ' # 4 ' # "! 3 4 # #" "'3 " % %" 3 ( K ' #1" B%1 C "4 & % )* ! " " 2 " ' # ! ! % # ! J ' 4 #% #! % #" " #)" #" 1 " - " ! ! "03 #% #! % #" " 1 3 "-" 1 3 % 0" 4 ! "# 'L3 "' 0"! 3 %"' # 3 ! ' ! " J - " ! !" #M " %"#% ' #1 4 K ' #1" '" 3 ' %" J " " " "# # #"' # , 4 '- " + #% " (" #" " ! #)" # ( L, " ' #! ! ! " '" " ( '" "#% % "#% % J ! M,L% # ( ! (" J ," : ! ! % A 1 %"!" " ", " ! 3 O #" " % 3 ,"4 3 ' ' # #"! " #" ' %"!" ! " " #!" " " "# '" " !"J " # "# #1 3 6% #% " ! #" ' # 3 #* " ! 3 *N , 3 "! " 3 " P % " "< !" #" ' #1" , !"3 "( "! % '% ' N #" 3 "#! " "- 4 . * ' ' # % # "# # 3 4 " " " #( ! ' ' # ' ! " " ' '3 J %" #1 3 % ' # * # #! L % " "" " % "" 4 !" -< % , 4 "# J "# #! # ( L, # " "0 " #! % 18'/+ 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 Q $ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 Q 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 Q 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ? RS 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ? $ T 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444= 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 U 4? # "%)* !" "! ")* % '"(#/ %" % ' " '" / "4444444444444444444444444 U 4?4? * ! "; (1 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8 4?47 A /% % 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8 4?4H A *! ' # 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?7 4?4V A ! )* ! " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?V 47 A # ")* ! '" # ! "! ")* 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?= 474? % # ! # ")* 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?@ 4H A # "%)* ! ' & ! % 2 % ' " '" / " 444444444444444444444444444444?U 4H4? A 2 # L %" % ' % 2 " M' % 44444444444444444444444444444?U 4H47 ! )* ! % 2 ! " 6W: 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444447? 4H4H B ' "1 #(C D 2 # L %" % ' #X% 444444444444444 77 4H4V * L %" 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 7H 4V ! ! " "( ' ! % 2 2 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 7V $ T 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 7U Y 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 HH 4? ! "#" M( #* D "#" M( 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 HV 47 "# ! 2 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 H9 4H %M! ( Q444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 H> 4H4? "# ! % 2 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 H> 4H47 " -A " ! % 2 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 H> 4H4H # ( "444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 HU 4H4V Z#( ! ! &* 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444V? 4H4= "! ")* ! ","( ' " ! " 6W:444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 V7 4V "! ( "'" Q4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 VH 4V4? " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 VV 4V47 " ; 944444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 V= 4= M! ( 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 V9 4=4? * L %" 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444V@ 4=47 * # L %"44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444V@ 4=4H "! ")* ! ","( ' 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 V> 4=4V %"# ' ! "# 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 V> 49 " ! %M! ( 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 =? 494? ( "'" #% " D #'" # 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 =7 4@ #% 0" " %" # # " 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 =9 $ T 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 => Y 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9H iii 4? % )* ! ' & ! "! ")* 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9H 4?4? + #% " ! " % " 6[: 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9H 4?47 "&" ! + #% " ! " % " 6φ: D B & C 444444444444444444444444444444444444 9V 4?4H + #% " # (/ %" 6ψ:44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9V 4?4V "&" ! + #% " # (/ %" 6ϕ: 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9V 47 $ "#! 0" ! '/ %" #!"' # " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9= 474? \ 6\:44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9= 4747 "- , !" 6 : 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444449@ 474H J ," # 6O: 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9> 474V % ," 6 : 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9U 474= & )* 6Q:44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 9U 4H '" ! ' % 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 @8 4H4? ' " J ' %" 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@7 4H4?4? )* ! %] 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@7 4H4?47 %"# ' !" "%)* 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@H 4H4?4H L% !" ! "- , !"4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@H 4H4?4V "# "( # I ,"# "( # 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@V 4H47 ' ! ' ' # %+ #% " 6 : 444444444444444444444444444444444444444@= 4H474? #!"' # M % 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@= 4H4747 ' # %+ #% " 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@@ 4H474H %+ #% "4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444@@ 4H4H ! !" !" 0 ' ' # % # 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 @> 4H4H4? ! % " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >8 4H4H4?4? ! 3 (3 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >8 4H4H4?4?4? # " !"! 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444>? 4H4H4?4?47 # - !"! 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >7 4H4H4?4?4H " "' # / ' % 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >7 "! #(444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >H " "% %" % %" " " " 0")* ! 4444444444444 >V 4H4V "# "( # ' % ' " ")* % ' '" ! '/ % 444444 >V + #% " - ( L %" 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >@ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >U Q RS 44444444444444444 >U 98 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >U 4? M 47 # !"! ! "! ")* 6 % " 77 : 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 U8 4H ! (" 0"!" " " ! #, , ' # !" ' ")* 444444444444444 U7 4H4? " ^' !" ' ")* 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UH 4H4?4? % )* !" ( ' " 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UH 4H4?47 % )* !" # # ( " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UV 4H4?4H % )* ! '" " 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UV 4V ! (" 0"!" " " " ," !")* 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 U= 4V4? )* ! %] 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 U9 4V47 ' ' '# % # 6 : 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444U@ 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UU Q 44444444 UU 4? L% !" ! - )* ! ! 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 UU 47 "! - ! % ' '" # 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8H iv #! % 474? 4747 , ? 6? # :4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8V , 7 6? # : 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8= 4H "! - ! % '! " # 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8@ 4H4? , ? 67 # :4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?8> 4H47 , 7 67 # : 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8U 4H4H , H 67 # : 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444??? 4V # % ' " ")* ! ," ! !/! ! - ! % ' + '" ! '/ % 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??H 4V4? #L ! "! - ! % ' '" # 444444444444444444444444444444 ??H 4V4?4? ?G , 6? # : 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??V 4V47 7G , 6? # :44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??> 4V4H #L ! "! - ! % ' " # 44444444444444444444444444?78 4V4H4? ? G , 67 # : 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?78 4V4H47 7G , 67 # :44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?7H 4V4H4H H G , 6H # :4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?79 $ T 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?H8 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?H? R_ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?H? Q 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?H= ` 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?H> Q 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?H> v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`IUU9I A98 ! !" # < % "#! !" ' ! " 0"! "-" 1 "J " ! ! a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vii ' ," !")* ! # " J ' %" 6 viii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`IUU9I " # -" A98 # ; # E" # "% 6 ' " ! #( %1 ' %" ! E" ' ;6 ' ! %] #( #: "#! 1 ' :4 ' 1 ! 3 % -" D 9 ("''" "! " 3 '" #(3 %] # ix #! % ! ( "?D ( "7D ! ( "HD ! ( "VD ! % ' # ( "= D % ! ( " /% % 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?? ' # 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?7 ! )* ! " 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?= & ! 2 ' # # (/ % J #% ! # ' '" " "- , # 4 L % # ' # #( ! '" " "- , # ! ' ! " J 2 'L <"' ! % "! b\O >Vc44444444444444444444444444444444444444?9 # % # ! " ")* 'L % " " % # - )* ! ! , "%)* " " L( " 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?> ( "9D ,^#% " ! ' %"# ' ! # "%)* !" "! ")* % ' " '" / "3 ! "% ! % ' #X' " M' % d ! '" " % ' " # (" ! 2 #% ! # 4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?U ( " @ D " ^' " " " ! % )* ! '" % *! ' % *% ' ' L ' 3 / " " M' % / " ^' ! ' "% 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 78 ( " > D ! % 2 " " " ( "UD ! ! " "( ' ! % * ' #)* !" # ( " % #/ %" ! L( "444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 79 ! " "( ' 'L % "! "% , #" L( " 4444444444444444444444444444444444447@ ( " ?8 D ! ! " "( ' 'L % "3! % * "! "% , " " % 2 #" L( "4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 7> ( " ?? D ' ")* ! ( -" !" % 2 "%" # ! " % 2 % # % ," 3 #! ' % # " "#! 'A1 #( ' 1 !4 4444444444444444444444444444 VU ( " ?7 D #, ! , % '/! 6 -"- !"! ! # "%)* # !"! ! % ' ' # : " " % 2 ! % 2 '" '# 4 % ," "' ! ' #"!" 0"#! F%%eF% e?88 4 # " J 3 "0 #! ," " ," ! ? 73 #, ! , % '/! #* ! # P % # - )2 !" % 2 # L %" ! "! ")* ! ","( '4 b 89c 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 =? xi #! % ! ( " ( " ?H D ")* !" ( " "!" ! '"# " ( " ?V D '"# " )* !" # !" ! %)* !" "! ")* 'L "4 D 7889 b 89c 44444444444444444444444444444444444444=H % J "! L %" % , #! % 4 ( " "!" ! A7889 b 89c44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444== ( " ?= D "! , ' ! 3 '" " & % # "!" # # 44444444444444444444444 9H ( " ?9 D % ! "# + #% " ! # ( " ! ' * " " ' ' '" " # # * # "( % ' % 2 ! L' ! ' '" "3 !"#! ( ' P - ")* ! 2 % #!L 61fg : % 2 ' ' ,' # 5 3 " ' # "%)2 ,* ! # (" " #( ! "< % 6 # g : % 2 % ' % 2 ! ' ' * ! "! ")* ! ","( ' 1fg g 4 # ( " "# !" # !"! ! '" "3 ' 3 / ! (#"!" & 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 99 ( " ?@ D % #, , ! # #M' # ! ' # %+ #% "444444444444444444444444@9 ( " ?> D % #, , ! # #M' # ! %+ #% " 44444444444444444444444@@ ( " ?U D ," ! - 1 " " 4 ` "# !"! ! 0 ' !" ' #)* ! ' ! "J % ' # 4 6"!" "! ! b #>Hc: 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 @> ( " 78 D "( "'" J 'L % !" % ' # # # % L" !" 0 ' !" ' '" " ' # # % # 6"!" "! ! b ( " 7? D " %" "% %" ! ' " " "'- # ' #)* ! ' ( " 77 D 0 " " ! ," ! ' " ' O" 1"E ( " 7H D J '" !" " (3 6 %" " 1 " " " ' ! )* #>Hc: 44444444@U "! "! % ' 98 P 0 # " :444444444444444444444444444>? " ' #)* ! ' # # !"! " ," !" A?88 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 >H #% " ! ! % # ! 98 4 444444444444444444444444444 U8 ( " 7V D ^'" " ! "! ")* !" # !"! & ' # " ! 98 3 % " 77 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444U? 98 ( " 7= D ' # 2 !" %^'" " ! "! ")* !" # !"! & ' #" ! 4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444U? ( " 79 D ")* !" ( ' " ! "! ")* ! %" ! "! ")* 0"! # ! #, , ' # ! "-" 1 4 J '" " " % "!" " # ! "! ")* ! "'"! 3 % #! #! " "! - ! % '" ! " # 4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 U9 ( " 7@ D ' ! % # 6O" 1"E >>?V:4 K "A! ' 5! " %" * % # #! ! ' ! xii J !" #,M % A?8844444444444 U> #! % ! ( " ( " 7> D ," ! ! " " ?G# , % ' '" # 3 - !" % ' " )* ! %] 6":3 ( "'" ! # " Q6-: 6%: % ' 6!:3 % ,"' # 4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " " ?4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; # "" #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'4 44444444444444444?8= ( " 7U D ," ! ! " " # , 73 0"#! " )* ! %] 6":3 "'( "'" ! ' ")* Q 6-: 6%: 6!:4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " " 84=4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; #" " #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8@ ( " H8 D ," ! ! " " #, ?% '! " # 3 0"#! " )* ! %] 6": "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " 3 Q 6-: 6%:4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " ?4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; #" " #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?8U ( " H? D ," ! ! " " #, 7% '! " # 43 0"#! " )* ! %] 6": "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " 3 Q 6-: 6%:4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " 84=4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; #" " #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444??? ( " H7 D ," ! ! " " #, H% '! " # 3 0"#! " )* ! %] 6": "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " 3 Q 6-: 6%:4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " 84?4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; #" " #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??H ( " HH D " ! !/- ! ! 6$;I1: " " ?G# , % ' '" # 4444 ??V ( " HV D "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??@ ( " H= A " ! !/- ! ! " " " ?= ! # )2 3 # 7G# , % ' ? # 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??> xiii #! % ! ( " ( " H9 D "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?78 ( " H@ D " ! !/- ! ! 6$;I1: " " ?G# , % '7 # 4 444444 ?7? ( " H> D "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?7H ( " HU D " ! !/- ! ! 6$;I1: " " 7G# , % '7 # 4444444?7V ( " V8 D "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?79 ( " V? D " ! !/- ! ! 6$;I1: " " #, H% '! " # 4 44 ?7@ ( " V7 D "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?7U ( " VH D ," !" ! "- , !" ' #! !"! 4 ( "' "J % 2 ' ! #"!" % # - ' " " " ! ' #")* !" "&" ! ! ! # !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 4 # " 3J " " #! !"! M L # "! %" #! " # L# !"44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?H7 xiv #! % ! "- " "- " ? D ! # "- " 7 D " "! ")* 4 ," "! ")* # #" %")* !" ! ) ) '3 ! " % " 44444444444444444444444 VV "% ! !" "! ")* 3 F 3 " " ,L ! * #! #! # !" "' " "! "!" * ,L ! " " & #"4 ...................................................................................... 68 "- " H D " '/! ! !/! ! 6$;I1: % ," " %" " " ?= )2 ! "! ")* # # , ? 0"#! ' # - ! % '" )* ! %] 3 % ' ( "'" ! ' ")* Q % ' ! ' ! ' ' # %+ #% " 6 "- " V D " %" " - ! % ' 3 #% 0" " # 73 # " : 444444?8V " '/! ! !/! ! 6$;I1: % ," #% 0" " ?= )2 ! "! ")* # # , 7 0"#! ' # " # 73 " )* ! %] 3 % ' ( "'" ! ' ")* Q % ' ! ' ! ' ' # %+ #% " 6 :4 444444444444444444444?89 "- " = D " ! !/! ! " " ?= )2 ! "! ")* # # , ( "'" ! ' ")* Q ' $;I1 % ," #% 0" " %" ? - ! % '" )* ! %] % ' 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?8> "- " 9 D " ! !/! ! ' $;I1 % ," #% 0" " %" " " ?= )2 ! "! ")* # # , 73 " " ?= %" ! "! ")* 3 - ! % '" )* ! %] % ' ( "'" ! ' ")* # " 3 Q 4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??8 "- " @ D " ! !/! ! " " ?= )2 ! "! ")* # # , ( "'" ! ' ")* # " ' $;I1 % ," #% 0" " %" H - ! % '" )* ! %] % ' 3 Q 4 444444444444444444444 ??7 "- " > D " " %"!" )* ! "! ")* # # , ? "0* 6 % ," #% 0": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] 444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??9 "- " U D " " %"!" #% 0": # ," Q3 # ," )* ! %" % "! ' !! "! ")* # # , 7 "0* 6 ( "'" ! ' ")* 0"#! " )* ! %] % ," ," xv #! % ! %" % "! 0"#! "'," ' !! 0"#! " "- " ( "'" ! ' ")* # " # )* ! %] 444444444444444444444444444444444444 ??U "- " ?8 D " " %"!" )* ! "! ")* # # , ?3 % ' 7 # "0* 6 % ," #% 0": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " Q 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444?77 "- " ?? D " " %"!" )* ! "! ")* # # , 73 % ' 7 # "0* 6 % ," #% 0": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " Q 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?7= "- " ?7 D " " %"!" )* ! "! ")* # # , H3 % ' 7 # "0* 6 % ," #% 0": # ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* # " Q 4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ?7@ xvi # ! !" /% # #% ! !" %^# %" ` ^# %" " %" " ' -A" M' %"4 "! 3 ( "! " ' # '" ! " %875 " "J ! , J # % # 1 ' ' # "!" \>@c3 ' b !" " " ' ! %" $8=c3 ' 4 %")2 L '! # " # 0"# ! ! , " 3 "! ")* ' " # & - #! b 8V5 %"0 % " " % ' ,L " 0")* 8V5 U>c % #1 % !"4 6 "'-/' ! "- ")* ! ! - )* ! ! J '% - , !" ! ' # " % ' 3 ! "! "! % " "! ")* L " 3 " "% %" !" ! "- % " %+ #% " 4 <"' & J , % %" " " " "! ")2 %L% " "' "' # ' "!"' # 3 ' #)" #" ! ! (" ' %# M( % %)* !" "! ")2 #! " " #, , ' # %# #, , ' # #!"' # " 3 "%)* !" ! 3! ! ! "! J "! ,")* ! " ' # % #1 % ' # J #" ! ! "' # 3 !" # ! !" "?4 " % #M' % :3 / # % '" !"! , '" "#! U>5 J ' %" ! ! '" %")2 "! ")* ("'"3 #" #!X b #, "!" 4 # - !"! 3 "- !"! ' #X' " ,"# "( # 3 & %"!" , 0 '" ' %"# ' " " %' # " '" / " % # %" '" % , & " "! ")* J 3 " ' ! ")* ! P # QQ3 '" !" L " !" ( #! # "%)2 ! )* # '/ " % #( ! M( % 3 ' J (# %"# 4 ' ' # 3 '" #" L %" Além de outros sectores tais como a Medicina, agricultura, investigação, ensino, 1 " & '" ," ")* " , ' "! "! 4 ! ' "- "&" "! J -< % , #! ' # " " &"% !* ! , A " '" ' "! 4 " / " % "! % ' ")* %"!" , 0 '" ' #")* !" ' " & 2 P! ! '" " % " 4 % " #" 4 % P #, , #! % %"! 3 % # ! " '"# # !" ( #, " " %"!" ")* ! ' # -"- !"! ! A: " " M "! " % % * ! " !" - " '/ '" #* ! 6 " " J &"% !* ! ( ")* ! #X' '/ ! 3 "#( ' # #" ' # ' # ( "4 % " ' #" ! & # - 0")* ( "! " ! 0")* ! # 0"# ' #"! '" ' ! !"! L! L #! )* ! % # "( ' 3 ! % )* ! " 1"!" # '! ! #! "# '/ ! % #1 % !" % ' '% #" ! "' %" - ' % ' " " 3 / # % J " !"! ! " "&" ! ! 4 "# # '/ ! ! " ' ! ")* # # !"! ! ! $;I14 J % #! 0 ' P ! ' ")* ! $ "; 6$;:4 "%)* !" "! ")* % '"#! % "4 , !" "' # # * ' ' "% "'! " ' ")* ! - ! ^#% "3 " " J " !"! ! "'-/' "! ' -< % , ! ! P &% "%)2 % ' " '" / "3 '" ! % - ' ! % , ! -L % % "- ,L " % " ! "# %")* ! '" # !"! # '" & 3 % ' # " " "- -'X "-" 1 / ' ")* # '/ %" J !" J "# # " ' 'X /%# %" ! "%)2 !" ' / & * "J " J ' "!" P J "# !"! #! # '" ' ! !" !" ! % %" 0")2 ! # !"! ! '" "3 # ' !"! / " ,L '/ ! " # 0"# #! " % % ' % ' " '" / "4 !" <L, #% " ! % ! '/ ! ! ")* #! & '"!"' # " ( "'"!" " " " #( ! 0 '" " " "! ")* ! ! / "J " J / 'L&: " # J # ' # % #1 % ' # ' #: , !" ' ! , 'L& '" 6 " ' .I\(3 !/- "- #! " ! ! "!" ' 4Y & 4 " , !" # (" ! #" ! ' # '" 6 ! J" ! ' ! <"! # '" " " , % L, " J % 3 " ! "' " " '" L !" " "! % , 3' ! " # ! "! ")* # #! "# ' '/ ! ' # 3 " ! + #% " ' ! ' ")* ! ' # " %")2 3 " % ' 3 ' ' ! % #" b ! M! bF 8?c3 "- #!"# ' # ! % ' # "! # ! '# 8?c4 ! b\ #, , ' # 0"! " " ! '" #" , ! % ' # !"! 0"! ' "'- J ) * "' # # '" '" ! '/ % % ' " ")* # % #! )2 & ' #" 0"#! " ! "! ! # '" "' ! '/ ! ' " J ' %" ' #")2 ! ! % ' ! "! * ' ! #, , ,"!" , J ! ! & '/ ! 0"! "- ! b J '% 9Uc4 & # - !"! #" "b UHc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c3 ' Q "% #" ! ' & ( ' " " ' ")* "' % ' & 0"!" + #% " ! !" "! ")* 3 #% "! ! "' ( "'" ( "'" # "!" ! '# "&" ! ! "# ," !")* ! ! % ! #( C ! % # ' '" - , ! % )* ! % 2 'B ! "02 " UU3 ' "! A!"A" ! 885 # "-" 1 3 "' # " / "% " ' # #X' " " "! " ! )* #" ! " %" :4 0"! ,! P " ' #")* !" ! 3 " "- , !"4 !"! ! ! '/ , !"3 "! ' # ' ! )2 ! 4 #" ," % ! 0"#! (" # %" A #! '" 0"!" # ! & 0"! ",! , !" J P #" ! ' '/ ! " ! " ," " " ," "!" ' #")* !" ! " " '/ ' # 3 % ' " %L% ! ! #, , ' # ' #" 4 ! ! " % %")2 4 0"! #" ' "! 4 ' #% #"!" "# "! ")* 3 '# % # A$ "; 6]$;:4 ! % , ," ' ")* 3 "! "! ] ' ' ' ! % #" b\ UVc3 # <L ! " & ' #" %^'" " ! 4 '" * " ("' # ," !")* ! " % ' "#" '% - " %")* ' %" ' ! %" 3 %" , !"! ' % A$ "; 6h$;: " / " '" ( "- ,"!" ," % ' -< % , !" "&" ! ! % "!" 3 #" '/ ! % "-" 1 "% #" ! ," !" ' ,L ' '" , "' # L! % - ! %" %" 0")2 ! 4 " # %" * ! % + #% " ? b 88c & , 3 4 "! 1 " ;D 0' (."111% . 79A7@ b 4 ! % " "3 4 4 " 3B % (/ %] 3 B -; ("''" "! " \>@c % #) 3 4 ( ' " ( 0'& %" % " # #- # ' (. / ' ) (.' ( '- "3 ' (.% ";3 78884 %87c b ( L %" @ 4 #" - 4 4 ("# ' 0" # "% #C3 2 !& # 3 ( 1 "#! O4 \ # ] #( # " # ?>3 =@A973 78874 )! # #3 B C3 # ) ) 1 '- "#! "! #% ) )) 0').43 ?73 ?8UA?783 ( ?U>@4 b $8=c 4 O4 %1 ' %" 3 " ' 3 .4 3 "#! ("''" ' 1"% ; " # %1 4 "3 "! " "#C3 # 4 O4 $ 3 4 4 1 3 B #! % ! ( " #( ' '( 4' # 4 !; # 7A1;! &; 1; &' 4 @73 @H?A@H=3 ( 788=4 b 8Vc (( -; ( b 4 # 0" ! 3 # "! " 4 # O 3 4 "#! #"% ," 1 3 B "# " # ! C3 # %1 %] # ' '( 4' &' 43 @? 6?A7: 7UAHH3 788V4 UUc 4 "- 3 B 4 "( # " 3 4 1", 3 4 ' " # , 3 4 " # " "%% , "3 .4 " % 3 4 " "3 " ' # 1 "! 4 $ V 5 + #% " - "#! ( L %" AV- # ( )' & b B "! " # # ( '' b\ "# ' # # ! 4 ( '( ) (/ " 1 !"3 "! " 4 \ #(3 "; E 1 # ( 4 "& ' ' H=3 # ' # 3 " # 1; % "]"("E"3 #" #" 3 ?U9U4 ) "111 " *3 ( - "3 ?UUU4 -3 ' (. / "#! % ( 3 (/ 4 " - # L, "3 4 "03 "(3 788?4 4 \ #3 B 1 ' ' ! % # D " ?C3 ! UHc 4 "% 4 " ' %" % " ' # % #% ! 4 (. '# 3 ) " "#! %] ! # ( Q "; "#! $"''" "#! #C3 78883 b\ UVc b ; # B !,"#% ! % - #( ' (. / E # 849 "#! =8 ' " 7HA79 # # # "! " 8?c #C3 ( .4 4' 3 ?HA?U . #1 3 4' ( 5' . 9Uc 1 % ' " 4 4 "1 '3 B ; "#! " %" # # % '- 5 ?@ 6V: ?@= UU3 ?UUV4 % #, ; # 1 (1A # (; 1 # -% ' # - "' # "#! E" % % "#" ; %" ' ! # "#! 4' )# ' )0').43 H>3 UHA??V3 ?UUH4 ! b # U>c 4 1; -"% b 88c 4 ! ' #" # -; ' '( 6 ( "3 ' 4C , "3 .4 4' ( # 4 4 1 3 ' " 4 3 B "! "#% ! & V73 98=A98U3 ?UU>4 4 " ("! 3 # 4 D &' 43 =@ 6HA9:3 4 1 3 4 4 # ("''" "! " 4 99@3 78884 "3 B # % C + #% " - ( L %" " b 8Vc 4 # 3 4 4 "# "#"3 4 4 #% - 3 4 1 3 B "# " #" "#! # #" " "3 4 "# ' # C3 ! 3 4 $4 %1 %] # (( -; ' '( 4' '"3 # 0" 4 # 3 # "! " # &' 43 @? 6?A ( 7: H=AH>3 788V4 # b U>c 4 .4 '% -" " ( 3 # 4 .4 #" "J 0"3 B " %" #( C3 % ' '( ("''" 4' ( "! " # # &' 43 =73 ?7=A?7>3 ?UU>4 $ bF 8?c 4 F"1 3 4 "3 B ' 4 >> # %1"# "# '' 3 $4 "#( #( ! %1 3 .4 4 # $" C3 2 "X< 3 4 ( )/ ! ) ' " "3 .4 $4 4' 3 4 H3 ?H?UA?H7V3 788?4 7 # "%)* ! 6 2 3 % 2 5 A 2 % ' " '" / " A A B 6C B B ` "#! * ' & ! ' %"# ' ! 2 # #% ! - "%)* J '' ! ' % 3 D % 3! '" J" " 3 ,L #% " * 5 B 6 " " " ' ")* ! "! ")* % -, "' # 3 !" ," # %)* '" !"!" " " ! # "" ' % " #% ! # " " " 3 !"!" " # "%)* % ' " '" / "3 %)2 %"0 ' #" 3 % ! %"!" ' ! ' !" " " %"!" # 4 ' '" !"!" " L" "%)* 3 !" ( !"' # ' %"# ' ! # " (#"A "%)* % % ," J ! ! " 3! ' #X% & ^#% " #" ! % )* ! % "A # "%)* 3 J " " "%)2 # % " % ' '" !"!" # ( " "!" % ' '" '"!" ! "# -"- !"! ! % " " " '" !"!" " ' % " % #!L " #% " ! %M %" i " "'-/' " % " + #% " ! %"!" %"0 ' % %"0 i # % !" " "%)2 3 / -"- !"! ! # "# 4 %)* ' #X% " ' %'74 # % ! '" ! % )* ! " 1"!" !" "%)* ! 2 , "' # ! 4 9 " 6C6C '*7+%*E) 8+ .=3+'(4 S # "%)* j L %" #% " ' # " M' % d4 ( # & # ' %)* %"0 ! # / '" % " ! #% " 3 !i 3 # ' ^#( % ,"! #X' M ! !k3 / !"!" " * ) ( J3d) #! 3 !k e 7n #m !m 3 * ! "#%]3 % " , * cm 2 sr −1atomo −1 7 "# " ,"' # 6J3 d: / / Vno8'% 7 ' ' # % !"! !" % * 7 e 7] #6mI7: % ' ]e1pI% / q →03 *% ' L' 4 2 ! -" &" # ( " ' '" ( ! * % ' 7 !i e ? l % 7m !k 7 ! ! "'-/' ! # ' #"!" ! $O P 03 p / " "% " 6 4?: %L % ! % " ! ! % *3 J e #! # " ' ^#( %)* # % " 3 1 / " % # "# J+ #% " ! m ! * 3 ' / " '" " ' '" " M' %" bOq@Uc4 ` "#! θ → 0 3 # * ! ( F (q, Z ) → Z 4 6C6" F 2 +'& )2 )& )+3>/& %'/) % ' *! 3 ' # ( " % #/ %" ! ' # 2 " # ("! * #% ! # % * ! (")* ,! 3 , 2 ! -" &" # ( "73 " % ' % * ' ! 3 Devido ao processo de fluorescência 10 % ' # ( " ]8 / "- - ! A3 % *3 Ae ]8 D " " " ( " ?4 / ( " P # ("! <"3 %"#! A -4 * #% ! # ]8 # "%)* ! 2 3 '(:%.C " " % ! % " " 3 " ( # %)* % 2 /% 2 % ' " '" / " % %"0 ! #% " !i 3 # ' ^#( ( ) M! !k / J ")* ? A r7 ? A ? A r7 ( ? A ? A r7 ) 7 !i ≈ r 7 # 7m VA H Hl 7 !k ? A r% m ( ) 7 ? A r ( ? A r% m ) V ? A r7 ( ? A r% m ) #" J " 3 r #" " , % !"! !" ! %)* ! 0 ! #! ' < % "! 3 % 2 ! ' # d3 " # ( " ! "' #X' ! 3 " *! "" ! % * < % "! " " ,"' # P ( ' '" / ! % *4 J #M' # "# # (" ? ] 3 " , #M' # 3 * -"- !"! ! " " ' * ! -" & #X' " M' % ,"! #X' " M' % " " " 4 ! '/ ! ! % * < % "! " " , 4 ' '" 2 / ' # !"! % !"! ( 3 % <" ! '" # ( " / % %" ! >= ] ' ")* ' !" "% #" ! &"!" 2 # % ! " , ) *4 % * #%1 ' # # m / " ^#( #% !+ #% " ! ! ' ! "0* ( 6 47: ' % #" ! #X' # " M' % " M' % / -" & 3 " ' 0"!"3 '" , 0 J 3 " " *! #M' # H3 ! ! 2 -"- !"! ! ! % #! '" "4 ! "# ! ! " " '" % 2 ! ! )* ! ' # 2 /! #" - '" J " ( 3 ' J ! 0L, " Descrita num próximo Capítulo desta tese 11 " # (" " #% " ! ' !" % 2 ! %L% #M' # 4 * (# %" , 3" # ? ?883 6C6G F %)2 (6 $' # (" # #! % ' ? ^#( 6 " - !" ( "74 " " ,"' # 4 # " " /% % # '" "- " & " !" ! ' # % ' #X' " M' % b O >>5 O$q>85 O >@c4 # (" P ! 4H3 4V % 2 !" %"'"!" % 2 /' # "%)* 3 " # (" #%" " " ' % * J ",/ !" % # 'L %" ! %# %)* ! % J " # (" tγ ! ! % * < % "! * #% ! # 3 - " '" J " # (" * #% ! # 6% # * ! ( #! * ! / ! 3 / < % "! 3 " ,")* !" ( #! ' ^#( ' #"!" " ",/ ' m 3 !" 4= ! ' # 1p8 1p8 ?l (? A % m ) ' 4% 7 Energia abaixo da qual o programa se simulação não efectua o transporte de partículas 12 " M' % 3 ' % # "4 " (")* ! " # '(:%." u e v & "( % ' ss 1p:4 ' ' # : ! ! 0A m J ")2 ,"! #X' ! ! % ?888 $ * # " " # (" " V '*7+%*E) 8+ ),7& )1 * #% ! # "# J " # ("! % 4b O\U@c3 " " #" ! L ' 3 #! " # ( " ! ! /' # ,"! %"0 ")* ! !"! % & ! , ' # ) % "! % # L 3 ' '" %M! ( * - !" ( 6 4H: # %# "#m e 14p8 ? A ] ? l 87 '% 6 4V: 6 4=: m "# 7 "#%] ^#( ! "0 ' ϕ! - ! # el 8 7n5 =ϕ +π 4 M ! !k3 / !"!" #! w e ' %"0 ! ! ! ^#( L # ! % * " M #% " !i ! \ # D ' ' # < % "! / 1 #" # ' ^#( b\ ">>c H 7 w7 ( ? A % m ) ?l% m x ?l 7 ? l % 7m ? l w ( ? A % m ) ) 6 49: % * 3 i%3 / - !" # ( "#! " J ")* 49 " " ( ]8 4 '% 7 %)* ! m# n 87 i% e w * " M #! " %)* !i % ? e 87 !k ? l w6? A % m: " " 2 % ' " '" / " 14p8 ?l (? A % m ) ' 4% 7 ! ," % 2 ? e ( " "ϕ 2 3 ? #! 1 " % # "# ! "%)* ! ?A %"0 # " ," b83 πc ϕ # # 7 ( w l? ) ? V # ( 7w l? ) l l A 7 7 w w 2 #% ! # %"0 ! \ # D ," b83 7πc ? 7 ( 7w l? ) % ' # ( " 1 p ≤ 848? 1 #" / ' # 7 ( " P %)* 6%'7 % * A?: 6 4@: 6," #! %" , :3 " %)* %"0 ! 1 ' #3 ! % "! ( !" 7 7 ? l % 7m !i e !k 7 '% 7 6 4>: 13 " #( ! θe8 # ( "#! " %)* %"0 " ! θeπ, % # ! "#! !Ωe7π #θ, - ' 1 ' # / !"!" " ( # J J ")* 7 7 >n >n 7 i e e H '%7 H 8 "3 #% ! # % ( !" ! "% # % # ! /' # ( " % ' # ("' '" " -" &"3 " b % #" " '" J "! ! %)* '% #"" # ("! %M! ( 1 #"3 i"%3 / " 6 4U: % * #* 2 " U9c4 #X' , # %"0 ! \ # D (")* ! %)* " M' % L % 4 " " 1 #" ! , % 2 3 " % ' %"0 " M' %" ! \ # D d! '" " ! ! J 7 <" , 4 # * 3 i " % e dxi % 6%' IL ' : 4 % * 6C6H F %)8:;E) 8+ .%+* ` "#! " # ( " ! '" # "%)* % ' % ")* ! ' " * #% ! # #X% ! % *I :3 % #/ %" ! #J "# % * # ! #X% "3" ξ= %)* % # "# 14 ! !" *3 ' %"0 " " " " ( " H4 " " "# "# / ! % L! ! #! # ! #! E+ E− Z l ! 1 * ,"!" " % * 1"!" % ,"' # 4 " " % " ! ,! P 0L, 3 ! # (" / l3 A ! L1", ! " " %' # !" ' # ( " ! " 3 " !" * # (" # , ' " M' %" ' ! )* ! " 4 ' '" "% 6y: ! #! 100m0 c 2 hυ 0 #! p8 / " J /' 'L' % ' "# * # % " % #, 6?4877 " ?4877 *3 " % ' '" " # % " 3 " # ( " # ("! / 6 4?8: 3 A3 * " "#%]3 % " , J+ #% " ! * # (" ! % !"! !" d #X' * % *3 % ,"' # 3 1 / " 03 '8 / " '" " ' " M' % ! '" ! "4 " " # (" % *3 # " ?8 '%73 " !i 3 ! ! 2 3 %"0 ! #% " ' #"!" " ",/ !" " % 2 2 % ' " '" / " # (" & '")* ! " ! * # l !σ pp ! ! %)* "%)* ! e l Vd7 7 137 ( 1ν 8 ) (E 3 2 + + E−2 ) φ1 (ξ ) 1 2 φ (ξ ) 1 − ln Z − f ( Z ) + E+ E− 2 − ln Z − f ( Z ) 4 3 3 4 3 6 4??: #! q? 6y: '" q7 6y: * #)* ! % " ' # "% ' i ∝ d7 # #)2 ! %)* ! (" #! # '-4 %)* ' !" # ( " ! ! "% "% '" ! % %"0 * #% ! # " / b 6d: / % #" " d7 88c 7] 6 4?7: ' 8% 7 '(:%.G ! ! )* ! " 6" F " " "#" # ' '" & " " " # ")* ! " "- , # ! ' & ' # " # # # (/ % ! '" *3 2 3 #% ! # 0"A " "#< ' # " !" 2 '(:%.H 15 " '(:%.H & ! % # ' # 2 ' # #( ! '" # (/ % J " "- , # ! Y% %"! '" " "- " ", "' % , # '" ! ' ! "J ' # ' ' # #" " # # " M' %" " " J % " L " " " % ," % " ! #X' ! A! e & # #! ! 8 4 'L #X' (#" ' 6#4σ: <"' 4 ! L' " %)* %"0= & 3 # * ( *!σ / #! #X' 7 '" ! '" - ! % P % # !"! ! #X' *! " # # " ! σ & 4 2 J ! "3 #* ")* e #4!&4i ' A#4i4& 6&: L #( ! 6 ! L' *3 / ( *! *" 3 % % # ' # "! "! 3 # * * ! "( ' # '" , #! " J ")* "# ! 'L <"' ' ! ! "%)* % ' ' A! 2 2 6#X' " # "!" " e #4!&4 4i ⇔ , # 4 ' # # "%)* : '" " '" # #% ! # 3 2 J 6#4!&4 4i: e '" " "- b\O >Vc4 ^#% " &" !" " L" ! #% # "! 6&: % "! " '" ! " ' : " ! ' ! "J " ! # !"! # '/ %" ! L ' ( , '! #% ! # ' '" 6 4?H: ! " % " J " ", µ3 # * " & "' * "# '" " ! ! " &4 % , A !" ( # '" = 16 %)* %"0 / '" ' ! !" ! -"- !"! ! % + #% " ! ' % % ! % *4 # e #! 8 4 "%)* ! 2 3 % 2 2 % ' " '" / " Az& µ / 6 4?V: '" % # "# % #" !"! 3 ! # ' #"!" /)+2 '/'+1& + 8+ ! .& +1:.;E) 3'1+.%3 & " ' ,FC6 6"6C )+2 '/'+1& +* 8+ & +1:.;E) #! ρ " ! # !"! ! '" " "3 z 3/" '" ! " # ")* 'L % ! % ( # ! % & "# z { 3 z% { 3 *! "; & 2 3 % # % % # ! ! " # ")* 'L % ! #! "# 3 - ! " ",/ !" %' 7 ( A? { { " % "! (1 !" ( " V % # % ' # 3 z z " # ")* 'L % ! ! * z z z z z e l %l l { { { { { #! { % #" - )* ! ! ' #" "' 6 4?=: # "'3 " /% ! )* ! % # "! % ,"' # 3 " % 3! % # ! ' ! #3 !" 4 % # ! " # ")* 'L % % ! # !" - - % %" Q "%)* " 6z " " " L( "4 { : " !"! b O UUc4 17 " '(:%.I % # ! " ")* 'L % # % % # ! ' #"# ' # " " 2 ! -" &" # ( "3 ! /% % 4 # (" , %"A & ! '# ' ! ! ,! P ! # ! '" 18 #)" "! { / '" # (" A98 6 *! (# %" ," # #!+ #% " % ' d4 "# % '" # ("! !, " " % ! 2 ! -" &" # (" ,^#% " " #" J 3 % 4 Y! ,"! ! , ! P ! '" #!+ #% " % ' dH ,"!" 3 / % " "' # ! )* ! !" ! "%)* 3 ' #% #"! " z -" - )* ! ,"! /% ! ' !" " / " " " ! ' #^#% " ! "% # "%)* " " L( " ! " # ")* 'L % ! ,! " " 2 ! ' 4 #" ' # 3 # # ( " ?4?@ #4 % ( "9' "" % ! 2 #% ! # 4 ," " ! :3 3 #* " # ")* 'L % + #% " ! ' # 3 ! "% ! % ' # , ?4HH # " J # % # , # ' ' %"# ' " M' % d # ( "9D "%)* ! ,^#% " ! ' %"# ' ! # #X' " M' % d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remstrahlung 19 " '(:%.# " ^' " " " ! % )* ! " M' % / "# % "!J # (" % # # % L " ," " # # ! %" # ' '" "%" 3 % ," ! % '" ( "#! #! A 1 ! # ! ! ' "% % * 4 '" % % * ! 2 " 3 '" , 0 J '" #% ! # ! & J " " '" ! J ! ' ! ( "#! 0" ! % * #% ! # 3 / ! # ' #"! 3 #" "" ' '" " " M' % % * " M' % " # ( " % #/ %"4 - " 3 !LA # # (" &% "! ! /' ,L, / !" ' '" " 2 3 ! # ' #"!" 3 % ' "% " ^' #"4 ' (L ! % - "#% " !" % *! 4 & / " "! % */ % # " " ' # (" % ! # 0")* ! L ' 4 " 6W:3 % <" # ( " ! "/ 4 " # "%)2 " # ( " 6E: " " # (" "# 7 V Ee ' 8 -V , 7 20 L' * " '" "%)* * ' ,! "( # ] 2 " ! # ' #"!"3 % % * ?88 ' ! - " '" - " '" , " ^' " ^' '" # ' 0, '" " " '" ?8 * ! -"- !"! " M' % 4 ` "#! ' , " % *! " % #! # "! 4 L' 4 "# "# # ' J "#! 3 !LA &% ")* 3 ' " " # ( " " ",/ !" ' '" % *! ' % *% ' 'L ' 3 " ^' ! ' "% 4 !" / ! % *D % *3 % * 'L % * ! L ' % # ! "! % ' # !" " ( # J ")* b "# "#! " ' !" 4 >9c 6 4?9: # #! / " %" (" ! % * 'L %)* ! % *3 # # 3 / !"!" " ( # !i % 7n 7 ' 8 ? e ?l 7 ! r7 ( % # ( %" ! 8 7 8 ! ' # % 2 #! # % 6G6" % #/ %" " " " 3 }) e ! ' ! #% " ! A 7 8 ( | l? ) '" " ! " 3 % * % ' ! % 7 8 6 4?@: A τe 4?@ / 8 ' 8 %7 "! '/ %" ' " # ( " 'L& '" # (" ! " " %)* J "#! " ")* P "# !" / !" % * / J ")* # (" " # (" J 3 #* % ' # ( " % #/ %" ' L " '" % 2 3" # ( " % #/ %" 6 : % *4 ,"!" %"0 ! % 'L % !"! ! 7| l? % * #% ! # % " ! %)* /", % *4 % 2 3 " J ")* " ' "% ! 7 ( | l? ) 2 % ' " '" / " J ")* |7 # !"! % 2 ! " 6W:3 " " L "% #"!" % ' " ' W( l % 2 4?@ / ,L !" P # (" * M& '" 4 %)8:;E) 8++3+/& %<+* 8+3& .! L$ ! )* ! z 7 ! # )* 3 " " 6 3 }:3 ) A 'L 4 (")* 3 ," 8 ' #( % # ! "! ! 7 # ( " !" ! " 4 ! ," / " # ( " % #/ %" ! % * ! " ^' #% " !σ% (#"!" % #/ %" ! / 2 3 '8 / " '" " ' %"0 ! #! 3 r e p 3 % "%)* ! }3 ! { ! )* ! " ! -"- !"! % " " % " 'L " % ' # ( " # !"! ! % ' % #!L " % ' # ( " ' # 3 zW " ' # !" d I7 !i !o } !o 6 4?>: #! 5 21 " 7 !i 7n 8 ? ? e 7 l 7 7l !o r o ( A o) ( ) % 2 5 7 ! , ! !" / " %3 " , %L % ! % !"! !" % *3 ! % * % ' ! 2 ! % 2 4 * '" ! " 8 % !i #! 7 "! ! 4 -" # " '" # + #% " !" "< % M " ' )" ! ! #! # ( "4 %"' # 3 " / ?88~ !" # ( " % #/ %" 3" J " ( ? l o7 ) !" ! % 2 ,L !" " " #! J 3 " # ( " # ("! ,! "% % * D * "! "! 3 " " ' " M' % d3 / !"!" 2 % *4 % * #% ! # "! " ," %)* J ")* % 2 & '"!"' # " ! " J ")* ! \ %1 " 478 / 0 #% ! # % ' ? ] "! "% & '")* ! ! -" &" # ( "4 ! ,! P 6 478: % * 3 6d: / "! !" " %"0 % ' # (" •? ( y ) ? 7 • (y ) ? A #dA 6d: A o 7 A #dA 6d: V H H V H #"" # (" 8 "! ")* @3 "%)* ! ' ! “Bremsstrhalung” ou radiação de travagem 22 % * "# '-4 - 3 ," " " !] #%" ! '" ! %)* ! #* % !"! " " -" # ' L ' ! #X' #! o e I #% " # ( " / ' !" ' # ("]! V 7 - eV d !] ?H@] r/", % ! !" (# %"3 J " !i %"0 ! )3'*<+* '1+3J*& '/.* /), )* % */! (# %" ," #% " %)* % !"! % ' ' #X% '- !" ! " M' % d '" " " M' %" 3 * # L %" / ,"!" , " "%)* ! " % ) 04 6G6G M %+,**& %.43:1(N 1O/3+)* % ( / " !o 6 4?U: 7 l '%7 " % ' #X' , ("! 5 !i ! ) l '%7 '%7 7A 7 l '% o ( A o) #! 3 { / " ! # !"! ! '" / " % # "# (7 ? %)* #!+ #% " % ' d73 ! #3 %"03 # / '" ,"# "#( " ! % '" # "%)* " &% ")* ! #X% " ! " (# %" ," " % " ' # -" &" 6s?88 3 " " ' ! #! :4 " " !i e !k #! , V ! %" % ' J #! L %" L' ' " # (" ! % 2 '" #X% , % !"! ! #!+ #% " % ' J #" ! ! ! 0"!"3 #! #% ! # !" / ! J " '" " ! J " " J ")* ! % * #% ! # 3 m / % * #% ! # L' * / J ," # '3 " 1 %)* " %"0 ! 6 47?: ' ' # % !"! ! " J #" % ' " "#! % ' '" '" " # # "4 " % ' ' # (" !" # ( " % #/ %" /' # '" ' # % ! ( ) ! - )* J #" J "# !"! ! 2 ! !" /! d7 V ' 8 %Ir V #V m 7 / " M' % M '" "! J " '" " ! L ' / ' # (" #%" J % * #% ! # ,")* ! ' ' # #% " "#( " 3 !σ I!Ω3 / ! % ! " M' % 4 "# 4 L %"3 b ,"==c4 % * #% ! # 3 " # ( " " 2 % ' " '" / " ,"! # ' ","( ' / ' % #/ %" ! ' ! " J 1"<" % # # % 2 '*7+%*E) +3J*& '/. ` "#! % 2 3 " % ' 2 !" "! ")* ! 6G6H J ' '" "%)* ! ! 0 7 Vno8'% 7 ( 2 )3 " '" sin 4 θ &* "#( " ' !" , 3 '8 / " '" " e 1 ' " ! / " " ^#( % !"! !" ' ! %L % ! ! ! " # ! "%)2 *3 r / " 03 d/ #X' % *3 % / " % *4 ,! 3 P "' # '" % *4 23 " 6H P '! " ' "3 / % " %" A #!"' # " ' ("!" 3 " % ' "< % M " #" '" / "4 # A '")* "% %" !" % 2 ! '" " %)* 3 , "#" ! " '" A J " % '" % ' " " # ("" " " !" ! #( !" # (" ! " '" '" % # # "4 "% % %"' # 3 ,"! #X' 3 % 2 " " #" ' #! A % # # "3 %'A?4 ' # "#! "< % M "4 J " " % " ' % # "3 " ! # !"! ( ρ) ( ρ) ! & ' % !& "3 ! ' '" , 3 # " & ' # A ! ! #! J 6 477: !" ! &% ")2 : ! ( ρ) #)* ! "# 3 !"! J " # ("! ,! " # "%)2 % '- "#" ! ! % 2 ! ,! “Stopping power” "- # "" , !"4 !" ! # ("! ,! "% 2 rad ! " " # ("/! "! "!" ! , ! P "! ")* ! 24 4%'7(A?3 '" e− ! " "( '3 '" ! !" % * # ' !"! " # (" ! ! " ' ' "! # "" # 0")2 ! 8 ! ' % col "! " ," 4 %L% ! ' " #! " ' ")* ! "," "!" ( {) e ( {) l( {) 6 # 0")2 # # L %" ")2 #" # ( " ! " "( ' 'L % 'J J #" 2 " % '" ! "!" # , 2 !" ! ' J # L %" 3 " ","( '3 J #* % # # (" / ' #, , % # L - %"' ! !" # ( " %" ' # " " # ! ! J ")* b ( {) "%)* ! " "( ' 'L % 2 3 ! % % 2 ( ρ) * 2 % ' " '" / " 3 / ! #! " ( # col >9c e % 7n 7 ' 8 % 7 r7 d |7 ( | l 7 ) # 7 (|) A W A 7 l 6 47H: d '8% 7 % ' (|) e ? A r7 l #! r e ,8 % % *3 τ e |7 A ( 7| l? ) #7 > 3 ,8 / " , 8 ' 8% 7 3 " " ( ">' % !"! ! " ^' ," " / ! ,! % 2 '" % 2 L' " ' # % #( " "% ! ! ! ' ! ' '" ! % % " ! 0 /% ," % ' ' # ! ,! " ," '" b >@c4 * ' #)* U " " -" &" "% "% ! % %)* !" % !" " % " #! " " #"A '" ' "# ( ρ) J #( !" '" / " J #! !" ! # !"! ! '" ! %)* "' # " " " " # ( "4 ! % H@ !" " "( ' ! % 4 ! "% - "4 "M #" L( "4 ! %"' !" # ( " !" " % #! # "! b # 6?I,7:4 Y ' % ' / " # ( " % #/ %" # % " ! %)* !" - %"! ! ' "' '" %)* !" ! # !"! ' 9 " "' # "% ( ! 8 &% ")* '/! "3 W / % 2 # " " L! 3 ! # !"! 3 δ3 * % ' # % *3 Id/ " % ! !" # ( " % #/ %" ! # (" 6 47V: 7 /" # ("! " " " ! # !"! % # ( | l? ) " " # (" " 0" % ' "4 "% ! " , " 3# ' col >Vc4 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 25 " '(:%.P ! ! " "( ' ! % ! ' # )* ! ( ">' "J ! ! % !"! !" " - " ! % 2 ! "% #L ' ! !" "! ")* ! ( # { 26 " 4 (")* 4 " " " ! 0 !" " " " L "% #"! % ' δ3 * # #% "!" # ' ' %)* !" % " #% ! # " "( ' 'L % ","( ' % % 2 - " / % ' " L, # (" 3"" " % #! # "! #"A ' # P, ' )* J "# % !"! % */ <L#* / ,L !"4 "! "% , ( ρ) % 2 3 !LA# # '")* "% %" rad #! ! ' #"! " ",/ !" J ")* e i8 "! " "( ' ! % % " #% ! # ")* P " ! #)* !" # ( " % #/ %" ! L( " " ! ' # )* / ' # 6L( ": ' % ' " ")* % ' J "#! " , * ' d7 ( 8 l '8% 7 ) 6 47=: # ( ) e2 ' σ0 = 1 3 #! 137 m0 c 2 '" ∝ { 8 2 3 % 2 2 % ' " '" / " / " # ( " % #/ %" ! % * #% ! # d84 " " T >> m0 c 2 " J ")* #)* J ," " % ' d7 "%)* ! Br 47= %" T0 6 479: "! J ' %" % * "% '" ! ' " ' # 84= " & ρ rad ρ col ! # " ! 3 " % ' '(:%.Q ")* # J" ! ! ! ( ρ) ! , " "( ' 'L % " "( ' "! "% , % ' " # ( " % #/ %" ! rad %" #" ( " ( # 4 "! "% , #" L( " ! ! " "( ' " / !"!" * bF"(U=c e d8 ?988' 8 % 7 6 47@: 27 " #! d/ 4 # ' " & " M' % ! '" * "# -" &" # ( " " # L %" % ' # # % ! , !" ! "! " ," * '(:%.C 28 #" ! J ! " "' # (*! ! #J "# " # (" ! " "( ' 'L % J " " #!"' # " ' # " " #" ( "! " ' # " " " L( "4 ! ' #"# " # ( " !" " %" A # (" / '- "#" 3 #" ' # 3 " ( " > ' % " % " %" ("!" ' % 2 2 ! ! , !" P # (" # '" "%)2 ,"!" " ! ' #"# 4 ! " "( ' 'L % - ," J 3 " # "3! % " " * " 3 "! " , !" -" "! "% , % * D 984 " " % 2 #" L( "4 ! * + #% " ? - ( L %" @ b O>@c 4 .4 ( #" "#! .4 O4 O -- 3 BQ ' 70 C3 "#!" ! 3 $" 1 b O UUc 4.4 - (3 ( 3 .4O4O -- d %] 3 BQ #% 1 " "-" 1 # % 89: ;96 " # #" #" " :3 ?U>@4 3 4 4 0 3 .4 4 # % > 6Q$ # ; "#! " "-" A 4 4 "#!" ! :C 7 '( ) ( ' / ( ( < ( ).43 ?UUU4 1 b 88c 4 II 1; % 4# 4( ,I 1; "< E3 B 1 # # = ( & ( ) . / " "IQ% 'I & IQ " ' " #C3 # ( ) # 3 ?9?A?@>3 ') < ( 41 ' "' ( / #, 7 ) ( ; %1 ("#3 78884 b U9c 4 "3 $4 B " "' %" b O\U@c 4 !" " 03 .4 #( " ( #(C3 7 4 )( 4 , 1' 6 "E #% , ' 1 & # #3 .4 O4 O -- " ; U@ , 3 .4 # 1 # ' # !G#Q5 ?9@A?@=3 ?U994 > #" #"#! 0A " "3 4 " ," 3 ' " "#! 4 \ #C3 " 4 "- " 3B U@ 1 ," " ! $: 1 11 , 4 93 ;3 , ' 3 ,4 = :3 ?UU@4 29 + #% " b ,"==c - ( L %" 4 4 ,"# 3 B 1 " ' % # % C3 # ?:5' ) )0 (43 & Ej ]3 ?U==4 % bO$q>8c .4 O4 O -- 3 O4 " '%% % ?88 $ 1 4 $ '' "#! 4 # 6"#! '" # # ' # " , - 3B " 3 # " de? #% 3 "#! % # : ?88C3 2 4 " ? & A / 6 Q3 ?87HA??V@3 ?U>84 bOq@Uc .4O4 O -1 "#! 4 q, -q3 B # % 1 # %" " , #( % %" '% % ' "% # C3 .4 1; 4 # # 1 # "#! % "% % C3 < (' ) "#! 1 '4 4 "' "# " " Q 9U3 ?U@U b b >@c >Vc B - - !! ' #" # #" #" ! # #" #" ' % # (; ( #%;3 B "! " # =8 C3 # "#! ' ; % # H=3 # " ' # 3 b\O >Vc \1"#3 4 1 1; % b\ ">>c \4 4 \ "# 3 B # ! % ; ' "993 ##"3 ?U>@ "' E 1 # ( #" #" 1 !"3 "! " # - E # ? "#! '' # # "! " # 3 ?U>V4 # 1 " ;3 ?U>V4 % " 1; % C3 2 ( ' )4@ ( 3 Ej ]3 ?U>>4 & b >9c F4 < 9H3 30 4 3 B " "( (' 3 #( / 7 D ) "! " ( "(3 ?U>94 # 1 (1 ') 4' " C3 * "' ( ' & ( 3 ?@A + #% " - ( L %" ' b O >>c 4 4 % ! 6 " '"#3 .4 O4 O # 7 3 % !3 BQA "; " # ( ?88 ?88 ] "#! )6 < ) GP5 ?A?U@3 ?U>>4 ' # # " de? # % deU74C $ bF"(U=c 4 F"( #"" 3 B "! " # 1; % #% C3 ?UU=4 31 / ! ! # " .7'& :3) B #( ! " % " "' "( ! "# 3 ! "# !" "! ")* #! ( "! " ' # ' J ! % , ' %M! ( # '" ' #M' # J %")2 3 " UU3 "' ! '" b ! ' '" %" !" ! %" '/ ! ' ")* ! '/ # 89c4 ! %L % 3 # '" ' # %" !" ! '! * # 0"# !" "%)2 # '" #" "' % ' " '" / "4 893 U>3 ! ! 8?3 "! ")* # " O U83 '/ ! ! UHc3 #! ! %" % # ! "!" 3 !" &"% !* &"% !* #" ! % )* !" ( '/ ! ! " b % % # ! "! 3 # 0"#! #X' " # *! "# &"% !* ! : " L " '/ ! $ Vb 6 '!, ' ' ")* # ( " !" # ( " % # ! "! ")2 b ," M( %" " 8?c3 J 0"! "! ( "'" ! 88c #" ! % )* ! '/ ! " #, "' # " " " " % ' * " ("' # "%)2 ! # U@3 "%)* !" "! ")* %)* # % 2 b % %" '/ ! #, , ! 4 # ! # ! ) "! 3 # ' "!"' # #, , ' " # 8=c4 ' ")* !" 0"#! '/ ! "# % ' 5 " 0"! ( "'" ! " "# # J # ' # 3 " # ! ' ")* ! D" " M ' " 4 ! %" L% '/ ! ! 33 / ! "' ! # " "( ' ! ," L, -"- !"! 8=c ! ! " %"3 )* " # " %M! ( 2 J % !" '/ ! b " " M" % 2 # ' # %M! ( 6 &% " % #% '/ ! 0"! # b 89c4 %M! ( ," ! :# ' # ," ! * % 4 %M! ( Q ! " !" '# "-" 1 "# !" ! # (" ! ?] ' "%)2 # % " #! ' "# " ?8 $ ?8 Q ??3 ! # ( " ! =8 #J "# ! " " ?8U 4 % " 6C ` "#! " # "%)* 3 # "%)* 3 "! J "! " % " 0"#! " " " % " !" 0")* ! %"!" # # ("!" " #X% #( % # ' % 2 ' ' ! b 9Hc # ( % #! # "!" !" # 1 keV = 103 eV 1 GeV = 109 eV 12 “Condensed history”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b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€ ! ' #X' " ' "# # 2 # ' J "#! # (" % "# ' %" % " % ' -" "' ,"! !" ! ' " ?H #, , ! 6 " " " % ! % )* ! #X' " % E=8c J " " M" ! "# % " ' $ V8- 4 ' ," L, " " %)* !" " ' % 2 J % "!" B% #! # "#! C ' % " : " % ! 2 / * ! % 2 " # (" % ' B," ! Integrated Tiger Series 35 / ! ! # % C3 * ! &* " "!" / ! % * 'X "' ! %" " "%)2 % ' # 4 % % ' %)2 # "" % #! '" % * "( ' ! 3 %"!" " J ( "' " L " ! "1 " ' # ")* ! ' ! Q3 !" " ' #X' ! #! ! 4 %" -" & % " "( ' " " M " !" 3 ^#( 0"!" # ! ! ! % 2 &* 3 % #!L " 4 # "!" '" - , ! % )* ! "# " %M! ( " "' 2 ! -" &" # ( " , # ( # ' "#! # ( "3 ' "'- "# '/ ! ! 0"! 4 ' !, "3 " % ' ' ( "3 " ' J" ?4 " "%)2 ! ! % ," 3 ! "%)* 3 " ! 2 # ' '" # %M! ( Q% ' # ^#% " 6: % ' #"!" " ",/ !" ? # ( y ) e A• # ( y ) e A z6 : " ", {i " ' ' ' 4 "# #% " 3 "# % # # %" ' ")* ! ' #")* !" ! 6 :e A 36 ' A 2 # 3 ! /%# %" ! "' 0"!" # "!" 3 #" ! 6" '" ' 3 ! "!" # % ' '" ' ")* ! % '" ! * "( ! " "!"' # 2 "( # " %" % 2 3 "( " " # !" ! " ! ' # "" #! % ' ," ^#( "4 ! "%)2 % # L 3 J "#! " # ( " ! % % " %" # ! '! "1 4 L"-" & ! ," "%" J ! " # (y ) " !" ' ( # J ")* " / * "!" # ! " 6 4 ?: / ! #! 3 { *3 % ,"' # 3 " '" " " M' %"3 ! # !"! ! '" ( "! # "3i b83 ?c ' #X' J J+ #% " ! •/ " #! # / z6 : e { i< ( #! ! # 1 (/# " " M 3 % # ! 3 / ( "! "# %)* % % %"4 ! " #" L ' %"0 " % " " " %"!" " 0"! "J "#! ! % " 3 # #! ! #, , ' # '" %"0 ! * " " %"!" % 1" " " M " ! ! ' 6<: ! ' ! " 6i % + #% "3 ! ! ! "%)* 6i<:4 "! !" # # ( '/ ! %"0 %)* ! % (/# 4H: 4 %" 3 "-" 1 4 * %)* 1 )2 ! -"- !"! ! &* 3 ! "% ! % ' " ' ^#( " M' % ' % #" " ^#% "3 ! "% ! % ' " %)* ! ! # "%)* J "%)* & 47: 3 ! %"!" % # !" / '" 6 % # ( # 3 " ' # (" ! " "M J ")* , ("! 3 σ< " %"04 ! ^#( ! " "M ' #X' ! ! # !"! {3 % # %)* V4 " 6 ! ' #"!" ! ! " , ("! ) %)* ! % ! #X' J+ #% " # " ( # # z6 : { E # !" '" ! ' #X' " " " '' "# H4 "3y/ '/! 4 <"3 '" #! 3 E / " "%)* ! 74 %"0 % 1 ' (/# #X' "%)* 4 , "3 ! '" " 3 µ( : / ! < %)* & '" ! '# " " '' z6 : e { /" " #X' ! # "%)* 3 "' % ," %)2 % " :4 ! " " %"!" (#"!" "%)* / -" "!" #" "( ' !" # ( " %"0 ! #% " 4 37 / ! ! # " 6G Qb # 88c / " '" ( "'" L % ! ?] `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eA 6 4V: / ! #! A! I! / ! # !"! ! % ' J" & ' # !"! " J "# !"! ! #! !" # ( " % 2 % ' ( .'4 ‚#ƒ 3 " J 3" "< % M " ( " %M! ( !" ! J " #A? " ! # " # (" ! '" " # L" ' , ' # " 4 ! , " "( ' ' # 4 % * " ! ! e %% #"' # ( " '/! " ( # " #A? D % ' #3 * ! # ' #"! ' # ! %"!" " <" ! >3H ~ ' %"!" " 3 <"3 J J ")* e] 6 4=: # % ' ]e7 " s A? > 4 %M! ( * !,!! m 4 ^#( ! ' # "! ! #X' ! " " Q " " " ' #" " '& ! &* ! %L% 3 %"!" ' % ' % ' " ! )* ! -A " " M' % d! '" ! ," -D " % * ! 4 "4 ' #X' %"' # 3 " ' # % " # ( " " % #!L " &! ! 3 #! ' #"! * ' # ' # ," ! &3 ' J & e 7 " " ds9 & e?= " " d„U?4 6G6G 1+%('. J ")* ! ! "# " " " %] ! % , " # ( " '/! " "< % M "4 '" , 0 J 3 " # ( " '" !" ," ")2 ! ! !" % * / ")2 # "! ," - )* / ! % ∆/" # (" ( 1 A ? 3 }) e φ (• ) ξ # (" ! !" " % '" ( "#! 0" % ' %" L% J * ! % " ! !" ' %"!" " '" " "! #)* ! ! !" % 2 ! !" ' %"!" " 2 / !"!" #! , ! " 3 " # ( " %L % - )* ! -"- !"! , %"#! A "#!" b "#9=c4 6 3∆: !∆, ' J 4 6 49: 39 / ! ! # #! 3 λ ! •e " #! ∆ A ∆ mp #! 3 ∆ mp / ∆' e ξ # ," '" ,L, 7' % 7 β 7γ 7ξ 7 , % !"! ! 4 " ^' ! # (" % *3 % / " , % *3 / " # ( " ! ξ3/! ! !"3 ! 4@: 6 4>: #! A r7 l? A v #! 3 ' / " '" " ! ξe 6 ξ #! 03 r e p % !"! !" % 3 &% ")* '/! "3 v / " % # "# #! υ " ! 5 7n V d ' ,7 6 #! 3 / " %" (" ! % *3 * " '" " ' , d/ # ' % !"! ! ! ! # !"! ! % *3 4U: % 2 " M' % 3 % ,"' # 3 / " ! 6 4?8: " M' % 3 " " # ( "4 #)* φ(λ: / ! ∞ ? φ 6•: e n8 ! ! #, , !" " ! ? …6 3 }: e 7ni 40 & * # (" ! "#!" % ' "! 6 3 }u: & 7i 7 #X' "# ("#( b !" # " ' ! %")* 3 / " % #, - )* ! $" ( } A }u ) ,"! #%] #^#% " L' 4 l∞ A∞ #" ' ! %"!" % M# %" ! - )* ! ( # " "#!" ' % #" " %"'"!" " #π ! A # A•z " " ", # !" 3! =8c ! '" % 2 )* " # " # !" 7 !}u 6 4??: / ! ! # " 6G6H R1(:3)* 8+8+2 3+SE) ' ! L %" #* D "#" M( % 3 J % ' #J "# "< % M " #" '" / "3 / ! %M! ( ! Q % )* &"% " !" ! ' '" ! %"0 % # "# " #! $ " # " " 6 I'3z: e ∞ l ' / % ' &"% "' # ! # % * ! ' ^#( #( !" ! ^#% " ? 7 A I'$ ' # #% ! % ! '" ! "! ! ! ! ^#% " # ' '" ! % ' #"!" * 'X # " " ! "4 ' #" " " % " %" ! " ("!" J " 3 % # ! "#! !"4 2 &* b$ V8"3$ V8-c4 - )* "#( " !" ! ! #X' D " #! ' #"!" ! ^#( e8 #! ! ,"! 0"#! " " ! $ -"- !"! " / '" ' ' #"! 0" " - )* ! ! '" - )* ! $ %)* ! ' D &* / !"!" 6 4?7: ! ! &* 6z: ! %"!" -A " 3 µ e % 6θ : / -A " 3 6z: / #M' ^#( ! ( #! $ / #! l? $ e 7n ' !i [? A 6z:] !z !k A? #)* !" " M' %" " " ! ' ! %"0 ! #% " ' ^#( 6 !σ " 847=9 3" !Ω : 4?H: !" ! # !"! 4 % 2 % ' # (" & " !" !" % ' %)* 6 # "- " # '/ %" ! #, , !" ,"!" # (" " %)* %"0 / #, , !" b 7Uc 1 ;b %)2 @=c4 " " '" % '- #")* !" !b %)2 %"0 * % 2 %"0 ??c4 41 / ! ! # d7 !i e !k " ( !i !k ) ( !i !k ) 7 , 7 ( ? A z l 7†) 7 7 υ " %" ("3 #! 3 3 d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c ' ! % % %M! ( ! )* ! - ! ! ! 3 ","( '3 "!" b "( ' !" "! ")* ! -"- !"! - )* !" # ( " % # % ,"' # 3 #"3 ' / " '" " ! '" P "' ! ! ,! L V | l? % * ' # !"! % ! P , % *3 .8'.;E) 8+& %.-.(+, +%.') 8+3& .! L$ b OHVc3 " " 1 % !"! ! 7 " Q "! ")* ! ", ( ) 7 %M! ( # ! d H ?4?Hl H4@9 wd r /" # ("! % 4?V: '3 #! 3 " / " % # "# rep 1 ' ' # " M' % 4 ? w'% †e V 84>>= 6 b ! "!" % * / #" ! %"!" " 3/ ! 0 ! 3 '" , 0 J " % #* A "! " , 4 H7c3 " P # ("! % -"- !"! ! ! # !" 6ε%:3 / / ! ? i ( o% ) e 7 o% #! - )* ! -"- !"! # '" 0"!" %"!" ' #" -A " 3 %M! ( Q & #* " % ")* ! 0"!" " " "' " " # ( " ! %"!" - !" " # ( "3 ^#( % #!L " % "!" / ! " #! " #! %" 3 # ' " # ( " # ' " ! J '" "# " " " % ")* ! ? !i !o i ( o % ) !o ! '" , 0 ! 4?9: % ' ε „ε% / !"!" % #!L ( ( o3o % ) !o e " 6 '3 " ! % 2 ! # !i !o !o " #, ! 0" δ4 ' " % * % " " % ' % 2 /! % " " " '"! 4 " ! %)* !" ! " % " ,")* ! ' ' # 4 % " "% # % " σ6ε%: % #!L '% #""% # " ! 4?@: '3 " J ")* 6 4?@: / 'L " %)* !" ," 6 'L " ' " " " " "! ")* ! "! ! * 'X ")2 3 ","( '3 "4 6H ( "'" #! ! ! #, , ( "'" ") ! ' '" ! ! "-" 1 / %"' # ! % )* !" ( !" " # L# ! # , ' % " 3 # 6B% 0"!" ' ' ' " " 3 !" # '" ( ! ' ) ) '3 # ' ")* J '# (" 4 '" 4 % %" %)* ! 0 #" ! '/ %" # "!" % # # " D% ' # "3 '" %1 P 4 C: " " " 4 " " # %1 " ",/ ! #" 5 #%" D% 0"! '")* !" # ' X# % ' "!" % - 3 % #! ! " Q3 " % ' ! " ! #" #, , ' # '" # % " D % - '" ! # :3 ! J" " 6% ' 43 / ! ! # " & % "! '" ( # ( #1" ! '"5 # % " ' # ' %"' # " %/ ! % " J 6H6C " " # X ' " ! # % 3 %1 '")* 6 ! "- Q " " ) ) ' # "! & ! # ' ( !"3 " ",/ !" '" " % " # & " ! !" ( "'" " " ' 2 ! J" " ",/ ', ' ")* "#" % %" ! Q3 J "!"3 1 # " !" " " % 2 4 ) ) ' - '% ' ! # %")* !" ) ) '3 ' 3 " % " #" 3 ( #"! # (" # ' J " " % # ( "'"!" , " % "!" " % % "!" "! J ! L" ! ! ! %"!" '" ! " 4 44 !" ) ) '4 ! #! " !" ! %M! ( .0+3.C J ( !"' # 0"! # %M! ( , !" # %4: J ! % - '"3 ! "! ")* 3 ! % .33'+* "!" ! ! ! , " ! % , ' ) ) 4/ ' % #% ! '" ! , ' ! % , A %" " 6 = ! , ! % , A % % '"#! 4 " 0"!"4 ) ) ' 3 # ' "!"' # 3 "- " ( # 3 - /' !" * 0")* / ! )& <+* 3+/& %<+* ? ? 7 7 V V # # '" % & # '" %/ # ' 9 "!" " "!" ' # '! " !"! " " %L% " '" ! ! !" ! # (" ! "-" 1 3 " "!" # ' !"! ( !" '" ! % )* '" ! " 1"!" ! ' #"!" " ",/ !" 9 { e " {( ' % " ! ) ) 4 , " 0"!" " 9J ' ' 4 ' ! " # ! ' % 3 #! 6 4?>: ) ) 44 .33= " ; 9! % , "! ! ' % '" ," L, 3 #, , ' # 6H6" C #( ! % # ("! (#"!" B' 1 " % '" ! "# # ("! > " # '! ' "#" " % & # '" & # ' ! % #" ' # 3 " ! # +*/%';E) =" > ! O( ) ‡( )* ! ( # ) # (" " #( ! J ")* 3 3 ! ! ! b I(c #! 3 ρ" e ! # !"! " M' %" 6L ' I-" #A%': ρ( e ! # !"! 6(I%'H: O6 : e " / ' %" 45 / ! ! # " " " 2 3" " / ' %" / ! ' #"!" " ",/ !" ( # & * O6 : e i 6 :O'/! " 6 : 6 4?U: b 9H5 #! ( H O'/! " 6 : e ) 6 :… A e? #! 3 e? ! e7 eH *! ! )* ! ' # " 6 /% out = 1.022016 = 2m0 c 2 : % 6I %M! ( \@95 ' >Vc3 ' #" ' J " % '- #" " ' ")* % #! # "!" !" % ' ' ")* ' ' ")* ! " 1"!" !" % 2 "%" 4 ' ")* ' ")* L ' ")* % #! # "!" '" , 0 J 3 " ! ' "!" % ' '" , ! 0"! ," #!+ #% " ! % !"! !" ! % , &"% !* 3 / "' "' # , ! '/! 'L& ' ! !" ! ," ","( '4 "! #" ' # #)* ! 2 % '" " % ,"# "( # - )2 "% " * * " ( "! " "% " ^' ! #! ! 0 !"4 ' ")* / % # # ! "!" F% 4 2 % #! )2 z ≤ µ% 3 W ≤ W%% " " % "%" , W ≤ W% 4 %"'A " ^' " ^' , # # ("# ' M " !" # ( " ! % % , # # ( " h%3 F%% % 46 J '" ! ? L % 4 2 ," ? ! 7 ' #" % %" 7 h%3 F%% F% L %" 3 # L %" J "#! , ," J ' " ! ," # "' "! ")* ! ( # / ! 6I6C ! 2 6 L %" ' ! * ! L %" ' #"! #!" " % " b * %)* ! ! ! " % "! #! ' #" ! '" " " 14 "" - ! #)* !" % '/! % # # &* "#( " 3 z e " ",/ !" ' ")* - ! :4 % 2 (? A % θ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c4 6I6" !" " 8?c4 (# %" ,"' # "% " "J ' ! #% " / ! % - )* ! ( #! ' ' # # " 3J ' 0"#! %"0 ! * 3 % #% !"' % ' #!" " % " b / " %)* '" ! ' ' %"!" % ! * ! % 8?:3 # J " " - )* ! F # 0 ! # '*7+%*E) +3J*& '/. % F #0 ! 4 " 3 ?V3 ' % "! ' ! L! % '" "' " ",/ ! '/ ! % "( ' "' # % 4 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 47 / ! ! # 6I6G " .8'.;E) 8+ %.-.(+, # (" ! #! "#" ' % #" "- " %"' # %"0 ! "# 3 ! - "( ' b 8?c4 # '" !" % # "!" ' # 3 !" ! ! !" '"3 z e * ! ," 0"!" # ' " ! %"!" " 3 %)* "#" % 2 ! 6 : / ! "%)* # #! %"0 " 6 J ! /3 " "! ")* ! #! ! ^#( 4 6 #! " ! # ' ")* L %"3 # L %" ( "'" ! , , # 4 ' ' ")* % # %)* " # (" #" ! %"!" #)* ! , ' '"# ' " , 4 % '/! <"5 e A• 1 #y 6 #! 3 • 1 48 ","( ' 6 ' ( "'" ! '" ," L, (? A % θ ) % * ' " 2 y/ /%# %" ! "! ")* ! '% #" %)* * ' ! 3 * " ",/ ! #! - ! "3" !" # ( " ! 2 ! ' ")* ' " ( # " " "% % * "# #)* !" # ( " &* !" ' # >=c4 " " ' !"! '" # %" ! ' #% #"! " /( " % ' #% " 3 "!" " b\` >Hc4 - )2 ","( ': / % # "# : %"0 ! " # (" ! 0" ' '/ ! ! "# %)* ","( ' / "' +/.1'*,) 8+& %.1*7)%& + " % ' ! ! b % * : / "' 3` " 6I6H ! ( ! %)* ! \ !" "! ")* ! #! !" # ( " ! - )* "#( " ")* L! - ! "#! ' ")* I"' "# % ' ," 0 #% " ! #! # 2 #" # ' , " "M % ( "! 4 '/! #" ! * L %" # '" % 478: * / ! " " ! # % "! 3 / ?4 74 " # ," ! 0"! ( %)* ! % * # 683 :3 #" ! %)* # % " 4 ' ( !"3 * "#" 4 #( ! 6 : ! "!" " % 3/! # !" ∞ 7 l? & 6A e8 Vn #! 3 χ / ^#( % '" ! - )* "#( " ' " 6 5ˆ:e , % '/! • ! # %"' # " "' # 3 'J &: ' (. & #%"' # 3 " % * ! 2 ^#% " τ3 ( "!" " " "' # "%" J "% # % "' ! "# &"% " ! 0 !" " % 2 "%" " " J ")* 6 : 6% ˆ: 47?: 3 " J ! # "! # '" % * % * 3 • s 3? %)* ! "%" ! * #" L %"3 % '5 % !i ( m ) ? e 7n [1 − Pl (cos θ )] #m!m • !k 0 m #! 3 θ H4 #" ' # 3 ( " ?? "# '(:%.CC ^#( ! " ! ! 477: *4 % *' , A !, 6 " ^' '" ! ! ^#% " Aτ #" # ," ! '/ ! %)* 4 (# %"! # % *4 ' ")* ! #! ( -" !" % 2 "%" # ! " % ' % # " "#! 'A1 #( ' 1 !4 2 % # % ," 3 49 / ! ! # " %)* %"0 1 σ (h) (E ) = d µ µc 61: #! 3 !σ 6 " " "% 2 %)* #"" ( !F!µ ) '/! 3 • 1 3 # '" %"0 ! J #" !" ! "- 0"! % % ' , # ! % #% " " '/! #! 3 ? #* '" J ")* " "% 2 • 3? 6 :3 #! # !"! ! , * ( "' # " ' 4 ! % " " 3 % ' F „F% h„h%4 '/ ! ! 7 ' ")* 4 <"3 ' !" ! ' ' 'A# # (" " ( #! (" 3 - ' (" / #( ! %"!" #, 6 : ! # !" # %" J " ! ' '" '"# 683 84?:4 b ( " ?7 6 ? % # 4 ' ")* * ! ( !F!µ ) % % /! ! , 6 47H: ' ' 'L& ' 6 ( " U:3 !"! J ' '" "%" 'L& ' ! 7 * % # "# J 84?:4 ," ' 2 ! L' #( ! %"!" " ' # • 1 e '"& • 6 :3 ' # 50 %"0 ! 2 # # ("" % ' ' % ' '/! %)* # ' 6 : " 3 !σ #% " ! % , / ' 1"# 3 " % ," # ( # !σ 61: !F!µ ) Wc ( % '" ! " E J ")* 3 λ 61: = Nσ ( h ) ( E ) 3 #! ' # ' #"!" <"3 F sF% hsh% :4 , " /! %1 #!+ #% " ! %"' # 3 , " ( " L, ! # (" %"A 3 # "!" 6 ! %"' # 3 !" ' % # " J "! " " ," ")2 ! ? ! 7 # U=c4 " " ! -"- !"! ! #!+ #% " % ' " # ( " ! # "%)* # !"! ! % ' #, ! , ' # : " "% % 2 / ! ! 74 % 2 % ," '" '# "' ! " "!, ' #"!" ," ! 0"#! F%%eF% e?88 ! # " " ^' ? 4 '(:%.C" #, ! , % '/! 6 -"- !"! ! # "%)* # !"! ! % ' ' # : " "% 2 ! % 2 '" '# 4 % ," "' ! ' #"!" 0"#! F%%eF% e?88 4 # " J 3 "0 #! ," " ," ! ? 73 #, ! , % '/! #* ! # P % # - )2 !" % 2 # L %" ! "! ")* ! ","( '4 b 89c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e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m83 q8:3 " % ' " ! # !" ! ' ")* 3 #% # ' - !" " ' A"- #( !" "w " 'L " / "' "!" & % # " #" ! %)* %)* !" "! ")* D 7889 b 89c #! #! %1 % " # ( # 4 )* !" '"# " ! " ! !"! % ," ! 'L "4 ( " # "!" '" # (" ! % ! # ' #"! (& ' (4 ' ")* 61 ( "'" : * "!" ! ,"# 3 3 # ! % 3 - )2 J " ' %1 " "! 4 "! ( "'" %1 ! # "!"3 (& ' (3 ! , % # ! o ( # # % # " " #% #"' # ! '")* "-" 1 5 # )2 !" o " J" / # D # ' ! , ' % %"! ( # # ! o " % " D # ( " ' !" o ! " % 2 3 # D 2 & ' # # 2 # (/ % ' % # (" 4 53 / ! ! # " )* # % " !" o - )* "#( " ! o o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o " " 3" '! " -" ' ! # " 3 J % %" ! UU '" & "4 % %"! #% " 4 % # % %"!" "! ' #% " 3 ' "! ")* 4 -L % 3 ! '- - ! 3 # ( !" %" 3 ' ! , " # " 3 ' ?=C4 J "! L %" 3 " % ' ! " %" #" ( # 4 Da tradução de module, que quando estamos a especificar a geometria significa que é o conjunto de todos os volumes nele embebidos. 54 / ! '(:%.CH % J "! L %" - )* !" o ^#( " !"! o ! , # " % " ! "0 ' !" % , 7889 b #! % 4 89c4 ' ( # ( " D ! # " "!" ! '"# " A % %")* !" # ( " ! 4 ' ")* 3 " % ' ' ! ' ")* #X' #! ! 4 55 / ! ! # " 6# ` "J ," " ! " ! ! # ' `/! ,"! ' #"! % ' #X' ' #"! " ",/ !" ( # ! ' ")2 & #! ' ," '/! 4 '" ' # 3 ! * 6 ` e J 6J: !J #! " #)* ! ! # !"! ! ' ")* ! ," ' , # ! J" " %"!" , # - ! ! -"- !"! #! , ! " 6J: / # '" ' # , ! #% " ' '/ ! #)2 ! ! # !"! ! ( "! 3 - /'A ' ," ! % #1 % !"4 " " " "' -"- !"! #" " "M J! 47=: " " 6J: " " - ! ! "% ! % ' 6J:4 ! #)" # ' #% #"! "# ' # " #)* ! ! # !"! ! # "%)2 " " M " 3 %"!" '" % ' " %" "% %"4 ? `e # / ! ! -"- !"! ! % , " '" " ," # " '" %" %" " ! #)* ! # !"! ! ! `" " !" 3/J , # ! -"- !"! ( # J ")* 6 J 479: e? #! J 3 " # ( " ! ! '" "' e ! "/! "!" '/! " ' #"!" " ! %"!" ( # J ")* % * #% ! # ? " 6 #( 47@: e? #! #% & i` e # "" # ("! 0" " %" 6! , !" " "! * : 0"!" # " % " # ' %"!" , # " / - !" 4 " * ," 6J: e ? ? J7 A ` e? 56 "!" 7 6 47>: / ! , 0J "! !" ' ")* ! , ! '" " % ' UU3@ ~! %" # " # "! #" ( # # " '"5 ` ‰ Hi ` 3 '" (` A Hi ` , ` l Hi ` ) % # ' ," ! ," ! `% % -"- !"! 4 ! - '" ! ! "!" " #( ! ! "!" " #( ! #, , ! 3 '" %/ ( # ! ' #"! " ! " # " 04 ," ! ," <" ! # ( " '/! " 60: !0 " # ( " '/! " #! !"! b03 0 l !0c %"!" ∞ % * #% ! # 3 60: " # ( " '/! " ! "!"3 ! 3 6'" '" , 03 8 % * #% ! # :4 L J "#! % * # '" , 0 J "( % ' " "' #% ! # 4 #%"' # "3 " " ! 60' #3 0 'L&:3 " !" # ( " ! /' # ! ' #" !,! A 60: ! # ' ! ! # <" %"!" % " < ! %"!" , # ! e ]3 ! 0 'X %"!" ] ," -A # ," ? %"!" " " ]6 3] e e? ] 1 1 N N % #!L " :4 <3] ! # ," ! -A # ," 60]A?3 0]:3 # ("! 6%"!" ( # #! "!" ' % * #% ! # # ( " '/! " ! " %# "!" ' J ")* 6 47U: 6 4H8: < #! " % "!" σ0 = % " " J "# !"! ! % * #% ! # : / - !" % ' 3] " <3] % !" " " J " # ( " % #/ %" % ' 0' #e08 s0? sNs0] e 0'L&4 -A # "!" / N i =1 " ( # ei2,k − Ek2 #% 0" " %" 57 + #% " - ( L %" ? b @ >Vc 4 #! "#! ' %" C b 9Hc .4 4 ! 4 "1' 3 B #( % # " # O4 4 4 3 1 1 " " #'& ! %" % " %1" ( ! " % ?H= D 7?=3 ! #- (3 %"! ' % b OHVc # # "(( #( "#! " % ! C3 3 ?9A7U3 ?U>V4 ( 3 B 4' 3 % ! # (;A "#! F4 O # , 3 # 1 C # # / ! -; 4 " # "#! & ! 3 4 '( ) #-"%1 "#! 4 Ej ]3 ?U9H4 3B # % #( # C3 " 4 " 6 % "#! # CH 3 #! #: ?>H3 ?UHV4 b =8c 4 #%] ] b 88c .4 ' " 4 ("#(3 Bd ' # # # ! ## # %1 %1 #C3 D "# 58 "#! 3 B ! #" "- " D , ;3 %1# 4' C"P5=883 ?U=84 ( # " # V C3 "' 3 # ( , # " ?79=A 3 E &% 3 3 78884 A " % "' + #% " b U=c .4 " M3 .4 #"( 1' # (; % 8?c 4 # ' ( 4 4 ' " # # # '" 1 C3 7 # ) " ( # "#! & ( ( 03 ?88 H?AV93 ?UU=4 4' "< E "#! 4 " ," 3 B ' # ( L %" #"#! 0A " "3 4 " ," 3 B " # "#! # b ' " 3 .4 - # " , ! % ' 1 !C 7 # "# )( ' %1"# % & # 4' 03 C#G HH7AHVH3 788?4 b 8@c 4 %1 ! ' 3 4 % "03 ! 4' !% ! 4 "# 4 1 3 B "! " # "% # ;C3 7 " ' " )( # "#! & # ?84?8?9I<4# '"478@@48=48V83 788@4 ( b$ V8"c 4 4 $ % b$ V8-c 4 # C 4 $ % b\` >Hc ! ' C 3 4 4 " #! #3 B I# 7VA7U "#! 4 ! ' # 4\ "#! .4 "#! .4 4 4 #3 B I# 7VA7U "#! 4` " "#! 4 O4 #( 4 #P =79A=7U3 ?UV84 4 " #! %" 4 " 3! 6 %" #( 4 IP H9AV73 ?UV84 ( 7 )6 < ) 7>3 H>?3 ?U>H4 & b E=8c O4 F4 E 3 B %" #( # "# # # ' ! 'C3 4 #P =79A=7U3 ?U=84 59 + #% " - ( L %" b "#9=c :3 P 6?UUV: 78?4 4 "#!" 3 .4 1; % 6 4 b O U8c O"" 4 !43 3 & !3 ?U9=4 % # ; 3 4 .4 O # 0 #( 3 F4 4 #3 B #! ("' # % ! " " "! " ! (# "#! %" C3 3 # $ V ' '( 4' &' 4% H= 6VA9:3 ===A=973 ?UU84 b H7c 4 3 Bd " b 7Uc 1 4 %1("#( %1# ] # # ! %1 4' CH3 =9>3 ?UH74 C3 !(( 4 ! 3 B 1 #( " % # -; % "#! '% % C3 C"H5V7=3 ?U7U4 3 4 %" ! b b U>c F4 4 #3 ; 'C3 )( & 4 , "3 8=c 8?c 4 , ' 1 ! 43 , 6 ' & 4 , , ! 60 1 ' '( # ! #( ! ?AV3 ! ! ("''" "3 .4 "! " 4' C3 # " ("! 3 # -; ' (. ( " "3 ?UUU4 " ' " # 1 $ V 4 7>@AH8=3 ?UU>4 ! '# (#C3 % "#! # ' '( '( 4 7=VA7=@3 788=4 - # "#! ! # "% ( " # ' ; ; %" % " ! &' 43 , #( 1 ' 9?3 @U?A@UH3 788?4 ' #" % "3 B Ej ]3 ' ??=3 # '- ( HA93 "( 4 3 # % ! C3 UUc 3B "3 .4 " ("! 3 B # 1 b ( % ! " b 4 F4 # 4 " 4 1 3 A" ' '( 4 4 "3 B # ("''" ' (.3 ??3 "! " - # # 3 + #% " b 8=c 4 4 # 0 B Q A "1 3 1 F;% g "# " C3 "' # - $! E #" #" ( L %" E 1 E "- " ;3 T"' 3 788=4 ) b \@9c 4 ' 4 4 \ # ') b @=c 4 " ;3 " 4 .4 b UHc $4 4 " " 3 ! ! 4 ' #" - ' "#! 4 % ( 7 1 "- # # 1 / (( 3 B 1 # ( % #A ' # 3?\ < ) CI5 VVH3 ?U@=4 %" ("''" "; %" % ! )6 3B # # $"''"% #( ' ! # C3 7 '( )0 #( 7=9 \ C3 ! & 6 %" 4 V=A983 ?U@94 "% " % %" % %" % " ) ' '( F1% 4 ' #(3 B 1 % 778C3 # $ V% ' ' "#! ! ' '( % ! " 4' ( % -; &' 43 V7 6VA9:3 @UUA>8=3 ?UUH4 b ??c 4 1 1 !3 B 1 % %" 1 α "#! β #( " " "#! ' ) # . "C5 99U3 ?U??4 'C3 ' b b >=c U@c 4 4 0 % # % # C3 7 .4 # # 4 .4 "% ' " 3 4 B # "( 1 "#! # E1 )( % C3 7 "1 #( % " ' "#! - " 4 03 ?7 U=A?HV3 ?U>=4 "3 .4 " M3 .4 # ' # ! " '% # % &% # 1' "# ( 3 B 4 " ) ( #"#! 0A " " "#! 4 " ," 3 ' " # % ! % #A 4' 03 CG" H@@A & # HU83 ?UU@4 b >>c 4 # ( 4 0 3 B # ) < ( , , E / # ) ( ( " ( % 1 ! C3 ! ! -; 61 + #% " - ( L %" 1 ! 4 . #] # 3 F" # ' b 8?c 3 4 b 89c "#! #! 3 # G # 4 "# % " "#! .4 # # ' (.' (2 ' " 3 B 1 C3 (3 \ \ ' (. / % ! #( 788? D 4 ?A=3 788?4 ! 62 #I > 4 " ," 3 .4 "# #"#! 0A " "3 % 7' ( 773 # "#! Ej ]3 ?=H3 ?U>>4 4 " ," 3 .4 1; % 4 ; C3 4 ' #"#! 0A " " "#! .4 # " ' " ' (.3 " % ' " 3B # #/ % #"3 D 7889 # "#! 1 " #3 78894 # '" ! '/ % .7'& :3) B 6C " " ! % , # 0"# 3 ,"' " #% " % # ! " % # "!" ' 3 " ", "!" '(:%.CI 6C6C + #% " ! " % " #% ! # ( "#! 0" J '" ' "! , " ! , & ! ! # ' ' "! ")* ' & ! 3 '" " & "! ")* L" 3 # 0"# 4 ' ! 3 '" " & % # "!" # # 3:91/'.8+7.%& T /:3.* ! U$ " % " 6Φ: / - '" J % # " J dN da 3 #! % 0"' " 7 / %)* #X' "# , ! " 3 ' ! !" ' 'A7 63 " Φ= dN da partículas m −2 #X' ! " 6 % " 7 ! % #! " " % " ' !" 3 "# 4?: !" % - !" 4 .S.8+2 3:91/'.8+7.%& T /:3.* ! φ$ 6C6" "&" ! ! " φ= + #% " ! % " % " 6φ: / " # !"! ! ' dΦ dt partículas m −2 s −1 6C6G 3:91/'.+1+%(>& '/.! ψ$ Ψ= dE fl da ! "&" ! 64 ' #! 3 <"3 / " # ," + #% " ! ' J % # dE fl #% ! ' # '" da 3 #! "! /)/ %)* "# , " 4 47: '" !" " J m −2 6C6H # (/ %" 2 J dt 6 + #% " # (/ %" 6 ψ : / # (" ! dΦ J % # 3 M2 3:S)N 6 4H: .S.8+2 3:91/'.+1+%(>& '/.! ϕ$ + #% " # !"! ! # (/ %" / ' 3 #! J % # ' # dΨ 3 dt ," ! <"3 / " ' 4 + #% " '" ! dΨ dt ϕ= J s −1 m −2 V ' #% #"! "# " " " '" / " ' ! " ! 2 " " ! ' # "# " J "# " % "# !" %" " # ( " J / "# !" # "%)2 6 3 # / %" 3 " % ' !" 2 / : ' " " ",/ ! /% ( #!" J "# '" ( "#! 0" " 2 2 " " # ' ' '" "3 ' + #% "4 Y! # !" " ( # + #% " ! \e Φ ! " '" " # 2 3 J % 2 J "#! ' % #" & &% ")* %L, "! ")2 J "# ' J " %" " # ( " & ! % " 3 " "# ( # " " " M " 6 4=: !" " " " " ! % " %" & ("!" # ' " ' z { ' 6 #" # ' ! 3 !" J ")* z ! { #! 3 Φ "! ")* * " ( "#! 0"3 & %" " # 0")* ! !' # !"! % 3 4 %" V '/ # ' " " #! d Etr / " # ( " '/! " 16 ' "# #( ! #! '/! " " " 4 ! )* ! % 2 ( "#! 0" ! # 0"# ' # 3" # ("! % 2 " ",/ ! ! # ("J " M' %" " ! V$ C " % ' <L \e 4V: B 6"6C "# % 6 6" #% ! '/ # "%)2 49: # !"! ! '" "4 Kinetic Energy Released per Mass 65 " ( " ?93 " % #% ! H & '(:%.C % ! "# + #% " ! # * # "( % ' % 2 ! L ' ! % #!L 61υg : % 2 '' ,' # 5 #( ! "< % 6 # g : % 2 "! ")* ! ","( ' 1υg g 4 # ( " "# # (" ! 2 # "%" "%)2 #! " ! " % ' L! "# ("! ' * " " '' '" " # # ' '" " 3 !"#! ( ' P - ")* ! 2 3" ' # "%)2 ,* ! # ("" % ' % 2 ! ' ' *! !" # !"! ! '" "3 ' 3 / ! (#"!" & 4 !" ' ! " ," ","( ': " !" ( "#! 0" ] '" / # '" ' # W+%,.8+/)3'*E) V/ # # # ! #" & #" 5 "! " ," 6 "! ")* ! '3 '" ! * !,!! W+%,.%.8'.& '-) V%3 " % ' ( # \e \% l \ #! % ! 6 ] '" ! % % #J "# * J "# '% ' " " "! "% , % " # !"! !" ( "#! 0" ! 66 %" " # ( " J / ! % 2 " ",/ ! ] '" ' A % #!L " '/ # 0")2 P * ! "% "!" &% ")2 " "! ")* ! "!" # ' %" ] '" / .4\(A?3 $;4 % 2 " #( ! ","( ' 4 4@: ! 0 !" '" ! 6"6" % " e '/ # 0"# '! ' ! "3 ! $ / '" ( "#! 0" " %" % "?@ #! #! ! # ( " % ! !" ε " ' J # A ^#% " "# # # '" !" ' " "! ")* # # 0"# " ' 6 4>: '" " 4 " / !"!" " ( # & * /" "' 6 '" !" # ( " % ! !" " ' ' " '! ' ' , ' ! ' ' , 3 /" '" '" ! `! 0 " " # ( " !" L % #, " " % " % " 4U: # 0"# # 0"# J 2 '" " A # ( " ! # ' 4 # !"! ! ' ! !" ! ?> ' l ` , ?@ " ( "#! 0" / ! "# # !" # !"! ! '" " & # ' , #! % "?>4 %L, !o !' #! !o / " # ( " '/! " oe % )*+.0*)%-'8.! $ ( "#! 0" ! " "! ")* '/ " ( "#! 0" ! '/ # 0")* ! % " 6 " % " %" ("!" " % ' 3 # 0")* #! % " 6 " % " # " " % ' 3# %" / . \(A? $ "; b$;c4 % 2 3 2 3 %4: 2 3 2 3 %4: 67 " 6"6G "! ! J 3 # A Oe )*++X:'-.3+1& +! $ - " ( "#! 0" ! !" "! ")* ! J ," # #! ' ! "- F / "% ! .0+3." " * #! 6O: , !" '/! " # "% ! %! M(* 3 " " ' !"! !" "! ")* 3 F 3 ! % ! #! # "% !" "' 2 ! % 2 2 ! " ?U " "! "!" !" " * ,L ! " " ! ' 2 ! # (" s?8 „7 ? = " ?88 ] ?8 "7 78 " 78 ?8 „78 " "3 "! ")* # ? !" " = "(4 "! International Commission on Radiological Protection * #X% ( # ! Y% # (" „?88 ] % " * !" "! ")* 3 F 3 " " ,L e?8 ] " 4?8: !" "! ")* 4 '7) 8+%.8'.;E) ++1+%('.* 68 "! ")* 3 6 /"! "! ")* 19 ! Fx #! ," M( % 78 "! ")* 4 #" & #"4 '" ! 6"6H ")* ! #! # " !" "' " ! "! "!"3 % ,"3 ! # ""! ! %! 4 "! ")* %L % #! # !" # % " ( "#! 0" ! !` !' #! L ! ( # " ! # J ," # '" # ," ( "#! 0" J ")* ! %! %! (* * #! F / #! # 4??: "% ! ! ! 0"!"4 S7)*';E) ! $ '/ %" 6Q:3 / ! # !" " ( # J ")* 6 I/ ," "- " # " ( "#! 0" & # !"! ' ! ' !" %" (" "%)2 ! ' A # 0"!" / J ," # ' # Qe Š ! '/! " # 6 4?7: " ! 0! & J ," # "% !" # ( " 6"6I Qe -"- !"! F xO #! 3 O % )*++2 +/& '-.! $ ! # ' #"!" ! e '/ /% %" 2 #% ! # '" # " ! #" '" " ! " #"% #" # ( # 6 :3 2 ! #! ' 4\(A?3 # ? ' M #" &4 # "# 3 e 74=> & ?8AV " 4\(A? ? 4\(A? e H>@9 4 "% #" " & )* % ' " + #% " # (/ %" ! & ψ " ",/ !" * z { " F" 6 4?H: 69 " #! 6 IF" : % #! " J % # !" # ( " # % L"P '")* ! # " %" (" ! ' " ! % * ," '/! 2 # " 6HH4U@ .I :784 6G " '" ' " " " )* ! <" " " '" J "4 ! ' # % ' + #% " ! %"! #" b P " 'L % *3 + #% " * %"' # 3 " #% 88c4 % ' ' ! "! ")* ' J "# %" " ! !"! ! ! ! ! ' "! ")* 3 # " ! "- #, (")* , !" # ' !"! #, , 'L P '! ' 3 + #% "3 ! ! + #% " ,"!" ! "# % % "!J 88c4 'L ! ,! b ( # 0"# 3 " ! !"! ! "3 %" ' % # '" # ," # " ")* ! #, , ' # 3 & ' %")2 !" "! ")* #!"' # " 4 % # ! !, 0" " & ' 3 / &"% !* 0"! ! - !"! 3 " " %" - " ! % "!" " ! 0"! % ' ' ' * #" 'L ! ! ' ! + #% "4 7~67σ: ! '! + #% " " %^'" " ! # 0")* 4 / ' ! + #% " ,! P " 0"! % ' 0"! " " " %" - ")* ! ,"!" J " !"! ' ! , 3 #" ' # ' ! L, ! M( %"3 ' ! 'L ! ' "! ")* ! ' "- 4 70 " + #% " ! % # J # ' # %"- !"! ! ")* - ' , !"4 ," ! % # " # ! !+ "; ## ' # # 0"# b # #"% #" ! # ( " M' %" ' ?U>@ b >@c 78 ! + #% " ' '" "! ' "- " #)* 3 M % !" # ! !, %1 >=c #! ' / # ! "% " " (+ #% " '" ! " ^' 3 " % ' 3 # 3! , ' ! % %)* 4 ' ' ! ! ! # " " % 0")* ! J %" "% % * / #" ! '! ,"! ! ! # ' ,* ! 6 ' ' "% " & ' ! 3 "- ' '/ ! % '/ ! 4 % " ! ' %)* ' # %+ #% "3 ( # 3 0"! ! % 0"' %)* "'- # =~67σ:4 '% # ' ! ! # " 3J "!" " "# " ' ! :3 % ' ("'" ! ! * 65 ? ) ) : ' & = ]$; " =8 ]$; ' 4 J '% #% + #% "3 " #" ' '" : 684= " V $;:3 # ! "% #* 6 , !" ! #" / "! ")* 4 0"! 4 ' " %" " " " ! ' ' #")* !" ! "3 " %^'" " ! " J ' %" * ! %] 3 ! " "# #"3 ! ! % '" 3 ! %/ % D % ' ," ! ' "! ")* 4 ! " ' # 3 " %" - ")* ! , ' % #! " # ' ! '! !" 'L % # '" ("'" ! , !"4 # " ^' , !" ," L, 3 % ' & 6# 88c4 &"% !* J ! 0! 0"! "! ( L % "% 8)*T ,+& %) 8+ , 3 '! ! & !"! ! % "! ")* #" J " "- % # # J # ' # 3" # 0"! 0"#! + #% "3 ) "% " " ! #" * % ' H~67σ: b ! '! "' # ! 0 % #! )2 ! "! "! ")* 3 ! " "# #" 6! 7 " 788 ]$;:5 # / #" ! ,! P% ' ! ' "- 0"! # "' '" ' # "! ")* 4 ! ' ! " " ! "3 " ' " 0"! ! V8 " V88 $;:5 ! %/ % D % L% '"# ' "- !"! " M " % #" ,! " 0"! "! ")* 3 %" "% '" ' # 3 * ! =&?87 " =&?8V $;: % *! "! "% ' # %'/W+6#" ("'" ! ! ! " '/ " #" 3 3 # * ! % 3 # ! #, , ' # ! ! ! # 0")* ' ! %] ! 4 ' ! "-" 1 4 71 " 6G6C )*',+& %'.X:T ,'/. 6G6C6C )3:;E) 8+ %'/W+ ! ' -" "! #" ! %] ! & !")* !" #, , ! )* ! % #" P % #% # ")* ! 6 7l:3 # '" #! ' # ] J ' % 3 $6 % % ! # " 3 J 3 " ! L% ! 84= ," Hl: % 6 ::3 ! ' # '" / #! H8 ! #! # Hl: ,^#% " ! "! "- #! "- , !" & !")* ! "! ")* #! % ' #X' * L "! # (" ! 2 # ! 3 !'# "! "!"3 b % % # ! ' # ! #!"4 %! " " ' " " ! , # ! 0! ' b ?88 >Vc4 % 2 " # ("! 2 " " # @8c4 '" - ^#% " " ," 3 ' ! !" # ' & #)* ' " / ," ! - % ' '" % % !" ! % % # ! !" - ^#% "3 & #)* ' " "! ")* # ?8G 98G ' b " >7c4 ! ' ! - !"! bICR69c4 Y V88 ]$;3 " ! X% " M - ^#% " ! % #% # ")* C '" " " ' !"! % ' * - ' #! '"! - ^#% " !" b .>7c4 #! ' # " ! C/,4 72 % 6 /)+2 '/'+1& +8++S& '1;E) ,)3.% 3 ε3 ! # A / 3 , !"3 / - ' % #1 % ! ," # " 84= "- J # ( " "- # (" ' ?U@73 Hl 7l → J '% " * / )* "J %] ! %] / "% % ' / "'-/' 0"! 0"! " ""! 0"#! A % " '% ' ' # ' ! "! * " % * 6? A 7 ~: " " %" - ")* ! ' #")* !" ! % ! ,! P M' #!" ! H8= #'4 "- , !" # " "' ! ! # ," ' ! V8 " " % #% # ")* ! % * ! '/ ! #* / * '" ! " % "!" J "#! " ' " !/- ! ! "! 6G6C6" '" ! "# "%)* !" "! ")* "%)2 J ' %" - ' &% ")* 4 ! ' ,"' P & !")* ! "! "! ")* # # 0"# 7 & ?8@ $;I b U7c ? 98G 4 % ' " L( " ! % !" 4 %] * ' "! %" 1 ! & "%)2 #%"! " '" / 'L " * - ' % #1 % !" " " / % 3 " -" &" & !" ' * * ! ! # 0")* "%)2 J ' %" J "&" ! ! 3 " "- 3 ! "% ! ! ' " ( # "%)* Hl l OA 7l l O → • " 847 % +/.1'*,) 8.%+./;E) # • 0"! ," " # '/ "!" "! %" 1 ! "%)2 &! & !" + 2 3 ! "% ! % ' " ( # Ol 7 →O 7 7l l O • Hl l O 7 7 l 7 lO → '" ' /% " ! M& ! ! 1 ! (/# % '" ( # "%)* 7l l O 7 7→ 6G6C6G 2 3 ! "% ! Hl l O l OA J3/:3) 8.8)*+.0*)%-'8. "&" ! ' & !" ! " " ! "%)2 J ' % "! ")* 4 ! % ! " ", 0 #% ! LA ! ' #"# ! # 8+1*'8.8+K7& '/.3 J / ! %)* "# # J # ' # 3 J "#! "! ")* #* / ( " " 7=G 3 ! , L ` "#! " " #" - # ' -< % " ' '" " J "# # !" ! 0! '" " ' # %LA 3 (" ' "% " " / "- " 3 ! ' ! % , !" ( " 4` "J J #! !" " " ! %)* 4 " "# J <" 0" " # )* ! ' ! % '" ! J % # # " 73 " # # !"! ! !" 0 #, , ' # % ! M' % % # #% ! # " # # !"! "-" 1 3 " ! # !"! !" M %" 0 ' ( # 4 - !" ! % "' # ! 4 ! ' " " " " % % # ! & #)* ' " " 7=G 3 y3 / ( " " y e 8488@ G A? #! ! ?=G s sH=G / " ' ' ! D(Gy ) = " " !" ' ! )* 4 %] / ! #! ' #"!"3 " ",/ !" " '3 " ! ( # & "- , !" * 275 D.O.305nm 1 + ξ (T − 25) 6 4?V: #! 6$;: D 4 D D "- , !" ' ! !" ' $ "; # !"! ‹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` "#! J "#! ! %" ' " " ( " ?>4 0"! "! ' # %+ #% " '# % # 2 )*2 )%+*/91/'."C ' 6" '"! 1" : & " #!"' # " #% # "A '" ! '(:%.CP 6G6"6" % #, , ! # ' % * !" -"#!" ! ," + #% " / % #! )* 3 ! &" #"J " '" "% #"3 " #" ' J * #* ! ," + #% " % ' " " ( '" % %+ #% " :,'1+*/91/'. `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` "# !"! ! "J % ' # 4 6"!" "! ! b #( ! "J % ' # 3 , J ! , % '" 78 # "# )2 ! # "!" #" ( " ?U / ! " '" ' # # ( L % " ",/ ! " " % ' # #! ' P ! % ," %"A 0 ' !" ' #>Hc: ' '# % # 4 % "' # #)* ! ( " ! ! ! % 2 ! % # "4 ' ' *! ! 03 % 4 L " "-" & !" % #" P # ( " "- , !" '" ! " % ' ' #% #"#! # # !"! 4 '" !" % ," ! ! % o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o # % "# '/ % % # 3 #! ! % 2 3 ' # "' %"! 4 # % L" " " " '# % # 4 # % L " " " " ' ! )* !" 6"!" "! ! b #>Hc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c4 " #" ! " " ! ! ! # !"! X, # %" ! 848V~b ' * ! (3 "' ! 1" (/# % , ! >37 #* ! %" (" )* ! ' / '% ' ! 3 J % 2 3 / % # J+ #% " !" "(#/ 4 ! # "! #" ( " 7? * # %# M( % % " 4 % ! '" ! 0"! 3 ! J" % ' " #! ' !" '(:%."C ' #)* ! " %" "% 6 %" " 1 ' 6G6G6C6C6C ' # " "'- # 3 J " '" $;3 " (2 ' '" ( ! " 8?c3 '" , 0 J % # '" ! ,"# "( '4 "! "! % ' !" ' ' 98 P ' " (* # " 3 # ! #)* !" ! " # " ' ! ' ' ! ! "3 " " &" ! # " ' " ")* b %\U=c4 " '" % " ' '# % # %)* 3 Csup ralinear = (1 + 0.0278D − 0.000265D 2 )−1 " # " 3 " " "'- # % ' ")* 4 #! 3 ' '" , 0 J (3 ( !" # % "A " # " !"! " ! , #! (3 " ! &"% !* #" ' ! )2 4 " / ? $;3 1 % '1+.%'8.8+ + #" 7=8 G b J %" ! 0 # " :4 % ," !" %"' # 3 ?U8 '/ "/" ' / # " '" " " ," " # " !"! 3 J ," " / H888 # " 3 J ! &" ! 0"#! " J ")* #" (* ! % #" L! 3 ( # 6 4?=: 81 " ' J 3 ' / " ! %" "- ," , !" ' $; - ! " M" / " # " "4 "% J" J ")* "# /" %L, ! , " / 78 $; bF UUc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b % 73 H # % 2 1 ' !"! ! ! ! ," " ' !" #!"' # " ' # 0 ! V 6, ! # ^# " ! "% 3 / # "' " " ' B "! #(C J #! J % ' ' ")* # L, "3 "# b " >9c3 - %" ' " "'-/' 4 "! ?~ " '+ ?8~ " ( " 7?: '" # , " " U8c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b U7c ; B 'C3 b @ 4 O4 ' U8c .4 " 1 3 $4 E ! % " # "#! 44 '( ( 6 ' & %] #% "#!" ! "! ; "! " # ')3 ?UU74 < ' (. ( # # ' ( %" 1; % "#! ( % ( 3 ?U>94 ' )4@ "! 1 ' 4/ &3 B # ;C3 2 ( " #( 1"F:;"3 !& ' ( >9c b "% % 3 .4 # "%] "#! $4 ! 4 HV # "3 B ! %" 4 79?A79H3 % " E '" % 1; % C3 %1# ' '( (; - 1 #(3 ) < & ?UU84 b #>Hc ) ' b 88c .4 3 4 ## #(1"'3 B 1 1; % "! (;C3 3 ?U>H4 B ' ; #! &&''( C( " "! " # % #(C3 & (3 ' '( >(' ( # ( ( '( ) 1 !"3 3 78884 b 9Uc 1 # B "! " # ( ] # @8c ?@3 & ( 3 ; Q "; "#! $"''" ' '( >(' ( # B "! " C3 ' E # 849 "#! =8 &&' '( ( b # # ( 1 !"3 ' ?V3 -% & ( 3 1 !"3 ; QA "; $ # " ! " ( '( ) &&' '( "; E 1 ( ( "& ' ' ( '( ) 3 ?U9U4 # " ' '( = >(' =88 ( 3 ?U@84 87 + #% " b >Vc B "! " # ' =8 -% ?HH3 # & ( 3 1 !"3 b " >9c 4 ( ; % # ( '( ) "' E 1 # ( &&' '( ( - ( L %" - E # ? "#! ' '( >(' ( 3 ?U>V4 " % , %13 B "! " # % # "#! ' ;C3 ?@3 4 ?9=3 ?U>94 b " >7c 4 F4 " 1 3 B J %1 ' %" ! ' ;C3 ( 2 ! ) ' ; " 3 HH3 ??=U3 ?U>74 ' b %\U=c 4 F4 "#! b .>7c C3 7 4 % # 4 4 " # 0" %\ , 3 J 1 ' ' # % #% ) ) '' (.3 < ( ).4 # "#! \4 4 . 1"# # %1"'- ! ' 1 !3 #( "#!3 ?UU=4 #B ; % 1" # "#! " ! ' ("''" - "' C3 98 ')C( )3 "C3 ?HU3 ?U>74 ! ) b 8?c %" ."# 4 4 4 3 B /! %"C3 ( ' ' ' " + A ' '# % # 6 ' & ' E %"!" P 7 73 ! 3 788?4 $ bF UUc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βA:3 # J " / ' ! → 98 7@ 98 7> A l M ! ?3HH ! 0! J '" !" # "!" ! #, , ' # 90 " #% " " ! " ! A98 / # 4 , !" /! %"3 % <" "% '"( # #! !"! !" "-" 1 4 # !"! % ' # ( " ! ?3?@ " ! ! % # "" "! ")* / '" %", !"! " 'L& '"3 =8 %' ! " -" ( # 4 ! & '"!"' # % " 77 # ( ")* ! ' "# # ! %" ' # # "! #" ( " 6" ! " ! ! % * 2 # 3 " % ' %^'" " ! " ?> 1 " "! ")* D ' ! % ' # l, '(:%."G " ' A, !" ! 98 4 $ ") # & !L, 3 ! '" / #% ,"!"3 % ' 9= %' 78 %' ! & " ( "4 ' #" ! 98 " ( " 7V 3 0"! * # ! '(:%."H " ( " ^'" " ! ( # 3 "! ")* !" # !"! * " # "!" & " , ' #" ! & ' #" 98 !' # 2 3 " " ' ")* % " 77 4 !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 4 '(:%."I ' # 2 !" %^'" " ! "! ")* !" # !"! & ' #" ! 98 4 91 " ! " # ! ! ") # & !L, ! , " #( ! ! ( 98 !"! "! ")* 3 )* % #! # ! # !" %^'" " ! # !" %^'" " ! ! %"' " ! 'L& '" # ! %"!" " ! % # L " L %"#" "! ")* 4 ' ^#% " ! =8 %'3 " 'L& ' " ! / ' # '" ! # ! , #! # #% # " #" %" "! % # ' ! ") I%1 '- ' ! % # "! ")* 3 - #! A 'L& '" " "' " %"#" # !" " #! %" 0")2 " !" %^'" "4 #%" " ! H@8 3 %"!" '" % ' ?>= # & '! !" %^'" " ! 'L& ' ","#) 3 " %^'" " ! %"!" %")* 3 # '" ! % "! ")* 4 # " *% "% # % J "#! "! ")* 4 # " )* ! ' ?U@?3 " "% , !"! # " % #! %" " ! " " " %^'" " ! ! " P 'L % %"#" 4 ' / ! ?3> J6?8 ] :3 J6= ] :4 ' J6V>3= "#! ! 0 '- - !" ! 78893 " "% , !"! :4 6G " " '" %)* "# " 3 3"! ! "' # ' 0"! 3 F% 4 ! 4 92 ," % # # (" ' !" 4 ! ' % " ," ' ")* ! # "-" 1 ' ' # %+ #% "4 ! " % " ( "'" "' 0"! 3 ! % 3 " " ^' ," " #% " ! <"3 Q ?3 ' ")* ?e 7e84?3 73 ! , ' 3 #" 5" #! ! ' ! " #* # 98 (" ! ' # 3 " ' ")* % ' ! ? " #" 4 ! ! "! ")* ! % "# ! % ! !" # !"! ! "! ' #% #"! "# ( # J # ' " " #, , ' # F% e ?&?8H % ' "! 0")* ! V " ^' 0"#! #" +' , "' # " % ' <L " "&" ! ! 0" "'A " J ' %" ' ")* J ! # ( ?e 7e84? 8 !" 73 F%% % "!" F%%e ?&?8V 8473 ! , ' ' ")* 3 # "' J ' 1 ! "# ! ," L, ! 2 3 ' "# ," #" ' !" " " " # ( " '/! " ( " " 78 'L& ' ! 4 "' % 2 3 '" ! !" ' %"!" " 3 % 2 " 0"! Q?] " "# # (" ! % "!" % ' " " "! ( # " "" # (" !" ! % %" ! >3H ~ " " ( " " 78 " #!" Q 4 " "'- 2 % ' 'L& ' ! # (" ! % ' ")* " ' ")* # (" " " Q3 J " ' #" Q/ % # ' " #!" & & % "! #" "! "# % " 3 " J" # ! % ! % " , %)* ( # 3 * " # "! " ^' 0"! ' %M! ( 4 6G6C .%\,+& %)* 8.*',:3.;E) # 0"! ! , # " ! # ! 3 !"! " '" # LA % ' " 3 !" " ' "0 # % " ! "! 6G6C6C ' "'- * ! ' " ! '/ ! #)* # ! % %"! 3 ?8> ?8U3 ' ! ' ")* 6, %" :4 "! ")* 3 !" ! # ! ! ' ")* 3 ! %M! ( 4 Q! % %M! ( # #, , !" 3 ' ")* " ( !" , % "!" "# #)* ! #X' 'L& ' ! % ,"' # 4 +*/%';E) 8.(+),+& %'. "- "!" '" ! % )* ! " 1"!" ! # !"! ! "! ")* 3 - ' % ' !' # 2 ( ( "' # ! % %" 0")* 3 % ' # "!" ! "-" 1 # (" % ' % ' ' !" ! % %")2 !" ( #! !"3 * " ' '" " %1 #, , ' # J "! ")* 3 ! "3 '/ %" 0")2 ! !"! "% #" %" J ') ! "' ! ' # '" ! % )* !" ' '" 4 4 *3 #! 0"! #" ( J % ' 2' " " ' " " " /' ! ' ! 3 "' % " " #)* % ' " ," !")* ! " "! - ! 4 93 " ( "'" %1 ! ( Q3 (& ' ( ! %M! ( ' "3 J / #, %"! !" " ! % )* ( 6G6C6" '/ " ! % )* / "- "!" # ' #% " 4 % # L 3# ( "'" %" / "- "!" # %1 ! # "!"4 +*/%';E) 8.2 )1& ++ 1+%('. # ! ' ! ^' " 98 # "' '" ( " " 83> %'4 % ' '" ' ")* 3 " "%)* ! # (" <"3 #* / ?3HH ?3?@ ! %" ' # ' !" ( "'" ( ) ' "!" '" /3 ! / ! ?3?@ ' # ! ?3HH ' "'- * ! % # ' #! # "-" 1 4 "' ! " " " # ' ! ' % #! 3 % " ' ! ( " " ?4 ( "'" '" "- "!" "# ")* !" 7H 98 %"' # 3 * " 2 " ( " " = %' " % ' %M! ( ! % ! ' # (/ %"3 J ' " ' # 4 '" , 0 J 3 ' ! %")2 # ("! ' !" # ( "3 '" % #! %"3 % ' " # "3 " "' ' " 'J " P (& ' ( " # ! # " 98 3 % " ( "!" # ' # ( ' <"' ' !" 3 " 3 " " " % " " % #! %"4 0"!" # ! # !" ! " ," L, " "- "!" ' ! %")2 # ! % " ' J #( ! #, , ' # ' 3J " ' )* # # ! ' " ! % #! 4 ( "'" ( "!" " " % " 6G6C6G ' ' ! % 23 " " " ", / % %" , ' # # ! J" * 'L " 4 "< % M " ! "! #!"' # " " 2 I #( " " " , "' # 3 " %^'" " ! “branching ratio” 94 ' +*/%';E) 8)* ,.& +%'.'* "! J '" Q % 2 / ! % - #)* ! "! ")* / % ' ' # 3 " % "! " # #% "!" % " ! % )* ! ! ! (# 4 " 3 , ' !" ! ") # & !L, # '" %L ! % - " ! %1 '- 4 "! ' ' ")* 3 ; &4 '" • #! # ) • 1 '- 6{e ??4H= (I%'H: # & !L, -" • )* ! * # !" %] % %1 ! %"!" ! # # "!" "! ! "' ') ! ( # 6{e@4> (I%'H: %] 6{e?487V (I%'H: ; &6 6{e747H (I%'H: ( "'" 0"! #, %"! / 0"! / (& ' ( ! %M! ( "- "!" # ' ( "'" " D 98 D 98 6{e>4U (I%'H: '" , 03 # " -" " ' ")* 6{e?4?U (I%'H: • '" " ! ' #" :4 " " " ," !")* ! )* ! • • '" '" 6 ! & 6{e ?47 &?8AH (I%'H: •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… %% e ' J ! 0"!" " " " "," ")* !" ! " / 6 4?: ," ! 6"! ' # "! ' " "% #" :3 ( ' ! 6# :3 %% " 3 "% %+ #% " ! ! /! "% ! % %)* #! , ! " ! ! %" - ")* ! ' ' #"! # '" " " ,"' # 6' P /, " P ! I# :4 ")* 0")* 4 "! 6C ' #" % ' "% #" @ " % ' ," !" ! % # !" ! - )* ! ! "! - ! ' ")* 0"#! ' ! ' ' # %+ #% " 6 !0 ' ! "&" ! ! e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b1 − b2 = %" , !" 6 :4 "! ")* ' !" - #! # "- " " 4 # ! % , !" "&" ! ! )* ! - )2 ! ! # "! # "# & % ' %"! " 0"! ! , ! P ! ' ! % # ! "! 3 L" %" % "!" % ' -" " *3 J % # ! - "! ")* % ' ," L, ! (# %" ,"' # J %] * 6; e '&l-:3 % # ! "#! A ! ( %" ! )* ! 6 47: 6 4H: 1 1 + ( SDQx )1 ( SDQx )2 σ Y2. x " J σ Y2. x = ( SQD ) + ( SQD ) y.x 1 n1 + n2 − 4 y.x 2 ( SQD ) = y #! "' n1 + n2 − 4 -? 3 6 ` ," " ," ( #!" "' % ' − SPD12 / ( SQDx )1 + ( SQDy ) 2 − SPD22 / ( SQDx )2 1 ," 1 M # "! , ! % # % 3 ! ;: ? 3 &:73 " , P! < ( "!" ?3 6 ` J "# !"! " ( " !"! !" ," ^#% " 100 6 ` -73 6 ` "4 ?Aw 7 &: ?3 *3 / ' ! " 3 ;:73 ≥ ?Aw 7 "# ;4&:? 73 ' - !" ! , - )* - 6 ` #? 6 ` ;4&:7 ' ( !" % ' #?l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~3 ! ," ! A 6 & ' % # J # ' # *3 ! ")* ! ! ," ( M% & " " '"3 ! !/- )* ! ! "! ")* #, "! ")* 4 " " "- ' ' , !" % ' "! %L% ! ' ! #, , ' # ' *4 ! "! * 4 ' ! "-" 1 J #! \" 3 / 3 ⋅ ," ! * "' ! ! / "- ! <L " + ," O 6?8:3 "- "! %] 3 # 3 ' #% #"! 3 " "&" ! ! )* ! %" ! % # ! 3 % ' 3 "0 ' %" ! "- , !" #" ! , !" #" L( "4 ," ' # " '! J ")* J ' ( !"3 6 * ! % " "! ")* " " #( ( # " "#L "- "!" " " ' ! )* ! ! ! ] '" # " 3 #" ' ! !" ' J !" ! - + ' ! )2 ! ! ' % ' ! ' ' ")* L! % " ," * ! O 6?8: " " ! H p (10) = \" ⋅ % "!" "- "!" " '/! " ! , * "' 3 ! ' ! " "0 A ' ' "% # % % ' " "- " " % #, ," ! ' ' " " " % #, 98 "! ")* "3 % , ! L( "3 ' - ! 4 ! % #, %" ! "% / "% ! ( ! ," , !" #" L( " / ! *4 * "% % % UUc ' #"! '" "4 ! 0"#! " * 0"! e ?48V b ( # "# ! ," * " " / ' ! O 6?8: ! , ! P ' !"! ' e ?4?= ,I$; b ! % #, 4V: UUc4 J ")* 101 " µe "( " = ⋅ " µe #! agua µe 6 ρ ," ! % % # µe / ( " " 74>H & ?8AH %'74(A? ρ 4=: ar #" ρ µe # (" ρ agua ! " # ")* 'L % ! / ( " " 74== & ?8AH %'74(A ρ ar ?4 " % ' ' #% #"! Q "- D , !" ' %"!" %/ "! "4 ,L " ' '" % #! )2 3 P &% #! " - ! '" ," ' ")* ! '/! !" " % 4 # - ! 4 " <"3 ," ! ," '/! '# !" ( # A % "!" % ' " 4 #" ! %"!" ' ")* ' %"!" , "' P "#L ' #"' # 3 0" ' " 3 #" J " "!" ' ! '" ' ! )* !" ! )* !" %/ ' ")* A '/ ! "' #! '/ ! % ' # ! "% #" " J % # " " # ! ! "! % " ," ! J % # ' 0"! ! %" % "! %"!" ' ")* D # '" !"!" " ! " ," L, )* 3 " ",/ * i 7 4σ I ' ")* ' !! ! # ")* ! i l #! σ I % ," & " #% & e 102 ," - ! A ! ! "' ! !" '" , 0 J % ! "' ' ")2 # (" ! 3 #! ' #"! i ! !/- '/ ! - ! )* 3 -, "' # ," % , ! , "' # 3 ' "'- ," " 7 3 #% 6 0" " & ' #"' # 4 ! # "' ! "&" ! ! %" '" 3! ,! " ," ! ," "' # " ' - ! P L% 49: - ! "# # " " " ")* "! ! "! "# % ' # - ! 4 " % ," ' ' ," ! ! ")* ! ! '#' ! b #)* "- #! % ' .' (./ # " 3 ! H' '"! % '- #")* # " 3 # ˆ6&… :e '"! / " "% #" # ' ! 0"#! ' ," # ," ( # % ' ' #"! '/ ! ! -" "! # '/ ! '" -" '" , 0 J # "!" # , !"4 * - !" -< % , ! " /3 ' #" ! 8Vc3 J / ' J "! L % 4 '" # ' & # " #* % #1 % ! &… 3 % #1 % ! 3 &?N ! ˆ6&… : / ' #"! '" J ")* 6 • 6& : 4@: e? ! λ * ," " )2 ! ' #! J / / '" "' #! !"! # ε 6&: e 6&: A ' "! " J ")* '" ! '" J ")2 "< % M " ! # " ' 3 % J" / - ! " "M 6&:3 ( # 6 • 6& : 4>: e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lIA 84?8 ??4> lIA 84@8 ?84U lIA 84?8 ?84= lIA 84?8 >49 lIA 84?8 =4= lIA 8478 H4H lIA 84?8 748 lIA 84?8 ?47 lIA 84?8 =48 lIA 84H8 7=47 lIA 84H8 =4? lIA 84?8 ??4U lIA 84?8 747 lIA 8478 H4U lIA 84?8 /- ! ! 6$;I1: /- ! ! 6$;I1: Q U479 lIA 84?H ?748@ lIA 84?= U4UU lIA 84?= ??488 lIA 84?9 >4=V lIA 84?H V4UH lIA 84?8 H4>8 lIA 848> ?4U8 lIA 8489 ?48@ lIA 848V V499 lIA 84?8 7V4@@ lIA 847= =4?= lIA 84?8 ??4HV lIA 84?9 74?H lIA 8489 H4@8 lIA 848@ ' # U4H@ lIA 847? ?74?V lIA 847V ?84V? lIA 8477 ?84V7 lIA 8477 >48= lIA 84?U V4V? lIA 84?V H47H lIA 84?7 ?4U9 lIA 848? ?4?= lIA 848@ V4U= lIA 84?= 7=48U lIA 84H= V49? lIA 84?V ??4@? lIA 847H 748U lIA 84?8 H4VH lIA 84?7 " %" " " ?= )* ! %] 3 ! ' ! /- ! ! 6$;I1: U4U@ lIA 848= ??4>= lIA 84H> ?84U@ lIA 848U ?84H@ lIA 84?9 >4=9 lIA 84?H =4== lIA 8487 H4H= lIA 848? 748@ lIA 848= ?47U lIA 8487 V4>= lIA 848U 7=4H7 lIA 84H7 =47? lIA 84?= ??4>9 lIA 848U 74?> lIA 848H V48V l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lIA 84?8 @4>8 lIA 8478 94>8 lIA 8478 @488 lIA 8478 =4?8 lIA 8478 74U8 lIA 8478 74?8 lIA 84?8 ?4?8 lIA 84?8 ?488lIA 84?8 V47? lIA 8478 ??4H? lIA 84?8 V497 lIA 8478 =4=? lIA 84?8 ?4>? lIA 84?8 ?47? lIA 84?8 )* ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= % ," ! ! - !" 3 106 /- ! 6$;I1: Q =4U8 lIA 8478 @4HV lIA 847H 94=U lIA 8477 @4?VlIA 8477 =4H>lIA 84?U 749VlIA 84?V 748VlIA 84?7 ?4?@lIA 848U 84@8lIA 848@ H4UUlIA 84?@ ??4==lIA 847U V4=VlIA 8478 =4=VlIA 8478 ?4=HlIA 84?8 ?4=HlIA 848U ! % ' " % ,"' # 3 % ," #% 0" 73 - ! % ' " 3 % ' ! 948= lIA 84?> @4@9 lIA 8478 94U@ lIA 84?U 94@U lIA 84?U =477 lIA 84?@ H4?> lIA 84?H 747? lIA 84?? ?4HV lIA 848U 84>7 lIA 8489 V479 lIA 84?= ??49H lIA 847= H4=? lIA 84?V =49= lIA 8478 ?4>8 lIA 84?8 ?4>7 lIA 848U )* ! * /- ! 6$;I1: " %" )* ! ! ' " " ?= %] 3 ! /- ! ! 6$;I1: =4U> lIA 848H @4@@ lIA 848> 94@> lIA 84?8 @48= lIA 848H =48U lIA 848U 74U= lIA 848V 74?H lIA 848H ?48@ lIA 848V 84UU lIA 848= V4?? lIA 84?@ ??488 lIA 84V8 V4>V lIA 84?H =4H8 lIA 84?V ?4@U lIA 848V ?4@V lIA 848= %] 3 % ' # "!" #" ( " 7U4 Q3 "! 6": 6-: & ' #" % ' 6%: "% #" 6!: '(:%."Q ," ! ! " " # , 73 0"#! " )* ! %] 6":3 "'( "'" ! ' ")* Q6-: 6%: 6!:4 " #1" ! ! * # % ," !" "&" ! ! ' $;I14 # " J 3 ")"' # # " #1" ! ! / ( " " 84=4 & && # " " " ( " !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 & ;; # "" #! !"! !" %^'" " ! "! ")* 3 ' %'4 6G ,! ! " " ,L, - '" ' %^# % 3 ! # ! "% # % , 0 J 3 " " '" 3 #" ! ' ' ," "! ")* 3 % ' %" #, "' # % # J # ! !/- % ! A P! 0"#! "'-" " # ! ! - # ! ! " ' #")* ! # 4 " %")2 !" # !"! ! "- , !" / # % % % #M' % 4 <L #% #, L ! ")* / " '" "! ")* 3 '" ' # " !/- ' #" J ! # H4 107 " 6G6C " " T -+3 C ! "2 )1& +*$ #, "! ")* " ?3 "! # "! ! !/- # %" ! ! 3 *" .0+3.I " ! !/- ! ! ' $;I1 ! "! ")* # # , ? - ! % ' " )* ! Q /- ! ! 6$;I1: )* ! %] ?>4=8 lIA 84?8 7V4=8 lIA 84H8 784V8 lIA 8498 7?4>> lIA 84V8 ?@478 lIA 84=8 U4>8 lIA 84?8 9478 lIA 84V8 H4>8 lIA 8478 7478 lIA 8478 H84V8 lIA 8478 H84=8 lIA 84?8 ?94=8 lIA 84?8 ?9498 lIA 84H8 =498 lIA 84?U =4@8 lIA 84?8 )* ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= % ," ! ( "'" ! ! ' ")* # "!" #" ( " H84 108 # "! % ," #% 0" %] % ' 4 " " " )* ! 3 %" ! " %" " " ?= )2 ( "'" ! ' ")* /- ! ! 6$;I1: ?>49=lIA 847? 7V4HV lIA 84VV 784U7 lIA 8477 7?4=H lIA 8477 ?@4?UlIA 84?U U4>@ lIA 84?V 94H> lIA 84?7 H4UV lIA 848U 747? lIA 848@ H84>> lIA 84H= H84>> lIA 84H= ?947V lIA 84?V ?947V lIA 847H =4=8 lIA 84?8 =4=8 lIA 84?7 %] 3 Q ?= #" "- ">4 /- ! ! 6$;I1: Q ?>4=HlIA 8479 7V4?V lIA 84H7 ?U4U> lIA 84H? 7?4UU lIA 84HH ?@48@lIA 847@ U4>= lIA 84?U 949? lIA 84?9 H4>? lIA 84?7 74?V lIA 848> H84VV lIA 84H@ H84VV lIA 84H@ ?94VU lIA 847@ ?94VU lIA 847@ =4>V lIA 84?V =4>V l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lIA 847? ?=498 lIA 84?8 ?H498 lIA 8477 ?V488 lIA 84H8 ?84V8 lIA 84H8 =4>8lIA 84H8 V478 lIA 84H8 74V8 lIA 84H8 ?4== lIA 8478 ?=4=8 lIA 84H8 ?=4=8 lIA 8478 ?84?8 lIA 84V8 ?84?8 lIA 84H8 H4=8 lIA 84V8 H4=8 lIA 84?8 )* ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= " ( " ! " " 110 %] #, ( # % ' *" # "!" " % ," ! ( "'" ! 7 % '! " /- ! ! 6$;I1: Q ??4>8lIA 847? ?=49> lIA 847V ?H4?> lIA 847V ?V47> lIA 847= ?84@9 lIA 8478 =4>>lIA 84?@ V48> lIA 84?V 74HV lIA 84?? ?4=8 lIA 848> ?=4=V lIA 847V ?=4=V lIA 847= ?848> lIA 84?U ?848> lIA 84?U H4=9 lIA 84?7 H4=9 lIA 84?7 # ' ")* ! "! ")* 4 # ! " " %" " " ?= )2 )* ! %] % ' 4 /- ! ! 6$;I1: ?74?8lIA 847? ?=4=7 lIA 847V ?H4UV lIA 847V ?H4=> lIA 847= ?84VV lIA 8478 9489lIA 84?@ V477 lIA 84?V 74== lIA 84?? ?49V lIA 848> ?=4>U lIA 847V ?=4>U lIA 847= ?84?9 lIA 84?U ?84?9 lIA 84?U H497 lIA 84?7 H497 l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lIA 84?8 H4H8 lIA 8478 H4H8 lIA 8478 H48@ lIA 84?8 74=8 lIA 84?8 ?4>8lIA 84?8 ?4=8 lIA 84?8 ?488 lIA 84?8 84@8 lIA 84?8 74@8 lIA 8478 74U8 lIA 8478 74?8 lIA 84?8 7478 lIA 84?8 ?4H8 lIA 84?8 ?4H8 lIA 84?8 ! %] *" %] % ," #% % ' 4 /- ! ! 6$;I1: Q 74UUlIA 848V H477 lIA 848V H477 lIA 848V H4?H lIA 848V 74=@ lIA 848H ?4>VlIA 848H ?4V? lIA 848H 84U9 lIA 848? 8499 lIA 848@ 74@9 lIA 848= 74U7 lIA 8487 74?9 lIA 848@ 747? lIA 848= ?47= lIA 848H ?4H? lIA 8487 " " #, H % '! " # ! % ' ( "'" ! ' ")* # "!" #" ( " H74 0" " %" " " ?= ( "'" ! ' ")* )2 # /- ! ! 6$;I1: H4?7 lIA 84H= H47V lIA 847= H47@ lIA 84H7 H4?7 lIA 84H7 7498 lIA 847H ?4>9lIA 84H7 ?4V= lIA 84?9 ?48@ lIA 847= 849= lIA 8477 74@= lIA 84H= 74@= lIA 84H= 74?> lIA 84H= 74?> lIA 847= ?4H8 lIA 84?U ?4H8 l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• % ' " #% • ' #" % ' "% #" 2 #" '" / "3 " & % L, J "' % #% !"# ! , L 0" " M& ' 4 ! <"3 " "0* # ? #! ! , # "!" 4 # "'A "0* # " ! , "'- " "- " > " ," 7 )) ( "'" ! ' ")* # 3 ," ! J % # # ," "0* # %] : ! - '% ' " I 6 # ' !! ' ")* • % 2 & # ," ' "! % ," #% ! ," ' & ' #" " J ' %" % ' ," "% #" : %" % "! " & ' ' ! ' " J ' %" 6 )* ! ' # %+ #% " 0" 3 %" % "!" ! "% ! % ' " M' " 115 " .0+3.P " " %"!" )* ! "! ")* # # , ? "0* 6 % ," #% 0": ," %" % "! ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," 0"#! " )* ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! # " # ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] )2 %] Q %] # ' !! ' ")* 4 %] Q ? 84UU ‰ 848H ?48> ‰ 848H ?48@ ‰ 848H ?487 ‰ 8487 7 84UU ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 848H 84U@ ‰ 848H ?48? ‰ 848H H 84U9 ‰ 848H ?48U ‰ 848H ?48= ‰ 848H ?48H ‰ 848? V ?48= ‰ 848H 84U= ‰ 8487 ?48? ‰ 848? 84UU ‰ 848? = ?489 ‰ 848H ?48? ‰ 8487 ?48@ ‰ 848? ?48? ‰ 848? 9 ?4?7 ‰ 848U ?4?7 ‰ 848V ?47= ‰ 848V 84U> ‰ 848V @ ?4?> ‰ 848U 84>@ ‰ 848H ?487 ‰ 848H 84UV ‰ 848V > 84U@ ‰ 848= ?48= ‰ 848V ?487 ‰ 848V 84UV ‰ 848V U 84U9 ‰ 848U ?48U ‰ 848U ?48V ‰ 848> ?48H ‰ 848U ?8 84UV ‰ 848V ?48@ ‰ 8489 ?48? ‰ 8489 ?488 ‰ 8489 ?? 84UU ‰ 8487 ?487 ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 848? ?48H ‰ 8487 ?7 ?4?7 ‰ 848U 84UU ‰ 8487 ?4?? ‰ 8487 84U9 ‰ 848H ?H 84U@ ‰ 8487 ?48= ‰ 848> ?487 ‰ 848? ?48? ‰ 848? ?V ?487 ‰ 848= ?48H ‰ 848U ?48= ‰ 848U 84U@ ‰ 848U ?= ?48> ‰ 848V ?48= ‰ 84H ?4?V ‰ 848H 84U@ ‰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σ #" )* @4 ," !" ' ' # %+ #% "3 % ' , %" J "! J ," "'- J 3 (# %^#% " " "&" ! ," - ! " # "! ! "# '/ ! ! , ! *% ' " , '/ ! "! %" ' ," ! ' ! Hσ # %" !" "! ")* 3 / ! )* ! * #! - ! , "! * 3 #* &% ! ?σ4 % # ! "#! " ' # J " & - !" % ' % '" % %"A (# %" , 3 J "#! <"3 %1 (" " " #( ' %] 3 , )* ! # )2 3 " % ' 3 ?3 H3 V3 =3 93 @ B ! " C 6?: / P # !"! 3 & ' " "#! )* ! ' #"!" "! * 6σ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‰ 848V ?488 ‰ 8487 84U@ ‰ 8487 84UU ‰ 8487 7 84U= ‰ 848V ?489 ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848H H 84U= ‰ 848V ?48H ‰ 848H 84U@ ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848H V ?48= ‰ 848V 84U> ‰ 8487 ?48H ‰ 8487 84UU ‰ 848? = ?48H ‰ 848= 84UV ‰ 848V 84U> ‰ 848V ?488 ‰ 848V 9 84U7 ‰ 8489 84U> ‰ 848@ 84U7 ‰ 848@ 84U> ‰ 848@ @ 84U7 ‰ 848> ?48H ‰ 848= 84U= ‰ 848= 84UU ‰ 848= > 84>@ ‰ 84?8 84UV ‰ 84?8 84>7 ‰ 848U ?487 ‰ 84?8 U 84U> ‰ 84?? ?47= ‰ 84?? ?477 ‰ 84?? ?48? ‰ 84?? ?8 84UV ‰ 848= ?48= ‰ 848= 84UU ‰ 848= ?487 ‰ 8489 ?? 84UU ‰ 848H 84U@ ‰ 848? 84U@ ‰ 848U ?48H ‰ 848V ?7 ?48? ‰ 848= ?48? ‰ 848V ?487 ‰ 848V 84U= ‰ 848= ?H 84U> ‰ 848= 84UU ‰ 8487 84U@ ‰ 8487 ?48V ‰ 848H ?V 84U9 ‰ 848> ?48V ‰ 8489 ?488 ‰ 8489 ?48? ‰ 8489 ?= 84U= ‰ 848@ 84U> ‰ 8489 84UV ‰ 848> 84U> ‰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σ4 "&" ! ," - ! ! - !" % ' % '" - " % #% !^#% " )* ! # ," ! ' ! %] 3 "% ' # ! ' #"! ' #"' # 4 6H6G 6H6G6C " - ! :.* )1& +* C] T -+3 ! "2 )1& +*$ ( " H@3 % '" %"!" '" !" 120 1J3'*+8)* %+*:3& .8)* )0& '8)* /), * )* ! )2 ! # "! %] % ' "'- "! ")* 4 ," ! !/( "'" ! ! ! 6$;I1: ' ")* 3 ' "! & ' #" % ' "% #" .3)%+* 8+8>0'& ) 8+8)*+! = 4$ 7.%.) C]1'-+3 /), " 2 )1& +* H= >0'& ) 8+8)*+! =4$ H8 7= 78 ?= ?8 = 8 8 ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= )*';E) )* ! " '(:%.G# ' ! , ' !! ," % ' " , % ' " % ' # #! ! # %" 3 , %" 3 #X' 0" # '" <"3 H@3 , !" %"A #! # J # 3 " " ! ! # " % , 4 & ! ! - ! % " ' ! #"!" ;; ! " #)" ' #" " " " ?= # "% ," 3 ' !" ( " " H49 & ?8?7 ( #!" # ' " '/ #! " ," #! " ! ," '" , 0 J " 3 %" 4 )2 ?8 ," '" ,"! ! % ! P "#L )* ! %] "'- )2 ! "! ")* 4 L %" 0"!" # %" 0")2 #" ' '" % % '" 3 ' %"!" '" !" ," ! !/- "! 3 # #" %^'" " ! ! #"!" && #" "#! " ?? " '" !/- ! 003 ( " M& '" ! 3 ! H8 $;I14 '" , 03 - ! " %" 0")* !" % " % ' # "' & '"!"' # " P % '7 " # " " #!"3 J " #! "'-" " #! " % # % "!" " ! " ?G# , '" - " % #% !^#% " # ," %" "! ")* 3 " ,"! # ( ")2 I ( #! 4 &"% "' # 6$;I1: " " %"A # " 3J * '" # ' ")* #% )2 Q ! ! %" % "! "% #" 4 ! ! !/- %] - ' % ' " #% 0" " !" "0* # ," ! !/- ( "'" ! ' ")* "- " ?8 " #" % "!" 4 121 " #% ," " " %"!" ," %" % 0"#! " ! ' .0+3.C 0": # ' !! )2 )* ! "! )* ! ")* "! ")* # # , ?3 % ' 7 # ( "'" ! ' ")* %] ," %" % "! # " Q "0* 6 0"#! "'4 %] Q % ," Q3 # ( "'" %] Q ? 84UU ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848? 84UU ‰ 848? 7 84UU ‰ 848H ?48? ‰ 8487 ?48? ‰ 848? H 84U= ‰ 848H ?487 ‰ 848H 84U@ ‰ 848H V ?487 ‰ 848H 84UU ‰ 8487 ?48? ‰ 8487 = 84UU ‰ 848H ?48? ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848H 9 ?488 ‰ 848= 84UU ‰ 8487 848U ‰ 848? @ 84U@ ‰ 848@ ?488 ‰ 848@ 84U@ ‰ 8489 > 84U@ ‰ 848U ?488 ‰ 8489 84U9 ‰ 848= U 84U@ ‰ 84?V ?48H ‰ 84?8 ?488 ‰ 848U ?8 84UU ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 848? 84U> ‰ 848? ?? 84UU ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 848? 84UU ‰ 848? ?7 ?487 ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 8487 ?487 ‰ 848? ?H ?487 ‰ 848H ?48? ‰ 8487 ?487 ‰ 8487 ?V ?489 ‰ 848@ 84U9 ‰ 848V ?487 ‰ 848V ?= ?489 ‰ 848@ 84U> ‰ 848H ?48V ‰ 8487 ' % ' ? # #! ")2 3 , ! , ! , "% ' # 122 !" " " - " ' %"A ")* " % % ' " ,"! #" ( " #% ( # 4 J ," ," 0" 6σ: " ! J % # "' # /% ' " , % ' " , % "!" 3 " % ' ! ! "! & ' #" % ' "% #" .ZE) +1& %+)* -.3)%+* 8+& .S.8+8)*+)0& '8)* ? 83= 8 ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= )* 6%': QI %] I Q %] I '(:%.GP "0* 6 % ," #% 0" " %": # ," ( "'" ! ' ")* Q3 # ," ' ! ! %] ," %" % "! 0"#! "'( "'" ! ' ")* ," ' !! 0"#! " )* ! %] "% " '" ! ," A J % #% & ' #" % ' 7 #% , 0 J A ! 6H6G6" " & #! J 3 0"#! " - ! - "! ," )* ! '" - " % #% !^#% " ' ")* ," # '" - " % #% !^#% " "'-/' ( "'" ! #! !" # ! # " % ' ' #")2 )* ! # b?A7σ3 ?l7σc4 # ," %] ," # ," 4 "% #" ' # & * ,L ! 3 '" ' #" 0"#! ' + #% "4 "] T -+3 ! "2 )1& +*$ ( " HU3 % '" %"!" '" !" * % ' % ' ' ! )2 & "' % ' - ! - ! "% #" 3 - ! ! "! %" % "! 0"#! " # " 4 * )* ! )2 ! # "! %] % ' "'- ," ! !/( "'" ! ! ! 6$;I1: ' ")* 3 ' "! ")* 4 123 " .3)%+* 8+8>0'& ) 8+8)*+! = 4$ 7.%.) "]1'-+3 +/), " 2 )1& +* >0'& ) 8+8)*+! =4$ ?> ?9 ?V ?7 ?8 > 9 V 7 8 8 ? 7 H V = 9 @ > U ?8 ?? ?7 ?H ?V ?= )*';E) )* ! " ! !/- ' ! , %" 3 , ," ' !! '(:%.GQ # #! & " ! #)" ' #" % ' "! 3 ," '" ,"! " "- " ??3 " !/- ! ! ' ")* - ! # % ," #% 124 " 0" " # "A % '" '" % ' " % '7 #% !" ' ")* 0" " % "!" ( " HU3 , ?? " '" M& '" !" 3! " & '"!"' # ! ! ," )* ! # '" , 0 '" - " % #% !^#% " "#L 3 ' %"!" '" !" % "!" 4 7G# , %" % "! )2 ?8 ! !/- 6$;I1: " " %"A "% #" 4 #! " Q ! ! ," % ' " , % ' %] ! J % # %] )2 ! # "'- # " " ," %"A J # 3" 3 " # "' ?> $;I14 ," ! ( "'" ! "! ")* 3 - ' % ' " "! .0+3.CC 0": # ' !! #% ," " " %"!" ," %" % 0"#! " ! ' )* ! "! )* ! ")* )2 & ' #" "! ")* # # , 73 % ' 7 # ( "'" ! ' ")* %] ," %" % "! # " Q "0* 6 "% #" % ," Q3 # ( "'" 0"#! "'4 %] Q % ' %] Q ' ? 84U> ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 8487 7 ?48? ‰ 8487 84UU ‰ 8487 ?48? ‰ 8487 H 84U= ‰ 8487 ?48H ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 8487 V ?48= ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 848H ?48H ‰ 848H = ?48H ‰ 8487 84U@ ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848H 9 84U@ ‰ 848V 84UU ‰ 8489 84U9 ‰ 8489 @ 84U@ ‰ 848V ?48H ‰ 848> ?488 ‰ 848> > 84U7 ‰ 8489 ?48H ‰ 84?8 84UV ‰ 84?8 U 84UV ‰ 848@ ?48H ‰ 84?V 84U@ ‰ 84?V ?8 84U> ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 8487 ?? 84U> ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 8487 84U> ‰ 8487 ?7 84UU ‰ 8487 ?488 ‰ 848V 84UU ‰ 848V ?H 84UU ‰ 848H ?488 ‰ 848V 84UU ‰ 848V ?V 84U> ‰ 848V 84U> ‰ 84?7 84U@ ‰ 84?7 ?= 84U> ‰ 848V 84U> ‰ 848V 84U@ ‰ 848V !" " #! ! , % ' " #% % ' "0 L, ")2 3 , ' 0" #! !" # ")* " 6σ: " # % #% !^#% " 0"#! " %"A )* ! J ," ," ! J % # % ' " , % "!" 4 "% ," b?AHσ3 ?lHσc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‰ 84?? ?48V ‰ 848V 84UU ‰ 84?? 7 84UU ‰ 848> ?487 ‰ 8489 ?487 ‰ 848U H 84U> ‰ 84?8 ?48H ‰ 8489 ?48? ‰ 84?? V ?488 ‰ 84?8 84U> ‰ 848H 84U> ‰ 84?8 = 84UU ‰ 848U 84U@ ‰ 848V 84U9 ‰ 848U 9 84UU ‰ 84?@ 84U> ‰ 8489 84U@ ‰ 84?> @ 84U> ‰ 84?? ?489 ‰ 848> ?48V ‰ 84?7 > 84U7 ‰ 8477 ?48V ‰ 84?8 84U= ‰ 847V U ?487 ‰ 84H9 84U? ‰ 84?> 84UH ‰ 84H= ?8 ?488 ‰ 84?H 84U> ‰ 848@ 84U> ‰ 84?V ?? ?489 ‰ 84?H 84UU ‰ 848@ ?48= ‰ 84?V ?7 84UU ‰ 84?9 84U@ ‰ 848= 84U9 ‰ 84?9 ?H ?48? ‰ 84?7 ?488 ‰ 848= ?48? ‰ 84?7 ?V 84U9 ‰ 84?V ?48V ‰ 848> ?488 ‰ 84?9 ?= ?48? ‰ 84?? 84UU ‰ 848> ?488 ‰ 84?H ' % ' ? " #! !" " ! , % % ' " #% "0 L, % #% !^#% " 0"#! " ")2 3 , ' # )* ! 128 " 3 " % ' J ")* " 0" 6σ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b 8Vc @ F4 "#! .4 \ <# #3 B\ ( #( # , ;C3 ( b UUc / # ( #" ( ' ) ' ( ( ) / ( '( / ( .4 ( 3 $ # ," 6?UUU:4 130 #" ' '( / &' (' (. / ' (. / "11 ' ( ("# 0" # ' (. ' & ) '( # # (/ "#!" ! 0" & / ( '( / & " ( (.) / ' ( ' ( C3 ( ( .4E # . && & & ( / #" #" # " ( 3 788V4 #3 BK ( ( & ' " ( L ) ' ' / '( ( "#!" ! V8H@ D H3 # ! ")2 #" A # '" "' # # " ! ! 3 " ' %" ! ' " "# #, , ' # ! # 0"# M( % 4 ! A984 - ! 3- '% ' ! "-" 1 3 ! ) "' # ! 0"! ! " L " 3 % 3 " " ' ! )2 <L "' !, <"' 3 "' # " % % " 3 # ,! P% ! " % ' '/ ' '/ ! 0"! 4 #" '" ! "! ")* 3 3 + ' " -" ' , ' ")* ! % # " # %"- !"! 3 3 # ' "!"' # 3 # "# '/ ! ' # 3 ! # # " 3 4 '/ ! ' "! " " " #J "! "' # '/ ! - % % 2 4 Q D 983 ! !, %"!" , 0 '" ! ' # "! 3 !"! ( '3 # " 0"!" ' ! "&" ! ! ! 0"!" I788=4 "% #" ! # , (" ' #" ! #" "-" 1 0")* ! + ' , #! " '/ ! " ! & %")* !" "! ")* % 3 % ' #, , ' # ! " '" ( "#! J '% 3 '" # !"! `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icke – MCNPX (2%), Fricke – PENELOPE (2%) ?G# , e MCNPX – PENELOPE (2%); no 2º nível; Fricke – MCNPX (2%), Fricke – PENELOPE (2%) e MCNPX – PENELOPE (3%) e no 3º nível; Fricke – MCNPX (3%); Fricke – PENELOPE (3%) e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e =8 ' :4 % "0 , ' % ' L( " # 0"!"4 H4 %" # -" * ! ( !"' # " 83V ?888 ' % ' 5 L( " ! " " =4 5 6=8 ' : 83HU78= ( ! 6 ' % " (" "# J ! @4 " >4 " " " , " % ' ' " " % "0 " V: 7 6 # 0"!" V , )* 6 OV:79O7 J # , )2 # 6 )* ' % ' #" " ?8AH 6 5 )* #" " ! , "!" ' !" ' 6?888 ' : " M " ' !" "# "( ' ,L " , 0 !" " J "# !"! ! % #" " -" * " 83V &" " %" 838=>=> ( ! %"!" ' ! " "#! % L( " ! ' e ?888 ' :4 " " % ' " " ' 4 , 83V )* ! # 0"!"4 ' e ?888 ' : ?8AH '" !" 678 = ' : 773 = ' ! O7 ' e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y ) = ' 61:4 ! ! % , !" : " " ' " )* ! 0"! P 0:4 0 A " ! %"!" , !" " ",/ !" J ")* 6?: ' - "#% #* ! , )* "' ","!" % ' " "% " "! - ' ' " ?1 , !" %^'" " ! 94 " ! ! # !"! M %" 6 #!" e H8= #'3 "! "!" 6 ! J" 0 % " " ")" "&" ! ' %/ " ! ' " " "4 ( L % !" ! ! ! % " - !"4 275 × D.O.305 nm 1 + 0.007 × (T ºC − 25) 139
Documentos relacionados
Correia de Sá - Marco Polo T. Dutra P. Silva
mãos atadas com uma correia vermelha. (SB-AHG, I, 116).
Leia maisRETENTORES 92
8,0X16,0X7,0 9,40X21,40X5 10X24X7 12,60X21,40X5 15X24X7 16X28X7,6 16X30X7 17,80X30X11 17X32X7 17X35X7 17X40X7 18X35X10 19,90X44,40X7,90 19X28,50X4 20,00X26,00X4,00 20,6X31,7X8,5 20X28X6 20X32X7X8 2...
Leia mais