docilia WavWavaZe
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ilia WavWavaZe
ilia WavWavaZe 1837 - 1907 avtoris Sesaxeb 110 ilia WavWavaZe Raribi Tavadis ojaxSi daibada. dawyebiTi ganaTleba jer Sin, Semdeg ki soflis mTavardiakvanTan miiRo. male deda gardaicvala da misi movla-patronoba qvrivma da uSvilo mamidam itvirTa. ilia swavlobda Tbilisis kerZo pansionSi. siRaribisa da avadmyofobis gamo, mas uatestatod da udiplomod daumTavrebia Tbilisis gimnazia da peterburgis universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti. studentobidanve kiTxulobda Zvel qarTul, rusul da evropul literaturas, Targmnida puSkins, lermontovs, polonskis... male ilia qarTvel studentTa sulier winamZRolad iqca da qarTuli saTvistomoc Camoayaliba, Tavisi biblioTekiT, salaroTi, amxanaguri sasamarTloTi... `rogor Seveyrebi me Cems qveyanas da rogor Semeyreba igi me?~ `ras vetyvi me Cems qveyanas axals da ras metyvis igi me? ~ _ am kiTxvaTa pasuxebi aRelvebda peterburgidan saqarTveloSi momaval ilias. `mgzavris werilebSi~ dasmuli kiTxvebisTvis pasuxis moZiebas ara mxolod misi, Cveni sicocxlec ki ar eyo; TbilisSi Camosul ilias Tavisi kritikuli werilis sapasuxod Jurnal `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebuli teqstebis seria daxvda. werilSi _ `oriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Ze erisTavis kazlovidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmnazeda~, gamoTqmuli iyo zogadi mosazrebebi literaturaze, dagmobili iyo uniWo rusi mwerlis aseve uniWod Sesrulebuli qarTuli Targmani... `Zvelebma~ axali energiis amoxeTqva namdvil vulkanad monaTles, romelic walekviT emuqreboda maTTvis agrerigad sayvarel berw idilias. gaCaRda literaturuli orTabrZola. daiwera uamravi paskvili. dainTxa gesli da siZulvili. bolo ar uCanda erTmaneTis Seuracxmyofel replikebs. iliac werda da werda `pasuxebs~ _ ase mkvidrdeboda publicistikisa da kritikis dargebi qarTul literaturaSi. ilias sakuTari rupori _ Tavisi sagamomcemlo organo sWirdeboda. amad iqca `saqarTvelos moambe~, romelic mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamodioda. 1864 wlis gazafxulze xelisuflebam ilia sagangebo mindobilobaTa moxeled quTaiss gagzavna. Semdeg duSeTSi gadaiyvanes jer momrigebel Suamavlad, Semdeg momrigebel mosamarTled. `nivTier saRsars~ mudmivad moklebuli ilia mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflda da amis Semdeg saxelmwifo samsaxurSi aRar Sesula. Tavadazna- rCeuli werilebi urobis sagangebo krebaze iliam saadgilmamulo bankis dimitri yifianiseul proeqts dauWira mxari da brwyinvale sityvac warmoTqva: banki siRaribisa da umecrebisgan dagvixsnis. nivTierma keTildReobam zneobriv sikeTemde unda migviyvanos. madlobas imsaxurebs Tavadaznaurobis is nawili, romelmac mTavrobisgan miRebuli fuli samomavlo keTili miznebisTvis uSurvelad gaiRo da bankis Seqmnis ideas Seswirao... bankis mmarTvelad ilia WavWavaZe airCies. es erTaderTi banki iyo mTels ruseTSi, romelSic kerZo interesi uaryofili iyo da fuli mxolod sazogado sikeTisa da saWiroebisaTvis ixarjeboda. male ilias kvlav sagamomcemlo saqmisken gauwia gulma da gazeTi `iveria~ gamosca, romelSic saTanamSromlod mouwoda yvelas, visac ki kalami uWrida da Wkua moekiTxeboda! `iveria~ male gadaiqca, wminda literaturul aRmoCenaTa wya rod, erPovnuli cnobierebis medroSed, rusifikatorTa winaaRmdeg mebrZol da qarTuli kulturis damcvel organod. ilias mier daarsebuli `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ mizani skolebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis damkvidreba gaxldaT. Segrovda qarTuli teqstebi; eZebdnen da yidulobdnen Zvirfas xelnawerebsa da dokumentebs, afuZnebdnen samkiTxveloebs, notebze gadahqondaT qarTuli simRerebi... qarTuli cnobierebis gaRviZebisa da damkvidrebis kidev erT asparezad ilias Teatri miaCnda da masac Cauyara safuZveli; `iveriaSi~ ibeWdeboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa, ekonomikis, pedagogikis, qarTuli profesiuli musikis sakiTxebze. saWiro iyo ucxoelTa gamocdilebis gaziareba da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela niSnis warmoCena da waxaliseba. ilia ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad airCies, sadac ibrZoda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebisTvis. vrceli siac ki Seudgenia, sad, romel dawesebulebaSi ra sabuTebi moiZebneboda, romlebiTac gaamyarebda argumentebs saqarTvelos avtonomiis, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis, agrarul sakiTxebze gamosvlisas... ilias partiis daarsebac ucdia, jer erovnul-demokratiuli, Semdeg ki, konstituciur-demokratiuli partiis saxeliT rom funqciobda mcire xans, magram ilias masStabebTan viwro partiuli interesebi ras movidoda! samagierod, TviTon `partielebma~ (social-demokratebi) kargad gamoiyenes Cagruli glexoba, daTeses SuRli da 1907 wels, wiwamurTan, saguramosken mimaval gzaze ilia mokles (mkvlelebi sxvadasxva dros dasajes), dakrZalulia mTawmindaze. politikuri partiebi da `saxelmwifo mamebi~ xSirad sagangebod igoneben xolme qarizmatul personaJs, sagangebod udafnaven Subls, sagangebod adideben mis gaugonar Rvawlsa da avtoritets, raTa ideologiuri gavlena moipovon masebSi. qarTul saxelmwifos ar sWirdeba sagangebo ideologia _ misi ideologia ilia WavWavaZea. avtoris Sesaxeb 111 rGCeuli werilebi Sinauri mimoxilva 1879 weli, ianvari aRmosavleTis saqme da Cven. – Cven sxvisTvis varT rame Tu ara. _ Cveni msxverpli da ZmaTaA SemoerTeba. _ Cvenis ganaTlebis saqme. – Cvenis xalxis swavlebis saqme. – ra aris Skola. – qarTuli sazogadoeba swavlis gavrcelebisaTvis. – SarSandeli maswavlebelTa kreba - `Тифлисский Вестник~ - is da `droebis~ Rvawli. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulzed aRmosavleTis saqmes berlinis xelSekrulobiT wve ri SemoerRva, rogorc paWiWs, da raki wveri SemoerRva, bolomdin rRveviT unda wavides. Cven aq ra SuaSi varTo, ityvis mkiTxveli. es patara qveyana, romelsac amierkavkasias eZaxian da sadac upiratesoba yovelisfriT qarTvelobas upyria, dRes im qveynad Seiqmna, romelSiac, berlinis xelSekrulebis Semdeg, gamoikvanZa didi kvanZi aRmosavleTis saqmisa. Cvenis fiqriT, exla aRmosavleTis saqmem, aqamomde slavianebze gaCerebulma, aqeT, aziaSi gadmoiwia da ruseTi da inglisi – es ori dauZinebeli metoqe aziaSi mflobelobisaTvis – aq, aziaSi, daejaxebian erTmaneTs da bolos saqme iqamdis miva, rom mag saqmis kvanZi aq unda gaixsnas. riT gaixsneba es kvanZi, xmliT gahkveTen Tu sacivilizacio RonisZiebiTa, _ amisi gadawyvetilad Tqma Znelia winaTve. amas ki vityviT, rom pirveli niSnebi inglisis mxriT sacivilizacio RonisZiebis xmarebas moaswavebs. Cven amiT imisi Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom eg ingliss mosdiodes sxvisa Tu Cvenis siyvaruliT da trfialebiTa, _ aq inglisi Tavis sakuTaris sargeblobisaTvis iRvawebs. da radganac erTis WeSmariti da ucodveli sargebloba marto imazea damyarebuli, rom meorec kargad iyos, amitomac inglisi, romlis saqmeni xalxis TviTmoqmedebiT imarTebian, ecdeba Tavisi WeSmariti sargebloba WeSmarits saZirkvelzed amoiyvanos, ese igi, ecdeba Zalauneburad imaT kargamyofobasac, vinc mas aziaSi binadrad daxvdeba. Cven aq sapolitiko sigels ar vwerT, da amitomac Cven ese gakvriT vlaparakobT am saganzeda da Cvens mkiTxvels Cvens amonafiqrebs vauwyebT smenisa da gagonebisaTvis. Cven ar gvindoda, rogorc litons mematianes, SegveniSna, rom azia saerTod da Cven 112 rCeuli werilebi TiTon sakuTriv varT saWironi aramc Tu Cvenis TavisaTvis mxolod, aramed sxvisaTvisac, Tumca bevri ram Seicvala qveynierobazed am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es miwis-yeli, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian, romelic aziisa da evropis karad yofila uwin da romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc isev karad darCa da xalxTa Soris SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec. berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeli weliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirs-saxsovaria: Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxlxorci, CvenTan erTad `mebrZoli Savis bedisa,~ Cvenis gmirebis bude, Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebis da swavlis akvani, Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tu kargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod. warsulma omma bevri sisxli dansTqa qarTvelobisa, bevrma vaJkacma Cvenma dasdo Tavi, bevrma daRvara sisxli. bevrma Cvenma aficrobam Tavisi ymawvilkacobis dReni dalia am omSi, bevri warvida-meTqi am wuTisoflidam TvistomTagan dautirebeli, bevri daixoca saxelovanis sikvdiliT, _ da maTi saxeli arc ki aravin axsena da aRiara. (sawyalno, egre gulgmirad Tavdadebulno ymawvil-kacno!) Tqven, saca Wiri iyo, pirvelni iyaviT nebiT Tu uneblieT, da saca lxini iyo – ukanasknelni!... saxeli da dideba Tqvenc, romelnic bedma sikvdilisagan gixsnaT, romelTac nebiT Tu uneblieT aCveneT qveyanas, rom vaJkacoba qarTvelobisa uqmi sityva ar aris da romelTac gicnobT jari da ubralo jariskacni da sxva aravin zedac ar giyurebT CvenSi! Tqvenc, TqvenTa TavdadebulT ZmaTaebr, WirSi pirvelni iyaviT da lxinSi ukanasknelni xarT... Tqven Tavebs ixocdiT, Tofs da zarbazans guldagul edegiT da Tqveni saxeli da dideba sxvam gaisakuTra, sxvam dainarCuna. imiTi mainc inugeSeT, rom am omma, saca amodena msxverpli moitana qarTvelobam, amodena Zal-guli da vaJkacoba gamoiCina, am omma amdenis xnis daSorebulni Zmani isev erTmaneTs Segvyara. (rasakvirvelia, amisTana bolo iqneba gulSiac ara hqondaT maT, vinc Tavi dasdo am omSi, magram Cven, rogorc litonma mematianem, unda SevniSnoT, rom am dids saqmes ZmaTa SeerTebisas Cveni sakuTari sisxli zed gadaesxa.) miiRo kidev Cvenma sisxlSi amovlebulma bedma Cveni sisxlis Sesawiravi!... nuTu usisxlod Cveni bedi aras gviTmobs!.. exla Cven erTi didi da udidesi movaleoba gvawevs: Zmebs Zmurad unda davxvdeT yvelgan da yoveliferSi; unda imaTTvisac vizrunoT, _ rogorc CvenTvis, imaTTvisac Tavi gamovidoT, rogorc CvenTvis. Tu WirSi vuZmeT, WirSi miveSveleniT, _ Cveni erTmaneTis daurRvevelis kavSiris gabmac ueWvelia. es ismineT da gaigeviT, qarTvelobav! ra gagvixsnis gzas mag kavSiris gabmisaTvis? akaki wereTelma sTqva da Cvenc vityviT, rom amisaTvis erTi uebari saxsaria: swavla, codna da mecniereba. ai wamwymedeli yovelis uTanxmoebisa, damadginebeli yovelis erTobisa, amamaRlebeli adamianisa! ai WirTa amxdeli saxsari, keTildReobis momfeni RonisZieba! swavla, codna, mecniereba 113 ilia WavWavaZe – Ronea imisTana, romelsac dRes win veRaraferi ver udgeba: verc muSti, verc xmali, verc jarTa simravle. codna uZleveli faria arsebobisaTvis, basri xmalia mogeriebisaTvis. Tu magaSi fexi gavidgiT, Tu magaSi win wavdeqiT, Cveni exla dauZlurebuli Rone amoxeTqs magar fesvebs..................1) tyuilad ki ar anacvales cnobadis xes TiTon samoTxec ki pirvel kacTa, adamma da evam. eg is xea, romelsac gamoaqvs mSvenieri nayofi TviToeulisaTvis calke da xalxisaTvis saerTod; eg is xea, saidamac eCos taric gaiTleba da xerxisac; eg is xea, romelic yvelas iwvevs erTnairis gulis-tkiviliTa da eubneba: `modiT, maSvralno da tvirTmZimeno da me gangisvenebT Tqven~; eg is xea, romel-qveSac Cven unda davdgaT oqros akvani Cvenis erTobisa. saqme imaSia exla, ra gziT da rogor? xalxis swavlebis da ganaTlebis saqme CvenSi am ukanasknel dromde imazed iyo mimdgari, rom mTavroba marto saSualo saswavlebelTaTvis zrunavda mxolod da marto maTs, ase Tu ise, gavrcelebas cdilobda. saSualo saswavlebelni marto SemZlebelTaTvis aris misaRwevi, ese igi _ Tavad-aznaurobisaTvis da moqalaqeobisaTvis. amis gamo mTavrobis mzrunveloba ganaTlebis Sesaxeb dRes-aqamomde marto wodebaTa (сословный) ganaTlebis mzrunvelobas moaswavebda da sxvas arasfers. sxva danarCeni, friad didZali xalxi ki, romelic qveynis WeSmarits Rones Seadgens, am mzrunvelobidam gamoklebuli iyo. marto am ukanasknel dros – yvelam, Tu ara scna, cnobili mainc aRiara, rom eseTi gansakuTrebuli mzrunveloba marto erTis wodebisaTvis didi Secdomaa winaSe saerTod xalxis ganaTlebis moTxovnilebisa; rom swavla da ganaTleba ufesvoa iq, saca udidesi nawili xalxisa kardaxSulia, moklebulia swavlis saxsarsa. amitomac, didi Tu patara, yvela moimarTa am bolos dros imazed, rom saxalxo Skolebi daimarTos. aq, Cvenda sanugeSod, imas SevniSnavT, rom swavlis gavrcelebis da saxsrebis mopoebisaTvis TiTon Cvenma dabalma xalxma didi TviTmoqmedeba gamoiCina da arc umaRlesi sazogadoeba darCa ugulmodginod, rogorc qveviT vnaxavT. am saxiT Taosnoba swavlis gavrcelebisaTvis xalxSi TiTon xalxma itvirTa. amaSi Cven vxedavT momavlisaTvis bevrs sanugeSos. didi saqmea, roca TiTon xalxi cdilobs Tavisi-Tavi gaitanos. dRe-da-dRe gvesmis, rom Cveni xalxi, nametnavad tfilisis guberniaSi, iRvwis Skolebis damarTvisaTvis, yovel-dRe ismis, rom aq da aq gamarTes Skolao; dReda-dRe eg TviTmoqmedeba matulobs da imatebs kidec, Tu xels ar SeuSlian. Cvenda samwuxarod, amasve ver vityviT axlad SemoerTebuls saqarTvelozed. iq, ara mgonia, pirvel xanebSi, TiTon iqaurTa mcxovrebTa Soris mag TviTmoqmedebam gaiRviZos da an Cvenma sakuTarma gulmodginebam Zalian frTa gaSalos. radganac iq sarwmunoebiT mahmadianebi arian, ar iqneba, rom am garemoebam cotad Tu bevrad ar Seaferxos Skolebis gavrcelebis saqme. amas imitom ki ar vambobT, rom viTom mahmadianoba TiTon TavisiT ewinaaRmdegebodes ganaTlebis miRebas da gavrcelebas; Cven im- 114 rCeuli werilebi isi Tqma gvinda, rom radganac dRes swavlis xelTmZRvaneli CvenSiac da iqac marto mTavrobaa, mere rusisa, ese igi im xalxisa, romelic sarwmunoebiT da eniT maT unda eucxoebodes usaTuod, amis gamo rusTagan yovelgvars cdas ganaTlebisaTvis sxva TvaliT dauwyeben yurebas. SesaZloa ifiqron (gana cota uxeiro da ugvani taSkentelni pedagogebi gvyavs, rom ar afiqrebinon), SesaZloa-meTqi afiqrebinon, rom Skolebis meoxebiT ecdebiano Cveni zneobiTi da gonebiTi mxedveloba Sescvalono Cvenis rjulis arsebis SeryevisaTviso. RmerTma gvixsnas Cvenc da isinic imisTana Skolebisagan, romelTac ganaTlebisa da swavlis mofenis garda, sxva rasme dauniSnven misaRwevad da am akvans adamianis gonebis da zneobis aRzrdisas wabilwven sxvadasxva biwier mosazrebiT. Sors Cvengan amisTana Skolebi! Sors Cvengan imisTana taSkentelni, romelnic arcxvenen Tavis xalxs sxvis TvalSi, da saca moqmedoben – marto mters uCenen Tavis qveyanas da Tavis ersa. am saxiT, es ori sxvadasxva garemoeba Cvenis qarTvelobisa or-gvars saxsarsac iTxovs saqmis warmatebisaTvis. CvenSi, saca TviTmoqmedeba xalxisa gaRviZebulia ganaTlebis gavrcelebisaTvis, mTavrobam, rogorc ganaTlebis xelTmZRvanelma, xeli unda Seuwyos am TviTmoqmedebas, waaxalisos Taosnoba xalxisa, fuliT Tu sxva raime saWiro RonisZiebiT dauRalavad da xandauzmelad mieSvelos, da amasTan ufro farTo da advili gza misces xalxis xaliss da TviTmoqmedebas Skolebis daarsebisaTvis, ese igi tyul-ubralo miwer-moweriT ar daagvianos xolme nebis-rTva. sadac eg TviTmoqmedeba ar aris jer gaRviZebuli, iq ki yoveli RonisZieba unda ixmaros mTavrobam TviTmoqmedebis gaRviZebisaTvis. iq TiTon mTavrobam Tavisi xarjiT, Tavisi TaosnobiT unda damarTos Skolebi, da mere imisTana sifrTxiliT, imisTana Tval-gafacicebiT, imisTana winmxedvelobiT, rom ara mizezi ar misces kacs afiqrebinos, rom ganaTlebis da swavlis meti aq Skolas sxva rame wadilica aqvs. am mZime tvirTsa Seumsubuqebs mTavrobas martod da martod qarTveli kaci, qarTulis enis mcodne. amisaTvis saWiroa saxalxo Skolebis direqtorebad mowveul iyvnen usaTuod qarTulis enis mcodneni, saWiroa sayovelTaod CvenTvis, da axlad SemoerTebul saqarTvelosaTvis xom aucilebelia da aucilebeli. amasTan, es ar unda daiviwyon, rom pirveldawyebiTs saxalxo Skolas marto erTi wadili unda hqondes, marto erTi sagani: mozards Taobas mianiWos codna im patara sawyaoTi, romlis auvsebladac Semdegi ganaTleba da ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. ai amaSia suli da guli pirveldawyebiTis Skolisa. `am gzazed mas SeuZliano, _ ambobs erTi mwerali, _ yovelmxrivi ganviTareba misces mozardsao, SeuZlian gaumagros, gauRonieros da gauxsnas sulieri da xorcieli Zalni mozardsao. Tu es Cemi naTqvami metad azogadebs pirveldawyebiTi Skolis mniSvnelobasao da metis-metad eCveneba vismeo, me imaT ai rasa vkiTxavo: iciT Tu arao, ra aris yrmisaTvis, rom ramdenime weli- 115 ilia WavWavaZe wadi zneobiT da gonebiT ganviTarebul kacis xelSi iyos? iciT ra aris, rom ramdenime weliwads gauwyvetlad yrma emorCilebodes goniers disciplinas Skolisas, saca gonivrad dadgenil wessa da rigsa warbSeuxrelad da gulis-tkiviliTac mudam unda amoqmedebdes Skolis ostatio? cxadi ar aris aqedamao, miT rom yrma SkolaSia, miT rom mozardi nergi mudam TvalqveSa hyavs gulSematkivars, ganviTarebuls, zneobians ostats da mis win rogorc kokori iSleba, sulierad da xorcielad dRe-da-dRe imarTeba, _ nuTu cxadi ar ariso, rom amiT yrmas energeba gulSi pativiscema sxvisa da sakuTaris Tavisa, pativiscema kanonierobisa da simarTlisa, grZnoba adamianis Rirsebisa, marTebulobisa, rigianobisa, pativiscema sxvis sakuTrebisa, siyvaruli xalisi Sromisa, gafrTxilebisa, zogvisa, siyvaruli ojaxisa, Tvistomisa, qveynisa~. – am-rigad, pirveldawyebiTs SkolaSiac ki SesaZloa ixeiros yovel im mozardma nergma kacis bunebisam, romelic erTad gamoitans xolme nayofs kaikacobisas, adamianobisas. am wris gareT Skolas saerTod da saxalxos sakuTriv saqme ara aqvs, da Tu vinme zaxarovisa da kuvSinskisTana Skolas zurgzed sxvas rasme ahkidebs, imas ara swams Skolis uwmindaesi madli, is uar-hyofs mis sanatrels mniSvnelobas, is wminda sagans – Skolas – saxedarada xdis da zed hkidebs Tavis daxSulis gulis RvarZlsa da nagavsa, is uarhyofs xelmwife imperatoris umaRless nebas, gamocxadebuls 1864 w. reskriptSia2. madloba RmerTs, es Skolis mniSvnelobis wabilwebis da waryvnis SiSi CvenSi exla aramc Tu Seferxda, aramed sanugeSo imedad Seicvala. SarSandelma krebam sasoflo Skolebis maswavlebelTa es cxadad dagvimtkica. Cvenma qarTulma enam, aqamomde Skolebidan gamodevnilma3, isev fexi Sesdga Cvens SkolebSi. amaSi didi Rvawli miuZRvis exlandels redaqcias `droebisas~ da nametnavad `Тифлисский Вестник~-s. simarTle gvaiZulebs aRviaroT, rom eg Rvawli marto mag redaqciam dasdo Cvenis ganaTlebis saqmes da masTan erTad `Тифлисский Вестник~-ma, romelmac am saganzed TvalsaCino werilebi dabeWda. eg patara gazeTi `droeba~ exlandel naRmis mimtans patara gems magonebs, romelic exlaxan moigones da romelmac imdeni vai-vaglaxi daayara zorba xomaldebs wasuls omebSi. Cvena gvgonia, rom im patara gemebis samsaxursa advilad gauwevs Cvens qveyanas Cveni patara `droeba~, Tu rom igi ar miikarebs im sens, romelsac qvian sxarte saxeli – gonebis mruSoba. RmerTma daixsnas im Wirisagan is tanad momcro moZme Cveni. esea Tu ara, `droebam~ da `Тифлисский Вестник~-ma ki naRmi miitanes da aafeTqes is ugvani da zorba gemi, romelsac mmarTvelad usxdnen taSkentelni pedagogebi... 4). SarSandelma soflis Skolis maswavlebelTa krebam uarhyo uwindeli mimarTuleba Cvenis Skolebisa da aRiara, rom qarTuli ena unda daidvas qvakuTxedad Cvenis ganaTlebisa. am krebam kanonad dasdva, rom mTelis swavlis msvleloba sasoflo SkolebSi qarTuls enazed unda iyveso da daawesa sruli kursi pirveldawyebiTis swavlisa. saRmrTo istoria, mokle katexizmo, ariTmetika, geografia – yvela es sagnebi pirvel wlidam 116 rCeuli werilebi dawyebuli vidre meoTxe wlis gasvlamde, ese igi kursis Sesrulebamde, unda iswavlebodes qarTuls enazed. rusuls enasac ki unda hqondeso adgili, magram rogorc calke sagansa da ara saxsars, anu saSualebas swavlisasao, da amitomac daadgines, rom misi swavleba unda iwyebodes mxolod mesame wlidam. eseTi gadawyvetileba aris WeSmariti pedagogiuri, sruliad eTanxmeba mcodne da gamoCenil pedagogebis azrsa da mxedvelobas am saganzed da aRuTqvams Cvens saxalxo Skolas sanatrels da sanugeSo momavalsa. eseTi gadawyvetileba mtkice niadagzedac dgas, radganac erTis mxriT cxovrebis mZlavrs niadagzed da mecnierebisagan aRiarebuls WeSmaritebazed aris damyarebuli, da meores mxriT _ aRiarebulia aqauris umaRlesis mTavrobis mxriTac. Tumca am gadawyvetilebas zed ar daerTva gonieri da ganviTarebuli programebi, magram es imisTana naklia, romlis mospobac advilad SeiZleba, oRond WeSmariti survili iyos da WeSmariti gulmtkivneuloba xalxis ganaTlebisadmi maT Soris, vinc pirdapir udganan ganaTlebis saqmes. sazogadod Cven sruli imedi gvaqvs, rom amieridgan xalxis ganaTlebis saqmes eqneba ufro nayofieri msvleloba. Tavi meore 1879 weli, Tebervali aWara da qobuleTi. – kintriSis mazra gaWirvebulia. – Svela Cveni zneobiTi movaleobaa. aWarelebis gadasaxlebis xma. _ raT da risTvis? – rogor unda moevloT da rogor mouares. – mTavrobas riT icnobs xalxi. – administracia. – arsebiTi nakli administraciisa. – uenoba da siyrue. – ar icnobs da ar icnoben. – cxovreba, kanoni da Sua carielia. – kanonmdebloba oTx kedel Sua. – vneba amis gamo, _ kidev qarTuli da aqauri enebi. – qarTuli scena. – ra aris scena sazogadod da ra unda iyos CvenTvis sakuTriv. yovel mxridam ismis, rom Cveni moZmeni – aWarelebi da qobuleTlebi Zalian cuds mdgomareobaSi arian da nugeSsac jer-aqamomde arsaidam moelian. warsulma omebma Tumca yvelas miayena aucilebeli zarali, magram aWara da qobuleTi yvelazed mometebulad daisaja. amas eWvi ar unda: aWara da qobuleTi omis moednad gaxada bedma. iq idga calke rusis jari da calke osmalosi. jarebis dgoma, nametnavad erTi-erTmaneTzed samtrod galaSqrebulisa, rasakvirvelia, keTils ar daayrida xalxs sazogadod da ufro im xalxs sakuTriv, romlis mamulSiac jarebi idga da romlis bedi winaTve 117 ilia WavWavaZe aravin icoda, vis Cauvardeboda xelSi. amitomac aSkaraa, arc rusi gaufrTxildeboda xalxis sikeTesa da arc osmalo; arc rusi moiqceoda gulmtkivneulad da arc TaTari. `droebis~ #32-Si karga cxovlad aris awerili g. wereTlisagan is sacodaoba, rasac warmoadgenda qobuleTi omis dros da omis mermeTac. Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom aramc Tu gadametebulia, rasac g. wereTeli gvauwyebs, aramed imis natamalic ar unda iyos, rac sacodaoba aWaras da qobuleTs miadga omis gamo. aoxreba tyeebisa da mindvrebisa, wva da bugva soflebisa, dawiokeba xalxisa, gardaxvewa zardacemulTa mcxovrebTa, amis gamo waramarad daRupva xalxis qonebisa, romlis waRebac Tan ar SeiZleboda, uxvnel-uTesavad darComa, bolos sikvdili da sisxlis Rvra, _ eseni sul imisTana Tvisebis ubedurobaa, romelic didxans gaswevs da didxans iqneba sagrZnobeli, Tu mTavroba exlave xels ar Seuwyobs xalxsa, ar daakvirdeba mis awindels mdgomareobas, ar mieSveleba fuliT, Tu sxva RonisZiebiTa, da Tu droebiT mainc ar amouSva am movaleobisagan, romelic xazinis interess Seadgens. es ukanaskneli mainc aucilebeli saWiroebaa qobuleTis da aWarisaTvis, Tu mTavrobas hsurs daanaxvos xalxsa Tvisi ukeTesi mxare, romliTac igi marTla-da sanatrelia yovelis kacisaTvis, saxeldobr – is mxare, romliTac saxelmwifo Tavis uwmindaes movaleobad unda aRiarebdes xalxis Svelas yovelTvis da gaWirvebis dros xom ufro, mis keTildReobisaTvis wadils, mzrunvelobas da mxurvale guldadebas, da am SemTxvevaSi zogva da Zunwoba sabolood saqmis waxdenaa da Ralati saxelmwifo saqmisa. eg Svela da xeluxvoba saxelmwifosi miT ufro aris sasargeblo, rom TiTon saxelmwifo arasfers dahkargavs: xalxi, fexzed warmomdgari, ufro ukeTesi Ronea saxelmwifosaTvis, vidre davrdomili da suliT da xorciT gaTaxsirebuli; marto gulmogebuli da fexgamagrebuli xalxia uSreti wyaro saxelmwifos simdidrisa da Zalisa. aq yovelive Sesawiravi, yovelive sanTel-sakmeveli gzas ipovis, glexisa ar iyos, da saxelmwifos gardametebiT daubrundeba. Cvenda samwuxarod, ismis, rom es sanatreli mxare mTavrobisa fexadgmuli ar aris jer aWarasa da qobuleTSi, Tumca moxeleTa Soris imisTana patiosani da xalxis gulSematkivari kacic aris sxvaTa Soris, rogorc Tav. grigol gurieli. magram xom mogexsenebaT, erTis mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ar moiyvans... nametnavad kintriSis mazraa Turme saSinels yofaSi da gaWirvebaSi. rom marTla igi yofa da gaWirveba saSinelia, marto is amtkicebs, rom TiTon mTavrobas saWirod daunaxavs imisi gamocxadeba saqveynod. vin ar icis, rom amisTana ambebis gamocxadeba mTavrobas yovelTvis eZneleba da emZimeba xolme. sCans, marTla didi ubeduroba unda trialebdes kintriSis mazraSi, rom mTavroba iZulebul iqmna eg uboduroba yvelasaTvis euwyebina. mTavroba miSvelebia kidec gaWirvebuls xalxs, magramao igi Svela sakmarisi ar ariso. Cven es ar gvesmis! ratom imdenad ar mihSvelebian, ramodenadac sakmarisia? rao, saxelmwifos imodena Rone aRara aqvs, Tu sxva ram mizezia? gana 118 rCeuli werilebi amisTana SemTxvevaSi, uRonobis garda, sxva ram mizezic SeiZleba rom iyos! uRonoba kidev WkuaSi mosasvleli ar aris: saxelmwifosaTvis erTis mazris Senaxva, Tund mTels weliwads, wveTia zRvisaTvis. vfiqrobT da ver mogvifiqrnia, riT avxsnT eg namcecebis miwvda, roca xalxi erTis mTelis mazrisa SiSvel-titveli, mSier-mwyurvali Tvis gareSemo jojoxeTsa hgrZnobs, an sul ho, an sul ara. aq or wyal-Sua dgoma uadgiloa da amazed metic, Tu swores gvaTqmevinebT... Cven amiTi imisi Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom raki mTavrobaa amisTanaebSi movale da yovlad-SemZlebeli Rone, Cven gul-xeli davikrifoT da gulgrilad vuyuroT Cvenis Zmebis ubedurebas, gulgrilad da Tund carielis gulis-tkiviliTac SevyurodeT, rogor TrTis da ikrunCxeba SiSveli bavSi sicivisagan, rogor ukvdeba igi kalTaSi SimSilisagan ZuZugamSrals dedas, rogor tyis nadirsaviT daZrwis Ronemixdili damSeuli mama, imed-danTqmuli, rom riTime mieSvelos SimSilisagan sulTmobrZavs ojaxsa. garbis am ojaxidam Sors, rom Tavisis TvaliT ar dainaxos gulsaklavi suraTi karzed modgomilis sulTamxuTavisa, ar dainaxos Tavisis colis, Tavisis Svilis, Tavisis Zmis, dis, Tvisisa da tomis sasowarkveTili yofa, ar gaigonos Tavisis yuriT amao Zaxili colisa: `kaco, gviSvele, vixocebiT~, sacodavi knavili bavSisa `mamav, puri, mamav, puri~... garbis TiTonac damwvari da dadaguli SimSilisagan, garbis Sors, Sors... garbis da hgrZnobs, rom samudamod ecleba xelidam yovelive is, risTvisac scxovrobda, risTvisac suldgmulobda, risTvisac iRvwoda. yovelive is, rac misTvis yvelaze uZvirfasesia... hgrZnobs da guls ubzaravs mwvavi tkivili sasowarkveTilebisa, uimedobisa da uRonobisa. an ara da dgas am saSinelis suraTis win – uRono, uilajo, TvalebCacvivnuli, nawleb-amomwvari SimSilisagan, dgas da uyurebs, rom Tval-win ukvdeba coli, ukvdeba Svili, uyurebs da iwvis, idagvis, rom arsaidam xsna ar aris, arsaidam Svela, da Tu ram nugeSi aqvs, eg is nugeSia, rom mec SimSili dResa Tu xvale amomxdis dauZlurebuls sulso da Cems col-Svils saiqios Seveyrebio... iciT mere amisTana yofa ra tanjvaa, nametnavad maSin, roca xedav, rom garSamo mTeli mazra, aTas-aTasi RvTis-kerZo adamiani wivis, kivis: `gviSveleT, SiSvlebi, mSivrebi vixocebiTo!~ eg mTeli jojoxeTia, mTeli!... aba axla warmoidgineT, es jojoxeTi ramodenad gaZlierebuli unda iyos im kacis gulSi, romelic mag yofaSia Cavardnili da gverdiT xedavs Tavis Zmas, romelsac Svela cotad Tu bevrad SeuZlian da ar Svelis. qarTvelobav, nu iqm mag samarcxvino saqmes... xeli gauwode Sens Zmebsa da debsa, romelnic dRemdin SenTvis dakargulni iyvnen da romelnic dRes SenTanve movidnen! SevewivneT, riTac SegviZlian, fuliT, saWmliT, sacmliT, xoragiT! amas iTxovs yvelasagan sazogadod kacTmoyvareoba da CvenTvis ki sakuTrad zneobiTi movaleobac Zmisa Zmis winaSe. SevewioT da vaCvenoT qveyanas, rom kacTmoyvareoba Cveni Tvisebac aris, vaCvenoT, rom ZmaTa siyvaruli CvenSiac ise 119 ilia WavWavaZe yovlad-SemZlebelia, rogorc sxvagan, vaCvenoT, rom WirSi Cvenc viciT daxmareba, vaCvenoT, rom Zmoba, erTurToba, erTmaneTis Svela da gatana uqmi sityva ar aris qarTvelobisaTvis!... aq ukan daxeva sircxvilia yvelasaTvis da CvenTvis xom sircxvilzed metic... Cven gaWirvebulebis Zmebi varT, Zmebi!.. es arasdros da aras SemTxvevaSi ar unda daiviwyos qarTvelobam... am ZmobaSi gamoikvanZa Cveni bedi, am Zmobam Cvenis bednierebis kvirti unda gamoitanos. qarTvelobav, Cveni uwmindaesi valia, unda miveSvelneT!... Raribni varTo, viZaxiT, magram qveyanazed marto Raribma icis – ra aris Svela, ra aris Zmoba gaWirvebaSi. amitomac ufro imedi gvaqvs, rom yovelsferSi guluxvi qarTveli, qvelis saqmeSi ufro guluxvobas gaswevs da ar daizarebs gaWirvebul ZmaTaTvis Sesawiravs. redaqciebi `iveriisa~ da `droebisa~ yovel-dRe mzad arian mag Sesawiravis misaRebad. Cven vurCevT, rom SemwirvelTa ufro `droebis~ redaqcias mihmarTon, radganac `droeba~ yovel-dRe gamodis da amis gamo mas SeeZleba yovel-dRe auwyos sazogadoebas Sewirulis fulis angariSi da amasTanave SemwirvelTa saxelebica. aba, qarTvelobav, exla Sen ici, rogor daanaxveb Tavs Sens axlad SemoerTebuls Zmebsa! exla Sen ici, rogor daumtkiceb qveyanas mama-papaT anderZs: `Zma ZmisTvisa da Sav dRisTvisao!~ exla gamoCndeba, es anderZi SenTvis carieli sityvaa, Tu savse saqmea!... exla gamoCndeba, Sen marto dRevandels dRezed xar mibmuli, Tu xvalisaTvisac swux da hfiqrob!... yovelive es ubeduroba, romelic Tavs dascemia aWara-qobuleTs da misi unugeSod yofna – dids gansacdelSi hyris axlad SemoerTebul qveynis mcxovrebelTa. rusul gazeT `Голос~-Si dabeWdili iyo korespondencia da mere sxva gazeTebSiac gadabeWdili, rom aWarelebi ayras hfiqroben da osmaleTSi gadasaxlebasao. amis mizezi icis, rogorc etyoba, korespondentma, magram gamJRavneba misi `SemTxvevisa gamo sxvisa da sxvisa~ ver mouxerxebia. rusuli gazeTebi ki amboben, rom xalxis ayra da Cvenidam gadasaxleba osmaleTSi aseTi mZime da RirsSesaniSnavi ambavia, rom aq damalva namdvilis mizezisa codva ariso da didi danaSauliao saxelmwifos winaSeo. Cvenc am azrisa varT, magram ras iq? . . . . . . 5*) Tu marTla aWara aiyreba da gadasaxldeba, sakvirveli ram iqmneba, Tu Senc ityvi, mkiTxvelo! xalxi raT unda miizidebodes osmaleTSi.........*) mere rogor? Taviss mama-papeuls binas, saxls, kars, mamuls, deduls, mamaTa salocavs, mamaTa saflavs, _ sul yvelaferzed xels unda iRebdes xalxi da osmaleTSi midiodes, gagonila!... sakvirveli ambavia!... nuTu, rac unda iyos, ruseTis xelSi yofna ar unda erCivnos, vidre osmaleTis xelSi? nuTu xalxi stovebs yvelafers, rac ki misTvis Zvirfasia, stovebs – vimeorebT – mamuls, deduls, saxl-kars, adgils, saca daibada, saca gaizarda, saca umarxia deda, mama, Zma, _ da midis sad? osmaleTSi. . . ? . .*) rao, ra ambavia? moCvenebaa SeSinebulis gonebisa, Tu marTla marTali ambavia! . . . . . . . . . . . . . *) raT mirbis xalxi, 120 rCeuli werilebi mere rogor mirbis? vimeorebT _ sul yvelafers stovebs, risTvisac kaci Tavs iklavs xolme mTeli Tavis dReni, risTvisac zrunavs dabadebis dRidganve, risTvisac iRvwis da am wuTisoflis tanjvas iTmens, rac uyvars, rasac Sestrfis, rasac Sehxaris, rasac dResaswaulobs, _ diaR stovebs da midis sad? . . . . . . . *) osmaleTSi!... es ra ambavia, ra ambavia!... adamiani kidev adamiania qveyanazed, Tu ganadirda, gam xecda, rom gverdiT adamians veRar iyenebs, veRar iSvnevs, veRar iTvisebs! xalxi Tavis aTas-wlobiT damkvidrebul binidam iSleba da midiso... es daujerebeli, tvinis Semaryevi ambavi mxolod SeiZleba maSin moxdes, roca xalxs etyvian, an aq sikvdili, an iq sicocxleo. sxva ara mizezs ar SeuZlian xalxs ase Tavi gamoametebinos, ase xeli aaRebinos Tavis binazed, Tavis mamulzed, Tavis dedulzed da gardaxvewos vin icis saiT... ram miiyvana saqme aqamdis, am ganwirulobamde, am sasowarkveTilebamde? ram da imanao, amboben yvelgan, rom am axlad SemoerTebul qveyanas kaliasaviT miesia Turme yvela kaliazed ufro msunagi, ufro xarbi, ufro gaumaZRari wvrili Cinovnikoba. raodenime kacis garda, aseTebi arian Turme danarCenebi, rom roca imaTs ambavs laparakoben, Tma yalxzed dgeba. amaT Soris, saca gamogdebuli samsaxuridam kaci iyo Turme, saca gamousadegi, uxeiro, Tavzed-xelaRebuli iyo, im axal qveynebSi moxeleoba miiRo. aba ra keTils daayrian xalxs? aba ra mxriT daanaxveben isini rusis mTavrobasa, rusis mmarTvelobasa? aravis eWvi ara aqvs, rom Tu es samarcxvino saqme moxda da aWara gadasaxlda, brali imaT unda daedoT, vinc moxeleTagani aqamdin miiyvans saqmes... Rirseba da sikeTe romelime mTavrobisa, xalxisagan cnobili da aRiarebuli, sTesavs xalxSi im siyvarulis Tesls, romelic metad sanatreli unda iyos cnobierad momarTul da mimarTul saxelmwifosaTvis; da marto es siyvarulia saTaved yovel imisa, rac ki Seadgens saxelmwifos Zalasa da Rones, imitom rom marto siyvaruliT aRfrTovanebuli xalxia saimedo yovels gansacdelSi, rac-ki saxelmwifos istoriis gzazed SeemTxveva xolme, marto siyvaruliT gulgamTbars xalxs SeuZlian sicocxlisa da qonebis gawirva saxelmwifo keTildReobisaTvis, marto siyvaruliT gaZlierebulis xalxiT SeiZleba imisTana saswaulebi moaxdinos saxelmwifom, romlis magaliTebi bevria istoriaSi da romelic dResac gvikvirs da gvaocebs. saca es siyvaruli ar aris, is saxelmwifo fuRuroa, fuyea, erTi lazaTianis qaris Semoberva da imisi gadamsxvreva erTia... umaRlesi sfera mTavrobisa sazogadod . . . . . 6*) metad miuwvdomelia xalxis TvalisaTvis. ise Sorsa sdgas igi xalxzed, ise iSviaTad daenaxveba xolme xalxis Tvals, rom Znelad Tu xalxi mas pirispir gaicnobs, da Tund Zalian kargic iyos, misi sikarge, minam xalxamde Cava, mraval xelSi gaivlis xolme da amis gamo vin icis ra saxiT eCveneba. TiTon xalxic sazogadod, da dabali sakuTriv, ise momwyvdeulia Tavis viwro avkargianobaSi, misi yoveldRiuri saWiroeba zed-gamobmulia iseTs wvrilmans saganzed, rom 121 ilia WavWavaZe Znelad Tu miecema mizezi pirispir Sexvdes mTavrobas da miT ixelTos SemTxveva misi av-kargianoba awyos. yvelgan umaRles mTavrobis da xalxis Soris sdgas xolme mTeli razmi moxeleebisa, romelnic maxlobelni gamomTqmelni arian umaRlesis mTavrobis wadilisa, mimarTulebisa da av-kargianobisa, xalxi Tu icnobs mTavrobas, am moxeleebiT icnobs, radganac igini arian misda maxloblad, maT udgaT mis cxovrebis direzed fexi, igini ganageben yovel-dRes mis avsa da kargsa da yovel-dRe Tval-win trialeben. umaRlesi mTavroba Tund kargic iyos, SesaZloa moxeleebis wyalobiT xalxma aiTvalwunos igi umaRlesi mTavroba da imdenad dafrTxes, rom mama-papeuli binac moiSalos da cxra mTas iqiT gadavardes, oRond Tavi cocxali daaRwios. amitomac keTilad, gonierad da cnobierad ageba xalxis maxlobel mmarTvelobisa, kai kacebis SerCeva, _ Seadgens erTs imisTana upirveles da aucilebels saWiroebas, uromlisodac mTavroba mTavroba ki ar aris, wewva-glejaa, zedmisevaa, Tavzaria xalxisaTvis. amis Semdeg nuRar hkvirobT, rom dRes, mecxramete saukuneSi, ramodenime magaliTi vnaxeT xalxis mama-papeul binidam ayrisa da gardaxvewisa... dee, amazed Cvens Semdegi istorikosi gancvifrdes, Cven ki es gulis-tkiviliT SevniSnoT da SevitanoT Cvens matianeSi... zeviTa vsTqviT, rom xalxis maxlobelni moxeleni pirvelsaxeni arian umaRlesis mTavrobisa, igini arian mag mTavrobis wadilisa da mimarTulebis gamomTqmelni. aqedam cxadia, ramodenad guliT da WkuiT ganviTarebulni unda iyvnen is moxeleni, rom maTac, _ rogorc erTgvar ZalTa saxelmwifo wyobisaTa, _ gaagnebinon xalxs gza sazogado cxovrebisa, Tvali auxilon im saganzed, romelic yovels wyobas adamianisas misaRwevad daniSnuli unda hqondes sayovelTao sakeTilod; maT unda amcnon is sayovelTao sakeTilo sagani, romlisakenac unda miizidebodes yovlis ZaliTa da RoniT yovelive saxelmwifo, Tu marTla saxelmwifoa saqmiT da ara marto saxeliTa. am mxriT, moxeleoba mmarTvelobisa marto mSvidobianobis mcveli ki ar aris, marto daraji ki ar aris, aramed mwvrTnelic unda iyos xalxisa, masTan erTad Cabmuli da erTad moRvawe. unda iyos-meTqi, da aris Tu ara, _ eg RmerTma icis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7*) xalxis maxloblad myofi mTavrobiTi orRano orgvaria: policia da sammarTvelo. amaT uWiravT upiratesi adgili Cvens cxovrebaSi da amazea damokidebuli CvenSi xalxis gulis mogebac, xalxis gulis ayrac da im daniSnulebis aRsrulebac, romelic zeviT aRvniSneT. amitomac aSkaraa, ra aris saWiro aqaur moxeleebisaTvis garda sazogado Tvisebisa, saxeldobr, Wkuisa da zneobis simaRlisa. saWiroa moxelem kargad icodes aqauris xalxis viTareba, Cveuleba, tkivili da sixaruli da Rone hqondes xalxs uSuamavlod elaparakos. Cvenda samwuxarod, es daviwyebulia dRevandlamde CvenSi da TiTqmis uaryofilic. xalxis samarTlis gamZRols, xalxis samarTlis aRmadgenels da damdgenels rom kacma ena mosWras da yuri dauxSos, _ raRas unda gamoelodeT misgan kargs da keTils, Tunda sxvaSi yovelferSi 122 rCeuli werilebi cidam Camosulic iyos. mosamarTles rom Tavis yuriT ar esmodes moCivaris saCivari da gulistkivili, ra mosamarTlea? mosamarTlem rom Tavis yuriT ar moisminos mowmis Cveneba, saca xSirad erTi sityva, ase Tu ise gamoTqmuli, ufro didis da cxovelis naTeliT mohfens yovels saqmis garemoebas, vidre mTeli laqlaqi uvicisa da briyvis mTargmnelisa, _ is ra mosamarTlea? moxele, romelsac me Cemsas ver gavagebineb da is Tavisas, - is ra Cemi momvlelia? aq marto saxea da ara suli da xorci. am uenobas daumateT isic, rom xSirad sruliad ucxo kacia mosamarTled Tu moxeled, sruliad ucnobi Cvenis Cveulebisa, Cvenis midrekilebisa, zneobisa, Wirisa Tu lxinisa, da maSin cxadi iqneba, raT miaCnia xalxs Wirad, roca saqme an samoxelod, an sasamarTlod gauxdeba xolme. maSin cxadi iqneba, raT imdureba xalxi da raT aris kanonzed da mmarTvelobazedac guldawyvetili da gulayrili. Sors raT mivalT! ai, cxenebis Cuqeba aviRoT Tunda magaliTad. Cuqeba xom keTili saqmea, magram aqac ki xalxi dafrTxa, nametnavad, saca mazris ufrosad ueno kaci ijda, dafrTxa, ar miekara cxenebs, radgan es mTavrobis wyaloba sul sxvafrad daanaxves xalxsa, _ kaci ar iyo. kaci, rom xalxisaTvis wyaloba wyalobad gamoesaxa da pirdapir aexsna mTavrobis ganzraxva. ramdeni borotmoqmedeba mohyva am ganzraxviT keTils saqmes, mkiTxvelma zogi icis Cvenebur gazeTidam da zogi ki daviwyebas mieca, rogorc sxva ram mravali. roca moxeleebi im juridam amorCeulni arian, romelic sruliad ucnobia xalxisa, misis cxovrebisa, sruliad ucodinari enisa, _ amas aucileblad is mosdevs, rom maT xalxisa ara gaegebaT ra da xalxs kidev maTi. arian ese, xSirad erTi aRma midis da meore waRma, uyureben erTmaneTs da hkviroben, an me rad undivar amasao, an me igi rad mindao, es CemTvis munji da yruiao, me – imisaTvisao; da Tu moxele kai kacia, marto imas fiqrobs, rom ara vavno ra xalxsao, da xalxi kidev imodenad aris xolme madlobeli moxelisa, ramodenadac igi ufro nakleb mavnebelia. amisTana yofaSi sxva sawyaoTi midgoma SeuZlebelia: mmarTvelobas sikeTis upiratesi Rone CamorTmeuli aqvs, saxeldobr ena da yuri. andreevskis qalis saqmem aSkarad gamohfina saqveynod is sasaciloba, romelic mosdevs xolme enis ar-codnas. amas garda am yru-munjobas erTi didi vnebac sxva dahyveba xolme: xalxis cxovrebas arc pativi aqvs da arc zed-moqmedeba arasferzed. mraval-saxisa da mraval-gvari saWiroeba xalxisa, rac mis yoveldRiur cxovrebis denaSi aRmoCndeba xolme, da aqedam warmomdgari viTareba, romelic zogjer kanonmdeblobis Rvawlsa Txoulobs da romelic yovelTvis saWiroebs yuradRebiT gasinjvas da gulmtkivneuls Sewynarebas, _ rCebian aramc Tu uyuradRebod, aramed iqave sulsa leven, saca ibadebian, radganac mTavrobis agenti yrua da munji uenobis gamo. suls leven-meTqi da amiT gulsa swyveten xalxsac, da TiTon mTavrobasac xelidam aclian im Zvirfass masalas, romelzedac damyarebuli unda iyos yovelive misi gankarguleba da kanonmdebloba. amitomac CvenSi kanoni Tu ibadeba, oTx kedel Sua ibadeba da zogjer ise mouxdeba xolme Cvens cxovre- 123 ilia WavWavaZe bas, rogorc kacs sxvis tanzed Sekerili tanisamosi. es aris, Cvenis fiqriT, im yofis mizezi, rom Cveni cxovreba Zirs midis TavisTvis, zemodam dahfarfarebs aWrelebuli qaRaldi, saca sufevs kanoni, da SuaSi ki carielia. am carielSi daxtian, cxovrebis zemoT da kanonqveS, Cveni moxeleebi. xalxi maT erideba da xalxs isini eridebian. amisi wamali – TiTon tkivilidam sCans. aSkaraa, rom moxeleTa amorCevaSi, ganaTlebisa da zneobiT aRmatebulobis garda, enis codnas upirvelesi adgili unda eWiros. uamisod amaoa mTavrobis cda xalxis gulis mosagebad; es aris upirvelesi Rone moxelisa, rom marTali da WeSmariti samsaxuri gauwios saxelmwifosac da sazogadoebasac. es kargad ician evropielebma, romelTac kanonad miRebuli aqvT, rom Tu ena ar icis, kacs fexsac ar Seadgmevineben im xalxSi, saca moxeleobas hndomobs. ase moqmedobs, magaliTebr, inglisi – Sesaxeb indoeTisa. CvenSi ki sul sxvasa vxedavT. aq aramc Tu moxelisagan Txouloben, rom aqauri enebi icodnen, aramed TiTon aqaurebisaTvisac ki amoakveTines fexi aqaurs enebs aqauris saswavleblidam. iq, saca Cvenis xalxis mwyemsni izrdebian, Cvenis xalxis maswavlebelni, magaliTebr – sasuliero da saostato seminariaSi, iqidamac ki gamodevnes Cveni ena. qarTvelebsac ki gza ara gvaqvs Cveni ena SeviswavloT, Torem sxvas vina Civis. mTavroba, rasakvirvelia, miaqcevs yuradRebas am dids nakls da ecdeba igi nakli Tavidam moaSoros aqaurs mmarTvelobas da yovels moxeles mosTxovs im xalxis enis codnas, romelT Soris samsaxurs hndomobs. amisaTvis saWiroa xelaxlad Sesaferi adgili mieniWos aqaurs saswavleblebSi aqaurs enebs. rasakvirvelia am wamals imodena mniSvnelobas ar vaZlevT, rom amiTi yvela tkivili morCes, aq bevri sxva tkivilic aris, romelic sul sxva mizeziT warmodgeba da romelsac sxva wamali unda... Cven vambobT, rom dRes egec didi fexis win wadgma iqneba, Tu mTavrobas hsurs xalxisa Seityos rame da xalxs kidev Tavisi acodinos. *** Cvens enas CvenSi moedani ara aqvs savarjiSod. Cveni egreT-wodebuli maRali sazogadoeba, nametnavad qalaqSi, Tavis samarcxvinod Takilobs Tavis deda-eniT laparaksa. naTqvamia, Tevzi Tavidam ayroldebao, swored egre mogvdis Cvenc, Cvens egreT-wodebul maRal sazogadoebas Tu davakvirdebiT. cocxali laparaki, is darbaisluri qarTuli saubari, is saamuri qarTulis sityvis mixvra-moxvra, is simdidre qarTulis sityvierebisa aRar ismis, aRar aris. gadagvaviwyda yovelive, rac enis Svenebas Seadgens, radganac Cveni azri Cvenis eniT aRar moZraobs, Cveni guli Cvenis eniT aRar Tbeba. amisTana savalalo da samarcxvino mdgomareobaSi qarTuli samudamo scena swored cis namia damWknaris yvavilisaTvis. uf. arwrunma am bolos dros Tavis dids qarvaslaSi 124 rCeuli werilebi gamarTa kerZo Teatri. am SemTxvevam frTa Seasxa im didis xnis survils, rom samudamo somxuri da qarTuli scena gaimarTos. aqauri somxebi didis gulmodginebiT moekidnen somxuris scenis saqmes da amboben, pirvel gasawyobad aTasi Tumani fuli moagroveso da kidevac agrovebeno. arc qarTvelobam daikrifa gulzed xeli. qarTvelobis moyvarenic amasave cdiloben da ar viciT, ra madloba unda gaduxados qarTvelobam im kacT, romelT meoxebiTac am bolos dros CvenSi gaZlierda samudamo qarTulis scenis dadgenis survili da fexi aidga kidec, rom sisruleSi movides. erTma kidev qarTvelma imodena gulis sikeTe da Cveni siyvaruli gamoiCina, rom samasi Tumani Seswira mag saqmes, `droebis~ sityviT. imedia, rom amazed ar gaCerdeba qarTuli guluxvoba da sxvac bevri SeZlebisamebr gamoimetebs Sesawiravsa am metad sanatrel da sakeTilo saqmisaTvis. didi ram aris scena sazogadod da nametnavad CvenTvis, Tu igi exlandel gulgaryvnilobis moednad ar gavxadeT da raRac salaxanuri `mSvenieri elenebi~ ar vavarjiSeT. didi ram aris-meTqi scena: Zlivs erTi sajaro adgili mainc gveqneba, saca Cvenis eniT vilxenT, Cvenis eniT vinaRvlebT, Cvenis enis mowyalebiT gavitarebT Tvalwin Cvens cxovrebasa mTelis misis Wkuisa da gulis monagariTa. amas garda, scena igive Skolaa, romelic cxovelis suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuasa, igi am Tavis TvisebiT kacis gunebazed ufro medgrad moqmedobs, vidre sxva rame. am mxriT aris igi sanatreli, am mxriT aris igi kacis grZnobisa da Wkuis gamafaqizebeli, gamwmendeli. scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis gamzrdeli unda iyos, da amasTanac imisTana Semaqcevaric aris, rom ukeTes mxares adamianisas fexs adgmevinebs, frTas aSlevinebs. ukeTesi Sesaqcevari, ukeTesi dros-gasarTobi, sulisa da gulis amamaRlebeli, sxva iseTi ara viciT ra, scenis meti. Tu es Zvirfasi Tviseba, rogorc xalxis wvrTna da zrda, scenas CamoacileT, igi mikitanxanad gadaiqceva da maSin sjobs wawymdes, vidre sufevdes. es ar unda daviviwyoT Cven, qarTvelebma, raki is keTili azri mogvsvlia, rom Cveni sakuTari scena viqonioT. Cven Cvens scenas or Rvawlsa vsTxovT. pirveli – rom marTla ganmwmendeli iyos Cvenis cxovrebisa, Cvenis Wkuisa da gulis ganmanaTlebeli da mwvrTneli, da meore – igi unda iqmnas im adgilad, sadac Cveni ena fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavis SvenebiTa da simdidriTa. dRes Cvens mdgomareobaSi scenis meti sxva iseTi saxsari ara aqvs ra Cvens xalxs, rom goneba, guli gaixsnas da enac avarjiSos sajarod, saqveynod. amitomac saWiroa CvenSi scenas imisTana gonebagaxsnili zedamxedveloba hqondes visganme, rom am ors sanatrels saqmes scena ar gadudges da ar gaxdes `mSvenieris elenebis~ samarcxvino sasalaxno asparezad. amboben, am saqmeSi meTaurobas hkisrulobso Cveni – yovel keTil saqmeSi dauRalavi moRvawe – d.i. yifiani. Cvenis fiqriT, ukeTess kacs Caabarebdnen am dids da mZime saqmes, rogorc qarTuli scenaa. Aman Zalian kargad icis, ra Zvirfasi ram aris xalxisaTvis scena, roca igi im ors zemoaRniSnuls sagans emsaxureba. TiTon im 125 ilia WavWavaZe TxzulebaTa aRmorCeva romelTac d.i. yifiani sTargmnis xolme, cxadad gvimtkicebs, rom mas scena miaCnia im did Skolad, saca ostatad mowveulni unda iyvnen imisTana saxe lovanni kacni, rogorc Seqspiri da molieri da sxva mravali maTi momdevari gamoCenili mwerali. imedia, rom d.i. yifianis xelSi scena Tavis-dReSi ise ar damdabldeba, rom igi Seiqmnes gulisa da enis gamryvnelad. RmerTma hqmnas, rom ramodenadac d.i. yifiani gulmodgined da gulmxurvaled moekideba am saqmes, imodenad Cvenc Semweoba da gulis tkivili amovuCinoT, da maSin Cvenis scenis saqme mkvidrs safuZvelzed iqmnebadamyarebuli, Cvenda sanugeSod da sasixarulod. Tavi mesame 1879 weli, aprili. nuTu axalma niavma dahbera Cvens cxovrebas? – axali sazogadoeba wera-kiTxvis gavrcelebisaTvis saqarTveloSi da misi momavali Rvawli Cvenis cxovrebisaTvis. – ra urTierToba sufevs am sazogadoebasa da SarSan daarsebuls Soris (`SeuZlebel moswavleTa SemweobisaTvis~)? – oriode sityva bankis Taobazed. – qarTuli Teatri. – Tavad-aznaurTa kreba. Cvenma sazogadoebam, swore mogaxsenoT, veraferi saxeli daimkvidra Sesaxeb Taosnobisa, gamWriaxobisa, TviTmoqmedobisa da sxva. grZnobiT-ki kargada grZnobda Tavis vai-vaglaxs da yovelis mxriT gaWirvebuls cxovrebas, magram SvebiT ki TiTqmis TiTsac ar gaanZrevda xolme, rom raime cotad Tu bevrad mtkice saSualeba gamoenaxa Tavis dasaxsnelad. iyo ise, yurmoWrili mona garemoebisa, da TiTqo fiqrobda: rogorc es garemoeba momevlina faTerakad, iqneba Svebac amgvaradve momevlinoso. amisda gvarad, Cveni sazogadoeba, iqneba, arc ki iyos gasamtyunari amaSi: Taosnoba, gamWriaxoba, TviTmoqmedoba, _ yvela amgvari Tavis aRmosacenad da gansaviTareblad moiTxovs niadags ara imisTanas, sadac farTo gza da msvleloba upyria faTerakobas... iqneba ar iyos-meTqi mtyuani, da arc imitom movyeviT amazed laparaks, rom gamovZebnoT vin aris mtyuani da vin aris marTali. es ki ueWvelia: gadioda xani da TiTqmis araviTari Sveba arsaidan ar moCanda. amasobaSi mosalodneli unda yofiliyo, rom rac ki ram xalisi da Taosnoba hqonda SerCenili Cvens sazogadoebas, isic unda dahkargoda. magram, am bolo dros Cvenma sazogadoebam TiTqo feri icvala da Cvens cxovrebas TiTqo axalma niavma dahkra; sazogadoeba TiTqo SekrTa, TiTqo daiZaxa – `rodemde 126 rCeuli werilebi da sadamdeo~, xelebi gaanZria, welSi gaimarTa da TiTonve ganizraxa Tavis-TavisaTvis Svela. jer-jerobiT mihyo xeli swavla-ganaTlebis saqmes. amisTvis daaarsa jer erTi sazogadoeba, romelmac gaxsna esreT-wodebuli `mosamzadebeli Skola~, mere kidev sxva sazogadoeba, romelsac sagnad aqvs wera-kiTxvisa da swavla-ganaTlebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi. pirvel sazogadoebazed sakmaod iyo naTqvami `iveriaSi~ da meti laparaki saWiro aRar aris. axla vTqvaT ramdenime sityva axals sazogadoebazed, romlis programa imdenad vrcelia da imdenad Sorsa swvdeba rom friad dids Rvawls gviqadis momavalSi da imitomac Rirsia yuradRebisa. es sazogadoeba Tavis daniSnulebis aRsasruleblad mohkidebs xels ara marto sasoflo Skolebis gamarTvas, aramed daaarsebs agreTve saxalxo samwignobroebs, maswavleblebs gamozrdis an Tavisganve dafuZnebuls saswavleblebSi, an sxvagan Tavisis xarjiT; gamarTavs leqciebs xalxisaTvis sxvadasxva adgilas da sxv. laparaki ar unda, rom es saqme saucxoo saqmea da Tu am sazogadoebis wevrT qarTvelurad male guli ar aucruvdaT, didi sargeblobis motana SeuZlianT. ara xalxSi, romelic ganaTlebulebSi CaiTvleba, wera-kiTxva ise naklebad ar aris gavrcelebuli, rogorc CvensaSi. uwindels dros, rodesac mamakacebi sul omSi trialebdnen da wignis kiTxvisaTvis ara scalodaT, dedakacebi mainc ar anebebdnen am saqmes Tavsa, miibarebdnen Segirdebs da am-rigad qarTuls mwignobrobas Zirianad amovardnas uSlidnen. exlandels droSi dedakacebi ise-rigad aRar ewyobian wignis kiTxvas da mamakacebs ki jer guldadebiT ar moukidniaT am saqmisaTvis xeli. marTalia, Cvens soflebSi aTasSi erTgan am ukanasknels xans Skolebi gaixsna, magram ise kanti-kuntad, rom erTs Skolians sofelzed aTi meti uSkolo modis. jer-jerobiT am sazogadoebas didi SeZleba ara aqvs ra: sazogadoebis SemdgenelT wevrT, ricxviT jer as-ocda-eqvsia, SeaqvT yovel weliwads ara nakleb ocis maneTisa; amas garda sazogadoeba moelis sxvadasxva Semowiruls fuls pativsacemT wevrTagan da agreTve namdvilT wevrTagan, romelTac yovelwliv unda Semoitanon ara nakleb eqvsis maneTisa. yvela es Semosavali dids fuls ar Seadgens, magram nu daiviwyebT, rom es saqme jer axlad fexadgmuls bavSsa hgavs da axlad fexadgmuls vin mosTxovs vaJikacisaviT swore siaruls! wreulobiT am sazogadoebam xuTi Skolac rom gaxsnas isic didi saqme iqneba. rasakvirvelia, es did saqmed ki ara, mcire saqmedac ar eCvenebaT im pirT, romelnic yovel sazogado saqmes Tvaleb-axveulsaviT ucqerian da iZaxian, rom wera-kiTxvis gavrceleba xalxs sargeblobas aras moutanso, xalxs jer kuWi unda gavuZRoT da mere wigni vaswavloTo, Cven gvinaxavs soflebSi bevri wera-kiTxvis mcodneni, romelnic ucodin- 127 ilia WavWavaZe arebzed ufro usinidiso da gaflidebulni ariano. am vaJbatonebs salaparakod ena ki eqavebaT da ras amboben da ras ara, imisi ki ara gaegebaT ra. imaT es ar esmiT, rom erTi da ori wera-kiTxvis mcodne kaci rom gamoereva sofelSi, imas Tavisi Tavi cxvrebSi gareuli mgeli egoneba da usindisod gamoiyenebs Tavis swavlas; magram erTisa da oris magivrad mTels sofels rom ecodineba wera-kiTxva, maSin imaT ise aravin aparpaSebs. garda amisa, xalxis siRaribidam gamoyvana da swavla da codna ise arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rom imaT uerTmaneTod mniSvneloba ara aqvT ra. vinc ki iZaxis, xalxs jer kuWi gavuZRoT da mere viswavloTo, imazed ar Cafiqrebula, rom glexkacma rac unda simdidre Seimatos, Tu patara ukeTess cxovrebas ar SeeCvia da qveynierobisa ara gaigo-ra, isev-ise binZurad da uxeirod icxovrebs, rogorc siRaribeSi ucxovria. Cven gvinaxavs bevri glexkaci, romelsac aTas Tumnamdin SeiZleba aqvs, magram iseTs miwurs saxlSive dgas, isev-ise gverdiT ubia Tavis saqoneli da imisgan gamosunTquls haersa sunTqavs, rogorc yovlad uqoneli Rataki glexi. erTis sityviT, Tu Cvenis xalxis bedniereba gvinda, unda vecadoT, rom imisi mdgomareoba gavaumjobesoT: swavlac SevZinoT da ukeTesis cxovrebis Ronec mivsceT. es iseTi naTeli WeSmaritebaa, rom vinc amas uaryofs, an srulebiT bnelSi unda dadiodes, an sinaTles Tvalebaxveuli ucqerodes. vimeorebT: Cven swavla gveWirveba, da radgan saxalxo Skolebi swavlis pirvels safexurs Seadgenen, mxiarulebiT unda mivegeboT yovels sazogadoebas, romelsac ki saxalxo Skolebis gamravleba ganuzraxavs. windawinve vTqviT, rom am ukanasknels xans Skolebi Cvens sofelSi kanti-kuntad ixsnebiano. es ufro imisTana soflebSi xdeba, romlebSiac samas-oTxas mcxovrebzed metia. amodena soflebSi glexkacebs ar uWirdebaT weliwadSi sami-oTxi maneTis gamoReba maswavleblisa da Skolis Sesanaxavad. magram saqarTvelos zogierT nawilebSi didi soflebi Zalian Zvirad Sexvdeba kacsa. zogan xalxi xeobebSi scxovrobs da samioTxi soflis mcxovrebni erTad sul ass komls ver Seadgenen. cxadia, rom Tu am soflebSi mcxovrebni Zalian SeZlebulni ar arian, samma-oTxma sofelmac rom erTad moiyaros Tavi – mainc Skolis gakeTeba da maswavleblis Senaxva gauZneldebaT. ai am-gvars xeobebSi da sxva patar-patara soflebSi Skolebis gamarTvas unda miaqcios xsenebulma sazogadoebam yuradReba. aris kidev erTi sazrunavi saqme, romelsac, Tu am sazogadoebam yuri aTxova, saukunod madlobas miiRebs, rogorc mTelis saqarTvelosagan, ise axlad saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebul qveynebisagan. aWara da qobuleTi Tumca TiTqmis erTi weliwadia SemogvierTdnen, magram imaT namdvils SemoerTebazed ki jer Cven ara gvizrunia ra. aqamdisin Cven ufro imaTs Cvengan ganSorebazed vzrunavdiT. . . . . . . . . 8*) raRac sacodavi orasi Tumani Tu SevkribeT da damSeuls qobuleTlebs davurigeT, Torem 128 rCeuli werilebi sxvafriv jer zrunva ara gamogviCenia ra. ai exla dagvetyoba, marTla viciT saqmiTac Sewevna, Tu mxolod moZmes xseneba gvesiamovneba da RviniT Sexurebulis eniT lamazlamazi sityvebis warmoTqma. exla davamtkicebT, marTla gvinda Tu ara qobuleTlebi namdvilad Cveni moZmeni gaxdnen da rogorc laparakiT, ise wera-kiTxviT sruliad SemogvierTdnen. Tu Cveni sixaruli qobuleTis SemoerTebazed pirmoTneoba ar iyo, Tu Cvengan warmoTqmuls mxurvale sityvebs mkvidri safuZveli hqondaT, exla unda gaumarToT xeli am axlad dabadebuls sazogadoebas da valad davsdoT, rom aWaraSi da qobuleTSi rac SeiZleba mometebuli Skolebi damarTos. es Skolebi sxva yovels saSualebazed metad suliT da guliT SemogvierTeben aWarisa da qobuleTis ersa da isev-ise Zmurs siyvaruls Camoagdeben CvenSi, rogorc uwin, imaT osmalos xelSi Cavardnis dromde yofila. rogorc zemoT movixseneT, `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ ganzraxva da moqmedoba Sorsa swvdeba-meTqi. Tu marTla sazogadoebam da misma gambedaobam mTlad aRasrules yoveliferi, rac ki wesdebulebaSi aris moxsenebuli, imedia, rom Cveni xalxis warmateba da ganviTareba bevrad win waidgams fexs; gavrceldeba swavlaganaTleba samSoblo enazed da miT miecema Cvens qveyanas is yovlad usaWiroesi niadagi, uromlod sagvartomo da TviTmomqmedi cxovreba da warmateba SeuZlebelia. gava ramdenime xani da macxovari sxivi ganaTlebisa mohfens naTels yovels kuTxes Cvenis qveynisas, romelic ki aqamomde Tvalgauwvdenel sibneleSi imyofeboda. marTalia, marto pirveldawyebiTi swavla sakmarisi ar aris, magram jer erTi is, rom rogorc mogexsenebaT, saxli usaZirkvlod ver daidgmis; garda amisa, arsebobs CvenSi Skola, jer-jerobiT mosamzadebeli, romelic unda gaxdes saSualo saswavleblad da miT Seivsos saqme, romlisaTvis xelis mokidebas apirobs axlad daarsebuli sazogadoeba. es saSualo saswavlebeli, _ Cveni sakuTari, qarTuli saswavlebeli, – Seiqmneba Cvenis xalxisaTvis saxsari ufro mometebulis swavlisa da ganaTlebis SesaZenad; es saswavlebeli gamogvizrdis Cven Cvens sakuTars, qarTvels inteligencias, e.i im-gvar pirT, romelnic arian dedaboZni yovelis xalxis ganviTarebisa da warmatebisa. am qarTul saSualo saswavlebelzed Semdeg gveqneba dawvrilebiT laparaki. vityviT agreTve Semdeg mazedac, Tu ra mniSvneloba eqneba am saswavlebels Cvenis literaturisaTvis. exla ki aRviarebT, rom orive sazogadoebani dasdgomian erTsa da imave sagans, magram oris mxridam, ornive erTi-erTmaneTs exmarebian, avseben erTi-erTmaneTis nakls. axla saqme Cvenzed, e.i. qarTvel sazogadoebazed, aris damokidebuli; unda aRmovuCinoT rac SeiZleba meti saxsari da saSualeba, fuliT Tu sxva riTime. nuras davzogavT am saqmisaTvis! vin icis, Cveni bedi ra-rigad datrialdeba, Tu es saqme sxvanairad waviyvaneT!.. saqme damokidebulia agreTve Cven cotad Tu bevrad naswavl ymawvil-kace- 129 ilia WavWavaZe bzed. zemoxsenebul sazogadoebaT win udevs didZali, auarebeli Sroma: Cven xom jer sul xelcarielni varT, _ arc saxelmZRvanelo gvaqvs, arc sakiTxavi wignebi, arc ara sxva saxsari swavlisa, _ ai amas unda Seudgnen exlave Cveni ganaTlebulni, raTa sityva mainc ar mogvibrunon: ` maS raRasa TxoulobT, Tuki gamoyenebac ar iciT da ar SegiZlianTo?~ umTavresi Semwe yvela am-gvar saqmeTa aris, jer-jerobiT, saadgil-mamulo banki, quTaisisa Tu Cveni. quTaisis bankma Semoswira kidec aTas asi Tumani am sazogadoebas. imerT-amerTa, ese igi, mTelma saqarTvelom am samocda-Tvramets ...........9*) gavlils weliwadSi marto erTi saqme daawyo sakuTaris TaosnobiT, sakuTaris SewirulobiT da Tavis sakuTaris RoniT, mxneobiT da zedamxedvelobiT warmarTa kidec. eg saqmea Cvenis bankebis dadgineba da marTva. am samoc-da-Tvramet weliwadSi qarTveli kaci rogorRac, nebiT Tu uneburad, kuTxeSi miegdo, miwva da miiZina, TiTqos yvelaferzed guli aiyarao, yvelaferzed imedi gadiwyvitao, yvelaferzed xeli aiRoo, erTis sityviT zneobiTad mokvdao. am yofam yovel-mxriv dagvauZlura Cven, gonebiT, zneobiT, Tvalad, tanad davpataravdiT da miviliveniT; aramc Tu xelis gaZvris ilaji aRara gvqonda, aramed TiTon moZraobis survilic Sig gulSi Cagvikvda, Cagviqra. ras unda gamoexsna Cveni Tavi am sacodavobidam? marto TviTmoqmedebas da sxvas arafers. razed unda migvemarTa is yovlad mxsneli TviTmoqmedeba? metyviT, magas bevri gza aqvso. Cvenc vityviT, magram im `bevramdin~... RmerTo, xom Sen ici, ra tyruSuli Robeebia, TvalTuwvdeni, Seuvali. saidam ra moevloda? erTi patara bilikiRa iyo Tavisufali savlelad da erTi patara moedani savarjiSod, isic vailaCrobiT, wewviTa da glejiTa. moednad dagvrCa Cveni qonebis wre da bilikad – gza qonebis SeZenisa, anu gaflangvisa. aq SegveZlo gvevarjiSna ramodenic Cvens sulsa da guls esurveboda, aravin da araferi ar gvabrkolebda. wyalwaRebuli xavss ekidebodao, naTqvamia. sxva Rone rom ar iyo Svelisa, erTma Cvenma keTilis-myofelma kacma am biliks da moedans daakvirva Tvali da sTqva: cota ram aris, magram amisi gamoyenebac SeiZlebao, rom Cvenma TviTmoqmedebam cotaTi mainc frTebi Seisxaso. sTqva da Tavis sasaxelod aasrula kidec. amazed aSenda bankebis saqme. am saqmes Cven dids mniSvnelobas vaZlevdiT da vaZlevT kidec. Tund Tavi davaneboT imas, rom bankebi RonisZiebas gvaZleven fulis sesxad Sovnisas, nurc imas gavixsenebT, rom am ors Cvens banks SeuZlianT, cota rom vsTqvaT, weliwadSi ori aTasis Tumnis SeZena sazogado saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad, amas yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, gavsinjoT banki im mxriT, ra mxriTac igi ufro sanatreli unda iyves maTTvis, visac swams Zala TviTmoqmedebisa qveynis sadRegrZelod da sabednierod. Cven, Tevzisa ar iyos, piri savse gvaqvs wyliTa da vrclad miTiTebiT veras vityviT, magram vinc am mxriT Rrmad daakvirdeba Cvenis bankebis arsebobas da safuZvlianad Tavidam 130 rCeuli werilebi bolomde gaavlebs gonebis Tvalsa, is, rasakvirvelia, dagveTanxmeba, rom aqac bankis saqmeSi, rogorc yovelfer sxvaSi, Cvenis yelis sabelis Cvens xelSive Cagdeba CvenTvis sanatrelic unda iyos da sasixaruloc. eg saqme am mxriT CvenTvis didi ram aris. dRes `SemTxvevisa gamo sxvisa da sxvisa~ CvenTvis marto bankia mxoloobiTi moedani, romelzedac unda aRizardos, fexi aidgas, gaiwurTnos, gainavardos Cvenma TviTmoqmedebam, Cvenma zneobiTma Zal-Ronem. visac Cveni qveyana gulwrfelad uyvars da CvenTvis keTili ara Surs, is didis sifrTxiliT, didis mosazrebiT unda ekidebodes yovels sagans, yovels azrs bankis Sesaxeb. Cvenda samwuxarod, amas Cven versad vera vxedavT, verc sxva sazogado saqmeSi saerTod da verc bankisaSi sakuTriv. veraferi sanugeSo ambavia, roca kaci sazogado saqmis moedanzed gamodis marto imisaTvis rom sityva da azri win gavigdo da vaTamaSoo. yoveli TamaSi Seqcevaa da sazogado saqmes upatiurod xdis. sazogado saqmes marto Sroma unda, jafa unda, bejiTi da guldadebiTi jafaca. uamisod sazogado saqme, rac unda kargi iyos Tvalad, SigniT fuRuroa, dRemoklea, sustia. waramarad barbaci sazogado saqmeSi iqneba usaqmo kacisTvis sasaciloc iyos, magram saqmianisaTvis sawyenoa. amazed ufro savaglaxoa, roca sazogado saqmeSi `me ese mijobs~ aRviraSvebuli daiareba da is ki, `rac saqmes ujobs~, TavCaRunuli dadis, TiTqo dedinacvlis xelSi Cavardnili oboliao, Cagruli da xmaamouRebelio. bolos cxvirSi amogvkravs, rom ese windauxedavad SevsvamT xolme sazogado mZime saqmes erTmaneTis mtrobisa da Suris saqanelazed da ise ukadrisad windaukan vaqanebT. bolos cxvirSi amovikravT-meTqi, magram vai Tu gvianRa iyos... ai, Tund aviRoT magaliTad quTaisis saadgil-mamulo bankis saqme. Tavdapirveladve am banks erTi SfoTi da areuloba Seudga. daewyo dasebi. erTi ikiTxeT, an erTma dasma ra wamoayena win iseTi, rom meorem uarhyo? risTvis ibrZvian? raT aqvT atexili tyuil-ubralo ayal-mayali? razed daoben, razed ciloben? sweren kidec mravals, hqadagoben kidec, da aba Tu kacebi xarT, garkveviT metyviT – ra aris cilebis sagani? yvelaferia, yvelaferi, garda imisa, rac sazogado saqmisaTvis saWiroa. es aris Cveni ostatoba? nuTu bolo aRar unda hqondes bzarvas da lalvas isec ubedurT qarTvelTa Soris. RmerTo, gvixsen am Wirisagan da gvamyofine, rac dRevandlamde mag Wirisagan gadagvxdenia. gveyo, batonebo, gveyo! iq `me~ uRonoa, saca `Cven~ gacudebulia, uaryofilia, galaxulia. amas yvela vgrZnobT da vvalalebT kidec. 131 ilia WavWavaZe *** am bolo dros daewyo qarTulis Teatris saqmeca. ai kidev erTi sazogado saqme, romelsac didis sifrTxiliT moqceva unda. RmerTma es axlad Sobili saqme mainc aaSoros im mtrobasa da Surs, romelic bankebis saqmes Seudga CvenSi. Cven winaTac gviTqvams da exlac vambobT, rom Teatrs dids mniSvnelobas vaZlevT Cvenis sazogadoebisaTvis. es iseTi saqmea, romelsac yovelma qarTvelma SeZlebisamebr xeli unda moumarTos. saxeli da dideba tfilisis bankis krebas, rom qarTuli Teatri sazogado saWiro saqmed icno da samasi Tumani fuli Seswira. fulis Sewirvis garda am axlad Sobils saqmes sxvagvari Semweobac unda. saWiroa, rom Cvenma literaturam yuradReba miaqcios am saqmes, kvalSi Caudges, da ramodenadac goneba da codna gauWris, imodenad, _ rogorc moyvarem _ pirSi uZraxos, kargi da avi pirSi uTxras, arc gaanebieros tyuilis baraqaliTa da arc guli ahyaros tyuilis dawunebiTa. amisaTvis Cven vecdebiT am mxriT samsaxuri gavuwioT Cvens Teatrsa imdenad, ramdenadac Cvengan SesaZlo iqneba. jer-xanad mokled ganvixilavT, rac aqamomde iyo. am cotas xanSi ramdenime qarTuli warmodgena iyo. pirvelad warmoadgines sam-moqmedebiani komedia: `gevo, minas da kampania~, franciulidam gadmokeTebuli, da masTanave erTi vodevilic `sxva-gvari siyvaruli~. TiTon komediaze bevrs veras vityviT, SevniSnavT mxolod, rom am Txzulebas sami naklulevaneba aqvs, Torem sxvafriv ki ara uWirs ra. erTi isa, rom damwerma raT daswera? meore isa, rom Tu damwerma daswera, gadamkeTebelma raT gadaakeTa? da mesame isa, rom Tu orniv Sescden, TeatrSi mainc raT warmoadgines? aqtiorebma rolebi ar icodnen rigianad. ra dagvemarTa, riT ver moviSaleT es uxamsi Cveuleba. urigo ar iqneba, rom am sagans sastiki yuradReba miaqcios reJisorma, Torem eg wyeuli Cveuleba piesis mweralsac daafrTxobs da mayurebelsaca. imedia, rom bejiTi reJisori mospobs amas. vodevilma kargad Caiara, xalxmac bevri icina da zogi iqneba imasac mixvda, rom pirad mxurvale siyvaruls xSirad sxva sarCuli udevs xolme qveS. es didis zneobis maswavlebeli WeSmariteba ar aris, magram erTi pawia vodevilisagan esec kargia. aramwevarma rom kurdReli daibrunoso, daWerad CaeTvlebao, naTqvamia. merme warmoadgines molieris komedia `eWviT avadmyofi~, Targmnili iv. maCabelisagan. Targmani ar aris urigo, magram mTargmenls Sig CaurTavs erTi imisTana sityva, xSirad xmarebuli piesaSi, romelic zrdilobis moyvare qarTvelisaTvis metad saTakiloa. amisTana sityvebs unda eridon scenazed. Tumca Cven, qarTvelebma, erTob uwmawuri laparaki viciT xolme, roca salazRandarod SeviyrebiT, magram sajarod ki gveTakileba xolme umarTebulo sityvis xmareba. es pativsadebi Cveulebaa da ar SeiZleba amas yuri ar vaTxovoT. 132 rCeuli werilebi bolos dros warmoadgines il.WavWavaZis `ymebis ganTavisuflebis pirvel droebis scenebi~, `ayal-mayali col-qmar Sua~ da vodevili (meored) `bnels oTaxSi~. `ayal-mayali col-qmar Sua~ mogvewona, kargis eniT aris Sedgenili da sasaciloc aris; Cvenda samwuxarod amasave ver vityviT vodevilzed, Tumca zogierTgan aqac ena rigianad aris xmarebuli. aqtiorebis Rirsebazed jer-xanad ara iTqmis ra, jer uCvevni arian bevri maTgani da, imedia, rom gaiwrTvnebian, xolo warmomadgenelTa Soris erTia, romlisaTvisac RmerTs miumadlebia didi niWi. mag niWis patroni safarovis qalia. eg iseTi aqtrisaa, romelic Cvenis scenis Tvali iqneba, Tvali! am azrisani arian yvelani, visac ki safarovis qali scenazed unaxavs. yovels sikeTesTan erTi is sikeTec sWirs, rom mSvenieri qarTuli gamoTqma aqvs da es sikeTe exlandels droSi, roca qarTuli aRaravis axsovs, metad Zvirfasi ram aris. Zalian kargi iyo uf. cagareli il.WavWavaZis scenaSi. Cvena gvgonia, mag-gvars rolebSi uf. cagareli Seudarebeli iqneba. gvikvirs, ratom glaxa WriaSvilis roli magisaTvis ar miuciaT? *** oriode sityva unda mogaxsenoT tfilisis guberniis Tavad-aznaurTa yrilobis Taobazed, romelic amJamad Semdgaria guberniisa da uezdebis marSlebis amorCevisaTvis. marTalia, awindel droSi, rodesac baton-ymoba gadavardnilia da sxvadasxva wodebaTa Soris araviTari SesaniSnavi ganrCeva ar aris kanonis da saxelmwifos winaSe, Tavad-aznaurobas, rogorc erT-gvar wodebas, daekarga uwindeli mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10*) Tu am-Jamad Tavad-aznaurTa kreba ipyrobs raime yuradRebas – ipyrobs mxolod am mxriT, mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac igi . . . . *) sargeblobs Tvisis uflebiT. Tavad-aznaurobas aqvs ufleba izrunos Tvis saWiroebazed, ganucxados mTavrobas Tvisi survili amis Sesaxeb, warudginos mas sxvadasxva zomierebani, romelTac dainaxavs sasargeblod. ai, sasurvelia, rom es zomierebani Seexebodnen imisTana sagans, romelic sargeblobis momtania mTelis qveynisaTvis. am mxriT wlevandeli yriloba Tavad-aznaurebisa yuradRebis Rirsi unda iyos, ragdanac wamoyenebul iqmna erTi sagani friad RirsSesaniSnavi da friad sasargeblo saqarTvelosTvis. Cven vambobT im winadadebazed romelic Seitana krebaSi Reneralma konstantine mamacaSvilma da romelic arsebobs SemdegSi: yovelma Tavadma Tu aznaurma unda ikisros wliTi-wlobiT xarji, rom mis SemosavaliT daarsebul iqnes sakuTari gimnazia. Cvenda samwuxarod, guberniis krebaSi am saganma ver moipova jerovani umetesoba xmisa, magram dadgenil 133 ilia WavWavaZe iqmna ki, rom es saqme TviToeul uezdis marSals da Tavad-aznaurT unda miendoTo. maSasadame, saqmis kargad wayvana damokidebulia uezdis marSlis gamWriaxobazed da uezdis Tavad-aznaurTa keTil midrekilebazed. imedia, rom ara aznaurs ar daSurdeba da arc gauWirdeba weliwadSi SeZlebisamebr cota risame micema qveynis sargeblobisa da warmatebisaTvis. amiT Cveni sazogadoeba daimkvidrebs ukvdav saxels da didebas winaSe mTelis qveynis da metadre STamomavlobisa. Tavi merve 1881 weli, maisi. dasawyisi uarmyofelis mimarTulebisa ruseTSi. _ momxreoba Zvelisa da axalisa. _ ori didi banaki. _ `mamebi da Svilebi~. _ evropis konservatoroba da liberaloba. _ orkeci sinjva saqmisa. _ ruseTSi konservatoroba retrogradobad gadiqca da liberaloba marto uaryofad. _ pisarevi da misi zemoqmedeba. _ ram waityua ymawvilkacoba. _ riT ikvebebian dResac Cveneburi Singamomcxvari liberalebi. _ Современник-i da bazarovi, bazarovi da pisarevi. _ raT moxda? _ Cvenebur liberalebis ukan CamorComa. _ ar ician. _ CvenSiac ori banakia. _ axali gundi Cveneburebisa. _ maTi mimarTuleba. _ slavianebis magaliTi. _ risTvis unda momzaddes Cveni ymawvilkacoba? _ Cveni programa. _ Cveni sawyao ra unda iyos. _ TviT-amorCeuli deputatebi da venzelebi. _ tfilisis Tavad-aznaurTa bankis kreba. netarxsenebuli imperatori aleqsandre meore avida taxtzed Tu ara, sul sxva, axalma siom daubera ruseTs. im dromde TvaldaxuWvilma da enadabmulma ruseTma Tvali aaxila, ena amoidga. rasakvirvelia, es uceb ar moxda da arc erTis kacis nebiTa: eg moitana cxovrebam, romelic Tavis-dReSi uqmad ar SeCerdeba xolme, eg moitana cxovrebis namuSevarma. axalma drom Tu Tavi riTme iCina, eg imiT, rom Tavisi-Tavi cotad Tu bevrad icno da Tavis moTxovnilebas ahyva. axlad Tvalaxilulma ruseTma, raRa Tqma unda, jer Tavis-Tavzed daixeda, gaiCxrika Tavisis yofacxovrebis Tirkmelebi, Signeuloba. naxa, rom zogierTi macxovrebeli ZarRvi Caswydomia, Cirqi Casdgomia da Sehgubebia. Seudga mizezTa gamoZiebas: ram imoqmeda aseo? naxa, rom misis sneulebis saTave_TiTon cxovrebis wyobaa da agebuleba, erTxel da erTxel SemoRebuli da gauaxleblad damkvidrebuli. uarhyo igi 134 rCeuli werilebi wyoba. uarhyo yovelive, rac ki am wyobas Seswevda da xels umarTavda. am arsebulis uaryofam wamoiwia im wridan, romelsac gonebiT mcxovrebs sazogadoebas eZaxian, romelic yovelgan da yovelTvis nugeSia da imedi yovelis erisa, da romelic cxovrebis warmatebis uRlis TavSi pirveli Cadgeba xolme. is sazogadoeba mTelis Tavis ZalRoniT miawyda am uSvelebel saqmes uaryofisas, da yovels mis moqmedebaSi an wuni da kicxvaa dro-gardasulis Zvelisa, an moZRvreba da natvra nelad akvirtebulis axlisa. ukeTesni warmomadgenelni am sazogadoebisa _ poeziaSi, mecnierebaSi Tu publicistobaSi, _ sul am didis saqmis mimdevarni iyvnen dauRalavad. maTis marTla-da dauviwyaris RvawliT mag Tamamma da uarmyofelma mimarTulebam fexi kargad ganzed gaidga ruseTSi da cxovrebis moedanzed daiWira adgili. am axal mimarTulebis mesveuri iyo saxelovani Современник-i. azrTa moZraobaSi, rogorc yvelaferSi qveyanazed, erTi meores adgils ar uTmobs uomrad, ubrZolvelad. aqac ase moxda. cxadic aris, ratom. arsebuli, Zveli, ise ar gacuddeba, rom visime gamosayeni ar iyos. es erTi. meore isa, rom bevri imisTana modunebuli da Selaxuli kacia qveyanazed, romelic ise SeeCveva xolme Wirsa, rom SeCveuli Wiri SeuCvevels lxins urCevnia. mesame da yvelazed ufro fesv-magari kidev is aris, rom yovels arsebuls, yovels Zvels Tavisi adgili ukve daupyria adamianis cxovrebaSi, umravlesobisagan aRiarebulia, nebiT Tu uneblieT gul-Sejerebulia da JamTa xnierobiT beWeddakruli da damtkicebuli. am samTa mizezTa gamo Zvels, arsebuls, momxre ar daeleva. TiTon axalic, romelic Zvelis adgilas unda Camosdges, dabadebisave umal ise ar momwifdeba, rom pirSi Cadebis da daReWis meti sxva aRara undodesra. rogorc Zvelis obi, ise axalis kvirti _ Zneli dasanaxavia. amisaTvis metad saRi, gamWre Tvali unda gonebisa. am mizeziT, TiTqmis mTeli ruseTi gaiyo or did banakad: erTSi moeqcnen Zvelis, arsebulis momxreni, meoreSi Zvelis uarmyofelni da axalis mesveurni. pirvels banaks daerqva `mamebis banaki~, meores _ `Svilebisa~. es swored ruseTSi mogonili saxelebia da srulebiT ar uxdeba im sagans, romelic evropaSi moqmedebs konservatorebis da liberalebis gasarCevad. `mamoba da Sviloba~ Tvalad gasarCevi saqmea. amisTana gareganad saniSnavma saxelwodebam bevrs wyal-wyala Wkuas gza da kvali daubnia ruseTSi da ruseTis baZviT CvenSiac. erTis sibere da meoris siymawvile samyofi iyo zogierTi crupentela kacisaTvis, rom erTi erTs banakSi moeqcia da meore _ meoreSi, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra azrebis maRiarebelni arian an erTni an meoreni. pirvels SexedvaSi kacs egoneba _ ruseTis `mamebis~ banaki erTis mxriT da `Svilebisa~ meores mxriT, evropis konservatorobas da liberalobas moaswavebso.. Cvenis fiqriT, eg Secdoma iqneba. Tu ruseTis liberaloba, am bolondel xanebisa mainc, Camohgavs evropis liberalobas, ruseTis konservatorobazed magas ver vityviT. ruseTSi WeSmariti konservatoroba ar aris dRes-aqamomde. 135 ilia WavWavaZe yovelgan, saca ki istoriis Rirsi eri TavisiTa scxovrebs, ornairi wyobaa azrisa da eg ornairi wyoba azrisa Seadgens cxovrebis mdinareobasa. erTi is wyobaa, romelic cxovrebas ukve aRmouCenia, daudgenia da dRes moqmedebs, meore is_rasac dRevandeli dRe Txoulobs da saWiroebs. am orTa wyobaTa moqmedeba dauZinaria da mudami. roca is, rasac dRevandeli dRe Txoulobs, yvelas Tu ara _ bevrs mainc Zvalsa da rbilSi dauvlis, Sesmenili da gagebuli eqneba, _ maSin eg meore wyoba imarjvebs da yovel saqmeTa saTaveSi moeqceva xolme. exla eg wyoba daiWers pirvels adgils cxovrebaSi. rasakvirvelia, minam es ase moxdeba, cxovreba mainc moqmedebs da axals saWiroebas aCens. amitomac axlad gamarjvebuls wyobasac sxva, axali wyoba gamouCndeba xolme mopirdapired. ese midis kacobriobis cxovreba da amnair svlas dasasruli ar aqvs. TiTon kacobriobis istoriac sxva ar aris-ra, garda amnairad fexis gadanacvlebisa. pirvelis wyobis momxreebs evropaSi konservatorebs eZaxian, meorisas _ liberalebs. pirvelebi arian ukve dadgenilis mcvelni, meoreni _ axlis mesveurni da mdomelni. Tumca erTni Zvelis mcvelebi arian da meoreni axlis mdomelni, magram pirvelebs yvelaferi Zveli ar moswonT da meoreebs yvela axali ar enatrebaT. bevri imisTana axalia, romlis mosapoeblad WeSmariti konservatori sicocxlesac ar dazogavs, da bevri imisTana Zvelia, romlis dRegrZelobisaTvis WeSmariti liberali Tavis sakuTar dRes Seimoklebs. irlandiisaTvis inglisis xelidan ganTavisufleba axali saqme iqneba, magram WeSmariti konservatori irlandiisa Tavs dasdebs, oRond eg moipovos. inglisis egreT-wodebuli `didi xartia~ Zveli ram aris, magram inglisis liberali usikvdilod ar dasTmobs arc erTs asos im xartiisas. WeSmariti konservatoroba esarCleba da icavs marto imisTana Zvels, romelic, misis gulwrfelis azriT, jer kidev gamosadegia da saWiro cxovrebisaTvis, da Tu xandisxan scodavs raSime qveyanas, marto imaSi, rom zogjer imisTana Zvelsac gadefareba, romelic Tumca gamosadegi aRar aris, magram uvnebelia, da Zvelis adgils ar uTmobs axalsa _ minam kargad guls ar daajerebs, rom axali keTils moitans. WeSmariti liberalobac uarhyofs marto imisTana Zvels, romelsac Tavisi dro da Jami mouWamia, romelic dRes xarixad gasdebia cxovrebas da winsvlas uSlis. igi ndomobs im Zvelis magier imisTana axals, romelic Zvelzed ukeT xels moumarTavs cxovrebis gankargebasa da warmatebas. saca bralmdebelia, iq mfarvelic unda iyos. marto am orkecad gasinjul saqmes mosdevs marTali da WeSmariti. kacobriobas dRes-aqamomde sxva gza ar aRmouCenia WeSmaritis da marTlis mosapoveblad. Cven esa vsTqviT imitom, rom vaCvenoT, sadamdis SeuZlian, Cvenis fiqriT, gaiwvdinos xeli an Zvelis mcvelma da axlis uarmyofelma, an Zvelis uarmyofelma da axlis mdomelma, rom WeSmarits konservatorobas an liberalobas ar gadascdes. konservatorebis ukan da liberalebis win, marcxniv da marjvniv, bevrnairi sxvadasxva azris nakadulebia kidev, da Tu Cven marto ori wyoba azrisa movixsenieT, eg 136 rCeuli werilebi imitom _ rom cxovrebis mdinareobis Sua weli mag or mxar-da-mxar moaruls wyobas azrisas uWiravs. ruseTSi sul sxvasa vxedavT. aq `mamebma~ ise gaiwies, rom yvelafers Zvels gamoesarClen avisa da kargis gaurCevlad da yvelafers axals dauwyes Zageba da devna; gaqiri hqmnes amazed da win fexi veRar gadmoabijes. amisi magaliTi `Русский Вестник~-ia da `Московские Ведомости~, eg ori upirvelesi falavani `mamebisa~. jer guSin RaRadebda `Московские Ведомости~, damnaSaveebs raRa gasamarTleba undao, aiReT da CamoarCveTo, da sasacilod igdebda exlandel gansamarTlebis wess, romlis SemoRebisaTvisac gansvenebuli imperatori madlobiT moixsenieba istoriaSi. arc erTi konservatori evropisa ar ikadrebda magas da egre usircxvilod ar Seexeboda mag dids da axals dawyobilebas, romelsac axals gansamarTlebis wess eZaxian. Tu guSin amas kadrulobdnen ruseTis ~mamebi~, raRa unda vsTqvaT maszed, rac am ocis wlis winaT iqneboda maTis wyalobiT. egreTma wyal-gaRma gabijebam `mamebisa~-m, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, gaqirma, _ gaagulisa `Svilebi~. aman gaaficxa, gaamwvava da gaakapasa `mamebisa da Svilebs~ Soris brZola da `Svilebis~ banaki iqamdin miiyvana, rom uarayofina aramc Tu marto is, rac Rirsi iyo uaryofisa, aramed zogierTi imisTanac, romlis uaryofisaTvis wamowiTldeba sircxvil-moreuli exlandeli WeSmariti liberali ruseTisa. Sedga `Svilebis~ banakic marto uaryofazed da mesveuroba axlisa ukan kuTxeSi miagdo. ukanaskneli falavani am TiTqmis yovlad uarmyofelis mimarTulebisa iyo metad sxarte da niWieri mwerali pisarevi. misis meTaurobiT, am gadaWarbebulma uaryofama iqamde miuSva sadave, rom uarhyo TviT puSkinis moRvaweobaca da mTels Seqspirs erTi kai sigara amjobina. am mimzidvelma, lamazad moubarma, magram xelsubuqma axalgazrda mweralma bevri mozardi ymawvili CaiTria da brmad aiyolia. pisarevis mimzidvels Zalas verc Cveneburebi gadurCnen. es CaTreva, rasakvirvelia, marto pisarevis mimzidvelobiT ar aixsneba. aq ymawvilis gonebis gasataceblad uarmyofelis mimarTulebis siTamame da gabedulobac iyo. ymawvilis gonebas ise ara miizidavs-ra, rogorc siTamame, gabeduloba. siTamames, gabedulobas bevri brwyinvale mxare aqvs da raT unda gvikvirdes, rom ymawvilma mas miatanos, rac brwyinavs. patara bavSi maSinve xels gauwvdis xolme sanTlis alsa. Cven amas vambobT marto im ymawvil-kacobazed, romelTac jer gonebis Tvali ar uWridaT, rom mag mimarTulebis arsebiTi ZarRvi epovnaT. arc imis Tqma gvinda, rom uarmyofels mimarTulebas kargi ara moutania-ra. bulbuliviT uazro galobas poeziisa kriWa aukra da mada waarTva, avtoritetebzed brmad dandoba saiqios gaistumra, istorias, didkacebis cuRlutobis magier, sagnad eris yofacxovreba misca, yma adamianad aRiara da ganaTavisufla. 137 ilia WavWavaZe Cven imas vambobT, rom bolos-da-bolos, ufro pisarevis wyalobiT, bevri ram mag mimarTulebaSi iseTi iyo, rom CalasaviT tkaca-tkuciT apilpilda da gonebagauxsneli ymawvil-kacoba waityua, rogorc farvana cecxlma. meore nawilma ymawvil-kacobisam ki, ufro gonebagaxsnilma, srulad SeiTvisa yovelive keTili mag mimarTulebisa da zurgi Seuqcia tyuilubralo frazebis tkacatkucsa. ase Tu ise, pisarevis uaryofa did modad Semovida brmaTaTvis. visac advilad da moumzadeblad kusaviT fexis gamoyofa undoda qveyanazed, eg moda unda mieRo. amisaTvis oriode fraza iyo saWiro. erTi is, rom poezia, da erTob xelovneba, ra Wkviani kacis saqmea, erTi wyvili waRa Seqspirs mirCevniao; meore _ avtoritetebi ara mwamso; mesame – istoria zRapariao; da meoTxe – qveyanazed marto glexkacia adamiani da Tavadi da aznauri ki arao. es frazebi rom dageswavlaT, liberali iyaviT da liberali. ai swored am-gvar liberalobaSi Cacvivdnen Cveneburis ymawvil-kacobis bevri wili. dResac, aba daakvirdiT Cveneburs Sin gamomcxvars liberalebs, Tu marto am uTavbolo frazebiT ar ikvebebodnen da qveynis sasacilod TavianT Tavs liberalebad da radikalebad ara xadoden. aba daakvirdiT, Tu yvelgan, saca ginda da ar ginda, sul eg frazebi ar wamosCxiron, ferad-ferads ZonZebSi gaxveulebi. minam saxelovani Современник-i TavSi edga mas, rac mere `Svilebis~ banakad gadaiqca, Zvelis uaryofas damjdari Wkua da mecniereba win miuZRoda da axlis mesveuroba Tavminebebuli ar iyo. turgenevma rom yovlis uarmyofeli bazarovi gamoxata, Современник-ma Tavis moZmed ar miiRo da iTakila, Tumc-ki WeSmariti liberaluri moZraoba ruseTSi da TviT uaryofa Современник-is saqme iyo da droSa liberalebisa mas eWira. pisarevma ki bazarovi gulSi Caikra da Tavisianad miiCnia. raT moxda ese? imitom – rom Современник-is uaryofa kargisa da avis garCeviT iyo da pisarevisa amas gardacilebuli da bazarovsaviT avisa da kargis gaurCeveli. am saxiT, pisarevma WeSmarits liberalobas win ki ar gaaswro, aramed gverdzed gauxta, mis moZRvrebas naxtomi SeeSala, fexi mousxlta da daeca. daZvelda is axali ca da Cvens liberalebs eg jer ar SeutyviaT. dRes ruseTma bevriT win wamoiwia, Tumca ruseTis konservatoroba evropis konservatorobamde ver SemTavrda da gadiqca retrogradobad, magram liberalobam ki Tavi gaitana, Tavis gzazed dadga da bevri ram SeiZina. Seicvala saukeTesod ruseTis liberalebis azri xelovnebazed, poeziazedac, avtoritetebzedac, glexsa da Tavadzedac; yovels amazed azri ufro farTod gaiSala da gaixsna mecnierebis naTel qveS. cxovrebis SigniT da cxovrebis gareT bevri sagani fexzed wamoayena, bevri Zveli miiRo Tavis mfarvelobis qveS, bevri axali ahnusxa dasadgenad da bevri gansadevnad. magram radganac yoveli ese jer `CotkSi~ Cagdebuli ar aris, yovels amas jer jami ar aqvs gamoyvanili, rom mza-mzareulad xelzed daxvevis meti ara undodes ra, da radganac Cveneburs Singamomcxvars liberalebs RmerTma imodena Wkua ar miscaT, 138 rCeuli werilebi TiTon ahnusxon is, rac dRes ruseTis liberalebis moZRvrebas Seadgens, amitomac Cveni tyuili liberalebi dResac im azrebSi trialeben, romelTac karga xania Tavisi dro da Jami moiWames, Tavisi hqmnes da Cailulis wyali dalies. am saxiT, Cven brma da crupentela liberalebs WeSmariti liberaloba cxvir-win gaeparaT, da Tu gaocebis niSnad jer piri ar dauRiaT, vai es ra saqme mogvsvliao, eg imitom, rom jer ar SeutyviaT, ra dReSi arian Cacvivnulebi. Tumca `mamebis da Svilebis~ brZolam ruseTSi brmad aiyolia Cveneburi ymawvilkacoba da im brmad ayolilebma eg brZola CvenSiac gadmoitanes, magram Cvenis ymawvilkacobis sasaxelod esec unda vsTqvaT, rom maTganma TiTo-orolam gamoinapira da Tavisi Secdoma male icno, gamovida da calke gundad dadga cxovrebis moedanzed. mas aqeT CvenSiac ymawvil-kacoba or banakad gaiyo: erTSi moeqcnen isini, visac ruseTis uarmyofelis mimarTulebidam oTx zemoxsenebul frazebs garda ara gamoetanaT ra, meoreSi – axalis gundis momxreni. pirvelebma daixvies xelzed ruseTis `mama-Sviloba~, enazed daikeres zemoT moyvanili oTxi fraza da dRes aqamomde awiowos iZaxian da iolad midian. meoreebi ki daakvirdnen Cvenis qveynis viTarebasa da naxes, rom Cven qveyanas sul sxva tkivili aqvs, sul sxva faTeraki sdevs. scnes, rom Cveneburi dRevandeli dRe sul sxvasa Txoulobs, sul sxvasa hRaRadebs da, maSasadame, Cveneburi liberaloba sul sxva rasmezed unda miiqces mTelis Tavisis Zal-RoniTa. da Tu aqac bedisweras ise ar gadavrCebodiT, rom `mama-Sviloba~ ar gamarTuliyo, brZolis sagnad is `sxva rame~ unda yofiliyo da `mamebsa da Svilebs Sua mijnad dadebuliyo, is `sxva rame~ iyo – Cvenis dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva yovelis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan. rom eg faTeraki mosalodneli iyo da dResac Tavidam ar agvcdenia, _ yvelasaTvis cxadzed cxadia. im axalma gundma mTeli Tavisi Rone mag sagans mihmarTa. mag axalma mimarTulebam daipyra mTeli Cveni Raribi literatura. `saqarTvelos moambe~, `mnaTobi~, `droeba~ da bolos `iveria~ sul mag mimarTulebis buksa da naRarasa scemden. saukeTeso warmomadgenelni Cvenis poeziisa sul magas gvamxeldnen, magas gvigalobdnen dRes aqamomde. marTalia, Cvenis `vinaobis~ aRsadgenad mag axals gunds bevri ara uqnia ra, radganac imisaTvis saWiro mecnierebaSi da codnaSi karga qveiTobdnen. magram isic didi saqmea, rom mag mimarTulebas miagnes da Cvens cxovrebaSi cotad Tu bevrad fexi moakidebines. isic didi ambavi iqneba, Tu am gundma am saganzed moaxeda Cveni almacerad mayurebeli Tvali da rac Zal-Ronea, sul mag saqmes zed moaxvia da SesWida. rac ver hqmnes amaT, iqmonen sxvani, oRond am mimarTulebam Tavi daiWiros Cvens cxovrebaSi, Rrmad gaikeTos Ziri da imoqmedos, vidre saWiroeba moiTxovs. yoveli WeSmariti liberali, Cveni kaci, dResac marto mag mimarTulebis mimdevari unda iyos CvenSi. nuravis nu hgonia, rom eg mimarTuleba, radganac didi xnisaa, imi- 139 ilia WavWavaZe tom Zvelia, da radganac Zvelia, imitom ukadrisia da saTakilo liberalebisaTvis. dee oTxfrazianma liberalebma egre ifiqron, Cven ki amas vityviT, rom eg mimarTuleba iqneba axali im dromde, minam Cveni vinaoba Tavis Sesafers da kuTvnils adgils ar daiWers Cvens cxovrebaSi da sazogado saqmeTa saTaveSi ar moeqceva. sxva sagani amazed umZimesi, amazed usaWiroesi ara aqvs exlandels saqarTvelos Svils. yvelam, visac ram SeuZlian, am mimarTulebis qveS unda moiyaros Tavi da erTad Zmurad imoqmedos. yovelive saqme, yovelive sagani, rac Cvenis cxovrebis mimavlobaSi TavisiT Tu sxvisiT aRmoCndeba, sul yovelisferi Cvens vinaobis saqmes unda SevurCioT, qveS davuyenoT. skolaa, bankia, Tu Teatri, yvelafers sul magisaken unda mivubrunoT Tavi. vayenebT sadme kacs marSlad, Tu bankis gamgeblad, Tu maswavleblad, Tu radme sxvad, _ mag mimarTulebis sasworzed unda avwonoT. ai WeSmaritis liberalis saqme ra aris CvenSi. Cveneburi retrogradi is unda iyos, vinc am Cvenis dRevandelis dRis mRaRadebels xmas ar gaugonebs, yurs mouyruebs da ar ahyveba. gind `mama~ daarqviT amisTana kacs, gindaT `Svili~, aq saxelwodeba arafers SuaSia, oRond es ki vicodeT, rom magisTana kaci Cveni kaci ar aris. slavianebma, romelT vinaobasac sxvadasxva mteri miuCina istoriam, sul am saqmes moaxmares Tavisi dro da mecadineoba. amisaTvis Tavganwirul kacebs dResac wmindanebsaviT loculoben da Tayvansa-scemen. maTi ukeTesi warmomadgenelni imiT qaduloben, imiT liberaloben, rom mag saqmes misdgomian da marto magiT suldgmuloben. dResac mag saqmes zed akvdebian da, rasakvirvelia, arc moeSvebian, vidre Tavisas ar gaitanen. Tavis vinaobis aRsadgenad da qveynis dasanaxavad _ Tavisi warsuli xelaxla daayenes saflavidam, gamosCxrikes, misxlobiT aswones, gojiT gazomes yovelisferi rac Zvelad hqondaT, rac maTs erovnebas, maTs vinaobas, nacionalobas Seadgenda da sarCulad edva. gaucocxles TavianT ers poeziis SemweobiT didebulni saxeni Zvelis gmirebisa, qveynisaTvis Tavdadebulebisa, Zvelis qvelobisa, Zvelis kacur-kacobisa. moagones, istoriis SemweobiT, daviwyebuli saxelovanni dReni warsulisa, aRadgines, gaswmindes, gaaZlieres deda-ena, JamTa viTarebisagan garyvnili da Selaxuli. am gziT gamoabrunes, gamoacocxles TiTqmis sasikvdilod gadadebuli eri. erma Tavisi vinaoba gaigo, Seityo ra yofila, ra aris da ris imedi unda hqondes, Seityo da fexze dadga, frTa Seisxa. amisi magaliTi, sxvaTa Soris, Cexelebi arian. ai sagani da ai gzac misda misaRwevad. ai risTvis unda momzaddes Cveni ymawvilkacoba, mTelis evropis mecnierebiT da gamocdilebis far-xmaliT SeWurvili, ai ra moedani unda Semoixazos Tavisi moqmedebisaTvis da ra gza unda amoirCios. amisTvis samyofi ar aris kacma daiswavlos parizis yavaxanaSi moaruli frazebi da imiTi Tavi moitanos. ymawvil-kacoba unda momzaddes bejiTis da zedmiwevnil codniTa, unda, ramdenadac SesaZloa, Zireulad Seiswavlos evropiuli mecniereba, win gaimZRvaros 140 rCeuli werilebi evropis gamocdileba, da am Tof-iaraRiT Seudges Cvenis qveynis saqmes. uamisod, im moedanzed, romelic Cven zemoT vigulisxmeT, kaci erT bijsac rigianad da samkvidrod ver warsdgams da im sagans da gzas, romelic Cven aRvniSneT, verafers sabolood ver daaCnevs. Cvenis mxriT, amazed ukeTess sagans, amazed ukeTess gzas, ukve sxvagan gamocdils da gamoyenebuls sxvas veras vuCvenebT Cvens saimedo ymawvil-kacobas. es sagani da es gza saxeSi unda gvqondes sul mudam, vidre eseTni droni mefoben. `jer macocxleo, mere mafiqrebine, rogor gavmdidrdeo~, _ ambobs erTi slaviani patrioti. namdvilad gulSematkivarma saqarTvelos Svilma es sityvebi unda daiweros gulisficarzed da sxvazed araferzed ar waityuos Wkua da xeli. yovelis Cvenganis moqmedebis sawyao, sazogado saqmeebSi Tu literaturaSi, marto is unda iyos Tu vin ramdenad asrulebs da misdevs am CvenTvis moucilebels sagansa da gzas. sxva sawyao tyuilia da amao: sxvis baZi iqneba da ara Cvenis Tavis saWiroebazed gamoWrili. *** am erTis Tvis ganmavlobaSi CvenSi TiTqmis sxvazed araferzed laparakobdnen, garda Cvenis esreT-wodebul `deputatebisagan~ konvoelebisaTvis venzelebis Txovnisa. quCaSi Sexvedris dros nacnobebi erTmaneTs mwares RimiliT an gajavrebulni hkiTxavdnen: `gaige, rogor SevurcxvenivarT Cvens deputatebsao. polSelebs uTxovniaT, Cvens enas sxvadasxva ufleba mianiWeT, Cvens qveyanaSiac is cvlileba SemoiReT, romelic ruseTs eRirsa gansvenebul imperatoris aleqsandre meoris mefobis dros da Cvenebs ki venzelebis meti ara uTxovniaT rao~. pirvelad doli ilia baxtaZem dahkra, mas mihyva `dedakacebis~ da `mamakacebis~ xmac da mTelma sazogadoebam Sehqmna yayani. yvela swuxda, yvela cxarobda. magram aq arc samwuxaro da arc gasacxarebeli ara iyo ra. samwuxaro da gasacxarebeli ufro is aris, rom Cvens sazogadoebas an ara scodnia – ra aris `deputati~, an ara scodnia – rogor `virCevT~ Cven deputatebs. deputati aris sazogadoebisagan amorCeuli piri, romelmac sazogado saqmeebSi Tavis amomrCevelT magier unda monawileoba miiRos, da Tu romelsame maRal pirTan gagzavnian, sazogadoebis survili da moTxovnileba gamoacxados. axla es gvibrZaneT: vin amoirCia quTaisis Tavad-aznaurobis deputatebi? _ aravin. _ vin amoirCia Tbilisis Tavad-aznaurobis deputatebi? _ aravin. oTxiode Tu xuTiod pirni erTad Seikribnen, Tavi Tvisi TviTve amoirCies da gaemgzavrnen peterburgisken. iq erTs maTgans, rogorc nacnobs, daCagrulma konvoeleb- 141 ilia WavWavaZe ma sTxoves, gviSuamdgomleT, rom micvalebul xelmwifis saxsovrad venzelebi Cvenc dagvirigono; imanac iSuamdgomla da konvoelebs venzelebi uwyalobes. es ra codvaa, an guli raT unda mogvdiodes! Tuki evropaSi TviTmflobeloba, TviTmmarTveloba da sxvadasxva TviT-uflebebi SemoiRes, Cven raRa egre ukan CamovrCiT, rom erTis sityvis da erTis dawesebulebis SemoReba ver SeviZloT.. SemoviReT TviT-amorCeva, da Cvenma TviT-amorCeulma deputatebma Tumca bevri sayveduri miiRes, magram sruliad umizezod. xan imazeda vjavrobT, venzelebi raT iTxoveso, xan imazed, ratom igive ar iTxoves, rac polSelma deputatebmao. erTic da meorec usafuZvlo javrobaa. Cveni deputatebi TviT-amorCeulni iyvnen, polSelebi _ amorCeulni sazogadoebisagan. Cvenebs unda TavisTavzed da TavianT megobrebzed ezrunaT, polSelebs _ sazogadoebazed; Cvenebma TavianT naTesav, an megobreb konvoelebs venzelebi uTxoves, polSelebma iTxoves TavianTi enis Tavisufleba da Tavis qveynisaTvis sxvadasxva ufleba. polSel deputatebma, gazeTebis sityviT, Turme erTbaSad sTqves, rusuli ar gvesmiso, radgan icodnen, rom maT zurgs ukan ramdenime milioni xalxi amohfareboda, da eWirveboda _ rom sasamarTloebSi da saswavleblebSi maTi deda-ena SemoeRoT; am azriT imaT ikisres rusulis enis ucodinaroba, Tumca, darwmunebuli varT, es ena imaT zogierT Cvens `deputatebzed~ ukeT ecodinebodaT. Cveni `deputatebi~ ase rogor Seircxvendnen Tavsa, darwmunebuli varT, ro ekiTxaT, yvela maTgani ityoda, Cven rusuli ufro kargad gvesmis, vidre qarTulio, _ oRond, oRond... erTis sityviT, polSels deputatebs unda sazogadoebazed ezrunaT da izrunes kidec. Cvenebs unda ezrunaT an TavianT Tavzed, an TavianT megobar-naTesavebzed. kvlav Tu gvinda, rom Cvenebmac CvenTvis izrunon, TviT-amorCevas Tavi davaneboT da sazogadoebriv amovirCioT, Cveni survili gamovucxadoT da ise gavgzavnoT, sadac gasagzavnia; Torem ar viciT, vin wavida, sad wavida, risTvis wavida, da viZaxiT ki _ ratom esa da es ar iTxoveso, erTmaneTs veRriWebiT, viciniT, _ daxe, daxe Cvenma deputatebma ra saxeli gaiTqves, rogor male uSoves konvoelebs venzelebio. axi ar iqneba, rom `revizoris~ gorodniCi gagviCndes saidanme da gviTxras, _ ro iciniT, ras iciniT? Tqvens Tavs dasciniTo! 142 rCeuli werilebi *** amisTana samwuxaro movlenasTan, rogoric aris TviT-amorCeul deputatebis wasvla peterburgSi da maTgan venzelebis Txovna, Cvens cxovrebaSi xandisxan moxdeba imisTana movlena, romelic manugeSebel sxivsaviT mogvefineba xolme. aprilis dasasruls da maisis damdegs Cvens sazogadoebas cotaodeni sicocxle daetyoba xolme. am dros modis sazogado kreba tfilisis, quTaisis bankebisa da sxvadasxva qvelmoqmed sazogadoebisa. jer ar viciT, rogor gaivlis wreuls es krebebi tfilisSi, an quTaisSi, ra sasikeTo niSnebs SevamCnevT Cvens cxovrebas, an ra ganviTarebas davatyobT am krebebis SemweobiT. Semdegs nomerSi imedi gvaqvs vrcels korespondencias davbeWdavT quTaisis bankis krebis Taobazed Cvens JurnalSi da sxva sazogado krebebzec movilaparakebT, dRes ki oriod sityva gvinda vsTqvaT tfilisis saadgilmamulo bankis krebazed, radgan zogierTi marTla-da sasiamovno ram SevniSneT. am krebam daamtkica, rom Cvenis sazogadoebis wevrni TvalxuWanas aRar TamaSoben, da rasac romelime gamgeoba an dawesebuleba warudgens, gaurCevlad aRar amtkiceben. vinc `TeTrSi~ an `SavSi~ agdebs Tavis kenWs, icis, risTvisac agdebs da raca swadian. tfilisis Tavad-aznaurTa banks wreuls cxraasi Tumani hqonda darCenili sazogado saWiroebisaTvis. didi laparaki astyda amis Taobazed, razed moixmaron es fuli da xangrZlivis baasis Semdeg ase daariges: asi Tumani Seswires bavSvebisaTvis sadguris gasamarTavad, micvalebul xelmwifis saxelzed. asi Tumani Seswires qarTul Teatrs, asi _ Telavis qalebis saswavlebels da eqvsasi Tumani _ tfilisis Tavad-aznaurTa skolas. zogierTni wevrni bankisa metad ewinaaRmdegebodnen TeatrisaTvis Sewirvas, Tumca bevrni umtkicebdnen, rom Tu es mcire fuli ar gadasdeT TeatrisaTvis, SeiZleba qarTuli Teatri daiSalos da mogvespos is erTad-erTi dawesebuleba, sadac Cvens enazed vsiamovnobT da zogjer Wkuasac vswavlobTo. vin iyo mtyuani da vin marTali, aq amis garCevas ar SevudgebiT; SevniSnavT mxolod, rom am sagans orjer uyares kenWi da orjerve TiTqmis erTi da igive ricxvi movida Savsa da TeTrs yuTSi. mxolod meored erTis kenWiTa sZlies Teatris momxreT. es cxadad amtkicebs Cvens azrs, rom exla yoveli wevri mniSvnelobas aZlevs Tavis kenWs da koWaobas aRara TamaSobs. meore SesaniSnavi kidev es iyo, rom rodesac sazogado krebam gadaswyvita Seswiros Telavis saswavlebels asi Tumani, Tan survili gamoacxada, rom es fuli qarTul enis swavlebis gasaumjobeseblad moxmarebul iqmnaso. es gadawyvetileba RirsSesaniSnavia, rogorc xma mTelis sazogado krebisa, da _ Cvenis azriT _ sayuradReboa TviT swavla-ganaTlebis gamgeTaTvis. 143 ilia WavWavaZe bolos SevniSnavT kidev, rom Zvirad gvinaxavs CvenSi eseTi miudgomloba, miuferebloba da pirSi Tqma, rogorc am krebaSi SevamCnieT. RmerTma hqmnas, rom quTaisis krebasac Rirseulad Seesrulebinos Tavisi saqme, da is energia, sicxovele da gamWriaxoba, romelsac imerlebi xSirad pirad interesebs axmareben, keTilisa da sazogado saqmesaTvis moexmarebinoT. 27 aprils Tavi mecxre 1881 weli, ivlisi. saxelmwifo mamulis gacemis Taobazed. _ saWiroa amis wesebis Secvla. _ saxelmwifo qonebaTa ministris proeqti. _ swavla-ganaTlebis ministris cirkuliari. _ Cveni mwvave tkivili. _ mizezni Cvenis swavla-ganaTlebis uxeirod msvlelobisa. _ qarTvelebi cotani raT arian saswavleblebSi. _ Cveni samRvdeloeba ara Svelis swavla-ganaTlebis saqmes. _ zogierTi ram Cvens samRvdeloebazed. _ deputatTa kreba. _ sasacilo ambavi am krebisa. `iveriaSi~ am oris-samis wlis winaT naTqvami iyo, rom is wesebi, romelsac Cveneburi saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeoba xmarobs saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT gasacemad, _ ise daxlarTulia da daxvlanWili, ise gabmuli da gamobmuli da ise Seuferebeli, rom kars uxSobs cxvir-winve im nawils erisas, romelic pirdapir mwarmoebelia da miwis-moqmedi; eg wesebi TiTqo imisaTvis arian dadgenilni, rom am nawilma erisam Tav-bedisa vera gaigon-ra da miTi isargeblon marto imaT, vinc TiTon ar amoqmedebs miwas,da Tu ijariT iRebs saxelmwifo mamuls..... momqmeds mogebiT da gadametebul fasad gadasces. Cveneburi glexkacoba, romelic suniT eZebs mamulebs da romelsac saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT aReba cxonebasaviT enatreba, veras-gziT ver aisrulebs mag natvras, vidre magisTana wesebi darCeba da sawyali miwis-moqmedi xarbis moijaradris xelSi iqneba. mag wesebis umTavresi naklulevaneba is aris, rom roca ijariT gacemis vaWrobaa xolme daniSnuli, glexkacoba ver ityobs. Tumca rusul gazeTebSi gamoacxadeben xolme, magram sad glexkaci da sad gazeTi, mere Cveneburi glexkaci da rusuli gazeTi. amis gamo, mag vaWrobazed qalaqelebis meti aravin eswroba. amiTi ornairi vneba gamodis. erTi is, rom mamulebi Calis fasad rCebaT qalaqelebs, radganac glexkacoba, ese igi isini, vinc mamulis fasi kargad icis, vinc pirdapiri moqmedia da vinc amis gamo mZlavrmociled win daudgeba qalaqelebs, vaWrobaSi ar Semodis da qa- 144 rCeuli werilebi laqelebs mamulebi ucileblad rCebaT. amiT Semosavali akldeba saxelmwifos. meore isa, rom glex-kaci tyuil-ubralod SuaSi iWyliteba, radganac qalaqeli iRebs mamuls ijariT marto imis imediT, rom glexkacsave gadasces da erTi-orad, erTi-samad da zogjer erTi-aTadac meti gamohglijos, erTis mxriT saxelmwifo hkargavs, meores mxriT glexi, da amis dakargva isev saxelmwifos dakargvaa, radganac saxelmwifos, jer-xanobiT mainc, glexi acxovrebs. garda amisa, TviT vaWrobis wesebi metad rTulia, gadabmul-gadmobmuli. maTs Sesrulebas bevri dro, mocaleoba da xarji unda, ase rom glexkaci Tav-beds iwyevlis, vidre saqmes saqmezed moiyvans. am mxriTac mag wesebs Secvla unda da ganmartiveba, rom glexkacs saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeobasTan advilad saqmis daWera mouxerxdes. rasakvirvelia, Tu saxelmwifo qonebaTa gamgeoba saqmes saqmis TvaliT uyurebs, sanatreli unda iyos, rom ijariT gacema mamulebisa advilad Sesasrulebel wesebiT moewyos, da mere _ rom ufro bevri movaWre daeswros vaWrobazed da mere imisTana movaWre, romelic aiwevs da glexkacs ki mainc ufro iafad daujdeba, vidre maSin, roca xarbis moijaradrisagan aiRebs mamuls. am bolo xanebSi ruseTSi scnes mag wesebis uxeiroba da uvargisoba. exla-xans sa xelmwifo qonebaTa ministrma winadadeba Seitana ministrTa komitetSi imis Sesaxeb, rom glexkacobas rogorme gauadvilos saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT aReba. exlandels proeqts ministrisas umTavres azrad isa aqvs, rom glexkacobas mieces RonisZieba da gza ijariT iRos saxelmwifo mamuli pirdapir saxelmwifo qonebis gamgeobisagan da maT Sua ar CaeCxiros sxva kaci glexkacis sawewad. Cven jer darwmunebiT ar viciT, ra RonisZiebaa da ra gza naCvenebi, rom es friad sakeTilo azri ganxorcieldes saqmiT. Cven Tu am saganzed movitaneT sityva, imitom movitaneT, rom aqaurma mTavrobamac miaqcios am sagans Tavisi yuradReba da aqaurobis saWiroebis mixedviT Sescvalos uxeiro da daxlarTuli wesebi saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT gacemisa. dedaazrad is unda waimZRvaron, rom glexkacobas sakuTriv da miwaT-momqmeds saerTod gza da RonisZieba miscen saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT aRebisa pirdapir saxelmwifo qonebis gamgeobi sagan. * * * 145 ilia WavWavaZe Tavi meTormete 1881 weli, dekemberi. kidev lodini. _ Cven raRas velodiT? _ lodiniT momarTuli adamiani rasa hgavs? _ ris wamalia lodini. _ Tvisebani lodinisa. _ lodini da erTi leqsi rusTavelisa. _ `lodini~ da `suleli~. _ sasyideli Cvenis sakuTaris lodinisa. _ T. dondukov-korsakovis daniSvna mTavarmmarTeblad. _ mizezi saerTo sixarulisa. _ leqsi Seqspirisa. _ ician Tu ara? _ Zveli da axali lodini. _ ra TvaliT da ra guliT. _ uamisod sul fuW. _ erTi rusuli gazeTi da cvlileba. _ naficTa msajuleba da eroba. _ ganaTlebis saqme. _ sasuliero saqme. _ saxelmwifo tyis xmarebis saqme. _ saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT gacema. _ arayis baJi. _ saekonomio gzebi. mTelma wlevandelma weliwadma marto lodiniT daalevina adamians misi usixarulo dReni. `sZgerda glaxguli, scemda survilis wamTa xSirad, mlodeni moswyla Tmenam~, _ magram mainc lodini ki kvalad lodini darCa qveyanas nugeSada. mag amao lodinma suli da guli daumSia adamians, xelfexi gaubawra, gaucviTa niWi natvrisa, gauqsua survili, moSala tanSi da erTob mouduna mTeli agebuleba, uamisodac modunebuli. mag lodinma iqamdin CaiTria yovelisferiT daqveiTebuli adamiani , iqamdin daibriyva misi guneba da xalisi, rom sxvazed aRaraferzed ar miaxeda arc Wkua da arc grZnoba. didma Tu pataram suli Seiguba, ganabulma yovelive grZnoba smenadRa gadaiqcia, _ aca, xma ram gaixmaurebso da Cvens yurs ar gamoeparoso. magram am sulgakmendils dumilSi buzis bzuilic arsiT iyo: TiTqo qveyanas ena mucelSi Cauvardao, TiTqo adamiani Tavis sityvierebis niWs gamoeTxovao da rogorc meti da gamousadegi bargi aixsna da Tavidam moiSorao. Cven mainc ras velodiT? _ ras velodiT? kiTxva advilia, pasuxi ki Zneli. qveynis Wiri Cveni Wiric aris. Cvenc qveyanaSi vurevivarT da qveyanasTan erTad bevri ram saziaro gvaqvs. pasuxad esec sakmarisia. lodiniT momarTuli adamiani bakSi damwyvdeul pirutyvsaviT nebierada wevs da icoxneba nel-nelad, tkbilad. am-gvaris yofisaTvis marto kbilia saWiro da magari kuWi. RvTis madliT, arc erTi dauzogavs bunebas adamianisaTvis da arc meore: kbilic uWris sacoxnelad da kuWic mosaneleblad. oRond-ki sacoxneli hqondes da sxva ara uSavs-ra. sacoxneli kidev TiTon lodinia. verc kbils gascveTs da verc kuWs moSlis, da mSiers, rogorc iqneba, gamohkvebavs. adamianis gabruebisaTvis da TiTon tkivilebis dayuCebisaTvisac mecxramete saukunis dasasrulma erTi uebari wamali ipovna. eg wamali lodinia. lodini bunebiTac 146 rCeuli werilebi dinji ram aris, mSvidobiani, wynari da mTxovarasaviT mudam xelgawvdili: miawvdi rasme _ madlobelia da ar miawvdi _ mainc madlobelia. xelgawvdiT da RreWiT Tumca hgavs mTxovarsa, magram umadurobiT ki ara. mTxovars rom ara miawodo-ra, gulSi mainc wyevla-krulvas SemogiTvlis, lodini ki Tavis-dReSi magas ar ikadrebs, yovelTvis madlieria da kmayofili. arc erT SemTxvevaSi arc fers icvlis, arc znesa. garda magisa, lodini imisTana saxedaria, rom arc sadave unda, arc jilavis daWera. oRond ki TiTiT, an TvaliT aniSneT, da saiTac gnebavT _ Tavs iqiT iqs Sesaferis RamiTa da mTqnarebiTa. amitomac uaRvirod siarulis neba marto lodinsa aqvs am Semobawrul sarbielzed, romelsac adamianis cxovrebas eZaxian. Tavis-dReSi Tavs ar mogtacebT, kargad dageSil cxensaviTa, da Tu mogtacebT, ise SemogarbeninebT mTel qveynierobasa, rom aras gawyenT. TiTonac isiamovnebs da Tqvenc gasiamovnebT. oRond ki fexi aadgmevineT lodinsa da adamianis gulSi bina gaukeTeT da fiqri da SiSi nuRarafrisa gaqvT. lodinSi erTi kidev kargi is aris, rom muqTia. ramdenic gnebavT xarjeT, groSi ar gagivaT. meore kidev is aris, rom Tu moindomeT, dausrulebeli iqneba, bolo aRar moeReba. am mxriT lodini metad kargi xerxia da ostatis kacisaTvis didad gamosayeni. SeiZleba erTs risame lodins rom bolo moeRos, maSinve meore sagani auCino da amas miusio adamianis mudam damSeuli guli. am gziT SegiZliaT adamianis guls ar moaSoroT lodini aras-dros. lodini Tokia. Tu ostatma kargad da xerxianad gamoiyena, maSin xsnilic daebmis da dabmuli xom dabmulia da dabmuli. `lodini xsnilsac daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis~, _ ese rom eTqva rostevans Tavis qalisaTvis, roca mefeda svamda, ar Sescdeboda. nuTu marTla _ rac mRvrie wyalisaTvis Sabia, is mRvrie gulisaTvis lodinia?.. es grZeli laparaki lodinzed imitom movrTeT, rom erTi qarTuli sityva agvexsna da misi Zireuli Ziri gvepovna. sxva Cven fiqrad ara gvqonia-ra da nurc Tqven ifiqrebT. iciT `suleli~ saidam gamodis? lodinidam. iciT `sulelis~ Ziri ra aris? lodini. aba `lodini~ da `suleli~ _ saidam sadao, ikiTxavT. arc ise Sors arian erTmaneTzed es sityvebi, rogorc Tqvena ggoniaT. im kacs ras etyviT, romelic `sul elis da sul elis?~ `sul elio~. morCa da gaTavda. gamocana Cven gvergeba. sxvisa ara viciT-ra da sakuTrad CvenTvis frTagaSlilma lodinma Tavisi sasyideli da gasamsjelo miiRo. am ukanasknels dros gadawyvetilad laparakoben T. dondukov-korsakovis mTavarmmarTeblad daniSvnazed CvenSi. es ki ar aris gasakvirveli, sakvirveli is aris, rom didsa da pataras uxarian imisi CvenSi mosvla. zogi ambobs, _ varancovis kaciao da Tu varancovi kargi iyo CvenTvis, egec kargi iqnebao. zogi kidev iZaxis, universitetSi gamovliliao, mmarTvelobaSi kargad gamocdili, da Tu mmarTvels es ori Rirseba aqvs, didis sikeTis imedi unda gvqondeso. bevrnairs mizezs am- 147 ilia WavWavaZe boben am saerTo sixarulisas, magram Cven ki sxva gvgonia. amisTana erTian sixaruls erTiani mizezi unda hqondes, da es erTiani mizezi is aris, rom cvlileba moxda. arc meti da arc naklebi. Cven rom Cvens Tavs bednierad vgrZnobdeT, cvlileba Segvawuxebda, dagvaRonebda, vai Tu raca gvaqvs, isic davkargoTo, vityodiT, magram... oh, ra kargi ram aris Seqspiri. gulTamxilavs rom ityvian, swored is aris. imisi erTi leqsi momagonda da, Tumca am sagans, razedac vlaparakobT, ar uxdeba, magram TiTon leqsi iseTi kargia, rom ver momiTmenia, rom aq ar amovwero: `cvlileba aris samwuxaro bednierTaTvis, bedkrulni ki mas sixaruliT miegebian. maS Sen, he sveo cvalebado, aw salams getyvi!... Sen me STamagde, ubeduri, vaebis zRvaSi da rac miyavi, amazed mets veRaras mizam~. amboben, T. dondukovis daniSvnis ambavs eWvi aRarafrisa aqvso da malec aRsrulebaSi movao. ase male Turme, rom ianvris bolos moelian axal mTavarmmarTeblis mobrZanebas. amasac amboben, viTomc erTi aqauri xarisxovani moxele daubarebiaT kidec peterburgSi, rom axal mTavarmmarTebels auwyos aqauris saqmeebis viTareba da erTob yovlis mxriT acodinos Cveni qveyana. ar viciT, ramodenad zedmiwevniT da sakmaod Seusruldeba axals mTavarmmarTebels es diaR mosawoni survili. iqneba vscdebodeT, magram mainc vityviT, rom aqaur moxeleebSi erTic ar gveguleba imisTana, romelsac aramc Tu Seeswavlos Cveni qveyana, aramed amisi survili hqondes da amisi saWiroeba egrZnos. Cvens qveyanas diambegebis miwer-moweriT icnoben da dRes-aqamomde yvelani erTad da TviToeuli calke am cnobebiT ikvebebian. ra xeiri dagvayara am mxriT Seswavlam Cvenis qveynisam, eg aSkarad zed atyvia yovels reformas, romelic Semotanil iqmna CvenSi am oc weliwadSi. ar-codna qveynisa gana marto im sagnebs daetyo, rasac reforma Seexo; aTasi sxva tkivilia CvenSi, romlisaTvisac jer yuric ar uTxovebiaT, romelic jer smeniTac ar gaugoniaT. qveynis mcodnes ki eg tkivilebi ar gamoepareboda da, Tu wamals veras dasdebda, davTarSi mainc moaqcevda saRaRadeblad. aqamomde Cvenis lodinis sagani axal mTavarmmarTeblis daniSvna iyo xom T. dondukovis daniSvniT amas bolo moeRo. nuTu ulodinod davrCiT da daviRupeniT? ara, batonebo, tyuili SiSia. ruseTis gazeTebma sxva sagani lodinisa agviCines da gvixarebia. lodini Cvens guls ar mohSorebia. ruseTis gazeTebi, rac Zali da Ronea, naRarasa scemen, rom aqaurs wesebs cvlileba moeliso. ai kidev lodini _ wesebis cvlilebisa! didxans gveyofa sacoxnelad, mere uxarjoa da muqTi, rogorc ukve mogvixsenebia. 148 rCeuli werilebi vidre wesebis cvlas Seudgebian CvenSi, jer yvelazed uwinares gamocnobil da aRiarebul unda iqmnas is, Tu ra TvaliT da ra guliT unda gviyuron Cven. unda gamocnobil iqnas, kargad gansazRvrul da bejiTad ganmartebul, _ Tu vina varT Cven da rani varT. rom aravin dagvwamos midgomiT laparaki, Cven moviyvanT aq erTis rusis mwerlis naTqvams am saganzed: `Cven, rusebmao, _ ambobs igi*, _ ar unda daviviwyoT Tavis-dReSi, rom saqarTvelo xmliT ar dagviWeria, rom Cven imaTi Tanaswori Zmani varT da ara mZlavri batonebi. Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom qarTvelni Semovidnen Cvens ojaxSi misTvis, rom qarTveladve darCnen da ucxo jiSma, ucxo sarwmunoebam, ucxo Cveulebam ar STanTqas. amitomac yovelsave qarTuls, yovelsave qarTvelTagan istoriiT mopovebuls, yovelsave salocavs erisas da wmindad aRiarebuls, yovelsave Tvisebas maTsa _ imodenad pativi unda vceT, imodenad mxari mivceT da xeli SevuwyoT, ramodenadac yovelsfers Cvens sakuTars rusuls. kavSiri ZmaTa Soris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi-meores Zmurad Seeweodes, erTi-meores SeemsWvalos, da ara imaSi _ rom erTis adamianoba meores mtlad daedos, erTma meore Cahylapos. yovelive saxe erisa, yovelive erovneba erTnairad bunebrivia da erTnairad kanonieri, agreTve yovelive Cveuleba da Tviseba~. cvlilebis survils, rom es kacobrivi azri aayolon, maSin cvlileba sul sxva nayofs gamoiRebs da Cveni qveyana welSi gaimarTeba, fexs gaimagrebs da fex-gamagrebuli TavisTvisac gamosadegi iqneba da sxvisTvisaca. sxva gza da sxva azri tyuilia, da yovelive cvlileba, romelsac sarCulad es azri ar daedeba, wyalis nayva iqneba, rogorc aqamdis iyo. garda magisa, esec winaTve cnobili unda iqmnas, _ Tu vis eWirveba cvlileba, ra mizezi aiZulebs cvlilebis moxdenas. amaebis mixedviT unda dainiSnos, _ cvlilebas win ra sagani daedvas misaRwevad. erTi rusuli gazeTi am sagans calkerZ Seexo da ambobs: `es unda kargad gakveTili gvqondeso, rom ara kavkasia moxeleTaTvis, aramed moxeleni arian kavkasiisaTviso~. sakvirvelia, rom am bolo dros amisTana gulmtkivneuli sityvebi gvesmis. sakvirvelia miT, rom ara varT Cveulni. magram ra? sityva Tqmaa da ara qmna. Tqmisa da qmnis Sua didi mzRvaria. amas TiTonve igive gazeTi amtkicebs. mohyolia, batono, da iZaxis, es mxare unda movacaloT samTavarmmarTeblos da amas SevuerToTo; es mazra da is mazra erT mazrad vaqcioTo; esa da es gubernia gavauqmoTo da ama da am gubernias mivakeroTo; mTavarsammarTvelo unda gauqmdes da mTavarmmarTebelis kancelariad gadakeTdeso da sxvani am-gvarni. es yvela kargi da Cven ra? vsTqvaT, kavkasiis sammarTvelos oriode gubernatori moaklda, oriode mazris ufrosi da aTiode moxele, magiTi miTam qveyana kuWs gaiZRobs? es da amgvari cvlileba swored imas egvaneba, rasac oxunji rusis mwerali SCedrini ambobs: `erTi generali ufrosad movida CvenSi Tu ara, maSinve gubernatoris kabineTSi iatakis aSlas 149 ilia WavWavaZe Seudga. magram ra? aSliT _ aSala, axalis dageba ki veRar moaswro, gamoscvales. roca midioda da gveTxoveboda, gviTxra: `bevri ram keTili mindoda meqnao, magram RmerTma, Cemo megobrebo, ar damacalao~. movida axla sxva axali generali da maSinve moisazra da Tqva: es ra miuqaravTo! iataki kabineTSi ki ar unda aeSalaT, aramed sastumro oTaxSio, da amisda-gvarad Sesaferi gankarguleba moaxdina. maSasadame, Tu es generalic male gadaayenes da sxva axali generali movida, _ vin icis, iqneba imanac axla sasadilo oTaxSi moindomos iatakis aSla da am saxiT mTeli saxli gubernatorisa Tan-da-Tan waibilweba, jerovanis gankargulebis niWs ki mainc-da-mainc ver gamoiCenen~. kacma marTali unda Tqvas, igive gazeTi amasac ki ambobs, rom saWiroao naficTa msajuleba (суд присяжных) da eroba (земство) SemoviRoT, Tu yvelgan kavkasiaSi ara, saqarTveloSi maincao. kargi da patiosani. Zalian da Zalian saWiroa. es orive cvlileba metad sanatrelia da margebeli qveynisaTvis. amas sityva win ar udga. magram rogor? am orive sagans mravalkeci Sedegi da saWiroeba mosdevs. Tu erTi ram gamoaklda, isec datvirTuls ers tvirTi moemateba da erTi bewo sikeTe ar mieniWeba. aba erTi mibrZaneT, mosamarTleni aqauris enis mcodneni rom ar iyvnen, rom advokatebma da bralmdebelma mWevrmetyvelobis yabaxi gamarTon sasamarTloSi rusulad, qarTvelma naficma msajulma marto buzebi moigerios, Tu ra qnas. da Tu nafic msajulebs kanonad daudebT rusulis enis codnas, da Tu saxeSi miviRebT _ rom marto moxeleobam (Cinovnikobam) icis CvenSi rusuli, maSin samarTali xom mainc Cinovnikis samarTali iqneba da ara erisa. naficTa msajuleba marto imiTaa sanatreli, marto imiTaa kargi, rom sjis da msajulobs sinidisi erisa da ara Cinovnikisa. Tu am mxriT aras Seikvecen da ise SemoiReben CvenSi naficTa msajulebas, Cven mag sanatrels cvlilebas didis sixaruliT mivegebebiT, Tu ara da, marto saxeli iqneba da saxravi ki ara. erobac metad didi ram aris. igia utyuari orRano qveynis saWiroebis gamoTqmisaTvis, eris arCevaniT, igia eris warmomadgeneli kreba. yovelive, vinc-ki ukeTesi moWirnaxulea erisa, iqa moqmedobs da iRvwis. erobas fexi TviT eris direzed udgas, eris cxovrebaSi trialebs da eris cxovrebiT suldgmulobs. amitomac igi zedmiwevniT mcodnea, ra stkiva ersa da ra wamali daedeba. Tu erobis saqme isea mowyobili, rom igi marTla erobdes, ukeTesis natvra, jer am xanad mainc, metismetis wadili iqneba. ra Tqma unda, kanonzed bevri ram aris damokidebuli. Tund TiTon arCevanis saqme aviRoT. vsTqvaT, kanonad daidos, rom Tu ar Cinovani, amorCeul ar unda iqmnas, anu Tu ar Cinovans, anu mdidars, arCevanis xma ar unda hqondeso, _ maSin eroba calieri, fuyi da fuWi saxeli iqneba. Cinovani da mdidari _ eri ar aris. eri wriT gareT darCeba. Tu, magaliTebr, kanonad daidva, rac miameba _ marto isa sTqvio, da ra wamalic me vindomo _ is wamali ixmareo, maSin eroba tvirTia da ara Sveba da SeRavaTi. maSin eroba ers kiserzed daawveba mTelis Tavisi simZimiTa, xarjebiTa, gadasaxadebiTa da muxudos 150 rCeuli werilebi odena sikeTesac ki ar moutans. eroba orkeci ram aris: erTiT movaleobaa da meoriT ufleba, erTiT _ tvirTia, radganac xarji, gadasaxadi mosdevs, meoriT _ Ronea sikeTisa, radganac eri TiTon hpatronobs Tavis-Tavs da xarjsac da gadasaxadsac TavisTavs axmarebs saWiroebisamebr. raRa Tqma unda, rom erobaSi sanukvari ufro meorea, adamiani tvirTs advilad ikisrebs, roca saWiroa eg Tavis-Tavisve sakeTilod. maSasadame, aq yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, ra moedani eqneba Semoxazuli erobas, ra farTo gza moqmedebisa daeniSneba da ukeTesTa moWirnaxuleTa arCevani dabrkoldeba riTme Tu ara. eroba imisTana ram aris, an sul mTlad unda iyos, an sul ara. es ori cvlidleba _ naficTa msajuleba da eroba, rasakvirvelia, ase Tu ise pirdapir ersa da imis saWiroebas Seexeba. magram garda amisa sxva mravali saWiroeba RaRadebs CvenSi da imaTac ara nakleb yuri unda aTxovon, Tu marTla-da sikeTe undaT qveynisa. Cven iqneba Tavis drozed vrclad avxsnaT es saWiroebani, magram amJamad ki mokled avnusxavT. saero ganaTlebis saqme unda gadaisinjos da Zirianad gadakeTdes, rom ganaTlebam marTla fexi gaidgas da moikidos CvenSi. eyo aqaurobas amodena WmuWvna, aqeT-iqiT qaneba, wajeq-ukujeqoba. droa ganaTlebis saqmes mTelis qveynierobisagan aRiarebuli safuZveli daedos, erTxel da erTxel Tavis sakuTars gzazed dayenebul iqmnas, ganaTlebis saqmeSi ganaTlebis meti aravin ar Seurios da wminda ram ar aamRvrios. didis yuradRebis miqceva unda Cvens sasuliero saqmesaca. Cvens ers mRvdeli ara hyavs. is mRvdlebi, romelnic arian, imisTana yofaSi arian, rom marto lukma puris ZebnaSi aRameben TavianT dResa da eris sasuliero saqmisaTvis veRar iclian. eri veRar gasvlia mRvdlis xarjsa, romelic miT ufro emZimeba ers, rom ganurkvevelia, ganusazRvreli. aba ifiqreT, Tu mRvdels didi ojaxi aqvs da patara sixarbec mosdevs, ra musrs aadens Tavis samwysosa. eri amiT Zalian Sewuxebulia da momduravi. amas usaTuod wamali ram unda daedos, Torem ers lamis qanci gauwydes. exlandeli wesi saxelmwifo tyidam sargeblobisa srulebiT unda gauqmdes da sxva axali wesi daedginos, Cvenis glexkacobis cxovrebis Sesaferi. aqamomde ruseTis sazogado kanonebi moqmedeben CvenSiac da ifiqreT, saidam sadao. sxvas nuras ityviT, jer marto erTi es iqonieT saxeSi, rom Cveni glexkaci kerasa xmarobs da rusisa-ki `feCsa~, rom rusi oTaxs aTbobs da ise Tbeba, Cveni kaci-ki cecxla-piras. Cvenebur glexs venaxi aqvs da sari Tu Wigva unda, da rusisas ara. es Tvalad eseTi mcire garemoeba, arsebiTad imodenad pativsadebi da miucilebeli mizezia, rom ar SeiZleba kacma yuradReba ar miaqcios da mis mixedviT tyis xmarebis saqme sul sxva safuZvelzed ar aagos. utyeoba metad mZime tkivilia Cvenis erisaTvis da Tu undaT, rom erma marTla sikeTe ram igrZnos cvlilebisa, amaSi gulmtkivneuli da uxvad Svela unda. advili saSvelic aris, Tu survili iqneba. Cvena gvgonia, rom mTavroba aramc Tu dahkargavs rasme, rom 151 ilia WavWavaZe tyeebis saqme rigianad momarTos, aramed moigebs kidec, imitom _ rom SesaZloa tyis patronobis xarji Zalian Seimoklos da Semosavals ki TiTqmis ara moakldes-ra. ers xom SeRavaTi miecema da miecema. saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT gacemis saqmec sul sxvafriv unda moiwyos. am cvlilebis sagnad is unda iyos, rom glexkacobas gauadvildes saxelmwifo mamulebis ijariT aReba da ara frTxodes saxelmwifosTan saqmis daWerisagan ise, rogorc dResaqamomde frTxis da erideba. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom am saqmes Camoacalon aTasnairi samwerloebi, moxeleebi, tyuil-ubralo miwer-mowera da bRajvna qaRaldisa moiSalos, da ijaris gamcemi kaci, Tu sammarTvelo, glexkaczed axlos iyos. TiTon mTavrobac irgebs, imitom rom glexkaci, viTarca pirdapiri momqmedi miwisa, ufro met fass miscems _ vidre monarde, romelic im imediT iRebs mamuls, rom sxvazed gasces mogebiTa, _ da glexsac mainc-da-mainc nakleb daujdeba, vidre monardesagan aRebuli. friad saWiroa exlandeli baJi arayis xdisa Seicvalos ise mainc, rogorc uwin iyo, Tu ukeTesad ara. exlandeli baJi iseTia, rom Tu mokle xanSi kacma bevri ar gamoxada, arayis xda sazaraloa. arc erTs qvabs, romelsac aqamomde glexkaci xmarobda, mag saswauls qmna ar SeuZlian. amitomac glexkaci am mxriT dRes xelcarieli zis. Cven gabedviT vityviT, Tu ar mesamedi, meoTxedi mainc mTelis Semosavlisa, glexkacs jibidan amoacales. saca venaxebi xSiria (da sad ar aris CvenSi?), iq glexkacoba marto arayis SemosavliT istumrebda TiTqmis mTels saxelmwifo da sasoflo xarjsa. dRes ki amas moklebulia exlandelis baJis wyalobiTa. exla arayis xda marto mdidarisaTvisRaa SesaZlebeli, ese igi imisaTvis, vinc orass, samass Tumans gamoimetebs da imisTana qarxanas gamarTavs, rom cota xanSi bevri gamoxados. am saxiT, isec uRono glexkaci mtlad daudes mdidarsa da fuliansa. didi SeRavaTi ki iyo glexisaTvis, roca misTvisac SesaZlebeli iyo Tavisis ubralo qvabiT arayis xda. zamTris TveebSi, roca gareT muSaoba ar SeiZleboda, Tavis-Tavs mainc-da-mainc gamorCeboda rasme da uqmad dRes ar daaRamebda. miujdeboda qvabs da xdida arays. exla es ufro usasyidlod da urgebad ekargeba. imas ki nuRar vityviT, rom TiTon WaWasa da Txles fasi daaklda da zogan gadasayrelad-Ra gaxda. magaliTebr, mTeli duSeTis mazra, wina-mxari kaxeTisa da, mgonia, qarTlic, WaWasa da Txles sxva rameSi Tu iyeneben, Torem arays ki ara xdis. rac es baJi Semovida, gaqra am adgilebSi WaWisa da Txlis vaWari. didi saqmea gzebis keTebaca. dRes-aqamomde, saca ki gzis gamarTvaze sityva Camovardeboda, mTavrobas saxeSi hqonda marto mxedrobisaTvis saWiro gzebi. exla Cvens qveyanaSi, RvTis madliT, samxedro ara aris-ra. qveyana damSvidebula. exla Cveni qveyana sxva-gvar gzebsa saWiroebs, imisTana gzebsa, romelic gamsyidavs da msyidavs male, uwyinrad da iafad Seaxvedrebs. amisTana gzebs saekonomio gzebs eZaxian. amaTi daniSnuleba is aris, rom mwarmoebels bazari dauaxlovos, bazarSi misvla-mosvla ar gau- 152 rCeuli werilebi Wiros da sazidavma gadazidvaSi meti xarji ar gadaiyolos. gzam rom es daniSnuleba Seasrulos, `Cinovnikma~ ki ar unda gaabas lari gzisa, rogorc aqamomde iyo, aramed adgilis kacebs unda ekiTxos, sad ra gza unda. maSin gza iqiT ar miibrunebs Tavs, saca msxvili kacia, aramed iqiT, saca msxvili saqme da msxvili saWiroebaa. gzebi ise saWironi arian, rom pirvel dRidanve amas mihyon xeli, _ meti ar iqneba. oRond erTi ram ki ar unda daviviwyoT. gawyalda eri gzis begaris uwesoebiTa. gzis keTeba metad mZime begaraa TavisTavadac da es uwesoba xom erTi-orad amZimebs. Cven imas ki ar vambobT, rom wesia da ar asruleben. ara, TiTon wesi ar aris dadgenili araviTari. visac qeifad ra mouva, im wesebzed daiareba. am mxriT mTeli Cveni glexkacoba `Cinovnikebis~ nebazed aris migdebuli. vin ityvis, rom `Cinovniki~ usamarTlobas rasme Caidens, magram mainc is rom patara Sors iyos, isa sjobia. amdeni vai-vaglaxi, cema-tyepa, xarji, danaklisi, ras gzis begaras mosdevs glexkacisaTvis, imitom aris, rom aravin icis, _ vis ra movaleoba aqvs da vis ra ufleba. erTis sityviT, wesi da kanoni ar aris am saganzed dadgenili da usaTuod ki unda iyos, Torem uwesobam lamis eri moidnos. ra-gvari wesia saWiro da ra da ra saganisaTvis, amazedac iqneba merec Segvxvdes saubari da Cven Cvensas vityviT. exla mxolod gvindoda es mxarec Cvenis keTildReobisa niSnad dagvesva cvlilebisaTvis. bevric kidev sxva ram aris saTqmeli, magram... `kargi ram mWirdes, gikvirdes, avi ra sakvirvelia~. zogic mere iyos. qarTveli studentoba ruseTSi Tavi pirveli tfilisi, 4 Tebervali, 1886 w. guSin Cvens gazeTSi gamocxadebuli iyo `axal ambavTa~ Soris erTi gulsawvavi ambavi. odesis universitetSi, saca Cveni mozardi ymawvil-kacoba hrCeobs umaRlesis swavlis miRebas, radganac iq hava sxva sauniversiteto qalaqebzed ufro ukeTesia da ufro Sesawynarebeli CveneburebisaTvis, qarTuli studentoba karga blomad aris. bevrni maTgani, gatacebulni umaRlesis swavlis siyvaruliTa, uqonlobas ar SeuSinebia da 153 ilia WavWavaZe ymawvil-kacobis xalisiT da gabedulebiT gasdgomian Sors da sanatrels gzas swavlisas. `Tu Tavi Cveni Cven gvaxlavs, Raribad ar vixsenebiTo~, da rogorc iqneba, vaiTa da vaglaxiT, Cvens Tavs gavitanTo. es keTilSobiluri siTamame, es patiosani Tavgamometeba, es, Tu gnebavT, vaJkacuri windauxedaoba – ukeTesi samkaulia yovelis kacisa da ymawvil-kacobis xom ukeTesi da aucilebeli Rirseba da kuTvnilebaa. ukeTess moxucs Tu ram enaneba Tavisis warsulisa, swored am TvisebaTa Sesusteba enaneba xolme da amitomac arc erTi gonieri da sulgrZeli kaci amisTanaebSi ar usayvedurebs ymawvil-kacs, windauxedavi raTa xaro. saca keTilia, iq aReb-daReba ar unda da rom swavla sazogadod da umaRlesi sakuTriv keTilia – amas exla yur da TvaldaxSulic aRiarebs. aq Cven ymawvil-kacobis Tavganwirvas verafers wuns ver davsdebT vinc wuns dasdebs, Sescodebs RmerTsac da kacsaca. am mxriT veravin guls ver gaigrilebs, veravin yurs ver moiyruebs: roca swavlisaTvis Tavganwirul ymawvilkacis Zaxili modis, miSveleTo. yvela Cveni Rone zed-SevakaliT, yvela Cveni mecadineoba zed-SevalieTo da veras gavxdiTo, iwerebian odesidam unugeSod STomilni ymawvil-kacni, Cveni Zmebi, Cveni Svilebi da imedni mermisisani. nuTu qarTveloba ise gaZunwdeba, rom am sasowarkveTilebis xmas yurs ar aTxovebs da gaWirvebulT moZmeT ar gauwvdis Semweobis xels! aq yoveli groSic ganZia da imedi gvaqvs, rom aravin daiSurebs, SeZlebisamebr, raime Seawios. swored amisTana saqmisaTvis aris Tqmuli: `rasaca gascem Senia, rac ara, dakargulia~. Tavi meore tfilisi, 22 dekemberi, 1886 w. veravin ityvis, rom CvenSi gaRviZebuli ar iyos swavlisa da codnis survili. amas bevri lari da xazi ar unda: yvela hxedavs, yvela hgrZnobs, yvela hRaRadebs. vinc icis, ra Zlieri far-xmalia codna da ganaTleba, ra didi Ronea eris bednierebisaTvis saerTod da calke kacisaTvis sakuTriv Wkua-gaxsnili moqmedeba da cnobierad xelis mokideba da gaZRola saqmisa, saqveyno iqneba, Tu sacalkeo, _ is, rasakvirvelia, ar ikmarebs mag dRevandels survils: mets indomebs, mets inatrebs, da aq gaumaZRroba, metis ndoma – saTakilo ki ar aris, saqeburia da Tav-mosawonebeli. patara bavSvic ki, romelsac Tavisis asakis Sesaferi codna aqvs, Zlieria ucodinars goliaTzeda da 154 rCeuli werilebi ufro SemZlebeli am wuTis-soflis moedanzed, saca dRes igi imarjvebs – vinc mcodinarea, igi hTamamobs – visac xelT upyria is uZleveli iaraRi, romelsac codnas eZaxian. eg survili yovlad-mxsnelis swavlisa da codnisa gulSi uqmad, cariel survilad ar dagvSTomia. igi hmoqmedobs da ara erTsa da ors ded-mamas miayenebs xolme saswavleblis karebzed xvewniT da mudarebiT, rom sanatreli kari misTa SvilTa win gaeRos, da amasTanac hkankalebs, _ vai Tu arao. ara erTsa da ors Cven ymawvil-kacs gaitacebs xolme TavgamometebiT Tavis sayvarelis samSoblodam, rom iq Sors, sadme daewafos umaRlesis codnis ankara wyarosa, radganac axlo igi wyaro netarebisa jer ara sCqefs, _ `da muniT hzidven TeslTa ZvirfasT mSobels qveyanad, mxurvales cis qveS mosamkalad erTi aTasad~. modian is Tavganwirulni, codnis siyvaruliT da wyurviliT Sors gardaxvewilni da win moimZRvareben mecnierebas da mis mwvane Stos noes mtredsaviT, niSnad xarebisa da nugeS-cemisa. mas aqeT, rac qveynisaTvis jvarcmulma RmerTma brZana: `modiT, maSvralno da tvirTmZimeno da me gangisvenebT Tqven~, _ ara-ras qveynierobazed ise samarTlianad ar SeuZlian Tavis droSazed daaweros es nugeSmcemelni sityvani, Tu im salaros codnisas da swavlisas, romelsac mecnierebas eZaxian da romelmac nadirikaci RvTis xatad da msgavsebad gardaqmna. yovels amas movelodebiT swavlisa da codnisaTvis TavgadadebulTa da gardaxvewilTagan. amas viTxovT, amas vavedrebT, amas vexvewebiT da, Cvenda samwuxarod, imas ki aRar vkiTxulobT, ra dReSi arian Cveni Zmebi, Cveni Svilebi, minam Tavis wyurvils swavlisas da codnisas moiklaven. dRevandeli kievidam mowerili ambavi mkrTali suraTia imisa, rasac Cveni sacodavebi ymawvil-kacoba iTmens da itans swavlisa da codnis gulisaTvis. ese igi im Zvirfass TeslTa SekrebisaTvis, romelic mSobel qveyanad unda mohzidon erTi aTasad mosamkalad da, maSasadame, Cvenda sabednierod. gardixvewebian xolme sacodavebi da aq daSTenilni ki ara hfiqroben maszed, rom puri ara aqvT saWmelad, saxli ara aqvT TavSesafaravad, da aras hzrunaven, rom xeli gauwodon Svelisa da Semweobisa da im saSinels wamebas gadaarCinon, romelsac SimSili da wyurvili hqvian. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom moswavleni meti nawili Raribni arian. Tqma ar unda, rom siRaribe ufro iRvwis. am SemTxvevaSi, vidre simdidre. simdidres ra uWirs? ca yovelTvis qudad aqvs, dedamiwa qalamnada. mas jer ar aeSleba saRerReli swavlisa da codnisa, da Tu aeSala, vardiT dafenil gzazed midis. siRaribes win ekliani gza udevs, igi midis da ekali hSaSravs mis SiSvels fexsa da tansa. aq svla msxverplia, Tavis gawirvaa, Tavis gamometebaa. ramdens daulevia udReod sicocxle, mSobelTa da maxlobelTagan dautirebels, marto imis gamo, rom SimSiliT dauZlurebuls xorcs veRar utarebia 155 ilia WavWavaZe Ronieri suli Wabukisa swavlis eklian gzazed? ramdens dedas gamosclia am gziT xelidam Svili, ramdens das _ Zma, ramdens megobars _ megobari da ramdeni saimedo Svili dahkargvia qveyanas!.. nuTu mamano, Zmano, dedano, dano da qveynis gulSematkivarno, asea da ase unda iyos...…nuTu marTla ise uRononi varT, rom TiTo groSis miwvdena ar SegveZlos!.. Tu, _ Tqmac ki codvad migvaCnia, _ ise gulgrilebi varT, ise umadloni, rom guli xels ikavebs da daudevroba _ madlis survilsa! Cveni xalxi da ganaTleba tfilisi, 22 maisi, 1886 w. umecreba – ai umTavresi seni, romelic Cven Zval-rbilSi gagvjdomia, Seubraleblad hRrRnis sicocxles...…es aravisTvis saidumlo ar aris: TiTon cxovreba xma-maRliv RaRadebs. Cvens cxovrebaSi ise fexs ver gasdgamT, rom umecrebis kvals zed ar waawydeT, rom umecrebis mware nayofma Tavisi gemo ar gagaRebinoT... gadikiTxeT yuradRebiT gazeTebSi Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva mxaredan mowerili ambebi da hnaxavT... Cveni xalxi umTavresad miwis muSaobas misdevs. wliTi-wlobiT miwas Cahyurebs, atrialebs, hxnavs, sTesavs; vazs uvlis, bostneuli mohyavs; welebzed fexs idgams, Tavs maRla ar iRebs, jafas ar erideba, Zal-Rones ara hzogavs, oRond wlis sazrdo moipovos. magram ai wels setyvam gaunadgura wlis naRvawi sazrdo, mermis kaliam xelcarielze daso, mesame wels kidev sxva RvTis risxva daatyda Tavsa. wlis nawvav-nadagi xelidam gamoecala... ra qnas? codna mas ara aqvs, verc Tavis sakuTars Zal-Rones dandobia, verc sxvas mindobia, verc calke RoniT gasZRolia.. sad aris ganaTlebuli, mecnierebiT SeiaraRebuli kaci, rom misTvis guli Sestkivodes da warmatebis gza uCvenos?.. xalxs mosavliani weliwadi daudga, jafam muqTad ar Cauara. xalxs aTas-gvari xarji da gadasaxadi awevs kiserze. amisaTvis fuli unda. mosavalia mTeli misi simdidre, erTad-erTi wyaro. mosavalia misi fuli, mosavliT unda gauZRves yvela xarjs da gadasaxadsa. mosavali unda fulad aqcios. magram rogor? aReb-micemobisa ara esmis ra, angariSi kargad ver gaugia, sad rasa aqvs gasavali, ar icis... esec erTi umecrebis nayofi! 156 rCeuli werilebi siRaribe, rigianis saxlebis uqonloba, cudi sasmel-saWmeli, usufTaoba, sibinZure da sxva am-gvari janmrTelobis winaaRmdegi garemoeba avrcelebs xalxSi da xels uwyobs aTas-gvar avadmyofobas, sneulebas da Wirsa. bevri maTgani ixoceba da Svelaski versaidama hxedavs. eqimi ara hyavs, wamali ara aqvs. uilajobiT xan SemlocvelTan garbis, xan mkiTxavTan, xan xelT eZleva umecars eqimobas soflisas, Selocvas, xatebSi siaruls. soflel dedakacebis wamlobas, xSirad ufro meti vneba moaqvT xalxisaTvis, vidre sargebloba. gana xalxs sicocxle mosZagebia, gana sikvdili iameba? maS ratom mecnierebas ar mihmarTavs, ratom Tavis erTs uZvirfases saunjes – sicocxles ar icavs rigianad? aqac damnaSave igive umecreba, crumorwmunebaa. daundobloba, Suri, mtroba, usamarTloba, Zarcva-gleja, Cxubi, cema-xocva ekonomiurs gauwyoblobis gamo, da sxva bevri am-gvari nayofi umecrebisa – vrclad aris mofenili Cvens cxovrebaSi. umecar kacs rogor STaagoneb, rom misi sakuTari interesebi moiTxovs, rom Tavis mezobelTan kargi ganwyobileba hqondes, rom mezoblis ubedureba da SeuZlebloba mas bednierebas da SeZlebas ver SesZens, rom mxolod urTierTobrivi Tanxmoba, Sewevna hbadebs namdvil bednierebas da simdidres, rogorc mTelis xalxisas, ise kerZo kacisas. bevrs jer pirvel-dawyebiTis ganaTlebis niSanwyalic ar moscxebia. xalxma umetes nawilad carieli wera-kiTxvac ar icis. wignebis kiTxva CvenSi sruliad ar aris gavrcelebuli, rom xalxma Tavis avi mainc gaigos, Tu sxvis kargas jer kiTxviT ver SeiZens. xalxi umecrebis gamo skolebs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs da gans udgeba. zogierT adgilas xalxi pirdapir mtrulad ekideba skolas. magaliTad, am dReebSi erTi Cveni korespondenti gvwerda, rom iloris sazogadoeba cdilobs Tavis skolas xeli SeuSaloso. skolam unda mohfinos xalxs ganaTleba; ganaTlebam unda ganfantos misi gonebiTi sibnele, ganaTlebam unda misces mas Zala cxovrebaSi sabrZolvelad, da xalxi ki sdevnis skolas, ganaTlebas. ra mizezia? cxadia, umecreba! ai mokled ra suraTs warmogvidgens Cven... umecrebis Sedegi. dasafiqrebelia aseTi ara-sanugeSo suraTi. umecrebaa Cvenis saSiSari mteri. umecrebasTan brZola mxolod mecnierebas SeuZlian. ganaTleba, swavla, codna – ai erTad-erTi saSualeba, romelsac SeuZlian wamali dasdos Cvens cxovrebas. kvalSi Caudges, xalxs mxari misces da Svela aRmouCinos, visac wamali aqvs, visac mkurnaloba SeuZlian. maswavlebeli, eqimi, texniki, miwis SemuSavebis mcodne, _ yvela, vinc ki mecnierebiT da codniT SeiaraRebulia, yvela saWiroa exla. Tu namdvilad guli gvtkiva xalxisaTvis, Tavi viCinoT, rom sibnele umecrebisa gavfantoT. Tu xalxis siyvaruliT arian gamsWvalulni, saqmiT daamtkicon siyvaruli da mravalni gamoiyvanon umecrebidam. unda Cvens kerZo sargeblobas, keTildReobas cota ram CamovaTaloT da sazogado sargeblobas, keTildReobas 157 ilia WavWavaZe SevswiroT. fuli ara gvaqvso, garSemo Semweobas ara vxedavTo da amitom uRononi varT am saqmisaTvisao, es, rasakvirvelia, Sesawynarebeli mizezia da ara gasamarTlebeli. niWi, garja da mxneoba dRes Tu xval fulsac iSovis da Semweobasac moipovebs; yovelive es TiTon fulia, TiTon Ronea da simdidre, oRond ki kaci nu Seiketeba oTx-kedel-Sua, oRond ki gulxeldakrefili cas nu SevaCerdebiT: aca, manana Camova da pirSi Cagvivardebao. am niWsa, garjas da mxneobas iTxovs dRes Cveni cxovreba ganaTlebulis kacisagan da an vis mosTxovs sxvas, Tu ar ganaTlebulsa da mcodne kacsa!.. pedagogiis safuZvlebi Tavi pirveli gazeTebma mogvitanes amas-winaT ambavi da Cvens `iveriaSiac~ Tavis droze movixsenieT, rom prusiaSi dedaTa saswavleblebSi SeuniSnavT daqancva gonebisa moswavleTa qalTaTvis metis-meti swavlebisa gamo. amis gamo zogierTi axali wesi daudgeniaT, rom moswavleTa qalTa garja da Sroma Semsubuqebul eqmnaT. Tu ar meti, eseTive qanc-gawyveta suliTa da xorciTa didi xania SehniSnes evropaSi moswavle vaJebsaca da amis gamo TiTqmis mTeli literatura Sesdga, nametnavad germaniasa da safrangeTSi, saca am ambavma ufro Zlier Tavi iCina, _ da daanaRvla, rogorc iqaurni gamgebelni swavla ganaTlebis saqmisani, agreTve ded-mamanica. Cvena gvgonia meti ar iyos, gamovarkvioT, Cvenis SeZlebisamebr, mizezni amisTana samquxaro ambisa im TxzulebaTagan, romelTa avtornic moekidnen am saqmes Sesaferis gulmtkivneulobiTa. am ukanasknel xanebSi sapedagogio literaturaSi gaxSirda xma-maRlad RaRadebda, rom exlandeli skolis yofa mdgomareoba evropaSi Tavs ar modis da axals mozards Taobas sCagravs, radganac cal-mxrivia da cal-kerZoo. yvelani amazed Tanaxmani arian, rom exlandeli skola ufro imazea mimarTuli, rom rac SesaZloa, bevri codna aZlios moswavles da zne-xasiaTis wvrTna, sworeba da gamarTva-ki mTlad uyuradRebod aris datovebulio. am cal-kerZod skolis momarTvis Sedegze ai ras ambobs erTi avtori: `samwuxaro suraTi warmoudgeba Tval-win yvelas, visac ar eSinian pirdapir Sexedos marTals da Tvali TvalSi gauyaros. TiTo-orola magaliTs garda, exlandeli ymawvili-kaci janiT metad uZluria, saSinlad ZarRv-moSlili da modunebuli, TiTqo sneuliao. sakmaoa mcire ram dabrkoleba daxvdes da maSinve uRonobisagan xelebs 158 rCeuli werilebi Camohyris; guls uxeTqavs, xaliss uklavs yoveli saqme, romelic-ki cotad Tu bevrad mxned, medgrad xelis mokidebas hTxoulobs, xangrZlivs, daJinebuls, gulgautexels bejiTobas da garjas. ar aris igi Cveuli TaviT TvisiT isazros, ifiqros da amis gamo advilad eZleva uaryofas Zvelisas da sruliadac ara hnaRvlobs uaryofilis sanacvlod axali ram Caayenos. yovel amis gamo exlandeli ymawvil-kacoba didad ubeduria da Zalian iSviaTad SemZlebelia, rom gonierad, Wkva-dasmiT da sasargeblod TaviT TvisiT gaakeTos ram da iRvawos. igi uRonoa TviTmoqmedebisa da moRvaweobisaTvis. `zogni amaTgani, -ambobs Semdeg igive avtori, -da es zogni sakmaod blomad arian, nametnavad cotaodnad SemZlebel ojaxisani – mTels Tavis sicocxles imas andomeben, rom proteqciiT lukma puri iSovnon da scxovroben pirutyvsaviT dRe-dReurad, TiTonac ar ician, risTvis arian da sad midian: sWamen, smen, TamaSoben qaRalds, htancioben, arSiyoben, hmsaxuroben imdenad, rom jamagirebi iRon. es jura xalxi mTlad xelasaRebeli xalxia, yovlad uvargisi, uxeiro, ararais maqnisi. amaT mkvdari aqvT yovelive fantazia, yovelive azri, yovelive grZnoba, naZiral grZnobis garda. codna, skolaSi miRebuli, zogjer sakmaod bevrica, amaTTvis meti bargia da male daebRertebaT, gaefantebaT xolme cxovrebis gzazed. `sxvani ufro niWierni – xelgamomavalni arian da jer skolaSive gamoarkveven xolme, - ra saqonelsa aqvs gasavali sazogadoebis bazarSi ama-da-am-dros. amaTi fantazia, aRfrTovanebuli advilad gamdidrebis cocxal magaliTebiTa, win gadufens xolme sarCoians gzas veqilisas, mkurnalisas, inJinerisas, arqiteqtorisas, mziTvian colis, Tu SemZlebel qmris SerTvisas – erTis sityviT, uxatavs im gamorkveuls ideals xerxian kacisas, romelsac sagnada aqvs advilad gamdidreba da mere maZRari gancxroma gaurjelad da uSromelad. am juris xalxi yvelazed uaresni, yvelazed mavnebelni muqTamWamelni arian da metis-metad saSiSarni Tavis qveynisaTvis, radganac yovel wuTs mzad arian mihyidon imisi sve-bedi imas, vinc mets miscems~. ra Tqma unda, rom avtori aq hlaparakobs ufros-erTze, umravlesobazed. vin ityvis, rom TiTo-orola sasixarulo magaliTic ar iyos exlandels ymawvilkacobaSi. uamisoba xom qveynis ukuqceva iqneboda. avtori marto umravlesobis, ufros-erTis uferulobas, uRonobas gvaniSnebs da amaSi ara gvgonia igi gaamtyunos vinmem. igi ambobs, rom: `bevrma ymawvil-kacma ar icis, ra gzas daadges da saiT wavides; amis gamo ymawvili-kaci sasowarkveTilebas eZleva, guli utydeba, aRarafrisaTvis erCis. es sasowarkveTileba da gulis gatexa Wkvas uSrobs, grZnobas uxSobs, uklavs yovels xaliss moqmedebisas, romelsac misgan moelis imisi samSoblo da romlisTvisac am samSoblos gauwevia Rvawli im imediT, rom Cemis Svilis moqmedeba odesme gamomadgeba da erTiorad mainc mizRavs Cemis Rvawlis samagierosao~. 159 ilia WavWavaZe es marTla-da samwuxaro suraTi ymawvil-kacobisa bevrs udga Tval-win, magram – erTis mweralisa ar iyos – es bevrni an ar hxedven amas, an hxedven da marto hkicxven da hkilven TiTon ymawvil-kacobas. abezReben sazogadoebis winaSe, sdevnian da abrus utexen, imis magier, rom guldasmiT Caukvirdnen TiTon mizezs, TiTon saTaves am marTla-da samwuxaro da mermisisaTvis saSiSar movlenisas. mecnierni, romelTac marTalis gulmtkivneulobiT miuqceviaT yuradReba am unugeSo suraTisaTvis, mizezs hxedven yovelT uwinares im sazogado wris uferulobasa da uvargisobaSi, saca norCi suli bavSvisa pirvel iRviZebs da mere zrdaSi Sedis. rasakvirvelia, rom im wres, saca bavSvi pirvel xanidamve htrialebs, didi gavlena aqvs mTels adamianis mermiszed. bavSvis norCi suli da guli metad mgrZnobiarea da male damCnevi avisa da kargisa, da amitomac wre, saca bavSvi da mozardi suls ibrunebs, Tavis beWeds avisas da kargisas aucileblad zed daasvams xolme. am-saxiT, araviTari eWvia, rom TiTon wres cxovrebisas didi zedmoqmedeba aqvs mozardis Taobis mermiszed. xolo aris meore saganic, romelsac, Tu ar meti, naklebi zemoqmedeba ara aqvs adamianis av-kargianad gamosvlazed. eg meore sagani skolaa. evropaSi am mxriT gamoiZies es exlandelis skolis yofa-mdgomareoba da erTs dids brals im samwuxaro ambisas, romelic Cven zeviT movixsenieT, TiTon skolis exlandels yofa-wyobilebasa sdeben. ra-gvaria es brali da ramodenad sabuTiania – amas Semdegs nomerSi vacnobebT Cvens mkiTxvelebs. Tavi meore Cvens wina-werilSi imazed SevwyviteT sityva, Tu, _ mecnierni ra gvars bralsa sdeben exlandels skolas da ramdenad sabuTianad ukiJineben, rom Tavis daniSnulebas ar asrulebso. vidre am bralis da sabuTebis CamoTvlas SevudgebodeT, jer pirvelad saWiroa vicodeT – ra unda moeTxovebodes skolas. amis pasuxad bevrs gamouTqvams azri da yvela es azri, sxvadasxvaferad gamoTqmuli, erTs safuZvelzea agebuli, erTis saTavidam warmomdinarebs. es safuZveli, es saTave is aris, rom skola erTsa da imave dros unda swurTnides kidec bavSvsa da aswavlides kidec. wurTvna da swavla xelixels gadambuli unda vidodes skolaSi. wurTna sxvaa da swavla sxva. erTs erTi sagani aqvs da meores – sxva. wurTvna mimarTulia zne-xasiaTis zrdasa da ganviTarebaze da swavla ki – gonebis gaxsnasa da msjelobis gaZlierebaze. sakmao ar aris, rom kaci mecnieri iyos, didi swavla mieRos, bevri codna SeeZinos. amasTanave igi kai kacic unda iyos da kai-kacobis SemZleblobac 160 rCeuli werilebi hqondes. es kai-kacoba da kai-kacobis SemZlebeloba marto zne-xasiaTisagan eZleva adamians. avi kaci ramodenadac mecnieria da didad swavluli, imodenad ufro Zlier saSiSaria, ufro didad mavnebelia. es yvelam icis da, gvgonia, bevrsac Tavis TvaliT unaxavs da gamoucdia. raT unda iyos kaci avi roca mxolod swavlulia da ara zne-xasiaT gawurTnilica? savseba erTob adamianisa imaSia, rom mis gonebis aRmatebulebas Sewonil hqondes aRmatebuleba zne-xasiaTisaca. saWiroa zne gawmendili da gafaqizebuli hqondes patiosnebiTa, namusianobiTa, kacTmoyvareobiTa da samarTlianobis grZnobiTa. uamisod misi msjeloba da yofaqceva erTmaneTs gadudgeba, erTmaneTs ar SeeTanxmeba, misi azri sxva iqneba da yofaqceva sxva, goneba erTs etyvis da guli sxvas aqmnevinebs. uzneoba, uxasiaTobac es aris da am uzneobaTa da uxasiaTobiT aris avi zneuwvrTneli swavluli kaci. WeSmariti ganaTleba ganviTarebul gonebis da gawurTvnilis zne-xasiaTis erTmaneTTan SeuRlebaa ganuyrelad. Tu kacs an erTi aklia, an meore, igi ganaTlebuli ar aris da, Cvenis fiqriT, isev gonebaganuviTarebeli da zne-xasiaT gawurTnili kaci sjobia, vidre gonebaganviTarebuli da zne-xasiaT gauwrTvneli. xolo zne-xasiaTis wurTvna didad damokidebulia swavlasa da codnazeda, da amitomac Cvena gvgonia, rom Tu skolas unda Tavis daniSnuleba Seasrulos, eg swavla-codna zne-xasiaTis wurTvnasac unda SeurCios, ese igi im Tvisebis swavla-codna unda aZlios, rac gonebis gaxsnilobasaca hSvelis da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnasa da damTavrebasac uxdeba da hrgebs. rasakvirvelia, zne-xasiaTis warsamateblad wurTvnas skolaSi Tavisi sakuTari gzaca aqvs, Tavisi sakuTari saxsarica. am SemTxvevaSi didad didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTels gamgeobas skolisas saerTod da ostats da moxeles calke. am SemTxvevaSi didi ram aris ostatis moxerxebuloba, yofaqceva, magaliTi, sifrTxile, windaxeduloba. erTs mSveniers ambavs gviambobs erTi mwerali maszed Tu, _ windaxedulad da gonierad moqceva ostatisa ris SemZlebelia zne-xasiaTis wurTvnisaTvis. Tumca grZelia es ambavi, magram ise kargi ram aris, rom gvsurs sul amovweroT da miT vasiamovnoT Cvens mkiTxvelebsa. ai is ambavi: bavSvisa da ra advilad SesaZloa bavSvs STaagonos keTili, Tu goneba-gaxsnili kaci xelsa hkidebs saqmes da siyvaruliT eZleva Tavis daniSnulebas, Semdegi momxdari ambavia. am ramdenisame wlis winaT erTma ymawvilma kacma, gaaTava universiteti Tu ara, ostatis Tanamdeboba miiRo erT saswavlebelSi. pirveli gasakveTi ergo saSualo klasSi, saca ufro mozrdilni Segirdebi arian, ese igi bavSvobidam yrmobaSi gadamdgarni. am xanSi ymawvilebi ufro celqebi da mousvenarni arian. direqtorma auwyo bavSvebs axalis ostatis vinaoba, TiTon ostatmac oriode tkbili sityva uTxra ymawvilebs da dauyovnebliv Seudga swavlebis saqmes. gasakveTis axsnis dros dasWirda klasis dafazed wera. roca wera daiwyo, ra Tqma unda, zurgSeqceuli 161 ilia WavWavaZe iqneboda da Segirdebs vera hxedavda. am dros dafas moxvda da zed daajda daReWili qaRaldi, rasakvirvelia, erT-erTis Segirdisagan nasroli. ostatma ukan arc-ki moixeda da ganagrZo wera, miTam-da sayuradRebo ara moxda-rao. roca gaaTava wera, moubrunda Segirdebs da uTxra: `ymawvilebo, dRes Cemi pirveli gasakveTia, pirveli nabijia ostatobis sarbielzed. samarTalsa vTxov Tqvens patiosnebas, Tqvens sinidissa. aba ifiqreT, _ mas Semdeg, ra upatiurebac momayena erTma Tqvenganma, _ ra gamwarebuli grZnoba unda gamyves me Tan Tqvenis klasidam, saca Cems sicocxleSi pirvelad daviwye swavleba Segirdebisa. me ar minda vicode, me ar minda Sevityo, vin aris damnaSave am Cems gaupatiurebaSi. ra saWiroa!.. dee ganikiTxos is imismave sindisma. me miT ufro ver gamigia Cemis gamaupatiurebelis saqcieli, rom man jer ar icis, rogori ostati var da rogori kaci. iqneba, Tqvenis siyvarulis Rirsi gamovdge. jer gamicaniT, gamomcadeT da mere gamikiTxeT, diaR, batonebo, samwuxaroa, rom Cemi pirveli gamosvla sapedagogio sarbielzed amisTana ambiT daiwyo. xelmeored mogaxsenebT, rom me ar minda Sevityo vin aris am ukadrisis celqobis momqmedi. damnaSavis saxeli rom Sevityo, _ vin icis, mec kaci var – iqneba gulSi imisi javri Caviyolio da javrma cotad Tu bevrad imaze guli amayrevinos~. `roca ostatma gaaTava laparaki, SegirdebSi Cumi CoCqoli astyda. daiwyes aqeT iqiT CurCuli, erTi meores raRacas eubneboda, meore mesames da egre mTels klass acnobes erTmaneTis gulis-pasuxi. bolos wamodga fexzed erTi maTgani da uTxra ostats: `neba momeciT me, moviTxovo TqvenTan bodiSi yvelas magier: yvela Cemi amxanagi gTxoven gvapatioT eg metad cudi saqcieli erTis Cvenganisa~. ostatma sixaruliT miiRo bodiSi da gamoucxada, rom samudamod daviwyebas miveci es ambavi da gulidam amoviReo. am dRis Semdeg am axalgazrda ostatis saqme ise kargad gaimarTa, rom ukeTesi ar undoda: Zalian male moipova siyvaruli da pativiscema Tavis Segirdebisagan mTels xuTsave klasSi, romelSiac igi aswavlida~. erTi aseTi Wkvianuri, gulTbili saqcieli ostatisa ufro Zlier moqmedobs bavSvis gaadamianebazed, vidre samisa da oTxis wlis zepireba gramatikisa, Tu sxva risame amisTanisa. Cven am ambavma metad gagvigrZela werili da rac saTqmeli gvqonda, imasac gadagvaxvevina. Cvena gvgonia, rom amiT bevri ara daSavda-ra da Tu daSavda, vecdebiT, SemdegSi danaSauli vipativoT. 162 rCeuli werilebi Tavi mesame Cven wina-werilSi laparaki gvqonda zne-xasiaTis wvrTnazed. xolo ra aris es znexasiaTis wvrTna, es ki ver avxseniT. amis axsnas didi gamoZieba unda da CvenTvis ki amJamad sakmarisi iqneba vsTqvaT, rom zne-xasiaTis wvrTna zrdaa Sinaganis kacisa, Tu egre iTqmis. radganac Sinaganoba kacisa misi sulieri vinaobaa, misi sulieri bunebaa, maSasadame, wvrTna zne-xasiaTisa zrdaa, garkvevaa misis sulieris vinaobisa, sulieris bunebisa, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, misis kacobisa, adamianobisa. amitomac zne-xasiaTis erTi udidesi, uaRresi sagania skolisa, radganac gaadamianeba kacisa Tavi da boloa yovelgvari wvrTnisa, zrdisa da ganaTlebisa. sxvani amaze uro Sors midian da, _ swored mogaxsenoT-arc usabuTod. es sxvani amboben, rom zne-xasiaTis wvrTna aramc-Tu udidesi, aramed erTaderTi sagania skolisa, misi pirveli da ukanaskneli daniSnulebaao. skolas amis meti sxva araviTari sagani ar unda hqondes da yoveli Rone amas unda mihmarTos da moaxmaroso. kacs Tu Rone aqvs gamoirkvios patiosani sagani cxovrebisa da, viTarca gamorkveulis sagnis kaci, qveyanaSi iyos erTi ram keTili TaviT TvisiT, misi sulieri vinaoba sasurvelad dadgenilia da gamarTuli. ai swored es Rone da xerxi gamorkvevisa, patiosani wyurvili da xerxi qveyanaSi erT ramed yofnisa unda kacs SesZinos skolam. amisaTvis unda iwrTvnebodes kaci skolaSi. uamisod igi arafris maqnisia, rac unda bevri swavla da codna hqondes, imitom rom uamisod imisi swavla-codna uqmi saunjea da TiTon kaci daketili zandukia uqmad mdebare saunjisa. amitomac TiTon swavla da codna, romelsac skola iZleva, ise unda iyos gaangariSebuli da SerCeuli, rom zne-xasiaTis wvrTnas, am erTad-erTs sagans Tvisas, gauZRves da emsaxurebodes. swavla-codnis Zleva marto im azriT, rom kaci swavluli da mcodne iyoso, amao da bolo-moubmeli wadilia skolisa. dRes yvelasagan cxadad danaxulia, rom verc erTi skola, Tundac universiteti, imodena savsebiT codnas ver iZleva, rom kaci marTla mecnieri da swavluli iyos, am swavla-codnaze Seyenebuli da gaCerebuli. es ambavi miT ufro sabuTad saxmaria, rom exlandeli skola, Tundac universiteti, marto swavla-codnis SeZenazea mimarTuli da agebuli da sxva arafrisaTvis ar aclis arc maswavlebels, arc moswavlesa. Tumca asea, magram Cven arc erTi kaci ar gvaxsovs, rom universitetidam, Tu sxva skolidam gamosvlis umal Tavi eCinos mecnierebasa da swavla-codnaSi. visac Tavi uCenia, imas skolis, universitetis Semdeg uSromia da es Sroma imiT hqonia gaadvilebuli, rom skolas, universitets, _ hqonia fiqrad, Tu ar hqonia, _ mainc ase Tu ise ucnobebia, uswavlebia, sad da rogor gaignos swavla-codnis, mecnierebis gza. am saxiT, Tumca exlandels skolas gansakuTrebul sagnad swavla-codnis SeZena aqvs, magram 163 ilia WavWavaZe am sagans amaod ebRauWeba da vera gziT vera swvdeba. vimeorebT, Tu dRes mecnierni da swavlulni arian, marto imiT, rom skolisa da universitetis Semdeg TiTon TaviT TvisiT SeuZeniaT swavla da codna. maSasadame, skolam ise unda amzados da swurTvnos, rom kacs Rone, xerxi da wyurvili hqondes erT radme yofnisa qveynis sasargeblod; Rone, xerxi da wyurvili hqondes, patiosani ram sagani cxovrebisa iqonios; Rone, xerxi da wyurvili hqondes, yovel amisaTvis moipovos Sesaferisi swavla-codna. egre mowyurebuli, gaRonierebuli da xerxiani kaci araviTars siZneles saqmisas ar SeuSindeba, ar Seudrkeba da zne-xasiaTobac es aris. exlandeli skola ki sul sxva sagans misdevs da es zne-xasiaTis wvrTna Tavminebebulia. exlandeli skola marto imis cdaSia, rom patara bavSvis TavSi, rac SesaZloa, bevri codna dastios, ymawvils bevri ram aswavlos marto codnisa da swavlisaTvis da ara kacis gaadamianebisaTvis, amitomac arc kacad Ra vargoben exlandeli ymawvilebi da arc imaTis swavla-codnidam gamodis ram. amitomac skolaSi miRebuli swavla-codna meti bargia imaTTvis da arc-ki enanebaT, rom cxovrebis gzazed es bargi dRe-da-dRe ekargebaT, rogorc meti ram. `eseTi yofa da mimarTuleba exlandelis skolisa, _ ambobs erTi mecnierni: - erTi usaSinelesi da udidesi cdomaa adamianis yovel sxvaTa cdomaTa Soris. ymawvilis norCs gonebas vtvirTavT, sabarguleda vxdiT ricxviT auarebel da mravalfer codnisaTvis, imisda gamourkvevlad Tu, _ ra azriT vSvrebiT amasa. imis magier rom bunebisamebr vzardoT, vwurTnoT suli, Cven marto imasa vscdilobT, rom bavSvs gavugeSoT mxolod niWi gonebisa da xsovna cifirebisa, saxelebisa, weliwadebisa, samaTematiko figurebisa, sagramatiko formebisa. amas Cven iseTis axirebiTa vscdilobT, imodenad ricxviT bevrs da didis sawyaoTi vuwyavT, rom bavSvi mTlad iqanceba xorciT, aRara aqvs dro Tavis bunebur Tvisebis Tavis Tavad gaxsnisa da warmatebisaTvis, arc imisaTvis, rom am auarebel saswavlebel sagneb Soris gamoarkvios, gaignos ram. SesvenebisaTvisac-ki aRara rCeba dro Tavisuflad mieces fiqrsa uimisod, rom zed ar dascqerodes dauZinebeli, gulis asarevamde moZulebuli ostati anu zedamxedveli~. `aswavlian gramatikas, ariTmetikas, geografias, istorias, _ ambobs sxva mwerali: _ da umTavress azrs, umTavress sagans skolisas ki iviwyeben, saxeldobr imas, rom skolam unda uSvelos, Rone misces Segirdis zne-xasiaTs Tavis-Tavoba iCinos da gaiwurTvnos warsamateblad da gansaviTareblad~. `Tu am gziT ara hSvelis skola Segirdsao, _ ambobs igive: _ maSin aRarc idealia, aRarc Ronea TavdamWeri avSi da wamaxalisebeli kargSi da sakuTriv amaebisagan ki daiwvnis xolme ukeTesni Tvisebani adamianis zne-xasiaTisani, saxeldobr: kacTmoyvareoba da samarTlianobao~. 164 rCeuli werilebi marTalic aris. kacuris kacobis Tavi-da-Tavi Rirseba es ori grZnobaa: Tu samarTliani xar da kacTmoyvare, maSin yvelaferi xar, savse kaci xar, imitom rom iRvaweb da imoqmedeb SeZlebisamebr, radganac uqmad yofnis nebas grZnoba samarTlianobisa ar mogcems am wuTisofelSi, saca oflis wurviT unda hyidulobdes TviToeuli Tavis kerZs cxovrebisas, da keTilis-momqmedic iqnebi radganac avkacobis nebas ar mogcems grZnoba kacTmoyvareobisa. SeZlebisamebr iRvawe da imoqmede keTili, _ sxvas amis mets arasa sTxovs qveyana Tavis Svilsa, da skolam swored amisTana Svili unda gauzardos qveyanas, amisaTvis gauxsnas goneba, amisaTvis gauRos guli. es amisTana azri skolis movaleobazed axali ambavi ar aris. amis saTaves saSualo saukunoebSi vpoulobT da maSindel did bunebovan kacebs ara-erTxel warmouTqvamT, Tu ra axirebulia kacobrioba yovel imaSi, rac erTxel dauCemebia, amas gvimtkicebs am azris istoria: aba, am jer kidev saSual-saukunoebSi gaRviZebuls azrs am mecxramete saukuneSiac Tavisi kuTvnili adgili ver dauWeria. Semdegs nomerSi am istorias vuambobT Cvens mkiTxvelebsa. Tavi meoTxe mokled rom movsWraT, rac grZlada vsTqviT exlandels skolazed, gamova, rom dRevandels skolas saxeSi aqvs marto Wkva-gonebis warmateba da gaZliereba, Tumca bevrs SemTxvevaSi saqme ise mihyavs, rom verc erTsa swvdeba da verc meores. exlandeli swavla-codna skolisa Tumca hSvelis kacs gonebis TvaliT daanaxvos da gonebisave yuriT gaagebinos, rac kacis garSemo arsebobs da Tavs iCens, magram adamianis saqcielzed-ki TiTqmis srulebiT ara hmoqmedobs. amitomac dRevandels dRes advilad SesaZloa SehxvdeT, _ kaci codniT erTi iyos, moqmede-biT da cxovrebiT-ki srulebiT sxva. es imitom aris, rom deda-azrni, skolaSi swavla-codniT gamorkveulni, marto formalurad arian miRebulni da ara maTis Sinaganis azriTa, ara maTis buneburis SinaarsiTa. amas naTlad gvixatavs mecnieri vessio. romelic ambobs: `berZnebsa da romaelebs filosofosi aswavlida, _ ase vsTqvaT – quCaSi, yvelgan eCveneboda mTelis Tavis Segirdebis krebuliTa, cxovrebas cxovrebaSive akvirdeboda, uxsnida da ganumartavda misTa movlenaTa, esaubreboda da ekamaTeboda xalxsa, erTis sityviT, sazogado, sayovelTavo moRvawe iyo. exla filosofosi gansakuTrebulad mwignobari kacia, ufro xSirad meTeoriea. Cven iSviaTad Segvxvdeba xolme mosmena misis cocxalis sityvisa, ufro iSviaTi SemTxvevaa misi saubari CvenTan. ufros-erTi marto imaTs Txzulebas hkiTxulobs, isic maSin, Tu filosofosma gvaRirsa da saqvey- 165 ilia WavWavaZe nod gamoamJRavna Tavisi sistema. ZvelTa filosofosTa mimdevari SesaZlo iyo gecnaT misis cxovrebisagan, imitom rom stoikad, Tu sofistad yofna hniSnavda, rom cxovrebiTac stoikia, anu sofisti. exlandels droSi-ki aramc-Tu me, an Tqven gamovicnobT, rom Cveni nacnobi pozitivistia, aramed SesaZloa TiTon orma pozitivistma, rac unda xSirad inaxulon erTmaneTi, erTmaneTsve ver gaugon, rom erTisa da imave filosofiur sistemis mimdevarni arian. exlandels filosofias aqvs saqme marto Wkva-gonebasTan da cxovrebis movlenaTa gagebasTan adamianis mier, arc adamianis saqcielzedRa moqmedobs, arc arkvevs da win uZRvis adamianis TviTmoRvaweobas~. am-saxiT, jer Zvel droSive scodniaT, rom swavla-codna skolaSi zne-xasiaTis sawurTvnel Roned unda ixmarebodes da ara iqmnas marto Tavis-Tavad sanugbari ram, Tavis-Tavad sanatreli. am azrma Zvelis droisam ufro metis garkveviT, ufro metis sicxadiT Tavi gamoiCina saSualo saukunoebSi, sakuTriv maSin, roca egreTwodebuls sqolastikas saZirkveli Seerya da moZRvreba `humanobisa~ wamodga fexzed. es xana istoriisa gamoCenilia miT, rom adamianis Wkva-goneba didad gaZlierda, mravali ram Seigno da iswavla berZnebisa da romaelebis mweralTa nawerebisagan da mravali ram aRmoaCina. yvelazed udidesi aRmonaCeni am droisa, _ miSlesi ar iyos, _ adamiania, ese igi, am saukunem axalis TvaliT miaxeda kacobrioba adamianis Rirsebazed da imis arsebobis saganzeda. `humanobis moZRvreba imaSi mdgomareobso, _ ambobs erTi mwerali: _ rom adamiani Sehxarodes cxovrebas, elinebr sixarulis TvaliT uyurebdes; imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kacis adamianuri Rirseba Rrmad pativcemul iyos da ara-nakleb Rrmadve Canerguli rwmena gvqondes, rom yoveli Rone da niWi adamianis bunebisa aucileblad saWiroa ganviTarebul da warmatebul iqmnas erTianad da gamouklebliv~. es pativiscema adamianis Rirsebisa daiwera Tavis droSazed humanobis moZRvrebam da es moZRvreba garkveviT gamosTqva maSin erTma italielma humanistma pikodela-mirandolam, 1486 welsa. am pikos sityviT, _ ai ras ubrZanebs RmerTi pirvels kacs adamsa: `me SenTvis, adamo, araviTari samudamo bina da sadguri ar momicia, araviTari samudamo da ucvalebeli saqme ar amiCenia. es imisTvis, rom saca Sen giamos, iq icxovro, rac gindodes, is saqme aiCino. me Sen arc sasikvdilod gamiCenixar, arc ukvdavad daminiSvnixar. es imisaTvis, rom Sen TiTon iyo Senis Tavis mkeTebeli da iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric Sen TiTona gsurs: Sen SegiZlian pirutyvamdinac Zirs Camoxvide da angelozamdinac ze axvide~. kacma rom Caixedos am striqonebSi da amasTan unarica hqondes, gamosarkvevi gamoarkvios da dasanaxavi dainaxos, CvenTan erTad ityvis, rom amazed martivad da amazed naTlad Znelia kacma gamosTqvas-Ra, rogorc adamianis arsebobis sagani, isec adamianis Rirseba. 166 rCeuli werilebi jer es pikos sityva ar iyo Tqmuli, roca italiaSi daiZra azri, rom skola agebul iqmnas humanobis moZRvrebis mixedviTa. amisi pirveli mesveuri iyo padueli humanisti vittorino de-feltre, romelic axalis pedagogiis mamad iTvleba dResac. amisi ambavi da sxvac danarCeni SemdegisaTvis gadidvas. Tavi mexuTe vittorino de-feltre , romelic, _ rogorc winaTa vsTqviT, _ pedagogiis mamad iTvleba, erTis Raribis ojaxis Svili iyo venetikis samflobeloSi da daibada 1378 welsa. imis yrmobis dros erTi aqa-iq moaruli ostati iyo ritorikisa da laTinuris enisa, metad saxelganTqmuli. es iyo jiobanni deravenna. pirveldawyebiTi swavla-ganaTleba vittorinom amisagan miiRo. mere paduis universitetSi gadavida da saocari wyurvili hqonda maTematika eswavla, xolo groSi ara hqonda fuli eZlia maTematikis erTad-erT maswavlebelisaTvis paduaSi, biajio pelakanisaTvis, aiRo da mosamsaxured daudga da mosamsaxurobiT gasamrjelos uxdida Tavis ostatsa. male Seatyo vittorinom, rom biajio veraferi ostatia da amisagan veras gamorCeba. didis niWis patroni da amasTan cotaoden swavla-ganaTlebiT gza-kval-gaxsnilic, vittorino ganSorda ostats da TiTon martoka Seudga sayvarelis mecnierebis swavlasa. male ise gaimarTa da ise iswavla, rom TviTve SeeZlo eswavlebina maTematika sxvisaTvis. 1414 wels vittorinom venetikaSi ostatoba daiwyo: aiyvana ramdenisame didkacis Svili saswavleblad fuliT da Raribebs-ki muqTad aswavlida. 1418 w. ritorikis profesoradac Seiqmna. am profesorobaSi ise gaiTqva saxeli, rom mantuis hercogma jian franCesko honzagom miiwvia Tavis Svilebis aRmzrdelad. hercogma mSvenieri sadguri misca tbis piras, qalaqzed moSorebiT, da 1425w. vittorino aq dabinavda hercogis SvilebiTa da maTis tolamxanagebiTa didkacTa SvilTagan. Tumca es skola marto hercogis da mis darbaiselTa SvilTaTvis daniSnuli iyo, magram vittorinom es ar Seiwynara da igi mantuis skola sayovelTao skolad gadaiqca. am-saxiT, skolis kari gaiRo yvela wodebis SvilTaTvis, rogorc mdidarTa, isec RaribTaTvis. xolo RaribTaTvis skolis maxloblad gahmarTa calke sadguri, saca igi aWmevda, asmevda, acmevda da aZlevda yovelisfers, rac skolaSi saxmarad saWiro iyo. Cven es mantuis skolis mokle istoria imitom movixsenieT aq, rom igi erTi uZvelesi saSualo saswavlebeli iyo evropaSi, romelmac yvelazed uwin safuZvlad da saTaved daido axali moZRvreba humanurobisa, vittorinos meTaurobiTa. vittorinos idealad, anu magaliTad, hqonda aTinuri `gimnasii~, saca erTnairi da Tanaswori yuradReba iyo miqceuli, rogorc ymawvilis Wkva-gonebis ganviTarebasa da gaZliere- 167 ilia WavWavaZe bazed, isec Zval-xorc-janis gamagrebasa da gaRonierebazed. xolo misaRwevi sagani ki vittorinos skolisa zne-xasiaTis gawvrTna, damTavreba da dadgena iyo. amitomac skolaSi swavleba da gareT haerzed varjiSoba erTi-erTmaneTs rig-rigad mosdevda. yovel dRes, daniSnuls saaTs, rac gind tarosi yofiliyo, ymawvilebi varjiSobdnen srbolasa, Widaobasa, curvasa, burTaobasa da SvildosnobaSi, zogjer nadirobis da Tevzaobis nebasac aZlevda. zafxulobiT ostatebis TanxlebiT ymawvilebs samgzavrod istumrebda karga Sors, zogjer alpiis mTebSiac. Tumca swavlebis saxsrad Zveli enebi iyo, berZnuli da laTinuri, romelTac TiTon vittorino aswavlida ufross klasebSi, magram marto imisTana klassikebs akiTxebda, romelTac SeeZloT emoqmednaT ymawvilebis zne-xasiaTis gawvrTnasa da gamarTvazed. am klassikebis swavlebasTan erTad mxar-da-mxar aswavlida maTematikas, romelic vittorinos miaCnda gonebisaTvis ukeTess savarjiSod. vittorino suliTa da guliT mieca Tavis skolas da ymawvilebs ise eqceoda, rogorc mama Svilebsa. skolas Seswira Tavisi sakuTari bedniereba: ar moekida arc ojaxs, arc col-Svilianobas. roca megobrebma urCies, coli SeirTe da SenisTana Svilebi dautove Sens qveyanasao, iman upasuxa, rom umagisodac sakmao Svilebi myvanan skolaSio. magrad idga ra platon filosofosis Tqmulzed, rom Tavisufali arseba Tavisuflad unda izrdebodeso utyep-ucemlad, vittorino uZRveboda Tavis Segirdebis wvrTnas magaliTiTa da CagonebiTa da marto Zalian iSviaTs SemTxvevaSi hxmarobda xorcTa sasjelsa. roca am gziT saqmis svlam daanaxva, rom saqme kargad midis, man samudamod da uku-daubruneblad ganaZeva Tavis skolidam xorcTa sasjeli. skolis rigi da wesi marto Tavis-Tavis zneoburs gavlenazed daamyara am sakvirvelma kacma, romelzedac misi Tanamedrove ambobs, rom igi iyo zegardmo RvTaeburis madliT cxebuli mxiarulad da xalisianad midioda skolis saqme, ase rom TiTon skolas `mxiaruli saxli~ daerqva saxelad. Cven ver vityviT, rom vittorinos skola unaklulo iyo. bevri ram aklda da vrclad rom agvewera, iqneba dagvenaxa zogi ram metic, xolo Cven Tu es ambavi mogvyavs, marto imisaTvis, rom vittorinos azri, maSindelis skolis safuZvlad dadebuli, mxolod dasawyisia, fexis adgmaa axalis sapedagogio Teoriisa, maSasadame, vittorinos moqmedebas saskolo sarbielzed ise unda vuyuroT, rogorc dvritas, romelic mere da mere gaRvivda, rogorc kvirts, romelic mere da mere gaiSala da gadaixsna sxvaTa mecnierTa SemweobiTa. 168 rCeuli werilebi Tavi meeqvse `iveriis~ #92 – 96 meTaurebis sagnad aviReT exlandelis skolis viTareba sazogadod da vsTqviT, rom erTi udidesi naklulovaneba is aris, rom exlandels skolas azrada aqvs, rac SeiZleba bevri swavla-codna SesZinos moswavlesa da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnas-ki TiTqmis sruliad uyuradRebod stovebs. am swavla-codnasac iseTis didis sawyaoTi iZleva, rom moswavle ZlivZliobiT asdis, suliT da xorciT iqanceba, araqaTi uwydeba da bolos gamrjel, mxne, suliTa da xorciT Ronier adamianis magier uZluri, uRono da jan-galeuli kaci gamodis skolidam. am-saxiT, exlandeli skola mimarTulia marto gonebis aRtacebazed da sxva mxares adamianis bunebisas aramc-Tu hSvelis, aramed sCagravs da hxuTavs. es SehniSnes mecnierTa da kacTmoyvareobiT gamsWvalulebma am didis Secdomis gasworeba moisurves. dedaazri exlandelis pedagogiis mimarTulebisa igia, rom adamiani unda iwurTnebodes skolaSi yovel mxriv: gonebiT, zne-xasiaTiT, suliT da xorciT da arc erTi amaTgani ar unda Seewiros meores. es deda-azri, romelsac exlandeli mecnierni hlamoben daudvan skolas, axali ambavi ar aris. mag deda-azris saTave jer kidev saSual-saukunoebSi moipoveba, saxeldobr, egreT-wodebul `ganaxlebis epoqaSi~, roca Tavi iCina humanobis moZRvrebama. pirveli kaci, romelmac humanobis moZRvrebaze aago skola, iyo italieli vittorino de-feltre. am kacis mokle istoria da imisi sapedagogio safuZveli ukve movaxseneT mkiTxvels `iveriis~ #96-Si. es mamamTavari pedagogiisa ise aRsrulda, rom erTi striqonic ar dauweria axal pedagogiis Sesaxeb. igi marto saqmiT moqmedobda da ambobda, rom kargad moqmedeba sjobs kargad werasao. xolo imisi saqmiT moZRvreba unayofod ar darCa. imis dros scxovrobda ori sxva mecnieri, paduis profesori paolo verJerio da romis pedagogi matteo vejio. vittorinosagan saqmiT moZRvrebulni safuZvelni axalis pedagogiisa amaT samecniero wessa da rigSi Caagdes da TviTeulma maTganma sakmaod gamoCenili Txzuleba daswera. am-saxiT, es ori kaci Seiqmna mecnierulad damfuZnebeli axalis pedagogiisa. amaTi naSromi imiTia gamoCenili, rom TvalsaCinod, TvalnaTlad gamoTqmulia deda-azrni axalis sapedagogio sistemisa, warmomdgarni humanobis moZRvrebisagan. verJerio Tavis TxzulebaSi skolis safuZvlad sdebda am oTxs deda-azrsa: a) sagani aRzrdisa is aris, rom Tavis rigsa da weszed warmatebul iqmnas yovel-ni Zalni da niWni adamianisa, rogorc gonebiTni, ise zneobiTni, rogorc sulierni, ise xorcielni. b) swavlebaSi unda saxeSi miRebul iqmnas ara marto asaki da wlovaneba mowafisa, aramed misni gansakuTrebulni zneni da Tvisebani. g) radganac bavSvis cocxalsa, mkvircxlsa da advilad ambobda. amitomac yvelazed ukeTesi Rone is aris, rom mowafes win gaduSalos ostatma cxovreba did-bunebovanTa kac-Ta, romelnic ase bevrni 169 ilia WavWavaZe moipovebian Zvels droSi. d) swavla-codna da erTob ganaT-leba unda dafuZnebuli iyos Tavisufal mecnierebaTa Seswavlazed. am mecnie-rebaTa saTaveSi sdgas filosofia, romelic adamianis gonebiTad Tavisufal hxdis. mas mosdevs mecniereba mWermetyvelebisa, romelic aswavlis kacs azris naTlada da lamazad gamoTqmas. mere modis bunebismetyveleba, romelic gvagebinebs harmo-nias yovel misas, rac arsebobs, da bolos istoria, romelic mogviTxrobs svlas da ganviTarebas mecnierebisas da mravals sasargeblo magaliTs Tval-win gviyenebs. roca verJerio amaebzed laparakobs, bevrs exlandel droisaTvisac sasurvels azrsa da WeSmaritebas ambobs. magaliTebr, igi ambobs, rom Wkuagoneba mowafisa ufro warmatebaSi Sedis maSin, roca erTs romelsame Txzulebas safuZvlianad iswavlis, vidre maSin, roca xel-da-xel da gakvriT gadaabulbulebs mravalsao. gadametebuli codna wvrilmanebisa metis metad amZimebs mowafis gonebasa, hqancavs da hRalavs ymawvilsa iqamde, rom bolos da bolos samudamod auZlurebs da asustebs. rogorc uwesuroba, ise metis-meti mkacri wesiereba (disciplina) skolaSi erTnairad mavnebeliao. pirvel SemTxvevaSi suli da guli, erTob buneba da guneba mowafisa aRviraSvebulia, gaqsuebulia, mowafes ekargeba Rone TavdaWerisa da unari, xalisi garjisa da Sromisao; meore SemTxvevaSi gatanjuli da daSinebuli mowafe yovels mxneobasa hkargavs, niWi Taosnobisa da TviTmoqmedobisa ukvdeba, imitom rom visac yvelafrisa eSinian, is uRonoa raime saqmes Seudges TavisiTao. ufro metis sabuTianobiT da sistemiT gamoCenilia meore mecnieris vejios Txzulebao, ambobs avtori, romlis Txzulebidamac amovkribeT Cven rogorc es cnobani, isec winandelni. es misi Txzuleba axali pedagogia ariso, _ ambobs igi avtori, _ da bavSvis aRzrdas dabadebis dRidanve Tana sdevso. vejio mTelis Tavis ZalRoniT ewinaaRmdegeba im Cveulebas, rom Svilebs ZiZas azrdevineben da cxared iRvwis, rom dedam TiTon awovos Svilsa. wesierad da marTalis gziT ganviTareba da warmateba sulisa da xorcisa, Canergva bavSvis gulSi kargis magaliTebis SemweobiT keTil-momqmedis znisa da xasiaTisa unda iyos, vejios azriT, erTad-erTi sagani aRzrdisa. vejioc, rogorc verJerio, im azrzec sdgas, rom aRzrdaSi saxeSi unda iqonion aramc-Tu marto asaki mowafisa, aramed misni gansakuTrebulni zneni da Tvisebani, xolo vejio am saganzed ufro vrclad laparakobs. igi ambobs, rom sxvadasxvaa buneba sxvadasxva bavSvisao. es sxvadasxvaoba bavSvTa bunebisa imodenad Zlieria, rom ufro advilia mzes Seacvlevinos gza, vidre dabadebiT Tandayolilni midrekilebani bavSvisa Seicvaloso. am sxvadasxvaobas unda Seeferos sxvadasxva RonisZiebac aRzrdisao. mkvircxls da Tamams bavSvs sxvarigad unda moeqcnen, vidre kdemares, morcxvsa da azizs ymawvilsao. eseve unda iqonion saxeSi Wkua-gonebis aRzrdaSiacao. amitomac vejio ded-mamebs ar urCevs, Svilebi imisTana skolaSi aZlion, sa-ca bevri ymawvilebi arian, imitom rom TviT ukeTesi ostatic-ki am SemTxvevaSi uRo-no iqneba 170 rCeuli werilebi TviToeuls bavSvs calke adevnos Tvali da TviToeulis gansakuT-re-buls bunebas da gonebas calke SeurCios gza gonebis gaxsnisa da zne-xasiaTis wurTvnisa. ai es samni – vittorino, verJerio da vejio, arian pirvelni mesveurni axa-lis pedagogiisa da am saxiT, igi deda-azrni, romelnic dRes gaRviZebulni arian mec-nier-Ta gan, momdinareoben jer kidev meTxuTmete saukunidam. gansxvaveba marto imaSia, rom exla eg azrni ufro metis savsebiT, metis garkveviT, metis mecnie-rebiT da gamocdilebiT SemuSavebulni, ganviTarebulni arian da dasabuTebulnica. Tavi meSvide vittorinom, verJeriom da vejiom, am, rogorca vsTqviT, samma mesveurma axalis pedagogiisam, gza gauxsna pedagogiasa da maTma Teoriam axalis moZRvrebisam didi zemoqmedeba iqonia Semdgomebzed. saxelovani dezideri erazmi rotterdameli, romelic daibada 1467 welsa da gardaicvala 1536 wels, erTi imaTgani iyo, romelTac bolos dabolos srulad dahfuSes Zveli sqolastikuri sistema skolisa da axali safuZveli daudves, humanobis moZRvrebazed agebuli. sapedagogio azrni erazmisa imiTi arian gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavi, rom erazmi aRmatebulis sasoebiT Tayvansa scems bavSvsa da am sasoebisagan Sepyrobili iZleva sarCiels bavSvis wurTvnisas da aRzrdisas. bavSvio, ambobs igi, wminda taZaria sulis-wmindisa da sifrTxiliTa da siyvaruliT unda moeqcneno. igi ar eTanxmeba vejios, romelic bavSvis buneburs midrekilebas metismets mniSvnelobas aZlevda, erazmi, piriqiT, amtkicebs, rom aRzrdas da wurTvnas SeuZlian srulad gardahqmnas bavSvio. saqme imaSiao, rom am aRzrdama da wurTvnam bavSvi Caigdos xelSi pirvel xanSive, norCobaSive da yovels mis fexis gadadgmas uwinamZRvroso. erazmis azriT, bavSma Semdegi kibe unda aiaros aRzrdisa da wurTvnis drosao: jer pirvelad ymawvilis norCs da male SemTvisebels gulSi unda Canergil iqmnas fesvi saTnoebisa, siyvaruli Semoqmedisa da rwmena misi, rom RvTisaTvis sacnauria aramc-Tu saqmeni adamianisa, aramed gulis zraxvanica. roca am gziT suli da guli mowafisa sakmaod momzadebuli iqneba, maSin mecnierebis swavlebasac unda Seudgnen da bolos xom unda ganuviTaron grZnoba movaleobisa da aswavlon, rogor unda moeqces da moepyras Tavis msgavs adamiansao. ymawvilis swavleba unda daiwyon, erazmis azriT, Svid, anu rva wlidam, imisda mixedviT, Tu suliT da xorciT ra Ronisaa ymawvili, radganac am xanSi bavSvs garToba da TamaSoba uyvars, amitom saWiroa swavla da wurTvna ise moewyoso, rom bavSvma swavleba wvalebad ar miiCnioso. imazed uaresi ara aris-ra, rom bavSvma moiZulos swavla-codna, vidre Seignebdes erTisa da meoris sikeTesao. 171 ilia WavWavaZe erazmi ostatisagan bevrs rasme hTxoulobs. Tu ostats hsurso, rom saqme emarjvos da keTilad imoqmedos bavSzeda, auarebeli codna unda hqondeso, ostatma TiTqmis yvelaferi unda zedmiwevniT icodeso. `Tqven metyviTo, ambobs erazmi, rom me dids tvirTsa vsdeb ostatsao. marTalia eg, magram erTs rom dids tvirTsa vkideb, amiT sxva mravals vusubuqeb tvirTsao. me msurso, rom ostats gavlili hqondes mTeli sivrce kacTa mecnierebisa, imitom rom mowafeebs aRar dasWirdes TiTon hqmnan egeveo~. xolo esec sakmao ar aris, erazmis azriT ostatisaTvis: igi unda iyos `maRalis zneobis kaci, unda icodes, rogor moeqces bavSsa, unda SemZlebeli iyos moipovos siyvaruli da pativiscema ymawvilisao `pirveli Tavmdebi bavSis aRzrdis marjved msvlelobisa – siyvarulia mowafisa ostatis mimarTo~ – ambobs erazmi. erazmi Zalian eurCeba, Zalian hkicxavs, Tu gasakveTi xangrZlivia sas-wavlebelSi. xangrZlivad svla gasakveTebisa hRalavso Segirdis gulisyurs, qancs ulevs ymawvilsa da sulierad Tu xorcielad sCagravso. amitom rCevas iZleva, rom rac SeiZleba malmale unda icvlebodes xolme saSromeli bavSisao; swavla, Sesveneba, seirnoba da garToba erTmaneTSi rig-rigad CarTuli unda iqmnaso. vejiosebr, erazmi samjobinarad hxedavs imisTana skolas, saca mowafeni bevrni ar arian. cota Segirdebiani skola jobia, rogorc Sin aRzdasa, ise bevr-Segirdebian skolasao. Sin rom izrdeba ymawvili, Tval-win aravina hyavso, rom upiratesobisa da jobnobisaTvis Seejibros visme, da Sejibreba ki am SemTxvevaSi didi Ronea bavSis warmatebisTvisao. bevr-Segirdebain skolaSi xom ostati uRonoa TviToeul bavSis bunebas calke adevnos Tvalyurio. Tavi merve amaod ar Caiara sapedagogio mecnierebisaTvis vittorinos, verJerios, ve-jios da bolos erazmis Rvawlma da mecadineobam. amaTma sabuTianma da marTalma moZR-vrebam TandaTan fexi gaidga da momxreni moipova jer kidev `ganaxlebis~ epo-qa-Sive sxva qveynebSiac. maSindels safrangeTSi gza gaikvala axalma sapedagogio Teoriam gamoCenilis da saxelganTqmulis fransua rables meoxebiTa. fransua rab-le iyo frangi. igi daibada 1483 wels da gardaicvala 1558 welsa. Tumca pirvel xanSi rable ber monazoni iyo, magram mere Seiqmna saxelovan romanistad da ufro saxelovan satirikosad. aman sruliad SeiTvisa axali sapedagogio moZRvreba eraz-mi-sa da mis wina-myofTa, xolo ise-ki, rogorc did-bunebovans kacs Sehferis. rac kargi iyo axalis pedagogiis mesveurTa namoqmedarsa, Tu nawerebSi, yovelive igi miiRo da am miRebulzed fexmokide- 172 rCeuli werilebi bulma ufro win waswiva sapedagogio moZRvreba da gaumata. amis gamo meti ar iqneba vsTqvaT, rom man Sehqmna sakuTari Teoria aRzrdisa da amaSi didi gamWriaxoba, didi codna da Wkva-goneba gamoiCina. rables ar dauweria gansakuTrebuli sapedagogio Txzuleba da arc TiTon hqonia skola. erazmisebr rablesac Tavis-Tavzed hqonda gamocdili mTeli simZime sqolastiuris swavlebisa, romelic ufro wvaleba da wameba iyo bavSvisa, vidre wrTvna da zrda, da romelsac azrada hqonda, marto wyalsaviT daswavleba wignisa da ara gageba sagnisa da qveynierobisa, amitomac, roca dro moeca, mTelis Tavis mwvavis eniT sasacilod aigdo sqolastiuri wesi swavlebisa da daswera mwvavi satira-romani, romelsac `gargantua~ hqvian. am satiraSi erTis mxriT sasacilod agdebulia Zveli sqolastiuri wesi swavlebisa da meores mxriv gamoxatulia ideali axalis humaniuris swavla-wurTvnisa. erTic da meorec naCvenebia oris ymawvilis gamosaxviTa. am or ymawvilSi erTi Zvelis wesiT izrdeba da meore axalis wesiTa. axali wesi, rables mier moZRvrebuli, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom bavSvi rac SeiZleba nakleb iyos momwyvdeuli oTx kedels Sua, radganac daxSuli da dabudebuli haeri oTaxisa da umoZraobad yofna sCagravs ymawvilsa. ymawvili dReSi ufro bevri wili gareT unda iyos, haerzed. arc erTma saaTma dRisam uqmad ar unda Cauaros bavSvsa: ostatma sacodneli da sawurTvneli yovelTvis unda moupovos bavSvsa da erTs wuTsac usaqmurad ar unda amyofos. wignis kiTxvisaTvis da klasSi saswavleblad sakmaoa sadilis win sami saaTi da sadilis ukanac sami. sxva dro-ki Siga-da-Sig da rig-rigad unda moxmardes imas, rom Segirds gaexsnas niWi dakvirvebisa, gamorkvevisa da amitomac saWiroa bavSvma Tavis sakuTaris danaxviTa, sakuTaris moazrebiTa da gansjiTa icodinos buneba da cxovreba. seirnobs bavSi, Tu hTamaSobs, Tu tanis da agebulebis warsamateblad varjiSobs, sWams Tu svams, ostatma bavSis Tvali da goneba unda miaxedos yvelaferzed, rac-ki sacodnelad da sawurTvnelad gamosadegia. rables sitemaSi tanis da agebulebis varjiSobas didi adgili uWiravs: burTaoba, kenWaoba, cxenzed jdoma; curva, Widaoba, _ yovelive es saWirod dana-xu-lia rablesagan. rables azriT, mozardma Tavis TvaliT unda gaicnos cxovreba da misi avkargianoba Tavis yuriT gaigonos. amitomac ostati unda atarebdes ymawvilsa fabrikebSi, samsjavroSi, saxelosnoebSi da eklesiebSi qadagebis sas-menlada da, rac saWiroa da SesamCnevi, SeamCnevinos da gaagebinoso. ase gaCnda da ase gaivso axali mimarTuleba pedagogiisa `ganaxlebis~ epoqa-Si, romelic saSualo saukunoebs ekuTvnis. ra Tqma unda, exlandels skolas bev-r-Si CamorCeba skola `ganaxlebis~ droebisa. erTi didi upiratesoba exlandelis skolisa is aris, rom igi marto didkacTaTvis aRar aris da sayovelTaoa, rogorc didisa, ise patarasaTvis, rogorc mdidrisa, isec RaribisaTvis. arc imasa aqvs eWvi, rom ex- 173 ilia WavWavaZe landels skolaSi TviTon xerxi swavlebisa bevrad ukeTesia uwindelzed, magram esecki unda iTqvas, rom exlandeli skola bevrSi ukan CamorComilia uwindelzed. dRes yoveliferi Sewiruli aqvs marto gonebis gaxsnas da daviwyebulia, rom adamians, Wkvagonebis garda, gulica aqvs, romelsac kaika-co-bisaTvis iseTive wurTvna da gaxsna unda, rogorc codnisaTvis Wkva-gonebasa; daviwyebulia, rom kacs tani da agebulobaca aqvs, romelic wurTvnida da varji-SobiT unda gaRonierdes, gajaniandes, gamagrdes, radganac janmrTeloba udidesi madlia, romelsac-ki RmerTi mianiWebs xolme TvisTa rCeulTa. am mxriv exlan-de-li skola bevrSi Camouvardeba `ganaxlebis~ droebis skolebs, romelTac sagnada hqondaT Tanaswori warmateba adamianis sulisa da xorcisa. exlandeli skola, marTalia, bevrs codnas awvdis moswavlesa, magram calmxriv moqmedobs, xasiaTis wurTvnas TiTqmis Tavs anebebs da Tan agebulebas adamianisas aramcTu hSvelis, aramed hRalavs. _ igi avtori, romelmac yovelive zemoxsenebuli gvauwya, ambobs: yvelam icis exlandelis skolis nakluvaneba da sakulaod ara erTi da ori cvlileba da Sevseba moelis exlandels skolasa. vinatriT, rom SemcvelTa da SemavsebelTa xandisxan yuri aTxovon istorias, zogjer ukanac miixedon da zogierTi ram SeiTvison im did-bunebovan humanisteb-pedagogebTan, romelTac umoZRvres kacobriobas bevri ram mozardis Taobis sakeTildReod da sabednierod. [1888 w.] ai istoria werili pirveli wlevandel Tebervlisa da martis nomrebSi rusulma Jurnalma `Северный Вестник~ma dahbeWda ori werili, romelTaTvisac avtors daurqmevia saerTo saxeli `Письма о Грузии~. ra azri hqonia avtors, roca am werilebisaTvis xeli miuyvia, TviTonve mogviTxrobs. igi werilebis TavSive gveubneba, rom ganvizraxeo gakvriT (бегло) vacnobo mkiTxvelebs suraTi qarTvelTa sulieris da nivTieris cxovrebisa ise, rogorc igi gamoixata qarTvelTa istoriasa, loteraturasa da exlandel yofa-mdgomareobis formebSio. am Cemis sustis RvawliT msurso ganvuRviZo ruseTis inteligencias wyurvili ufro Rrmad da zedmiwevniT Seiswavlos es bevr-gvarad saintereso eri, romelic, avtoris 174 rCeuli werilebi fiqriT, sxva amier-kavkasiis tomebzed umravlesia, ufro ganviTarebuli moqalaqobrivad (гражданский) da romlis Camomdinaroba da ena dResac ucnaur sagnad miaCniaT uumecnieress antropologebsa da lingvistebsao. amas ambobs avtori 49 gverdzed Tebervlis nomerSi da amnairad gvauwyebs Tavis ganzraxvasa da niSanSi amoRebul sagansa. xolo martis nomris 57 gverdzed igive avtori Tavis ganzraxuls sagans amrigad gvixsnis: me mindoda mecnobebinao, _ `saqarTvelos eri marTla daberda, daicala Tavis Ronisagan, Tu jerac dRes-aqamomde ar dauwyia sruli intensiuri cxovreba da Seunaxavs Tavisi Zal-Rone mermisisaTvisao. Tu Cvenma werilebma am Zireuls da Tav-da-Tavs sakiTxs sakmaod cxadi pasuxi misca, Cven Cvens ganzraxuls sagans Sesrulebulad CavTvliTo~. aqedama sCans, rom Tavi-da-Tavi sagani avtorisa isa yofila, rom am Zireuls sakiTxs sabuTiani pasuxi moupovos. Cven imis gamoZiebaSi ar SevalT, _ ramodenad eTanxmeba TavSi ganzraxuli sagani boloSi gamoTqmulsa. Cven marto is gvikvirs, rom mecxramete saukunis dasasruls amisTana sakiTxs iZlevian istoriis mkvlevarni. rom es Cveni gakvirveba cud-ubralo gamokidebad aravin ar CamogvarTvas, saWiroa gamovwlaT aso-aso igi Tavi-da-Tavi sagani, romelic avtors niSanSi amouRia da romlis misaRwevad auRia kalami xelSi. gveSinian, gadasxvafereba sityvisa an azrisa ar mogvivides TargmanSi da amitomac avtoris sityvebs rusuladac moviyvanT, avtori, aTavsebs-ra Tavisebur gamokvlevas saqarTvelos eris Zvelis-Zvel cxovrebisas, ambobs: ~Без ясного знакомства с этими доисторическими условиами, читатель не мог бы верно судить ни о его (грузинского народа) литературе, ни о бытовых явлениях его современной жизни и для него (для читателя) не был бы решен самый главный вопрос, действительно-ли грузинский народ стар (!) и износил свои силы (!), или-же он до сих пор не начинал еще жить полною интенсивною (?) жизнью и сберег свои силы для будущего (!). Если письма наши дали достаточно ясный ответ на этот основной (!) вопрос, мы считаем цель нашу достигнутою~ Tu amas davijerebT, isic unda davijeroT, rom yvelazed Zireuli da Tavi-da-Tavi sagani romelisame eris istoriis mkvlevarisa isa yofila, rom gamoarkvios, _ daberda igi eri da Ronisagan daicala, Tu jer ar dauwyia sruli intensiuri cxovreba da Seunaxavs Tavisi Rone mermisisaTvis. jer qveyanazed am azriT aravin Sesdgomia istorias da pirveloba amaSi Cvens avtors unda davulocoT. aSkaraa, avtors, cotad Tu bevrad, uwamebia ukve daZvelebuli da bevrTagan gamtyunebuli azri dreperisa imis Taobazed, rom ersac, rogorc TviToeuls calke adamians, Tavisi asakebi aqvs: bavSvoba, yrmoba, Wabukoba, vaJkacoba da bolos sibere, romelsac sikvdili mosdevs aucileblad. dreperis azriT, es yvela erisaTvis gardauvali kanonia, rogorc calke adamianisaTvis: amas verc erTi eri ver wauva, ver gadascdebao. 175 ilia WavWavaZe Cvens avtorsac es azri unda hqondes, roca TavisTavs hkiTxavs, _ daberda saqarTvelos eri, Tu arao. uamisod misi sakiTxi momcdaris kacis Cxirkedeloba iqneba, cudubralod mocdena mTqmelisaca da msmenelisac. an ra azri aqvs eris siberes? ras gviqvian eris sibere? aiReT exlandeli erni inglisisa, safrangeTisa, germaniisa, amerikel_indoelisa, afrikis zangisa, abaSi. eTiopelisa da gviTxariT, amaTSi romeli vigulisxmoT bebrad da romeli axalgazrdad? marTalia, amaTSi arian Zvelni da axalni, da es sulac im siberes da siymawviles ara hniSnavs, rom erTs sikvdilis meti ara darCenodes ra, rogorc calke kacs, sibereSi Cavardnils, da meore-ki zrdaSi iyos, minam daberdebodes da siberes Tan gadahyvebodes. eg Zvel-axloba marto imas moaswavebs, rom erTi eri adre gamosula saistorio sarbielzed da meore gvian. Tu bevri magaliTia istoriaSi, rom eri sruliad aRgvila dedamiwis zurgidam, siberes ki ar abraleben exlandelni mecnierni, aramed Sinaur saqmeTa mouwyoblobas, urigobas da gareSe mizezebs, magaliTebr, mterTagan Zlevasa, aklebasa da aoxrebas. dabereba erisa rom marTali iyos, maS Tavis drozed inglisis, safrangeTis da germaniis ernic siberes gadahyvebian, daixocebian, amoswydebian. es SesaZloa moxdes. Tumca Znelad warmosadgeni-kia, magram, Tu moxda, aq sibere arafers SuaSi iqneba, imitom ufro, rom sibere erisa aramc Tu buneburi movlenaa, aramc Tu arsebobs, warmodgeniTac-ki yovlad SeuZlebelia. amazed sityvis gagrZeleba meti iqneba. TiTon rusul literaturaSiac-ki sabuTianad gamoZiebulia es sagani da Cven ar gvaxsovs, rom romelsame dawinaurebuls mecniers ruseTisas ar gaekilvos, ase Tu ise, dreperis azri amis Taobazed. Cven gvikvirs, rom avtors, viTarca kacs aseTis Weqa-quxiliT moubars `о свободном и широкольющемся потоке света и знания, о связи с могучим, глубоким родником общечеловеческой мысли~,11 zurgi Seuqcevia im поток-isTvisac da im родник-saTvisac da, aramc Tu raSime gamouyenebia, yuric ar uTxovebia; maS, raRa azri unda hqondes amisTana yalyzed Seyenebul frazebs, Tu TiTon mTqmels saWirod ar daunaxavs arc is поток-i света и знания, arc is родник-i обшечеловеческой мысли da marto oriode kacis naTqvams uangariSod, brmad gahyolia, TiTqo im mTel kacobriobis azrTa wyaroSi, im naTelisa da codnis niaRvarSi, marto dreperisa da mis mimdevraTa azri iyos da sxvisa aravisi. `sibere erisa~, Cvenis fiqriT, uqmi sityvaa, misi sagani ar arsebobs da warmoudgenelic aris. Tu esea, ris maqnisia kacma eg uqmi, arafris momaswavebeli, srulebiTac ar-arsebuli sagani iZios, an msoflio istoriaSi sazogadod, an saqarTvelosaSi calke. rac ar aris da arc odesme iqneba, imisi Zebna tyuili mocdenaa, wylisa nayvaa da, rasakvirvelia, yvelas neba aqvs, rogorc surs, ise Seiqcios Tavi. es kidev araferi. rac unda iyos, aq drepers mainc imowmebs avtori Tavis gasamarTleblad da Cvenda gasamtyuneblad, Tumca vimeorebT, minam amas dagvmarTebdes, avtorma jer unda ikisros, 176 rCeuli werilebi rom mis mier qebul didebuli родник-i обшечеловеческой мысли, is поток-i света и знания misTvis carieli frazaa, misTvis ar arsebobs. aki vambobT, am `eris siberis~ gamo avtors kidev xelmosaWidebeli xavsi aqvs Tavis gadasarCenad; saqme meore winadadebaa: `daicala (qarTveli eri) Ronisagan (?), Tu jer dRes-aqamomde ar dauwyia sruli intensiuri cxovreba da Seunaxavs Tavisi Zal-Rone mermisisaTvisao~ – (Износил свои силы, или-же он до сих пор не начинал еще жить полною интенсивною жизнью и сберег свои силы для будущего?). aba, erTi gviTxariT, es `сберег свои силы для будущего~ ra WkuaSi mosasvleli sakiTxia? yvela-yvela da amisTana sakiTxs-ki ar movelodiT aravisagan. vinc amisTana sakiTxs iZleva da am-rigad, imas ori ram unda rwmenad miRebuli hqondes, erTi meorezed ufro saocari, ufro sakvirveli, rom sxva ara vsTqvaT ra; erTi isa, rom `sruli intensiuri cxovreba~ Ronisagan sclis ersa, ese igi asustebs, auZlurebs, da meore – ara-intensiuri cxovreba-ki anaxvinebs Rones mermisisaTvis. daakvirdiT zemo moyvanils sityvebs avtorisas da dainaxavT, rom, Tu am sityvebSi raime loRikaa, misi sakiTxi swored am orgvar rwmenisagan momdinareobs. sxva saTave ara aqvs mis sakiTxsa. gagonila es sadme da visganme? maS raRazed ixocven Tavs evropielni `srulis intensiur cxovrebisaTvis~, Tu igi Rones ara hmatebs da Ronisagan sclis! sulelebi!.. mosuliyvnen da Cvengan Wkua eswavlaT!.. is ara sjobia – Cven, qarTvelebs mogvbaZon,12 intensiur cxovrebas CvensaviT Tavi aridon da amiT Rone Seinaxon mermisisaTvis. ai, esec Tqveni axali ambavi! modiT da amas iqiT inatreT `sruli intensiuri~ cxovreba!.. dRes-aqamomde gvegona, rom xsna erisa swored mag intensiur cxovrebaSia da, Turme nu ityviT, dasarCobi foni-ki swored eg intensiuri cxovreba yofila. Ronisagan ardacla, Ronis SerCena xom bednierebaa da, maSasadame, bednieri eri isa yofila, vinc am intensiur cxovrebis macdurebas ar ahyolia, misgan ar gabriyvebula da Rone Seunaxavs mermisisaTvis. amaze bednieri ufro daTvebi da mglebi iyvnen, radganac amaT guSindeli dRec ar axsovT da, maSasadame, adamianzed ufro meti Rone SeunaxavT mermisisaTvis. gagonila aseTi sasaciloba! gagonila aseTi moTxra da gabiabrueba istoriisa! hoi, поток-o света и знания, hoi родник-o обшечеловеческой мысли! `razed gacuddnen Zalni Tqvenni momjadoebni~?! `intensiuri cxovreba~ erTsa da imave dros saTavec aris da Sedegic kulturisa, romelic aTasis wlobiT Senebula, agebula, marTalia kacobriobis dauRalav da dauZinebel jafiT, garjiTa da mxneobiT, magram imisTvis ki ara, rom Ronisagan daicalos, aramed imisTvis, rom ufro gaRonierdes, gaZlierdes, gamofoladdes, gamojiqdes arsebobisaTvis saWidaod. amitomac kultura da masTan ganuyofeli intensiuri cxovreba kacobriobis Ronisa da simkvidris dedaboZia, qvakuTxedia. igia TiTon dauSrobeli saTave Ronisa, igi Ronis-Ronea erisa, Tu ase iTqmis, _ igi faria da xmali arsebobi- 177 ilia WavWavaZe saTvis WidilSi. Tu kultura, intensiuri cxovreba ers ar aRonierebs, ar aZlierebs da, piriqiT, Ronisagan sclis, viRa oxeri iqneba inatros da Tavi gamoidos kulturul, intensiur cxovrebisaTvis. Rone Seinaxeba mermisisaTvisao, gvanugeSebs avtori. kai nugeSia, kacma puri aRara sWamos, rom kbilebi ar gaucvdes da mermisisaTvis Seinaxos. ra oxrobisaTvis-Raa saWiro, riRas maqnisia is Senaxuli Rone, Tu ar imav intensiur cxovrebisaTvis. Tu esea, an TiTon intensiuri cxovreba ris maqnisia, Tu Ronisagan sclis ersa, asustebs, auZlurebs! es ra babilonis godolia, ar gvesmis, da iqneba avtorma Semdegs werilebSi agvixsnas. exla-ki usabuTod hkilavs avtori Cvenebur inteligencias 54 gverdzed, rom tyuilad abnevs aq (saqarTveloSi) mze Tavis brwyinvale da sicocxlis sasixarulo sxivebsao. igi TiTqo arc aTbobs, arc anaTebs da marto Tvals axamxamebso. raT aris ese, hkiTxulobs gulSematkivari avtori: kacs aq suli raT ugubdeba da ratom naTeli ara naTobso. bevriao amisi mizezi da upirvelesi, Tavi-da-Tavi is ariso, rom aqaur inteligencias Tavi Seuketnia, ` потеряв связь с могучим и глубоким родником обшечеловеческой мысли ~. Cven gvgonia, rom avtori ar unda uwyrebodes Cveneburs inteligencias amisaTvis, Tu Tavisi dedaazri, Tavisi moZRvreba `Ronis Senaxvazed~ marTla swams. avtors, wyromis magier, unda gaxareboda, rom Cveneburi inteligencia misis receptiT iqceva am SemTxvevaSi: Rones inaxavs mermisisaTvis da amitomac Tavi Seuketnia, rom kacobriobis `intensiurma azrovnebam~ Rone ar Semoaxarjvinos. ai, sadamde mihyavs kaci uTavbolo frazebsa. is Tavi-da-Tavi sagani, romlis gamosarkvevadac auRia avtors kalami xelSi da romelic gamoTqmulia zemo- moyvanil rusul citataSi, aSkarad gveubneba, ra ganZis patroni yofila Cveni avtori. mas swamebia jer isa, rom eris cxovrebaSi siberes Tavisi adgili aqvs; meore isa, rom `intensiuri cxovreba~ erisa Ronis gamomclelia da, maSasadame, damauZlurebeli; mesame isa, rom romels ersac intensiuri cxovreba ara hqonia, Wkuva uxmaria da Rone Seunaxavs mermisisaTvis da, maSasadame, win unda iyos im erzed, romelic miscemia intensiur cxovrebas da amaobaSi Ronisagan icleba. esec gamovida slavianofilebis moZRvreba, mere marto igi nawili am moZRvrebisa, romelic didisa da patarisagan sasacilod agdebulia. amas gveubneba kaci, romelic hkicxavs Cvenebur inteligencias, Tavi SegiketniaT da ar ewafebiT kacobriobis azrTa yovlad-SemZlebel wyarosao! umecrebas is kaci ukiJinebs sxvas, romelsac `sruli intensiuri cxovreba~ eris Ronisagan damcleli hgonia da ara-intensiuri cxovreba ki – Ronis Semnaxveli. exla, aba naxeT, sxva adgilas igive avtori imav intensiur cxovrebas ra frazebiT, ra bukiTa da naRariT aqeb-adidebs: `всесильная современность, могучий и глубокий родник 178 rCeuli werilebi обшечеловеческой мысли, свободный и широкольющийся поток света и знания, обшечеловеческая сокровищница слова и мысли~ da sxvani da sxvani. axla erTi hkiTxeT avtors, saidam aris yovelive es, Tu ar `intensiur cxovrebisagan~. ram Sehqmna es yovlad-SemZlebeli exlandeloba, es Ronieri da Rrma wyaro kacobriobis azrovnebisa, es Tavisufali da ganivrad momdinare niaRvari naTlisa da codnisa, es kacobriobis salaro sityvisa da azrisa, Tu ar `intensiurma cxovrebam~? nuTu yovelive es erTad da TviToeuli calke utyuari niSani da magaliTi ar aris `srulis intensiuris cxovrebisa~? Tu esea, amis mTqmels ganaRa SeeZlo bolos es ekiTxna: `Грузинский народ стар (?) и износил свои силы (?), или он до сих пор не начинал еще жить полною интенсивною (?) жизнью и сберег свои силы для будущего (?)~. orSi erTi: intensiuri cxovreba an Ronea, an Ronisagan damcleli. romeli erTi davujeroT avtorsa. aq bevri laparaki saWiro ar aris. an zemoxsenebuli qeba-dideba cud-ubralo frazebia mtveris asayeneblad, an es ukanaskneli laTaiad moyvanilia. Tu erTica da meorec marTla carieli frazebi ar aris da azri rama aqvT, Znelad dasajeria, rom erTisa da imave kacisagan iyos naTqvami. exla Cven xom viciT, ra Rrma azri da sagani hqonia avtors, roca Tavisis werilebisaTvis xeli miuyvia. sagani, rogorc hxedavT, urigo ar aris, radganac aqedam erTi kargi rCeva gamodis: veridneT intensiurs cxovrebas erTi aTasiod weliwadi kidev da amiT Rone Segvenaxeba ufro Soreul mermisisaTvis. da Tu es Ronis Senaxva kargia, Cvens SemdegTac vuanderZoT, eseve Wkua ixmaron, imaTac zurgi Seaqcion intensiur cxovrebas da amiT Rone Seinaxon mermisisaTvis da egre erTi STamomavloba meores mihyves qveynis dasasrulamde. axla daiJinebT da ikiTxavT, _ eg Rone raRa eSmakad unda ersa, Tu yovelTvis zandukSi Senaxuli eqnebao? amisi ki ra mogaxsenoT. xolo exla ki advilad gasagebia, velurni erni raT ufrTxian, rogorc Wirs, intensiurs cxovrebas? Turme nu ityviT, ar ixarjebian da Rones inaxaven mermisisaTvis. meti Wkua-Ra gindaT! rom swored am Wkuazed gvivlia Cvenc, amas avtori scdilobs Tavis werilebSi daamtkicos. es axali mecniereba dRes-aqamomde aravin icoda da madloba RmerTs, `Северный Вестник~-ma qveyanas Seatyobina, Cvenis avtoris SemweobiT. ra Tqma unda, inglisi, safr- angeTi, germania da erTob mTeli evropa Tavs daanebebs intensiur cxovrebas da Rones Seinaxavs mermisisaTvis Cveneburada, qarTvelurada. magram vai Tu gvianRa iyos evropisaTvis es axlad napovni wamali `Ronis Senaxvisa~. yovelive esec sakmao sabuTs gvaZlevs amazed gagveTavebina Cveni saubari. vinc istoriaSi imas eZebs, _ aca, vin ar mieca intensiurs cxovrebas da amiT Rone Seinaxa mermisisaTvisao, imasTan laparaki metia. magram Cven mainc amiT ar vaTavebT Cvens saubarsa, imitom rom erTs adgilas (53 gverdzed) avtori ambobs, me imisTana mxares qarTvelTa 179 ilia WavWavaZe cxovrebisas unda Sevexoo, romelsac jer aravin Sehxebia qarTuls literaturaSi da amaSi pirveloba me Semxvdao. modiT da wyurvili nu ageSlebaT, bolomde mihyveT avtorsa. SemdegSi gavsinjavT, ra gziT, ra `intensiur codniT~, erTis sityviT – ra sagzliT uvlia avtors Tavis Zireul da Tav-da-Tav sagnamde misaRwevad da ra sakvirvelebani aRmouCenia gza-da-gza msoflio istoriisaTvis sazogadod da CvenisaTvis calke. werili meore Cvena vnaxeT, rom avtorma `Письма о Грузии~-sam Tav-da-Tav sagnad win daiyena – Segvatyobinos, _ `daberda saqarTvelos eri da daicala Ronisagan, Tu jer-aqamomde ar dauwyia sruli intensiuri cxovreba da Tavisi Zal-Rone Seunaxavs mermisisaTvis~. ra pasuxs miscems avtori am sakiTxs, amazed bolos vityviT. jer movikvlioT – ra samcno meTodiT mihmarTa Tavis axirebul sagnis gamorkvevasa. TiTon avtori amazed aras ambobs pirdapir. arc saWiro iyo; TviTon werilebi avtorisa am SemTxvevisaTvis `modi mnaxea~. Tund egec ar iyos, raki avtori ukiJinebs Cvens literaturas, ar icis – ra aris `SedarebiTi meTodi kvlevisa~-o (сравнительный метод) da kritikiT ar Sehxebia saqarTvelos istoriasao, _ unda vigulisxmoT, rom TiTon amisi mokiJine avtori am meTods da am kritikas ixmarebs. Zaliana vwuxvarT, rom karga xans Tavi unda davaneboT avtorsa da SevudgeT imis axsnas, Tu ris momaswavebelia `SedarebiTi meTodi~ da rasa niSnavs. es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, _ ris ar-codna ukiJinebia avtors Cvenis literaturisaTvis. ese igi, ra mouTxovnia Cvengan, rom igive movsTxovoT TiTon mas, radganac – rogorc etyoba – igi am meTodisaTvis Tavgamodebulia da Tavgadadebuli. ra Tqma unda, vrclad amis axsnas ver gamovudgebiT, radganac amisaTvis arc droa da arc adgili patara gazeTSi. amis axsnas jon stuart millma ramdenime dabeWdili Tabaxi moandoma Tavis saxelovan TxzulebaSi, romelsac `sistema loRikisa~ hqvian. am Jamad CvenTvis sakmaoa marto Tavi-da-Tavi ZarRvi gavugoT am meTodsa, isic im sagnebis mixedviT, romelnic erTad krebulad Seadgenen istorias mTelis misis vrcelis mniSvnelobiTa. ra Tqma unda, aqac ise ver gadavurCebiT, rom sityva ar gagvigrZeldes. TiTon sagania imisTana rTuli da mraval fesv-Stoiani, Tumca Cveni survili kia, rom marto dedaZarRvs meTodisas mivagnoT, da sxvas yovels, mis met-naklebobas da garemoculobas, gza avuqcioT. 180 rCeuli werilebi Cven winaTve bodiSs vixdiT jer Cvenis pirdapiris sagnidam gadaxvevisaTvis da mere imisaTvis, rom aq iZulebulni viqnebiT bevri imisTana sityvebi – qarTuli Tu ucxo – vixmaroT, romelTac jer adgili ar dauWeriaT Cvens enaSi. terminebis uqonloba am SemTxvevaSi metis metad abrkolebs kacsa da, imis garda, rom aZnelebs gagebas naTqvamisas, sityvasac Zalauneburad agrZelebs, TiTon enasac aWrelebs, amZimebs. es aWreleba da damZimeba ar uxdeba arc werasa, arc laparaksa da amitomac, rogorc sakiTxavad, isec sasmenlad, mosawyenia. Cveni nugeSi am SemTxvevaSi is aris, rom vinc sityvaSi azrs eZebs da ara marto garTobasa da siamovnebas, is ar SeuSindeba am mowyenasa da gairjeba Zalauneburi simZime enisa aitanos azris gagebis surviliT. aris imisTana sfera sacodnelisa, Tu sacnaurisa, sadac mWreli da gamomZiebeli goneba adamianisa Tavgamodebuli ibrZvis – Seityos survili, gaigos, aixsnas utyuarad da Seucdomlad, magram amisaTvis veraviTars garegans sabuTs ver hpoulobs dasabjenad da fexis mosakideblad. amisTana sfera sacodnelisa, Tu sacnaurisa, yvela mecnierebaSi aris da, sxvaTa Soris, istoriaSiac. istoriaSi eg sfera pirvelyofili, pirveldawyebiTi mdgomareoba TviToeulis erisa da aqedam mTelis kacobriobisac. es mdgomareoba im xanas ekuTvnis, romelsac istoriis winadyofils dros eZaxian, ese igi im dros, romlis xsovna ara aqvs istoriasa da mousvenari, codnis xarbi goneba adamianisa ki scdilobs, rac istorias ar dauxsomebia, igi TiTon gviambobs, gvacodinos. saidam da rogorao? – ikiTxven. marTla-da saidam da rogor, maSin rodesac araviTari pirdapiri mTxrobeli, araviTari werilobiTi mowmoba ar arsebobs? progresio, _ ambobs filosofosi bekoni, _ aris gauTavebeli Sors gadgma arSesaZlebelis sazRvrebisao. marTlac aris: vis egona, rom SesaZlebelia uSvelebel manZilzed kaci kacs gamoelaparakos Tvalis daxamxamebis umal? vis egona, rom SesaZloa orTqlma saxlebis odena vagonebi gaaqan-gamoaqanos gaWenebul cxenzed ufro swrafad? dRes yvela es aris da, am saxiT, sazRvari ar-SesaZlebelisa amaebis Sesaxeb, winad axlo mdgari, dRes Sors gadadgmulia, anu, ukeT vsTqvaT, sazRvarma SesaZlebelisam adgili gadainacvla da Sors gaiwia. eseve ar-SesaZlebeli SesZlo adamianis gonebam, roca Seudga imis gamoZiebas da gagebas, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyo kacobrioba sazogadod, an TviToeuli eri calke – im dros, romelic istorias ar dauxsomebia, an Tvali ar Seuswvria. aq is mdgomareoba igulisxmeba, rasac `civilizacias~ eZaxian. civilizacia, anu warmatebuloba adamianisa mizezi-ki ar aris, aramed Sedegia yovel im Zal-Ronisa, romelnic erTad krebulad moqmedoben kacobriobaSi sazogadod da TviToeul erSi calke. amgvars Zal-Rones socialur Zal-Rones eZaxian. codna, gonebrivi da zneobrivi aRmatebuloba, mrewvelobis simdidris metnakleboba, rwmuneba13 im sagnebis mimarT, romelic adamianisaTvis udidesad misaCnevia, mmarTveloba, wes-wyobileba ojaxeburi, sazogadoeburi, samoqalaqo, kanonebi, Cveulebani, zne-xasiaTi da sxva amisTana sul erTad da erTs dros 181 ilia WavWavaZe momqmedni, hqmnian imas, rasac romelisame drois mdgomareobas erisas, Tu kacobriobisas, eZaxian, anu civilizacias Tavisis met-naklebobiT. yovelive es, Tu istoriis winad-yofil dros aviRebT, cxra klitiT daketili salaroa da gasaRebi zRvaSia gadagdebuli. adamianis gonebam mainc ipova es gasaRebi da am salaros kari gagviRo cotad Tu bevrad. es gasaRebi zogSi igi ambebia, rac adamians dauxsomebia zRaprulad. es zRaparnarevni ambebi, Tqmulobani, ra Tqma unda mowmad da sabuTad mosatanni ar arian romelisame yofilis saqmisa. am mxriT igini Zalian cotad dasajerni da sandoni arian, magram xSirad amisTana ambebSi vpoulobT bevrs marTals aRweras zne-Cveulebisas. sasaflaoni da samarxi naSTni akldamebsa da kuboebSi Zvelis-Zvelis droebisani – esenic mecnierebam gamoiyena im cxra klitiT daketilis gasaRebad. TiTon ena adamianisa, misi sityviereba, mTeli xelTuqmneli istoriaa erisa calke da kacobriobisa sazogadod. eTnologiuri aRwera kacTa naTesavisa, yovelis calke Teslisa mTels dedamiwis zurgzed, bevrs rasme mogviTxrobs maszed, Tu vin da ra saidam wamosula, rogor uvlia da sadamde misula. ramodenadac zedmiwevniT gamovikvlevT enas, miTologias, zne-Cveulebas, sarwmunoebas, arqeologiursa da eTnologiurs naSTsa da kvalsa, imodenad Zlier vrwmundebiT, rom azri dRevandelis veluris kacisa im mdgomareobaSia, rogorc pirveldawyebiTi sadede Semdegisa. amave dros davinaxavT, rom ganaTlebulis kacis Wkuas dResac sakmaod aCnevia kvali, niSani im winandelis mdgomareobisa, romlis mixedviT veluri kaci warmoadgens sul umciress da ganaTlebuli kaci – sul udidess progressa.14 yovel amaebSi – ena, rogorc gasaRebi daketilisa, yvelazed ufro SemZlebelia da yvelazed sando mowamea civilizaciis istoriisaTvis, radganac ufros-erTs SemTxvevaSi erToba enisa moaswavebs erTobas kulturisas. magaliTebr, gamocnobilia, rom ramdenadac bevria saerTo saxelebi enaSi da axloa erTmaneTzed maTi mniSvneloba, imodenad SesaZloa gamovarkvioT codna epoqisa15. enis mkvlevari mecniereba _ filologiaa da amitomac marTals amboben, rom filologia da istoria mxar-da-mxar dadian, erTmaneTs hSvelian, radganac cxovreba erisa gadaSlilia, gamomzevebulia mis enaSi, romelic utyuari sarkea yovelis misis Tavgadasavalisa da yofacxovrebis cvalebadobisao16. aqedama sCans, enis gamokvleva ra didi Ronea adamianis gonebisaTvis da filologia, rogorc enis mkvlevari mecniereba, ra samsaxurs uwevs istoriasa mis winadroTa aRsadgenad da sacnobelad. es Rone gamoiCina filologiam ufro maSin, roca adamianis gonebam miagno erTsgvars gzas kvlevisas, romelsac `SedarebiTi meTodi~ _ hqvian. am meTodma, sifrTxiliTa da codniT xmarebulma, iseTi utyuaroba, iseTi zedmiwevniloba aRmoiCina, iseTi saxeli daigdo, rom ar aris mecniereba, romelic, saca saWiroa, am meTods ara xmarobdes. am meTodiT bevrs wyvdiadsa da bnels naTeli moefina, bevri 182 rCeuli werilebi dafaruli gamomzevda. amitomac ambobs erTi mecnieri17, rom `SedarebiTi meTodi erTi udidesi Zlevamosilobaa gonebiTad Cvenis saukunisao~, misis sityviT, am meTodma imisTana gza gagviWra, romlis SemweobiTac dRes SesaZloa mTlad da ueWvod davrwmundeT iq, saca uwin marto amocanebiT da eWviT laparaki iyo. am meTodma mogvcao, ambobs igi, Rone da saxsari Sinaganis sabuTebiT davamtkicoT ufro cxadad da utyuarad is, rasac garegani sabuTebi ar aqvso. pirveli, romelmac es meTodi iSvila, frimanis sityviT, aris filologia, da mas aqeT filologia, anu ukeT vsTqvaT – SedarebiTi filologia, iseTs magars safuZvels daebjina, rom vera Zali veRar Searyevso. Tumca im xanisa, romelsac SedarebiTma filologiam Tavisi nestari gaubnia, araviTari werilobiTi mowmoba ar darCenila, araviTari pirdapiri geSi, magram, ambobs igive frimani, sabuTebi SedarebiTis filologiisa ufro saimedoni arian, vidre bevri ram igi, rasac iZleva werilobiTi naSTi istoriisao. am gziT Cven imisTana ambebs vcnobulobTo, romelT Sesaxeb SeuZlebelia garegani sabuTi, magram Sinagani sabuTi-ki, raki erTxel napovnia da dadgenili, Seuryevelia da yovels eWvs ukargavs adamiansao. es Cveni naTqvami Tumca gveubneba, ris momaswavebelia da ra Rirsebisaa SedarebiTi meTodi, magram jer kidev sakmaod ara xsnis, TiTon meTodi raSi mdgomareobs. Tu aq, vidre amas avxsnidiT, ufro SedarebiTi filologia vaxseneT, marto imisTvis, rom TviT meTodis axsna gaviadviloT, imitom rom sxva samecniero sferoSi es meTodi ise sakuTrad, martivad da Seurevnelad dasanaxi ar aris, rogorc filologiaSi. TiTon sityva `Sedareba~, cotad Tu bevrad gvamcnevs _ ra unda vigulisxmoT, roca vambobT `SedarebiTi meTodi~. Sedareba im moqmedebas gonebisas hqvian, roca ors anu ramdensame sagans erTmaneTs wauyenebs, daupirispirebs, rom aRmoCndes, raSi aqvT msgavseba, erTnairoba, da raSi sxvaoba da sxvanairoba. Sedarebis sagnad SesaZloa ramdenime sxvadasxvanairi SemTxvevac iyos erTisa da imave movlenisa, xolo imisTana SemTxvevani-ki, romelSiac gamosaZiebeli movlena Tavs iCens ase Tu ise. swored rom vTqvaT, sityva `Sedareba~ sruliad ar uxdeba, sruliad ar Seefereba im-gvars kvlevas sagnisas, romelsac am sityviT hxatavs mecniereba yvela enebSi. esgvari kvleva _ Sedareba ki ar aris, swored is aris, rom kaci kvalSi Caudges romelsame sagans, anu movlenas, rom an saTavidam bolomde Camohyves, Tu saTave viciT da bolo ara, da an bolodam saTavemde ahyves, Tu bolo viciT da saTave ara, da amisaTvis kibed gaixados yovelive SemTxveva, yovelive dro, yovelive adgili, sadac ki an sagans, an movlenas Tavi gamouCenia. vsTqvaT, Segvxvda qarTuli bavSvuri sityva `aCua~. saidam aris es sityva, ris momaswavebelia da niSnavs imas Tu ara _ rasac bavSi am sityviT asaxelebs? Cvens enaSi am sitvis asaxsnels verafers vipovniT. Tu kvalSi CavudgebiT da sxva enebs am ganzraxviT movCxrekT, davinaxavT, rom sanskritulad18* acva, zendurad19** aspa, laTinurad eguus, irlandiurad ech, litovurad aszwa _ cxensa20*** niSnavs da 183 ilia WavWavaZe yvelgan ismis cxadad da naTlad Cveneburi `aCua~. cxadi ar aris exla, ris naSTia da saidam warmomavalia es sityva `aCua~, romelsac dRes CvenSi marto bavSi hxmarobs, an bavSisaTvis vxmarobT cxenis magier? ra Tqma unda, es ambavi, ase calked, ase oblad da martod aRebuli imodenad ara aris ra, rom kacma misda mixedviT raime gadawyvetili azri Seadginos an erTa STamomavlobasa da naTesaobaze, an raime maxlobelobaze. xolo yovelive amisTana ambavi, calke Tu sxvebTan erTad, istoriis mkvlevarisaTvis angariSgasawevia imodenad, ramodenadac igi aniSnebs zedgavlenas, damokidebulebas erTmaneTze sxvadasxva erebisas, romelnic, raki amisTana sabuTia, ueWvelia, erTmaneTs odesRac Sehxvedrian istoriis gzazeda ise Tu ase. frimani ufro dids avalas aZlevs amisTana ambavsa, Tumca zogierTni amaSi ucilobelad bevrs aras uTmoben am mecniers. frimans mohyavs, magaliTad, sityva mill, molare, rusuli молоть, da ambobs, rom erTgvar enebis jgufSi yvelgan es Tavdapirveli Ziri sityvisa ismis, zogan ucvlelad da zogan cvlilebiT, im moqmedebis aRsaniSnavad, romelsac `fqva~ hqviano. aqedam warmomdgaria TviT wisqvilis saxelicao am sxvadasxva, erTmaneTze imodenad daSorebul enebSi, rom erTis mier meorisagan SemoReba risame sazogadod da sityvisa calked yovlad SeuZlebelia istoriulis sabuTiT kacma warmoidginoso. nuTu es ambavi SemTxvevas unda mieweros da ara imas, rom es sxvadasxva enebi odesRac erTi da igive ena yofilao. SeiZleba romelmame calke erma calke TavisgniT moigonos xeloba fqvisa, magram rom am moqmedebas erTi da igive saxeli daarqvas erTmaneTzed damoukideblad _ es ki yovlad SeuZlebeliao. Tu esea, roca saxeSi gvaqvs marto erTi calke sityva, raRa iTqmis maSin, roca amisTana msgavsebiT sxva bevri sityvac aRmoCndeba sxvadasxva, erTmaneTzed daSorebul enebSio. roca amisTana sabuTebi win gvedeba, SeuZlebelia kacma is daskvna ar gamoiyvanos, rom yvela am-gvarad Sedarebuli enebi odesRac erTi da igive yofila da erni, romelnic am enebs laparakoben, erTisa da imave STamomavlobisaao, xolo ganawilebulan da gayrilan mas Semdeg, roca ukve erTobaSi miuRweviaT im civilizaciis xarisxamde, rom wisqvilis xmareba scodniaTo, _ ambobs bolos frimani. ai, rogor hSvelis SedarebiTi filologia istorias. an, magaliTad, aviRoT Cveni Cveuleba, romelic gviSlis, rom monakveTi fCxili, an Tma ar gadavagdoT cud-ubralod, da gvavalebs _ usaTuod cecxlSi davswvaT, an miwaSi CavflaT. sad aris amisi mizezi, saTave? ris momaswavebelia es Cveuleba? aSkaraa, aq raRac mizezs daudgenia es Cveuleba, da ra mizezs _ es-ki aRar dagvxsomebia. rom movCxrikoT, yovels dros, yovels adgilas, yovels SemTxvevaSi, saca-ki dedamiwis zurgzed am Cveulebas Tavi uCenia, vnaxavT, rom eg Cveuleba erTnair rwmenisagan aris warmomdgari. uwin sjerebiaT, rom adamianis kuTvnils rasme, sacmels, samosels, nakveTs fCxils, Tmas da sxvas amisTanas, ganuwyveteli kavSiri da damokidebuleba aqvs patronTan maSinac, roca patroni erTgan aris da misi kuTvnili meoregan, Tunda Zalian 184 rCeuli werilebi Sorsac. amis sabuTs dResac vxedavT, roca Cveneburs mkiTxavebs akiTxvineben xolme, an beds Seakvrevineben da gaaxsnevineben marto imiT, rom xelsaxoczed akiTxvineben, an xelsaxocs Sealocvineben im kacisas, romelic mkiTxavze Sors aris. am rwmenis pirdapiri Sedegi is aris, rom rasac adamianis kuTvnils SeamTxvevT, is patronsac SeemTxveva. radganac esea, SesaZloa patrons monakveTisas, monarCenisas, an kuTvnilisas _ jado ram gaukeTon, bedi Seukran da boroti SeamTxvion. amis SiSiT yvela Tavisas ufrTxildeba, rom ualago alagas ara darCes-ra, Torem mavne suli, an mteri vinme ipovnis, moajadoebs da aqedam jado patrons ewveva. yvelgan, saca ki es Cveuleba iTvalTvaleba, magaliTebr _ avstraliis, polineziis, gvineis xalxSi, _ naxavT, rom SiSiTa TrTian dResac, Cvens kuTvnils rasme jado ar gaukeTon da iqidan Cven ar gadmogvedoso. ra Tqma unda, rom Tu es SiSi ase moqmedebs maSin, roca laparaki imisTana kuTvnilebazea, romelic adamianis nawils ar Seadgens, magaliTebr _ xelsaxoci da sxva amisTana, maSin raRa unda iTqvas, roca kuTvnili monakveTi nawilia adamianisa, rogorc frCxili da Tma. Zvelis-Zvels sparsebs mTeli wesi da rigi aqvndaT daniSnuli monakveTis fCxilisa da Tmis miwaSi dasamarxad, rom mavne sulebma ara SeamTxvion ra maT gamo patronsa. Sors raT wavideT, dResac evropaSi eridebian fCxilisa da Tmis gadayras amave SiSiT. germaniis glexi dResac Turme ymawvilis dabadebis dRidam naTlobamde saxlidam arafers gaaceminebs, rom gacemuls aravin Seulocos da imis gamo bavSvs bedi ar Seekras21*. es magaliTi, sul sxva sferis movlenidgan amoRebuli, ra Tqma unda, Sedarebul erTa naTesaobis da erTobis momaswavebeli ar aris. igi marto imas gvauwyebs, rom adamianis gonebas yvelgan erTisa da imave gziT uvlia Tavis warmatebis gzazed, erTnairs SiSsa da safrTxes erTnairi wamali mohyolia da erTnair mizezs erTnairad gaduxria, erTnairad gautacnia goneba. garda amisa, es magaliTi Suqsa hfens im wyvdiadsa, romelic dRes gars axvevia Cvengan moyvanils Cveulebas, gvSvelis aRvadginoT is, exla daviwyebuli, azri Cveulebisa, romelic odesRac asuldgmarebda TiTon Cveulebas. am gziT igi xels uwyobs gagebas da axsnas exlandelisas, romelic Tumca SerCenia cxovrebas, magram arc Tavi uCans, arc bolo, da sasacilod-Ra asagdebi gagvxdomia, maSin rodesac erTs dros Tavisi Sesawynarebeli mizezi hqonia da, maSasadame, sapatio yofila. istoria sxva raa, Tu ar gamorkveva, Tu ar axsna awmyosi warsulisagan. aSkaraa, amiT ver amovwureT mTeli da rTuli mniSvneloba `SedarebiTis meTodisa~. Cven SegveZlo am meTodis magaliTebi mogveyvana sxva mecnierebidamac, magaliTebr _ SedarebiTis miTologiidam, SedarebiTis politikidam da sxva amisTanidam, romelnic erTad Svelian istorias mis qvemdebare saZiebelSi, magram es Sors wagviyvanda. Cven vimedovnebT, rom raca vsTqviT, isic sakmaoa dedaZarRvs am meTodisas kacma miagnos. amaze meti survili arc Cvena gvqonia. Tu marTla am winad Tqmulma es dedaZarRvi meTodisa gvauwya, Cven xelTa gveqneba saswori gankiTxvisa. 185 ilia WavWavaZe roca am sasworzed davayenebT avtors `Письма о Грузии~-sas TviToeul calke SemTxvevaSi, maSin gavigebT, es SedarebiTi meTodi mis xelT, _ ambad gagonili, axal-moduri frazaa mtvrisa da buqis asayeneblad, _ Tu marTla mis mier SeTvisebuli gzaa kvlevisa. avtorma ukiJina ar-codna am meTodisa Cvens literaturas. es iqneba marTalic iyos, xolo kaci, roca meores ukiJinebs _ Sen es saqme ar icio da TiTon hkidebs xels iseve, rogorc dawunebuli kaci, maSin mokiJine an cud-ubralo baqiaa, an TiTonac ar icis, ras ambobs. mecxramete saukune esec pirveli dRe meoce saukunisa. am axal saukunes jer ara eTqmis-ra, garda imisa, rom Semovdgi fexi, gwyalobdeT RmerTio. warsulma saukunem, romelmac dRes gza da taxti Tavisi dauTmo axals saukunesa, bevri ram SesZina qveynierobas. rac am saukuneSi mecnierebam saswauli moaxdina, rac ganaTlebul qveynebis adamianma saxeli da dideba moipova, mTels danarCens Tvramets saukunes erTad ar unaxavs. ra Tqma unda, rom wina saukuneTac ar emoqmednaT, arc es mecxramete saukune iqneboda ase nayofieri, radganac, rac ginda sTqvan, wina saukuneni sTesdnen da saxeli da dideba mecxramete saukunisa is aris, rom uxvi mosavali mogvca naTesisa, imodenad uxvi, rom moulodneli iyo CvenTa winaparTaTvis. bekonma, inglisis filosofosma, sTqva, rom progresi kacobriobisa sxva ara arisra garda imisa, rom dRidam dRemde ganze gadadgmul iqmnas sazRvari SeuZlebelisao. am TvaliT rom Sexedos kacma am mecxramete saukunis Rvawls, marTla rom sakvirvelebaa. rac SeuZleblad miaCndaT CvenTa mama-papaTa _ dRes SesaZlebeli gaxda mecxramete saukunis wyalobiT. manZili, romelic dRes-aqamomde iyo sxvadasxva qveynebSoris, rkinisgzebma, telegrafebma da telefonebma TiTqmis mospes, dostaqrobama da mkurnalobam iqamde miaRwia, rom cocxal adamianis agebulebaSi TiTqmis gamoucnobi da daunaxavi, gausworebeli, SeukeTebeli aRara aris-ra. dRes cocxal adamianis Signeulobas ise hxedaven, ise iTvaliswineben, TiTqo gareT gamotanili saganiao. bevrs Wirs, romelic dRes-aqamomde musrs avlebda qveynierobas, wamali upoves, da lamis is sicocxlis eleqsiric-ki ipovon, romelsac ase gulmodginebiT eZiebda da eZiebs yovlad-mZlevi goneba adamianisa. mecniereba ukve waawyda saxsars moxucebulobisagan ganaxlebisaTvis da, vin icis, iqneba malec moveswraT, rom am gzazedac mecnierebam Tavisi saswaulTmoqmedeba gamoiCinos. adamiani gamokeTda azriT, fiqriT, qonebiT, gonebiT da zneobiT. simdidrem gonebiTma, zneobiTma da qonebiTma im simaRlemde miaRwia, rom sizmradac ar zmanebiaT winandel saukuneebs. erTob kacobriobis sikeTem 186 rCeuli werilebi aiwia, wewva-glejam, erTmaneTze misevam, erTa erTmaneTze mtrulad misvlam _ pirSi lagami amoido sazogado msjavris SiSiTa. exlandelma omma inglisisam da transvaalisam, sxvas aRar vityviT, cxadi magaliTi gviCvena, rom kacobrioba hTakilobs Zlierisagan uZlurze zedmisevas, Tavdasxmas, da amisTana usamarTlo moqmedebas Taviss samarTlians msjavrsa sdebs wyromisas da risxvisas. vin mosTvlis yovels im sikeTes, romelic mecxramete saukunem SesZina kacobriobas, erTi didi da saxelovani saqme mecxramete saukunisa, sxvaTa Soris, is aris, rom magars safuZvelze daayena da frTa gaaSlevina im kacTmoyvaruls moZRvrebas, rom yoveli adamiani, ra wodebaTa kibis safexurzedac gind idges, mainc adamiania, da viTarca adamiani _ yvelasTan Tanaswori, Tanasworad Sesawynarebeli da gul-Sesatkivari. marTalia, am moZRvrebis dasabami didis xnisagan modis, magram am saukunem es moZRvreba ganadida, gaaZliera, gaafarTova da, daudva ra mecnieruli sabuTi, RaribTa da uZlurTa samweo moZRvrebad gardaaqcia. am mecxramete saukunem socialuris wyobilebis idealad gamosaxa `gauqmeba qonebisa da Semosavlis met-naklebad ganawilebisa adamianTa Soris, gauqmeba yovelis klasobrivis batonobisa da, SeZlebisamebr, yovelis klasobrivis sxvadasxvaobisa, fexze wamoyeneba da xelSewyoba gamrjel da mSromel klasebisa warsamateblad~. am gzaze wina saukuneebs erTad imodeni ara uqmniaT-ra, rac am erTma mecxramete saukunem hqmna Tvisda pativis mosaxseneblad. erTis sityviT, rasac ki Tqvenda gareSemo Tvals da yurs mohkravT, yvelgan warmateba da winsvlaa. marTalia, Seqspirisa ar iyos, qveynierobaSi kidev bevri ram aris, romelic sizmradac ar mozmanebiaT exlandel mecnierT, magram rac dRemde iqmna, isic didi Zlevamosilobaa adamianis mWrelis gonebisa, da aq Rvawldadebuli igi saukunea, romelmac guSin gza dauloca axals saukunes, exla Sen ici da Senma ZalRonemao. kidev vityviT: warsulma saukunem Tavisis mxriT bevri keTili SesZina adamians, xolo sakiTxavi es aris: dRes ufro bednieria kaci, Tu ara, amodena sikeTiT garemoculi da ese warmatebulis mecnierebiT gaRonierebuli da gaZlierebuli? ara gvgonia. marTalia, dRes adamiani erTob, Raribia Tu mdidari, _ ufro ukeT aris mowyobili, ufro metad mosaxerxebelia misTvis wasvla-wamosvla, qveynierobasTan gamoxmaureba, qveynierobasTan urTierTobis gaweva; dRes adamiani ufro ukeT icvams, ixuravs, ukeT sWams da svams, magram bedniereba ki Sors aris. dRes Raribsa da mdidars Soris, Zliersa da uZlurs Soris ufro didi zRvari aris, vidre odesme yofila, da aq aris igi simwvave im tkivilisa, romlis morCenac mecxramete saukunem uanderZa aw momavals saukunes. mecniereba, adamianis gonebis winsvla, zneobis aRmateba, _ jer bevrs sxvas kidev ZlevamosilobiT moiqmedebs, magram am mecxramete saukunis anderZze uaRress da udidess sagans sxvas veras aRmoaCens da ar gauTvaliswinebs kacobriobas dReis amas iqiT. [31 dekemberi, 1899 w.] 187 ilia WavWavaZe 1. aq. cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. red. 2. mesame muxli am reskriptisa ambobs: `Не позволяя ни себе, ни кому бы то ни было преврашать рассадники наук – для достижения политических целей, учебные начальства должни иметь в виду~ 3. Cven aqamdis ar gvesmis , rogor da ris ZaliT moxda CvenSi qarTulis enis gamodevna Skolebidam. ar gvesmis imitom, rom xelmwife imperatoris reskripti, romelic win movixsenieT, am saganzed ai ras brZanebs: `В школах обших, особенно низших, преподавание должно быть производимо на природном язике большинства населения~ gvikvirû Cven: zogierTebma rogor SesZles umaRlesis nebis Secvla egre dausjelad. 4. aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia Dadgili. 5.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. 6.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. 7.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. 8.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. red 9.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. red 10.* aq cenzuris mier amoRebulia adgili. red 11. avtoris sityvebia 12. avtori mere dagvimtkicebs, rom Cven srulis intensiuris cxovrebiT ar gvicxovria da (gvixa rodes!) Rone Segvinaxavs mermisisaTvis. 13. Верования 14. teilori 15. jon-stuart milli 16. eihgofi 17. eduard frimani, ingliseli, kembrijis universitetis profesori. 18.* Zvelis-Zveli enaa. 188 rCeuli werilebi 19.** Zvelis-Zveli sparsuli. 20.*** Sraderi. 21.* zangebis mogvebmac ase ician: roca avadmyofs ar SeuZlian maTTan misvla, maSin imis tanisamossa, Tu sxvas rasme amis msgavszed Seulocven xolme. 22. es cnobebi TiTqmis sityva-sityviT amovswereT, cota ki SemoklebiT, Txzulebidam: `pedagogiuri Teoriebi ganaxlebis epoqisa~. 23. (bodiSs vixdiT mkiTxvelis winaSe, rom dRes isev Zvels ambavs unda davubrundeT. maSin daviwyeT da veRar SevasruleT sxvadasxva mizezebisa gamo da rac dagvaklda, exla gvsurs SevavsoT. avtori) * * * 189
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