Commelina catharinensis (Commelinaceae): a

Transcrição

Phytotaxa 246 (1): 049–060
http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/
Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press
Article
ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition)
PHYTOTAXA
ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.246.1.4
Commelina catharinensis (Commelinaceae): a narrow endemic and endangered
new species from Santa Catarina, southern Brazil
GUSTAVO HASSEMER1,*, JOÃO PAULO RAMOS FERREIRA2, LUÍS ADRIANO FUNEZ2 & JOÃO DE DEUS
MEDEIROS2
Statens Naturhistoriske Museum, Københavns Universitet, Sølvgade 83S, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark
Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]
1
2
Abstract
This contribution presents and describes Commelina catharinensis, a new, narrow endemic species only known from two
very restricted areas of coastal vegetation in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. Both localities where this species has been
collected are currently highly threatened by both legal and illegal urban advance. The new species classifies as endangered
(EN) according to the IUCN criteria. We also provide here the first identification key to the species of Commelina that occur
in Santa Catarina.
Key words: Commelinales, identification key, South America, taxonomy, threatened species
Resumo
Esta contribuição apresenta e descreve Commelina catharinensis, uma nova espécie endêmica restrita, registrada apenas
para duas áreas de restinga litorânea muito limitadas em Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Essas duas localidades estão ameaçadas pelo avanço urbano, tanto legal quanto ilegal. Segundo os critérios da IUCN, a nova espécie deve ser considerada em
perigo (EN). Nós também fornecemos aqui a primeira chave de identificação para as espécies de Commelina que ocorrem
em Santa Catarina.
Palavras-chave: América do Sul, chave de identificação, Commelinales, espécie ameaçada, taxonomia
Introduction
Commelina von Linné (1753: 40) is a cosmopolitan genus with about 170 species, being the largest genus within
Commelinaceae (Faden 1998). Several new species and subspecies of Commelina have been described in the last 16
year (Faden & Alford 2001, Faden 2003, 2008, Slanis & Bulacio 2007, Faden et al. 2009, López-Ferrari et al. 2009,
Joseph et al. 2012, da Maia et al. 2012, Nampy et al. 2013), some of them narrowly distributed and/or threatened with
extinction.
During the course of field work in southern Brazil and revision of herbarium material we discovered an undescribed
species of Commelina endemic to a very narrow area of coastal restingas in Santa Catarina state (SC), southern Brazil.
Although SC is the Brazilian state with the best studied flora (Reis et al. 2011, Sousa-Baena et al. 2014), a considerable
high number of new plant species endemic to this territory have been described in the last two years (Dalmolim &
Zanin 2014, Hassemer & Baumann 2014, Hassemer et al. 2014, Dalmolim et al. 2015, Ferreira et al. 2015, de Siqueira
et al. 2015), all of them endangered or critically endangered according to the IUCN (2012, 2014) criteria. Furthermore,
a recent review by Hassemer et al. (2015) shows that there is a large gap in the knowledge of plant species endemic to
SC. All these findings highlight the dramatic and urgent need for more taxonomic research in SC and in the neotropics
as a whole (Antonelli & Sanmartín 2011), not only for the advancement of the taxonomic knowledge itself, but
especially for biodiversity conservation.
To this moment, six species of Commelina have been recorded in SC (Aona & Pellegrini 2015): C. benghalensis
von Linné (1753: 41), C. diffusa Burman (1768: 18, t. 7[2]), C. erecta von Linné (1753: 41), C. obliqua Vahl (1805: 172),
Accepted by Carlos Lehnebach: 3 Feb. 2016; published: 5 Feb. 2016
49
C. vilavelhensis da Maia et al. (2012: 294–295), and C. villosa (Clarke 1881: 183) Clarke in Chodat (1901: 438). We
hereby elevate this number to seven by presenting and describing the newly-discovered species of Commelina, including
photographs, and illustrations. We also assessed its conservation status and provide a map of the distribution of the new
species. Additionally, we provide here the first identification key to the species of Commelina that occur in SC.
Materials & Methods
We examined the collections of Commelina at C, FLOR, FURB, HBR, JOI and MBM herbaria. We revised the available
taxonomic literature on Commelina, including general literature (Clarke 1881, Faden & Hunt 1987, Faden 1998) but
principally taxonomic works focusing on the Americas (Seubert 1855, Bacigalupo 1964, Stehlé 1970, Espejo-Serna &
López-Ferrari 1993, Faden 1993, Barreto 1997, 2005, López-Ferrari et al. 1997, 2009, Aona & Leoni 2006, da Maia
2006, Slanis & Bulacio 2007, da Maia et al. 2012, Aona 2013, 2015). To confirm this new species is indigenous to
Brazil and not a newly-introduced, exotic species we revised taxonomic works on Commelina from Africa (Brenan
1961, 1968a, 1968b, Kelbessa & Faden 1997, Faden & Alford 2001, Faden 2003, 2008, 2012, Faden et al. 2009) and
Asia (Hong & DeFilipps 2000, Gajurel & Shrestha 2009, Joseph et al. 2012, Nampy et al. 2013). The assessment of
conservation status followed the IUCN (2012, 2014) criteria.
Taxonomic Treatment
Commelina catharinensis Hassemer, J.P.R.Ferreira, Funez & J.D.Medeiros, sp. nov.
Type:—BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Palhoça: na beira de trilha em restinga arbustiva na Praia do Sonho, 27°49’29.88”S 48°35’27.00”W,
3 m, 16 December 2015, G. Hassemer, J.D. Medeiros & J.P.R. Ferreira 855 (holotype FURB; isotypes FT, HURB, RB). (Figures
1–3)
Additional material examined (paratypes):—BRAZIL. Santa Catarina: Laguna: restinga, 16 October 1971, G.G.
Hatschbach & C. Kocziki 27524 (MBM 21220); Caputera, dunas fixas, 12 February 1978, G.G. Hatschbach & E.M.
Zardini 40976 (MBM 58488); Lagoa do Imaruí, campo de restinga, 3–5 m, 3 October 1988, G.G. Hatschbach et
al. 52358 (MBM 135187); Praia do Sol, beira da restinga, 17 March 2005, G.G. Hatschbach et al. 79225 (C, FT,
MBM 304712); Palhoça: Praia do Sonho, 27°49’29.59”S 48°35’26.68”W, 3 m, 29 November 2014, M.R. Stefani s.n.
(FLOR); Praia do Sonho, restinga, 27°49’29.88”S 48°35’27.00”W, 3 m, 24 December 2014, J.D. Medeiros s.n. (FLOR
55014).
Diagnosis:—Leaf blades with vinaceous margins. Auricles absent. Developed petals two, cream-yellowish.
Lateral stamens 2, with yellow anthers and fillets. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, light brown, with asymmetric brown
seeds.
Description:—Herbaceous plants, 20–39 cm tall. Stems with 10–11 nodes, radicant in the lower nodes, erect to
prostrate, usually non-branching, 0.6–2.0 mm wide, dark green with vinaceous longitudinal streaks, sparsely pilose
with very short trichomes (ca. 0.1–0.4 mm long), especially close to the nodes. Leaf blades 2.8–7.0 × 0.4–0.8 cm,
sessile, linear-lanceolate, glabrous or abaxially sparsely pilose with very short trichomes, base cuneate, auricles absent,
apex acuminate, margins entire with characteristically violet colour; sheath 0.7–1.5 × 0.3–0.6 cm, characteristically
vinaceous, especially along the longitudinal streaks, pilose with very short trichomes, but with large multicellular
trichomes (1.0–3.0 mm long) concentrated at the apex of the lateral margins. Spathe 1.3–1.5 × 0.9–1.0 cm (folded),
11–13-nervated, cordate, apex acute, isolated or grouped into two in the stem apex, shortly pilose, conjunctly with
large multicellular trichomes (1.0–3.0 mm long) near the base, basal margins connate up to half its length, smooth,
glabrous; spathe petiolate, petiole 1.5–4.0 mm length. Inflorescence with 2–4 flowers, pedunculate, peduncle erect
0.4–0.8 cm long, glabrous; pedicellate flowers, pedicels 4.0 mm long, glabrous. Sepals 3; the dorsal one 2.0–2.5 × 1.1–
1.5 mm, ovate, apex acute, glabrous, the two ventral ones 3.7–4.5 × 2.0–3.0 mm, fully connected or up to 2/3 of their
length, cymbiform, apex obtuse, smooth margin, glabrous. Petals 3; two developed dorsal petals 9.0–13.0 × 5.0–12.0
mm, unguiculate, reniform, apex rounded, cream-yellowish; one reduced ventral petal 0.8–1.0 mm, linear. Stamens 3,
ventrally arranged; two lateral stamens, yellow, with anthers 1.1–1.5 × 0.7–1.0 mm, elliptical, longitudinally dehiscent,
50 • Phytotaxa 246 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press
HASSEMER ET AL.
FIGURE 1. Illustrations of Commelina catharinensis. A. Habit. B. Spathe. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Ventral sepals. E. Developed dorsal petal.
F. Reduced ventral petal. G. Lateral stamen. H. Central stamen. I. Staminode. J. Gynoecium. K. Fruit. L. Seed, ventral face. M. Seed,
dorsal face. From J.D. Medeiros s.n. (FLOR 55014); illustrations by Diogo Chicatto.
Commelina catharinensis (Commelinaceae)
Phytotaxa 246 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 51
FIGURE 2. Photographs of Commelina catharinensis. A. Habit. B. Detail of leaves and spathe. C. Detail of flower. All photographs by
J.D. Medeiros.
HASSEMER ET AL.
FIGURE 3. Photographs of Commelina catharinensis. A. Spathe containing fruits. B. Detail of mature fruit. C. Detail of seed, dorsal face.
D. Detail of seed, ventral face. Photographs by J.D. Medeiros (A) and J.P.R. Ferreira (B, C, D).
dorsifixed, fillets 5.5–7.3 mm long; central stamen with anther 1.5–2.1 × 1.2 mm, sagittiform, bent at the apex ,
longitudinally dehiscent, basifixed, yellow, fillets 5.0 mm long. Staminodes 3, dorsally arranged, antheroid 1.5–1.8
× 1.2–1.5 mm, 4-lobed, yellow, fillets 3.0–4.5 mm long. Stigma capitated, stiletto 6.0–9.0 mm long. Ovary 0.8–1.2 ×
0.6–1.0 mm, globose, shortly pilose, tricarpellate, trilocular, loci uniovulated, placentation axial. Capsule dehiscent,
septicidal, 3.0–4.2 × 4.0–4.4 mm, globular, light brown, glabrous. Seeds 2.0–4.0 × 1.5–2.2 mm, asymmetric, ellipsoid,
pilose, brown; ventral face slightly concave, with a central depression; dorsal face slightly convex, with a whitish
longitudinal groove.
Phenology:—Confirmed flowering and fruiting: October–March. This information is based on our field
observations, and also on the revision of herbarium materials.
Distribution:—Known from only two very restricted areas of coastal restinga in eastern SC (Figure 4), forming
two populations: one in Praia do Sonho, Palhoça municipality (the type locality), and another around Praia do Sol,
Laguna municipality.
FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Commelina catharinensis.
Habitat:—Open areas amidst shrubby “restingas litorâneas” (marine-influenced vegetation on sandy soil) (Figure
5).
Conservation status:—Endangered (EN–B2a,b[i,ii,iii,iv,v]). This species has a dramatically narrow area of
occupancy (AoO), of less than 8 km2. Intense sampling efforts in nearby areas environmentally similar have failed
to find any other populations. The only two known populations are under threat of legal and illegal urban advance.
Preventing the illegal occupation of these areas is difficult, because such occupations are largely tolerated by Brazilian
authorities and the general public, despite causing extensive, ever-increasing and most often irreversible environmental
damage.
In January 2016, about two weeks after the initial submission of this manuscript, an illegal occupation attempt
took place about 50 metres from the type locality. The vegetation in the area was completely destroyed (Figure
5B). Fortunately, this environmental crime was deterred in time by the local environmental administration, and the
population of C. catharinensis in Praia do Sonho survived.
HASSEMER ET AL.
FIGURE 5. Habitat of Commelina catharinensis and some of the current threats to the survival of this species. A. Type locality at Praia do
Sonho in 2015. B. Damage caused by a very recent illegal occupation attempt of Praia do Sonho in 2016, about 50 metres from the only
known population of C. catharinensis in this locality. Photographs by J.D. Medeiros.
In addition to all human threats, the habitat of C. catharinensis is also being invaded by the highly-invasive pine
species Pinus elliottii Engelmann (1880: 186–190, t. 1–3) (Pinaceae) (Figure 5A), which is a serious threat to all
narrow endemic herbaceous plant species of the coastal restingas in South America. Given the current threats to the
Praia do Sonho population, we believe that C. catharinensis will become locally extinct at its type locality in a decade
or so if no effective conservation actions are promptly taken.
Observations:—The cream-yellowish petals of C. catharinensis is by far the most striking and unique feature
of this species, as no other species in South America present this character. The new species is somewhat similar to
C. rufipes Seubert (1855: 265–266), which nevertheless has white flowers (instead of cream-yellowish) and whitishsilvery indehiscent fruits (instead of light brown dehiscent fruits). All other species of Commelina in South America
have white, blue, or purple petals. Another character that seems unique to C. catharinensis is the very distinctive
purple border of the lamina of its leaves. Among the other species of Commelina in South America, C. erecta is the
morphologically most similar to C. catharinensis. However, these two species, and also C. rufipes, can be differentiated
by a considerable group of characters (see Table 1, the identification key below, and also Figure 6).
No other species of Commelina were found occurring in strict sympatry with C. catharinensis. However, we
found populations of C. erecta in other areas of restinga, close to the type locality of C. catharinensis in Praia do Sonho
(Figure 6A). We have not found any evidence of hybridisation between the two species, nor any intermediates.
The discovery of a new plant species in the coastal restingas close to Florianópolis, the capital city of SC, is a very
noteworthy event, because the restingas in SC, especially around Florianópolis, have already been heavily-sampled
(especially by botanists of HBR and MBM, and later also FLOR and FURB herbaria) and can be considered to be well
known (Falkenberg 1999).
TABLE 1. Comparison of taxonomically-relevant morphological characters and distribution of Commelina catharinensis,
C. erecta and C. rufipes.
Commelina catharinensis
Commelina erecta
Commelina rufipes
Corolla
cream-yellowish
blue, purple or rarely white
white
Fruit
light brown, dehiscent
brown, dehiscent
withish, indehiscent
Anther of lateral stamens
yellow
yellow
Auricles
absent
whitish in the middle, lilac in the
margins
present
Distribution
endemic to eastern Santa
Catarina, southern Brazil
pantropical
neotropical
absent
Key to the species of Commelina in Santa Catarina state
1.
-
2.
-
3.
-
4.
-
5.
-
6.
-
Blades oval. Presence of underground cleistogamic flowers .................................................................................... C. benghalensis
Blades lanceolate. Absence of underground cleistogamic flowers ................................................................................................... 2
Corolla composed of three developed petals . ..................................................................................................................... C. diffusa
Corolla composed of two developed dorsal petals and a reduced, inconspicuous ventral one ......................................................... 3
Central stamen with ellipsoid or auricle-shaped anther .................................................................................................................... 4
Central stamen with sagittiform anther ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Leaves with base cuneate. Central stamen with fillet < 3 mm long .......................................................................... C. vilavelhensis
Leaves with base oblique. Central stamen with fillet > 3 mm long .................................................................................................. 5
Leaves with dense, villous indumentum ............................................................................................................................. C. villosa
Leaves glabrous or glabrescent .......................................................................................................................................... C. obliqua
Blade margins green. Auricles present. Petals blue, purple or rarely white. Anther of lateral stamens whitish in the middle, lilac in
the margins ........................................................................................................................................................................... C. erecta
Blade margins vinaceous. Auricles absent. Petals cream-yellowish. Anther of lateral stamens yellow .................. C. catharinensis
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Per Olof Ryding (C herbarium) for his help in making available to us relevant taxonomic literature;
to José Tadeu Weidlich Motta (MBM herbarium) for the loan of herbarium materials; and to Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme
Aona (Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia) for her very important support to this work. GH and LAF
thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the scholarships granted (GH:
HASSEMER ET AL.
through the “Ciência sem Fronteiras” programme, process BEX 13765/13-2). GH also thanks the Linnean Society of
London and the Systematics Association for a Systematics Research Fund (SRF) award, and the Society of Systematic
Biologists (SSB) for a Graduate Student Research Award (GSRA).
FIGURE 6. Photographs of blue- and white-flowered plants of Commelina erecta at Praia do Sonho (the type locality of C. catharinensis)
(A) and Xanxerê, western Santa Catarina state, Brazil (B). Photograph by J.D. Medeiros (A) and L.A. Funez (B).
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HASSEMER ET AL.

Commelina catharinensis (Commelinaceae): a

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