iulius keisari

cnobili adamianebi
iulius keisari
levan berZeniSvili
Cemo megobaro, SeiZleba miTxra, rom araferi ici did romael mxedarTmTavarze,
gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvaweze, xuTgzis konsulsa da laTinuri prozis erT-erT
udides warmomadgenelze, gaius iulius keisarze, magram es uneblie tyuili iqneba.
simarTle isaa, rom Sen bevrjer Segxvedria misi saxelic da gsmenia mis saqmeTa Sesa­
xeb. ar gjera? maSin momismine. ivnisis Semdeg rom Tve modis, misi saxeli xom ici? ra
Tqma unda, ici — es ivlisia. me mgoni, ukve xvdebi, risi Tqmac minda. diax, gamoicani:
am Tves saxeli iulius keisris mixedviT daerqva: jer erTi, imitom, rom is kalendari,
romliTac Cven vsargeblobT, am kacis saxels ukavSirdeba (aleqsandrieli astronomis, sosigenes, daxmarebiT swored keisarma Seqmna Tanamedrove kalendari da mas dResac „iuliusis kalendari“ ewodeba); meorec, imitom, rom igi swored am TveSi – Zveli
welTaRricxvis 100 wlis ivlisSi daibada da mis sapativcemulod im Tves, romelsac
manamde mensis Quinctilis – kvinqtilisis Tve, anu „mexuTe Tve“ ewodeboda, ax.w. 8 wels
romis imperatorma oqtavianus avgustusma iuliusi (Cveneburad „ivlisi“) daarqva;
xolo ivlisi, romelic axla meSvide Tvea, mexuTe imitom iyo, rom im epoqaSi weliwadi
ara ianvarSi, aramed martSi iwyeboda.
es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom raRac gcodnia iulius keisarze, Tumca ivlisis ambavi yvelaferi ar aris. ar miTxra axla, rom ar gagigonia sityva „rubikoni“! ra Tqma
unda, gagigonia da ici, rom rubikoni (laTinurad Rubicō, italiurad Rubicone) daax-
44
rogorc viciT, kalendari (laT. Calendarium) aris dReebis organizebis sistema socialuri, religiuri,
komerciuli, administraciuli da sxva miznebisaTvis. amisaTvis drois Sualedebs eniWeba saxelebi. gavrcelebuli kalendrebisaTvis es periodebia dRe-Rame, kvira, Tve, weliwadi, saukune da isini ganisazRvreba cis sxeulTa moZraobebiT (mzis amosvla-Casvla, weliwadis droTa cvla, mTvaris fazebis monacvleoba), rac advilad
da sayovelTaod SeimCneva da uSualod moqmedebs adamianis cxovrebaze da saqmianobaze. msoflioSi sadReisod
yvelaze gavrcelebulia e.w. grigorianuli (an grigoriuli) kalendari, romelic warmoadgens misi winamorbedis, iuliusis kalendaris reformirebis Sedegs.
romauli kalendari – Tavdapirvelad romaelebs hqondaT mTvaris weliwadi, romelic 10 Tvisagan Sedgeboda da iwyeboda martiT. Zv.w.VII-VI ss. etruskebisagan gadmoiRes 12-Tviani weliwadi, romelSic ianvari da Tebervali dekembris Semdeg modioda. dRevandeli Tveebis saxelwodebebi momdinareobs romauli saxelebidan:
Martius – marti (RmerT marsis sapativcemulod), Aprilis – aprili, Maius – maisi (RvTaeba maiusis saxelisagan),
Iunius – ivnisi (qalRmerT iunos pativsacemad), Quintilis – mexuTe, SemdgomSi – Iulius (iulius keisris pativsacemad), Sextilius – meeqvse, SemdgomSi Augustus (imperator avgustusis pativsacemad), September – seqtemberi (e.i.
meSvide), October – oqtomberi (e.i. merve), November – noemberi (e.i. mecxre), December – dekemberi (e.i. meaTe).
SemdgomSi amas daemata mensis Ianuarius – ianvari (RmerT ianusis pativsacemad, romelic orsaxovnad hyavdaT
warmodgenili da iTvleboda yovelgvari dasawyisis RmerTad) da mensis Februarius – Tebervali (ganwmendis Tve,
februare – ganwmenda).
mTvaris weliwadi 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda, rasac umatebdnen kidev erT Tves mensis intercalariis. Zv. w. 46 w.
iulius keisarma SemoiRo mzis weliwadi egvipteli astronomis sosigenes rCeviT. dawesda oTxwliani cikli
(365+365+365+366=1461 dRe).
aprili, ivnisi, seqtemberi da noemberi iyo 30-dRiani; ianvari, marti, maisi, ivlisi, agvisto, oqtomberi da dekemberi – 31-dRiani. Tebervali 3 wlis manZilze 28-dRiani iyo, xolo meoTxe wels ki – 29-dRiani. wlis dasawyisi
keisarma 1 ianvars gadmoitana. es kalendari e.w. `iuliusis kalendari~ (an iuliuri), anu `Zveli stili~ ZalaSi
iyo CvenTan 1918 wlamde, Seicvala leninis dekretiT, roca dawesda `axali stili~ – `grigoriuli~ kalendari
(romelic papma grigol XIII SemoiRo 1582 w. da romelic gavrcelebuli iyo evropis mTel rig qveynebSi).
45
cnobili adamianebi
loebiT 80 km sigrZis mdinarea Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiaSi. es mdinare saTaves
iRebs apeninebidan da adriatikis zRvaSi Caedineba samxreT emilia-romanias regionis gavliT qalaqebs – riminisa da Cezenas Soris. eWvi ar mepareba, gagonili geqneba es gamoTqmac – „rubikonis gadakveTa“ an „rubikonis gadalaxva“. popularuli
idiomaa, romelsac iyeneben, rodesac raRacas iseTs gaakeTeb, rom ukan mobruneba aRar SeiZleba. keisris dros am mdinareze gadioda sazRvari italiasa da romis
provincia cizalpiur galias Soris. iulius keisari maSin erT-erTi romaeli mxedarTmTavari (prokonsuli) iyo. kanonis mixedviT, prokonsuli jars xelmZRvane­
lobda mxolod italiis sazRvrebs gareT. miuxedavad amisa, Zv.w. 49 w. 10 ianvars
iulis keisari da rubikonis gadalaxva, avtori franCesko granaCi, 1494
46
iulius keisari
keisarma garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg gadalaxa rubikoni
da samoqalaqo omis Semdeg senatma igi umaRles mxedarTmTavrad, diqtatorad gamoacxada da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebiT aRWurva. amis Semdeg „rubikonis
gadalaxva“ aRniSnavs didi miznis saxeliT yvelafris
sasworze dadebas. istorikosi svetoniusis mtkicebiT,
keisars swored maSin uTqvams Tavisi ganTqmuli alea iacta
est – „wili nayaria“.
sul cota, ori ram gcodnia iulius keisarze: ivli­sic
gagigia da rubikonic. Tu germaneli kaizerebisa (Kaiser)
da rusi carebis (Царь) Sesaxebac gsmenia rame, isic unda
icode, rom orive es sityva, „kaizerica“ da „caric“, gaius iuliusis kognomenidan – „keisridan“ momdinareobs.
barem imasac getyvi, es „kognomeni“ ra aris. kognomeni (cognomen) Tavdapirvelad iyo metsaxeli, romelic
calkeuli adamianis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas mianiSnebda: Scaevola – cacia, Balbus – blu, Bibulus
– msmeli (loTi), Dentatus – kiWa, Naso – cxvira da a.S. SemdgomSi kognomenma dakarga piradi metsaxelis mniSvne­
loba; magaliTad, Publius Ovidius Naso – publius ovidius
naso (nazoni), erT-erTi udidesi romaeli poeti „cxvirad“ aravis miaCnda, Tumca Tavisi winaprisagan Zalian
grZeli Tu ara, yuradRebis mimpyrobi formis cxviri
mainc gamohyolia. iuliusebis erTi Stos kognomeni „keisari“ SesaZloa „xuWuWas“ an „kululebians“ niSnavdes –
aq laTinurma enam aSkarad dascina iulius keisars, romelsac Tma adre gascvivda da sanaxevrod meloti iyo.
bevrma Tqvenganma kidev erTi ram icis iulius keisris
Sesaxeb. bevrs gsmeniaT gamoTqma veni, vidi, vici – „mivedi,
vnaxe, gavimarjve“. es sityvebic keisarma Tqva. qvemoT
vity­viT, ra viTarebaSi moxda es.
iulius keisari daibada patriciebis ojaxSi, romelic
arc didi simdidriT da arc gansakuTrebuli Zalauf­
lebiT ar gamoirCeoda. mamamisi, aseve gaius iulius keisari, iyo pretori (mniSvnelovani samTavrobo moxele).
keisris deda, avrelia kota, didgvarovani ojaxidan iyo,
xolo mama imiTac iyo cnobili, rom misi da, iulia, gaius mariusis meuRle iyo; xolo gaius mariusi im dros
iyo romaelTa im jgufis lideri, romelic popularebis saxeliT iyo cnobili. iuliusi (pirvel saxels, anu
prenomens – gaiuss, romelic mamamisisas emTxveoda, gamotovebda xolme) 15 wlis ymawvili iyo, rodesac mama
romauli gvarebi da saxelebi
romael moqalaqeTa gvari da saxeli
sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda:
1. praenomen – sakuTari saxli (sul
iyo 18 prenomeni da xSirad iwereboda
SemoklebiT. mag. Tiberius – Tib. an Marcus
– M.); 2. nomen – gvari, romelic -ius-ze
bolovdeboda; 3. cognomen – metsaxeli. magaliTad, Marcus Tullius Cicero
– markus tulius ciceroni an Publius
Obidius Naso – publius ovidius nazoni.
qalebis
saxelebad
gamoiyeneboda
gvarebi mdedrobiT sqesSi. mag. Tullia
– tulia, ciceronis qaliSvili, Iulia
– iulia, keisris qaliSvili. Tu ojaxSi ori an meti qaliSvili iyo, ufross
eZaxdnen maior-s, umcross – minor-s, mesames – tertia-s da a.S.
patriciebi (laT. patricii, Sdr. laT.
pater „mama“) Zvel romSi – piri, romelic
ekuTvnoda romis mkvidr sagvareulos,
adgenda mmarTvelTa klass da flobda
sazogadoebriv miwebs.
popularebi (laT. Populares „xalxis
momxreebi“, Sdr. populus „xalxi“) Zveli
romis respublikaSi – aristokrati liderebi, romlebic saxalxo krebebsa da
tribunats eyrdnobodnen politikuri
Zalis mosapoveblad.
konsuli (Consul, SemoklebiT – cos.)
romis respublikaSi umaRlesi arCeviTi
Tanamdeboba, SemdgomSi, imperiis xanaSi,
gaxda daniSvniTi.
kvestori – Tanamdebobis piri Zv.
romSi. TAvdapirvelad kvestorebi konsulebis TanaSemweebi iyvnen, droTa ganmavlobaSi maT daevalaT sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis garCeva, saxelmwifo
xazinis meTvalyureoba da sxelmwifo
arqivis marTva.
gaius mariusi
(laT. Gaius Marius Zv.w.
157-86) – romaeli mxedar­TmTavari da politikuri moRvawe, romauli armiis reformatori. Svidgzis iyo
arCeuli konsulad.
47
cnobili adamianebi
sula – lukius kornelius sula feliqsi
(Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix), romaeli mxedarTmTavari da saxelmwifo
moRvawe. misi diqtatorobis xana daemTxva optimatebisa da popularebis brZolis yvelaze
daZabul xanas.
krasusi – markus likinius krasusi (Marcus
Licinius Crassus, Zv.w. 11553), romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikosi, romelmac Tavisi
roli Seasrula romis
respubli­kis
imperiad
transformaciaSi.
iTvleboda­erT-erT umdidres kacad.
pompeusi – gneus pompeus didi (laT. Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus; Zv.w.
106 w. 29 seqtemberi– Zv.w.
48 w. 28 seqtemberi) –
didi romaeli mxedarTmTavari da politikuri
moRvawe, mdidari da gavleniani
patriuciusi.
pirveli triumviratis
wevri.
kornelia (Cornelia Cinnilla
Zv.w. 97-69) – lucius
kornelius cinas asuli,
iulius keisris pirveli
meuRle
(daqorwindnen
Zv.w. 84 w.). keisari kvestori iyo, rodesac kornelia gardaicvala da keisarma saxalxo krebaze mis
suls qeba-dide­biT mimarTa.
pompeia (Pompeia, Zv.w. I
s.) – iulius keisris meore meuRle. misi mSoblebi iyvnen kvintus pompeius rufusi, yofili
konsulis Ze, da kornelia, romaeli
diqtatoris, sulas qaliSvili.
kalpurnia – iulius keisris mesame coli.
48
moukvda. ramdenime weli samxedro karieras miuZRvna da
Semdeg daqorwinda popularebis jgufis mniSvnelovani
wevris qaliSvilze – korneliaze. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvili iulia, Tumca qorwineba didxans ar gagrZelebula.
yvelaferi Seicvala, rodesac roms saTaveSi diqtatori sula Caudga. upirveles yovlisa, sulam ubrZana
iuliuss, kornelias gahyroda, radgan igi sulas mtrebis ojaxidan iyo. keisarma uari ganacxada da gadaimala, raTa diqtatoris nebisadmi daumorCileblobisTvis
sikvdiliT ar daesajaT. sabolood mas es urCoba epatia
da is romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 78 wels, rodesac sula gardaicvala.
iuliusi izrdeboda rogorc samxedro, man Tavi gamoiCina romis mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, maT Soris imiTac, rom bevri jariskaci gadaarCina sikvdils.
Zv.w. 75 wels moitaces da sicilieli mekobreebis xelSi
aRmoCnda. mis gamosaxsnelad mekobreebma 20 talanti
moiTxoves, magram Tavad daiJina, sul cota, 50 talanti
mainc aris Cemi fasio. samxedro tribunad airCies Zv.w. 72
wels. saxeli gaiTqva aseve rogorc advokatma da sajaro
gamomsvlelma. Zv.w. 69 wels kvestorad airCies da Semdgom senatSic moipova adgili. colad moiyvana pompeia,
sulas SviliSvili. misi politikuri aRmasvla grZeldeboda, airCies pontifex maximus-ad (uzenaes qurumad)
da Semdeg pretorad. aseve grZeldeboda misi samxedro
warmatebebi da Zv.w. 60 wels konsulad airCies. konsuli
imdroindeli mTavrobis mTavari Tanamdeboba iyo, Tumca
keisari erTaderTi konsuli ar yofila, roms ukve hyavda
ori konsuli krasusisa da pompeusis saxiT.
pompeusi udidesi mxedarTmTavari iyo, rac man ara­
erTgzis daamtkica brZolis velze. man did gamarjvebebs
miaRwia aziaSi da romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 62 wels, raTa sena­
tisTvis eTxova, daemtkicebina is teritoriuli mowyoba, romelsac man brZolis velze gamarjvebebiT miaRwia.
krasusma, romelic Suris TvaliT Sehyurebda pompeusis
samxedro warmatebebs, daarwmuna senati, ar daemtkicebina gamarjvebuli mxedarTmTavris gegma. keisarma sworad
Seafasa viTareba da orive konsuli daarwmuna, erTad
emuSavaT da orives dahpirda daxmarebas. sanacvlod man
konsuloba moiTxova. krasusi da pompeusi daeTanxmnen
da Zv.w. 60 wels Camoyalibda pirveli triumvirati (sami
kacis mmarTveloba). pompeusis eWvebis gasafantavad kei-
iulius keisari
keisris droindeli galia
iulius keisris qandakeba,
rimini, italia
sarma mas Tavisi qaliSvili, iulia miaTxova, xolo Tavad axali coli, kalpurnia,
moiyvana.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi keisari Tavisi sityvis erTguli iyo: pompeusis gegma se­
nat­ma moiwona da daamtkica, krasusic kmayofili iyo, xolo keisarma konsulobis
amowurvis Semdeg xuTwliani prokonsuloba miiRo galiaSi. igi galiaSi 58 wels
gaemg­zavra da iq cxra weli dahyo. am drois ganmavlobaSi man mravali didi samxed­
ro gamarjveba moipova da mravali politikuri mowinaaRmdegec CamoiSora – kacma
rom Tqvas, yvela daxoca, vinc gzaze gadaeRoba. galia, romelic keisarma daipyro,
moicavda dRevandel safrangeTs, belgias, samxreT holandias, germanias rainis
dasavleTiT da Sveicariis did nawils.
keisari orgzis SeiWra britaneTSi, Zv.w. 55 da 54 wlebSi, magram mudmiv warmatebas ver miaRwia. britaneTis romaulad mowyoba maSin gadaido.
keisarma didi saxeli moixveWa galiis damorCilebiTa da britaneTze laSqrobiT, ramac krasusisa da pompeusis Suri gamoiwvia. maT manamde hqondaT Zalaufleba da manamde hqondaT samxedro warmatebebi mopovebuli, sanam keisari gamoCndeboda politikur scenaze da romaelTa TvalSi maT Zvel didebas daCrdilavda.
axali gamarjvebebis mosapoveblad krasusma aRmosavleTis armiis xelmZRvaneloba moiTxova da miiRo kidec, magram parTielebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. rac Seexeba pompeuss, misi mtroba keisrisadmi kidev ufro gaizarda, miT umetes, rom ukve
aRaraferi akavSirebdaT erTmaneTTan – iulia, keisris qaliSvili da pompeusis
49
cnobili adamianebi
meuRle, mSobiarobas gadahyva Zv.w. 54 wels. krasusi aRar iyo cocxali da ori didi
mxedarTmTavari – iulius keisari da gneus pompeusi – eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen
erTmaneTs, orives surda marto yofiliyo konsuli da erTpirovnulad emarTa
romis imperia.
Zv.w. 49 wels keisari im mdinares miadga, romelzec ukve vilaparakeT – rubikons.
rubikonis gadalaxva da romisken armiis daZvra kargad gaTvlili politikuri
nabiji iyo. es nabiji ewinaaRmdegeboda romaul kanonebs da, saboloo jamSi, samoqalaqo oms niSnavda. pompeusi Tavisi legionebiT espaneTSi idga, ver daupirispir­
da keisars da aRmosavleTisken daiZra. amasobaSi keisari romSi Sevida da axali
senati Camoayaliba. am jgufma, romelic, bunebrivia, mas TanaugrZnobda, keisari
diqtatorad gamoacxada. pompeusma myari poziciebi daikava saberZneTSi. rogorc
saxelmwifos meTaurma, keisarma ver daarwmuna pompeusi, rom Tavis pretenziebze
uari eTqva: samoqalaqo omi ukve gardauvali gaxda.
Zv.w. 48 wlis 6 ivnisis grandiozuli masStabis SetakebaSi, romelic istoriaSi
„farsalosis brZolis“ saxeliT aris cnobili, pompeusma 46 aTasi, xolo keisarma
mxolod 30 aTasi, magram ukeT gawrTvnili meomari gamoiyvana. keisaric da pompeusic brwyinvale mxedarTmTavari iyo da erTsac da meoresac im droisTvis uamravi
gamarjveba hqonda mopovebuli. da mainc, saberZneTis am patara qalaqis maxloblad
gamarTul brZolaSi im dRes gamoCnda, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiTac keisris genia metoqisas aRemateboda — man brwyinvale gamarjvebas miaRwia, Tumca orive
mxridan Zalian didi danakargi iyo. pompeusma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela da egviptes
miaSura, sadac mogvianebiT mas uRalates da muxanaTurad mokles. am istoriuli
gamarjvebis Semdeg keisarma Tavisi epoqisTvis uCveulo nabiji gadadga: tyved Cavardnili yvela romaeli moqalaqe Seiwyala. SewyalebulTagan erT-erTi misi momavali mkvleli – markus brutusi iyo.
farsalosTan miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg keisari Seudga Tavisi poziciebis
ganmtkicebas, gansakuTrebiT – egvipteSi. aleqsandriaSi Casuli keisari moxibla
da gaitaca kleopatram, romelic egviptis taxtisTvis ibrZoda. cbierma dedofal-
50
iulius keisari
ma Tavi xaliCaSi gaaxvevina da es xaliCa saCuqrad miarT­ves
diqtators. kleopatras moxerxebulobam didi STabeW­
dileba moaxdina keisarze da didi romaeli mas daxmarebas
dahpirda. kleopatrasTvis egviptis taxtis mosapovebel
omSi keisarma egviptis flotis gadawvis brZaneba gasca.
cecxlma gaanadgura ara mxolod floti, aramed Zveli istoriac – daiwva aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli didi biblioTeka. bolos da bolos, Zv.w. 47 wels kleopatra egviptis dedoflad gamocxadda da man romTan politikuri
kavSiri Sekra. egvipteSi warmatebis Semdeg keisari mcire
aziaSi SeiWra. Zv.w. 47 wlis 1 agvistos, pontoeli mefe farnakesis ajanyeba CaaxSo. swored am gamarjvebis aRwerisas
uTqvams keisars Tavisi saxelganTqmuli veni, vidi, vici („mivedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve“). ori Tvis Semdeg igi romSi dabrunda, sadac axal problemebs waawyda.
keisars mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi daufaravad emtereboda brwyinvale oratori katoni. igi keisarSi xedavda
kacs, romelic sakuTar Tavs romsa da mis xalxze maRla
ayenebda. katoni ukve cnobili pirovneba iyo, rodesac
keisari gamoCnda politikur asparezze da sakuTar Tavs
keisris politikuri oponentebis rigebSi moiazrebda.
mas Semdeg, rac keisarma aRmosavleTSi uamravi gamarjveba moipova, katonic da keisris sxva oponentebic afrikaSi
gaiqcnen. romSi dabrunebulma keisarma afrikas miaSura
da oponentebi iq daamarcxa, TafsosTan brZolaSi. katonma ver gadaitana damarcxebisa Tu Sewyalebis sircxvili.
keisris oponentebis sxva jgufi jer kidev flobda raRac
Zalauflebas. maT Soris iyo senatori gaius kasius longinusi, romelic manamde keisars krasussa da pompeusTan erTad upirispirdeboda.
kasiuss eSinoda, rom keisari Tavs mefed gamoacxadebda – swored amisTvis undodaT Tavis arideba senatorebs
da romael moqalaqeebs. roms mefeebma Tavi cudad daamaxsovres: romis istoriaSi Svidi mefe iyo da Svidive mefe
sastikad epyroboda ara mxolod romis mtrebs, aramed Tavad romaelebsac. romauli respublika ZiriTadad imitom
Camoyalibda, rom ar daeSva romelime mefis xelisuflebaSi mosvla da romis senati Tavis Tavs swored mefobis
mowinaaRmdeged da respublikuri wyobis damcvelad ganixilavda. kasiusi, katoni da sxvebi, maT Soris brutusic,
keisarSi mefobis axal saSiS kandidats xedavdnen, romelic
warsulis sisastikes daabrunebda. mefe an diqtatori ar
aris valdebuli, vinmes pasuxi gasces. respublika da sena-
kleopatra VII (Zv.w. 69-30) ­– elinis­
turi egviptis ukanaskneli dedofali
markus antoniusi (laT. Marcus
Antonius), Zv.w.83-30, romaeli politikosi da mxedarTmTavari, meore
triumviratis wevri, samgzis konsuli
da kvestori.
katoni — markus porkius katon
utikeli (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis,
Zv.w. 95-46 ), cnobili, rogorc katon
umcrosi (Cato Minor), gansxvavebiT
misi didi babuisgan (katon ufrosi),
romauli respublikis politikosi da
saxelmwifo moRvawe, stoicizmis filosofiis mimdevari.
cnobili adamianebi
ti ki im ideiT Camoyalibda, rom xalxs SeZleboda Tavisi
mTavrobisTvis raime eTqva. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom
vinmes Tavi xalxze maRla daeyenebina da RvTaebrivi an
samxedro aRmatebulebiT yvelaze gabatonebuliyo. keisars ukve mxolod ramdenime mowinaaRmdege darCa da igi
ukve Seudga romis marTvas. upirveles yovlisa, man bevri
ram gaakeTa rigiTi jariskacebisa da ubralo moqalaqeebisTvis. man romi uzarmazari finansuri validan gaaTa­
visufla (es valebi samoqalaqo omis dros dagrovda),
gazarda senatorTa ricxvi (ra Tqma unda, Tavisi momxreebis xarjze). man daadgina, Tu marcvleulis ra raodenoba unda gamoyofiliyo gansakuTrebiT gaWirvebuli moqalaqeebisTvis; man ganaxorciela kalendris
reforma, gaxada igi iseTi, rogorc dRes gvaqvs da
bolo mouRo mravalwlian areulobas am sferoSi
(momavalma Taobebma am kalendarSi mxolod erTi
cvlileba Seitanes, ramac ganasxvava Zveli da
axali stilebi). bevri ram gaakeTa man ubralo
xalxisTvis, riTic kidev ufro gadaimtera
bevri mdidari moqalaqe, romlebic mxars
uWerdnen krasuss, pompeuss Tu sulas.
pompeusis vaJebi, gneusi da seqstusi,
saTaveSi Caudgnen ajanyebas espaneTSi. keisari personalurad gauZR-
iulius keisari
va armias da gaanadgura isini. keisarma gamouSva monetebi,
romlebzec misi portreti iyo gamosaxuli; misi qandakebebi
iseve iyo Semosili, rogorc RmerTebis qandakebebi. senatma
mas uamravi axali tituli da privilegia mianiWa, maT Soris
„daumarcxebeli RmerTis“ tituli da ufleba, Caecva mewamuli oqroTi gawyobili toga da dabrZanebuliyo oqros
taxtze. ori tribuni, gaius marulusi da lucius flaviusi
daupirispirda am titulebsa da privilegiebs da maT senati
daatovebines.
Zv.w. 44 wlis TebervalSi keisari samudamo diqtatorad
gamocxadda. imave wlis 15 Tebervals luperkaliis dResaswaulze keisris erTgulma TanamebrZolma, markus antoniusma, diqtators gvirgvini gauwoda. keisarma icoda, rom miuxedavad mis mimarT gamoxatuli uzarmazari siyvarulisa, xalxs
mefe mainc ar undoda da amitomac uari Tqva gvirgvinze, samjer.
keisars 18 marts dagegmili hqonda salaSqrod wasvla parTielebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac manamde konsuli krasusi
mokles. keisari senatSi gaemarTa 15 marts, raTa laSqrobaSi wasvlamde ukanasknelad Sexvedroda senatorebs. senati
am dros pompeusis mier agebul TeatrSi ikribeboda, radgan
senatis tradiciul sxdomaTa darbazi daiwva da im dros xelaxla Sendeboda. swored aq daesxa Tavs keisars 60 SeTqmuli da mokles igi togebSi damaluli xanjlebiT. da es ambavi
keisris mTavari mtris, pompeusis qandakebis kvarcxlbekTan
moxda.
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cnobili adamianebi
keisris sikvdili, vinCenco kamuCinis (1771-1844) naxati
erT-erTi SeTqmuli iyo markus brutusi, romelic keisarma farsalosTan brZolis
Semdeg Seiwyala da romelsac keisari gansakuTrebiT endoboda. SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen
sena­torebi gaius kasius longinusi da decimus brutus albinusi.
`Senc, brutus?!~ (laT. Et tu quoque Brute!) – SeiZ­leba
gsmeniaT es cnobili fraza, romelsac aseve iulius
keisars miaweren. TiTqos es sityvebi keisars sikvdilis win aRmoxda, roca Tavis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulTa
Soris brutusic daunaxavs. am gamoTqmas xumrobiT
dResac vxmarobT da veubnebiT adamians, romelsac
sxvaTa rigSi Tu sxva saqmeebiT dakavebuls aRmovaCenT.
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iulius keisari
miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli senatorebi gamoirCeodnen grZelvadiani dagegmvis codniTa da detalebisadmi yuradRebis miqceviT, keisris mokvlis Semdeg maT
aranairi gegma ar aRmoaCndaT. senatorebma mokles keisari da samSoblodan gaiqcnen, xolo romze kontroli
markus antoniuss dautoves, keisris yvelaze erTgul
TanamebrZols, romelmac am droisTvis jariskacebis
mTel legions mouyara Tavi.
antoniusma warmoTqva saxelganTqmuli sityva keisris dakrZalvaze. am sityvaSi man daasaxela da miwasTan
gaaswora keisris mkvlelebi. igi gaxda konsuli da Sevida
meore triumviratSi, romelSic masTan da lepidusTan
erTad iulius keisris dis, iulias SviliSvili oqtavianusic Sedioda (keisars igi naSvilevi hyavda). swored es
iyo is axalgazrda kaci, romelic didi biZis nakvalevs
gahyva, xelSi Caigdo uzenaesi Zalaufleba da gaxda is,
riskenac miiswrafoda iulius keisari – romis pirveli
imperatori.
iulius keisris droindeli romis maketi
oqtavianusi, gaius oqtaviane avgustusi (laT.Gaius Iulius Octavianus
Augustus Zv.w. 63 w. 23 seqtemberi –
ax.w. 14 w. 19 agvisto) — romis pirveli imperatori. avgustusis saxels
ukavSirdeba meore triumviratis
Seqmna, romelsac antoniusi da lepi­
dusi xelmZRvanelobdnen. rodesac
dadga dro Zalauflebis xelSi aRebisa, mas antoniusTan dapirispireba mouxda. avgustussa da antoniuss
Soris gamarjveba avgustuss darCa. oqtavianes saxels ukavSirdeba
romis ayvaveba da didi dapyrobiTi
omebi rainis aRmosavleTiT da britaneTSi.
ideologia
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i
m
z
i
S
a
f
aleqsandre kuxianiZe
cxare politikuri kamaTis dros politikosebi an ubralo adamianebi xandaxan
erTmaneTs faSistebs da nacistebs uwodeben. ruseTis prezident vladimir putinis mier kontrolirebadi televizia da presa sakuTar mosaxleobas arwmunebs,
rom 2014 wlis dasawyisSi ukrainaSi moxda politikuri gadatrialeba da Zalauf­
leba xelSi Caigdes ukrainelma faSistebma da nacistebma. amis sapirispirod,
mTeli civi­lizebuli samyaro ukrainul movlenebSi xedavs xalxis demokratiul
miswrafebas ukrainis yofil prezident ianukoviCis korumpirebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg. putinis da ukrainis teritoriaze Segzavnili rusuli eqstremistuli
dajgufebebisa Tu jaris qmedebebs ki mTeli msoflio faSisturi germaniisa da
hitleris qmedebebs adarebs….
aseTi urTierTgamomricxavi Sefasebebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove politikuri procesebis sworad gaazrebis dros adamianma kargad unda icodes, Tu ras
warmoadgens sinamdvileSi faSizmi.
ra aris faSizmi?
faSizmi aris totalitaruli diqtaturis forma, politikuri moZraoba da
ideologia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia agresiuli nacionalizmi da rasizmi,
erTpartiuli mmarTveloba, terori, daundobeli represiuli saxelmwifo, sadac
Zlieria samxedro Zala, moqmedebs mkacri cenzura da uxeS sicrueze agebuli propaganda; sadac opoziciis fizikuri ganadgurebis gziT xdeba sazogadoebis totaluri kontroli da msoflio batonobis mizniT ipyroben mezobel qveynebs.
faSistur mmarTvelobas yovelTvis hyavs moqalaqeebis ori nawili, romlebic
dayofilia politikuri sandoobisa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri „kargi“/„cudi“ warmomavlobis mixedviT. sakuTari siZlieris propagandis mizniT faSistebi aqtiurad
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