Chiroptera Neotropical, 1(2), December, 1995

Transcrição

A NEW SYSTEM FOR CLASSIFYING
THREATENED STATUS
The IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the
World Conservation Union (IUCN) recently published
the official text which provides information on, and the
definitions for, the new threatened status categories
adopted by IUCN at the 40th Meeting of the IUCN
Council, Gland, Switzerland. The evaluation of the status of animal and plant species is one of the principal
tasks of the SSC Specialist Group network, and for this
reason we are publishing the text in its entirety.
IUCN Species Survival Commission. 1994. IUCN Red
List Categories. The World Conservation Union
(IUCN), Gland, Switzerland. 30 November 1994.
IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES
I. INTRODUCTION
•
to improve the objectivity by providing those
using the criteria with clear guidance on how to
evaluate different factors which affect risk of extinction;
•
to provide a system which will facilitate comparisons across widely different taxa;
•
to give people using threatened species lists a
better understanding of how individual species
were classified.
3. The proposals presented in this document result
from a continuing process of drafting, consultation and
validation. It was clear that the production of a large
number of draft proposals led to some confusion, especially as each draft has been used for classifying
some set of species for conservation purposes. To
clarify matters, and to open the way for modifications
as and when they became necessary, a system for version numbering was applied as follows:
1. The threatened species categories now used in Red
Data Books and Red Lists have been in place, with
some modification, for almost 30 years. Since their introduction these categories have become widely recognized internationally, and they are now used in a
whole range of publications and listings, produced by
IUCN as well as by numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The Red Data Book categories provide an easily and widely understood
method for highlighting those species under higher
extinction risk, so as to focus attention on conservation measures designed to protect them.
Version 1.0: Mace and Lande (1991)
2. The need to revise the categories has been recognized for some time. In 1984, the SSC held a symposium, “The Road to Extinction” (Fitter and Fitter 1987),
which examined the issues in some detail, and at which
a number of options were considered for the revised
system. However, no single proposal resulted. The
current phase of development began in 1989 with a
request from the SSC Steering Committee to develop a
new approach that would provide the conservation
community with useful information for action planning.
Following an extensive consultation process within
SSC, a number of changes were made to the details of
the criteria, and fuller explanation of basic principles
was included. A more explicit structure clarified the
significance of the non-threatened categories.
In this document, proposals for new definitions for
Red List categories are presented. The general aim of
the new system is to provide an explicit, objective framework for the classification of species according to their
extinction risk.
The revision has several specific aims :
•
to provide a system that can be applied consistently by different people;
Cover photo: Nyctinomops laticaudatus - By Eduardo M. V. Veado
The first paper discussing a new basis for the categories, and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates.
Version 2.0: Mace et al. (1992)
A major revision of Version 1.0, including numerical
criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing
the non-threatened categories.
Version 2.1: IUCN (1993)
Version 2.2: Mace and Stuart (1994)
Following further comments received and additional
validation exercises, some minor changes to the criteria were made. In addition, the Susceptible category
present in Versions 2.0 and 2.1 was subsumed into the
Vulnerable category. A precautionary application of
the system was emphasized.
Final Version
This final document, which incorporated changes as a
result of comments from IUCN members, was adopted
by the IUCN Council in December 1994.
All future taxon lists including categorizations should
be based on this version, and not the previous ones.
4. In the rest of this document the proposed system is
Page 11
outlined in several sections. The Preamble presents
some basic information about the context and structure of the proposal, and the procedures that are to be
followed in applying the definitions to species. This is
followed by a section giving definitions of terms used.
Finally the definitions are presented, followed by the
quantitative criteria used for classification within the
threatened categories. It is important for the effective
functioning of the new system that all sections are
read and understood, and the guidelines followed.
REFERENCES
Fitter, R. & M. Fitter, ed. (1987) The Road to Extinction. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
IUCN. (1993) Draft IUCN Red List Categories. Gland,
Switzerland: IUCN
Mace, G. M. et al. (1992) The development of new criteria for listing species on the IUCN Red List. Species 19: 16-22.
Mace, G. M. & Lande, R. (1991) Assessing extinction
threats: toward a reevaluation of IUCN threatened
species categories. Conserv. Biol., 5(2): 148-157.
Mace, G. M. & S. N. Stuart. (1994) Draft IUCN Red List
Categories, Version 2.2. Species 21-22: 13-24.
II. PREAMBLE
The following points present important information on
the use and interpretation of the categories (= Critically Endangered, Endangered, etc.), criteria (= A to
E), and sub-criteria (= a, b etc., i, ii etc.):
1. Taxonomic level and scope of the categorization process
The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or
below the species level.
The term “taxon” in the
following notes, definitions and criteria is
used for convenience,
and may represent species or lower taxonomic
levels, including forms
(Adequate
that are not yet formally
Data)
described. There is a
sufficient range among
(Evaluated)
the different criteria to
enable the appropriate
listing of taxa from the
complete taxonomic
spectrum, with the exception of microorgan- Figure 1. Strucutre of the categories
isms. The criteria may also be applied within any specified geographical or political area although in such cases
special notice should be taken of point 11 below. In
presenting the results of applying the criteria, the taxonomic unit and area under consideration should be
made explicit. The categorizations process should only
be applied to wild populations inside their natural range,
and to populations resulting from benign introductions
(defined in the draft IUCN Guidelines for Reintroductions as “..an attempt to establish a species, for the
purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution, but within an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area”).
2. Nature of the categories
All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as Endangered
qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are
described as “threatened”. The threatened species categories form a part of the overall scheme. It will be
possible to place all taxa into one of the categories
(see Figure 1).
3. Role of the different criteria
For listing as Critically Endangered, Endangered or
Vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing
at that level of threat. Each species should be evaluated against all the criteria. The different criteria (A-E)
are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk
factors across the broad range of organisms and the
diverse life histories they exhibit. Even though some
criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa (some taxa
will never qualify under these however close to extiction
they come), there should be criteria appropriate for
assessing threat levels for any taxon (other than microorganism). The relevant factor is whether any one
criterion is met, not whether all are appropriate or all
are met. Because it will never be clear which criteria are
Extinct
Extinct in the Wild
Critically Endangered
(Threatened)
Page 12
Endangered
Vulnerable
Lower Risk
Data Defficient
Not Evaluated
Conservation Dependent
Near Threatened
Least Concern
appropriate for a particular species in advance, each
species should be evaluated against all the criteria,
and any criterion met should be listed.
4. Derivation of quantitative criteria
The quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation and they are set at
what are generally judged to be appropriate levels, even
if no formal justification for these values exists. The
levels for different criteria within categories were set
independently but against a common standard. Some
broad consistency between them was sought. However, a given taxon should not be expected to meet all
criteria (A-E) in a category; meeting any one criterion
is sufficient for listing.
5. Implications of listing
Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data
Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction
risk has been made, though for different reasons. Until
such time as an assessment is made, species listed in
these categories should not be treated as if they were
non-threatened, and it may be appropriate (especially
for Data Deficient forms) to give them the same degree
of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be evaluated.
Extinction is assumed here to be a chance process.
Thus, a listing is a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction, and over the
time-frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than in a lower one
(without effective conservation action). However, the
persistence of some taxa in high risk categories does
not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate.
6. Data quality and the importance of inference and
projection
The criteria are clearly quantitative in nature. However,
the absence of high quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving
estimation, inference and projection are emphasized to
be acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may
be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats
into the future (including their rate of change), or of
factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as
these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in either the recent past, present or near
future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified.
Taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low
probability but with severe consequences (catastro-
phes) should be identified by the criteria (e.g. small
distributions, few locations). Some threats need to be
identified particularly early, and appropriate actions
take, because their effects are irreversible, or nearly so
(pathogens, invasive organisms, hybridization).
7. Uncertainty
The criteria should be applied on the basis of the available evidence on taxon numbers, trend and distribution, making due allowance for statistical and other
uncertainties. Given that data are rarely available for
the whole range or population of a taxon, it may often
be appropriate to use the information that is available
to make intelligent inferences about the overall status
of the taxon in question. In cases where a wide variation in estimates is found, it is legitimate to apply the
precautionary principle and use the estimate (providing it is credible) that leads to listing in the category of
highest risk.
Where data are insufficient to assign a category (including Lower Risk), the category of “Data Deficient”
may be assigned. However, it is important to recognize
that this category indicates that data are inadequate to
determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon, not
necessarily that the taxon is poorly known. In cases
where there are evident threats to a taxon through, for
example, deterioration of its only known habitat, it is
important to attempt threatened listing, even though
there may be little direct information on the biological
status of the taxon itself. The category “Data Deficient” is not a threatened category, although it indicated a need to obtain more information on a taxon to
determine the appropriate listing.
8. Conservation actions in the listing process
The criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation
action affecting it. In cases where it is only conservation action that prevents the taxon from meeting the
threatened criteria, the designation of “Conservation
Dependent” is appropriate. It is important to emphasize here that a taxon requires conservation action even
if it is not listed as threatened.
9. Documentation
All taxon lists including categorizations resulting from
these criteria should state the criteria and sub-criteria
that were met. No listing can be accepted as valid unless at least one criterion is given. However, failure to
mention a criterion should not necessarily imply that it
was not met. Therefore, if a reevaluation indicates that
the documented criterion is no longer met, this should
not result in automatic down-listing. Instead, the taxon
should be reevaluated with respect to all criteria to
indicate its status. The factors responsible for trigger-
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ing the criteria, especially where inference and projection are used, should at least be logged by the evaluator, even if they cannot be included in published lists.
10. Threats and priorities
The category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to
determine priorities for conservation action. The category of threat simply provides an assessment of the
likelihood of extinction under current circumstances,
whereas a system for assessing priorities for action
will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs, logistics, chances of
success, and even perhaps the taxonomic distinctiveness of the subject.
11. Use at regional level
The criteria are most appropriately applied to whole
taxa at a global scale, rather than those units defined
by regional or national boundaries. Regionally or nationally based threat categories, which are aimed at
including taxa that are threatened at regional or national levels (but not necessarily throughout their global ranges), are best used with two key pieces of information: the global status category for the taxon, and
the proportion of the global population or range that
occurs within the region or nation. However, if applied
at regional or national level it must be recognized that
a global category of threat may not be the same as
regional or national category for a particular taxon. For
example, taxa classified as Vulnerable on the basis of
their global declines in numbers or range might be Lower
Risk within a particular region where their populations
are stable. Conversely, taxa classified as Lower Risk
globally might be Critically Endangered within a particular region where numbers are very small or declining, perhaps only because they are at the margins of
their global range. IUCN is still in the process of developing guidelines for the use of national red list categories.
12. Reevaluation
Evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals. This is especially important for taxa listed under Near Threatened, or Conservation Dependent, and for threatened species whose
status is known or suspected to be deteriorating.
13. Transfer between categories
There are rules to govern the movement of taxa between categories. These are as follows : (A) A taxon
may be moved from a category of higher threat to a
category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the
higher category has been met for 5 years or more. (B) If
the original classification is found to have been erroneous, the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate
category or removed from the threatened categories
altogether, without delay (but see Section 9). (C) Transfer from categories of lower to higher risk should be
made without delay.
14. Problems of scale
Classification based on the sizes of geographic ranges
or the patterns of habitat occupancy is complicated by
problems of spatial scale. The finer the scale at which
the distributions or habitats of taxa are mapped, the
smaller will be the area that they are found to occupy.
Mapping at finer scales reveals more areas in which
the taxon is unrecorded. It is impossible to provide
any strict but general rules for mapping taxa or habitats; the most appropriate scale will depend on the
taxa in question, and the origin and comprehensiveness of the distribution data. However, the thresholds
for some criteria (e.g., Critically Endangered) necessitate mapping at a fine scale.
III. DEFINITIONS
1. Population
Population is defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon. For functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life-forms, population numbers are expressed as numbers of mature individuals
only. In the case of taxa obligately dependent on other
taxa for all or part of their life cycles, biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used.
2. Subpopulations
Subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which
there is little exchange (typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less).
3. Mature Individuals
The number of mature individuals is defined as the
number of individuals known, estimated or inferred to
be capable of reproduction. When estimating this quantity the following points should be borne in mind:
•
Where the population is characterized by natural fluctuations the minimum number should be
used.
•
This measure is intended to count individuals
capable of reproduction and should therefore
exclude individuals that are environmentally,
behaviorally or otherwise reproductively suppressed in the wild.
•
In the case of populations with biased adult or
breeding sex ratios it is appropriate to use lower
Page 14
estimates for the number of mature individuals
which take this into account (e.g. the estimated
effective population size).
•
Reproducing units within a clone should be
counted as individuals, except where such units
are unable to survive alone (e.g., corals).
•
In the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a
subset of mature individuals at some point in
their life cycle, the estimate should be made at
the appropriate time, when mature individuals
are available for breeding.
Extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained
within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary
which can be drawn to encompass all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a
taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. This measure may
exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa (e.g., large areas of obviously
unsuitable habitat) (but see “area of occupancy”). Extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon (the smallest polygon in which
no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence).
4. Generation
10. Area of occupancy
Generation may be measured as the average age of
parents in the population. This is greater than the age
at first breeding, except in taxa where individuals breed
only once.
Area of occupancy is defined as the area within its
“extent of occurrence” (see definition) which is occupied by a taxon, excluding cases of vagrancy. The measure reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur
throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which
may, for example, contain unsuitable habitats. The area
of occupancy is the smallest area essential at any stage
to the survival of existing populations of a taxon (e.g.,
colonial nesting sites, feeding sites for migratory taxa).
The size of the area of occupancy will be a function of
the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a
scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the
taxon. The criteria include values in km², and thus to
avoid errors in classification, the area of occupancy
should be measured on grid squares (or equivalents)
which are sufficiently small (see Figure 2).
5. Continuing decline
A continuing decline is a recent, current or projected
future decline whose causes are not known or not adequately controlled and so is liable to continue unless
remedial measures are taken. Natural fluctuations will
not normally count as a continuing decline, but an observed decline should not be considered to be part of
a natural fluctuation unless there is evidence for this.
6. Reduction
A reduction (criterion A) is a decline in the number of
mature individuals of least the amount (%) stated over
the time period (years) specified, although the decline
need not still be continuing. A reduction should not
be interpreted as part of a natural fluctuation unless
there is good evidence for this. Downward trend that
are part of natural fluctuations will not normally count
as a reduction.
11. Location
Location defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single event (e.g., pollution) will
soon affect all individuals of the taxon present. A location usually, but not always, contains all or part of a
subpopulation of the taxon, and is typically a small
proportion of the taxon’s total distribution.
7. Extreme fluctuations
12. Quantitative analysis
Extreme fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where
population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater
than one order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase or
decrease).
A quantitative analysis is defined here as the technique of population viability analysis (PVA), or any
other quantitative form of analysis, which estimates
the extinction probability of a taxon or population based
on the known life history and specific management or
nonmanagement options. In presenting the results of
quantitative analyses the structural equations and the
data should be explicit.
8. Severely fragmented
Severely fragmented refers to the situation where increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the
fact that most individuals within a taxon are found in
small and relatively isolated subpopulations. These
small subpopulations may go extinct, with a reduced
probability of recolonization.
9. Extent of occurrence
IV. THE CATEGORIES
EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt
that the last individual has died.
Page 15
VULNERABLE (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined
by any of the criteria (A to D) on pages 18, and 19.
LOWER RISK (LR)
A
A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated,
does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories
Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Taxa
included in the Lower Risk category can be separated
into three subcategories:
Conservation Dependent (cd).
B
Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation program targeted
towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which
would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years.
Near Threatened (nt).
Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but which are close to qualifying for Vulnerable.
C
Least Concern (lc).
Figure 2. Two examples of the disticntion between extent of
ocurrence and area of occupancy. (a) is the spatial distribution
of known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence. (b) shows
one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence, which is
measured area within this boundary. (c) shows one measure by
the sum of the occupied grid squares.
Taxa which do not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened.
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an
extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria (A to
E) on page 17.
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate
information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of
its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or
population status. A taxon in this category may be
well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution is lacking.
Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat or
Lower Risk. Listing of taxa in this category indicates
that more information is required and acknowledges
the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make
positive use of whatever data are available. In many
cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and threatened status. If the range of a taxon
is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, if a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last
record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.
ENDANGERED (EN)
NOT EVALUATED (NE)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the
wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of
the criteria (A to D) on pages 17, and 18.
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been
assessed against the criteria.
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to
survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized
population (or populations) well outside the past range.
A taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual.
Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the
taxon’s life cycle and life form.
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
Page 16
V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,
ENDANGERED
AND
VULNERABLE
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25%
within 3 years or one generation, whichever is
longer or
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an
extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E):
A. Population reduction in the form of either of the
following:
1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or three
generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and
specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and
population structure in the form of either:
(a) severely fragmented (i.e., no subpopulation estimated to contain more 50 mature individuals)
(b) all individuals are in a single subpopulation.
D. Population estimated to number less than 50 mature
individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or 3
generations, whichever is the longer.
(b) an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
2. A reduction of at least 80% , projected or suspected
to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100
km² or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10
km², and estimates indicating any two of the following:
1. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single
location.
2. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected,
in any of the following:
(a) extent of occurrence
ENDANGERED (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the
wild in the near future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E):
following:
specifying) any of the following:
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
(b) area of occupancy
(c) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
2. A reduction of at least 50%, projected or suspected
to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.
(d) number of locations or subpopulations
(e) number of mature individuals.
3. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000
km² or area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500
km², and estimates indicating any two of the following:
1. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more
than five locations.
(c) number of locations or subpopulations
(d) number of mature individuals.
C. Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and either:
Page 17
2. A reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected
to be met within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and
specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above.
B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000
km² or area of occupancy estimated to be less than
2000 km², and estimates indicating any two of the following:
1. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more
than ten locations.
C. Population estimated to number less than 2500 mature individuals and either:
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within
5 years or 2 generations, whichever is longer, or
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and population structure in the form of either:
D. Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or 5
generations, whichever is the longer.
C. Population estimated to number less than 10,000
mature individuals and either:
VULNERABLE (VU)
1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10%
within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is
longer, or
A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined
by any of the following criteria (A to E):
2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and
population structure in the form of either:
following:
specifying) any of the following :
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence
and/or quality of habitat
D. Population very small or restricted in the form of
either of the following:
1. Population estimated to number less than 1000 mature individuals.
2. Population is characterized by an acute restriction
in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100
km²) or in the number of locations (typically less
than 5). Such a taxon would thus be prone to the
Page 18
effects of human activities (or stochastic events
whose impact is increased by human activities)
within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and is thus capable of becoming
Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very
short period.
A rticles
PROTECTING CAVES FOR THE BATS OR
BATS FOR THE CAVES?
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years.
Eleonora Trajano
Departamento de Zoologia
Instituto de Biociências USP. C. P. 11294
05422-970 - São Paulo - SP, Brazil
CAVES
IUCN Red List
Categories
Prepared by IUCN Species Survival Commission
FOR
BATS
Bats have long been known as the cave-dwellers par
excellence. When one thinks about caves, the first image that comes to mind is that of a dark place full of
stalactites and stalagmites, with lots of bats touching
our faces with their sinister wings. Such an image is
reinforced by the pictures of millions of Tadarida
brasiliensis emerging at dusk from New Mexico caves,
or the hybernacula occupied by thousands of torpid
bats in some temperate caves. However, as one will
promptly learn from Brazilian caves, such huge concentrations of the so-called “bat caves” (which many
authors state as being the typical caves) are an exception.
From a biospeleological point of view, bats are classified as trogloxenes - cavernicoles regularly found in
caves, but which must return periodically to the surface in order to be able to complete their life cycle. In
the case of bats, the limiting factor for a definitive subterranean life are food resources - insect size and total
biomass are low in caves, specially for the flying ones,
there are no fruits or nectar, and potential prey for
carnivores is scarce and frequently unpredictable.
Thus, bats are directly dependent on epigean resources
and must leave the caves daily, acting as importers of
organic matter (as feces and dead bodies) into the hypogean biotope.
WHO USES (AND WHO DOES NOT USE)
IUCN
The World Conservation Union
CAVES?
The degree of ecological dependence on caves as shelter is highly variable. Most bat species are able to use
multiple kinds of roosts, but in general show preference to one or more types. For instance, among North
American vespertilionids, species of the genus Myotis
present a strong affinity to caves, and, in some cases
(as that of M. grisescens), the whole population hibernates in a few caves and greatly suffer from human disturbance. On the other hand, Lasiurus bats
are found as small groups roosting in the vegetation.
Bats forming populations that concentrate on de
Page 19
termined occasions are particularly vulnerable because
they may rapidly decline following localized disturbances, which are more frequent and difficult to control. Such bat species are among the most endangered
cavernicoles since they are subject to both surface and
subterranean environmental deterioration. To a lesser
extent, this problem also affects species less dependent on caves.
In Brazil about 35 species have already been found in
caves (Trajano, 1985; Trajano & Moreira, 1991;
Trajano & Gimenez, in press; Campanhã & Fowler,
1993; Bredt et al., 1994; Gimenez, pers. comm.), representing 25.5% of the total number known for the
country. Considering that many of these species are
known only from Amazonia, where caves are rare, and
that several Brazilian karstic areas have not been surveyed for cave bats yet, the actual proportion of bats
using caves when available is probably much higher.
There is no reported case of strictly cave bat species,
but direct observations and comparisons between the
composition of cave communities and bat samples
from the surface show that several species have a definitive preference for rocky shelters, especially caves.
Brazilian cave communities are particularly rich in
phyllostomines. That is why species considered rare
by many chiropterologists may be very familiar to
speleologists. It is the case of Chrotopterus auritus,
frequently observed in groups of 2-4 individuals hanging from the ceiling of many caves, in general near
the entrances, Trachops cirrhosus that may form large
populations in some caves, and Phylloderma stenops,
that, though not exactly common, have been consistently found in different karstic areas south of
Amazonia. Although not forming a natural, monophyletic group, the phyllostomines share ecological charactersitics (probably primitive for phyllostomids) - in
general, they are foliage-gleaners, preying upon large
insects and vertebrates, and frequently roost in caves.
As top carnivores with small populations using preferentially shelters with a patchy geographical distribution, phyllostomine species are good candidates to
be highly affected by cave destruction.
Among the aerial insectivorous, Peropteryx macrotis,
Pteronotus parnellii, Natalus stramineus, and
Furipterus horrens are representative Brazilian cave
bats. P. parnellii forms exceptionally high populations
in sandstone caves in Amazonia, Pará State (Trajano
& Moreira, 1991). These caves constitute one of the
rare examples of true Brazilian “bat caves” - caves
harboring huge colonies of bats, which produce large
amounts of guano.
bat, Desmodus rotundus. This ecologically flexible bat,
opportunistically feeding on domestic animals, is the
least threatened of all Neotropical bat species, with
their large populations spread over caves, tree hollows, and other roosts. Actually, in inhabited karstic
areas, where shelters and food are not limiting factors, a situation of ecological disequilibrium occurs,
with oversized populations that possibly displace other
species from the roosts. Data suggestive of this were
recently gathered in Bethary Cave, Ribeira Valley,
South of São Paulo State. Its bat community was dominated by D. rotundus until the early 80’s (Trajano,
1985); after a vampire bat control, this population
never recovered, and species not recorded during that
extensive two-year study are now using the cave. Thus,
from the other bats' point of view, control of D.
rotundus might be desirable. However, this is not exactly true from the cave community point of view, as
will be discussed.
The second most common species in Brazilian caves
is Carollia perspicillata, another flexible and opportunistic bat. Its abundance in caves probably reflects
the general abundance of the species, and there is no
reason to suppose it is particularly dependent on caves
as shelter.
At the other extreme of cave utilization are the
stenodermines. The only species regularly found in
caves are Artibeus fimbriatus (common in the Ribeira
Valley) and Platyrrhinus lineatus, which forms small
colonies observed in different karstic areas; species
common throughout South America, such as Artibeus
lituratus and Sturnira lilium, are rarely seen in caves.
Among glossophagines, the situation is variable:
Anoura spp. show a definitive affinity to this kind of
shelter, other species such as Lionycteris spurrelli and
Lonchophylla spp. use caves here and there,
Glossophaga soricina is, in view of its general abundance, a relatively rare cave-dweller. A Brazilian
vespertilionid regularly observed in Brazilian caves is
Myotis nigricans, and there is no published record of
cave molossids.
In conclusion, threats to the integrity of the subterranean environment, represented by cave destruction (e.
g., due to mining), blocking of entrances, hampering
bat emergence and altering the cave topoclimate, direct human impact (over collection, disturbance of the
animals by caves and tourists), etc., may affect many
bat species, and are particularly dangerous to taxa such
as phyllostomines (in the traditional taxonomic sense)
and some aerial insectivores.
HOW DO THEY
Nevertheless, the species more abundant in caves located in rural areas is, by far, the common vampire
USE CAVES?
Brazilian studies based on marking-recapture, and di-
Page 20
rect or indirect (presence of guano) observations of
colonies inside the caves, have shown that, when a
set of suitable caves is available, most bats present a
low degree of fidelity to particular caves and to particular sites inside caves. Instead, they keep moving
in an irregular way, probably to minimize the distance to the food source used each night (for alternative hypotheses, see Wilkson, 1988). Inside caves, itinerant colonies of several species have been observed
in karstic regions as distinct as those of São Paulo
and Paraná (Ribeira Valley), Mato Grosso do Sul,
Minas Gerais, and Bahia States. Moreover, in the absence of thermoregulatory pressures for bat aggregation, most populations tend to disperse throughout the
available roosts, forming relatively small colonies.
Such flexible behavior, observed in extensive limestone areas with a large number of caves, confers some
protection to nomadic bats that do not depend on particular caves. Unfortunately, phyllostomines are
among the most phylopatric cave bats (Trajano, in
press), and do not much benefit from this itinerancy.
On the other hand, in areas with few and/or small
caves, as is the case with sandstone regions and the
periphery of limestone areas, bats with few affinities
to rocky shelters have no choice but to concentrate at
the few available roosts, forming large populations.
Cave bats inhabiting such areas would be locally vulnerable, since they have few options of shelters. To
make things worse, many sandstone caves are situated near towns (e. g., in the regions of Rio Claro and
Altinópolis, São Paulo State), being of easy access,
and have been receiving intensive, uncontrolled visitation harmful to bats. [Limestone areas tend to be
more sparsely occupied due to the irregular landscape].
Thus, sandstone caves and the isolated limestone ones
should receive special attention from conservationists.
BATS FOR CAVES
The guano of bats (and other trogloxenes as well) is
an important food source for cavernicoles throughout
the world due to the generalized food scarcity in caves.
This is especially true for those cave-restricted species (called troglobites), totally dependent on the resources present in the subterranean habitat and prone
to rapid extinction following any ecological
disequilibrium (e.g. alterations in the energy input),
even very localized. From a scientific perspective, Neotropical bat guano communities are very interesting
due to the bat feeding diversity. In no other region in
the world is such a diversity of kind of guano available to cavernicoles. Comparative studies have shown
the existence of some faunistic specificity to these types
of guano - whereas some taxa are indifferent, living
on any kind of guano, others have preference or are
restricted to one of these types (hematophagous X frugivorous X insectivorous bat guano - Gnaspini-Netto,
1989). Moreover, some of these species are totally dependent on guano for its existence (they are called
guanobites - Gnaspini, 1992) and may perish if the
guano input falls below certain limits.
It is noteworthy that, for cavernicoles, the most important bats are those species that contribute with the
largest amount of each kind of guano, i. e., the most
common species, which, in turn, are rarely the most
endangered. Thus, to ensure protection of the cave
communities as a whole, it is necessary to adopt a
policy of maintenance of all bat populations living in
karstic areas.
CONCLUSION
From the point of view of the bats, caves must be protected to allow species most dependent on this kind of
shelter to maintain viable populations. From the point
of view of the cave communities, all bat species, independent of their conservation status, must be locally protected. Even in the case of D. rotundus, the
control must be carefully managed, allowing the maintenance of a minimum population size to support the
cavernicoles dependent on vampire bat guano.
REFERENCES
Bredt, A; Magalhães, E. D. & Uieda, W. 1994.
Morcegos em cavernas da região do Distrito Federal. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, 20. pp:
126, Rio de Janeiro.
Campanhã, R. A. C. & Fowler, H. G. 1993. Roosting
assemblages of bats in arenitcs caves in remnant fragments of Atlantic forest in Southeastern Brazil.
Biotropica, 25(3): 362-365.
Gnaspini-Netto, P. 1989. Análise comparativa da fauna
associada a depósitos de guano de morcegos
cavernícolas no Brasil. Primeira aproximação.
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 33(2): 183-192.
Gnaspini, P. 1992. Bat guano ecosystems: a new classification and some considerations with special references to neotropical data. Mémoirs de
Biospéologie, 19: 135-138.
Trajano, E. 1985. Ecologia de populações de morcegos
cavernícolas em uma região cárstica do sudeste do
Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2(5): 255320.
Trajano, E. 1996. Movements of cave bats in Southeastern Brazil, with emphasis on the population ecol-
Page 21
ogy of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus
(Chiroptera). Biotropica, 27(4): in press.
South America
Trajano, E. & Gimenez, E. A. Bats from a cave in Eastern Brazil, with geographic extension of Lyonicteris
(Phyllostomidae, Glossophaginae). Submitted to
Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
Atlantic
Ocean
Belo Horizonte
Trajano, E. & Moreira, J. R. A. 1991. Estudo da fauna
de cavernas da Província Espeleológica Arenítica
Altamira-Itaituba, PA. Revista Brasileira de
Biologia, 51(1): 13-29.
Wilkinson, G. S. 1988. Social organization and behavior. In: Natural History of Vampire Bats.
Greenhall, A. M. & Schmidt, U. (eds.). pp: 85-97.
CRC Press, Boca Raton.
THE COMMON VAMPIRE BAT IN URBAN
ENVIRONMENTS FROM SOUTHEASTERN
BRAZIL
Wilson Uieda
Departamento de Zoologia
Instituto de Biociências
Universidade Estadual Paulista
8618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
The common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus
(Phyllostomidae) is considered to be a luciphogous
animal that prefers to rest on dark and moist roosts
(Taddei, 1983). It frequently attacks bovines, equines,
swine and birds (Gardner, 1977; Greenhall, 1988) and
consequently it can commonly be found in rural environments. Occasionally the vampire bats occur in villages (McCarthy, 1989; Lopez-R. et al., 1992; Batistada-Costa et al., 1993), small cities, and even on the
outskirts of large cities as São Paulo (Necira M.S.
Harmani, personal communication). I have recently
received information about the presence of Desmodus
rotundus in urbanized residence zones near the central boroughs of megalopoles like São Paulo (Uieda
et al., 1992b), Rio de Janeiro (Esbérard, 1994) and
Belo Horizonte, all in southeastern Brazil (Figure 1).
In São Paulo, an adult male specimen of the common
vampire bat was mist-netted at 03:00h in the early
morning after having fed on Military Police horses
(Uieda et al., 1992b). In Rio de Janeiro, D. rotundus
was feeding on dogs, zoo-animals and human beings
(Carlos E. Esberard, personal communication), and in
Belo Horizonte several people have been bled in the
last two years (Claudia M. Capistrano, unpublished
data).
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Figure 1. Location of the Brazilian megalopolis.
ently adverse environment deserves attention from the
public health services and researchers because of its
role in rabies’ transmission to human beings (see
Constantine, 1988; Brass, 1994). Where are they coming from and why? How do they get to urban areas?
Where do they rest during the day? How long do they
stay in a given urban place? What are their food resources? What are the sexual and social compositions
of vampire bat groups in urban sites? These are questions that need to be answered if we are to understand
the reasons for their presence in urbanized places so
we can adopt efficient preventive measures to control
them.
We do not have definitive answers yet, but we can
provide plausible suppositions regarding some of the
questions. We suspect that the presence of D. rotundus
in urban areas could be due to the effects of the employment of chemical control (topically applied
vampiricide, see description in Linhart et al., 1972)
on their country populations (Uieda et al., 1992a,
Uieda and Gonçalves, in preparation).
In the Brazilian eastern coastal region, mainly in the
southeast, this topical anticoagulant method was
heavily used, and in several localities it was the only
means of control applied. The intensive use of topical
vampiricide could be selectively killing more females
than males due to the fact that social grooming (see
the explanation in Wilkinson, 1986; 1988; 1990) is
adopted by the former (Uieda et al., 1992a, Uieda and
Gonçalves, in preparation). Consequently, there are
more males alive in the countryside (single specimens
or small clusters) than females, and they could be
moving to other areas looking for new territories that
hold female groups. Thus, we suspect that individuals of D. rotundus in urban areas could be males or
mainly males. In this new environment, the bats could
be resting during the day in the basements of inhabited houses, culverts and tree foliage. At night, they
go out to feed and to look for accessible females to
The presence of D. rotundus in this type of apparPage 22
organize their harems (see Bradbury, 1977; Wilkinson,
1986; 1988; 1990). The potential food sources could
be dogs, people, zoo-animals (as in Rio de Janeiro)
and small backyard animals (fowls, swine and
caprines).
In urbanized zones the males move to other places
when there are not available females. This supposition could explain why vampire bat attacks on human
and urban animals do not occur in a daily basis. In
urban environments, the major obstacles to bats’ night
activity are the heavy traffic in the first half of the
night, the delayed resting of its potential prey, and
artificial night illumination.
I suspect that individuals of D. rotundus in urban areas could be flying high, perhaps over eight meters.
This suggestion differs from published information
that records the flights to occur between 0.5 and 1.5m
height for this species (Greenhall et al., 1969;
Schmidt, 1978). Of course, this low flight is directly
related to the fact that these bats prey on terrestrial
animals, like bovines and equines, in country environments (Sazima, 1978).
In natural forests, such as the Amazon forest, it is
possible that D. rotundus flies high while searching
for prey perching on trees, like birds and primates. In
urban areas, the bats could be able to avoid problems
due to traffic and illumination by foraging in higher
places. High flights could explain the occurrence of
bat attacks on people who live in upper floors, (e. g.,
6th floor) of residential buildings. These attacks must
be occurring after midnight when most people are already resting and the urban environment is more quiet.
Do they also occur in other northeastern, southeastern and southern Brazilian cities?
Desmodus rotundus seems to change its behavior drastically while exploring urban environments and their
resources, becoming more light-tolerant, foraging
higher, and feeding on unusual prey. These behavioral changes suggest a great versatility of the species, a fact already cited by some authors (Sazima,
1978; Uieda, 1993a; 1994).
The attacks of D. rotundus on human beings in urban
areas of Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte can become a serious public health problem since cattle paralytic rabies, transmitted by vampire bats, is a common disease in country areas near Brazilian large cities. There are several references to human rabies transmitted by vampire bats (Pawan, 1936; Nehaul, 1955;
Nehaul and Dyrting, 1965; Lopez-R. et al., 1993) and
we must keep in mind that today the bats (hematophagous and non hematophagous) are the second most
serious rabies transmitter to humans in Brazil (Uieda,
1993b; Fundação Nacional de Saúde, unpublished
data). Although these cases of human rabies which
are brought about by vampire bats have been occurring in small and isolated localities, we cannot allow bats to become vectors of that disease in larger
cities, especially in those where urban rabies have
been eradicated, as is the case for São Paulo.
REFERENCES
Batista-da-Costa, M.; Bonito, R.F. & Nishioka, S.A.
1993. An outbreak of vampire bite in a Brazilian
village. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 44: 219-220.
Bradbury, J.W. 1977. Social organization and communication. In: Biology of bats. Vol. III. pp. 1-72.
Wimsatt, W.A. (ed.), New York, Academic Press,
651p.
Brass, D.A. 1994. Rabies in bats; natural history and
public health implications. Ridgefield, Connecticut, Livia Press, 335p.
Constantine, D.G. 1988. Transmission of pathogenic
microorganisms by vampire bats. In: Natural history of vampire bats. pp. 167-189. Greenhall, A.M.
and Schmidt, U. (eds.), Florida, CRC Press, 246p.
Esbérard, C.E. 1994. Morcego: uma vítima das
superstições. Ciência Hoje, 18(105): 71-72.
Gardner, A.L. 1977. Feeding habits. In: Biology of
bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae,
Part II. pp. 293-350. Baker, R.J., Jones, Jr., J.K.
and Carter, D.C. (eds.), Spec. Publs. Mus. Texas
Tech Univ., 13: 1-364.
Greenhall, A.M. 1988. Feeding behavior. In: Natural history of vampire bats. pp. 111-131.Greenhall,
A.M. and Schmidt, U. (eds.), Florida, CRC Press,
246p.
Greenhall, A.M.; Schmidt, U. & López-Forment, W.
1969. Field observations on the mode of attack of
the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) in Mexico.
An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Autón. Méx., serie zool.,
40(2): 245-252.
McCarthy, T.J. 1989. Human depredation by vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) following a hog
cholera campaign. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 40:
320-322.
Nehaul, B.B.G. 1955. Rabies transmitted by bats in
British Guiana. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 4: 550553.
Nehaul, B.B.G. & Dyrting, A.E. 1965. An outbreak
of rabies in man in British Guiana. Amer. J. Trop.
Med. Hyg., 14: 295-296.
Page 23
Linhart, S.B.; Crespo, R.F. & Mitchell, G.C. 1972.
Control of vampire bats by topical application of an
anticoagolant, chlorophacinone. Bull. Pan. Amer.
Health Org., 6(2): 31-38.
Lopez-R., A.; Miranda-P.; P., Tejada-V. E. & Fishbein,
D.B. 1992. Outbreak of human rabies in the Peruvian jungle. Lancet, 339: 408-412.
Pawan, J.L. 1936. The transmission of paralytic rabies in Trinidad by the vampire bat (Desmodus
rotundus murinus Wagner, 19840). Ann. Trop. Med.
and Parasit. 30(1): 101-131.
Sazima, I. 1978. Aspectos do comportamento
alimentar do morcego hematófago, Desmodus
rotundus. Bol. Zool. Univ. S. Paulo, 3:97-120.
Schmidt, U. 1978. Vampirfledermäuse: familie
Desmodontidae (Chiroptera). Wittenberg
Lutherstadt, A. Zimsen Verlag, 99p.
Taddei, V.A. 1983. Morcegos. Algumas considerações
sistemáticas e biológicas. Bol. Téc. Cati, Campinas,
SP, 172:1-31.
Taddei, V.A.; Gonçalves, C.A.; Pedro, W.A.; Tadei,
W.J.; Kotait, I. & Arieta, C., 1991. Distribuição do
morcego vampiro Desmodus rotundus (Chiroptera,
Phyllostomidae) no Estado de São Paulo e a raiva
dos animais domésticos. Impresso Especial Cati,
Campinas, SP, 1-107.
Uieda, W.; Gonçalves, C.A. & Mantovani, M.T.
1992a. Morcegos hematófagos: I - O número atual
de agrupamentos de machos de Desmodus rotundus
poderia ser uma consequência do controle químico
de suas populações? I Seminário Nacional de Raiva,
1: 12 (abstract).
Uieda, W.; Harmani, N.M.S.; Silva, M.M.S.; Brandão,
M.M. & Aguiar, E.A.C. 1992b. Morcegos
hematófagos: II - Um indivíduo macho adulto no
centro da cidade de São Paulo. I Seminário Nacional
de Raiva, 1: 14 (Abstract).
Uieda, W. 1993a. Comportamento alimentar do
morcego hematófago, Diaemus youngi, em aves
domésticas. Rev. Brasil. Biol., 53(4): 529-538.
Uieda, W. 1993b. O vírus da raiva nos morcegos e
sua transmissão ao homem no Brasil. Virológica,
93: 243-246.
Uieda, W. 1994. Comportamento alimentar de
morcegos hematófagos ao atacar aves, caprinos e
suínos, em condições de cativeiro. (Tese Doutorado), Campinas, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 178p.
Uieda, W. & Gonçalves, C.A. Biology and control of
the common vampire bats in São Paulo. (in prepa-
ration)
Wilkinson, G.S. 1986. Social grooming in the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Anim.
Behav., 34:1880-1886.
Wilkinson, G.S. 1988. Social organization and behavior. In: Natural history of vampire bats. pp: 8597. Greenhall, A.M. & Schmidt, U. (eds.), Florida,
CRC Press, 246p.
Wilkinson, G.S. 1990. Food sharing in vampire bats.
Scient. Amer., 262(2): 64-70.
N ews
WORKSHOP SOBRE A CONSERVAÇÃO DOS
MORCEGOS BRASILEIROS
Desde o fim dos anos 70, especialistas em quirópteros
têm se reunido informalmente para trocar experiências
e idéias. Mais recentemente, iniciou-se a discussão
sobre os problemas da conservação de morcegos, um
grupo que não tem qualquer representante incluído na
Lista Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Brasileira
Ameaçada de Extinção.
Com o apoio do Instituto de Pesquisas da Mata
Atlântica e da Fundação Biodiversitas, o Museu de
Biologia Professor Mello Leitão e a Conservation International organizaram o Workshop para a
Conservação dos Morcegos Brasileiros, realizado em
Santa Teresa, ES, de 14 a 17 de novembro de 1995.
O evento contou com a participação de 14
pesquisadores que, a partir da elaboração e análise da
lista das espécies de morcegos do Brasil, indicaram
aquelas consideradas ameaçadas de extinção, bem
como aquelas insuficientemente conhecidas e
presumivelmente ameaçadas.
Aqui serão apresentados a metodologia utilizada e
parte dos resultados ou seja, uma lista revisada das
espécies ocorrentes no Brasil; a lista de espécies
sugeridas pelo grupo como ameaçadas de extinção e
as medidas a serem tomadas para proteção das
espécies. Esse resultado será ainda encaminhado ao
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos
Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA.
Participaram desse workshop os seguintes
pesquisadores: Adriano L. Peracchi - Universidade
Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Carlos E. L.
Esbérard - Fundação RioZoo; Deborah Maria Faria
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Eleonora
Trajano - USP - Instituto de Biociências; Jader S.
Marinho-Filho - Universidade de Brasília; Julio
Page 24
Ernesto Baumgarten - Universidade Estadual de
Campinas; Ludmilla M. de S. Aguiar - Conservation
International; Marlon Zortéa - Museu de Biologia
Prof. Mello Leitão; Marta Fábian - Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Nélio R. dos Reis Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Ricardo B.
Machado - Fundação Biodiversitas; Sérgio Lucena
Mendes - Museu de Biologia Prof. Mello Leitão;
Wagner A. Pedro - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araçatuba; e Wilson Uieda - Universidade Estadual
Paulista - Botucatu
LISTA DAS ESPÉCIES DE MORCEGOS
BRASILEIROS
Família Emballonuridae
Centronycteris maximiliani (Fischer, 1829)
Cormura brevirostris (Wagner, 1843)
Cyttarops alecto Thomas, 1913
Diclidurus albus Wied-Neuwvied, 1820
Diclidurus isabellus Thomas, 1920
Diclidurus scutatus Peters, 1869
Diclidurus ingens Hernandez-Camacho, 1955
Peropteryx kappleri Peters, 1867
Peropteryx leucopterus Peters, 1867
Peropteryx macrotis (Wagner, 1843)
Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)
Saccopteryx canescens Thomas, 1901
Saccopteryx bilineata (Temminck, 1838)
Saccopteryx gymnura Thomas, 1901
Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774)
Família Mormoopidae
Pteronotus gymnonotus Natterer, 1843
Pteronotus parnellii (Gray, 1843)
Pteronotus personatus (Wagner, 1843)
Família Noctilionidae
Noctilio albiventris Desmarest, 1818
Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Família Phyllostomidae
Subfamília Phyllostominae
Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856)
Lonchorhina aurita Tomes, 1863
Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz, 1821)
Micronycteris behnii (Peters, 1865)
Micronycteris brachyotis (Dobson, 1879)
Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters, 1869)
Micronycteris megalotis (Gray, 1842)
Micronycteris minuta (Gervais, 1856)
Micronycteris nicefori Sanborn, 1949
Micronycteris pusilla Sanborn, 1949
Micronycteris schmidtorum Sanborn, 1935
Micronycteris sylvestris (Thomas, 1896)
Mimon bennettii (Gray, 1838)
Mimon crenulatum (E. Geoffroy, 1810)
Phylloderma stenops Peters, 1865
Phyllostomus discolor Wagner, 1843
Phyllostomus elongatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810)
Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767)
Tonatia bidens (Spix, 1823)
Tonatia brasiliense (Peters, 1866)
Tonatia carrikeri (J. A. Allen, 1910)
Tonatia schulzi Genoways & Williams, 1980
Tonatia silvicola (d´Orbigny, 1836)
Tonatia saurophila Koopman & Williams, 1951
Trachops cirrhosus (Spix, 1823)
Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lionycteris spurrlli Thomas, 1913
Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima et al., 1978
Lonchophylla dekeyseri Taddei et al., 1983
Lonchophylla mordax Thomas, 1903
Lonchophylla thomasi J. A. Allen, 1904
Subfamilia Glossophaginae
Anoura caudifer (E. Geoffroy, 1818)
Anoura geoffroyi Gray, 1838
Choeroniscus intermedius (J.A.
Allen & Chapman, 1893)
Choeroniscus minor (Peters, 1868)
Glossophaga commissarisi Gardner, 1962
Glossophaga longirostris Miller, 1898
Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766)
Lichonycteris obscura Thomas, 1895
Scleronycteris ega Thomas, 1912
Subfamilia Carollinae
Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821)
Carollia castanea H. Allen, 1890
Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Rhinophylla fischerae Carter, 1966
Rhinophylla pumilio Peters, 1865
Subfamília Stenodermatinae
Ametrida centurio Gray, 1847
Artibeus anderseni Osgood, 1916
Artibeus cinereus (Gervais, 1856)
Artibeus concolor Peters, 1865
Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, 1838
Artibeus gnomus Thomas, 1893
(Koopman considera sinônimo de glaucus)
Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821
Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818)
Artibeus obscurus Schinz, 1821
Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823)
Chiroderma doriae Thomas, 1891
Chiroderma trinitatum Goodwin, 1958
Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860
Mesophylla maconnelli Thomas, 1901
Platyrrhinus brachycephalus (Rouk & Carter, 1972)
Platyrrhinus helleri (Peters, 1866)
Platyrrhinus infuscus (Peters, 1880)
Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810)
Platyrrhinus recifinus (Thomas, 1901)
Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843)
Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Peters, 1882
Sturnira bidens Thomas, 1915
Page 25
Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810)
Sturnira tildae de la Torre, 1959
Uroderma bilobatum Peters, 1866
Uroderma magnirostrum Davis, 1968
Vampyressa bidens (Dobson, 1878)
Vampyressa brocki Peterson, 1968
Vampyressa pusilla (Wagner, 1843)
Vampyrodes caraccioli (Thomas, 1889)
Subfamilia Desmodontinae
Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy, 1810)
Diaemus youngi (Jentink,1893)
Diphylla ecaudata (Spix, 1823)
Família Natalidae
Natalus stramineus Gray, 1838
Família Furipteridae
Furipterus horrens (F. Cuvier, 1828)
Família Thyropteridae
Thyroptera discifera (Lichtenstein & Peters, 1855)
Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823
Família Vespertilionidae
Subfamilia Vespertilioninae
Eptesicus brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819)
Eptesicus diminutus Osgood, 1915
Eptesicus furinalis (d´Orbigny, 1847)
Histiotus alienus Thomas, 1916
Histiotus montanus (Philippi & Lanbeck, 1861)
Histiotus velatus (I. Geoffroy, 1824)
Lasiurus borealis (Muller, 1776)
Lasiurus cinereus (Beauvois, 1796)
Lasiurus ebenus Fazzolari-Corrêa, 1994
Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856)
Lasiurus egregius (Peters, 1870)
Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy, 1906)
Myotis levis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)
Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821)
Myotis riparius Handley, 1960
Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy, 1806)
Myotis simus (Thomas, 1901)
Rogheessa tumida H. Allen, 1866
Família Molossidae
Eumops auripendulus (Schaw, 1800)
Eumops bonariensis (Peters, 1874)
Eumops glaucinus (Wagner, 1843)
Eumops hansae Sanborn, 1932
Eumops perotis (Schinz, 1821)
Molossops abrasus (Temminck, 1827)
Molossops greenhalli (Goodwin, 1958)
Molossops mattogrossensis Vieira, 1942
Molossops neglectus Williams & Genoways, 1980
Molossops planirostris (Peters, 1865)
Molossops temminckii (Burmeister, 1854)
Molossus ater E. Geoffroy, 1905
Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766)
Nyctinomops aurispinosus (Peale, 1848)
Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1805)
Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1840)
Promops nasutus (Spix, 1823)
Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)
Total de espécies: 138
CRITÉRIOS PARA DEFINIÇÃO DO STATUS
DOS CHIROPTERA BRASILEIROS
Os critérios adotados foram, a princípio, os mesmos
publicados recentemente pela União Internacional
para a Conservação da Natureza - IUCN (IUCN,
1994). São critérios que levam em consideração as
estimativas ou inferências sobre o tamanho e tipo de
distribuição dos táxons, estimativas e declínios
populacionais, especialmente aqueles resultantes da
degradação ou perda de hábitat. Esses critérios foram
os mesmos adotados pela Sociedade Brasileira de
Zoologia para a elaboração da lista atual das espécies
ameaçadas de extinção (Bernardes et al., 1990) .
Além desses, foram acrescidos critérios específicos
como “plasticidade ambiental” e “alterações
ambientais”, conforme definição mostrada a seguir.
Os termos referem-se, respectivamente, à capacidade
de uma espécie em suportar as alterações ambientais e
o nível dessas alterações em um dado hábitat.
Tais critérios foram utilizados para determinar-se um
das quatro categoria de status utilizadas durante o
workshop. São elas:
AMEAÇADA - CRITICAMENTE EM PERIGO (CP)
Essa categoria (e as duas subsequentes) é a mesma
adotada pela IUCN e refere-se a um dos três níveis de
ameaça. Essa divisão facilita a determinação do status das espécies pois torna mais precisa a margem de
acerto. Como “criticamente em perigo” enquadramse aquelas espécies que apresentam um alto risco de
extinção em um futuro muito próximo. Essa situação
é decorrente de profundas alterações ambientais ou
de uma alta redução populacional ou ainda da
intensa diminuição da área de distribuição do táxon
em questão, em um intervalo pequeno de tempo (10
anos ou três gerações).
AMEAÇADA - EM PERIGO (EP)
Como “em perigo” enquadram-se aquelas espécies que
apresentam um risco de extinção em um futuro
próximo. Essa situação é decorrente de grandes
alterações ambientais ou de uma significativa
redução populacional ou ainda da grande
diminuição da área de distribuição do táxon em
questão, em um intervalo pequeno de tempo (10 anos
ou três gerações).
AMEAÇADA - VULNERÁVEL (VU)
Page 26
Como “vulnerável” enquadram-se aquelas espécies
que apresentam um alto risco de extinção a médio
prazo. Essa situação é decorrente de alterações
ambientais preocupantes ou da redução
populacional ou ainda da diminuição da área de
distribuição do táxon em questão, em um intervalo
pequeno de tempo (10 anos ou três gerações).
PRESUMIVELMENTE AMEAÇADA / INSUFICIENTEMENTE
CONHECIDA (LISTA 2)
Nos casos onde não foi possível determinar, com base
nos parâmetros adotados, o status de um táxon, mas
ainda assim existiam fortes suspeitas de que sua
situação merece maiores atenções conservacionistas,
foi criada uma “Lista 2”. Nessa lista foram colocados
todos aqueles táxons que se encontram
presumivelmente ameaçados de extinção mas os dados
disponíveis foram insuficientes para se chegar a uma
conclusão.
Para auxiliar o processo de definição do status das
espécies com base em critérios preestabelecidos, foi
utilizado um esquema de pontuação acumulativa onde
são atribuídos pontos aos táxons em função de uma
seqüência de parâmetros preestabelecidos. Este
esquema é uma variação daquele proposto por
Magnanini (1983) e Fonseca et al. (1992). Ao final da
análise, cada táxon recebeu um determinado valor que
corresponde a um dos status utilizados. Os critérios
para a definição do status foram dispostos na seguinte
seqüência:
A - DISTRIBUIÇÃO
Refere-se ao tamanho e tipo de distribuição que um
táxon apresenta. Na categoria “ampla distribuição”
enquadram-se aqueles táxons que ocupam grande parte
do território nacional, ocorrendo em vários biomas
(Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica,
Pantanal ou Pampas). Uma segunda categoria engloba
as espécies cuja distribuição é do tipo disjunta, ou seja,
o táxon é observado em pontos isolados, aspecto este
que pode estar ligado a exigências de hábitats
específicos. Outra tipo de distribuição corresponde às
espécies endêmicas. Nesse caso, consideram-se
“endêmicos” aqueles táxons que possuem a
distribuição totalmente incluída nos limites políticos
brasileiros.
B - ALTERAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS
Nesse tópico tenta-se avaliar o nível de alteração
provocado nos hábitats naturais onde um táxon ocorre.
Pode ser utilizado como um parâmetro de inferência
sobre a situação dos táxons em um dado ambiente.
Esse tipo de abordagem não está presente nos critérios
da IUCN.
C - PLASTICIDADE
Refere-se ao tipo de resposta que um táxon possui
frente às alterações e impactos ambientais advindos
da degradação ambiental (poluição, fragmentação de
hábitat, extração de madeiras ou outros recursos) ou
da destruição ambiental (grandes projetos de pecuária,
agricultura ou reflorestamentos, desmatamentos em
geral, urbanização). Esse tipo de abordagem não está
presente nos critérios da IUCN
D - TAMANHO POPULACIONAL
Em virtude da falta de dados sobre estimativas
populacionais para quase toda as ordens de mamíferos
e principalmente de Chiroptera, sugere-se que seja
utilizada a abundância relativa de um táxon para
estimar-se a situação populacional do mesmo. Assim,
esse parâmetro é subdividido em níveis decrescentes
de freqüência em campo ou coleções seriadas ou
mesmo em artigos científicos, variando desde táxons
muito freqüentes até aqueles mais raros.
E - VARIAÇÃO POPULACIONAL
Da mesma forma que o parâmetro anterior, poucos são
os dados disponíveis que permitem uma avaliação
segura sobre as variações populacionais de um táxon
em um intervalo de tempo. Assim, sugere-se a adoção
de níveis crescentes de alterações (de estáveis a
declinantes) para esse parâmetro, na falta de dados mais
precisos sobre as alterações populacionais dos táxons.
Nesse caso, a escolha de uma ou outra subcategoria
deverá ser feita com base em inferências, experiências
pessoais ou o bom censo.
DETERMINAÇÃO
DO
STATUS DOS T ÁXONS DE I NTERESSE
CONSERVAÇÃO
PARA A
A - TAMANHO DA
ÁREA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO:
Ampla distribuição em mais de um bioma ............. 0
Distribuição ampla em um bioma .......................... 1
Distribuição restrita ............................................... 2
Espécie de distribuição restrita e endêmica ............ 3
Informação não disponível .................................... +
B - ALTERAÇÕES
AMBIENTAIS:
Hábitat natural com nenhuma ou pouca pressão
antrópica .............................................................. 0
Hábitat natural com moderada pressão antrópica .. 1
Hábitat natural com grande pressão antrópica ..... 2
Hábitat natural quase totalmente destruído ou
descaracterizado .................................................. 3
Informação não disponível .................................. +
Page 27
C - PLASTICIDADE (CAPACIDADE ADAPTATIVA):
Subfamilia Glossophaginae
Grande capacidade de adaptação a ambientes
secundários .......................................................... 0
Táxon sobrevive em ambientes muito alterados ... 1
Táxon ocorre em ambientes alterados mas depende de
áreas mais conservadas ........................................ 2
Táxon totalmente dependente de ambientes
conservados ......................................................... 3
Informação não disponível ................................... +
Status: Ameaçada - vulnerável
Critérios: populações pequenas, área de distribuição
muito restrita e ocorrência em hábitats que sofrem
moderada pressão antrópica.
D - TAMANHO
POPULACIONAL DO TÁXON:
Táxon muito freqüente na sua área de distribuição 0
Táxon freqüente na sua área de distribuição .......... 1
Táxon pouco freqüente na sua área de distribuição 2
Táxon raro na sua área de distribuição .................. 3
Informação não disponível .................................... +
E - VARIAÇÃO
POPULACIONAL:
Populações estáveis ou crescentes ........................ 0
Populações declinando a um ritmo lento .............. 1
Populações declinando a um ritmo moderado ....... 2
Populações com acentuada redução ao longo de sua
distribuição .......................................................... 3
Informação não disponível ................................... +
T OTALIZAÇÃO DA PONTUAÇÃO (somatórios dos
parâmetros de A a E para determinação do
status):
2 ou mais cruzes (+) ou entre 4 e 6
pontos ...................... Presumivelmente Ameaçada
Abaixo de 3: .................................. Não Ameaçada
Entre 7 e 9: ........................................... Vulnerável
Entre 10 e 12: ....................................... Em Perigo
Entre 13 e 15: ................. Criticamente Em Perigo
LISTA DAS ESPÉCIES AMEAÇADAS DE
EXTINÇÃO NO BRASIL
FAMÍLIA EMBALLONURIDAE
Saccopteryx gymnura Thomas, 1901
Critérios: espécie endêmica com área de distribuição
muito restrita, populações muito pequenas e ocorrência
em hábitats que sofrem moderada pressão antrópica.
FAMÍLIA PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
Subfamília Stenodermatinae
Chiroderma doriae Thomas, 1891
Critérios: populações pequenas e em declínio, área de
distribuição muito restrita e ocorrência em hábitats que
sofrem grande pressão antrópica.
Critérios: área de distribuição muito restrita, ocorrência
em hábitat que sofre grande pressão antrópica e
dependência de áreas conservadas.
Família Vespertilionidae
Subfamilia Vespertilioninae
Lasiurus ebenus Fazzolari-Corrêa, 1994
Critérios: área de distribuição muito restrita e
ocorrência em hábitat que sofre grande pressão
antrópica.
Lasiurus egregius (Peters, 1870)
restrita e ocorrência em ambientes com moderada
pressão antrópica.
Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy, 1806)
restrita, ocorrência em ambientes com moderada
pressão antrópica e dependência de ambientes
conservados.
SUGESTÕES PARA A PROTEÇÃO DAS
ESPÉCIES
MEDIDAS
•
criação e/ou estruturação de unidades de
conservação visando a proteção de hábitats.
•
realização de inventários específicos e estudos
populacionais, visando a obtenção de dados para
regiões e espécies pouco estudadas.
•
maior fiscalização nas unidades de conservação
que incluam espécies ameaçadas.
Subfamilia Phyllostominae
Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Critérios: populações pequenas, grande dependência
de ambientes conservados e ocorrência em hábitats
que sofrem pressão antrópica
GERAIS
Page 28
MEDIDAS ESPECÍFICAS
Os abrigos utilizados por morcegos merecem especial atenção no bojo das medidas para conservação
destes táxons. Tais medidas incluiriam:
•
a priorização da criação e estruturação de
unidades de conservação em regiões cársticas,
que são áreas de ocorrência de cavidades
naturais em rocha, especialmente as calcárias
•
a fiscalização mais efetiva das unidades já
existentes
•
controle da visitação turística em todas as
cavernas que representem refúgios importantes
para morcegos.
Da mesma forma, todas as populações de morcegos
de regiões cársticas, mesmo aquelas não ameaçadas,
devem ser objeto de uma política conservacionista por
fornecerem importante recurso para a manutenção das
comunidades cavernícolas em geral, na forma de guano
depositado nos seus abrigos.
O controle de morcegos hematófagos deve se restringir
a Desmodus rotundus, em função do seu papel na
transmissão da raiva dos herbívoros. As outras duas
espécies de hematófagos, Diphylla ecaudata e
Diaemus youngi, devido às suas baixas densidades e à
sua especialização em aves como recurso alimentar,
não justificam o controle de suas populações. O método
de controle com uso de pasta vampiricida nos
morcegos deve ser limitado às situações de surto
epidêmico de raiva. Para o controle preventivo,
recomenda-se apenas o uso tópico da pasta em bovinos
e eqüinos.
Finalmente, destacamos a importância do incremento
de programas de educação ambiental em áreas urbanas,
visando substituir a atitude hostil aos morcegos, do
público em geral, por ações cientificamente embasadas
e orientadas pelas autoridades sanitárias, para o manejo
de populações de morcegos urbanos.
IUCN. 1994. IUCN - Red List Categories. The World
Conservation Union, Species Survival Commission.
Gland, Switzerland, 21 pp.
Bernardes, A. T.; Machado, A. B. M. & Rylands, A.
B. 1990. Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção.
Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais. 62 p.
Fonseca, G. A. B.; Machado, R. B.; Costa, M. C. R. &
Leite, Y. L. R. 1992. Introdução a um modelo
qualitativo para avaliação do status e da importância
relativa das espécies de mamíferos brasileiros.
Resumos do XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia,
Belém - Pará.
Magnanini, A. 1983. Uma chave para seleção de
espécies vegetais ou animais ameaçados de extinção.
Boletim da FBCN, 18:49-55.
STUDY OF A TAXOCENOSE OF BATS IN THE
ARIRI REGION,
CANANÉIA, SÃO PAULO
Marcos Paulo Geraldes
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia.
Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Biociências
Departamento de Zoologia sala 127 - Rua do Matãotravessa 14, No. 321. CEP 05508-900, Cidade
Universitária, São Paulo,SP Brazil.
Around 187 species of bats are known for the Neotropical region (Koopman, 1982), and among them, 134
are found in Brazil (Varella-Garcia et al., 1989). Thus,
they make up approximately one third of the total number of mammals registered for this country (450 spp.,
Mittermeier et al., 1992).
With a collection of diet habits that include fruits,
nectar, pollen, insects, small vertebrates and blood.
The bats, through their diversity and relative density,
are very important to the dynamics of the tropical ecosystems (Marinho-Filho, 1991); in many tropical and
subtropical sites bats represent most part of the mammalian fauna, not only in number of species but also
in number of individuals (Taddei, 1988).
Today, most of our knowledge about the role of bats
in the tropical forests ecosystems are still speculative
(Wilson, 1989).
Studies on bats in the Atlantic rainforest of São Paulo
state are few (Trajano, 1985; Manço et al., 1991;
Fazzolari-Corrêa, 1995; Taddei & Pedro, in press), and
the necessity of more studies is clear due to the rapid
degradation of this domain and also because it is not
a homogeneous formation along its latitudinal extension (Fazollari-Corrêa, 1995).
The objectives of this project are: to characterize the
structure of a bat taxocenose in an Atlantic Rainforest
fragment in the state of São Paulo; to accompany the
phenology of plant species utilized by bats and to document any variation in the composition and abundance
of bat species related to altitudinal variation.
This study will be developed at Cananéia-IguapePeruíbe Area of Environment Protection, in the ex-
Page 29
treme southern coast of São Paulo at Ariri village,
municipality of Cananéia (25o 03'-15’S; 48o 00'11’W). The area is a complex vegetational mosaic that
extends from the coastal lowlands to the hillside formation, with a range of 0 to 1069 meters. In three
trips made to the region we have already identified
16 bats: Carollia perspicillata; Platyrrhinus lineatus;
Artibeus obscurus; A. fimbriatus; A. lituratus;
Dermanura cinereus; Tonatia bidens; Desmodus
rotundus; Myotis nigricans; Eptesicus diminutus e
Molossus ater. The identifications have been made by
Dr. Valdir Taddei (Unesp-São José do Rio Preto). The
captures are made in two areas with considerable altitudinal variation or in lowland and uphill sites. The
nets are opened at dusk and closed at dawn. They are
checked at 15 minutes intervals, as proposed by Pedro
(1992). The bats taken are put in cloth bags for a few
minutes in order to defecate, and are measured,
weighed, and banded with plastic numbered rings
before release. The data on phenology will be gathered, concomitant with bat capture, through the parcels method within one hectare sites close to the points
of bats capture.
Taddei, V. A. 1988. Morcegos: Aspectos ecológicos,
econômicos e médico-sanitários, com ênfase para o
Estado de São Paulo. Zoo Intertrópica. Unesp. n.
12.
Taddei, V. A. and Pedro, W. A. (no prelo).
Micronycteris
brachyotis
(Chiroptera,
Phyllostomidae) from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia.
Trajano, E. 1985. Ecologia de populações de morcegos
cavernícolas em uma região cárstica do Sudeste do
Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 2(5): 255320.
Varella-Garcia, H. H.; E. M. Versuto; V. A. Taddei.
1989. A survey of citogenetic data on brazilian bats.
Revista Brasileira de Genética, 12: 761-793.
Wilson, D. E. 1989. Bats. In: Tropical rain forest ecosystems: Biogeographical and ecological studies
(Ecosystems of the world, 14 B). Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 365-382.
REFERENCES
PHYTOPHAGOUS BATS FROM TWO
DISTURBED AREAS (EUCALYPTUS
MONOCULTURE AND ORCHARD) OF
SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Fazollari-Corrêa, S. 1995. Aspectos sistemáticos,
ecológicos e reprodutivos de morcegos na Mata
Atlântica. 168 p. Tese de doutorado. Instituto de
Biociências. Universidade São Paulo.
Koopman, K. F. 1982. Biogeography of the bats of
South America. Special Publication Pymatuning
Laboratory of Ecology. 6: 273-302.
Manço, D. G.; E. P. Andriani; F. C. Trematore; R.
Gregorin; S. B. P. Silva. 1991. Levantamento das
espécies de mamíferos da Fazenda de Intervales,
Serra de Paranapiacaba, São Paulo. Monografia
de Bacharelado, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e
Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo.
Marinho-Filho, J. S. 1991. The coexistence of two frugivorous bat species and the phenology of their food
plants in Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 7: 5967.
Mittermeier, R. A.; T. Werner, J. M. Ayres e G. A. B.
da Fonseca. 1992. O país da megadiversidade.
Ciência Hoje, 14: 20-27.
Pedro, W. A. 1992. Estrutura de uma taxocenose de
morcegos da Reserva do Panga (Uberlândia, MG),
com ênfase nas relações tróficas em Phyllostomidae
(Mammalia: Chiroptera). Dissertação de Mestrado,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas.
Miriam M. Hayashi
Graduate Program in Zoology - Universidade
Estadual Paulista, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP Brazil.
The role of phytophagous phyllostomid bats in pollination and seed dispersal has been well investigated
in several regions, but little is known of their influence in cultivated areas. A study of the phytophagous
bat fauna from two nearby disturbed sites (A and B),
in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, began
in 1993. Site A is an eucalyptus monoculture area,
with pioneer plants of Piper, near a secondary forest.
Site B is an orchard with several fruit trees. Although
there are differences in the bat composition of the two
sites, Sturnira lilium was the most frequent species at
both sites and fed mainly on pioneer Solanum spp.,
avoiding cultivated plants. The data indicate that S.
lilium, Artibeus lituratus and Platyrrhinus lineatus
are the most common species in disturbed areas and
that they could act directly in the regeneration process of these areas. However, the two latter species
also visited cultivated plants, and may eventually play
some negative role in regional fruit growing. This
work is in its final phase of writing and will be concluded in the first semester of 1996.
Page 30
LISTA
DA FAUNA AMEAÇADA DE EXTINÇÃO NO ESTADO
DE
MINAS GERAIS
A Fundação Biodiversitas, um organização nãogovernamental sediada em Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, elaborou, a pedido do Instituto Estadual de
Florestas - IEF, a relação das espécies da fauna que se
encontram ameaçadas de extinção no estado.
Para a criação da lista de espécies, que englobou os
grupos de mamíferos, aves, répteis e anfíbios, peixes
e invertebrados, foram consultados vários especialistas
no Brasil além de ser organizado um encontro em Belo
Horizonte. Durante esse encontro, que contou com a
participação de cerca de 60 especialistas nos vários
grupos abrangidos, foram definidas 175 espécies sendo
40 mamíferos, 83 aves, 10 répteis, 11 anfíbios, 3 peixes
e 31 invertebrados. Para cada espécie presente na lista
foram incluídas as seguintes informações: nome
científico, nome vulgar, autor, categoria de ameaça
(seguindo as novas categorias da IUCN) e critérios para
inclusão da espécie na lista . Dentro do grupo dos
mamíferos, três espécies de morcegos foram incluídas
na relação das espécies ameaçadas:
•
Chiroderma doriae Thomas, 1891- ameaçada
em perigo
•
ameaçada em perigo
•
ameaçada vulnerável
Além da listagem principal, foi sugerida pelos
participantes uma relação de espécies presumivelmente
ameaçadas onde constam 165 táxons. Dentre os
mamíferos, seis morcegos são citados:
•
Choeroniscus minor (Peters, 1868)
•
Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz, 1821)
•
Micronycteris minuta (Gervais, 1856)
•
Mimon crenulatum (É. Geoffroy, 1810)
•
Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843)
•
Vampyressa pusilla (Wagner, 1843)
Após o encontro, a Fundação Biodiversitas
encaminhou a relação final das espécies sugeridas pelo
grupo de especialistas participantes para o IEF. Em
seguida, esse órgão submeteu o documento para
apreciação e aprovação pela Comissão de Política
Ambiental de Minas Gerais - COPAM. A aprovação
da lista ocorreu em meados de dezembro. O próximo
passo será a publicação da lista oficial das espécies da
fauna ameaçadas de extinção no estado de Minas
Gerais.
Para o desenvolvimento desse projeto, a Biodiversitas
contou com a colaboração de várias empresas privadas
e da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais
- FAPEMIG. Participaram da organização dessa lista
Angelo Machado (F. Biodiveristas), Gustavo Fonseca
(Conservation International/UFMG), Ricardo
Machado (F. Biodiveristas), Ludmilla Aguiar (Conservation International), Lívia Lins (UFMG), Anthony
Rylands (UFMG - coordenador grupo de Mamíferos),
Roberto Cavalcanti (UnB - coordenador grupo de
Aves), Aline Bernardes (coordenadora grupo de
Répteis e Anfíbios), Alexandre Godinho (UFMG coordenador grupo de Peixes) e Olaf Mielke (UFPR coordenador grupo de Invertebrados).
PREY-TYPE OF THE VAMPIRE BAT
DESMODUS ROTUNDUS FROM MID-WESTERN
BRAZIL, REVEALED BY TESTS OF PRECIPITIN
ON STOMACH BLOOD MEAL
Marisa Cardoso
Graduate Program in Zoology - Universidade
Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
Since 1992 I have been developing a dissertation
project dealing with the vampire bat, Desmodus
rotundus (Phyllostomidae), from mid-western Brazil,
under the guidance of Dr. Wilson Uieda. The aims of
the study are to determine the types of prey bled by D.
rotundus, the influence of sex on prey exploitation,
and the reproductive and environmental conditions
for prey selection by this bats. The bats were collected
in caves and the blood meals were analyzed by the
precipitin-ring test. This method is based on the presence or absence of precipitation between blood antiserum of a species and the blood meal. When the tests
were positive, a white cloudy area appeared at the interface of blood meal and anti-serum. This test is
employed for identifying blood meals of blood-sucking arthropods. This test was chosen due to its easy
execution, its inexpensiveness, and its high specificity and sensitivity. The anti-sera produced were: bovine, equine, swine, poultry and human based on the
food available in the region. Briefly, my data show
that cattle were preferred by D. rotundus while no
bats fed on human blood. Males fed mainly on bovines and unidentified prey, females on bovines and
equines. Males in distinctive reproductive phases exhibited differences in prey utilization. Females, on the
other hand, did not show any bimodality regarding
type of diets according to their reproductive status.
Moonlight apparently has no effect on prey choice by
D. rotundus, but rain seems to alter its foraging activ-
Page 31
ity. Similar studies could be conducted in areas where
the common vampire bat has became a public health
problem such as some urban environments and certain critical human agglomerations in rural zones
where these animals may be vector of rabies. This
study will be concluded by February 1996.
INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE STUDENT
FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CENTER
FOR
BIODIVERSITY
AND
CONSERVATION
El Programa de Becas para Estudiantes Internacionales
y el Museo Americano de Historia Natural,Centro de
Biodiversidad y Conservacion estan ofreciendo una
gran oportunidad a estudiantes fuera de los Estados
Unidos para estudiar un curriculum diversificado de
sistematica, biodiversidad, conservacion y politica
publica. Los estudiantes pueden escoger entre cuatro
universidades para crear un programa de postgrado que
les dara conocimientos y experiencia para trabajar con
los problemas ambientales de su pais.
Los estudiantes seran parte de un programa de
doctorado conjunto del Museo y la Universidad. Las
clases y seminarios se daran tanto en la Universidad
como en el Museo.
El programa esta abierto para todos aquellos que no
son ciudadanos de los E.U., se recomienda en especial a estudiantes de paises en via de desarrollo. Los
estudiantes deben tener un titulo universitario y llenar
los requisitos de admision de la universidad, esto
incluye el TOEFL y GRE/
La beca provee asistencia en el viaje, apoyo para vivir
por 12 meses y la pension de la universidad. El apoyo
es por 4 anhos, debe ser renovado cada anho de
acuerdo con el desempenho del estudiante.
Hay que comunicarse primero con la Office of Grants
and Fellowships, para discutir intereses, antecedentes
y la eligitibidad para el programa.
Para aplicar los estudiantes deben aplicar
simultaneamente al Museo y a una de las 4
universidades dependiendo del campo de estudio.
1. La Aplicacion al Museo s la hace en las formas que
provee este e incluye un curriculum vitae del
estudiante, estudios, experiencia, interes en
investigacion, statement ofpurpose, y el nombre de
dos personas de referencia que esten al tanto del trabajo
del estudiante. La fecha maxima para la aplicacion es
el 1 de Enero 1996.
2. La aplicacion para la universidad debe ser en base
al campo de experiencia, el estudiante debe
comunicarse con la universidad para obtener los
formularios de aplicacion y saber la fecha maxima de
entrega.
Evolutionary Biology: Office of Admisions, The
Graduate School, The City University of New York,
33 West 42 Street, New York, NY 10036- 8099. Fecha
limite: Abril 15, 1996.
Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences: Office of
Student Affairs, The Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences, Columbia University, 107 Low Library, New
York, NY 10027. Fecha limite: Enero 4, 1996.
Biology/Systematics: Department of Biology, Graduate Program, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New
Have, CT 06520-8103. Fecha limite: Enero 2, 1996.
Entomology: Office of Admisions, The Graduate
School, Cornell University, Sage Graduate Center,
Ithaca, NY 14853-6201. Fecha limite: Enero 10, 1996.
Para solicitar los formularios del museo y para mayor
informacion comunicarse a:
Office of Grants and Fellowships - American
Museum of Natural History
Central Park West at 79th Street - New York, NY
10024
Telephone:212-769-5467 - Fax:212-769-5495
email: [email protected]
PROGRAM
The International Graduate Student Fellowships
Program at the Museum’s Center for Biodiversity
and Conservation provides an outstanding opportunity for non U.S. citizens to study a diversified
curriculum in systematics, biodiversity, conservation, and public policy. Students are able to choose
among the numerous offerings of four major
universities to create a graduate program from
which they will bring an interdisciplinary mix of
skills and experience to bear on the environmental
problems of their countries. Students are part of a
joint Museum-university program offering the Ph.D.
degree. Under the direction of a Museum curator,
students will attend classes and seminars at both the
Museum and their chosen university. Eligibility:
This program is open to non U.S. citizens. Applications are particularly encouraged from students
from developing nations. Applicants must have a
bachelors degree, and be able to fulfill university
admission requirements. These include TOEFL and
Gradute Record Examinations. Awards: The
fellowship will provide travel assistance, stipend
Page 32
support for 12 months, and tuition. Support is for 4
years, renewable annually providing the student
remains in good standing.
Contact:
Applicants should first contact the Office of Grants
and Fellowships to discuss their interests, background
and eligibility for the Program. Application Procedure: Students must simultaneously apply to the
Museum AND to one of 4 cooperating universities
depending on field of study. 1. Application to the
Museum is on prescribed forms and will include a
resume of the student’s academic background, work
experience, research interests, statement of purpose,
and the names of two referees familiar with the
student’s work. Application deadline is January 1,
1996. 2. Application to one of the universities listed
below should be made based on field of interest and
submitted by the university’s deadline date. Students
should contact the university for application forms.
Evolutionary Biology:
Office of Admissions, The Graduate School, The City
University of New York, 33 West 42 Street, New York,
NY 10036-8099 Deadline: April 15, 1996
Molecular Biology/Biological Sciences:
Office of Student Affairs, The Graduate School of Arts
and Sciences, Columbia University, 107 Low Library,
New York, NY 10027 Deadline: January 4, 1996
Biology/Systematics:
Department of Biology, Graduate Program, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
Deadline: January 2, 1996.
Entomology:
Office of Admissions, The Graduate School, Cornell
University, Sage Graduate Center, Ithaca, NY 148536201 Deadline: January 10, 1996.
Request Museum application forms and further information from:
Office of Grants and Fellowships
American Museum of Natural History - Central Park
West at 79th Street. New York, NY 10024. Phone:
212-769-5467. Fax: 212-769-5495. E-mail:
[email protected]
Francesca T. Grifo, Ph.D - e-mail: [email protected]
Director. Phone: 212-769-5742. Center for
Biodiversity and Conservation. Fax: 212-769-5495
American Museum of Natural History Central Park
West at 79th Street New York City, New York
10024.
BAT RESEARCH NEWS
Bat Research News is published four times each year,
consisting of one volume of four issues, appearing in
Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter. Bat Research News
publishes short papers, general interests notes, etc...
which are edited by at least two reviwers. Manuscripts
dealing with original work should be submitted in duplicate following the latest CBE Style Manual or following the style used in the Journal of Mammalogy.
For more information please contact:
Publisher and Managing Editor
G. Roy Horst - Department of Biology. State
University College at Postdam - Postdam, NY
13676 - USA
Editor
Thomas Griffths - Department of Biology - Illinois
Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702. USA
Editor for Feature Articles
Allen Kurta - Department of Biology - Eastern
Michigan Univresity, Ypisilanti, MI 48197. USA
B at societies
Research Scholarships are available in bat biology.
The application deadline for Bat Conservation
International’s 1996 graduate student research scholarships is January 15, 1996. Approximately four to
five grants ranging from $500 to $2,500 will go to
research that best helps document the roosting or feeding habitat requirements of bats, their ecological or
economic roles, or their conservation needs. Email
information requests to [email protected] or call
Angela England at (512) 327-9721.
Barbara French
Conservation Information Specialist
Bat Conservation International
JOB ANNOUNCEMENT
The following postition is available. Starting date is
probably (roughly) the end of February 1996.
WILDLIFE BIOLOGIST II / BAT BIOLOGIST:
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
is seeking a biologist to conduct research on the life
Page 33
history and management of the Mariana fruit bat
(Pteropus mariannus). Duties include locating and
monitoring bat roosts both on Rota and remote uninhabited islands, evaluating and revising censusing techniques, designing and conducting a radio-telemetry investigation, and working with other biologists in implementing management plans for this and other Commonwealth species. Additional duties include assisting with on-going studies of Mariana Crows, Guam
Rails, seabirds, passerine species, and reviewing proposed development projects for their potential impacts
on wildlife. QUAL: Masters in wildlife, zoology, or
related field; experience in mammalogy, esp. bat research; good writing and communication skills important. Must be in good physical condition and able to
work in rough terrain in tropical conditions. Salary:
US$26,000/yr plus housing. 2-yr contract. Successful applicant will be stationed on Rota.
Send CV with references to:
DR. ANNIE P. MARSHALL - Division of Fish and
Wildlife - Department of Lands and Natural Resources. CNMI Saipan, MP 96950 USA. 011-670322-9627/9628 fax: 322-9629.
Experience with bat conservation and management,
and an understanding of mine land reclamation issues, desirable. Position has potential for promotion.
Mailed or faxed cover letters and resumes must be
received by January 16. Send to: Dan Taylor, Bats
and Mines Project Director, Bat Conservation International, P.O. Box 162603, Austin, TX 78716 (512)327-9721. Fax; (512)-327-9724, e-mail:
[email protected]
JOB ANNOUNCEMENT
THE BAT CONSERVATION TRUST
Following the award of a major DOE contract for
monitoring selected bat species in the UK over the
next five years, The Bat Conservation Trust seeks to
appoint:
1. A Project Co-ordinator to develop sampling strategies, monitoring protocols and a database. Salary 1318k
2. A Senior Field Officer to organise field survey work
with volunteers and co-ordinate data submissions.
Salary 11-15k.
JOB ANNOUNCEMENT
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE BATS &
MINES PROJECT
BAT CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL INC.
Full-time position with Bat Conservation International, a non-profit organization, dedicated to conservation education, and research initiatives involving bats and the ecosystems they serve. Selected candidate will assist the North American Bats and Mines
Project Director in managing and coordinating the
BCI/Bureau of Land Management, Mine Closure and
Bat Conservation Cooperative Agreement. Duties include; promoting and facilitating bat conservation
through interagency and corporate coordination and
consultation at national, state, and local levels, developing educational and training tools on bat conservation and mine land management, and facilitating protection efforts for mine-roosting bat populations with state, federal, and private mine land and
wildlife managers.
Candidate must have a degree in biology, wildlife management, or closely related field, experience working
with state or federal resource management agencies,
and superior written and verbal communication skills.
Application will be by letter including details of 3
referees and CV (4 copies) to: The Administrative
Officer, The Bat Conservation Trust, 15 Cloisters
House, 8 Battersea Park Road, London SW8 4BG, Tel:
0171 627 2629 from whom further details may be
obtained. Closing date: 19 January 1996.
Informal enquiries may be made to:
Mr. A. M. Hutson: 0171 627 2629 (e-mail
[email protected])
Prof. P. A. Racey 01224 272 858 (e-mail
[email protected])
R ecent publications
BOOKS
Brass, D. A. 1994. Rabies in Bats: natural history
and public health implications. 352 pp. Livia Press,
P. O. Box 983, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
ARTICLES
Veiga, L. A. & Oliveira, A. T. 1995. Um caso de
Page 34
albinismo completo em morcego Molossus
molossus, Pallas (Chiroptera, Molossidae) em Santa
Vitoria do Palmar, RS, Brasil. Arq. Biol. Tecnol.,
38: 879-881.
Guerrero, R. 1995. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera:
Pupipara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia:
Chiroptera) del Nuevo Mundo. II. Los grupos
dugesii, dunni y phyllostomae del Gênero Trichobius
Gervais, 1844. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 15(3/
4): 1-28.
Pedro, W. A. & Passos, F. C. 1995. Occurence and
food habits of some bat species from the Linhares
Forest Reserve, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Bat Research
News, 36(1): 1-2.
Kunz, T. H. & Diaz, C. A. 1995. Folivory in fruiteating bats, with new evidence from Artibeus
jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae).
Biotropica 27(1): 106-120.
Zortéa, M. & Taddei, V. A. 1995. Taxonomic status
of Tadarida espiritosantensis Ruschi, 1951
(Chiroptera: Molossidae). Boletim do Museu de
Biologia Mello Leitão (N. Sér.) 2: 15-21.
Marques-Aguiar, S. A. 1994. A systematic review of
the large species of Artibeus Leach, 1821
(Mammalia: Chiroptera) with some phylogenetic
inferences. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio
Göeldi, 10(1): 3-84.
Pedro, W. A.; Komeno, C. A. K. & Taddei, V. A. 1994.
Morphometrics and biological notes on Mimon
crenulatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Boletim
do Museu Paraense Emílio Göeldi, 10(1): 105-112.
Kunz, T. H.; Oftedal, O. T.; Robson, S. K.; Kretzmann,
M. B. & Kirk, C. 1995. Changes in milk composition during lactation in three species of insectivorous bats. Journal of Comparative Physiology B,
164: 543-551.
Studier, E. H. & Kunz, T. H. 1995. Accretion of nitrogen and minerals in suckiling bats, Myotis velifer
and Tadarida brasiliensis. Journal of Mammalogy,
76(1): 32-42.
17.
Bhat, H. R & Kunz, T. H. 1995. Altered flower/fruit
clusters of the kitul palm used as roosts by the shortnosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera:
Pteropodidade). J. Zool., Lond., 235: 597-604.
Kunz, T. H.; Whitaker, J. O. & Wadanoli, M. D. 1995.
Dietary energetics of the insectivorous Mexican freetailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) during pregnancy
and lactation. Oecology, 101: 407-415.
Guerrero, R. 1995. Labidocarpidae parásitos de
murciélagos
de
Venezuela
(Acarina:
Listrophoroidae). I. El género Lawrenceocarpus
Dusbabek y de la Cruz, 1966. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 30(2): 65-90.
M eetings
2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY
CONFERENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT
JUNE 15-20, 1996 - NEWPORT ISLAND,
USA
The 2nd International Interdisciplinary Conference on
the Environment will be held in Newport Rhode Island, USA, June 15-20, 1996. You may participate as
session organizer, presenter of one or two papers, chair,
discussant, or observer. The deadline for paper submission and participation is February 28, 1996.
For information contact: Demetri Kantarelis or Kevin
L. Hickey through Fax: (508) 799-4502, E-mail:
[email protected], or the World Wide Web
at URL: http://www.assumption.edu/html/academic/
conf/iicecall.html
7TH AUSTRALASIAN BAT CONFERENCE
CALL
FOR
REGISTRATION
AND
PAPERS
Pacheco, V.; Macedo, H.; Vivar, E.; Ascorra, C.;
Arana-Cardó, R. & Solari, S. 1995. Lista Anotada
de los Mamíferos Peruanos. Occasional Papers in
Conservation Biology, 2: 1-35.
The 7th Australasian Bat Conference will be held in
Naracoorte, South Australia, 9 - 12 April 1996. Previous Australian conferences have attracted people with
wide range of interests and levels of expertise. Anyone
with an interest in bats is welcome to attend.
Kunz, T. H. & McCraken, G. F. 1995. Tents and
harems: apparent defence of foliage roosts by tentmaking bats. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11: 1-
During the conference delegates will visit the new Bat
Interpretation Centre at the Naracoorte Caves, where
infra-red video cameras have been installed in the ma-
Page 35
ternity chamber of the large Common Bent-wing Bat
(Miniopterus schreibersii) colony.
Registration is $50.00, with the trip to the caves and
the conference dinner extra. Dates: April
Tuesday 9th
registration and welcoming
function,
Wednesday 10th
conference papers/work
shops and visit to Caves
Thursday 11th
shops, conference dinner
Friday 12th
shops and field trip
(overnight).
resumo definitivo ou o trabalho completo
A versão preliminar do resumo não deve ultrapassar
20 linhas (70 caracteres por linha). É importante
colocar o título e a autoria do trabalho, especificando
o vínculo institucional mantido por cada autor.
Sugestões e pedidos de informações sobre o 3
Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil devem ser
encaminhados à:
Comissão organizadora:
3o. Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil
Departamento de Ecologia/UnB
Caixa Postal 04355
70919-970 Brasília, DF
Fones: (061) 348-2326/2592/2282; Fax: (0610 2721497 e 273-4571
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributed papers, in both spoken and poster format,
are invited. In addition to the general sessions, we are
proposing to hold a number of workshops to stimulate
discussion on various issues:
•
•
•
•
•
VIITH EUROPEAN BAT
RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM
Microbat rehabilitation
Artificial roosts for bats
ANABAT call library and call exchange
Bat survey methods and standards
Bat conservation
12-16 AUGUST 1996 THE
NETHERLANDS
Abstracts for papers (both spoken and poster) need to
be submitted by 29 February 1996. Registration forms
were sent out last week. If anyone has not received
these and is interested to attend please contact Terry
or Lindy Lumsden.
Lindy Lumsden - Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources - 123 Brown St. Heidelberg
Victoria 3084. Australia. Phone: (03) 94508694. FAX:
(03) 94508737
3 CONGRESSO DE ECOLOGIA DO BRASIL
O
BRASÍLIA, 6 A 11 DE OUTUBRO DE 1996
CENTRO DE CONVENÇÕES ULYSSES GUIMARÃES BRASÍLIA, DF
Para a apresentação de trabalhos o cronograma será o
seguinte:
30/03/96
último dia para enviar pelo correio a
versão preliminar do resumo de cada
trabalho
30/04/96
último dia para o Comitê Científico
pronunciar sobre a aceitação ou não da
versão preliminar dos resumos
30/06/96
último dia para enviar pelo correio o
PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT
The 7th European Bat Research Symposium (EBRS)
will take place at the conference centre Koningshof near
Veldhoven, 12-16 August 1996. Veldhofen is situated
a few kilometers south-west of Eindhoven, in the southern part of the Netherlands. The center has numerous
facilities. The symposium will consist of oral presentations, poster papers, workshops and evening discussions. Suggestions of other events that could be associated with the symposium are welcome. The conference
language is English.
After the symposium, the 3rd European Bat Detector
Workshop will be held in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
There is a preliminary registration form that should be
returned before April 1995. For more information
please contact:
Peter H. C. Lina
c/o National Reference Centre of Nature Management
P.O. Box 30
6700 AA Wageningen
the Netherlands
Fax: +31 8370 27561
Page 36
XXI CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO
DE ZOOLOGIA
PORTO ALEGRE - 5 A 9 DE
FEVEREIRO DE 1996
Para maiores informações sobre o
programa do congresso, contactar a Secretaria
Executiva: UFRGS - Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências. Av. Paulo Gama, 40. CEP:
90040-060. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Brasil. Tel:
(051) 228-1633 ramal 3108/3106. Fax: (051) 226-7191 ou
(051) 227-5529. E-mail: [email protected]
C ontributions
We would be most grateful if you could send us information on projects, research groups, events (congresses, symposia, and workshops), recent publications, activities of bat societies and NGOs, news items
or opinions of recent events and suchlike, either in the
form of manuscripts (double-spaced) or in diskettes
for PC compatible text-editors (ASCII files, AmiPro, MSWord, Wordperfect, Wordstar). Articles, not exceed-
FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT
ing six pages, can include small black-and-white pho-
1996 SYMPOSIUM BIODIVERSITY,
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT AT THE
BENI BIOSPHERE RESERVE, BOLIVIA DECEMBER 3-6, 1996 - LA PAZ, BOLIVIA
tographs, figures, maps, tables and references, but
please keep them to a minimum.
Please send contributions to the editors:
Organizers
Beni Biological Station, Bolivian Academy of Sciences and Smithsonian/MAB Biodiversity Program
Sponsors
•
•
•
•
•
Bolivia PL-480
Beni Biological Station
National Directorate of Conservation of
Biodiversity - Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment-Bolivia
Smithsonian Institution
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program
The Symposium objective is to provide a complete
overview of the last ten years of research on
Biodiversity, conservation and management at the
Beni Biosphere Reserve. Papers and posters are requested. Proceedings will be published. For additional
information contact:
Bolivia
Carmen Miranda - Academia Nacional de Ciências
de Bolivia, Av. 16 de Julio 1732, Casilla 5829. La
Paz, Bolivia. Telephone or Fax: (591-2) 35061; Email: [email protected]
USA
Francisco Dallmeier - Smithsonian/MAB
Biodiversity Program. 1100 Jefferson Drive. S. W.
Suite 3123. Washington D. C. 20560. USA. Tel.
(202) 357 4793; Fax: (202) 786 2557. E-mail
[email protected]
Page 37
Ludmilla M. de S. Aguiar
Conservation International.
Av. Antônio Abrahão Caram, 820/302 31275-000 - Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
Tel/Fax: 55-31-441-1795, e-mail:
[email protected]
Valdir A. Taddei
UNESP - Campus São José do Rio Preto,
Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265 - J. Nazareth
- CP 136 - São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
Tel: 55-0172-24-4966 Fax: 55-0172-248692.
Design and Composition:
Ricardo B. Machado and Ludmilla Aguiar.

Chiroptera Neotropical, 1(2), December, 1995

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