qarTuli sazogadoeba da evropuli Rirebulebebi

Transcrição

ser
ia
seria
ev
ropuli Zieban
i
evropuli
Ziebani
statiebis krebuli, 2006
qarTuli sazogadoeba
da
evropuli Rirebulebebi
redaqtor-SemdgenelTa jgufi:
irma alfen
iZe
alfeniZe
paata papava
zaza SaTir
iSvili
SaTiriSvili
Tbilis
i
Tbilisi
2007
1
stilisti
koreqtori
mxatvari da
teqnikuri redaqtori
damkabadonebeli
ISBN 978-9990000-68-54-8
zaza SaTiriSvili
ia Radua
paata papava
zurab modebaZe
© konsultaciisa da treningis centri
Centrer for Training and Conultancy
2
S i n a a r si
winaTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
qarTuli sazogadoeba da Tanamedrove gamowvevebi
postindustriuli sazogadoebis informaciuli maCveneblebi . . . . . . . 7
kaxa kacitaZe
demokratizacia rogorc demokratiuli
ganviTarebis alternativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
marina musxeliSvili
adgili da alagi: komunaluri Tanasworobidan
plebsis demokratiamde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
irakli mWedliSvili
reitingis diqtatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
nana zardiaSvili
tribuna
globalisturi tendenciebis zegavlena saqarTvelos
politikur cxovrebaze _ memarcxene-konservatiuli diskursi . . . . 99
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
ganviTarebis evropuli diskursi
daxmareba ganiTarebisaTvis – koncefciebi da
mcdari warmodgenebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
ian voriSeki
interviu hovard nikolasTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
qarTuli kultura da ganaTlebis evropuli idea
nacionalizmi da ganaTleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
zaza firaliSvili
universitetis idea: ori paradigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
zaza SaTiriSvili
rituali da aRzrda qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi . . . . . . . . . 172
marina kandelaki
zogadi ganaTlebis apologia (sokratuli dialogi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
nestan ratiani
3
ideaTa istoria Semecnebis amouwuravi sferoa, romelic uSurvelad gvTavazobs aRmoCenebsa da saCuqrebs.
erT-erTi amgvari aRmoCena isaa, rom bevri dRevandeli
Rirebuleba gacilebiT ufro norCia, vidre Cven aqamde
warmogvedgina... – Semwynareblobis idea, ... Tavisuflebisa da adamianis uflebaTa cnebebi, geniosis idea, romelic Tavisi daudgromeli bunebiT nebismier pirobiTobas upirispirdeba... – yovelive es im uzarmazari Zvrebis
Sedegia, romelic evropeli adamianis azrovnebam XVIII saukuneSi ganicada. am ZvraTa Sedegebi Tanamedrove cxovrebis yvela sferos gansazRvravs.
aisaia berlini
4
w i n a T q m a
mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgenilia evropul RirebulebaTa da
ideaTa Tanamedrove qarTul inteleqtualur konteqstSi recepciis garkveuli cda. krebulis avtorebi ar ifarglebian
mxolod erTi romelime inteleqtualuri sferoTi da evropuli Rirebulebebisa da ideebis mTlian sivrces ganixilaven _
kulturiTa Tu ganaTlebiT dawyebuli da politikiT damTavrebuli.
SeniSvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom winamdebare krebuli xangrZlivi, TiTqmis erTi wlis muSaobis Sedegia. muSaoba am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs ara oden calkeul naSromTa Seqmnis process, aramed _ im gansjasa da diskusiebs, rac TiToeuli statiis ganxilvas Tan axlda.
Tanamedrove evropuli Rirebulebebi meyseulad da cariel
adgilas ar gaCenila. amitomac, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba rogorc evropul ideaTa istoriis gaSuqebas, ise im
inteleqtualuri praqsisis Seswavlas, rac dakavSirebulia am
ideaTa Tu RirebulebaTa warmoqmnasa da maT amJamindel funqcionirebasTan.
saqarTvelo dRes evrokavSirisaken miiswrafvis da axali
evropis sruluflebian wevrad gaxdoma surs. evropa, Tavis
mxriv, axal samezoblo programas gvTavazobs. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens winaSe seriozuli amocanaa _ gaviazroT, ras gvTavazobs evropa, ra gamowvevebs gviyenebs dRevandeloba, romelSic
xvalindeli dRis anareklic moCans.
swored am sakiTxebze msjelobidan warmoiSva mocemuli krebuli, romelic, amave dros, ganviTarebis saxlis (CTC _ konsultaciisa da treningis centri
centri) axal iniciativas ukavSirdeba: CTC--is kvlevisa da informaciis ganyofilebis bazaze daiwyo seminarebis, diskusiebisa da kvlevebis axali cikli, romelic evropul ZiebaTa saxelwodebiT erTiandeba.
amave dros, es iniciativa gamocemaTa mTel ciklsa Tu serias
gulisxmobs amave saxelwodebiT _ evropuli Ziebani
Ziebani. mocemuli
krebuli evropul ZiebaTa seriis pirveli gamocemaa. misi eleqtronuli versia ix. Semdeg gverdze: http://ctc.wanex.net/
?l=1&i=16. amave veb-gverdze ganTavsdeba wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebul seminarTa da diskusiaTa amsaxveli mTeli masala.
redaqcia
5
qarTuli
sazogadoeba
da
Tanamedrove gamowvevebi
6
kaxa kacitaZe
mogonebebi momavalze anu
postindustrializacia, globalizacia
saqarTvelo
da
am werilSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi da problemebi, albaT, jer
kidev karga xans ar dadgeba saqarTvelos winaSe. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven mainc saWirod CavTvaleT postindustriul sazogadoebaze saubari, radgan araferi ufro saSiSi ar aris, vidre CamorCena Tanamedrove msoflio procesebisgan, miT ufro,
_ azrismieri, gonebismieri CamorCena. amasTanave, rogorc
dRevandeli politikuri procesebi amtkicebs, sazogadoebrivi movlenebis winaswari ganWvretis gareSe SeuZlebelia swori politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba da Sesabamisi moqmedeba.
dRevandeli sociologebis klasifikaciiT kacobriobis
istoria, teqnologiebisa da cxovrebaze maTi gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, sam _ agrarul, industriul da postindustriul
_ talRad SeiZleba daiyos. pirveli talRa im agrarul Zvras
ukavSireba, romelmac, daaxloebiT aTi aTasi wlis winaT, Zireulad Secvala kacobriobis cxovrebis wesi da `neoliTur
revoluciad~ moinaTla. am periodSi ganxorcielda moxetialedan mkvidr cxovrebaze gadasvla. moxetiale tomebi Temebma Secvales, romlebic dedamiwis garkveul monakveTebze
damkvidrdnen. ganxorcielda msoflmxedvelobriv-kulturuli ganviTareba, Camoyalibda azrovnebis miTosuri wesi,
xolo mogvianebiT Seiqmna damwerloba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada informaciis dafiqsireba da drosa da sivrceSi misi gadacema.
agraruli sazogadoebis Taviseburebebi
pirveli sazogadoebebi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, Zvel
aRmosavleTSi Caisaxa. Zveli aRmosavleTis sazogadoeba
agraruli iyo, anu misi arseboba soflis meurneobas emyareboda. soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro safuZvels ki didi
mdinareebi qmnidnen. magram mdinareebi mxolod keTilismyo7
kaxa kacitaZe
felni rodi iyvnen adamianisaTvis. wyaldidobisas SeiZleboda, rom adamianTa mier aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli
Sromis Sedegebi iavarqmniliyo. amitom adamianis samsaxurSi
sabolood Casayeneblad mdinareTa `moTviniereba~ iyo saWiro, rac irigaciuli nagebobebis anu arxebisa da dambebis aSenebiT miiRweoda. maTi roli Zvel aRmosavleTSi imdenad
didia, rom zogierTi mkvlevari am arealSi saxelmwifos warmoSobas, upirveles yovlisa, sairigacio nagebobebis SenebisaTvis aucilebeli adamianuri Tu materialuri resursebis
Tavmoyris saWiroebiT xsnis. es Tvalsazrisi, rasakvirvelia, gadaWarbebulia, magram WeSmaritebis marcvalsac Seicavs.
ueWvelia, rom am nagebobaTa gareSe Zveli aRmosavleTi ver
iqneboda is, rac iyo.
Zvel aRmosavleTSi kulturis agrarulma xasiaTma ganapiroba soflis meurneobis dominireba meurneobis sxva sferoebze. magram rogori iyo es soflis meurneoba? igi eqstensiur xasiaTs atarebda. eqstensiuri xasiaTis soflis meurneoba intensiurs upirispirdeba. maT Soris gansxvavebis gasatareblad aseTi magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT: vTqvaT, ojaxs
Tavis gamosakvebad sWirdeba erTi heqtari miwa, romelsac igi
gulmodgined amuSavebs. magram ojaxi gaizarda da am erTi heqtridan moweuli mosavali ukve aRar yofnis. mosavlianobis
gazrdis ori gza arsebobs: SeiZleba mosavali davTesoT ara
erT heqtarze, rogorc amas manamde hqonda adgili, aramed _
orze da amiT mivaRwioT soflis meurneobis produqciis gaormagebas. magram arsebobs meore gzac: agronomiuli codnis
gamoyenebiT gamoviyvanoT saWiro produqciis axali jiSi, romelic orjer met mosavals mogvcems, vidre is, romelsac aqamde viyenebdiT. pirvel gzas eqstensiurs uwodeben, meores _
intensiurs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi zrda raodenobrivi maCveneblebis (Cvens SemTxvevaSi damuSavebuli miwis farTobis) xarjze miiRweva, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tvisobrivi maCveneblebis (Cveni magaliTis mixedviT _ mosavlianobis) zrdis xarjze. bunebrivia, rom Zvel aRmosavleTSi, agronomiuli codnis arasakmarisi ganviTarebis pirobebSi, produqciis zrda
eqstensiuri meTodebiT miiRweoda.
ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos irigaciis gamoyenebaze damyarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba Tavidanve moicavda Zveli aRmosavleTis didi saxelmwifoebis mTel tritoriebs. Tavdapirvelad irigaciis lokalur qselebs qmnidnen, magram murneobis eqstensiuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, sul axal da
8
axal miwebs iTvisebdnen, rasac, sabolood, adgilobrivi
sistemebis gazrda-gafarToeba da erTiani qselis Seqmna
mosdevda. yovelive es, Tavis mxriv, saTanadod aisaxeboda
politikur sistemazec.
rogorc ukve aRininiSna, Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis meurneoba upiratesad agraruli iyo da naturalur xasiaTs atarebda anu emyareboda saqonlis uSualo gacvlas saqonelze
fuladi mimoqcevis ganviTarebuli sistemis gareSe. meurneobis sasoflo-sameurneo xasiaTi, rasakvirvelia, ar gamoricxavda xelosnobisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebis garkveul dones. Tumca vaWrobis da xelosnobis produqciis moxmarebis da,
Sesabamisad, gasaRebis ZiriTadi areali qalaqebTan mimdebare sasoflo dasaxlebebi iyo, romelTa mosaxleoba soflis meurneobis produqcias cvlida misTvis aucilebel xelosnobis
produqciaze. ganuviTarebeli iyo da masobriv xasiaTs ar atarebda saerTaSoriso vaWroba. igi, ZiriTadad, fufunebis nivTebis eqsportiT Semioifargleboda. Tumca, Zveli aRmosavleTis vaWrebs sakmaod didi Tvalsawieri gaaCndaT da TavianTi samSoblodan sakmaod moSorebul adgilebSi mimodiodnen
(sxvaTa Soris, qarTuli sityva `vaWari~ parTiulidan aris dasesxebuli, anu saqarTveloSi vaWroba jer kidev parTiis epoqaSi arsebobda).
ramdenadac Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciebi agrarul xasiaTs atarebdnen, Tanac ganuviTarebeli fuladi sistemis pirobebSi, cxadia, rom maTSi ekonomikis bazisi, simdidris da keTildReobis wyaro miwis mflobeloba iyo. amave dros miwa gamodioda malimitirebeli anu iseTi faqtoris rolSi, romelic xels uSlida sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. eqstensiuri meurneobis pirobebSi miwis axali masivebis mierTebac ki TavisTavad ar iZleoda imis garantias, rom am mierTebul miwas efeqtianad aiTvisebdnen. miwa ki Zvel aRmosavleTSi yovelTvis
arasakmarisi iyo.
industriuli sazogadoeba
daaxloebiT XV-XVI saukunidan dedamiwis erT monakveTze,
dasavleT evropaSi, iwyeba gadasvla industriul sazogadoebaze. viTardeba manufaqturuli warmoeba, aqcenti soflis meurneobidan mrewvelobaze gadadis. cota mogvianebiT ki _ manqanuri mrewveloba imarjvebs. industriis ganviTarebam moiTxova Sromis organizaciis ufro maRali done, vidre amas
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kaxa kacitaZe
agrarul sazogadoebasa da mis Tanmxleb xelosnobaSi vxvdebiT. industriul sazogadoebaSi adgili aqvs warmoebis saSualebebis imgvar ganviTarebas, rodesac gacilebiT naklebi danaxarjebiT xdeba didi efeqtis mqone Sedegebis miRweva. es, Tavis mxriv, saWiroebs resursebis ufro racionalur ganlagebas, saSualebebis arCevis da azrovnebis Tavisuflebis bevrad
maRal dones.
industriul sazogadoebaze gadasvla emTxveva axali drois mecnierebis da masTan mWidrod dakavSirebul meqanikur
principebze damyarebuli teqnologiebis warmoSobas; industriuli sazogadoeba, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli agrarulisagan, Seudareblad met sargebels naxulobs dagrovil codnaTagan. frensis bekonis gamonaTqvami `codna Zalaa~ samyaroul movlenaTa pasiurad mWvreteli brZenis antikur-Suasaukuneobrivi idealis uaryofaa. mecnierebis da teqnologiebis
miRwevaTa mxardaWera ukve XVII saukunidan oficialur politikad iqca, rasac maTi institucionalizacia mohyva.
amgvarma cvlilebebma moiTxova uaris Tqma kadrebis SerCevis im principze, romelic gvariSvilobasa da naTesaobas
emyareboda. industriuli ganviTarebis logika moiTxovs, minimumamde iqnas dayvanili karieris araprofesiuli elementebi. ekonomikuri, teqnikuri, kulturuli da politikuri marTvis procesebisaTvis optimalurad miiCneva ara garegani Careva, aramed procesebis marTva maTi Sinagani kanonzomierebebis Secnobis safuZvelze.
industriul sazogadoebas, agrarulTan SedarebiT, gaaCnia TviTorganizaciis gacilebiT maRali done, rac gulisxmobs misi resursebis ufro racionalurad da koncentrirebulad mobilizebasa da gamoyenebas. industriuli sazogadoebis arsebobis sawyis etapze dagrovebasa da investirebas gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre produqciis
moxmarebas (gavixsenoT gobseki, adreuli industriuli eris
amsaxveli literaturis klasikuri personaJi). sazogadoebis
organizaciis ufro maRalma donem moiTxova met-naklebad
ganviTarebuli infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba da resursebis dagroveba.
rasakvirvelia, industriul sazogadoebaze gadasvla sruliadac ar niSnavda agrarul seqtorze uaris Tqmas. es ukanaskneli araTu SenarCunebulia, aramed manqanuri teqnikis danergvis wyalobiT Zalze intensiurad viTardeba. igive iTqmis
savaWro seqtorzec. jer didi ialqniani gemebis, xolo Semdeg
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orTqlis xomaldis da rkinigzebis gaCena mniSvnelovnad amcirebs savaWro tvirTis gadazidvis dros da sagrZnoblad zrdis
gadasazid masas. xelosnobis sfero ki TandaTanobiT momsaxurebis sferod gadaiqceva. industriul sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis socialuri wili Tanabrdeba, xolo Semdeg – ganuxrelad izrdeba qalaqis sasargeblod.
saqarTvelo da holandia, anu ratom
ver mivaRwieT qarTvelebma ganviTarebis
industriul dones
aq ibadeba yvela qarTvelisaTvis uaRresad aqtualuri, damaintrigebeli da pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva: ratom ver moaxerxa saqarTvelom ganviTarebis industriul doneze gadasvla,
rac ara mxolod Cveni ganviTarebis, aramed usafrTxoebis garantic unda yofiliyo? Cveni degradaciis mizezad, rogorc
wesi, sagareo faqtorebs miiCneven: Temur-lengis Semotevebs,
uzun-hasanis laSqrobebs, bizantiis dacemas. agreTve imas, rom
mteri ricxvobrivad Tu teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT gvWarbobda. kargi, ricxvobrivobis gaTvaliswineba kidev SeiZleba, magram gana amiTve aixsneba Cveni CamorCena teqnikur aRWurvilobasa da taqtikaSi (sxvaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos, rom industriuli eris gariJraJze msoflioSi saukeTeso armiebi did erebs,
ingliselebs, frangebs an espanelebs ki ar hyavdaT, aramed holandielebsa da Svedebs)? ricxovanebaze miTiTeba saqmes ar
Svelis. ramdenjer aRematebodnen espanelebi holandielebs
niderlandis revoluciis xanaSi? da vin gaimarjva? arc geografiuli TvalsazrisiT iynen niderlandebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi _ bolos da bolos mTebic ki ar hqondaT, rom maTTvis
SeefarebinaT Tavi! zogjer qarTvelebis marcxs Cveni da momTabaruli cxovrebis wesebis gansxvavebiT gansazRvraven, TiTqos Cven ufro kulturulebi viyaviT da amitom vmarcxdebodiTo. magram gana espanelTa da holandielTa cxovrebis forma nakleb gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan? iqneb espanelebs sisastike akldaT? maS ra vuyoT moqmedebas amerikaSi? ara, saqme raRac sxvaSia. sadRac sxvaganaa ZaRlis Tavi damarxuli.
sainteresoa, ra moxdeboda, ufro xelsayrel geopolitikur garemoSi rom gvecxovra da evropasTan kavSirisaTvis mxolod konstantinopolze ar vyofiliyaviT damokidebuli, an
_ Tundac, Temur-lengsa da osmalebs Cvenze xeli ar mowvdomodaT. etyoba arc araferi, albaT iseve ganvicdidiT degradacias, rogorc agrarulma espaneTma da portugaliam gani11
kaxa kacitaZe
cada industriuli inglisis da holandiis aRzevebis fonze.
swored holandiis istoriis erTi etapis Seswavla qmnis saTanado safuZvels Cveni istoriis zogierTi stereotipis gadasinjvisaTvis. magram sakiTxavia: mainc rogor moaxerxes holandielebma TavianTi resursebis imgvari mobilizeba, rom
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi gaimarjves da ratom davmarcxdiT Cven? an iqneb marTla qarTvelebi, rogorc eri, ar vvargivarT? _ sisulelea! erTaderTi, rac sakuTar Tavs SeiZleba vusayveduroT, is aris, rom ver SevqmeniT imgvari sociokulturuli sistema, romelic dagvicavda, Cvensave usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofda. magram ratom ver SevqmeniT?
erTi ram axlavea cxadi. holandielebs politikur organizaciaSi hqondaT raRac iseTi, rac Cven ar gvqonda da am raRacam lamis yvelaferi gansazRvra. maTi sazogadoeba samoqalaqo xasiaTisa iyo. `samoqalaqo~, uzogadesi azriT, gulisxmobs iseT sociums, romlis cxovrebaSic gadamwyvet rols
qalaqi da, Sesabamisad, industria TamaSobs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, Sua saukuneebis sociumi upiratesad agraruli iyo, sadac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba sasoflo Tems eniWeboda. magram `samoqalaqo~ mxolod amas rodi niSnavs. am ukanasknelSi
igulisxmeba mmarTvelobis garkveuli wesi, romelic xelmZRvanel pirTa arCeviTobas da angariSvaldebulebas gulisxmobs. amas garda `samoqalaqo~ zemoT naxmari mniSvnelobiT
isicaa, rac samxedros, an ufro zustad _ samxedro-feodalurs upirispirdeba.
magram ratom gaCnda amgvari samoqalaqo anu burJuaziuli
(`burJuaziuli~ xom qarTulad swored samoqalaqos niSnavs da
mets arafers) sistema holandiaSi da ara CvenTan? erovnuli
xasiaTebis gansxvavebaze miTiTeba gulubryviloa. XIV saukunis holandielis eTnofsiqologia didad ar gansxvadeba imave epoqis qarTvelisagan (visac ar sjera, waikiTxos didi holandieli kulturologis – hoizingas naSromi `Sua saukuneebis Semodgoma~). maSasadame, mizezi socio-kulturul sistemaSi unda veZioT, rac samyarosadmi garkveul mimarTebas gulisxmobs. im socio-kulturuli sistemis arsi, romelic holandiaSi Seiqmna, erTi sityviT SeiZleba gamoixatos:
Sroma.
Sroma da warmoeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod saqonlis masobriv warmoebas saTanado finansuri saSualebebis (kapitalis)
mozidvis gziT da misi Semdgomi realizaciis mizniT. Sromis
arsi ufro Zireulia da gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavisadmi axa12
li moTxovnebis wardgenas da organizaciis axal kulturas.
saboloo jamSi es igivea, rac sakuTari Tavis xelaxla Camoyalibeba. ufro zustad Tu vityviT, Sroma amgvari TviTCamoyalibebis uwyveti procesia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom germanuli filosofia, saxeldobr hegeli, or termins – Arbeit (Sroma)
da Bildung (Camoyalibeba, saxis micema, ganaTleba) – organul
mTlianobaSi iazrebs. rasac sxvas xedaven SromaSi (burJua
eqspluatatorebs da raRac aseTebs) macTuridan, ukacravad,
marqsidan modis.
Tezisi, rom holandielebi sakuTar Tavze, iseve rogorc garesamyaroze mimarTuli Sromis wyalobiT Camoyalibdnen im
erad, romelmac Tavisi gaitana, sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos Cveni winaprebi zarmacebi iyvnen. ubralod sxvadasxva epoqaSi
Sromas (iseve rogorc brZolas an garTobas) sruliad sxvadasxva funqcionaluri datvirTva hqonda. Sua saukuneebis sociokulturul sistemaSi is niSnavda Tavisi TavisaTvis an sxvisTvis garjas, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia kvlavwarmoebiT amoiwureboda. maSin, rodesac axal droSi igi gulisxmobs sakuTar
Tavze Sromasac, agreTve, sakuTar Tavsa da garesamyaros Soris urTierTobis ganuwyvetlad, kvlav da kvlav Camoyalibebas. swored amitom SeiZleboda, rom Cveni winaprebi sulac ar
yofiliyvnen zarmacni (bolos da bolos vazis xuTasi Tu samasi jiSi xom mainc gamoiyvanes), magram Cvens socio-kulturul sistemaSi Sromas ar hqonda iseTi funqcia, rogoric _
dasavleTSi.
magram rogor moaxerxes holandielebma Sromis imgvari
organizacia, rom gascdenodnen ubralo kvlavwarmoebis farglebs? jer erTi imiT, rom Seqmnes TviTmmarTveloba; erovnul cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti rolis TamaSi iwyes qalaqebma
(maTi funqcionirebis wesi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda Sua saukuneebis qalaqebisagan). holandielebma ganaviTares safinanso urTierTobani, krediti, renta, gardaqmnes vaWrobis sistema; Zireulad Seicvala vaWris socialuri statusi, rasac
vaWrobis sapatio xelobad gadaqceva mohyva. ganviTarda mrewvelobis axali dargebi, magaliTad samTo mompovebeli, metalurgiuli. Zireulad Seicvala soflis meurneobac. Tavisufali glexis mier warmoebuli produqti gamiznuli aRar iyo
mxolod sakuTari (da miT ufro suzerenis) uSualo moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. miwaTmoqmedebam savaWro xasiaTi miiRo, romelic eqsportze iyo orientirebuli. amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom glexTa nacvlad fermerTa klasi Camoya13
kaxa kacitaZe
libda. Seiqmna warmoebis axali organizaciuli forma: manufaqtura, ramac Seudareblad gazarda Sromis nayofiereba. am
periodSi Camoyalibda Sromis is kultura, romelsac Cven, qarTvelebi, `germanuls~ veZaxiT. Tumca eTnikuri momenti aq arafer SuaSia, XIII saukunis germanelebi arafriT ar iyvnen ufro
metad mSromelebi vidre, magaliTisaTvis, maTi epoqis italielebi (RmerTmani, piruku iyo). aq arsebiTia ara eTnosi, aramed axali socio-kulturuli sistema.
axal sistemaSi Zireulad icvleba urTierTobebi adamianebs
Soris. vertikalur urTierTobebs horizontaluri cvlis.
amasTan, axali sistema isea organizebuli, rom ayalibebs centralisturi partikularuli tendenciebis gonivrul balanss. ase rom, partikularizmi da calkeul pirTa TviTneboba, Cveni istoriis mTavar ubedurebad rom migvaCnia, genetikurad ki ar Zevs qarTvelTa fsiqologiaSi, aramed socio-kulturuli sistemis xasiaTiTaa ganpirobebuli. gaaqreT es sistema da mediuroba-TviTnebobas saqarTveloSi TanamSromloba Secvlis. magram CvenTan xom farnavazidan saakaSvilamde mudam erTi sistema iyo, aris da iqneba – vertikalurad organizebuli – `feodaluri~.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis arsi
XX saukunis meore naxevridan msoflios rig qveynebSi xdeba gadasvla meore talRis cxovrebis wesidan mesame talRaze.
yalibdeba postindustriuli sazogadoeba. es ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad, informaciul da telekomunikaciur saSualebebs
emyareba. amasTan, postindustriul sazogadoebaze laparakisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom misi daxasiaTebisaTvis imdenad
teqnologiebis maRali donis aRniSvna ki ar aris arsebiTi,
ramdenadac is zegavlena, romelsac es teqnologiebi axdens
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze.
XX saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, socialur da
marTvis sistemebTan dakavSirebul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxada organizebul simravleTa marTvis Teoriis Seqmna, im procesTa analizi, romlebic dakavSirebulia cvladTa didi raodenobis mqone simravleebTan. postindustriuli sazogadoebis efeqturi marTvisaTvis aucilebelia
iseTi sistemebis floba, romelTa funqcionireba milionobiT
adamianis moqmedebaTa koordinacias moiTxovs. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom postindustriul sazogadoebaze gadasvla emTxve14
va iseTi mecnierebebis Seqmnasa da swraf ganviTarebas, rogoricaa kibernetika, informatika, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
Teoria da sxva misTanani. es mecnierebebi ikvleven sxvadasxva
saxis organizebul simravleebs, aanalizeben maTSi mimdinare
procesebs da cdiloben uzrunvelyon sxvadasxva alternativebs Soris optimaluris SerCeva. isini axerxeben racionaluri momentebis gamoyofas TviT ukiduresi ganusazRvrelobis
pirobebSic ki.
organizebul simravleTa marTvis axali meTodebi saSualebas iZleva ganxorcieldes is, rasac cnobili futurologi da
sociologi deniel beli inteleqtualur teqnolodiebs uwodebs. es teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva, intuiciuri msjelobebi algoriTmebiT CavanacvloT. es ukanasknelni SeiZleba materializebul iqnen gamomTvlel manqanebSi, kompiuterul programebSi, anda instruqciaTa imgvar paketebSi, romelnic maTematikur, statistikur an sxva saxis formulebs
emyareba.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, postindustriul sazogadoebas axasiaTebs sazogadoebis programirebis imgvari xarisxi,
romelsac ZaluZs industriulze Seudareblad ufro maRal
doneze maxdinos resursebis mobilizeba. postindustriul
eraSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi inergeba marTvis didi centralizebuli sistemebi. aseTi sistemebi moicaven informacias moxmarebis, jandacvis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis da a. S. Sesaxeb.
d. beli miiCnevs, rom postindustriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sami arsebiTi niSani: a) industriuli
sazogadoebidan servisul sazogadoebaze gadasvla; es niSnavs imas, rom mrewvelobaze didi roli momsaxurebas eniWeba. iseve, rogorc saerTo erovnuli produqtis wilSi,
industriul sazogadoebaze gadasvlisas TandaTan izrdeboda mrewvelobis wili da mcirdeboda soflis meurneobisa, postindustriul doneze gadasvlisas TandaTanobiT
mcirdeba sawarmoo produqciis wili da izrdeba moxmarebis da sainformacio uzrunvelyofis wili; b) Teoriuli
codnis kodificirebis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba teqnologiuri inovaciebisaTvis; es gulisxmobs, rom teqnikuri
progresi SesaZlebelia mxolod Teoriuli codnis umaRlesi ganviTarebis pirobebSi; g) inteleqtualuri teqnologiebis qceva sistemuri analizis da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ZiriTad elementad. aq, cxadia, laparakia ara mxolod sa15
kaxa kacitaZe
bunebismetyvelo, aramed politologiur, sociologiur da
sxva Sesabamis teqnologiebze.
garkveuli azriT yoveli sazogadoeba emyareboda Teoriul codnas. magram postindustriul sazogadoebaSi amgvari
codna axal ganzomilebas iZens. xdeba teqnikisa da mecnierebis Zireuli Serwyma da maT safuZvelze teqnologiis fenomenis warmoSoba. es ar niSnavs teqnikuri ganviTarebis ubralod
axali donis miRwevas, aramed informaciuli momsaxurebis Tvisobrivad axali formis gamoZebnas. kompiuterizebuli informaciuli kartoTekebis Seqmnam SesaZlebeli gaxada axali tipis momsaxurebani, specializebuli informaciuli siebis gayidva sabazro moxmarebisaTvis. amis erT-erTi yvelasaTvis
nacnobi magaliTia TviTmfrinavis bileTebis kompiuterizebuli ganawileba, romlis gareSec Tanamedrove aviaindustria
faqtobrivad gaCerdeboda. am sistemam aviakompanebs saSualeba misca, Semosavali mieRoT ara samuSao Zalis Semcirebis, aramed Sromis ufro efeqturi organizebis da resursebis ukeTesad mobilizebis xarjze.
magram postindustriuli sazogadoeba ar amoiwureba mxolod efeqturi kartoTekebis SeqmniTa da eqspluataciiT. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom Rirebulebis wyarod
gvevlineba ara imdenad fizikuri Sroma (rogorc amas industriul sazogadoebaSi hqonda adgili), aramed informacia. d.
belis azriT: `... rogorc Sroma da kapitali iyo industriuli
sazogadoebis ZiriTadi cvladebi, ise codna da informacia
iqcevian postindustriuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad cvladebad. aqedan gamomdinare, postindustriul sazogadoebaSi
arsebiTad icvleba damatebuli Rirebulebis funqcia.
`damatebul Rirebulebas~, Cveulebriv, moixmaren xolme
romelime produqtis mimarT, romlis saboloo fasi aRemateba im masalis sawyis fass, romlisganac nivTia damzadebuli.
aseTi Rirebuleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas ara mxolod fizikuri
Sromis, aramed informaciis meSveobiTac. udabnom, Tu mas mivuyenebT saTanado informacias mSrali niadagis pirobebSi meurneobis warmoebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba didi mosavali mogvces;
muSis kvalifikaciis amaRleba SeiZleba bevrad momgebiani
iyos, vidre misi samuSao drois gaxangrZliveba; Tu Tavisufal
kapitals droze mivuyenebT saWiro informacias, is xelsayrel investiciad iqceva da a. S.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxeds informaciaze orientirebuli ekonomika warmoadgens, romelic
16
informaciaze sakuTrebas emyareba. informaciul sakuTrebas da mis eqspluatacias rigi specifikuri niSnebi gaaCnia
miwaze, nedleulze da warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTrebasTan SedarebiT. am specifikas informaciuli sakuTrebis
intensiuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs. Tu me gamaCnia eqstensiuri sakuTreba, vTqvaT heqtari miwa, da mis naxevars gavyidi,
sakuTrebaSi mxolod naxevari heqtari damrCeba. xolo Tu
maqvs garkveuli informacia da mis naxevars gavyidi, sakuTrebaSi isev mTeli informacia mrCeba. aqedan gamomdinare,
zogierTi mkvlevari askvnis, rom industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkurencia postindustriul sazogadoebaSi TanamSromlobiT icvleba, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tvisobrivad axal saxes iRebs. rogorc industriul sazogadoebas mrewvelobis ganaxlebisTvis gamudmebiT sWirdeboda warmoebis saSualebebis warmoeba, aseve postindustriul sazogadoebas gamudmebiT sWirdeba axali informaciebis Segroveba da informaciuli saSualebebis miyeneba
arsebul informaciaze am ukanasknelis ufro efeqturad gamoyenebis mizniT. es ki, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs informaciis
dagrovebis, Senaxvis da gadamuSavebis sul axali da axali
sistemebis Seqmnas.
amerikeli sociologi m. porati postindustriul ekonomikaSi informaciul seqtors or qveseqtorad hyofs: 1. `pirveladi informaciuli seqtori~, romelic moicavs im formebs,
romlebic bazrisaTvis awarmoebs informaciul saqonels da
momsaxurebas; 2. `meoradi informaciuli seqtori~, romelic
moicavs samTavrobo sistemebis da im kerZo firmebis momsaxurebas, romelnic informatikul teqnikas da informacias Sinagani samTavrobo, kerZo korporaciuli moxmarebisaTvis
awarmoeben. ukve 1967 wlisaTvis informaciul momsaxurebaTa
wili momsaxurebis saerTo odenobis 46%-s aRwevda, aqedan 25%
pirvel seqtorze modioda, xolo 21% _ meoreze.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebiT didia
informaciuli seqtoris im TanamSromlebis roli, romlebic
koordinacias uweven informaciis sxva seqtoris TanamSromelTa saqmianobas, magaliTad menejerebis, organizebis sakiTxTa specialistebis da a. S. isini postindustriuli sazogadoebis yvelaze maRalSemosavlian pirTa ricxvSi Sedian da
qmnian simdidres informaciis miyenebiT arsebul organizaciul Tu sawarmoo sistemebze. menejers unda SeeZlos ara
mxolod dargebze momuSave muSakebis CarTva erT sistemaSi,
17
kaxa kacitaZe
aramed sxva specialistebsac: finansuri operaciebis, profkavSirebTan da sazogadoebriobasTan urTierTobis, dagegmvis da prognozirebis, dizainis, energiis dazogvis da a. S.
metainformaciuli seqtoris TanamSromlebis gansakuTrebuli roli postindustriuli sazogadoebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. postindustriul sazogadoebaSi
ekonomika TandaTanobiT iRebs servisul xasiaTs. dResdReobiT erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebisas da samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelyofisas ganuxrelad izrdeba momsaxurebis seqtoris wili. mrewveloba erovnul SemosavalSi wiliTa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobiT pirvel adgils TandaTanobiT serviss uTmobs. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, samiode aTwleulis
Semdeg mrewvelobis sferoSi muSaxelis sul 10-15% iqneba dasaqmebuli. imis darad, rogorc aSS-is agrarul seqtorSi
erTi fermeri ramdenime aTeuli adamianis gamosakvebad sakmaris produqcias awarmoebs, samrewvelo sawarmos erTi muSis mier warmoebuli saqoneli aTobiT adamians daakmayofilebs.
jer kidev industriuli eris gariJraJze didma frangma filosofosma rene dekartma wamoayena imgvari mecnierebis idea,
romlis Teoriuli miRwevebi uSualod SeiZleba mimarTuliyo praqtikuli Sedegebis miRebaze. amis miuxedavad, mTeli
industriuli mecniereba umTavresad gamocdilebidan amodioda da Teoriuli ganzogadebebisaken iswrafvoda. postindustriul sazogadoebaSi svla piruku xdeba: fundamenturi mecnierebebidan praqtikisaken. magaliTad, Tu XIX saukuneSi Termodinamikas safuZvlad orTqlis manqanaze dayenebuli cdebi
daedo, XX saukuneSi tranzistoris gamogoneba Sedegi iyo myari sxeulebis fizikis ganviTarebisa, mecnierebisa, romelic
tranzistoris gamogonebamde aTwleulebiT adre Seiqmna.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdegi maxasiaTebelia
masSi mimdinare cvlilebebis permanentuli forsireba. axali teqnologiebis gamogonebasa da danergvas Tan sdevs kidev ufro axal gamogonebaTa daCqareba. amis Sedegad, Tu
industriul sazogadoebaSi teqnologiur progress bazari
`miaTrevda~, postindustriul sazogadoebaSi piriqiT _
teqnologiebi ùbiZgeben~ bazars. cnobil frang filosofos
klod levi-stross ekuTvnis sazogadoebebis klasifikacia
`civad~ da `cxelad~. `civi~ iseTi sazogadoebaa, romelic ar
eswrafvis araviTar inovacias, araviTar cvlilebas. magaliTad avstralieli aborigenebi uars ambobdnen bumerangis ae18
rodinamikuli formis gaumjobesebaze. amis mizezi is iyo,
rom bumerangi winaprebma aseTad Segviqmnes da misi formis
Secvlis veraviTar aucileblobas ver vxedavTo. amis sapirispirod, industriuli sazogadoeba ukve `cxeli~ sazogadoebaa, xolo postindustriuls, am gagebiT, albaT `mduRare~
unda vuwodoT.
postindustriuli ekonomikis zogadi
daxasiaTeba
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdeg specifikas Seadgens is, rom masSi ekonomikis malimitirebel rols informacia asrulebs. malimitireblad iTvleba faqtori, romelic
zRudavs meurneobis umTavresi dargebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. magaliTad, agrarul sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadi dargi soflis meurneoba iyo, xolo malimitireblis rolSi, Cveulebriv, nayofieri miwebis nakleboba gamodioda. industriuli sazogadoeba orientirebuli iyo saqonlis damzadebaze,
xolo ZiriTad malimitirebel faqtorad xSirad kapitalis
uqonloba gvevlineboda. postindustriul sazogadoebaSi meurneobriobis safuZvlad iqceva imgvari informaciis warmoeba, romelic mniSvnelovnad zrdis yvela sxva dargis (soflis
meurneoba, mrewveloba, energetika da a. S.) efeqturobas. amitom aseTi informaciis uqonloba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs meuneobis ZiriTdi dargebis ganviTarebas.
bevri dRevandeli ganviTarebuli saxelmwifosaTvis malimitirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis energia. amitom energoresursebis (upirveles yovlisa, navTobis) floba umniSvnelovanes politikur faqtorad iqceva. magram informaciis malimitirebeli xasiaTi mainc mTeli TaviT aRemateba energiis wyaroebisas. bolosdabolos, saTanado informaciis arsebobis
pirobebSi SesaZlebelia tradiciuli resursebis axali formebiT aTviseba, maTi Semcvelobis sinTezireba, an sulac energiis axali wyaroebis gamoZebna. amitom postindustriul sazogadoebaSi miwa, Sroma da kapitali aRar aris malimitirebeli faqtorebi, energoresursebi – SefardebiT malimitirebeli faqtoria, xolo codna – umTavresi malimitirebeli faqtori. amitom ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlena TandaTanobiT informaciis mwarmoebelTa xelSi gadadis.
informacia Rirebulebas qmnis, upirveles yovlisa maSin,
rodesac mas uSualod yidian. informaciis gayidva xSirad pa19
kaxa kacitaZe
tentis gayidvis saxes iRebs. zogjer patentis qona ufro momgebiania, vidre mTeli qarxnisa1 .
mrewvelobis is dargebi, romelTa informaciuli baza Tanamedrove codnis umaRles doneze dgas, mTeli TaviT uswrebs
sxva dargebs. maT SeuZliaT iseTi saqonlis warmoeba, romelic
TviTonve uqmnis bazars sakuTar Tavs (magaliTad, parfiumerul an eleqtronul mrewvelobaSi) an _ imdenad zrdian Sromis nayofierebas, rom ukan itoveben konkurentebs.
postindustriul sazogadoebaze gadasvlas umniSvnelovanesi Zvrebi mosdevs sabanko-sakredito da, saerTod, finansur
sferoSi. postindustriuli sazogadoeba kredits emyareba.
saqmiani garigebebi xdeba ara erTi xelidan meoreSi naRdi fulis an oqros gadacemiT, aramed erTi angariSidan meoreze safinanso informaciis gadacemiT. umravles postindustriul
saxelmwifoebSi sagadasaxdelo operaciebi sakredito baraTebiT an sabanko orderebiT xorcieldeba. TviT saxelmwifo
Tavis sabiujeto operaciebs, rogorc wesi, iseTi sakredito
saSualebebiT axorcielebs, romlebic Tavisi fasiT aRemateba saxelmwifos oqros marags. sakredito baraTebis gamoyeneba arnaxul masStabs aRwevs. aSS-Si miRweuli teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva, sabanko operaciebi ganxorcieldes ormxrivi satelevizio kavSiris gamoyenebiT.
yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas iZleva, postindustriuli sazogadoebis meurneobriobis wesi daxasiaTdes rogorc
moqnili warmoeba. industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
ukanasknel etapze, e. w. `masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoebaSi~, axal produqciaze moTxovnilebis zrdasTan erTad, konkurenciis safuZvlad iqceva ara SefardebiTi mwarmoebluroba, aramed SefardebiTi fasi. industriul sazogadoebaSi warmateba ara imdenad novators SeiZleba xvdes wilad, ramdenadac mas, vinc ufro iaffasian produqcias gamouSvebs. aseTi
meurneobrioba moiTxovs msxvili masStabis, produqciis masobrivad mwarmoebel fabrika-qarxnebs, rasac, Tavis mxriv,
mosdevs rogorc teqnologiis, ise produqciis standartizacia. warmoebis teqnologiis sakmarisad standartizaciis Semdeg masobrivi warmoeba ufro iaffasiani muSaxelis da nedleulis mqone qveyanaSi gadaaqvT. informaciul-intensiuri teq1
sainteresoa, rom patentebis gacemis mxriv msoflio liderebi arian
iaponia da Sveicaria. zogjer wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiaSi ufro meti
patenti gaicemoda, vidre erTad aRebul aSS-Si, ssrk-Si da evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi.
20
nologiebi àrbilebs~ masobrivi warmoebis teqnologiurad
mkacr CarCoebs. Tu fasis minimalizebaze mimarTuli standartuli midgoma moiTxovs maRalspecializebuli manqanebis ganviTarebas, manqanebisa, romelTac uzarmazari raodenobiT SeuZlia awarmoos erTi da mxolod erTi produqti, manqanaTa
Semdegi Taoba moaxerxebs konukrentunarianobis miRwevas Sinagani moqnilobis xarjze. aseTi qarxana SeiZleba Sedgebodes
SedarebiT universaluri daniSnulebis mqone Carxebisagan,
romelTac robotebi emsaxureba da kompiuterebi akontrolebs. aseTi warmoebis saSualebebs avtomatizebuli procesis
farglebSi SeuZlia farTo speqtris detalebis damzadeba.
masobrivi warmoebis teqnologiidan moqnili warmoebis
teqnologiaze gadasvlas mosdevs masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoebidan Tvisobrivi cxovrebis sazogadoebaze gadasvla.
sociologi e. eTcioni aRwers sazogadoebas, romelic misi wevrebis moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs ara imdenad moxmarebis
produqtebis raodenobrivi matebiT, ramdenadac adamianis sakuTar TavTan, sxva adamianebTan da bunebasTan harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis miRweviT. Tvisobrivi sazogadoeba uzrunvelyofs Tvisobriv cvlilebebs erT sulze SemosavalSi, rac imiT
gamoixateba, rom Semosavlis zrda aRwevs iseT zRvars, rodesac arsebobs saSualeba Tvisobrivi parametrebis mqone produqciis SeZenisa. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sociologebsa da futurologebs ara aqvT erTnairi azri Tvisobrivi
cxovrebisa da masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoebaTa Soris
msgavseba-gansxvavebaze. amasTan, yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom
postindustriuli sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTarebasTan
erTad ganuxrelad gaizrdeba servisSi (am sityvis ufarToesi
gagebiT) dasaqmebul adamianTa wili. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom postindustriuli sazogadoebis servisi principulad
gansxvavebulia industriul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli servisisagan. am ukanasknelis servisis ZiriTad nawils Seadgenen
sxvadasxva saxis mosamsaxureebi, agreTve, wvrili vaWrebis da
xelosnebis zogierTi jgufi. yvela eseni TavianTi saqmianobisaTvis ar saWiroebdnen gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, Tu,
rasakvirvelia, gansakuTrebul kvalifikaciad ar miviCnevT
imas, rom mewaRes unda hqonoda fexsaxmlis Sesakerad saWiro
Cvevebi, xolo mesaaTes _ saaTis SesakeTeblad saWironi. maSin, rodesac postindustriul sazogadoebaSi servisis sferoSi dakavebuli muSakisaTvis aucilebelia kvalifikacia,
xolo zogjer _ metakvalifikaciac ki.
21
kaxa kacitaZe
infrastruqtura da urbanistika
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi adekvatur cvlilebebs
ganicdis infrastruqturac. am terminis qveS igulisxmeba
sxvadasxva arxebis sistema, romelic sazogadoebis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs, gacvalon materialuri da sulieri faseulobebi. am arxebis organizeba, finansireba, eqspluatacia da
marTva, Cveulebriv, mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. infrastruqturis pirvel istoriul sistemas transporti warmoadgenda. gzebi da gadaadgilebis saSualebebi erTianobaSi kravda sazogadoebis lokalur monakveTebs da axorcielebda adamianebis da saqonlis gadanacvlebas. meore infrastruqturuli sistema energetikis sferos moicavda: wyals, orTqls, naxSirs, navTobs. mesame infrastruqturas Seadgens konunikaciis saSualebebi: fosta, gazeTi, telefoni, telegrafi, radio,
televizia, kompiuterizebuli sistemebi da a. S.
uaxloes aTwleulSi swored mesame infrastruqturaSia mosalodneli umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi. es cvlilebebi
albaT ganxorcieldeba telefonis, kompiuteris, faqsis, sakabelo televiziis da videodiskuri teqnologiis Semdgomi
Serwymis paralelurad.
infrastruqturulma cvlilebebma saTanado zegavlena
unda moaxdinos mosaxleobis ganlagebaze. es gavlena, pirvel
rigSi, albaT qalaqTganlagebas Seexeba. agrarul sazogadoebaSi qalaqebi yalibdeboda xelsayrel adgilebze, saxmeleTo savaWro gzebis gayolebiT, mdinareTa SesarTavebTan, sazRvao sanapiroebze. industriul epoqebSi qalaqebi iqmneboda resursebis bazebis siaxloves (vTqvaT, ruris qalaqebis
zona germaniaSi). industriuli ganviTarebis maRal doneze
gadasvlis paralelurad dedaqalaqebi, rogorc wesi, iqcevian finansur centrebad da marTvis kompleqsebis adgilsamyofelad.
resursul bazas, ekonomikur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,
qalaqebis ganlagebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda
bolo 70-80 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, am monakveTis dasasruls TandaTanobiT iwyeba viTarebis Secvla. magaliTad, omis
Semdeg aSS-is ekonomikur-geografiuli ruka ZiriTadad Sidapolitikuri faqtorebis gavleniT icvleboda da ara resursuliT. amas ganapirobebda is, rom axali saaviacio, raketuli
da kosmosuri kompleqsebi ZiriTadad samTavrobo kontraqtebis safuZvelze igebodnen da gadawyvetilebas _ sad ganelagebinaT isini: texasSi, kaliforniaSi Tu aSS-s Crdilo-aRmo22
savleTSi _ politikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iRebdnen. aviasatransporto gadazidvebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
Seiqmna giganturi sakvanZo àviaqalaqebi~: hiustoni, denveri,
atlanta da dalasi, romlebic swrafad gadaiqcnen regionalur centrebad da Tavis garSemo Semoikribes samrewvelo da
komerciuli saqmianoba. telekomunikaciebis axali saSualebebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mosalodnelia resursul bazebTan qalaqis siaxlovis mniSvnelobis Semcireba (magram ara gaqroba). korporaciebs Stab-binebi xSirad gadaaqvT gareubnebSi. kvleviTi laboratoriebis, axali universitetebis da didi
samecniero centrebis ganlageba ukve naklebad aris damokidebuli resursebis bazebTan siaxloveze. isini ufro ganaTlebis an didi politikis centrebis da im qalaqebis siaxloves
koncentrirdebian, sadac gabatonebulia cxovrebis ufro Tavisufali wesi.
futurologebi sxvadasxva Sexedulebisani arian qalaqebis
ganviTarebaze postindustriul epoqaSi. b. f. skineri miiCnevs,
rom ganviTarebuli komunikaciebis epoqaSi dRevandeli mouqneli da Znelad samarTi qalaqebi adgils dauTmoben patar-patara qalaqTa qselebs. varaudoben, rom Seiqmneba e. w. xazovani qalaqebi, romelTac ar eqnebaT tradiciuli centraluri
moednebi da savaWro centrebi. f. jorji ufro Sorsac midis
da varaudobs xazovan qalaqTa globaluri qselis Seqmnas
erTi mxriv evropidan cimbirisaken, xolo meore mxriv, evropidan mcire aziis gavliT (e.i. saqarTvelos uSualo siaxloves) indoeTisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTisaken.
igive f. jorji ar gamoricxavs, agreTve, dabrunebas cxovrebis mcire `gvarovnuli~ formebisaken: àucilebelia moTxovnileba `mTeli samyarosadmi~ Serwymul iqnes ojaxuri tipis kamerul TanamegobrobasTan. ramdenad SenarCundeba didi
saqmiani korporaciebi, calke sakiTxia. bunebrivia, aseve darCeba maTi zomis problema. didi ekonomikuri erTeulebi unda
funqcionirebdes mcireebTan gverdigverd. pirvelni imuSaveben marketingis moTxovnilebebze, xolo meoreni daakmayofileben Sromis sasicocxlo moTxovnilebas~, _ wers igi.
rasakvirvelia, futurologebi Soreuli momavlis perspeqtivis prognozirebas cdiloben, magram maT mier gamoyofil
tendenciebs, aseve, sWirdeba yuradRebis miqceva.
bunebrivia, rom teqnologiuri ganviTareba sofelsac Seexeba. momavlis sofeli ekologiurad ufro dabalansebuli
iqneba, saxlebis gasaTbobad moixmareba energiis aratradici23
kaxa kacitaZe
uli saSualebani. gaizrdeba saxlis farglebSi momuSaveTa ricxvi, amasTan, soflebi bevrad ufro TviTuzrunvelyofilni
iqneba, vidre odesme.
dagegmva postindustriul sazogadoebaSi
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad
icvleba dagegmvis roli da funqciebi. imis miuxedavad, rom
wamyvan seqtorad kerZo rCeba, arsebobs erovnuli dagegmvis
sxvadasxva formebi.
erovnuli dagegmvis erT-erT nairsaxeobad SegviZlia miviCnioT informaciis sferoSi makoordinebeli moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba. TiTqmis yvela didi korporacia amuSavebs xuTwlian, zogjer aTwlian gegmebsac ki, iseTi mimarTulebiT, rogoricaa produqcia, kapitaldabandebebi, samuSao Zalis saWiro odenoba, axali nagebobebis aucilebloba da a. S. saxelmwifo sainformacio kompiuterizebuli sistemebis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba yvela am saxis informaciis Tavmoyra da mis safuZvelze saxelmwifo da korporaciuli politikis koreqtireba.
erovnuli dagegmvis sxvagvari saxeoba gamoiyenes frangma
socialistebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg. am models
induqtiur dagegmvas uwodeben. induqtiuri dagegmvisas ramdenime aTasi dargobrivi komiteti dagegmvis komisariatis meSveobiT axdens TavianTi ekonomikuri moRvaweobis gegmebis koordinirebas. koordinireba xorcieldeba imgvari samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZvelze, romelnic mimarTulia ama Tu im dargis stimulirebaze sakredito politikis
meSveobiT.
dagegmvis Semdeg nairsaxeobas warmoadgens erovnuli miznebis gansazRvra. magaliTad, sabinao mSeneblobis an infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis mizniT dgeba strategiuli gegmebi, Semdeg ki, Tvalyurs uweseben SemuSavebul mizanTa ganxorcielebis tempebs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba am tempebis
daCqareba gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, kreditebis gafarToebiT an sxva saSualebebiT.
gansakuTrebul situaciebSi xorcieldeba e. w. direqtiuli dagegmva. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs prioritetuli miznebis gansazRvras. mTavroba prioritetebis safuZvelze anawilebs masalebsa da samuSao Zalas Sesabamis sawarmoebs Soris. am dros ara imdenad mTlianad ekonomikis dagegmva xor24
cieldeba, ramdenadac gadamwyveti seqtorebis mkacri kontroli.
rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia dasaxelebuli variantebis
sxvadasxvagvari kombinaciebi. erovnuli formis arCeva politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimReb pirTa kompetenciaSi Sedis. amasTan, rogorc d. beli wers: `SemuSavebis procesSi
myof kompiuterebsa da sakomunikacio sistemebs xelewifebaT ganaxorcielon aseTi dagegmva, magram, erTob rTul sakiTxad rCeba amgvari dagegmvis Sesabamisoba individualur
TavisuflebebTan~.
codna da ganaTleba postindustriul
sazogadoebaSi
postindustriuli sazogadoeba moiTxovs ganaTlebis sistemis gansakuTrebul organizacias. swavlebis rogorc kvalifikaciis micemis cneba icvleba ganaTlebis, rogorc metakvalifikaciis Camoyalibebis cnebiT. kvalifikacia gulisxmobs
swavlebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Cvevebis ubralo gamoyenebas, xolo metakvalifikacia _ imgvar codnas, romelic axali informaciis moZebnis, seleqciis da aTvisebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
metakvalifikacia ar amoiwureba mxolod im jgufiT, romelsac, tradiciulad, inteligencias uwodeben. magaliTad,
soflis meurneobis muSaks unda gaaCndes ara mxolod soflis meureobisaTvis saWiro tradiciuli Cvevebi e. i. kvalifikacia, aramed _ metakvalifikaciac. fermers informacia
unda hqondes ara mxolod sasuqebze da hibridul Teslebze,
veterinarul saSualebebsa da pesticidebze, kombainsa da
traqtorze, aramed unda SeeZlos aRricxva da kontroli,
Tvalyuris devneba axali teqnologiebisa da bioteqnologiebisaTvis, am sferoSi misTvis saintereso informaciis seleqcia, kompiuteris moxmareba. fermerma Tavisi metakvalifikaciiT unda icodes, vis da rodis mimarTos: iurists, veterinars, momaragebis agents da a. S. erTi sityviT, soflis meurenobac emyareba saWiro informaciis miRebis, Segrovebisa da damuSavebis unars.
amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom postindustriul sazogadoebaSi did mniSvnelobas iZens mecnierebis is aratradiciuli
dargebi, romlebic, upiratesad, metakvalifikaciisaTvis
aris gamiznuli. laparakia iseT mecnierebebze, rogoricaa:
25
kaxa kacitaZe
marTvis sistemebis organizacia, marTvis socialuri fsiqologia, gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da TamaSis Teoriebi da
sxv.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-konstruqciul
samuSaoebs (sksks). cnobili eqspertis T. sTouneris azriT,
ìndustriuli sazogadoebis postindustriulze mwyobri gadasvlis saukeTeso strategia ganaTlebisa da samecnierokvleviTi, sacdel-konstruqciuli gamokvlevebis farTomasStabiani danergvaa... sksks sistema mimarTuli unda iyos im simdidris Seqmnaze, romelic emsaxureba ekonomikis sazogadoebrivi seqtoris ganviTarebas~.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma
Tavisi daRi daasva individis specifikis gagebas. garda axali tipis ganaTlebisa da metakvalifikaciisa postindustriul sazogadoebaSi pirovnebas moeTxoveba xatebiT, simboloebiTa da abstraqciebiT operirebis unari, logikuri azrovneba da ideebis naTlad gamoxatva. industriuli sazogadoeba awinaurebda iseTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs, rogoricaa
sizuste, pedanturoba, erTiani centraluri xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebis unari, imis kargad codna, Tu rogor
funqcionirebs biurokratiuli aparati, meqanikur da
erTgvarovan samuSaoebTan Seguebis unari da a. S. mesame talRis, e. i. postindustriul sazogadoebas gaaCnia individualuri Tvisebebis dafasebis iseTi kriteriumebi, romlebic
yovelTvis ar emTxveva industriuli sazogadoebis kriteriumebs. ukve iTqva, rom mesame talRis sazogadoeba adamianSi
afasebs SemecnebiT unarebsa da ganaTlebas. amas garda, postindustriul sazogadoebaSi fasdebian adamianebi, romelTac axasiaTebT:
• cvlilebebTan swrafad Seguebis unari;
• moqniloba _ maT erTsa da imeve dros SeuZliaT ramdenime bosTan muSaoba da Tu saWiroa, Tavadac gasweven xelmZRvanelobas;
• cnobismoyvareoba _ maT ainteresebT, ra xdeba da surT,
gavlena moaxdinon mimdinare procesebze;
• unari, SeinarCunon TavdaWera gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi;
• erTi specialobisaTvis samudamod gamomuSavebuli Cveva,
amave dros, _ ramdenime sferoSi muSaobis gamocdileba
da erTi sferodan meoreSi ideebis gadatanis unaric SeswevT;
26
•
•
•
SeuZliaT, Seasrulon Semrigeblisa da Suamavlis roli da
aqvT kritikul situaciaSi moqmedebis Cveva. SeuZliaT, mousminon orive mxares da gansxvavebuli poziciebi misaRebi formiT Camoayalibon;
unari, daiwyon axali saqme; iyvnen aRmsruleblebi;
isini `realisturad~ meocnebeni arian, aqvT ganviTarebuli warmosaxva da, rac mTavaria, momavalze ufro arian
orientirebulni, vidre _ warsulze.
postindustriuli sazogadoeba, aseve, daafasebs ucxo enebis codnas, gansxvavebul kulturaTa gagebisa da maTTan Seguebis unars. Tanac, yovelive amas eqneba ara mxolod Teoriuli mniSvneloba, aramed ufro _ praqtikuli. magaliTad, iaponelebTan saqmis warmatebiT daWerisaTvis aucilebelia
maTi kulturis rig TaviseburebebSi kargad garkveva.
Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom zemoT CamoTvlil TvisebaTa umravlesoba Cadebulia qarTvelTa erovnul xasiaTSi. ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom Cveni erovnuli xasiaTis zogierTi Cveva, romelic xels gviSlida industruili ganviTarebis etapze, sasargeblonic ki aRmoCndnen postindustriul sazogadoebaSi. sayuradReboa, rom Cveni msgavsi xasiaTis da mentalitetis mqone italielebma Zlian did warmatebas miaRwies postindustriul etapze. amitom saWiroa imgvari stabiluri politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri struqturebis Seqmna,
romelic Cveni xasiaTis am Tvisebebis pozitiurad warmarTvis
saSualebas mogvcems.
ganviTarebul postindustriul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo Zlierebas metad aRar gansazRvravs mxolod samxedro Zla,
anda energoresursebis floba. umTavres erovnul simdidred
iqceva zemoTCamoTvlili unarebiT dajildovebul adamianTa raodenoba. iaponiis an Sveicariis simdidris mTavari wyaro bunebriv resursebs ki ar emyareba, aramed maT moqalaqeTa
daostatebas, ganaTlebasa da samuSao disciplinas. yovelive
zemoTqmuli aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
postindustriuli sazogadoeba da
globalizacia
postindustriuli sazogadoeba atarebs transnacionalur,
ufro zustad, planetarul xasiaTs. amasTan, saqme transnacionalur korporaciaTa eqspansiur bunebaSi ki ar aris, aramed
Tavad postindustriuli sazogadoebis funqcionirebis wes27
kaxa kacitaZe
Si. Tu XIX saukunis inglisSi orTqlmavlebis warmoeba mTlianad erT qalaqSi _ lidsSi iyo koncentrirebuli (lidsSi warmoebul orTqlmavlebs evropis yvela trasaze SexvdebodiT),
`jeneral motorsis~ uaxloesi modeli rva qveyanaSi iwyoba kidev ufro met qveyanaSi damzadebuli nawilebisagan. globaluri informaciuli sistemebis Seqmnis garda ekonomikis planetarizacias xels uwyobs transportis da kavSiris sistemebis
gaiafeba. dResdReobiT satransporto xarjebi sabolood
produqtis fasis mxolod ramdenime procents Seadgens, rac
xels uwyobs mrewvelobis Sromatevadi dargebis gadatanas
ufro iafi muSaxelis mqone qveynebSi. garda amisa, informaciis saerTaSoriso sistemebis Seqmna sul ufro da ufro farTo masStabiT moiTxovs internacionalur TanamSromlobas;
amitom amgvari TanamSromloba vinmes nebisagan damoukideblad, adre Tu gvian, albaT mTel dedamiwas moicavs.
rasakvirvelia, msoflio istoria savsea sxvadasxva qveynebisa da kontinentebis TandaTanobiTi daaxloebis magaliTebiT da, am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli msoflio istoria aris sxvadasxva qveynebisa da xalxebis mier globaluri daaxloebis kuTxiT gadadgmuli neli da swrafi nabijebis erTgvari nakrebi.
arSemdgari `globalizaciis~ magaliTebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT elinizmis an jvarosnuli laSqrobebis epoqa. magram
amgvari daaxloebis tempebi revoluciurad swrafad mxolod
orjer ganxorcielda.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi _ XIX da XXs-ebis mijnaze msoflio Sevida aqtiuri urTierTobebis fazaSi imis safuZvelze, rom vaWrobam da investiciebma orTqlmavlis, telefonis da konveieris wyalobiT globaluri masStabiT daiwyo gavrceleba. globalizaciis pirveli talRis iseTma Teoretikosebma, rogorebic iyvnen r. rozleni da j. braiti, mravali ekonomistisa da
mewarmisaTvis damajereblad daasabuTes is garemoeba, rom Tavisufali vaWroba aucileblad gamoiwvevda msoflio ekonomikur zrdas. urTierTdamokidebulebaze damyarebuli arnaxuli keTildReobis niadagze xalxebi daiviwyeben uTanxmoebas. britaneTi mTeli Tavisi sazRvao, industriuli da finansuri ZlevamosilebiT idga globalizaciis am pirveli talRis
garantad, axorcielebda ra saqonlis gadazidvas da mTavar
arteriebze kontrols. es arteriebi iyo zRvebi da okeaneebi.
britaneTi uzrunvelyofda saerTaSoriso finansuri gaangariSebebis stabilurobas funti sterlingis da inglisis bankis saSualebiT.
28
konfliqtebisaken midrekil msoflio garemoze globalizaciis keTilismyofeli gavlenis ideam yvelaze damajerebeli gamoxatuleba hpova norman einjelis wignSi `didi iluzia~
(1909). iq (xuTi wliT adre pirvel msoflio omamde) avtorma
moiyvana argumentebi imis sasargeblod, rom SeuZlebeli iyo
globaluri konfliqtebis warmoqmna msoflioSi ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulobis momentebis Camoyalibebis gamo
_ 1914 wlamde britaneTi da germania (ZiriTadi sagareo-politikuri antagonistebi) warmoadgendnen Tavisi mniSvnelobiT meore savaWro partniorebs erTmaneTisTvis. es im dros,
roca britaneTis da germaniis sagareo vaWrobaze modioda Sesabamisad mTliani erovnuli produqtis 52% da 38%. magram
1914 wlis agvistoSi erebis globaluri daaxloebis gardauvalobis winaswarmetyvelebam warmoaCina mTeli Tavisi ususureba. pirvelma msoflio omma SeaCera erebis ekonomikur-sainformacio-komunikaciuri daaxloebis procesi yvelaze saSineli meTodiT. globalizaciis sargeblobebma adgili dauTmo geopolitikas, strategiul gaTvlebs, istoriul aRricxvas, Selaxul siamayes, damokidebulobis winaSe SiSs. magaliTisaTvis, ruseTis mTavrobam saWirod CaTvala mieTiTebina ruseTis mTavar monopolistze mis sagareo vaWrobaSi _
germaniaze savaWro damokidebulebis damRupvelobaze (germaniaze modioda ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis 50%).
globalizaciis xelmeored dabadeba (aRorZineba) daiwyo
70-iani wlebis bolos. es moxda postindustriuli paradigmis
gamarjvebasTan erTad, informatikaSi, telekomunikaciebisa
da digitalizaciaSi globaluri radiusis mqone saSualebebis
srulyofaSi araCveulebrivi revoluciis Sedegad. ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis manZilze reaqtiulma aviaciam daaaxlova
yvela kontinenti, xolo kompiuterebis saerTo raodenobis
simZlavre ormagdeboda saSualod Tvramet TveSi erTxel. dawyebuli 1991 wlidan informaciis moculoba diskis TiToeul
santimetrze izrdeboda daaxloebiT 60%-iT weliwadSi. mTel
am garemoebaTa da srulyofaTa Sedegad informaciis gadatanis Rirebuleba dramatulad Semcirda da amJamad informaciis uzarmazari moculobani SesaZlebelia gadatanili iyos telefonis, optikuri kabelis da radio signalis saSualebiT dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi, rac revoluciurad zemoqmedebs
ekonomikur zrdaze.
aSkarad gamoikveTa globalizaciuri procesebis axali xasiaTi. magaliTad, britanuli koncerni ìunilekeri~, romel29
kaxa kacitaZe
sac gaaCnia 500 daqvemdebarebuli kompania 75 qveyanaSi an aSSSi bazirebuli èqsoni~, romlis Semosavlebis 75% modis ara
aSS-ze, nacionalur kompaniebad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba
miviCnioT. transnacionalurma korporaciebma da arasamTavrobo organizaciebma daiwyes erovnuli sazRvrebis aqamde
arnaxuli siadviliT gadalaxva . erTi politologis TqmiT,
iqmneba situacia, rodesac `verc nacionaluri mTavrobebi da
verc adgilobrivi xelisuflebebi ver SeZleben sakuTari ZalebiT im problemebis mogvarebas, romelic Seqmna mzardma
urTierTdamokidebulebam~.
dadgeba globalizaciis meore, Tanamedrove etapi. XXI s-is
dasawyisisaTvis SemuSavebulia SeTanxmeba informaciuli teqnologiebis Sesaxeb, dadebulia mravali xelSekruleba telekomunikaciebisa da finansuri momsaxurebebis Taobaze, miRweulia SeTanxmebebi, romelTac safuZveli daudes msoflio savaWro organizaciis Seqmnas (da mis rigebSi iseTi manamde reglamentirebuli sasaqonlo gacvlebisagan ganze gamdgari qveynebis miRebas, rogoric CineTia). mTavari is aris, rom bevri
qveynis strategia _ dawyebuli iseTi gigantidan, rogoric
aSS-a _ gaxda im barierebis moxsna, romelic xels uSlida kapitalis da savaWro nakadebis gadaadgilebas. mTelma rigma
qveynebma (àziurma vefxvebma~ magaliTad samxreT koream an
singapurma) aCvena araCveulebrivi niWi imisa, rom SesaZlebelia maRali teqnologiebisa da iafi muSaxelis urTierTqmedebis efeqtianad Sexameba, rasac gaadvilebuli urTierTgacvlis pirobebSi mivyavarT swraf ekonomikur zrdasTan. maSasadame, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, CrdiloeT atlantikis
gverdiT dadga aRmosavleTi azia.
amasTan, dRevandeli globalizacia, gansxvavebiT misi
adrindeli nairsaxeobebisagan, postindustriul paradigmas
emyareba. swored amaSia misi Zala. industriuli epoqis resursebi ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mTeli dedamiwis globaluri mocvisaTvis da imisaTvis, rom adamianebis, informaciis da saqonlis gacvla saWiro tempiT ganexorcielebina. aseTi ram mxolod postindustriul epoqaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.
eqspertebis nawilis azriT globalizacia aris procesi,
romelic ganpirobebulia sabazro da ara saxelmwifoebrivi
ZalebiT. imisaTvis, rom moizidon kapitali da ifiqron keTildReobaze, aseve isargeblon sakuTar ekonomikaze, Tanamedrove da momavlis teqnologiebis gavlenis nayofiT, saxelmwifoebma Tavi unda moiqcion dabalansebuli biujetis,
30
ekonomikis privatizaciis, investiciebis da sabazro nakadebis Riaobis, valutis stabilurobis òqros korsetSi~. globalizacia niSnavs cxovrebis homogenizacias: fasebi, produqtebi, jandacvis done da xarisxi, Semosavlebis done, procentiani sabanko ganakveTebi msoflio doneze TandaTan Tanabrdeba. globalizacia cvlis ara marto msoflios ekonomikur procesebs, aramed mis struqturasac. Zalas ikrebs kacobriobaze arnaxuli gavlenis mqone procesi, romelic
transkontinenturi da regionTaSorisi nakadebis generirebas axdens, ris Sedegadac iqmneba globaluri masStabis urTierTdamokidebuleba. ramdenad kargia amgvari unifikacia da
ramdenad Seesabameba igi adamianuri yofierebis fundamentur tendenciebs – sul sxva sakiTxia.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis momavali,
globalizaciis gamowvevebi da saqarTvelo
globalizaciis mTavari niSani Riaobaa, romelic axasiaTebs
msoflio sazogadoebis axal mdgomareobas – axal msoflio
wesrigs. Sida bazris zrda damokidebuli xdeba sazRvargareT
bazris zrdaze. es kredo prezidentma klintonma Camoayaliba
1996 wels jorj vaSingtonis universitetSi gamosvlisas:
`blokebi, barierebi, sazRvrebi, romlebic ganasaxierebdnen
Cveni mSoblebis da maTi mSoblebis droindel msoflios, qreba axali teqnologiebis meSveobiT~...
SesaZloa, msoflios yvelaze didi problema iyos globalizaciis SeTavseba vesternizaciasTan. vesternizacia gulisxmobs erovnuli cxovrebis gadayvanas dasavlur relsebze. es uaRresad mtkivneuli procesia, rasac, sxva rom araferi, islamur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebi aCvenebs. Tumca, veWvobT, rom dRis wesrigSi dgeba SedarebiT farTo problema – modernizacia. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda ori saxis midgoma.
pirveli gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom globalizacia ufro
farTo procesia, vidre vesternizacia da, yvela gagebiT,
emTxveva modernizaciis process. am Tvalsazriss emxrobian
a. hidensi, r. robertsi, m. olborou, u. konoli. aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebma sakmaod damajereblad aCvenes modernizaciuli SesaZleblobebi im sazogadebaSic ki, sadac vesternizacia ar Sexebia sazogadoebis Zireul safuZvlebsa da tradiciebs. aRmosavleTi aziis magaliTi aCvenebs, rom indus31
kaxa kacitaZe
trializacia bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia vesternizaciis gareSe.
meore midgoma: globalizacia warmoadgens, ubralod, dasavluri modernizmis globalur difuzias, ganvrcobas anu gafarToebul vesternizacias _ dasavluri kapitalisa da dasavluri institutebis gavrcelebas (ganvrcobas) _ am azrs
aviTarebs s. aminisa da l. bentonis Teoriebi. gilpini, magaliTad, msoflio internacionalizacias uyurebs, rogorc, ubralod, gafaToebadi amerikuli msoflio wesrigis produqts. a.
kalinikosi da rigi mkvlevarebisa Tanamedrove procesebSi xedavs dasavluri imperializmis axal fazas, sadac erovnuli
mTavrobebi iqcnen monopolisturi kapitalis agentebad. amerikeli Teoretikosis n. gleizeris azriT, globalizacia aris
msoflio masStabiT dasavleTis mier regulirebadi im informaciis da garTobis saSualebebis `gavrceleba, romlebic Sesabamis efeqts axdens im adgilebis faseulobebze, sadac es
iformacia aRwevs...~
evoluciuri midgomis momxreebi, romelTac saTaveSi udganan pirveli sididis Teoretikosi pirovnebebi _ j. rozenau
da a. hidensi, globalizaciis Tanamedrove formas Tvlian
istoriulad uprecedento movlenad da mas uyureben, rogorc
araSejerebads pirvel msoflio omamde periodTan SedarebiT.
es mimdinareoba saxelmwifoebisa da sazogadoebebisagan moiTxovs im ufro urTierTdamokidebul da, amave dros, Zalze
arastabilur msofliosTan TandaTanobiT adaptacias, romelsac axasiaTebs gardauvali socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi da romlis erTianobac Seadgens Tanamedrove sazaogadoebebisa da msoflio wesrigis ganviTarebis arss. globalizacia aris msoflios transformaciis udidesi Zala, romelic
pasuxs agebs sazogadoebebisa da ekonomikebis evoluciaze,
aseve marTvis formebisa da msoflio wesrigis cvlilebebze.
igi TandaTanobiT angrevs samamulosa da ucxouris gagebas da
gansxvavebas saSinao da sagareo problemebs Soris. j. rozenau miuTiTebs tradiciul sazogadoebaSi axali politikuri,
ekonomikuri da socialuri sivrcis Seqmnaze, romelsac makrodoneze unda Seewyon saxelmwifoebi, xolo adgilobriv doneze ki – lokaluri sazogadoebebi.
magram evoluciuri midgomis momxreebi (radikalebisagan
gansxvavebiT) uars amboben, gansazRvron im procesis mimarTuleba, romelmac moicva msoflio da romlis arssac warmoad32
gens moulodneli cvlilebebi, xolo misi mTavari Tvisebaa axali winaaRmdegobebis warmoqmna.
maT SegnebaSi globalizacia asocirdeba axali msoflio
stratifikaciis CamoyalibebasTan, rodesac zogierTi qveyana TandaTan, magram myarad Seva `taifunis TvalSi~ – msoflio
ganviTarebis centrSi, maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi uimedod
marginalizdebian. magram sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris `daSorebis~, `ganxeTqilebis~ miuxedavad, ar moxdeba saxelmwifoebis
dayofa-klasifikacia sistemiT: `pirveli~ da `meore~ samyaro.
msoflio ufro rTuli iqneba.
moxdeba TviT cnebebis `Zalis~ da `Zlierebis~ radikaluri
cvlileba. suverenuli saxelmwifoebi SeinarCuneben sakuTar
teritoriaze gavlenas (xelisuflebas), magram nacionaluri
suverenitetis paralelurad gafarTovdeba saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis gavlenis zonac.
bunebrivia, rom globalizacia useriozules problemebs wamoWris qarTveli eris winaSe. istoriuli gamocdileba gveubneba, rom `protoglobalizaciebi~ saqarTvelosaTvis sikeTis
momtani iyo. elinizms iberiis samefos Seqmna mohyva, jvarosnul laSqrobebs Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis gaZliereba da kulturis arnaxuli ayvaveba. amitom, Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom
azri, TiTqos globalizacia Cveni TviTmyofadobis dakargvas
da kulturul gaTqvefas moitans, arasworia (bolosdabolos,
iaponiisa da samxreT koreis magaliTi mainc ar gvqondes Tvalwin). problema globalizaciaSi ki ar aris, aramed _ Cvens uunarobaSi, SevimuSaoT strategia, Tu rogor SevxvdeT globalizacias. globalizacia, cxadia, gamowvevaa, magram _ iseTi gamowveva, romelic swori politikis SemTxvevaSi sikeTed iqceva
(sxva saqmea, rom aseTi politika ara gvaqvs). cxadia, globalizacia gamowvevaa, vinaidan, rogorc cnobili rusi politikosi
da ekonomisti g. iavlinski amtkicebs, mis Sedegad 2050 wlisaTvis aRar iarsebebs ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi.
iarsebebs mxolod ganviTarebuli qveynebi da isini, visac samaradisod ganuviTarebloba arguna bedma, ufro metad ki _ sakuTarma bedovlaTobam. saqarTvelos aqvs Sansi, postindustriuli paradigma da globalizacia gamoiyenos imisaTvis, raTa
moxvdes òqros miliardSi~ anu msoflios ganviTarebul erebs
Soris. magram Tu xelisuflebac da eric bedovlaTobas gamoiCens, igive procesi istoriis sanagveze mogvisvris.
gavrcelebulia azri, rom postindustriuli paradigmis
realizeba CvenTan `zemodan~ unda ganxorcieldes. is TiTqos
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kaxa kacitaZe
brZenma avtokratorma xelisuflebam unda gaataros, romelmac, “bneli masisgan” gansxvavebiT, icis, ra aris postindustriuli sazogadoeba, globalizacia da modernizacia. magaliTisaTvis, am dros Cile, samxreT korea da taivani mohyavT.araferia ufro absurduli, vidre es mtkiceba. metic, mas pirdapir mivyavarT istoriis sanagvisaken. saqme isaa, rom postindustriuli paradigma mxolod demokratiis pirobebSi xorcieldeba, vinaidan informaciis Tavisufali floba da gamoyeneba, rac postindustriuil paradigmis safuZvelia, mxolod
demokratiis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. am mtkicebis avtorebs
aviwydebaT, rom Cilemac, samxreT koreamac da taivanmac, avtoritaruli politikuri reJimis pirobebSi ganaxorcieles ara
postindustriuli, aramed industriuli modernizacia. da
rogorc ki maTi ganviTareba logikurad mivida postindustriul doneze, yvela maTganSi demokratia damyarda.
ase rom, saqarTveloSi an iqneba realuri demokratia, xelisuflebebis realuri danawevrebiT, realuri TviTmmarTvelobiT, realurad Tavisufali sasamarTloTi, mediiT da biznesiT, an movaxdenT naxtoms ufskrulSi. da Tu es ukanaskneli
`gmiroba~ CavidineT, modiT es sakuTar Tavs davabraloT da
ara postindustrializacias, globalizacias, ruseTs, amerikas an, saerTod, ucxoplanetelebs.
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marina musxeliSvili
demokratizacia rogorc demokratiis
ganviTarebis alternativa
sazogadoebis ganviTarebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva forma da
mizani hqondes. zogjer mas SeiZleba erTi gacxadebuli mizani gaaCndes da sazogadoebas isini marTavdnen, vinc am miznisken mimavali gza ukeTesad ician. sxva SemTxvevaSi, erTi gacxadebuli mizani SeiZleba arc iyos. aseT dros ganviTareba individualuri proeqtebis jamia, xolo politikuri mmarTveloba am proeqtebis warmomadgenlobis safuZvelze formirdeba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi ganviTareba „Caketilia“: sazogadoebas
ganviTarebis erTi dominanturi ideologia aqvs, romlis legitimacia mxolod ualternativo SeiZleba iyos (Tu ra mizeziT warmoiSva aseTi ualternativoba, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, es ar aris maincdamainc istoricizmi, romlis Sesaxeb wers
karl poperi).1 aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebi arian mcodneni,
eqspertebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, romlebic ufro ukeT erkvevian ganviTarebis miznebSi, vidre Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis miswrafebebSi. meore SemTxvevaSi saerTo ganviTareba aris Ria da
arasworxazovani, is xan erT mxares ixreba, xan meore mxares,
imis mixedviT, Tu rogori individualuri mizanswrafvebi da
interesebi axdens masze gadamwyvet gavlenas (SesaZloa, sakmaod xangrZlivs). Zalaufleba politikosTa xelSia, mosaxleobis garkveuli (SesaZloa, Zalian didi) nawilis mimarT maT
warmomadgenlobiTi funqcia gaaCniaT. ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, sazogadoebis sruli solidarobis miRwevis SemTxvevaSic ki, nawilobrivi legitimuroba axasiaTebs da is SeiZleba
gadaisinjos. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis calkeuli wevri ganviTarebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi araviTar rols
ar TamaSobs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mas SeuZlia azri gamoTqvas
misi meTodze an miRwevis xarisxze. meore SemTxvevaSi mas ZaluZs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc erTze, aseve meoreze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi ideologia sazogadoebas warmarTavs misi
xelmZRvanelobis xeliT, meore SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba mravalricxovan ideologiebs Tavad warmoqmnis da politikasac
TviTonve karnaxobs xelisuflebas.
1
Êàðë Ïîïïåð, Îòêðûòîå îáùåñòâî è åãî âðàãè, Êèåâ, Íèêà-Öåíòð, 2005
35
marina musxeliSvili
ueWvelia, rom ganviTarebis pirveli gza totalitarul reJimebs mogvagonebs, xolo meore – liberalur demokratiebs.
magram yvelaferi ase martivi ar aris. mocemuli statiis mizania, aCvenos, rom ganviTarebis pirveli gza SeiZleba sakmaod warmatebiT ganxorcieldes formalurad aratotalitarul reJimebSic, romlebsac pretenzia aqvT demokratiis statusze. metic, „demokratizacia“ _ rogorc demokratiebis
ganviTarebis meTodi da ganviTarebis saSualeba _ Tanamedrove samyaroSi mniSvnelovanwilad Seesatyviseba ganviTarebis swored pirvel da ara meore proeqts.
winamdebare statiaSi Cven ar SevecdebiT demokratizaciis
miznebisa da idealebis gaufasurebas (isini, rogorc Cans, Tavisi arsebiT mocemuli konteqstisTvis umniSvneloa). statia
am miznebis miRwevis meTodebzea mimarTuli. marSal maklueni
werda, rom „komunikaciis saSualeba aris uwyeba“ (the message),
da „uwyebis Sinaarsi xorcis naWeria, romelsac Cveni gonebis
mcvel ZaRls ugdeben, raTa misi sifxizle moadunon“.1 komunikaciis procesis struqtura, romelic demokratizaciis dominantur erTganzomilebian ideologias warmoSobs – swored
isaa, rasac aq ganvixilavT. Cven ganvasxvavebT demokratizacias, rogorc uwyebis Sinaarssa da demokratizacias, rogorc
politikuri komunikaciis meTods (saSualebas).
1. substanciuri da proceduruli demokratiebi
ukanaskneli 15-20 weli Cven demokratizaciis procesSi vimyofebiT. Tu ra aris demokratia, amaze yovel individs sakuTari pasuxi aqvs. politikuri komunikaciis procesSi misi monawileni gansazRvraven im mravalgvar mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss, romlebic maT axasiaTebs da mocemul cnebasTanaa asocirebuli, xolo Semdeg maT safuZvelze aSeneben TavianT politikur urTierTobebs. da Tuki demokratias, rogorc orsaxa ianuss, gaaCnia iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic sxvadasxva individisTvis sxvadasxvagvarad momxiblavia, maSin TiToeuls am
saxeTagan Tavisi Tayvanismecemeli eyoleba, romelic mTelTan mis asocirebas Seecdeba.
mTelis gansazRvrisaTvis Tanaswor konkurencias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac „demokratia“ sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli bazris ideebisa da cnebebis produqti da konceptia. mag1
Ìàðøàëë Ìàêëþåí, ïîíèìàíèå Ìåäèà: âíåøíèå ðàñøèðåíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà. ÌîñêâàÆóêîâñêèé, Êàíîí-ïðåññ-Ö, Êó÷êîâî ïîëå, 2003
36
ram imis gamo, rom CvenTvis demokratia aris mibaZvis garegani
obieqti, aq misi azrobrivi datvirTva warmoiqmneba ara imdenad sazogadoebis Sinagani komunikaciidan, aramed is mniSvnelovanwilad garedan Semodis didi damaxinjebiT. es ukanaskneli garemoeba ki aixsneba msgavsi komunikaciis asimetriulobiT. gareSe Sinaarsi garkveul prioritets iZens Sinagan mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT, imis gamo, rom Cven masze didi gavlena ara gvaqvs (komunikacia calmxrivia). amgvari damaxinjeba SeiZleba davinaxoT mraval konceptze dayrdnobiT, romlebic
demokratias ukavSirdeba, magram aq Cven visargeblebT da qvemoT ganvsazRvravT maT „ianus-demokratiis“ mxolod ori saxiT: misi proceduruli da substanciuri gagebiT.
proceduruli midgoma demokratizaciis realizacias eZiebs ara politikuri ganviTarebis mizniT, aramed mis meTodebSi
aqcents akeTebs politikur Tanasworobaze iseTi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, romlebic winaswar
ar aris gansazRvruli. „...kanonisa da demokratiis wminda proceduruli Teoria...niSnavs imas, rom /politikuri/ procesis
Sedegebis Sefaseba xdeba mxolod im proceduridan gamomdinare, romlidanac isini warmoiqmna“.1 substanciuri (arsobrivi) midgoma afasebs ara marto proceduras, aramed Sedegsac.
is eyrdnoba demokratiis arsis, rogorc institucionaluri
politikuri reJimis mkafio gansazRvrebas, romelic demokratiis mSeneblobisa da politikuri ganviTarebis mizansa da
amocanas warmoadgens. „...mxolod arsobrivi principebis meSveobiT, romlebic procesisagan damoukideblad SeiZleba iyos
gansazRvruli, SesaZlebelia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, vamtkicoT, rom „is, rac umravlesobam Tundac srulyofili procesis pirobebSi daadgina, arasworia“.2
amgvari azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Tundac naklebad Teoretizebuli formiT, arsebiT rols TamaSobs saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi. amgvarad, SegviZlia warmovidginoT ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvaze: SeiZleba Tu ara miviCnioT, rom demokratiam gaimarjva, Tu arCevnebi samarTlianad
Catarda, magram umravlesobam xma misca SevardnaZis partias?
ufro Teoretizebuli formiT azrTa amgvari sxvadasxvaoba
aqtualuria demokratiis dasavlur TeoriebSi. pirveli midgoma prevalirebs ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSi arse1
Simon Chambers, Can Procedural Democracy be Radical? in: The Political, ed. by David
Ingram, Blackwell publishers, 2002, p. 176.
2 ibid.
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marina musxeliSvili
buli sistemebis Tanamedrove kritikaSi, xolo meore – praqtikuli demokratizaciis Seswavlis dros6 axal demokratiebsa da ara-demokratiebSi. amgvari filosofiuri gansxvaveba
aisaxeba im meTodologiebSi, romlebic erTsa da meore SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. pirveli midgoma sargeblobs ufro metad institucionaluri meTodebiT, komparativistikiT da
gvTavazobs institucionalur strategiebs. meore midgoma
iyenebs politikisa da samarTlis Teorias, diskursiul meTodebs da gvTavazobs ufro metad koncefciebs, vidre institutebs. meore midgoma emyareba codnas, pirveli – gagebas.
demokratizaciisadmi substanciuri midgoma amtkicebs,
rom demokratiuli politikuri institutebis Seqmna aris kidevac demokratiis mSenebloba:
In a substantive vieu of constitutional democracy, the question
of a given regime’s democratic character depends only on what its
fundamental or constitutive laws prescribe and not at all on how
they came to prescribe it... On the procedural view, in contrast, the
regime is not democratic, no matter the democratic nicety of its
fundamental-legal prescriptive content, unless the country’s people
at all time retain appropriate joint control over the content too.2
konstituciuri demokratiis substanciuri xedvis
Tanaxmad, ama Tu im reJimis demokratiuli xasiaTi da1
is, rac xdeboda ganviTarebul demokratiebSi, SevadaroT imas, rac xdeba mraval „axal“ demokratiaSi da mTels msoflioSi demokratizaciis
procesSi. istoriul procesebs, romlebsac adgili hqonda dasavleTis qveynebSi, terminologiis moxerxebulobis mizniT, Cven vuwodebT
„demokratiis ganviTarebas“, xolo imas, rac xdeba, kerZod, saqarTveloSi – „demokratizacias“. pirveli procesisagan gansxvavebiT, meore
warmoadgens politikur transformacias, romelic ganicdis „demokratizaciis“ (an neoinstitucionalizmis) Zlier gavlenas. am ukanasknels safuZvlad udevs Semdegi principi: rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoeba Tavisi ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuli konteqstis
TvalsazrisiT, masSi SesaZlebelia demokratiuli institutebis funqcionireba maTi warmoqmnis ama Tu im xarisxis albaTobiT, konsolidirebiT da mdgradobiT. demokratizaciis Teoria ganixilavs mxolod
demokratiis institutebs, maT warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. sazogadoebis danarCeni sistemebi maTTan aris urTierTdakavSirebuli, maT
SeuZliaT maTi Taviseburebebi ganapirobon, Tumca es kavSirebi ufro
korelaturia, vidre siRrmiseuli.
2 Michelman, in: Simon Chambers, Can Prcedural Democracy be Radical? in: The Plotical,
ed. by David Ingram, Blackwell publishers, 2002, p. 181.
38
mokidebulia mxolod imaze, Tu ras awesebs misi fuZemdebluri Tu makonstituirebeli kanonebi, xolo is, Tu
ra gziT mivdivarT am wesebamde, saerTod ugulebelyofilia... proceduruli TvalTaxedvis Tanaxmad ki,
piriqiT _ reJimi ar iTvleba demokratiulad, Tu qveynis mosaxleoba mudmivad ar axorcielebs saTanado SeTanxmebul kontrols fuZemdeblur kanonTa preskripciul Sinaarsze _ imis miuxedavad, Tu TviTon es Sinaarsi ramdenad demokratiulad gamoiyureba.
is SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc “neoinstitucionalizmis ideologia”. neoliberalizmi aris ideologia, romelic
amtkicebs Semdegs: “moaxdineT ekonomikis reforma liberaluri, sabazro institutebis safuZvelze da Tqven miiRebT ayvavebul ekonomikas”. politikuri sistemis mimarT misadagebisas neoinstitucionalizmi, agreTve, amtkicebs Semdegs: “daakanoneT konstitucionaluri liberaluri demokratiis formaluri institutebi da Tqven miiRebT ayvavebul demokratias”. arc erT da arc meore midgomas sruliad ar ainteresebs
is, Tu ris safuZvelze da rogor axdens mocemuli sazogadoeba aseTi institutebis legitimacias. mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis am institutebis mniSvneloba demokratizaciis interesebisa da neoliberaluri ekonomikuri transformaciis sazRvrebs miRma Zevs.
Cveni pirveli debulebis Tanaxmad, aradaemokratiul an naxevraddemokratiul qveynebSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi, demokratizaciis procesSi substanciuri midgomis absoluturi prevalireba politikuri sistemis ganmsazRvrel faqtors warmoadgens. es politikuri sistema formalurad hgavs dasavlur demokratiebs, magram dasavleTis nimuSebisgan gansxvavdeba Tavisi arsiT, praqtikiTa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebiT. aseT
qveynebs SeuZliaT miiRon demokratiuli politikuri sistema
da, amave dros, ar hqondeT demokratia proceduruli gagebiT.
substanciuri midgoma, calmxrivobidan gamomdinare, ideologias warmoadgens. amitom mas SeuZlia warmoSvas (da is warmoSobs kidec) korufcias, romelic faravs ufskruls formalur
institutebsa da realur cxovrebas Soris. is warmoqmnis politikur institutebs, romlebic xSirad korumpirebulia im
TvalsazrisiT, rom Tavisi realuri SinaarsiT, funqcionirebiTa da konsolidaciiT isini arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Cafiqrebuli nimuSisagan. proceduruli midgoma adasturebs, rom demokratiuli institutebis funqcionireba, mniSvneloba da
39
marina musxeliSvili
mdgradoba damokidebulia maTi miRebis procedurasa da im
mniSvnelobebze, romlebic maT miRebis procesSi mieniWa. aseTi midgomis gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia mivuaxlovdeT
realurad funqcionirebad demokratias.
2. demokratizaciis Teoriis gavlena
demokratiis substancia (arseba) orgvarad SeiZleba ganisazRvros imis mixedviT, vlaparakobT Cven demokratiis idealze, Tu am idealze orientirebuli politikuri reJimebis
konkretul formebze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi msjeloben demokratiis principebsa da Rirebulebebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa
politikuri Tanasworoba an azris Tavisufali gamoTqma. meore SemTxvevaSi laparakia konkretul sakanonmdeblo normebze, romlebsac unda pasuxobdes politikuri reJimi, imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi demokratiad miCneva.1
wina paragrafSi Cven cota “Cirqi movcxeT” demokratiis
substanciur gagebas, roca demokratizaciis procesSi mis
absolutur prevalirebas procedurul komponentze vuwodeT “ZiriTadi problema”. sinamdvileSi problema marto is
ki ar aris, rom proceduras mcire yuradReba eTmoba, aramed
imaSic, rom demokratizacia demokratiis iseT substanciur
gagebas emyareba, romelic demokratiis idealebiTa da RirebulebebiT ki ar operirebs, aramed dasavluri demokratiebis konkretuli sakanonmdeblo normebiT (formaluri institutebiT).
demokratizaciis Teorias safuZvlad udevs demokratiis
“Sumpeteriseuli” gansazRvreba, rac niSnavs, rom es aris politikuri reJimi institutebis met-naklebad gansazRvruli
CamonaTvaliT, rogoric aris Tavisufali, Tanaswori arCevnebi, politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebi da Tavisuflebis
nairsaxeobebi, SesaZloa, agreTve, kanonis warmmarTveloba.
institutebis zusti CamonaTvali SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes
avtoridan avtoramde, is SeiZleba kamaTsa da uTanxmoebas
iwvevdes, magram principi erTi rCeba. amgvarad, demokratiis
mSenebloba “demokratizaciis” formiT mdgomareobs uflebaTa da Tavisuflebis nairsaxeobaTa garkveuli CamonaTvalis institucionalizaciaSi, samarTlebrivi wesrigis damyarebasa da, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, TanamdebobaTa arCeviTobis sistemaSi.
1
Ð. Äàëü, Î äåìîêðàòèè.
40
amgvari gageba “demokratizacias” arsebiTad aqcevs mxolod
da mxolod “elitistur” procesad. es, pirvel rigSi, imitom
xdeba, rom SezRudulia sazogadoebis gavlena politikur diskursze. institutebis ganxilvaSi monawileobis miReba (interesebisa da faseulobebisgan gansxvavebiT) aris specialistebis, politikosebisa da profesionalebis xvedri. demokratizaciis amgvari diskursi Tavidan ar aris masobrivi: masebs masSi monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT mxolod rogorc mobilizaciis, manipulaciisa da kenWisyris monawileebs.
demokratiis Sumpeteruli modeli elitisturad miiCneva
iqac, sadac is warmoiqmna _ liberaluri dasavleTis demokratiebSi. magram dasavleTis Sumpeteriseuli demokratiis
“elitizmi” da Sumpeteriseuli instituciebis konsolidaciaze dafuZnebuli demokratizaciis “elitizmi” elitizmis ori
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaa. amis mizezi is aris, rom pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSi “elitebis” rols sxvadasxva aqtori asrulebs.
dasavleTis normatiuli gagebiT, demokratia politikuri
procesia, romelSic eqspertebsa da specialistebs mniSvnelovani, magram SezRuduli roli ekisrebaT. sazogadoeba Tavad
gnsazRvravs sakuTari ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, roca is pasuxobs kiTxvaze “saiT?” da am mimarTulebas irCevs politikuri liderebis politikuri mmarTvelobis nebis demokratiuli legitimaciiT. eqspertebi (e.i. mcodne adamianebi) politikur gadawyvetilebebze gavlenas imis xarjze moipoveben,
rom pasuxoben kiTxvaze “rogor?”, anu ra gziT, rogori meTodebiT SeiZleba dasaxuli miznis miRweva. eqspertebis roli
miznis gansazRvraSi minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, sxvagvarad demokratia meritokratiad gadaiqceva, rac Tanamerove dasavluri demokratiebis erT-erTi daavadebac aris da
proceduruli demokratiis damcvelebis kritikis sagans warmoadgens.
demokratizacia, am procesis substanciuri gagebiT,
eqspertebs (codnis nairsaxeobebs) politikur rols argunebs
da maT centralur mniSvnelobas aniWebs pasuxis gacemisas SekiTxvaze “saiT?”. maTi gavleniT demokratiuli institutebis
Sumpeteriseuli CamonaTvali iZens demokratiis arsis, da ara
demokratiis meqanizmis, mniSvnelobas. amgvarad, izRudeba is
potenciurad Ria sivrce, romelic eris momavali ganviTarebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamiznul politikuri brZolis SesaZlo
variantul vels gaaCnda. ganviTarebis miznebi legitimacias
iZens codnis da ara politikuri gadawyvetilebis safuZvel41
marina musxeliSvili
ze. sazogadoeba daiyvaneba statistis rolamde, romelic mas
obieqturad winaswargansazRvrul ganviTarebaSi eniWeba, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavisi momavlis Semoqmedis roli Seasrulos.
aseTi saxiT politikuri ganviTarebis procesi daxuruli xdeba am procesis poperiseuli gagebiT da mas utopiuri socialuri inJineriis elementebi erTvis. post-sabWoTa sivrcisaTvis, romelmac mravali aTwleuli gaatara politikuri legitimaciisa da mmarTvelobis swored aseTi saSualebis pirobebSi, mocemul midgomaSi axali araferi ar aris, garda imisa, rom
ganviTarebis mizani Seicvala: komunizmis nacvlad gvaqvs demokratia, xolo marqsizm-leninizmis specialistebis nacvlad
gvyvavs demokratizaciis specialistebi.
amgvarad, Cveni meore debulebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis
arsis (substanciis) damcirebis Sedegad (empiriulad CamoTvladi) formaluri institutebis CamonaTvalamde sazogadoeba gadadis eqsperti-teqnokratebis xelSi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT reprezentatiuri xasiaTi da ar SeuZliaT proceduruli demokratiis ganxorcieleba Tundac elitarul-reprezentaciur doneze.
3. winaswarmetyveleba, romelic
sakuTar Tavs qmnis
rogorc ukve iTqva, demokratizacia, demokratiis Senebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia garegan ganzomilebad nimuSebze. amitom is daxuruli teleologiuri proeqtis ideologiur saxes iRebs. am procesSi mTeli sazogadoebaa CarTuli, romelic ganfenilia droSi, Tumca _ sasrulSi. rac ufro
meti eqspertuli “codna” da maRali xarisxis teqnokratiuli
gadawyvetileba iqneba gamoyenebuli dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, miT ufro swrafad iqneba is miRweuli. “winaswarmetyveleba”, romelic mocemulia Tavad procesis saxelwodebaSi –
“demokratizacia”, demokratiis miRweva _ sakuTari Tavis Semoqmedi xdeba.
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebani sazogadoebaSi politikur
rols imitom TamaSoben, rom momavlis codna, romlis prognozsac isini yovel mocemul momentSi iZlevian, Tavad am momavals cvlis da procesis monawileebis racionalur strategiebze gavlenas axdens. “winaswarmetyveleba, romelic Tavis Tavs qmnis” – es aris movlenebi, romlebic ar moxdeboda,
isini rom nawinaswarmetyvelebi ar yofiliyo. winaswarmetyvelebas, romelic Tavis Tavs qmnis, ukuefeqtic SeiZleba
42
hqondes: nawinaswarmetyvelebi movlenebi SeiZleba swored
imitom ar moxdes, rom isini iwinaswarmetyveles. aseTi winaswarmetyvelebis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia marqsistuli
klasobrivi brZola, romelmac meoce saukunis istoria Secvala. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sazogadoeba, romelmac Tavisi momavlis Sesaxeb raRac icis, ufro sxvagvarad viTardeba, vidre is, romlisTvisac momavali ucnobia.
demokratiis gagebisadmi substanciuri midgomis siZliere
procedurulTan SedarebiT ganuyofelia demokratizaciis,
rogorc istoriulad ganpirobebuli procesis Taviseburebisgan, romelic TiTqos gardauvalia. aseTi gagebis SemTxvevaSi is gamoxatulad iZens poperiseul istoricistul xasiaTs
(aqve aRvniSnavT, rom es xdeba procesis droSi ganfenilobis
fonze, e.i. demokratizacia aseTi gagebiT aris ara gardaqmnebis paketi, romlebic iwyeba da sruldeba or-sam weliwadSi,
aramed droSi gacilebiT ufro gaWimuli procesi). am gagebas,
romelic periferiul qveynebSi demokratiis mSeneblobis
praqtikul politikaSi dominirebs, gansakuTrebiT didi politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia. is rekursiulad gansazRvravs
bevr movlenas, iwvevs efeqts “winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelic
sakuTar Tavs qmnis”, zogjer Sebrunebuli niSniT. politikuri urTierTqmedebis procedura dasaxuli miznis diqtats
eqvemdebareba. politikuri procesis racionalurad moqmedi
monawileebi amas warmatebis miRwevis mizniT iTvaliswineben.
praqtikosi politikosebi TavianT qmedebebs xSirad usadageben nakarnaxeb imedebs, isini Tavisi interesebisaTvis eqspluatacias uweven demokratizacias, rogorc politikur paradigmas. amave dros, Tavad es idea Tu ideologia rekursiulad
gavlenas axdens msoflio ganviTarebaze. es is codnaa, romelic axal realobas qmnis, xolo axali realoba sruliad ar
emTxveva imas, rac nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo.
iseve, rogorc komunizmis marqsistulma Teoriam Secvala
meoce saukunis politikis saxe TavisTavad, Tavisi artikulirebuli arsebobiT, aseve demokratizaciis, rogorc istoriis dasasrulis Teoriam, Secvala postsabWoTa sivrcis mravali qveynis (da ara marto maTi) istoria. Tumca, im momentidan, rodesac warmoiSva demokratiuli tranzitebis Teoria,
xolo fukuiama gamoxatavda moarul ideas istoriis dasasrulis Sesaxeb liberaluri demokratiis saxiT, kacobrioba
unda mimxvdariyo, rom es swored is aris, rac arasodes iqneba; ar iqneba swored imitom, rom misi formulireba ukve moxda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is sazogadoebebi, romlebmac
43
marina musxeliSvili
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb ician, rom isini demokratizaciis procesSi imyofebian, sruliad sxva sazogadoebebia, vidre isini,
romlebmac TavianTi momavali ki ar ician, aramed ubralod
aSeneben imas, rac surT, rom hqondeT. amitom is, rasac isini
qmnian, SeiZleba arc iyos cudi ram, magram es is aRar iqneba,
rasac maT uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen.
amasTanave, saqme is ki araa, rom potenciurma diqtatorebma ician, risi unda eSinodeT da isini TavianTi diqtaturebis
dacvis meTodebs gamoimuSaveben. amis analogiurad, liberaluri demokratiebi gamoimuSaveben socialuri politikis meTodebs imisaTvis, rom Tavi daicvan Zalauflebaze proletariatis im pretenziebisgan, romlebic komunizmis Teoriis Sedegad warmoiSva. saqme is aris, rom potenciuri diqtatorebi
srul oportunizms avlenen da demokratiisaTvis pirvel mebrZolebad iqcevian. isini Tavad demokratiis saxes cvlian sruliad axali mimarTulebiT. politikurad Tanaswori procedurebisgan dRevandeli gandgoma yovelTvis SeiZleba aixsnas momavalSi warmatebis miRwevis aucileblobiT.
erT-erT naSromSi jorj sorosi amtkicebda, rom im winaswarmetyvelebis principebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic Tavis
Tavs qmnis, mas kapitalis dagrovebaSi daexmara da xeli Seuwyo,
konkurentebisaTvis momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis saqmeSi moego. sorosma icoda, rom konkurentebi erkvevian bazris prognozebSi da iTvaliswinebda, rom es prognozebi arasdros
aRsruldeba. daaxloebiT igive daemarTa demokratias saqarTveloSi, oRond Sebrunebuli efeqtebiT. saqarTeloSi e. w. Ria
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria, romelic vardebis revoluciiT damTavrda, aris istoria imis Sesaxeb, rogor wamoego
Tavad sorosi imave ankesze, ris Sedegadac Ria sazogadoebis
nacvlad man xeli axali daxuruli paradigmis ganviTarebas Seuwyo. man cudad gaugo Tavis maswavlebels, popers da saboloo
jamSi is gaakeTa, risi winaaRmdegic iyo poperi: Tavad gamovida
winaswarmetyveli-politikosis rolSi. Tavdapirvelad man
proceduruli midgomis gamoyeneba scada. is iZulebuli iyo,
komunikaciebis im saSualebebs dayrdnoboda, romlebic arasimetriulia am midgomasTan mimarTebaSi (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).
amis Sedegad mis mier gamoyenebuli komunikaciis saSualebebi
(saerTaSoriso fondebi da en-ji-o Tavad iqca Setyobinebad _
uwyebad; maT politikuri funqcia SeiZines.
SeiZleba sawinaaRmdego azric gamoiTqvas, romlis Tanaxmad demokratia warmoadgens ualternativo prioritets ganviTarebuli demokratiebisTvisac. am qveynebis moqalaqeebi,
44
romlebic TavianT sistemebs akritikeben, amodian imave Rirebulebebidan da principebidan, romlebic demokratias udevs
safuZvlad. magram winaswarmetyveleba, romelic Tavis Tavs
qmnis, gansxvavdeba demokratiul idealebze orientaciis Rirebulebebisagan imiT, rom am winaswarmetyvelebas gaaCnia konkretuli faqtobrivi orientirebi, romlebic neoinstitucionalizmma warmoSva. demokratiis mSenebloba dominanturi paradigmis modeliT – es ar aris igive, rac ocneba, ukeTesad mivuaxlovdeT demokratiis idealebs politikuri sistemis
srulyofis gziT. demokratizacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
iqceva winaswarmetyvelebad, romelic Tavis Tavs qmnis, Tu gansazRvreba imis, rac aris demokratia da am nimuSisken Semdgomi winsvlac mocemuli sazogadoebis kompetenciis farglebs
miRma aris (SesaZloa, misi periferiulobis gamo).
konkretuli institutebis, rogorc ganviTarebis orientirisa da mibaZvis nimuSis, SemoReba demokratizaciis ideologiis warmoSobis aucilebeli komponentia, rac movlenaTa ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas. is meore planze moaqcevs am institutebis RirebulebiT araerTgvarovan mniSvnelobas, ugulebelyofs Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas. es ukanaskneli axasiaTebs
dasavleTSi arsebul institutTa erTobliobas, romlebic liberaluri konstituciuri demokratiis safuZvels warmoadgenen. amgvarad, xdeba ugulebelyofa am institutebis diskursiuli mniSvnelobisa, romelic SeiZleba araerTmniSvnelovani
yofiliyo sxvadasxva viTarebaSi. dasavleTis politikuri
institutebis Riaoba, romelTa fardobiTi Riaoba sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli, “ixureba”, rogorc ki isini iZenen “mniSvnelobis” da ara “proceduris” Sinaarsobliv datvirTvas.
demokratizaciam “icis” im miznebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
unda miaRwios da demokratiis institutebs ganixilavs, rogorc aseTebs da ara rogorc sazogadoebaSi arsebuli konteqstualuri winaaRmdegobebis gadawyvetis saSualebas. amis Sedegad xdeba sazogadoebis misadageba momavali institutebisadmi da ara piriqiT. am TvalsazrisiT is Seesabameba utopiuri ganviTarebis poperul gegmas “etapobrivi inJineriis” sapirispirod. es aris Cveni mesame debuleba.
4. demokratizacia, rogorc globalizacia
rodesac vamtkicebT, rom demokratizacia Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba demokratiis mSeneblobisgan, isic unda mivuTiToT,
raSi mdgomareobs amgvari gansxvavebis mizezebi; ratom ar Se45
marina musxeliSvili
iZleba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric aris saqarTvelo, gavakeToT
igive, rasac Tavis droze dasavleTis demokratiebi akeTebdnen. Cven davimowmeT makluieni da mivuTiTeT erT-erT yvelaze ufro arsebiT konteqstze, romelic am gansxvavebis xasiaTs cxadyofs. amgvar konteqsts warmoadgens globalizacia. globaluri komunikacia qmnis im arasimetriul (garegnulad) konteqsts, romelSic demokratiis mSenebloba demokratizaciis niSnebs iZens. globalizaciis mimarT periferiuli
procesebi gareSe gavlenebs ganicdis, romlebic gamoricxavs
Zveli demokratiebis istoriuli gamocdilebis gameorebas.
nebismieri sazogadoebis ganviTareba erTdroulad ramdenime mimarTulebiT xdeba, romlebic erTmaneTze gavlenas
axdens, magram, amave dros, SedarebiT damoukidebelia. aseTia,
magaliTad, ekonomikis ganviTareba, kulturuli cvlilebebi
da a.S. amgvari cvlilebebi nawilobriv stiqiurad da winaswar
moumzadeblad mimdinareobs, xSirad ki isini dagegmilia da
imarTeba. am dros mniSvnelovani is aris, rom dagegmili da warmarTuli cvlilebebi unda Seesabamebodes realur da ara warmosaxviT gamowvevebs; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini sargeblobas ar moitans da ganviTarebas avnebs kidec.
warmovidginoT iseTi situacia, rodesac sazogadoeba “xedavs” gamowvevis nawils, dgams nabijebs maTze sapasuxod da ver
amCnevs sxva nawils, romelic aranakleb problematuria. is saSualebas aZlevs movlenebs, romlebic am gamowvevebis Sedegia, stiqiurad ganviTardes. ase, neoliberaluri politika SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos ekonomikuri produqtiulobis zrdasa da ekonomikuri maCveneblebis momatebaze. amasTanave, mas
SeiZleba uyuradRebad darCes is, rom am dros izrdeba ekonomikuri uTanasworobac. raRac momentSi uTanasworobis zrdam
SeiZleba iseTi saSiSi socialuri formebi miiRos, rom ekonomikis Semdgomi zrda SeuZlebeli gaxdes (magaliTad, mosaxleobis gaRaribebuli fenebi Svilebs ganaTlebas ver miscemen,
ris Sedegadac ekonomika dakargavs kvalificiur sawarmoo Zalas). Tu aseT viTarebaSi mmarTveloba da sazogadoeba Zlier
ideologizirebulia, maSin is SeiZleba miiswrafodes neoliberaluri politikis, rogorc ekonomikis ganviTarebis erTaderTi swori formis, kidev ufro metad gaZlierebisken. amasTanave, man SeiZleba kvlavac ugulebelyos socialuri problemebi mxolod im mizeziT, rom RaribTa saprotesto gamosvlebs is aRiqvams, rogorc reaqciuls (rasac SeCereba sWirdeba) da ara rogorc demokratiuli procesis nawils. qvemo46
dan momdinare “Setyobineba” imis Sesaxeb SeiZleba imitom iyos
ugulebelyofili, rom Setyobinebis arxi (komunikaciis saSualeba) – proceduruli demokratia – metismetad susti aRmoCndes dominantur ideologiasTan SedarebiT.
Tavis droze evropaSi komunizmis aCrdilma daiwyo siaruli. is mianiSnebda, rom kapitalizmisa da liberalizmis miRwevebs sazogadoebis yvela fena Tanabrad ar miesalmeboda. maSin es Setyobineba ara Tu gaigzavna, aramed is gaiges kidec.
demokratiuli komunikaciis arxi ara Tu dasustda, aramed gaZlierda misi uwyveti muSaobis mizniT: meoce saukuneSi politikuri uflebebi da Tavisufleba masiuri gaxda.
ra Tqma unda, Znelia ar davinaxoT, mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes, ugulebelvyoT ekonomikuri uTanasworobebi, romlebic
kapitalizmma warmoSva. amasTanave, isini (maTi mowesrigebis meqanizmebi) ukve didi xania kargad aris integrirebuli Tanamedrove demokratiebis procesualur modelebSi. magram globalizaciis ganviTareba warmoSobs axal uTanasworobebsa da winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic aranaklebad mwvavea, vidre maTi kapitalisturi winamorbedebi, romlebic jer kidev imyofeba araartikulirebad sferoSi da, amasTanave, ar eqvemdebareba mowesrigebas proceduruli demokratiis farglebSi. Tumca, maTi
ardanaxva an maTi miCneva ubralod reaqciul gamonaxtomebad
mxolod Rrmad ideologizirebul adamianebs SeuZliaT.
axal uTanasworobaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
is, rac socialur-kulturul identurobebTan aris dakavSirebuli. komunikaciis liberalizaciam, axal – globalurinformaciul-komunikaciur sivrceSi Sesvlam saqarTveloSi,
rusulis nacvlad, gamoiwvia axali “prestiJuli” enis – inglisuris – warmoSoba. gaCnda codnis, simboloebisa da Cvevebis
kompleqsi, romlebic am enaze damyarebul sainformacio sferos ukavSirdeba. samuSaos Sovna, maRali anazRaureba, prestiJi, Tanamdeboba da sxva axla uSualod ukavSirdeba inglisuris codnasa da Sesabamis informatiul-komunikaciur sferoSi CarTvas. politikuri da informaciuli kodebis globalizebuli samyaro mosaxleobis mxolod nawilisTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi, romelmac TandaTanobiT (xolo Semdeg ucbad
– revoluciis Sedegad) maRali politikuri klasis adgili
(“niSa”) daikava, maSin, rodesac mTels danarCen mosaxleobas
jer ar miuRia ukanaskneli wlebis gardaqmnebisgan uSualo mogeba. piriqiT, ekonomikurad da socialurad “sxva mosaxleoba” droTa viTarebaSi ara marto sul ufro wagebuli xdeba,
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marina musxeliSvili
aramed is Tavisi identurobiT “meorexarisxovan” adamianTa
rigSi gadadis.
iseTi “jadosnuri” sityvebi, rogoric aris demokratia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, evropa da sxva, mocemul SemTxvevaSi
dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda ara mTels sazogadoebasTan, aramed
mis nawilTn. amis Sedegad maTi Sinaarsoblivi datvirTvis Tanabari ganxilva garTulda. sazogadoebis erTi da igive fenebi aRmoCnda globalizaciis, aseve demokratizaciis avangardSi. amdenad, demokratiis “arseba” gaxda “swavlebadi” da ara
“Camoyalibebadi”. is dakavSirebulia codnasTan da ara gagebasTan. komunikaciis arxi (globalizacia) da Setyobineba, romelic am arxiT gadaicema (demokratia), airia.
amgvari debuleba garkveuli gagebiT marqsistulad JRers:
Tavis droze marqsic amtkicebda, rom burJuazia universaluri Rirebulebebis saxiT Tavis viwro klasobriv interesebs
icavs. miuxedavad amisa, liberalurma demokratiebma gauZles
am kritikas, xolo klasobrivi eqspluataciis Teoriam drois
gamocdas ver gauZlo. es debuleba SeiZleba kidev ufro marqsistuli gavxadoT, Tu warmoqmnil winaaRmdegobebs davukavSirebT ara globalizacias, aramed axali ekonomikuri bazisis ganviTarebas: postindustriul, informatiul ekonomikas,
romelic warmoqmnis axal zednaSens da axal klasobriv dayofas. SeiZleba gamwvavebis ukidures zomamde mivideT da ganvacxadoT, rom axali warmoebis axali ekonomikuri saSualebebi, romlebic axal ekonomikur baziss axasiaTebs, aris ara miwa,
kapitali an sxva materialuri resursebi, aramed codna da Cvevebi, da Tu amavdroulad mosaxleobis is fenebi, romlebsac
ukeTesad miesvleba am resursebTan (romlebic Tavisi arsebiT
dasavluria) da romlebic axal mmarTvel klass warmoqmnian,
mTels danarCen mosaxleobas marginalebad aqceven.
udaoa, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi aseTi Sexedulebebi dafarulad (aseTi formiT araartikulirebulad) mxurvale gamoZaxilsa da mraval momxres hpovebs. amitom isini minimum ganxilvasa da refleqsias imsaxurebs. magram SekiTxva, romelic
mocemuli statiis konteqstSi unda davsvaT, sxva aris: SeuZlia Tu ara Cvens politikur sistemas “demokratizaciis” meSveobiT gadaxarSos axali globaluri winaaRmdegobebi da uTanasworobani ise, rogorc es gaakeTes liberalurma demokratiebma ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan dakavSirebiT?
demokratiis unari, gaumklavdes konfliqtebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva tipis uTanasworobis Sedegadaa gaCenili, Zlieri
48
argumentia “substanciuristebis” sasargeblod: maTi azriT,
demokratiuli institutebi TavisTavad ar SeiZleba sabolo
jamSi gamoyenebul iqnas mxolod maT mier, vinc maT propaganda gauwia. is, rom maTi Camoyalibeba moxda, es ganviTarebis
mxolod pirvel etapzea mniSvnelovani. SemdgomSi es araarsebiTi xdeba. elodeT am institutebis konsolidacias da Tqveni demokratizacia demokratiis nayofs moitans. Tqveni Svilebi demokratiis periodSi icxovreben.
magram uTanasworobebs, romlebsac globalizacia warmoSobs, erTi axali Tavisebureba aqvs, romelic winamorbedi konfliqtebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. isini Cndeba ara erTi
sazogadoebis farglebSi, aramed msoflio masStabiT. amitom
arCevnebis demokratiuli instituti ar aris procedurulad
swori pasuxi am gamowvevaze; magaliTad, amerikis prezidents
mxolod amerikelebi irCeven, xolo msoflio bankis eqspertebs saerTod aravin irCevs. principSi, saerTaSoriso institutebi ver iqneba demokratiuli da uTanasworobani, romlebic maT funqcionirebas ukavSirdeba, reprezentaciis gziT ar
gadaiWreba. marTalia, es institutebi mimarTulia demokratiisa da ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad, magram maT Tavisi arsiT
mainc mxolod substanciuri cvlilebebisTvis xelSewyoba SeuZlia; Tavisi arsebobis faqtiT isini ukve arRveven politikuri procesis monawileTa procedurul Tanasworobas.
ase magaliTad, mesame samyaros qveyanaSi genderuli Tanasworobis damyareba ori sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba: erTi gzaa
davweroT sakonstitucio kanoni Tanasworobis universaluri standartebis Sesabamisad, romlebic adamianis liberalur
uflebebSia Cadebuli da sazogadoebas misi Sesruleba vaiZuloT. meore gza aseTia: SevqmnaT pirobebi imisaTvis, rom kacebma da qalebma kanonis miRebaSi procedurulad Tanabari
monawileoba miiRon da saSualeba mivceT maT, awarmoon is, rasac erToblivad miiCneven mizanSewonilad. Sedegebi erTsa da
meore SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Zlier gansxvavdebodes, gansakuTrebiT islamur sazogadoebaSi. “Tanasworoba” pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iqneba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi misi legitimacia arss daemyareba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – proceduras. dasavluri liberaluri demokratiebi yovelTvis am dilemis winaSe idgnen. maT axasiaTebs Tavisi
Sinagani uTanasworobebis gadawyveta, rac maT kidevac aniWebs
Ria da dinamiur xasiaTs. amasTanave, iq Tanasworobis legitimacia yovelTvis xels uwyobda yvelaze sust mxares, rac saSualebas iZleoda gadalaxuliyo winaaRmdegoba arssa da pro49
marina musxeliSvili
ceduras Soris. mesame msoflios qveyana sxva viTarebaSi imyofeba: misTvis dilema dakavSirebulia ara marto Tanasworobis sxvadasxva gagebasTan, romelic sazogadoebis SigniT arsebobs, aramed imasTanac, rom Tanasworobis legitimacia demokratizaciis droSis qveS uZlieres mxares ukavSireba, anu politikur de-legitimaciasa da imaT marginalizacias, visTvisac unda SemoRebuliyo Tanasworoba. amave dros, sxvaobis gadalaxva arssa da proceduras Soris sakmaod rTuldeba. da Tu
procduruli Tanasworobis gaZlierebas moaqvs politikuri
dividendebi uTanasworobis usustesi mxarisTvis, maSin paradoqsulia, rom substanciuri Tanasworobis dacva uZlieresTa sasargeblod xdeba.
demokratiis mxardaWeris procesis am kritikaze ori sxvadasxva pasuxi SeiZleba movisminoT. pirveli pasuxi aseTia: SevwyvitoT demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis saerTaSoriso xelSewyoba. meore pasuxi: gavaZlieroT es xelSewyoba da mivmarToT
is ufro proceduruli miznebisaken. pirveli pasuxis ganxilva mivandoT radikalur antiglobalistebs (“Zirs sorosi”) da
SevCerdeT meoreze.
uTanasworobebi, romlebic globalizacias ukavSirdeba,
arsebobs da iarsebebs imisgan damoukideblad, moqmedebs Tu
ara saerTaSoriso fondebi da organizaciebi. saerTaSoriso
fondebis (globaluri samoqalaqo sazogadoeba) muSaobis
erT-erTi mTavari miRweva aris arsebiTad ara is, rasac isini
demokratizaciis qveynebisaTvis akeTeben, aramed is, rasac isini TavanTi qveynebisaTvis akeTeben, rodesac exmarebian maT im
problemebis refleqsurad gaazrebaSi, romelTa Sesaxeb iyo
mocemul statiaSi laparaki. am problemaTa gageba didi xania
aRar aris axali bevri evropuli fondisTvis, romlebic cdiloben, gakvalon axali midgoma Tanasworobis proceduruli
aspeqtis mxardasaWerad. globaluri, magram antiglobalisturi – aseTia is saerTaSoriso, msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic cdilobs warmoiqmnas warsuli wlebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da sakuTari rolis gacnobierebis
safuZvelze.
is problema, rom es jer kidev aris komunikaciis calmxrivi, arasimetriuli arxi da Setyobinebis Sinaarsis cvlileba,
ar cvlis imas, rom Tavad komunikaciis arxi rCeba istoriulad
axal politikur institutad, romelsac inovaciisa da moRvaweobis axali formebis Ziebis Sedegad jer kidev mouwevs transformireba iseT institutad, romelic Tavisi daniSnulebis
Sesabamisi iqneba.
50
irakli mWedliSvili
adgili da alagi:
komunaluri Tanasworobidan plebsis
demokratiamde
politi ewodebis moqalaqesa mun Sina mkvidrsa.
sulxan-saba, “leqsikoni qarTuli”
SeiZleba is Taoba, romelic komunaluri cxovrebis wess
marTlac moeswro, ukve gadaSenebis pirzea (an mavans unda, rom
ase iyos), magram ratomRac iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos isinic, vinc qveyanas ufro gvian moevlina, viwro saTavsoebisa da saerTo samzareuloebis oxSivariT gamZafrebul
swrafvas priviligirebul-komfortul zeda fenaSi “gaWris”
mainc pavlovis pirobiTi refleqsiviT atareben.
sinamdvileSi aq, rogorc Cans, Tavs isev adamianuri “naklovani buneba” avlens da zedapiruli msgavsebac, etyoba, am safuZvlidan modis. analogia erTaderTia, rasac ena da kultura gvTavazobs, Torem saqme zogadadamianuri senis gamovlenis Zveli romaulisgan sakmaod gansxvavebul movlenasTan,
kerZod, _ qarTul sinamdvilesTan gvaqvs. arc sabWoTa drois “komunaluri yofa” yofila romauli samoqalaqo cxovrebis wesis identuri (laT. commune-dan, rac sazogadoebriv, saerTo qonebas niSnavda) da arc sityva plebsi esadageba srulad im warmonaqmns, rasac Cveni amoZravebuli, saSovarze gamosuli masa qmnis.
marTalia, cota ar iyos saeWvod JRers Jan-Jak rusos mosazreba _ is vinc pirvelad SemoRoba miwa da ganacxada _ “es
Cemia!” _ TaRliTi da matyuaraao, magram, meore mxriv, Znelia
mas ar daeTanxmo, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas safuZveli
swored am “TaRliTobam” Cauyara. Tumca, Cveni bolo aTwleulebis gamocdileba rusos mosazrebis pirveli nawilis ueWveli gaziarebis cdunebisakenac gvibiZgebs.
rom ara guSindel “Tanaswor uqonelTa” dRevandeli zRvardaudebeli sixarbe, SeiZleba gverwmuna, rom rusoseuli “bednieri sazogadoebisken” dabrunebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba
51
irakli mWedliSvili
marTlac kerZo sakuTrebis uaryofaa. Tu mmarTveli elitis
mcirericxovan wres mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, sabWoTa sazogadoeba qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT civilizaciis ukusvlis
rusos ocnebis xocSesxmasTan Zalze axlos idga. magram, rogorc Cans, “macduri” ara qonebriv biwsa Tu ubiwoebaSi, aramed sxvaganaa Casaxlebuli...
zogi ityvis, Tavi davaneboT am ucxo terminebis, ucxo enisa da azrovnebis “naglejebis frials”, Cven Cveni kultura da
tradicia gagvaCnia da imas vendoTo. marTalic iqneba, oRond
im gagebiT, rom is safuZvlebi, rac dasavluri tipis civilizacias apirobebs, “ucxo xili” arc Cveni winaprebisaTvis yofila. didi xania “gacxadda” is, rom adamianur mankier bunebas
biwierebisagan eTikuri norma icavs. es norma kvalavac erTaderTia, rac materialuri momxveWelobis ukidegano swrafvas
zRudavs da mas saerTo sargeblobis, aRmSeneblobis kalapotSi agdebs.
xanmokle adamianur cxovrebas yofis warmaval-efemeruli donidan myar da Sorsmaval RirebulebaTa sferosken swored zneobrivi miswrafeba warmarTavs. dasturisaTvis isev
enas unda mivmarToT. sulxan-sabas epigrafad gamotanili
ganmartebis Sinaarsze qvemoT iqneba saubari, aq ki yuradReba am gamonaTqvamis erT, bolo sityvaze SevaCeroT: mkvidri
_ n. mk¢dri. am ukanasknels ki aseTi ganmarteba aqvs _ daniadagebuli. TviT “daniadagebulis” Zireul sityvas, niadags,
saba ase ganmartavs: “maradis myofi, n. saniadago (anu samaradisod saxmari)”.
rogorc vxedavT, sityva “niadagis” pirveladi mniSvneloba
maradis (niadag) myofobas gulisxmobs da savaraudoa, rom Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi am sityvis damkvidrebuli mniSvneloba _ miwis nayofieri fena, humusi (laT. humus), meoradi warmoSobisaa, xolo gadataniTi mniSvneloba _ risame safuZveli, sayrdeni, bazisi an piroba ki dakavSirebuli swored adreul gaazrebasTan aris.
aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom sityva “niadagis” konotacia mravlismomcvelia, rom miwis nayofieri fena ara nebismieri, maT
Soris bunebrivi, aramed swored is garemoa, sadac maradi
kvlavwarmoeba xdeba. amas ki, sxva sityvebiT, kulturuli sivrce an kulturuli veli hqvia. TviT laTinuri sityva kulturac (cultura) xom agrokulturidan (agri-cultura) modis da paralelizmi am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli azris sakacobrio civilizaciur safuZvlebTan Tanaziarobas unda migviTiTebdes.
52
swored Tanaziarobas, radgan nasesxobisa da wabaZvis SemTxveviTobisagan mas is organuli sistemuroba ganasxvavebs,
romelic imave sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi aSkarad vlindeba.
am SemTxvevaSi, im saTqmelis gaTvaliswinebiT, risTvisac es
werili iwereba, yuradReba sistemuri erTianobis mxolod
erT, calkeul magaliTze unda gavamaxviloT. kerZod, Tu niadagi miwis is nawilia, sadac mudmivi kvlavwarmoeba xdeba,
maSin enaSi kulturul da arakulturul garemoTa gansxvavebuli gaazrebac aucileblad unda aisaxebodes. adgilisa da alagis sabaseul ganmartebebSi es momenti Zalze kargad vlindeba:
alagi ewodebis, sada kaci dajdes anu dadges, anu daidvas rame; xolo adgili qveyanisa nakveTTa anu mciresa
rasme saxlTa aRsaSenebelTa anu dabaTa da saxlebTa da
savena£e da misTanaTa adgili.
ese igi, niadagi adgilia, sadac adamiani samudamod (saniadagod) efuZneba (mkvidrdeba), xolo alagi _ sadac mimdinare, amwuTieri survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba. da es yvelaferi swored eTikuri sawyisidan modis _
marTalia, am qveyanaze yvelaferi warmavalia, magram adamianis samoRvaweo orientiri mxolod maradiulTan mimarTebiT
moiazreba da dgindeba.
da axla Tu epigrafad gamotanil ganmartebas davubrundebiT, SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom sabaseul ganmartebaSi sityva “mkvidri” ara binadrobis cenzs, aramed cxovrebis
im wess gulisxmobs, romelic “saniadagod” mosul adamians, polits saSovarze gamosuli mompoveblisagan ganasxvavebs. xolo
TviT ucxo, berZnuli warmoSobis sityva “politi” (qalaq-saxelmwifos dasaxelebidan, “polisidan” da albaT, aristoteles saxelmwifo wyobidan _ “politea”) Cvens dRevandel problemur situacias Zalzed moxerxebulad esadageba. da aq mxolod mimdinare, koniunqturuli momenti, anu is, rom bolo xans
CvenSi politis sinonims, sityva “moqalaqes” yavli gauvida, ar
igulixmeba...
plebeic moqalaqea, oRond politisgan gansxvavebiT moqalaqeoba misTvis ara Rirseba-movaleobis, anu mkvidrobis, aramed advili xelmisawvdomobis, ioli mopovebis saSualebaa...
amitomac, zemonaTqvamis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas: politi “adgilis kacia”, xolo plebei _ “alagis adamiani”.
53
irakli mWedliSvili
politi rudunebiT qmnis, zrunavs, awesrigebs, afarToebs
da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TavganwirviT icavs im adgils, sadac mkvidrobs. plebeis mizani ara Seqmna, aramed im adgilas,
ufro sworad, im alagas moxvedraa, sadac ufro xelsayrel
viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba. is mxolod iRebs, isakuTrebs imas,
risTvisac ar uSromia, rac ar daumsaxurebia. tradicia misTvis carieli sityvaa, kulturul garemos misTvis mxolod
utilitaruli mniSvneloba aqvs, istoria misgan aq da am wuTSi iwyeba. is fexmsubuqi, sulswrafi da winamaswaraa, igi mciredi sarfianobis gamo (“puri da sanaxaoba”) sarisko avantiurebSi advilad ebmeba _ aqtiurad monawileobs politikur
intrigebSi, gadatrialebebsa da revoluciebSi. magram ar
icavs Tavis garemos. piriqiT, saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi anda
protestis niSnad, zogjer tovebs kidevac qalaqs, “samkvidros” (cnobilia plebsis romidan wasvlis, secessio-s SemTxvevebi, xolo plebsis zeobis xanaSi roms daqiravebuli jari
hyavda). politi _ tradicia, adgilis maradiulobasTan wilnayari suliskveTebaa, plebei _ alagTa momgebianoba, koniunqtura da privilegiaa.
yvelaferi CamoTvlili istoriis krizisul periodebSi
sxvadaxva regionsa da kulturaSi sxvadasxva saxeliT vlindeba: oxlokratia, brbos moZaleba, masaTa ajanyeba, nuvoriSTa
Tu medroveTa zeoba, “mdabioTa gaaznaureba”, snobizmi da a.
S. da a. S.
da albaT, es regularuli xasiaTi iZleva sababs imisa, rom
zogi moazrovne Tu inteleqtualuri doqtrina aseTi tipis
periodebs obieqtur movlenad miiCnevs. amas ki, sabolood,
sazogadoebrivi mTlianobis imgvar warmodgenamde mivyavarT, sadac yovelgvari subieqturi, adamianuri neba da, Sesabamisad, zneobrivi norma azrs kargavs. aseTi midgoma, rogorc Cans, pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis an inteleqtualuri umweobis SeniRbvis mcdelobaa _ erTgvari Tavis
marTleba, alibia imaTTvis, vinc “saniadago” Rirebulebebi
daiviwya...
albaT am sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar eRirseboda,
rom ara “istoriuli alibis” (igulisxmeba “istoriul-materialisturis”) kidev erTi axali “obieqturi tendencia”, e. w.
globalizacia, romelic istoriul-qronologiuri kanonzomierebis bolo gamovlenaa (qronologiuri provincializmi).
“dialeqtikur meTodze” aRzrdil zogierT moRvawes aviwydeba, rom amgvar viTarebas negatiurTan erTad pozitiuri mo54
mentic unda axldes (Tundac imitom, rom negatiuri TviTkmari ar aris, is uaryofiTi raRac sxvasTan mimarTebaSia, im
“sxvasTan”, romlis gareSe uaryofa azrs kargavs...). Tavi davaneboT dadebiTisa da uaryofiTis balansis kvlevas, aRvniSnoT
mxolod, rom pozitiuri, anu is, rac imedis momcemi SeiZleba
iyos, isev da isev RirebulebaTa “saniadago” konteqstSi SeiZleba iyos moZiebuli.
“kari bednierebisaken Signidan iReba,” _ ambobs kirkegori
da Cveni svlis gezic swored am orientirs unda mihyves. es asea,
radgan mudmivi TavismarTlebis, alibTa alibis dausrulebel-ganmeorebadi velis jojoxeTuri dubelasagan Tavis dasaRwevi myari mosaWidis an sayrdenis moZieba sxvagan, garda pirovnul-zneobrivi ganzomilebisa, verc odesme moxerxebula
da arc axla SeiZleba moxerxdes...
maRalfardovani sityvebia?! marTalia, namdvilad asea. maRalfardovani sityvebi ki male cvdebian! gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca sarbielze masa gamodis da yvelafris Tavis Tavze
mozomva-morgebas iwyebs. plebeisaTvis (snobisaTvis) sityvac
privilegirebulobis niSania da amitomac masis kaci TavgamodebiT iwyebs enobriv sivrceSi “curvas”. da radgan niSani misTvis naxevrad mistikuri kodia, im alagis karis gasaRebia, sadac yvelaze meti privilegia “iSoveba”, is gamorCeul, gansakuTrebiT ucxo warmomavlobis sityvebs – gagebis mcdelobis
gareSe etaneba.
Sedegad viRebT enobriv-kulturul sivrces, sadac sityvaTa, cnebaTa Seryvnis Sedegad RvlarWvnili fuWsityvaobis
provincializmi zeobs (msgavsad plebsisa, zogs sityva provincializmic aRizianebs. aseTebs SeiZleba SevaxsenoT Tamaz
WilaZis SesaniSnavi ganmarteba: “provincia pirovnebis samSobloa, xolo provincializmi _ brbosi”). aseTi viTareba sabolood an enaTa aRrevis, “babilonis godolis” sindromiT an
yovlismcodne da yovlisSemZle beladis movlinebiT mTavrdeba. Tu Cvens sajaro sivrces, masmediasa da komunikaciis sxva
saSualebebs gadavxedavT, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom am gzas
vadgevarT...
Cven mxolod is sityvebi gagvaCnia, rac gagvaCnia, sxva Znelad “saSovaria”, miT ufro, rom am saqmeSi (“Sovnis saqmeSi”)
did ricxvTa, masis kanoni konkurenciisaTvis adgils aRar tovebs. hoda, gvinda Tu ar gvinda, im imediT, rom viRacas mainc
daafiqrebs, “yavlgasul” sityvebsa da cnebebs movixmobT imis
gasagebad, Tu ra gvWirs da ra gvemarTeba?!... da Tu aseTi mid55
irakli mWedliSvili
goma viRacas gamorCeulobis pretenziad miaCnia, sjobs damSviddes _ garda qilikis, lanZRva-ginebisa da lafis srolisa, es pozicia sxvas, saxarbielos, arafers izidavs. Tumca, rogorc Cans, “Canacvlebis” moqnili meqanizmi am pozicias, am
adgils, epataJuri TviTgvemis, mazoxisturi populizmis mimdevarTa saxeiro alagadac aqcevs...
da kidev, bevrs sityvebi, “masa”, “plebsi”... yursa Wris da
aRizianebs _ aqao-da, xalxis brbod moxsenieba Tavxedoba da
uzneobaao. marTlac, SeiZleba am sityvebs Seuracxmyofeli
elferi Tan sdevs, magram isini aq ara Sefasebis, aramed aRweris mizniT moixmoba. “komunaluri egalitarizmidan (Tanasworobidan)” demokratiul, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze winaswari Semzadebis, zneobriv-konceptualurad gaazrebuli sayrdenebis gareSe gadasvlas gaurkveveli viTareba mohyva. sityva “plebsic” swored amgvar socialurad gaurkvevel da
arastratificirebul warmonaqmns miesadageba. plebsi ara
mxolod mdabioTa, upovarTa, uvicTa da ubirTa erTobaa, aramed iseTi nazavia, sadac yvelanairi adamianuri masalaa aTqvefili.
istoriul, Zveli romis plebss miwaTmoqmedebTan, xelosnebTan da vaWrebTan erTad eqimebi, mxatvrebi, maswavleblebi
da e. w. lumpen-proletariati Seadgenda. miuxedavad formalur-uflebrivi Tanasworobisa, plebsi damokidebuli mTlianad xelisuflebaze (patriciebze) iyo. ase rom, paralelizmi
aSkaraa, socialurad Tanaswor, magram uqonel moqalaqeTa
erToba, romlis uflebriv-yofiTi mdgomareobis mdgradobas
marTvis sabWoTa sistema uzrunvelyofda, am ukanasknelis
rRvevis Sedegad plebsis mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. diax! Cven
yvela plebss SevadgenT, Cvenda uneburad plebeebi gavxdiT _
yvelani!
xolo “patriciebis” (qveynis mamebis) adgili formalurad
carieli darCa. gardamavali periodis erovnul-patriotuli
lozungebis ukan an maTTan erTad yovelTvis swored am “carieli adgilis” dakavebis motivi Tanaobda. da radgan es adgili legitimurad (kanonierad) aravis ekuTvnoda, sarbielze is
xalxi gamoCnda, romlis Zvradoba an alagTa mimocvlis unari
adrec maRali iyo.
am sulswraf da elferis mardadcvalebad xalxs sazogadoebis Wkvadalagebuli nawili konkurencias ver gauwevda (da
albaT, jer kidev ver gauwevs, radgan aseT adamianTa sagrZnoblad SeTxelebuli fena ver xvdeba, rom ukve plebsis nawilia).
56
termini “konkurenciac” laTinuri warmomavlobisaa da misi Zireuli sityvis, con-curre-s pirveli mniSvneloba jgufur qmedebas, xalxis forumsa an/da sxva sajaro adgilas SequCebasa da
Sesabamis Sexla-Semoxlas gulisxmobs. “adamiani masis” cxovelmosiloba maRali swored amitom aris _ is marto arasdros moqmedebs, TavisnairebTan erTad yovelTvis raRac dinebis an viRacas momxreTa alagas dgas.
Tanamedrove, “dalagebul” sazogadoebebSi konkurencias
kanoniTa da instituciebiT Semofargluli, sruliad garkveuli veli aqvs daTmobili. sxvanairad arc iqneboda, radgan
mis Camoyalibebas safuZveli Tavis droze arakonkurentunarian, wamgebian poziciaSi jiutad mdgom pirovnebaTa Zalisxmeva udevs. iseTi pirovnebebisa, romelTa moRvaweobis suliskveTeba luTeris sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices: “aqa
vdgevar da sxvanairad ar ZalmiZs” (enobrivi asociacia qarTulSi: “fexic ar moucvlia”, an sijiutis sinonimi – “fexmidgmuli” iliasTan...).
swored amgvar adamianTa Zalisxmevam da suliskveTebam Seqmna iseTi sazogadoebrivi sivrce, sadac konkurenciis meqanizmi politikuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis intensiur funqcionirebas ganapirobebs. magram pirobasa da, Sesabamisad, SemzRudav “CarCos” an/da safuZvels amgvari socialuri organizmisa swored is Rirebulebebi uqmnian, romelTa “tareba-floba” mxolod suverenul pirovnebas SeuZlia...
amitomac amgvari pirovnebebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi an
gardamaval, im pirobebSi, roca konkurencia “upatrono
adgils” alagad aqcevs, sazogadoebriv arenaze koleqtiuri
pirovneba, “adamiani masa” gamodis. mmarTvel elitaSi, sadac
pasuxismgeblobas yovelTvis privilegiac axlavs, aseT dros
mxolod ukanasknelis, privilegiis flobis “SemZle” xalxi
xvdeba. da radgan “alagis kacis” cnobierebis “topologias”
ara saniadago kvanZebi, aramed mopovebisa da TviTgadarCenis
vitaluri impulsebi qmnian, socialuri organizmis yovel
“SeSfoTebas” aseTi kaci mxolod instiqtiT “nasazrdoebi” qmedebiT pasuxobs.
amitomac, Tu arnold toinbis moviSveliebT, gamowvevas,
romelic yovel axal drosa da viTarebas moaqvs, aseTi mmarTveli elita an saerTod ugulebelyofs, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod sworxazovani analogiiT pasuxobs _ gamosavals
ukusvliT, maSveli “qronologiuri Zafis” gaswvriv eZebs. Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi katastrofulia _ Zalauflebas xelT
57
irakli mWedliSvili
kvlav Semdegomi “masis kaci” igdebs an xelisuflebaSi, igive
arnold toinbis TeoriiT, ucxo, “dampyrobi” modis.
ase rom, aqtualur gamowvevaTa sapasuxo gadawyvetilebebis miReba kvlav dagrovil problemur kiTxvaTa gadaWra-pasuxzea damokidebuli _ gvyavs ki mmarTveli elita? da Tu
gvyavs, rogoria igi?
1. inteligencia da inteleqtualebi. sabWouri gansazRvrebiT “inteligencia” gonebrivi SromiT dakavebul adamianTa socialur fenas an jgufs ewodeboda. wamyvan an Zalauflebis subieqtad ki im saxelmwifoSi mSromelTa, muSaTa da
glexTa klasi cxaddeboda. magram warmmarTveli Zalis, kompartiis aparats, romelic Zalauflebas realurad flobda,
mainc inteligencia avsebda. ese igi, elitas, mmarTvel elitas,
sabWoTa sistemaSi inteligencia qmnida.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba saR azrs efuZneboda, magram arc uazrobidan modioda. bolSevikebs gansakuTrebulad originaluri araferi gamougoniaT, isini rusuli imperiis SeuTavseblis ZaliTa da mzakvrobiT SeTavsebis
qimerul politikas Rirseulad agrZelebdnen. marTalia, TviT
sityva inteligencia ucxouri, dasavluri warmoSobisaa (laT.
intelligens _ mcodne, gamgebi, keTilgonieri), magram im warmonaqmns, romelsac es saxeli daerqva, dasavlur tradiciasTan
saerTo cota hqonda.
termin “inteligenciis” moxmarebis sixSire dasavlur kulturul sivrceSi Zalze dabalia. ase imitom xdeba, rom am sityvas mxolod zogadi, abstraqtuli datvirTva aqvs. im iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, roca am termins mimarTaven, mis miRma ara konkretuli socialuri fena an jgufi, aramed inteleqtualTa
warmosaxviT-krebsiTi erToba igulisxmeba. TviT inteleqtuali ki, istoriuli xedviT, igive biurgeri an burJuaa, anu moqalaqea (germanuli bürger-ica da franguli bourgeois-c moqalaqes niSnavs), igi Cveulebrivi mesakuTrea, materialurTan
erTad codniT, inteleqtualur sakuTrebasac flobs da Tanamedrove saSualo fenis warmomadgenelia.
marTalia, axalevropuli gardaqmnebi erTi SexedviT TiTqos “wyvetiT”, revoluciuri gzebiT ganxorcielda, magram
TviT “mesame wodeba”, romelmac dasabami axal socialur warmonaqmns, Tavisufal moqalaqes (biurgers, burJuas) misca,
gardaqmniswina evropuli sazogadoebis sruliad organuli
nawili iyo. evropisgan gansxvavebiT im periodis ruseTSi mo58
qalaqe ki ara, wera-kiTxvis mcodnec Znelad moiZebneboda. amitomac process, romelic ruseTSi petre didis reformebiT
iwyeba da romelsac toinbi “vesternizacias” uwodebs, xelovnurad, manifestebiTa da “ukazebiT” Seqmnili, daCqarebulad
ganaTlebamiRebul moxeleTa fena axorcielebda.
saxelmwifo aparatis (mmarTvelobasTan erTad warmoebisa
da samxedro saqmis) evropul yaidaze gadawyobis mizniT warmoqmnil am, TiTqosda evropizirebul, fenas funqciuri korelacia ara dasavluri, aramed aRmosavluri mmarTvelobis
sistemasTan aqvs. rusuli inteleqtualuri fena, romelic dasabams petres reformebidan iRebs, mibmul-damokidebuli
mTlianad xelisuflebaze iyo.
Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifos wminda aparatuli marTvis
pirveli precendenti arabebma Seqmnes. arabuli imperiis, xalifatis, marTvis struqturas safuZveli (modeli) udabnoSi
momTabare xalxis tomobrivma wyobam misca. xalifatis yvela
mcxovrebi umaRles mmarTvels, xalifas, Tanabrad morCilebda (an emoneboda). aq warmomavlobiTi warCineba ar arsebobda
(gamonakliss mxolod winaswarmetyvelis, muhamedis STamomavalni warmoadgendnen).
adam mecs xalifatis sazogadoebrivi wyobis dasaxasiaTeblad erTi Canaweri moaqvs, sadac abasidebis karis moxele xalifatis mosaxleobas klasebad yofs. xalifasa da vezirebis
garda aq arian warCinebulni, romlebic simdidrem aRamaRla
da saSualo fena, romelic warCinebulebTan miRebuli codnis wyalobiT aris gaTanabrebuli. “danarCeni adamianebi ki WuWyiani qafia, daWaobebuli nakaduli da mdabali qmnilebaa. yoveli maTgani mxolod saWmelsa da Zilze fiqrobs.”
ese igi, _ askvnis meci _ “warCinebulad adamians im dros
fuli da politikuri warmateba _ ori ukiduresad vulgaruli ram aqcevda” (sxvaTa Soris, sityva “vulgaruli”, romelic
laTinuri sityvidan, vulgaritas _ xalxi, masa _ momdinareobs, mniSvnelobiT “plebeurTan” Zalze axlosaa...). miRweuli
maRali mdgomareobis SenarCuneba ki damokidebuli mxolod
xalifas (an mmarTvelis) wyalobaze iyo. amitomac RvTismetyvelni, iuristebi, literatorebi, mecnierebi da sxva ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romelTac Tavis rCena mxolod saxelmwifo aparatSi samuSaos miRebiT SeeZloT, Tanamdebobaze aryofnis SemTxvevaSi “danarCeni adamianebisagan” TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebodnen. usaqmod darCenili Tanamdebobis maZiebelni,
rogorc meci gadmogvcems, an qalaqis quCebSi daexetebodnen
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irakli mWedliSvili
da brbos “tvins urevdnen”, an provinciebSi SfoTsa da ganxeTqilebas Tesdnen.
mkacrad centralizebulma aparatulma marTvam, romelic
swored tomobriv-mxedruli simartivis gamo xalifatis aRmaval, dapyrobis periodSi Zalzed efeqturi aRmoCnda, sabolood arabuli imperiis stabiluri arseboba ver ganapiroba. xalifatis dasusteba da daSla metwilad biurokratiuli marTvis araefeqturobam da, Sesabamisad, moxeleTa korumpirebulobam ganapiroba.
rogorc Cans, arabuli aparatuli marTvis modeli safuZvlad aRmosavleT romis imperiis bizantiad transformirebasac daedo. Semosevebisa da omebis Sedegad dasustebuli da dapataravebuli aRmosavleT romis imperia sxvadasxva rjulis
barbarosTa moZalebas garda saomari dapirispirebisa, efeqturi marTviTac unda gamklaveboda. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos
isic, rom reforma swored xatTmebrZolma imperatorebma gaatares (VII saukunis meore naxevridan).
umetesi teritoriebisa, romelsac im drois aRmosavleT
romis imperia (formalurad Tu nominalurad) flobda, yofili elinisturi samyaros nawils Seadgenda da amitomac aq, am
sivrceSi, aRmosavlur da antikur-berZnul kulturaTa urTierTmorgebis pirveli (arc ise warmatebuli) gamocdileba ukve
arsebobda. amas garda, disonansi romaul kulturasa da saxelmwifo marTvis sistemaSi SemoWril, axladdasaxlebul tomebsac SemohqondaT.
ase rom, aRmosavluri centralizebuli (despoturi) marTvis sistemisaken gadaxra sruliad logikuri iyo _ regionebSi saxelmwifo moxeleTa daniSvnam, Temurma mmarTvelobam,
adgilobrivi (maT Soris SemoWrili, barbarosuli) mosaxleobidan rogorc gadasaxadebis akrefa, aseve, jaris Sevsebis
problemis gadaWrac uzrunvelyo.
meore mxriv, umetesi mosaxleobisaTvis ucxo instituciis, eklesiis winaaRmdeg xatTmebrZoleobis droSis qveS warmarTulma Setevam ideologiurTan erTad pragmatuli Sedegic moitana _ monastrebsa da eklesiebs xatebTan da wminda
nawilebTan erTad mamulebic CamoerTva. amas ki eklesiis rolisa da adgilis Sesusteba da misi “miwaze RvTis monacvle”
imperatorisadmi sruli daqvemdebareba mohyva.
centralizebuli marTvis aparatulma sistemam pirvel xanebSi bizantias, iseve rogorc Tavis droze arabul imperias,
warmatebebi moutana _ X saukunisaTvis ara marto arabuli
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eqspansiis SeCereba, aramed aRmosavleT romis imperiis teritoriebis TiTqmis mTliani dabrunebac moxerxda. magram Semdgom periodSi, XII saukunisaTvis, aSkara gaxda, rom ori gansxvavebuli principis Tanaobaze dafuZnebuli aparatul-biurokratiuli saxelmwifo wyoba Tanadroul moTxovnebs (gamowvevebs) ver pasuxobda. aseT mdgomareobas ki bizantiis imperiis kraxi sruliad kanonzomierad unda moetana...
arabuli xalifatis dasusteba da daSla, ra Tqma unda, imave marTvis aparatuli sistemis siClungis Sedegia. magram zedapiruli msgavsebis miuxedavad, saqme or – arsobrivad gansxvavebul movlenasTan gvaqvs. arabuli saxelmwifo wyoba
socialuri organizaciis tomobriv princips calsaxad Seesabameboda. TviT formas, anu saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
struqturas, meoradi mniSvneloba hqonda – is mxolod mmarTvelis, beladis xelSeuxebeli avtoritetis ganmtkicebasa da nebis gatarebas emsaxureboda. TviT es principi ki arabuli yofis eqstremaluri moTxovnilebebidan momdinareobda _ arabeTis naxevarkunZulis mkacr sacxovrebel pirobebSi gadarCena swored erTianobiT, beladisadmi sruli
daqvemdebarebiT SeiZleboda... da Tu amgvari xasiaTis erTianobam arabebs eqspansiis dros (e. i. isev eqstremalur pirobebSi) warmateba moutana, SemdgomSi, uzarmazari imperiis, anu kulturul-civilizaciuri warmonaqmnis marTvisaTvis – Seusabamo aRmoCnda.
bizantiaSi ki reformis Sedegad socialuri organizaciis
ori gansxvavebuli principis Serwyma moxda. iustinianes kanonmdebloba, romelic kurialur (anu moqalaqeTa da saSualo miwaTmflobelTa) mmarTvelobas akanonebda, axal pirobebSi
oficialuri kanonebiTa da naxevradoficialuri instruqciebiT nel-nela Seicvala. miRebuli saxelmwifo wyoba faqtobrivad tradiciul aRmosavlur erTmmarTvelobas uaxlovdeboda da gvian romaulTan kavSirs mxolod zedapirulad, nominalurad inarCunebda.
romis senatidan genetikurad momdinare sinkliti basilevsis (imperatoris) SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis morCil iaraRad
iqca. xolo Sedegad miRebul sazogadoebriv wyobas istoriografebi zogjer “vertikaluri socialuri mobilurobis”
epiTetiTac axasiaTeben. gadaadgilebebi marTlac saocari
siswrafiT, aRmosavluri mmarTvelobis msgavsad xdeboda _
guSindeli maRali Tanamdebobis moxele monarqis brZanebiT
dRes SeiZleba mdabio gamxdariyo, xolo energiuli, gamWria61
irakli mWedliSvili
xi da pirmoTne mdabio ki, piriqiT, basilevsis nebiT uzomod
amaRlebuliyo...
bizantiuri ierarqiuli sistema, sadac memkvidreobiT argadacemad wodebaTa da titulTa oTxi (sul ki, qvedoneebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ Tvrameti) done arsebobda, dasavluri feodaluri ierarqiis mxolod dekoratiuli analogia. suzenersa da vasals Soris ufleba-movaleobis gamokveTili urTierTmimarTeba, anu klasikuri feodalizmi, bizantiaSi ver Camoyalibda. mxedrebisa da moxeleebis dapirispirebaSi, anu
“stratigosTa da biurokratTa omSi”, gamarjveba ukanasknels,
biurokratias ergo (maSinac ki, roca xelisufleba stratigosTa xelSi gadadioda, marTvas mainc kvlav biurokratiuli
aparati axorcielebda).
magram Tu kulturul-civilizaciuri forma mxolod
iluzorul funqcias atarebs, maSin Sida, qmnad kanonzomierebas marTvis mravalmxriv qmedebaze gaTvlili sistema
calsaxa, umartivesi donis, realurad moqmed (primitiul,
tomobriv-klanuri Tanacxovrebis) pirovnul urTierTobamde dahyavs. bizantiaSic, misi arsebobis bolo periodSi,
moxeleTa da gavlenian pirovnebaTa wreSi msgavsi ram moxda: nebismieri winsvla, qonebrivi Tu ierarqiuli, mxolod
araoficialuri kavSirebiT, “filia”-Ti, anu megobrobisa da
keTilganwyobis wyalobiT miiRweoda (ZvelberZnulad φιλοζ
– megobaria).
xolo TviT imperatorTa nebiT, imave periodSi uzarmazari Zalaufleba da gavlena ierarqiul-marTvis struqturis
gverdis avliTa da gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis formiT
xSirad medroveTa xelSi xvdeboda. aseTi pativis “Rirsi”, rogorc wesi, monarqisaTvis uvnebeli saWurisebi xdebodnen...
amitomac, bizantiis dacema sulac ar unda iyos gasakviri, an
mxolod sxvebze gadasabralebeli.
rogorc Cans, ruseTma bizantiuri marTvis Taviseburebani
memkvidreobiT, qimerul simbolosTan, aRmosavleTiTa da dasavleTiT erTdroulad mziral orTavian arwivTan erTad miiRo. xolo, ber-monazon filofeis mier XVI saukuneSi Camoyalibebuli devizi: “moskovi mesame romia, meoTxe ki ar iarsebebs!” _ Semdgomi periodis ruseTis saxelmwifos (komunisturis CaTvliT) arsis ganmsazRvrel idead darCa.
am, rogorc berdiaevi Tvlis, aRmosavluri sulieri struqturis mqone xalxis kulturis Camoyalibeba laTinuri dasavleTis ucxo tradiciebTan mudmiv dapirispirebaSi xdeboda.
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bizantiis dacemisa da Tavisi samefos erTaderT marTlmadideblur saxelmwifod gamocxadebis Semdeg religiuri da nacionaluri aq, moskovis samefoSi, imdenad Seezarda erTmaneTs, rom TviT berZnuli eklesiac ki, romlisaganac gadmoiRes marTlmadidebloba, araWeSmaritad, zianis matareblad
cxaddeboda. xolo bizantiuri marTvis modelis adreul rusul TviTmpyrobelur tendenciasTan morgeba ki swored despotiuri momentis TanaziarobiT aixsneba _ monarqi aqac religiuri lideris funqcias iTavsebda (ivane mrisxanes azriT,
mefis movaleoba ara marto saxelmwifos marTva, aramed sulebis gadarCenacaa...).
magram Tavis Tavze “centrirebuli” rusuli mesianisturi
ideis mTlianobas saSiSroebas swored bizantiuri modelis
ormagi buneba uqmnida. es momenti aSkarad maSin gamovlinda,
roca petre didma qimera-arwivis dasavleTisken mzirali Tavis mimarTulebiT “sarkmelis gaWra” da ruseTis samefos dasavluri tipis imperiad gardaqmna ganizraxa. ganxeTqileba
(раскол), romelic am dros warmoiSva, ara marto religiuri sivrcis (новообрядчество-старообрядчество), aramed rusuli socialuri sferosa da kulturis mTeli Semdgomi periodis Tanmdevi da damaxasiaTebeli faqtori gaxda.
ganaTlebuli fena, romelic petres reformebis Sedegad
warmoiSva swored imitom, rom zemodan, Zalismierad, uzenaesi nebiT iyo “Canergili”, ganxeTqilebis elements Tavidanve
atarebda. XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis es fena sakmaod maRali kulturis adamianebs moicavda, magram Sesabamisi kulturuli niadagi ruseTSi mainc ar arsebobda. ZiriTadi masa
imdroindeli rusuli Tavad-aznaurobisa da “Cinovnikebisa”
umecari iyo _ maTi yovelgvar maRal miznebs moklebuli
cxovreba uazrobasa da mconareobaSi miedineboda. im drois
ganaTlebul da kulturul adamianTa mdgomareobis warmodgena griboedovis “vai Wkuisagan” (Горе от ума-s) personaJis, Cakkis saxis mixedviT SeiZleba. tradiciuli wodebrivi wridan
“amovardnil” am martoxela adamianebs samoqmedod mxolod saazrovno sfero rCebodaT (ideuri dapirispireba “dasavleTelebsa” da “slavianofilebs” Soris), xolo aqtiur socialur
qmedebaTa SeuZleblobam politikuri miswrafebis literaturis sferoSi gadatana ganapiroba. XIX saukunis rusuli kulturis “oqros xana” (puSkini, lermontovi, turgenevi...) swored amgvari viTarebis Sedegia.
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irakli mWedliSvili
TviTmpyrobelur wyobasTan kritikuli damokidebuleba da
rusuli xalxuri wiaRidan sruli mowyveta kulturuli fenis
uniadago, gaurkvevel mdgomareobas ganapirobebda da maTi
inteligenciis winamorbedad miCneva swored am mimarTebiT SeiZleba. gviandeli gamonaTqvamic, “WeSmariti inteligenti” _
erTgvari surogatuli konstruqciaa, romelsac, CanafiqriT,
saukunis pirveli naxevris kulturuli fenis meore naxevarSi warmoCenil inteligenciasTan erTianobisa da memkvidreobiTobis ieri unda SeenarCunebina.
kulturuli fena, ra Tqma unda, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic arsebobda (Tundac, e. w. vercxlis saukunis Taoba), magram
am droisaTvis es fena ukve ara wodebrivi niSniT, aramed im stabiluri mdgomareobiT gamoirCeoda, romelsac profesiuli
saqmianoba iZleoda. swored amitom naprali maTsa da imperiis
mosaxle gaunaTlebelsa da Wrel masas Soris Zalze Rrma iyo.
cnobili gamonaTqvami: “ruseTi Waobia, romelic inteligenciis Txeli apkiT aris dafaruli”, am fenis araorganulobasa
da misi mdgomareobis simyifes gamoxatavda. magram TviT am
kulturuli fenis “inteligenciad” moxsenieba qimeruli
inversiis Sedegia _ am kulturul movlenas Zalze cota hqonda saerTo im warmonaqmnTan, rasac inteligencia, an ufro sworad, “revoluciuri inteligencia” ewodeboda.
saqme is aris, rom Tavdapirvelad petre didis reformebis Sedegad warmoqmnil kulturul adamianTa mcirericxovan fenas mxolod erTi wodebis, Tavad-aznaurobis warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen (ganaTlebamiRebuli mdabioebic Tavadaznaurobas erwymoda). amitomac, miuxedavad xelisuflebis
mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebisa, qonebriv-socialuri
cenzi maT imperiis centrisagan moSorebiT, provinciebsa da
mamulebSi uxifaTo cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis pirobas
uqmnida (“zapadniki” Tu “slavianofili” “barinebi” garTobasTan erTad literaturul moRvaweobas umetesad TavianT mamulebSi eweodnen).
Semdgom periodSi, saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis, imperiis modernizaciis tempis zrdasTan erTad, ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba jer sasuliero wodebis ojaxebidan, Semdgom ki “meSCanTa” (mdabioTa) da glexTa wridan gamosul adamianebsac miecaT (gansakuTrebiT, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg). aseT adamianTa raodenoba ukve imdenad gaizarda da
amasTan, socialuri mdgomareobac imdenad gansakuTrebuli
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iyo, rom danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gamomacalkevebeli dasaxelebis aucilebloba TavisTavad gaCnda. swored am dros
Semovida termini “inteligencia”, romelsac CanafiqriT,
erTi mxriv, axali socialuri warmonaqmnis funqciuri roli
da, meore mxriv, wina kulturul fenasTan uwyvet-gardamavali kavSiri unda mieniSnebina.
magram, sinamdvileSi, rogorc xSirad xdeba ruseTSi,
kvlav paradoqsuli situacia Seiqmna. mTlianad xelisuflebis nebaze damokidebuli es axali socialuri warmonaqmni,
moswyda ra Cveul, saxalxo niadags, sruliad gariyulsa da
gaucxoebul mdgomareobaSi (plebsur situaciaSi) aRmoCnda.
Sedegad, dasavluri tipis ganaTlebis sawyisebs naziareb am
tipis adamianTa prozelituri enTuziazmi isev gansakuTrebulad rusuli gzebis ZiebaSi gaixarja. warmoiqmna iseTi
axali rusuli cnobiereba, sadac tradiciulma qsenofobiam da mesianizmma religiuris nacvlad socialuri elferi
miiRo, xolo “raskolnikuri” tendencia revoluciur
aRtkinebad gardaisaxa.
es axali tipis adamianebi pirvelad frangi mogzauris, markiz de kiustinis maxvilma Tvalma SeamCnia da maTi agresiulSovinisturi ganwyobis aRwera kidec dagvitova (1840 wlis mogzaurobis STabeWdilebani, romelic wignSi _ “nikoloz I-is
ruseTi”, Sevida, imdenad zusti da saxasiaToa, rom rusuli
inteligenciis yoveli Semdgomi Taoba Tavs movaled Tvlida,
gamabaTilebeli pasuxi daewera). saukunis meore naxevarSi genialurma rusma mweralma dostoevskim Tavisi romani “eSmakeulni” (Бесы) swored am movlenas miuZRvna. diagnozi, romelic
mweralma dasva erT sityvaSi, – “udReurni” (недосиженные) – SeiZleba Caetios. daboRmil adamianTa am tipis martivi da totalitaruli xasiaTis SezRuduli Tvalsawieri, gardamavali
da gaurkveveli socialuri roli da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli
Seumdgaroba (udReuroba) xels im gamanadgurebeli muxtis
dagrovebas uwyobda, romelsac apokalifsuri katastrofa SeiZleba mohyoloda...
dostoevskis romani-gafrTxileba, rogorc Cans, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda, Torem rom SeesminaT, es fena ufro mkveTr
da xatovan, lamis grZnobad uSualobamde dasul Sefasebas
xom gadaurCeboda?! saerTaSoriso proletariatis didi beladi Cveuli polemikuri gacxarebiT amtkicebda, inteligencia eris tvini ki ara, eqskrimentiao (dedanSi da vladimer leninis naSromTa gamocemebSi am ucxo warmoSobisa da mecnie65
irakli mWedliSvili
ruli ieris terminis nacvlad ubralo rusuli sityva, говно,
figurirebs).
“udReurTa kastis” eqstremistulma ganwyobam da Sesabamisma teroristulma qmedebam XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ukve
imdenad Searyia imperia, rom isedac Txelma da naZaladevad
Seqmnilma kulturulma zedapirma revoluciis masazrdoebeli Waobis myrali, momwamlavi airi veRar Seakava... aseTi oxSivariT gajerebul garemoSi myof liberal-inteleqtualTa
“cxvirabzekili” poza, revoluciis Teoretikosisa da praqtikosis, vladimer ulianovis azriT, ra Tqma unda, Ralatis tolfasi iyo (revoluciuri azrovneba samyaros Secvlas swrafi
da erTjeradi aqtebiT imedovnebs, amitomac midgoma martivi
da totalitarulia: “vinc CvenTan ar aris _ Cveni mteria!”).
hoda, ra gasakviria, rom is fena, romelic leninma ase xatovnad “Seamko” da ueWvelia, inteligenciis qveS igi swored liberal-inteleqtualebs gulisxmobda, revoluciis, anu bolSevikuri gadatrialebis pirvelive dReebidan proletariatis
diqtaturis lozungiT gaCaRebul terors emsxverpla.
xolo TviT im plebsur warmonaqmns, kvintesenciur fenas,
romelmac dasabami inteligenciis fenomens (an fantoms) namdvilad misca, ukve leninis memkvidrem, ioseb juRaSvilma “mouara”. am bolSevikuri beladis genialuri sicxadis tvinma da
bizantiurad momarTulma azrovnebam alRo rusuli mmarTvelobis Taviseburebas, rogorc Cans, yvelaze kargad auRo.
upirvelesad, igi mixvda, rom revolucia, romelsac mTeli
pleada marqsisti Teoretikosebisa msoflio-istoriul process ukavSirebda, sinamdvileSi arsobrivad wminda rusuli
movlena iyo da, amitomac, axali saxelmwifo sistema kvlav
tradiciul da nacad, rusuli despoturi marTvis aparats
unda dafuZneboda.
inteligenciis daniSnuleba ki rusul sivrceSi ara imdenad
kulturuli, aramed da pirvel rigSi, im funqciuri aucileblobiT ganisazRvreboda, romelic swored mmarTvelobiTi
sistemis moTxovnilebidan momdinareobda. stalinma es kargad
icoda, imdenad kargad, rom rusuli aparatuli marTvis susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebac SeZlo.
TviTmpyrobelur-imperiuli gamocdileba cxadyofda, rom
sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli, ganswavluli elementis (inteligenciis) mudmivi kvlavwarmoeba Sesabamisi fenis morCilebisa da kontrolis qveS yofnis aucilebeli piroba iyo. magram gaurkveveli da arastabiluri socialuri mdgo66
mareoba, naCqarevi da fragmentuli ganswavluloba, romelic
aseT kvlavwarmoebas mosdevda, xels destruqciuli cnobierebis adamianTa momravlebasac uwyobda. aseT adamianebSi dagrovili gauwonasworebeli fsiqikuri energia procesis iniciators, xelisuflebas, eqstremistul-revoluciuri formiT
“ubrundeboda”...
stalini jer kidev samoqalaqo omis dros mixvda, rom “yvelafers kadrebi wyveten”. hoda, kadrebis stalinuri rotacia (kremlidan “gulag”-amde gradaciuli speqtriT), anu
“wmenda” efeqturi swored tradiciuli rusuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebisa da masSi “inovaciuri elementis” Setanis gamo gaxda. mefis ruseTSi “bedis anabara” mitovebul fenas, inteligencias, axal qveyanaSi man, stalinma, “stabiluri statusi” SesZina. ara, klasamde
es wvrilburJuaziuli warmonaqmni ver amaRldeboda, mowinave, proletaruli cnobiereba misTvis miuwvdomeli iyo.
arc socialur fenad datoveba ivargebda, vai Tu... ai, Sre
(прослойка), arc miwieri da arc ciuri pozicia ki sruliad misaRebi unda yofiliyo.
aseTi sendviCuri dispozicia, muSaTa da glexTa klasebs Soris gaurkveveli formis Sris saxiT ganTavseba, inteligencias aramyar, mudmivi mimocvlis pirobebTan erTad mudmivi fsiqikuri daZabulobis, danaSaulis kompleqsis gancdis mdgomareobaSic amyofebda. es ki warmoSobili destruqciuli nerviuli energiis ara xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc mefis
ruseTSi, aramed TviT fenis SigniT warmarTvis (kanalizirebis) SesaZleblobas iZleoda.
periodulad ganmeorebadi stalinuri wmendebi damnaSaveTa (klasobriv mterTa, mavnebelTa, agentTa da a. S.) swored am
fenaSi gamovlenis sababiT tardeboda da amave fenis warmomadgenelTa diadi miznis, naTeli momavlisaken svlis “marTlmorwmune” enTuziazms efuZneboda. marTalia es enTuziazmi sakmaod male sayovelTao SiSma Secvala, magram amas mniSvneloba aRar hqonda _ aSvebuli urCxulis, totalitaruli
manqanis “kvebisaTvis” aucilebeli mudmivi msxverplSewirva
im ritualad iqca, romelic usityvo morCilebisaTvis saWiro
mokrZalebasa da Zrwolas badebda...
magram aseTi sistema, aseTi wyoba verc TavisTavad (erTgvar
“avtopilotis” reJimSi) muSaobs da verc didxans Zlebs _ stalinis gardacvalebas swored am istoriuli kanonzomierebis
damadasturebeli procesis dawyeba mohyva... imis mtkiceba, rom
67
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stalinis “memkvidreebi” ufro liberalurni da kacTmoyvareni iyvnen, aramarTebuli iqneboda _ nikita xruSCovis kariera swored stalinur represiebSi uSualo da aqtiuri monawileobis wyalobiT Sedga. xolo misi “Rvawli” 1956 wels Tbilissa da 1962 wels novoCerkaskSi mSvidobiani mitingebis daSlis
(anu daxvretis) aqciaSi imas adasturebs, rom “fericvaleba”
am bolSevikur liders arc stalinis am qveynidan wasvlis Semdeg ganucdia.
unda vivaraudoT, rom reJimis Serbileba da Sesusteba mravalwliani daZabulobis modunebiT Secvlis wminda adamianuri xasiaTis swrafvis gasagebsa da aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebel faqtorTan erTad da, metwilad, partiul liderTa da
biurokratTa SezRudulma Tvalsawierma, “ideologiurma sibecem” ganapiroba.
is faqti, rom gare samyarosagan sruliad izolirebul,
“rkinis fardiT” SemosazRvrul sabWoTa qveynis daxurul sivrceSi mZlavrad moqmedi represiul-ideologiuri manqana rigiTi adamianis isedac SezRudul Tvalsawiers “saWiro mimarTulebiT”, utopiuri orientirebisaken warmarTavda, ucnauri da gaugonari sulac ar aris _ msgavsi ram sxvaganac xdeboda da sxva droSic momxdara... dRevandeli gadasaxedidan gasakvirad sxva ram SeiZleba mogveCvenos _ aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis umaRles eSelonSi myof
adamianebs, romlebic Tavadac trialebdnen im samzareuloSi, sadac sazogado moxmarebis ideologiuri kerZi-fiqcia
mzaddeboda, rigiTi sabWoTa moqalaqis sadari mentaluri
done ratom unda hqonodaT?!
sinamdvileSi am faqts, saerTod ki – movlenas, romelic
calkeul, TiTqosda SemTxveviT xdomilebaTa donesaa amofarebuli, martivi axsna aqvs. sakmarisia sabWoTa ideologiis
mier damkvidrebuli inversiuli konteqstidan gasvla da yvelafers Tavisi adgili miecema _ stalinma marqsizm-leninizmis mier naqadagebi proletariatis sakacobrio misiis ganmaxorcielebeli qveyana ki ara, tradiciuli rusuli imperiis
“wiTlad Seferili” axali varianti Seakowiwa (sxvaTa Soris,
es movlena yvelaze kargad da yvelaze adre emigraciaSi
myofma stalinis mtrebma, rusma monarqistebma gaiges da
avtorisa Tu Semqmnelis Rvawlsac saTanado pativi maTve miages). hoda, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusul imperiul marTvaSi aRmosavluri morCilebis elementi Sefarulad
Tu aSkarad yovelTvis Tanaobda, maSin partiul elitaSi, rbi68
lad rom vTqvaT, ordinalur adamianTa moxvedra sruliad gasagebi gaxdeba...
aTasobiT partiuli funqcionerisagan raime gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli monacemebiT arc nikita xruSCovi da arc leonid breJnevi gamoirCeodnen. xolo maTi codnisa da ganaTlebis done ki, gamoTqmis “saxazino”, biurokratiul-formalur
stils rom mivmarToT, saSualo statistikuri sabWoTa moqalaqisas ar aRemateboda. is faqti, rom stalinis Semdeg swored aseTi adamianebi moxvdnen uzarmazari qveynis saTaveSi,
imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanas, sadac aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi totalitaruli marTvis sistema batonobda, aRmosavluri tradiciis msgavsad, mxolod erTi, iseTi lideri, beladi an mama-marCenali SeiZleba hyoloda, romelic sxva danarCenT, yvelas, umaRlesi moxeledan rigiT moqalaqemde, Tanabar morCilebaSi, masis mdgomareobaSi amyofebda...
Tumca, miuxedavad garemo-pirobebisa da inteleqtualur
monacemTa msgavsebisa, am ori partiuli lideris pirovnul
miswrafebaTa xasiaTi da moRvaweobis stili erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavdebuli iyo. breJnevi tipiuri, rusebi rom
ityvian, “aparatCiki” iyo, misi “obivateluri” ganwyobis dasaxasiaTeblad erTi filmis gmiris cnobili fraza SeiZleba moviSvelioT: “nu iqneba mxolod bunti!”. breJnevis magaliTi saukuneebSi gamocdili biurokratiuli marTvis “ukvdav” xasiaTs mkafiod avlens _ “aparati yovelTvis Tavis Tavze muSaobs”, is kanonierebis dacvis, maRali miznebisa da aRmSeneblobis, anu qveynis samsaxurSi mxolod iZulebiT (an beladis an
sazogadoebis), mudmivmoqmedi nebis wyalobiT dgeba...
nikita xruSCovi ki “udReurTa modgmis” im nawils ekuTvnoda, romelTa plebeur-mesianisturi aRtkineba bolSevikur
orTodoqsias rwmenis sagnad swored mecnierul-universaluri ieris gamo iReben. mas swamda, rom marqsistul-leninuri
utopia ganxorcielebadia; sjeroda, rom stalinis barbarosulma nebam, “pirovnebis kultma” mecnierulad dasabuTebuli procesis svlis gamrudeba gamoiwvia da rom swor doqtrinasTan dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba jer sabWoTa xalxsa da Semdeg mTel kacobriobas
sasurvel, bednier mizanTan miiyvanda (misi varaudiT, sabWoTa sazogadoebas 80-ian wlebisaTvis ukve komunistur formaciaSi unda ecxovra).
hoda, sazogadoebisa da saerTod, kacobriobis ganviTarebis “obieqtur kanonzomierebas” mindobili komunisti lide69
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ri, nikita xruSCovi, eWvs yvelaze swori msoflmxedvelobiT
“SeiaraRebul”, Tu ideur poziciaze mdgom sabWoTa inteligenciis “marTlmorwmuneobaSi” rogor Seitanda?! ara-da, am,
Tavis droze dasavluri kulturuli sivrcidan nasesxeb da
rusul sinamdvileSi Canergil warmonaqmns, znisa da bunebis
Tanaxmad, erTi andazisa ar iyos, Tvali sxva mxares unda Weroda...
e. w. daTbobis periodi, romelic xruSCovis mmarTvelobas
mohyva, pirvel rigSi, swored im represiul-wmendiTi meqanizmis SeCerebis Sedegia, romelic iqamde cixe-banakebis qselis
“cimbirul susxiT” mTel imperiasa da Tavisufal azrovnebasac damzral mdgomareobaSi amyofebda. sabWoTa inteligenciac, rogorc ki sulis moTqmis saSualeba mieca, fiqrsa da
mzrunvelobas kvlav Tavisi Zireuli, kulturuli funqciis
Sesrulebaze iwyebs. xolo amave fenis erTi nawilis tradiciulad saxasiaTo destruqciuli muxti, raskolnikur-revoluciuris nacvlad, disidentur saxes iRebs. aseTi mdgomareoba
nikita xruSCovis gadayenebis Semdgom, breJnevis mmarTvelobis xanasac da sabWoTa saxelmwifos arsebobis bolo periodsac gadaswvda...
qarTuli inteligenciac, ra Tqma unda, imave “qvabSi ixarSeboda”, mis arsebobasac igive, imperiuli marTvis aucilebloba gansazRvravda. Tumca, amasTan es warmonaqmni gansakuTrebul, erovnul saxes yovelTvis inarCunebda da es TiTqos
zedapiruli, egzotikuri ieris gamorCeuloba sinamdvileSi
ufro Rrma da farTo kulturuli safuZvlebidan momdinareobda... am safuZvlis “gamoCxrekviT” garkveva ki ara TavisTavad da TviTkmar, aramed mxolod zogadsakacobrio konteqstSia SesaZlebeli...
2. abelur da kaenur tradiciaTa konfliqti. “aha, magdeb
dRes miwis pirisagan da unda mivefaro Sens saxes; devnili da
miusafari viqnebi amqveynad da yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi
mokvla” (dab. IV, 14). kvlav-da-kvlav ismis Civili, radgan sasjeli, romelic kaenma Zmis mkvlelobis gamo daimsaxura, mis
STamomavalT aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi Tan sdevs. da uWvelia, rom wminda werilis teqstSi ZmaTamkvlelobis adamianuri codvis ukan is dapirispirebac igulisxmeba, romelic kacobriobas Tan, aseve aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi sdevs.
abelisa da kaenis saxiT erTmaneTs adamianTa ori tipi, an
kulturaTa ori Zireuli forma daupirispirda da bibliuri
70
ambavic am movlenas simbolurad gvamcnobs. dacemis Semdeg samoTxidan gamoZevebul adamsa da mis modgmas RmerTma saarsebod iseTi dawyevlili miwa dauwesa, sadac mxolod ZeZvi da ekali aRmocendeba. unda vigulisxmoT, rom kaeni ganwesebas: “...
da mindvris balaxi iyos Seni sazrdo” (dab. III, 18), ar dasjerda
da miwis damuSaveba daiwyo.
aqedan moyolebuli, miwis zedapiris funqciuri erTgvarovneba dairRva, velze iseTi adgili gaCnda, sadac mxolod
adamianis sazrdo moipoveboda. mesaqonle abels es siaxle, saZovarze akrZaluri adgilis gamoCena, ra Tqma unda, ar moewoneboda... da movlili nakveTis gapartaxeba arc kaens unda moswoneboda ... konfliqtis gadaWris mcdeloba _ “uTxra kaenma
Tavis Zmas, abels: gavideT velad” (dab. IV, 8) _ tragikulad
dasrulda, velma orive ver daitia...
da es, kacobriobis istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi, bibliis
mier simbolurad moTxrobili, TiTqos mxolod kerZo, yofiTi safuZvlis mqone dapirispireba kvlav grZeldeba, radgan
arsebobas kulturaTa safuZvlebSi ganagrZobs. bolo saukuneebSi damkvidrebulma civilizaciis calsaxa ganviTarebis
mecnierulma xedvam am dapirispirebis gadaWra ki ara, mxolod
droebiTi miCqmalva, SeniRbva SeZlo. problemis konceptualur gagebasa da Sesabamisi konstruqciuli gzebis Ziebas inerciisa Tu sxva, pragmatul mosazrebaTa gamo saTanado yuradReba, rogorc ukanaskneli movlenebi cxadyofs, arc dRes
eqceva...
Jan Jak ruso cdeboda, roca ambobda, rom imas, vinc miwis
nakveTi pirvelma SemoRoba da daisakuTra, sxvebma daujeres
da Robe ar moarRvieso. arRvevdnen da mere rogor! abelisa
da kaenis dramatuli dapirispireba kacobriobis istoriaSi
uSualodac da ufro metad, faruli saxiT mravaljer ganmeorebula. kulturaTa safuZvlebSi gadasuli “velisa da mindvris” konfliqtis muxti sazogadoebebsa da civilizaciebs
Soris dapirispirebaTa da daZabulobaTa gaRvivebis mudmivmoqmed wyarod iqca da axlac aseTad rCeba.
rusos negatiuri damokidebuleba yvelaferi imis, maT Soris, kulturisa da mecnierebis mimarT, rac, misi azriT, saxelmwifos warmoSobasa da Sesabamisi uTanasworobis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba, etyoba, mainc im epoqisaTvis saxasiaTo xedviT (aspeqtiT) iyo ganpirobebuli. ganmanaTleblobis Semdgom
da masTan erTad, germanuli klasikuri filosofiac kacobriobis ganviTarebas erTian da calsaxa istoriuli procesis sa71
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xiT warmoidgenda, rac, saboloo angariSiT, xels evropocentristuli tendenciis damkvidrebas uwyobda.
amgvari xedviT sakacobrio civilizacia iseT aRmaval erTianobadaa warmoCenili, sadac evropuli done umaRles safexurad miiCneva, xolo yvela danarCeni _ imave procesis wina an
ganviTarebaSeCerebul safexurad aRiqmeba. marTalia, mTeli
XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi aseTi istoriul-evoluciuri xedva safuZvlianad Seirya (Spengleri, ortega-i-gaseti, toinbi,
hantingtoni, biukeneni...), magram bolo drois maRali teqnologiebiT ganpirobebuli msoflios “SemWidroebis” sul
ufro yovlismomcveli da gamWoli procesi iseT globalur
sinamdviles qmnis, sadac erTian, sakacobrio civilizaciaSi
yofnis SegrZneba kidev ufro mZafr elfers iZens..
ara-da, bolo aTwleulebis destruqciul da katastroful movlenaTa rigi harmoniuli erTianobisaken svlis STabeWdilebas sulac ar tovebs. bipolaruli msoflios daSlis
dawyebidan Cavlili droc sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom globalur uwesrigobaTa da permanentul “SeSfoTebaTa” mizezebi
ufro Sors, Zireul safuZvlebSi veZioT. xolo safuZvlebis
gadaxedvisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas isic, rom ganviTarebis evoluciuri xedva evropuli civilizaciis svlis
mxolod zedapirul-qronologiuri suraTis sqematuri warmodgenaa da rom, TviT am civilizaciisa da, miT ufro, sxva
saxis civilizaciaTa Camoyalibebas iseTi kulturuli faqtoric ganapirobebda, romelic sayovelTaod miRebul sworxazovan, aRmavali ganviTarebis koncefcias mTlad ver eTanadeba.
zemoT, SesavalSi, ukve aRiniSna, rom Tanamedrove SexedulebiT civilizaciis warmoSoba miwaTmoqmedebis SemosvlasTan, anu momTabare cxovrebis binadrobis, mkvidrobis wesiT
Secvlis procesis dawyebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. istoriul movlenaTa rigi am mosazrebis utyuar, logikur dasabuTebas iZleva, magram, amavdroulad, igive rigi siRrmiseul,
qronologiur-xazovani dinebis miRma arsebul, Tanamdev kulturul xdomilebebs verSemCnevis saburvels qveS tovebs.
marTalia, kulturis cneba dasabams swored miwaTmoqmedebis Semosvlidan iRebs, magram ukuqmedebiT igi ufro adreul
movlenebzec ganivrcoba. cxovrebis wesi, romlis Camoyalibebasac adamianma aTaseuli wlebi moandoma (cxovelTa moSinaureba, maTi movla da marTva, garemosTan adaptacia da a. S.)
swored kuturaa, radgan adamianis ZalisxmeviTa da mondome72
biT aris Seqmnili. amasTan, kulturis es tipi, romelic dResac “cocxlobs”, gansakuTrebuli cnobierebis, “abeluri tipis” adamiansa da Sesabamis socialur erTobas ayalibebs. da
amitomac, kulturulogiuri kvleva qronologiuri sworxazovnebidan momdinare monacvleobasTan erTad da zogjer
nacvlad, Zireul dayofa-diferencirebasac unda iTvaliswinebdes.
bibliis mixedviT kaeni miwaTmoqmedia, xolo abeli _ mwyemsi, mejogea. simbolurad es adamianTa is ori tipia, romelic
Tanamedrove kacobriobis dasabamidan, anu mas Semdeg arsebobs, rac binadarma tomebma xeli miwis damuSavebas, xolo momTabareebma mejogeobas mihyves. orive tips sakuTari cxovrebis wesisa da saqmianobidan momdinare gansakuTrebuli wes-Cveuleba da tradicia Camouyalibda.
miwaTmoqmedi xalxi, bunebrivia, swored imis gamo, rom binadrobis, mkvidrobis wess misdevs, sabolood qalaqebis Seqmnamde midis (sagulisxmoa, rom biblia pirveli qalaqis Semqmnelad kaens moixseniebs). es ukve binadrobis meore fazaa,
romelic pirvelTan SedarebiT dafuZnebisa da sivrciTi “SemWidroebis” ufro maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva. saerTod ki binadar xalxTa arseboba da saqmianoba drois niSniT xasiaTdeba: sivrcis mkacrad SemosazRvrul areSi fiqsirebulni TavianT qmedebas isini usasrulo xangrZlivobad warmodgenili
drois kontinuumSi moiazreben (qarTuli sityvac, adgili,
romelsac saniadago mkvidroba Seesabameba, swored amgvari mimarTebidan unda momdinareobdes).
momTabare da mejoge xalxi ki piriqiT _ arafers xangrZlivs ar qmnis da arc momavals “epotineba”. samagierod,
sivrce maTTvis sul axali da axali, SeuzRudav SesaZleblobaTa area (qarTulSi aqac droebiTi sadgomis Sesabamisi sityva, alagi gvaqvs). ase rom, kaenis simbolizms Seesabameba SekumSvis principi, romelic warmodgenilia droiTi xangrZliobis mixedviT, xolo abelisas _ gaSlis, anu ganvrcobis principi, romelic sivrciTi ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba. sxvanairad, “kaenis modgmis” tradicias, kulturas, SeiZleba intensiuri (laT. intensio _ daZabva, gaZliereba) ewodos, xolo abelisas _ eqstensiuri (laT. extensivus _ gaWimva, dagrZeleba,
gafarToeba).
Zireul, dro-sivrciT mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, orive kultura gansxvavebul simboloebs, ritualebsa da tradiciebs
warmoSobs. miwaTmoqmedi xalxi imis gamo, rom metwilad saqme
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fiqsirebul, uZrav obieqtebTan, nivTier sagnebTan aqvs, vizualur simboloebs, xatebs qmnis. arsobrivi mniSvnelobis mixedviT vizualuri xati sivrciT formamde, geometriul sqemamde daiyvaneba. momTabare an mejoge xalxisaTvis yvelaferi,
rac maT garkveul adgils miabams, maT Soris xatic, akrZalulia. amitomac isini mudmivi gadaadgilebis mdgomareobisaTvis erTaderT Sesatyviss, xmovan simboloebs, qmnian.
magram xedviT (vizualur) aRqmas mimarTeba sivrcesTan,
xolo smeniTs (audios) _ drosTan aqvs. ase rom, mgrZnobelobiT doneze ZiriTadi principebis erTgvari Sebruneba xdeba:
kaenur-miwaTmoqmedi, anu intensiuri kulturis xalxi, romelTa arseboba droiT xangrZliobas eqvemdebareba, plastikur,
anu sivrciT formebs qmnian (arqiteqtura, skulptura, ferwera), xolo, abelur-mejoge, eqstensiuri kulturis xalxi piriqiT, droSi ganfenads _ fonetikurs (musika, poezia).
aRniSnuli Zireuli gansxvaveba aseve gansxvavebul msoflaRqmasa da Sesabamis mentalur-socialur garemos ayalibebs.
kaenur, intensiur kulturebSi mowesrigebis principi sivrcesTan erTad, rogorc wesi, adamianur erTobazec ganivrcoba _ individ-atomad gancalkevebuli adamianebi garkveul,
drois TanmimdevrobaSi gardamaval socialur (ierarqiul) da
struqturul mTlianobaSi erTiandebian. abeluri tipis xalxi ki usazRvro da erTgvarovani ganvrcobis tendenciis Tanaxmad ufro koleqtiur qmedebaze orientirebul da morCilebaSi Tanaswor, egalitaruli tipis (patriarqalur an tomobrivad Tanaswor) socialur erTobebs qmnian.
zemoT gamoTqmul yovel mosazrebas mxolod Teoriuli
xasiaTi aqvs. praqtika, cxovreba, istoria, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani da mdidaria. Teoriuli hipoTezebica da martivi konceptebic swored sinamdvilis
xdomilebaTa urTulesi “wnulis” ukan garkveuli sazrisis an
kanonzomierebis aRmosaCenad iqmneba. wminda saxiT xsenebuli eqstensiuri an intensiuri kulturebi (civilizaciebi) ar
gvxdeba, miT ufro mas Semdeg, rac kacobriobam, Zalze umniSvnelo nawilis gamoklebiT, mkvidrobis cxovrebis wesi airCia. da swored es movlena badebs iluzorul xedvas _ Tu
cxovrebis wesi TiTqmis yvelgan erTnairia, maSin kulturac,
civilizaciac metnaklebad erTnairi da homogenuri unda
iyos.
miamituri ironiiTa da erTgvari niSnisgebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas _ rogorc Cans, yofiereba cnobierebas yovelTvis ar
74
gansazRvravs... miuxedavad imisa, rom msofliom karga xania
TiTqos unificirebuli politikuri formebi airCia (saxelmwifoTa dasazRvra, marTvis sistema, saerTaSoriso samarTali da a. S.), yovel calkeul qveyanaSi imas, rasac realobas an
cxovrebiseul sinamdviles uwodeben, mkafiod Camoyalibebul (racionalurad gaweril) normebTan erTad da zogjer
maT nacvladac, is fenomeni gansazRvravs, rasac tradicias
uwodeben.
sityva “tradicias” maincdamainc calsaxa mniSvneloba arc
adre hqonia da mas Semdeg ki, rac “velurobisa da barbarosobis” koreqtul sinonimad iqca, misi terminuli gamokveTiloba xom sul gafermkrTalda. es sityva TiTqmis yvelafers esadageba, rasac adamiani odesme Sexebia _ primitiuli wes-Cveulebidan umaRles sulier da religiur gancdamde. da radgan,
rogorc zemoT iTqva, Teoriuli koncefciebi cxovrebaSi
wminda saxiT iSviaTad xorcieldeba, amitomac yovel kulturaSi Zireuli, abeluri an kaenuri, tendenciis tradiciis saxeliT moxsenieba ufro marTebuli iqneba.
nebismier kulturaSi civilizaciis es ori dasabamiseuli
tendencia (an tradicia) erTdroulad arsebobs. gansxvavebas
sxvadasxva socialur Tu erovnul organizmebs Soris am oridan erT-erTis prevalireba ganapirobebs. amasTan, es prevalireba saukuneebSi gamotarebuli erT-erTi tendenciis mdgradi TanaobiT xasiaTdeba _ yoveli civilizaciis an kulturis
tipi swored am niSnis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. Tumca, TviT
kulturis SigniT ganmapirobebeli tradicia yovelTvis calsaxad dominirebadi ar aris.
magaliTad, abeluri tradiciis zeobis klasikur gamovlenas, arabuli islamuri saxelmwifos (xalifatis) Seqmnas sruliad sapirispiro, kulturis intensiuri ganviTarebis periodic hqonda. IX-X saukuneebSi arabulma kulturam iseT maRal
dones miaRwia (filosofia, astronomia, medicina, alqimia, maTematika da sxv.), rom zogjer am periods “muslimur renesanssac” uwodeben. elinistur sivrceSi, romelic xalifatis sazRvrebSi moeqca, antikur-berZnuli kulturis SeWra da difuzia ukve TiTqmis aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda.
am kulturis pirvelwyaroebis (ZiriTadad aristoteles naSromebis) aTvisebisa da gaTavisebis mcdelobam arabuli kulturis ganviTareba intensiur kalapotSi TavisTavad Caagdo.
sabolood ki es procesi, ra Tqma unda, jer Senelda da mere
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irakli mWedliSvili
SeCerda, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi Zireul, eqstenciur tradiciasTan movida.
xolo meore mxriv, imave intensiur-kaenuri tradiciis klasikuri gamovlena, antikur-elinuri polisuri kultura, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan wina aziaSi Zalismieri gadatanis
Sedegad eqstensiur tipSi gardaisaxa (aleqsandre makedonelis imperia). Tumca, es magaliTi sapirispiro poziciidan ganxilvisas ufro imis dadasturebas warmoadgens, rom axlo
aRmosavluri arealis mentalur-socialur tradicias Zalze
myari fesvebi aqvs.
da swored fesvebidan momdinareobis kuTxiT xedvas an zemoT Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT civilizaciis
svlisaTvis Tvalis miyolebas paradoqsul, istoriuli xasiaTis xdomilebaTa sawinaaRmdego daskvnamde mivyavarT. rogorc cnobilia, Zveli samyaros pirveli samiwaTmoqmedo tradiciebi swored am regionSi Caisaxa. da Tu zemoT gamoTqmuli
koncefcia sworia, Tu dafuZneba, miwis damuSaveba kaenur tradicas warmoSobs, maSin yoveli civilizacia, romelic am regionSi Camoyalibda, upiratesad intensiuri tradiciis matarebeli unda yofiliyo.
sinamdvileSi tradicia, romelic am regions axasiaTebs, rogorc istoriuli warsuli da dRevandeloba gviCvenebs,
eqstenciuri xasiaTisaa. da es sruliad logikuria, radgan,
rogorc Zveli wyaroebi adastureben, am arealSi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis Camoyalibebamde da mas Semdegac, momTabare
da mejoge tomTa gacxovelebuli mimosvla mimdinareobda. bunebrivia, xalxTa mimoqcevis mborgav okeaneSi warmoSobili samiwaTmoqmedo kunZulebi (SuamdinareTis nayofieri miwebi
mTeli am regionis Zalze mcire nawilia) damoukideblad da TavisTavad ver ganviTardeboda.
rogorc Cans, pirveli civilizaciebis Camoyalibebasa da
saerTod, am regionSi samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis gadarCenas
ekonomikuri mizezebi aqvs (marqsistuli xedva, politekonomia aq amarTlebs. ise ki, am moZRvrebis eqstensiur tradiciasTan mimarTebis kvleva saintereso unda iyos...). savaraudoa,
rom savele-saomari wrTobis tomebma permanentulad ganmeorebad, magram gamapartaxebel Semosevebs nayofieri samiwaTmoqmedo regionebis mudmiv Semosavlis wyarod gadaqceva arCies (an imis varaudic SeiZleba, rom am regionSi mejogeobisa da miwaTmoqmedebis sruli gamijvna jer dasrulebuli ar iyo). Sromis organizaciis is kooperaciul-koleqti76
uri forma, romelic am civilizaciebSi arsebobda (Tundac
sarwyavi sistemebi), mxolod abelur-eqstenciuri tradiciis xalxs SeeZlo Seeqmna.
momTabare tomebis wvlils uZveles civilizaciaTa SeqmnaSi mravali istoriuli wyaro da mkvlevari adasturebs _ am
regionSi arsebuli yvela eqstensiuri tipis saxelmwifo warmonaqmni dasabams semituri Tu ariuli warmoSobis momTabare tomebTan urTierTobis Sedegad iRebs (dReisaTvis gaurkveveli mxolod Sumerebis warmomavlobaa. mesopotamiis Semdgom saxelmwifoebs arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan gamosuli
_ akadebi, arameebi, qaldeebi _ semituri tomebi qmnidnen.
amas garda, imave arealSi da egvipteSic Cv. w. a.-mde II aTaswleuSi ariuli tomebis, ariebis, anu giksosebis, mZlavri migraciac aRiniSneba). ase rom, makedonelis laSqrobidan dawyebul dasavluri intensiuri kulturis eqpansias aq, am regionSi, aTaswleulebSi Camoyalibebuli, Rrma eqstensiuri
tradicia daxvda.
kaenuri, samiwaTmoqmedo tradicia, romelic intensifikaciasa da lokalizacias TavisTavad gulisxmobs, bunebrivia,
swored iq ganviTardeboda, sadac garemo SedarebiT mSvidi
arsebobis pirobebs qmnida. amgvari viTareba mxolod Zveli
samyaros centridan moSorebiT, periferiul regionebSi, Znelad misadgom, mTa-gorian adgilebsa da xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze SeiZleba yofiliyo. antikur-berZnuli polisuri civilizaciac swored amgvar arealze dafuZnebuli tradiciis
ganviTarebis Sedegia.
berZeni barbarosebis, aqaelebis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze SeWris Semdeg adgilobrivma tomebma (pelasgebma) sruli asimilacia ganicades. Tumca, meore mxriv, mikenuri civilizacia, romelic am SemoWris Semdeg peloponesze damkvidrda, sawinaaRmdego procesis, TviT barbarosTa kulturuli
asimilaciis Sedegia. minoisur kulturas, romelic am regionSi berZnebis SeWramde batonobda, Zalze ganmxoloebuli, lokaluri xasiaTi hqonda (kunZuli kreta da msgavsi materikuli
fragmentebi). mikenuri kultura, erTi mxriv, wina, am regionSi ukve arsebuli kulturis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, xolo,
meore mxriv, aqaelTa jer kidev SerCenili eqstensiuri tendenciis gamovlenis Sedegic iyo.
balkeneTis naxevarkunZulis sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze
mikenuri kultura (an civilizacia) swored am tendenciis wyalobiT ganivrco. mikenuri tipis sasaxleebi da maT garSemo
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irakli mWedliSvili
arsebuli dasaxlebani (mikeni, tirinfo, pilosi, aTeni, fesalia...) saberZneTis sakmaod vrcel teritoriaze, SeiZleba
iTqvas, erTgvar civilizaciur qsels qmnidnen. da es, rogorc
homerosi uwodebs, oqrouxvi da Zlevamosili civilizacia yvelaze didi saomari warmatebis Semdeg, troaze gamarjvebidan
sul mokle xanSi daemxo.
Cv. w. a.-mde XIII saukunis bolos dawyebulma CrdiloeT da
Crdilo-dasavleT balkaneTidan SemoWril barbaros berZenTa doriuli tomebis Semosevam mikenuri kulturis done ukan
TiTqmis aTasi wliT dawia. am dacemis epoqaSi, rogorc varaudoben Cv. w. a.-mde VIII saukuneSi mcxovrebi homerosi wina, “iliadas” gmirTa xanas, “oqros saukuned” amitomac moixseniebda.
magram rogorc berZnebis magaliTidan Cans, intensiuri kulturis fesvebs Sesaferis, stabiluri ganviTarebis pirobebSi
axali, cxovelmyofeli ylortebis gamotana yovelTvis SeuZlia _ klasikuri antikur-berZnuli kultura da civilizacia, romelic dacemis doriul periods mohyva, wina, mikenuri
kulturis “aRorZinebad” SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.
da aq xazi berZnebis istoriaSi gamovlenil erT saintereso da sagulisxmo moments unda gaesvas. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze Semosvlis Semdeg aqaelebma Zlevamosili mikenuri
civilizaciis Camoyalibebas daaxloebiT Svidi saukune moandomes. dacemis dasawyiss, romelic dorielTa Semosvlas mohyva da klasikur, polisuri civilizaciis Camoyalibebis periods, drois TiTqmis imave xangrZliobis monakveTi yofs. es magaliTi imis TvalsaCino gamovlenaa, Tu ra mZime da xangrZlivi procesia saWiro imisaTvis, rom Zireuli tradiciis erTi
forma (am SemTxvevaSi – abeluri) meoreSi (kaenurSi, anu intensiurSi) gadaewyos.
axlo aRmosavluri regionis kulturuli tradiciis wina
daskvnis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxilvisas aSkara xdeba, rom im regionSi, sadac ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi momTabare da mejoge modgmis xalxTa permanentuli (uwyveti) gadaadgileba mimdinareobda, miwaTmoqmedebaze dafuZnebul kulturas TviTganviTarebis saSualebas, anu xelSeuxeblobis pirobasa da saWiro dros aravin miscemda. Tumca, es mosazreba gagebuli ise ar unda iyos, TiTqos aq, am arealSi, civilizacia
ar ganviTarda an primitiul, sawyis abeluri cxovrebis wess
ver gascda.
ara-da, civilizaciis calsaxa ganviTarebis koncefciis mixedviT, romelic inerciisa Tu gauazreblobis gamo Cveul Se78
xedulebebSi, rogorc wesi, aSkara an faruli saxiT dResac Tanaobs, swored aseTi daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes. marTlac, Tu
civilizacia (Tanac erTiani, anu Tanamedrove, dasavluri) miwaTmoqmedTa dafuZnebidan iRebs saTaves, maSin logikuria,
rom ganviTarebis dro-sivrciTi xazi an veqtori mimarTuli
mesopotamiidan da saerTod am regionidan, evropisaken unda
iyos. aseTi xedviT, gasagebia, rom dasawyisi, anu aTvlis wertili yovelTvis warsulSi iqneba da Sesabamisad, am regionis
dRevandel mdgomareobasac civilizaciis winadRed miCneviT
martivi axsna eZleva.
magram logika imitomacaa logika, rom Zalmosili orive
mxares aris. imave veqtoris ukumimarTulebiT mkacr da calsaxa ganvrcobas uazrobamde mivyavarT _ iq, sadac miwaTmoqmedebaze dafuZnebuli intensiuri cxovrebis wesi ar Camoyalibda, civilizacia saerTod ar unda arsebobdes... hoda, uazrobisgan Tavis dasaRwevad isRa dagvrCenia, sruliad garkveviT aRvniSnoT, rom axlo aRmosavleTis regionebSi aTaswleulebis win gaorebuli Zireuli tradiciis eqstesiuri Stos
Sesabamisi civilizacia Camoyalibda. am tipis civilizaciam,
ra Tqma unda, SeiTavsa an moirgo intensiuri cxovrebis wesis
miRwevebi, magram ise, rom Zireuli, eqstensiuri (abeluri)
tradiciis prioriteti ar darRveula.
arabuli universaluri saxelmwifos, xalifatis, geografiuli moxazuloba, toinbis dakvirvebiT, aTasi wliT daSorebuli aqameniduri iranis SemosazRvras TiTqmis zustad imeorebda. xolo aqameniduri irani, Tavis mxriv, asirielTa dawyebuli saqmis gamgrZelebeli iyo. asirielebi _ babilonelebisa da a. S. am rigis damakavSirebel, gamWol RerZs swored Zireuli, aTaswleulebSi gardamavali tradicia warmoadgenda. da
Tu dRes CamoTvlilis msgavsi warmonaqmni, universaluri saxelmwifo axlo aRmosavleTSi aRar arsebobs, es aRniSnuli
tradiciis moSlas sulac ar gulismobs. kultura, mentaloba, socialuri garemo an, Tu gnebavT, msoflaRqma aq aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi upiratesad abeluri tipisa iyo da dResac aseTad rCeba...
antikur-berZnuli polisuri civilizaciis warmoSobam
gza im droisaTvis sruliad axal mimarTulebas gauxsna. Tu
wina, xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi gabneuli intensiur-samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebi, lokalizaciis arsobriv princips ver
scildebodnen, berZnebma sakmaod vrceli regionis sistemuri mocvis precendenti Seqmnes. Zireul elements, anu atoms
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irakli mWedliSvili
am sistemisa, berZnuli qalaqi, polisi, warmoadgenda. polisi taZrebisa da sasaxleebis garSemo gaSenebuli dasaxlebisgan, adreuli qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli wyobis warmonaqmni
iyo.
da aq kosmiuri wesrigisa da harmoniis xseneba SeiZleba ganbnevis, gadaxvevisa Tu abstraqtuli Temis naZaladevad Semotanis mcdelobad iyos miCneuli. Cvens saazrovno tradiciaSi miwisa da cis opozicias fesvi Rrmada aqvs gamjdari. antikuri periodis berZnuli azrovneba ki swored aseTi dapirispirebis morigebis mcdelobaa. daSveba imisa, rom samyaro
erTiania da es is punqtia, saidanac berZnuli azrovneba, filosofia iwyeba, intensifikaciis procesis kanonzomieri gagrZelebaa.
“TaRliTi”, rogorc ruso uwodebs, anu kaeni, miwis SemoRobvis aqtiT ara mxolod Zmas (TanamoZmeebs) daupirispirda,
aramed axali “codvis” gamosyidvis, xeluxlebeli bunebis Selaxvis, samyaros qmnadobaSi Setanili sakuTari wvlilis gamarTlebis aucileblobis winaSec dadga. albaT, swored SemosazRvruli nakveTisa da usazRvro velis erTian mTlianobad
warmodgenis (an gaerTianebis) aucilebloba daedo sababad samyaros Zvel berZnul metafizikur-kosmiur dasabuTebas.
piTagoreli filolaosi, romlis naSromebis mixedviTac
platonma Tavisi kosmiuri esTetika (dialogi “timeosi”) Seqmna, amtkicebda: “buneba da samyaros wyoba Sedgenili usazRvrosa da ganmsazRvrelis mier aris, aseve _ mTeli samyaro da yvelaferi, rac masSi aris” (diogene, VIII, 7, 85). xolo
imis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad, rom samyaros wyoba da yvelaferi, rac masSia, sazRvrisa da usazRvros SeerTebis Sedegad aris Seqmnili, filolaoss swored “samiwaTmoqmedo”
magaliTi moaqvs. mindorze, filolaosis dakvirvebiT,
erTdroulad da erTad miwis samgvari nawili arsebobs: erTi,
romelic sazRvrebisagan Sedgeba, meore _ sazRvrebisagan da
SemousazRvravi nakveTebisagan Semdgari, romlebic erTdroulad sazRvravs da arsazRvravs, xolo mesame _ SemousazRvravi sivrce.
marTalia am or, erTmaneTTan arc igiveobiT da arc msgavsebiT dakavSirebul sawyiss, “sazRvarsa da usazRvros” piTagorelTa azriT (zogadad ki antikuri msoflxedviT) kosmiuri harmonia aerTianebs, magram es Sexeduleba mxolod “cidan
motanili” ar yofila. realur adamianur sazRvrebSi, anu fsiqikaSi, bunebis usazRvro da Slegi Zalebis anareklis arsebo80
bas jer kidev wina, dionisur-orfeosuli (orgiazmuli) tradicia uSvebda. xolo, pragmatul sferoSi, samiwaTmoqmedo da
yofiT tradiciaSi ki usazRvros SemosazRvris geometriuli
gadawyvetis aTaswlovani gamocdilebac arsebobda.
da swored amitom kaenuri tradiciis kulturaSi, rogorc
zemoT aRiniSna, dafuZnebidan momdinare dasazRvris, anu formis micemis principi socialuri urTierTobis sferosac unda
Sexeboda. is faqti, rom sityva “komosi” (κωσµοξ) Tavdapirvelad adamianTa kanonzomier ganlagebas (meomarTa wyobas)
aRniSnavda da cis TaRs mxolod Semdgom miesadaga, swored gamoTqmul mosazrebas unda adasturebdes.
amitom, filolaosis mier motanili – mindorze sazRvrisa
da usazRvros SeTavsebis magaliTi ara SemTxveviTi, aramed
swored arsobrivi tradiciidan momdinarea. da axla Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom antikuri periodis berZnebis warmodgeniT sferuli formis kosmoss harmoniis kanonis Tanaxmad miwaze wre Seesabameba, maSin miwis nakveTebis ganlagebac
mTlianobaSi ciklur (κικλοξ berZ. wrea) formas unda qmnides.
samiwaTmoqmedo nakveTebiT garSemortymuli antikuri qalaqi, anu polisi, swored am modelis realur xorcSesxmas warmoadgenda.
berZnebis warmodgeniT, Tu adamiani cvlis bunebriv garemos, sazRvravs da acalkevebs mis garkveul nawilebs, maSin dedamiwis dasaxlebuli areali, anu oikumena sferuli cis TaRis kosmiur harmonias mxolod aRniSnuli polisuri konfiguraciiT unda morgeboda. amasTan, imave harmoniis kanonidan
gamomdinare, wriuli principiT agebuli an nakveTTa rgoliT
Semofargluli polisis Sida sawyisi, anu centri, gare rgolebTan (maT Soris SemousazRvrav, anu aqtualur usasrulobis principis mixedviT isev rgolur formasTan) proporciul damokidebulebaSi unda yofiliyo.
aseT adgils polisSi agora warmoadgenda. xose ortega-igaseti erTgan agoras bliTis (rusebi rom eZaxian, бублик-is)
cariel xvrels adarebs. da am xumrobanarev SedarebaSi “simarTlis natamali” namdvilad aris _ agora ara marto wriuli
dasaxlebis “Canasaxuri” sawyisia, aramed da amavdroulad, SemousazRvravis pirveladi SemosazRvris “kvalic” aris da amis
gamo polisis gareT darCenil usazRvro aresTan simbolurproporciuli mimarTebis matarebelicaa.
agora is adgilia, sadac, miuxedavad sicarielisa, intensifikaciis process sivrculi SemWidroebis xarisxi ukidure81
irakli mWedliSvili
sad maRal donemde mihyavs. es momenti imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom intensiur da eqstensiur tradiciaTa dapirispirebis
wina topologiuri Sesatyvisi veli-mindori (an -nakveTi) veliagoraTi SeiZleba Seicvalos, radgan am meore wyvilis kontrasti ufro mkveTri, TvalSisacemi da, rac gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, ufro damaxasiaTebelicaa.
amas garda agoras, am “cariel xvrels” erTgvari, “Savi xvrelis” msgavsi Tvisebac SeiZleba mieweros. mas TiTqos yvelafris mizidvis unari aqvs _ adamianebisac da imisac, rac adamians Seuqmnia. mimocvlisa da Sexvedris adgilad yofnis es funqcia metad mniSvnelovania, radgan agoras, Tanamedrove gagebiT, adreuli an pirveli “sajaro velic” ki SeiZleba ewodos.
aq sagnobrivTan erTad (agoraca da romauli forumic upirvelesad sabazro moednebia) konceptualuri da simboluri
gacvlac xdeboda. kacobrioba agorasagan davalebuli politikur-demokratiuli formebis garda im koncefciebiTa da
ideebiTac aris, romelic, mamardaSviliseuli kalamburi rom
movixmoT, agoraze gorviT Camoyalibda...
rogori Zlieric ar unda yofiliyo “agoras veli”, intensiuri kulturis kristalizaciis polisuri areali tradiciul-lokaluri mocvis frglebs mainc ver scdeboda. antikurberZnuli kultura Seecada, mTel oikumenas civilizaciuri
sistemis, anu isev kosmiuri analogiidan momdinare “polisuri badis” saSualebiT gaswvdomoda. magram balkaneTis naxevarkuZulis garda calkeuli polisuri warmonaqmnebi, koloniebisa da savaWro faqtoriebis saxiT, dasavleTiT mxolod apeninis naxevarkunZulsa da siciliaze, xolo aRmosavleTiT mcire aziasa da umniSvnelo raodenobiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze
daarsda.
polisuri civilizaciis ganvrcobis Semdgom mcdelobas,
aleqsandre makedonelis SeWras axlo aRmosavleTSi, marTalia, sababad aqameniduri iranis dasavleTiT mimarTuli agresia daedo, magram samxedro-politikurTan erTad am qmedebas
kaenuri tradiciis kulturis farTomasStabiani eqspansiis mizanic hqonda. elinizmis epoqa, romelic am ori, antikur-elinuri da aRmosavluri, tradiciis “Sexvedras” mohyva, ufro,
SeiZleba iTqvas, kompromisul-ekleqtikur morigebas gulisxmobda, vidre romelime tradiciis dominirebas.
sabolood ki aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis an ufro
sworad, misi daSlis Sedegad warmoSobili saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebis politikuri sistema kvlav adgilobriv, aRmosav82
lur, anu eqstensiuri tipis, tradicias daefuZna; xolo polisuri civilizaciis, anu kaenur-intensiuri, tradiciis tarebisa da ganvrcobis funqcia am elinistur periodSi romma
ikisra.
romauli saxelmwifo, pirvel rigSi, swored kaenur-intensiuri tradiciis ganvrcobis Sedegia da elinuri polisuri
civilizaciis memkvidred misi miCneva mxolod am faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg SeiZleba. marTalia, zogi mkvlevari
an koncefcia romaul kulturas meoreulad, antikur-berZnulis saxecvlilebad miiCnevs, magram aseTi midgoma, etyoba, mainc analogiurobidan momdinare aberaciis an cTomis Sedegia.
romauli arqiteqturac, qandakebac, Teatrica da filosofiac, ra Tqma unda, elinuridan momdinareobs. amasTan erTad,
romaul panTeonSi Sesuli laTinizirebuli berZnuli RvTaebani ori kulturis erTianobisa da maT Soris gardamavali kavSiris arsebobis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro damajerebel iers
aZlevs. magram es yvelaferi gviandeli respublikisa da imperiis swored mizanmimarTuli morgeba-CarTvis politikis Sedegia. Tavdapirvelad ki romulusis mier dafuZnebuli dasaxleba, gadmocemisa da legendis mixedviT, sword berZnebTan dapirispirebuli qalaqis (kulturis) – troas – memkvidred
cxaddeboda (Zmebi remusi da romulusi troadan gamosuli
gmiris, eneosis, STamomavlebad miiCnevian).
Tu romauli legendis qronologias davujerebT, Tu romi
marTlac Cv. w.-mde 753 wels daarsda, maSin gamodis, rom berZnul-elinuri civilizacia ara Sori-axlo, mezoblad, ara
mxolod zRvis meore mxares an kunZul siciliaze, aramed uSualo siaxloveSi, TviT naxevarkunZulzec Tanaarsebobda.
istoriuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, rom adreulSic da gansakuTrebiT ki klasikur epoqaSi, italiis teritoriaze mraval berZnul faqtoriasTan erTad elinuri civilizaciis uaRresad
mniSvnelovani centrebic arsebobda (piTagorizmi, eleelebi).
ase rom, rogorc Cans, romi Tavidan elinuri civilizaciis
alternatiuli warmonaqnmis funqcias asrulebda.
Tumca sakacobrio istoria mravali msgavsi magaliTiT mdidaria, mainc saocaria, rom gamalebuli daaxloeba an romis
elinizacia mxolod Cv. w.-mde II saukunidan, anu mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac romma saberZneTi sabolood daipyro. “pirquS laciumSi xelovnebaTa SetaniT datyvevebulma saberZneTma ukmexi dampyrobi Tavad daatyveva” _ horaciusis es gamonaTqvami,
83
irakli mWedliSvili
ra Tqma unda, poeturi hiperbolizaciis magaliTia. sinamdvileSi romauli civilizaciis safuZvlebs an sayrdenebs cvlileba ar ganucdia, ZiriTadi Rirebulebani (RvTaebaTa da winaparTa Tayvaniscema, samarTali, samoqalaqo Rirseba da sxva)
adreuli romidan imperiis bolo dReebamde, yofiT doneze Tu
ara, oficialurad mainc erTnairad dominirebdnen.
marTalia elinurma xelovnebam romis ier-saxe Zalzed
TvalSisacemad Secvala, magram im dros da ufro gvianac romaul sivrces kvals aRmosavluri kulturac amCnevda (Tundac, vTqvaT, pompeis kedlis mxatvroba, romelic egvipturi
zegavlenis magaliTia). da saerTod, elinuri kultura (ZiriTadad xelovneba da filosofia) mainc ufro romauli sazogadoebis zeda fenaSi iyo miRebuli. istoriuli wyaroebi
cxadyofs, rom mosaxleobis an moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRmosavleTidan Semosuli sxvadasxva religiuri kultisa Tu wes-Cveulebis gavrceleba ukve gviani respublikis periodidan iwyeba. imperiis dacemiswina wlebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, am tendenciam “masobrivi epidemiis” saxe miiRo...
da aseTi mdgomareobis, aseTi “aRrevis” mxolod imperiis
arealSi moxvedril mraval kulturaTa Soris mimdinare
urTierTdifuziisa Tu urTierTmorgebis TavisTavadi, spontanuri procesiT axsnis mcdeloba arasakmarisTan erTad aradamajerebelic unda iyos. arsobrivi wvdomisTvis sagulisxmo
miniSnebas an biZgs arc ukve Zalze zogadi, sayovelTaod miRebul mtkicebad (ingliselebi rom ityvian, common sense-ad)
qceuli abelur da kaenur an intensiur da eqstensiur kulturaTa dapirispirebis konstatacia mogvcems. xsenebul konteqstSi elinur polisur civilizaciasac da romaul “universalur saxelmwifosac” erTnairi, cnebiT-nominaciurad uZravi
da xisti gansazRvreba – adgili eZleva.
ara-da, zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom kaenurma tradiciam xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT nawilSi civilizaciis ori precendenti Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani amave regionSi
arsebul ufro Zvel, abeluri tradiciis aRmosavlur civilizaciebs upirispirdeboda, TiToulis arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo saerTo tradiciis gansxvavebuli msoflgancdiTi ganazrebiT.
transcendenturisken, kosmiuri harmoniisaken mimarTulma elinurma azrovnebam dasazRvris an formirebis princips
damatebiTi ganzomileba da Sesabamisi simwyobre SesZina. romaelebi ki “brtyel” ganzomilebaSi darCnen, dasazRvris
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arsobrivad intensiuri principiT usazRvros, anu eqstenciuris mocva ganizraxes. an, sxvanairad, romaelebi samyaros
grZnobadi aRqmis, miTosuri cnobierebis im dones ver gascdnen, sadac, gaugebarTan da mouazrebelTan “Seyra” an/da SeuTavseblis SeTavsebis yoveli mcdeloba, rogorc sakacobrio
kulturis istoria cxadyofs, farul saidumloTa ganmasaxierebel qimerul arsebaTa “gamoxmobiT” mTavrdeboda.
qimeras ki, rogorc cnobilia, sakuTari cxovelmyofeli
energiis gamomuSaveba ar SeuZlia, misi arseboba mTlianad masobrivi emociis, Zrwunvis fsiqoenergetikazea damokidebuli.
iqamde, vidre romauli saxelmwifos sivrceSi monaTesave, kaenuri tradiciis xalxi Tu Temebi erTvebodnen, orsaxovani ianusis simbolo mimdinare sasazRvro mijnaTa TavSeyra-ganWolvis process sakmaod kargad ergeboda. mas Semdeg ki, rac
am sivrceSi gansxvavebuli, abeluri tradiciis xalxis CarTva
daiwyo, universaluri saxelmwifos romaulma modelma, kompitaluri (laT. compitum _ gzajvaredini, meboZiri) Temis
principma adreuli organuloba dakarga.
romaul sivrceSi abeluri tradiciis xalxis CarTvas winaparTa Tu gmirTa suliT gajerebul Zireul RirebulebaTa “adamianuri” zemoqmedebis muxtis TandaTan Semcirebac
mohyva. orsaxovani RvTaebis simbolizmma pativiscema-mowiwebis nacvlad Zaldatanebisa da Zrwola-SiSis qimeruli
elferi SeiZina. sasicocxlo-SemoqmedebiTi organuli bmebidan “gamoTavisuflebuli” sulieri energia destruqciulSi
gardaisaxa. Sedegad, amgvar garemoSi Camoyalibebul moqalaqeTa “axali erTobis”, plebsis gauwonasworebuli miswrafebani roms mudmivi daZabulobis, xan Cagrulisa da xanac mCagvrelis teroris viTarebaSi amyofebda... amitomac, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom vandalebze adre roms Sida barbarosi, plebsi,
Seesia...
dasasrul, albaT unda aRiniSnos, rom romaulma civilizaciam umniSvnelovanes miRwevebTan erTad cTomaTa samagaliTo gamocdilebac dagvitova. barbarosTa Semosevis Sedegad romis dacemis istoriuli faqtis saburvels miRma swored dReisTvisac aqtualuri mniSvnelobis cTomis magaliTi
devs: kulturul tradiciaTa, RirebulebaTa “Sexvedra” gzaTa an mijnaTa Seyris analogiuri ar aris. fsiqo-emociuri
“fesvebis” mqone fenomenebi sacnaurni an gaziarebulni mxolod gverdigverd ganlagebiT an distanciis (Tundac globaluri) gadalaxviT ar xdeba. an, sxva sityvebiT, Rirebule85
irakli mWedliSvili
baTa ragind mWidro ganTavseba erTiani Semkrebi zeganzomilebis gareSe alagis efemerulobas ver gascdeba, saniadago
adgilad ver iqceva...
da kidev, SesaZlo Semodavebis asacileblad: diax, elinebi,
ase vTqvaT, gavidnen zeganzomilebaSi; diax, marTalia, rom am
gasvlam maTi civilizacia mainc ver gadaarCina... magram es SemTxveva romaulisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia _ elinebi ara
aRmosavluris an romaulis msgavs “universalur saxelmwifos” aSenebdnen, aramed kosmiuri harmoniis Sesatyvis zesaxelmwifoebrivi civilizaciis Seqmnas cdilobdnen. da am
mcdelobis warumateblobis mizezi, an elinTa “danaSauli” is
aris, rom maTi “mocaleobiTi” ganazreba-Wvreta transcendeciulSi gasvliT Tanadroul msoflios, Tanadrouli kacobriobis SesaZleblobaTa dones Zalze daSorda. ramdenime saukunis Semdeg qritianul kulturaSi elinuri metafizikis
kvlavaRdgoma swored gamoTqmuli mosazrebis dasturi unda
iyos... magram am da sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saubari Semdeg, momaval werilSi gagrZeldeba...
86
nana zardiaSvili
reitingis diqtatura
davuSvaT, rom ganaTlebis wyurvili
usazRvroa, magram xom ganaTldi, geyofa _ zedmeti raRa saWiroa!
fiodor dostoevski, danaSauli da sasjeli
rogor iwyeba Cemi dRe? gaRviZebisTanave Zilis win baliSis
qveS Senaxul distanciuri marTvis pults viReb da televizors vrTav. rogor mTvardeba Cemi dRe? imave distanciuri
marTvis pultze avtomaturi gamorTvis reJims vayeneb da televizoris gugunis TanxlebiT viZineb. zustad aseve iqcevian
Cemi Svilebic. Cveni cxovrebis soundtrack-i is xmebia, romelic
teleekranidan ismis, efeqturad axSobs SfoTian azrebs da ara
mxolod SfoTians. amboben, rom mozardi Tavisi cxovrebis 3540%-s teleekranTan atarebs, zrdasruli adamiani _ 20-25%s. gamoviTvale, rom ukve 12 weli uwyvetad, fexmoucvlelad
teleekranTan gavatare da SemeSinda.
*****
kargad maxsovs Cveni pirveli Sexvedra _ Cemma mezoblebma, airapetovebma, televizori iyides. saRamoobiT ezos bavSvebi maTTan multfilmebis sayureblad davdiodiT. mere
Cvenc gagviCnda erTi bewo, vercxlisferi “zaria”. piradad CemTvis swored maSin daiwyo era, romelsac axla sainformacios
uwodeben. im dros televizia SezRuduli droiT mauwyeblobda, Tavisi programis udides wils sainformacio gamoSvebebsa da mrewvelobaze, soflis meurneobaze, socialistur Sejibrebebze gadacemebs uTmobda. iyo ramdenime saganmanaTleblo programa, romlis yurebac Rirda da romelic gviyvarda,
kidev filmebi da morCa. amitom dro bevri gvqonda da am Tavisufal dros yvela Taviseburad vatarebdiT: zogi ezoSi TamaSobda, zogi stumrad dadioda, zogi mSvenier saubrebSi monawileobda, zogic wigns kiTxulobda.
sabWoTa televiziis umTavresi funqcia yvelasTvis gasagebi iyo: is erT saqonels _ ganviTarebul socializms uwevda
reklamas. eTerSi mxolod erTi centraluri, sakavSiro da
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nana zardiaSvili
erTic respublikuri televizia gadioda. ar arsebobda araviTari satelevizio bazari, konkurencia da Sesabamisad, aravin icoda sityva reitingi. maxsovs, rogori interesiT vismendi ambebs imaze, rom amerikaSi uamravi arxi aqvT _ 60 da romelsac ginda, imas Sexedav. isic maxsovs, rogor mindoda menaxa Tundac erTi ucxouri gadacema, Tvali Semevlo romelime
programisTvis, romelsac jadosnuri sityva “Sou” erqva.
mere me teleJurnalisti gavxdi da televiziaSi daviwye muSaoba. ukve “perestroikis” dros e.w. centralurma televiziam
dasavluri telearxebis Sesaxeb satelevizio cikli wamoiwyo.
maSin vuyure pirvelad gasarTob “Toq-Sous” _ moxuci qalebi
Tavis axalgazrda qmrebTan qorwinebisa da Tanacxovrebis detalebze laparkobdnen. am detalebma, cxare diskusiam “araferze” ise gamaoca... momeCvena, rom es yvelaferi absurdulobiT
sulac ar Camouvardeboda arc “vremias” da arc “na straJe iuJnix rubeJeis”. verafriT gavige, ratom unda mesmina am moxuci
qalebisaTvis... “sxva kulturaa” _ davimSvide Tavi da radgan
ukve vicodi, rom sxva kulturisa da gansxvavebulobisTvis pativi unda meca, amitom mec avdeqi da pativi veci.
gavida dro. Cven ganviTarebuli socializmis Senebas Tavi
mivanebeT da Ria, samoqalaqo, samarTlebrivi sazogadoebis Seneba daviwyeT. cenzura Sewyda, sityva gaTavisuflda, gaCnda
Tavisufali bazari da konkurencia. masobrivi komunikaciebis
saSualebebma sruliad axali funqciebi SeiZines. me ki isev televiziaSi vmuSaobdi da vcdilobdi, drois sulisTvis ar meRalata. yvela ciklSi, romlis avtoric viyavi, novacias da novatorebs, reformebsa da refomatorebs vaqebdi. magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, Tanadroulobisadmi adekvaturoba mainc maklda. sul vocnebobdi erTi-ori iseTi saganmanaTleblo cikli wamomewyo, romelic masobriv mayurebels ar gaiTvaliswinebda da mcire, specifikur samizne jgufze iqneboda gaTvlili. miT ufro, rom arxi, romelzec vmuSaobdi, saganmanaTleblo mawuyeblobas Tavis umTavres prioritetad asaxelebda.
magram me da Cems Zvelmodur miswrafebebs win obieqturi garemoebebi eRobeboda. am garemoebas reitingi erqva, is reitingi, romelic cota xnis ukan sulac ar arsebobda da romelic
axla yvelafris sazomad iqca. Excel-is cxrilebSi Camowikwikebul procentul maCveneblebs veraviTar kontrarguments ver
daupirispirebdi _ saqarTvelos mosaxleobas Wkvianuri gadacemebi ar sWirdeboda. sociologebi gvimtkicebdnen, rom
monacemebi swori meTodologiiT iTvleboda da savsebiT reprezentatiuli iyo. ar dafiqrebulxarT, ra Zala aqvT ri88
cxvebs? Tvalis tuSi, romelic wamwamebis sisqes 20%-s matebs;
Sampuni, romelic 34%-iT amcirebs qertlis warmoqmnis saSiSroebas; kremi, romelic 97%-iT spobs celulits da partia,
romelmac xmebis 99% moipova. ricxvebi, ricxvebi, ricxvebi...
nuTu numerologia kvlav aqtualuria? yovel SemTxvevaSi me,
rogorc profani, qvevidan zeviT Sevyureb Cveni drois magebs,
sociologebsa da marketologebs, maT idumal manipulaciebs
da iZulebuli var virwmuno is, raSic marwmuneben.
Tanamedrove televiziaSi yvelaze “magar” profesionalad
is iTvleba, vinc SeZlebs maqsimalurad “didi segmentis dafarvas”, yvelaze farTo “samizne jgufis” gulis mogebas anu mayurebelTa yvelaze didi procentis moxibvlas. Tendeba, televiziebSi “profesionalebi” midian da daRamebamde cdiloben masobrivi mayureblis survilis amocnobas, misTvis siamovnebis miniWebas. teleJurnalistis profesionalizmi, misi
adekvaturoba, drosTan Sesabamisoba swored am unariT fasdeba da izomeba. mizezi martivia, televiziis Semosavali dRes
reklamazea damokidebuli, reklamas ki mxolod im proeqtebSi deben, romelsac yvelaze didi auditoria hyavs. yvelaze
didi auditoria ki masobrivia, anu masaa.
masa igivea, rac rigiTi adamiani. Cveni drois Tavisebureba isaa, rom rigiTi adamiani sulac ar ityuebs
Tavs sakuTari “rigiTobis” Taobaze, piriqiT, uSiSrad
ibrZvis rigiTad yofnis uflebisTvis, yvelas da yvelafers am rigiTobas awonebs. rogorc amerikelebi
ityodnen _ gamorCeuloba cudi tonia. masa anadgurebs yvelafers gansxvavebuls, pirovnuls, saukeTesos. mas, vinc sxvebisgan gamoirCeva, vinc Taviseburad
fiqrobs, gandevnis safrTxe emuqreba. samyaro yovelTvis masisa da damoukidebeli umciresobis araerTgvarovan erTianobas warmoadgenda. dRes mTeli samyaro
masad iqca.
xose ortega-i-gaseti, masebis amboxi.
roca axalgazrda viyavi, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaTa mTavari damkveTi da momxmarebeli kompartia iyo, axla
_ masobrivi, anu rigiTi mayurebeli da, misi Semyure, reklamis momcemi/damkveTi. masobrivi mayureblis neba ki procentebiT gamoiTqmeba.
masa referenti ar aris, radgan warmodgenis rigs
aRar ganekuTvneba. is ar gamoxatavs Tavs _ mas zondi89
nana zardiaSvili
rebas ukeTeben. is ar refleqsirebs _ mas testirebas
utareben.
Jan bodriari, mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi
zondirebisa da testirebis Sedegebi ki aseTia: masas nebavs
iumoristuli gadacema 35%-iT ufro metad, vidre raime sxva,
sainformacio gamoSvebebi – 21%-iT ufro Zalian, vidre raime sxva, xolo saganmanaTleblo _ mxolod 3%-iT unda, an kidev ufro naklebad da sul ufro naklebad. misi survili imperatiulia, upirobod Sesasrulebeli. da Tu winaT SeiZleboda cenzurisTvis gverdi agevlo, mogetyuebina, rigiT, imave
masobriv mayurebels verafers mouxerxeb. da me mivxvdi, rom
televiziam da satelevizio bazarma ganaxorciela is, rac ase
moewoneboda lenins: mudmivmoqmedi da uwyveti “proletariatis diqtatura”. albaT cxadia, rom rodesac vambob sityva
“proletariats”, sulac ar vgulisxmob im adamianebs, vinc mZime SromiT Soulobs lukma-purs. ubralod imis Tqma minda, rom
umravlesobam umciresoba sastikad daamarcxa. me ki ase mixaroda liberaluri demokratiis “dadgoma”, radgan vicodi, rom
liberalizmi umciresobas umravlesobis diqtatisgan icavs.
liberalizmi, da dRes es aucileblad unda gvaxsovdes, didsulovnebis zeobaa: es is uflebaa, romelsac
umravlesoba umciresobas uTmobs, dedamiwaze odesme
gaJRerebul SeZaxilTa Soris es SeZaxili yvelaze keTilSobiluria. man gvauwya, rom amieridan mtris arsebobas, rac mTavaria, Cvenze susti mtris arsebobas, veguebiT. aravin eloda, rom kacobrioba aseT nabijs gadadgamda, aseT lamazs, aseT paradoqsuls, aseT natifs,
aseT akrobatuls, aseT arabunebrivs.
xose ortega-i-gaseti, masebis amboxi
marTlac, es yvelaferi Zalze paradoqsulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi CemTvis: Tu demokratia da Tavisufali bazari ganuyofeli cnebebia, xolo Tavisufali bazris pirobebSi momxmarebeli “istoriis mTavari moqmedi gmiria” (Jan bodriari,
mdumare umravlesobis CrdilSi), radgan is damkveTi da klientia, xolo momxmarebeli masobrivi cnebaa, maSin rogorRa
icavs liberalizmi umciresobas umravlesobisgan? SexedeT
kino da teleindustrias, zogadad process, romelsac kulturuls vuwodebT, reitingiT marTuls, masze upirobod damokidebuls, misi survilis morCils.
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yovelTvis miaCndaT, rom masebi informaciis masobriv saSualebaTa gavlenas ganicdis... magram komunikaciis procesis aseTi gamartivebuli gagebisas ver vamCnevT mTavars: masa bevrad ufro Zlieri mediumia, vidre yvela masobrivi informaciis saSualeba erTad aRebuli da Sesabamisad isini ki ar imorCileben masebs, piriqiT, masebi nTqavs da ipyrobs mas, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, morCilebas gaurbis. arsebobs ara ori, aramed mxolod erTi dinamika _ dinamika masisa da amave dros masobrivi informaciis saSualebebisa. Mass(age)is message.
vici, rom banalur SekiTxvebs vsvam, magram geficebiT, me
ubralod aTasjer gagonils ki ar vimeoreb, yvela es kiTxva
kidev erTxel TavisTavad daibada CemSi, rogorc konkretuli, xelSesaxebi gamocdilebis produqti.
survilis generatori
migiqceviaT yuradReba, rogoria “sareklamo Wrebi” arCevnebis dros? miaxloebiT aseTi:
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sareklamo tixari
“Always”-is sareklamo rgoli
“Head and shoulders” – is sareklamo rgoli
politikuri partiis sareklamo rgoli
sxva politikuri partiis sareklamo rgoli
kbilis pastis sareklamo rgoli da a.S.
sareklamo tixari
zustad am logikiTvea ganlagebuli banerebi quCaSi _
erTze WurWlis sarecx saSualebas gvawoneben, meoreze _ politikur partias, anu Rirebulebebs, ideologias, kredos. saqoneli da ideologia erT sibrtyeSi moeqca. swored mas Semdeg, rac es TvalnaTeli ilustracia davinaxe, mivxvdi, ras gulisxmoben, rodesac amboben, rom dRes politikam yvela sadave ekonomikas gadaabara, xolo zednaSeni da bazisi gaerTianda. samyaro orad gaiyo: saqonlad da momxmareblad. mayurebeli momxmarebelia, amitom televiziaSi mTavari reklama da
anonsia, radgan anonsic reklamaa, oRond Sida reklama, konkretuli telekompaniis produqciis reklama. ar vici, ramdenada aqvT gacnobierebuli es qarTuli telekompaniebis xelmZRvanelebs, magram cxadia, rom TiTqmis yvela arxis samau91
nana zardiaSvili
wyeblo badeSi anonss da reklamas centraluri adgili ukavia,
xolo gadacemebs da filmebs maTi Tanmdevi movlenis, umniSvnelo damatebis roli aqvs dakisrebuli. SeiZleba daamoklo filmi, sareklamo Wris dros gadaaxvio, mTavaria, anonsi da reklama gavides srulad. me TviTon, Cemi xeliT vakeTebdi amas, roca
programebis direqciaSi vmuSaobdi. vicodi, rom anonsis gamotovebas aravin mapatiebda, rac Seexeba films, miT ufro samecniero xasiaTisas, misi damaxinjebisa da damoklebisTvis araferi meloda. amas winaT “baSi-aCukis” imdenad Semoklebuli versia vixileT, rom filmis demonstrirebis Semdeg megobris SviliSvils kidev didxans vuyvebodi baSi-aCukis Tavgadasavals,
vavsebdi lakunebs, romelic sarelamo Wrebma “SeWama”.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mediis Teoria jer ar Seqmnila,
magram teleJurnalistikis fakultetebze am ararsebul Teorias mainc aswavlian. yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi, raRa Tqma
unda, CamoTvlilia zogadad masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis da maT Soris televiziis funqciebic. rogorc wesi, am
funqciebs mediis Teoretikosebi ase gansazRvraven: sainformacio, sakomunikacio, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo, rekreaciuli (garToba, dasveneba), ideologiuri da a.S. me ki mgonia,
dRes televizias mxolod erTi funqcia aqvs _ es survilis
generirebaa. me unda vuyuro televizors imisTvis, rom momindes: “Always”-is yidva maSinac ki, roca fertilur asakSi aRar
var, “Head and shoulders”-is SeZena, miuxedavad imisa, rom arasdros mqonia qertli, partiisTvis xmis micema, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar vici, ra unda am partias da garda amisa, unda momindes im gadacemis yureba, romlis anonsic vnaxe imisTvis, rom
mere misi yurebisas vuyuro sareklamo Wras da isev momindes
yvelaferi is, rac unda momindes.
teleJurnalisti
“Tanamedroveobas televizoris ekranidan vicnob, Sua saukuneebs _ uSualod” – ase xsnis umberto eko Tavis gatacebas
saSualo saukuneebiT. rodesac es sityvebi wavikiTxe, mivxvdi,
rom umberto ekosgan gansxvavebiT, me yvelafers mxolod televizoris ekranidan vicnob, absoluturad yvelafers. magaliTad, zafxulis mziani saRamos myudroebas mxolod satelevizio kadris meSveobiT SevigrZnob. Tu aseT mSvenier saRamoSi
uSualod movxvdi, me mas ubralod ver vxedav. is ki arada, aRmovaCine, rom am bolo dros ynosva saerTod davkarge da mivxvdi
ratomac: es funqcia telemayurebels jerjerobiT ar sWirde92
ba. madloba RmerTs, rom mesmis da, rac mTavaria, vxedav.
ekranze aRbeWdili realoba is garemoa, romelSic vcxovrob. magram mas xom viRac qmnis. viRac, vinc arCevs Sesabamis
faqtebs, movlenebs, adamianebs da misTvis sasurveli TanmimdevrobiT alagebs. maT SeuZliaT sruliad umniSvnelo faqti
mTavar movlenad aqcion, xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovani ise miCqmalon, rom veravin SeamCnios. es adamianebi televiziebSi muSaoben da samyaros suraTs qmnian. me maTi TvaliT vxedav da
maTi piriT vlaparakob. da miuxedavad imisa, rom maT profesiebs sxvadasxva saxeli hqvia, modiT, areulobis Tavidan asacileblad yvelas teleJurnalistebi, an ubralod Jurnalistebi vuwodoT, miT ufro, rom Jurnalisti mainc procesis centraluri personaJia _ is, vinc ismis da Cans.
Jurnalisti marTlac Zlevamosili figuraa, isaa, visac SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba aqvs. hkiTxeT fsiqologebs, aseTi
ufleba bevrs ar eZleva. Svilis oTaxSi gaufrTxileblad Sevardnil mSobels “aqvs ufleba” dasvas SekiTxva: “ras akeTebdi?” da eWviT Sexedos teleekrans, sadac sul ramdenime wamis
win aSkarad Canda vulgaruli erotikuli filmis kadrebi;
cols “aqvs ufleba” RamiT gvian dabrunebul qmars mkacrad
hkiTxos: “aqamde sad iyavi?”; maswavlebels “aqvs ufleba” moswavles uTxras: “ratom ar moamzade gakveTili?”; Jurnalists
“aqvs ufleba” dasvas nebismieri SekiTxva. es ufleba maT Cven,
an raRac gaugebarma Zalam gadasca. sabralo respondentma ki
moRalate qmris, zarmaci moswavlisa da garyvnili mozardis
msgavsad dasmul SekiTxvaze unda upasuxos, ufro swored, pasuxi unda agos. gana SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba avtoritaruli
ufleba ar aris?
sul raRac 150-200 wlis win am avtoritarul uflebas da,
saerTod, misi saxeliT laparakis uflebas sazogadoeba gansakuTrebul adamianebs aniWebda: “iveriaSi”, “ciskarSi”, “droebaSi” “Zaan magari” Jurnalistebi ibeWdebodnen: ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, vaJa-fSavela, akaki wereTeli... isini warmoadgendnen qarTul sazogadoebas, rigiTi da ararigiTi qarTvelic maTi meSveobiT, maTi piriT laparakobda.
gavida dro da masmediis saSualebebis raodenobam uTvalavs
miaRwia. isini gamodian yoveldRe, dReSi orjer, saaTSi samjer. televizia ki perpetuum-mobiled iqca, is ar Cerdeba, is
mudmivad mauwyeblobs da is bevria. warmoidgineT, sadaa imdeni
vaJa-fSavela, ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, rom yvela televiziis saStato Semadgenloba Seavsos? garda amisa, aravis
93
nana zardiaSvili
gauzomia Cveni klasikosebis publikaciebis reitingi. eWvi
maqvs, rom monacemebi arc Tu saxarbielo iqneboda. arada, rogorc gavarkvieT, maRali reitingi Jurnalistis profesionalizmis mTavari sazomia. ra unda icodes dRes qarTvelma teleJurnalistma imisTvis, rom mayureblis mowoneba daimsaxuros, ra unda SeeZlos?
1. sxapasxupiT laparaki.
2. suflioridan teqstis sxartad wakiTxva.
3. interviuebs Soris erTi cicqna gadasasvleli teqstebis Casma
4. respondentze Tavdasxma
5. mikrofoniT xelSi defilireba
...da meti, mgoni, arc araferi. amas winaT samsaxuri davkarge da roca axlis moZieba daviwye, bevrma Cemma nacnobma TanagrZnobiT mkiTxa: “wera ici? ai, magaliTad, SegiZlia sainformacio bukleti moamzado?”. sruliad logikuri SekiTxvaa, me
xom teleJurnalisti var. televiziaSi ki mTavari gamosaxuleba, imiji, kadria _ kadrebi wyveten yvelafers! sityvas daqvemdebarebuli roli aqvs, miT ufro daweril sityvas. Tu vinme dakanonebuli balansis darRvevas gadawyvets, mas aucileblad araprofesinalizmSi amxelen: “ ra aris es _ radioa?”
“... Cveni civilizacia image-oriented-ad iqca, is vizualur xatzea orientirebuli, es ki wignierebas akninebs”.
umberto eko, gutenbergidan internetamde
iqneb amitomaa aseTi gulgrili Cveni sazogadoeba kargi
teqstisadmi, iqneb amitom veRar gamoarCevs maT cudTagan,
iqneb es daltonizmi swored teleekranma gamoumuSava?
ar unda davapirispiroT vizualuri da verbaluri
komunikacia, ubralod, orive unda srulvyoT. saSualo sakuneebSi vizualuri komunikacia xalxisTvis werilobiTze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. Sartris taZari
Tavisi kulturuli mniSvnelobiT sulac ar Camouvardeboda samyaros werilobiT xat-suraTs. taZari Tavisi drois televizori iyo. gansxvaveba isaa, rom, saSualo saukuneebis teleprogramebis mTavar redaqtors
kargi wignebi uyvarda, mdidari fantazia hqonda da sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis irjeboda.
umberto eko, gutenbergidan internetamde
94
magram Tu televiziis umTavresi funqcia survilis generirebaa, xolo warmatebis sazomi masobrivi mayureblis keTilganwyoba, maSin raRa saWiroa mdidari fantazia da kargi wignebis siyvaruli? piriqiT, rac ufro metad waagavs Jurnalisti Tavis mayurebels, rac ufro msgavsia auditoriisa da Jurnalistis TvalTaxedva, gemovneba, miT ufro zustad, ufro
adekvaturad Seasrulebs is Tavis movaleobebs da amisTvis
araviTari sociologiuri da marketinguli kvleva aRar dasWirdeba: “Сам себе фокус группа”. saSualo saukuneebis teleredaqtoris namuSevari erTaderTobiT fasobda, Cveni drois teleJurnalistisa ki – tiraJiTa da masobriobiT.
TAKE IT EASY
rac aRar vmuSaob, uamravi dro maqvs da televizors mTeli
dRe vuyureb _ saaTSi erTxel qarTuli axali ambebi, danarCen dros ucxouri gadacemebi, ufro xSirad rusuli, radgan
inglisuri cudad vici, xolo germanuli da italiuri saerTod ar mesmis.
dRe saSineli dilis gadacemebiT iwyeba, rusuli programebi mTlianad momxmareblis interesebzea gadarTuli, qarTulebi TiTqos ufro mravalferovnebas iCemeben... yvela erTad
ki optimisturi, ritmuli da xalisiania. me aseT intensiur mxiarulebas ver vuZleb da balansisTvis dilidanve kinoarxebze SemaSinebel trilerebs daveZeb. dilis gadacemebs serialebisa da sainformacio gamoSvebebis erTferovani nakadi mosdevs. ai, sareklamo Wram myudroeba damirRvia, me pults viReb da sxva arxs vafareb Tavs. araviTari gansxvaveba, Semdeg
reklamamde aq davrCebi, es gadacema xom tyupiscaliviT waagavs winamorbeds. axla ukve 60 arxi meca maqvs, magram es mravalferovneba im warsul, sabWoTa erTferovnebaze ufro monotonuria _ sxvadasxva saTaurebi, erTi da igive Sinaarsi.
vzivarT me da dro televizorTan, me imas vklav, is ki _ me.
gamosaxuleba daxtis, darbis, yvelaferi daklipuli, daCexili da diskretulia. Tavbrudamxvevi tempi Tanamedrove televiziis warmatebisTvis gadamwyvetia.
ar vici, ramdenadaa Semowmebuli mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac yovel 5 wuTSi adamianis yuradReba dundeba da mas dasveneba esaWiroeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, “magari” profesionalebi am mosazrebas upirobod iziareben: satelevizio gadacema
tempiani unda iyos, kaleidoskopuri, swrafi. sinele miuteve95
nana zardiaSvili
beli codvaa. daWeri, daCexe, gawyvite, gatixre, gadafare, gaaxmovane, daklipe, Torem mayurebels yuradReba moudundeba
da gadagrTavs. “daklipulobis” xarisxi adasturebs Sens progresulobas, Tanamedroveobas. ar datovo erTi da igive kadri
30 wamze didxans, Torem daviRupebiT.
epoqis suli simsubuqesa da siswrafeSi gvavaldebulebs.
“sad daikarga mSvenieri, seriozuli saubari?” _ kiTxulobs
mudmivad Cemi megobari. mSvenieri saubari, romelic sakuTar
logikas miyveba da romlis drosac sityva azrTan erTad ibadeba, temps agdebs, amitom Zvelmoduria. wamyvanmac da respondentmac swrafad unda ilaparakon, nu movekidebiT zedmetad
seriozulad sityvebs, maT mainc aravin usmens.
saganmanaTleblo programebic amave midgomiT mzaddeba.
Zvel egvipteze films moCvenebebis Sesaxeb filmi cvlis. mayurebeli orives erTnairi seriozulobiT aRiqvams da moCvenebebi iseTive realobad miaCnia, rogoric odesRac iyo egvipte. miT ufro, rom orive uxvadaa ilustrirebuli rekonstruqciiT, dadgmiTi scenebiT. saerTod, dokumentur da samecniero-popularul filmebSi rekonstruqcias centraluri adgili eTmoba. rekonstruqcia sanaxaobrivia, informaciis monelebas aadvilebs, amsubuqebs. rogorc Cemi meore megobari ambobs, boloJamis erTi-erTi niSani isicaa, rom dokumenturi kino mxatvrulad gardaiqmna, xolo mxatvruli _ dokumenturad. ase SeZenili codna tempfails hgavs, rogorc ki ZiriTad fails daxurav, isic myisierad qreba.
maTi (masebis) darwmuneba Sinaarsis an Tundac Setyobinebis kodis mniSvnelobaSi verafriT moxerxda.
masebs gzavnils sTavazoben, maT ki mxolod niSnebi ainteresebT, radgan simboloTa TamaSi Wris Tvals, stereotipebs emonebian da aRiqvamen mxolod imas, rac sanaxaobrivia. yvelaferi ukuRma trialdeba. imis nacvlad, rom masa energiad gardaiqmnas, informacia masis kvlavwarmoqmnis mizezi xdeba.
gaxsovT, rogor cdilobda liza simfsoni Tavis TanatolebSi popularoba moepovebina? miutevebeli codvasaviT malavda imas, rom wignebi uyvarda da irwmuneboda, rom yvelaferi, rac ki icis, televizoriT iswavla. mxolod aseT codnas patiobdnen Tanatolebi _ msubuqs, martivs, SemecnebiTgasarTobs.
96
drodadro TiTqmis yvela soliduri arxi cdilobs Tavis
badeSi erTi-ori inteleqtualuri gadacema ganaTavsos. aseT
gadacemebs SinaurobaSi “saimijos” uwodeben. maTi meSveobiT
televiziis yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi dafiqsirebul kulturul-saganmanaTleblo funqcias uxdian xarks da Tavsac imSvideben _ Cven ki viciT, ra aris saWiro, magram ra vqnaT, masas
aseTi gadacemebi ar moswons.
magram iqneb isea, rogorc bodriari ambobs _ moTxovnileba ki ar warmoqmnis saqonels, aramed warmoebis manqana _ moTxovnilebas. Cven ki, teleJurnalistebi da mayurebeli, erTi
da imave procesis obieqtebica varT da subieqtebic.
*****
winaT mxolod erTi televizori gvqonda da distanciuri
marTvis pultisTvis sisxlismRvreli omebi imarTeboda. gamarjvebuli absolutur Zalauflebas flobda, damarcxebulebi mas SuriTa da boRmiT SevyurebdiT. axla Cven yvelas sakuTari televizori gvaqvs. is, romelic yvelaze didia, dedaboZiviT sastumro oTaxis centrSi dgas. gaviRviZebT, erTmaneTs duned mivesalmebiT da mere mTeli dRe Cven Cvens ekranebs SevyurebT: biWs multfilmebi da boevikebi uyvars, gogos
_ MTV, me _ politika da sainformacio gamoSvebebi. ra gvaqvs
saerTo?! araferi – sxvadasxva samizne jgufs ganvekuTvnebiT.
televizia imis garantiaa, rom adamianebi erTmaneTs
aRar elaparakebian, sabolood izolirebulni, isini
pirispir darCnen sityvasTan, romelic mudam upasuxod
darCeba
Jan bodriari, masmediis rekviemi
Taroebze kargi, Wkvianuri wignebi devs. yoveldRe erTmaneTs vpirdebiT, rom xval romelimes gadavSliT da wavikiTxavT. magram macdunebeli pulti martiv, msubuq, iol sanaxaobas gvTavazobs da Cvenc am cdunebas vnebdebiT. wignis dro
aRar gvrCeba... da saerTod, aRarafris dro ar gvrCeba, radgan karga xania drois magivrad qronometraJSi vcxovrobT.
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tribuna
98
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
globalisturi tendenciebis zegavlena
saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaze anu
memarcxene-konservatiuli diskursi
(literaturuli pamfleti)
avs Tu avi ar vuwodo, kargs saxeli ra davarqo?
daviT guramiSvili, daviTiani
mogexsenebaT, qarTvelTa modgmis erTi Zveli xalxuri sibrZne ase JRers: marTlis mTqmels cxeni Sekazmuli unda hyavdeso. eg pragmatuli sibrZne, ra Tqma unda, zogadsakacobrio
xasiaTisaa, magram xom gulisxmobda masSi Caqsovili ironia
gardasul droTa uzogadesi gamowvevebis pirispir eulad
darCenili individis Rirsebaze zrunvas, xom aRvivebda masSi
– Tundac gaqcevis imediT – WeSmaritebis moZiebis gancdas?
diaxac, rom gulisxmobda da aRvivebda.
ase iyo, magram ase aRar aris. globalizaciis epoqam am paradigmaSi SeniSvnebi Seitana, ukandaxevisTvis gamosadegi bilikebi erTbaSad gadaraza da SeparviT ironiul azrTa Tavisufali Widili – inteleqtualuri ZaladobiT, individi –
eriT, eri – utyvi samoqalaqo masiT, xolo epoqaluri mniSvnelobis gamowvevebze adeqvaturi pasuxi – gaTiTokacebul
msxverplTa avtomatizmamde misuli refleqsiiT Secvala.
Rirseba, TviTgvema, sindisi, zneoba – es arqauli, arapragmatuli kategoriebi TiTqos sabolood gamoricxul-gaZevebulni arian Tanamedroveobis esTetur-eTikuri saTvalavidan.
marTlac, mSobliuri planetis neomalTusianuri ideebiT gaZeZgili, ekologiurad dabinZurebuli, resursebisa da sivrcis mzardi deficitiT daRdasmuli cocxali sxeuli dRes
araTu simarTlis maZiebeli individebiTa da maT mier Sekazmuli jiSiani cxenebiT, ufrore nair-nairi erebisa da konfesiebis wvrilmani da egoisturi interesebiTaa daxunZluli,
uWirs multikulturuli tvirTis zidva, ganixilavs mas, rogorc RvTis risxvas da – mosalodneli sasjelis Sesamsubuqeblad – gasuli saukunis demokratiul principebs axal to99
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
talitarul dekoracias ise bunebrivad usadagebs, rom iesosdroindel farisevlebsac ki SeSurdebodaT.
Tundac marto is rad Rirs, rom dResac erovnuli Tu konfesiuri TviTmyofadobis saxeliT dedamiwis geopolitikuri zedapiri Zveleburad religiur-ideologiuri dapirispirebis qarcecxlSia gaxveuli – oRond gacilebiT uares ekonomikur da demografiul pirobebSi, vidre winaT. odesRac
sabazisod miCneul RirebulebaTa saerTo gaufasurebas, maT
gamofitvasa da gaubraloebas bolo ar uCans. saukunovani
dramatizmiT aRsavse klasikuri siuJetebi mimdinare epoqam
ukeTes SemTxvevebSi gaukuRmarTebul komerciul rimeikebad, uaresSi ki iaffasian komiqsebad gardasaxa. romeos Tavganwirva, otelos eWvianoba, mateo falkones kldesaviT utexi sijiute Tu ana kareninas suicidaluri impulsebi Tanamedrove svingerebs sasacilod aRar yofniT. materialurma cnobierebam idealuri yofiereba beWebze dasca, xolo civma kompiuterulma inteleqtualizmma jer waleka, Semdeg ki gadaxna tradiciuli azrovnebis didi mwvane veli. ama qveynis
ZlierTa yofiTma pompezurobam ideurad gamoSigna da miwasTan gaaswora luzerebisa da autsaiderebis – sinamdvileSi
ki natifi da susti inteligentebis – odesRac mimzidveli
egalitaruli sayofacxovrebo instinqtebi. bunebrivi skepticizmi usazRvro da sayovelTao cinizmSi gadaizarda, samagierod osvencimis, wminda inkviziciisa da totalitaruli cenzuris gamocdileba sabolood Camoiwera, arqivs Cabarda, Tan ki warmatebiT gaicvala gonebanakluli kamikaZeteroristebis feTqebad art-aqciebze, konfesiuri eTnogenocidis recidivebsa da angaJirebuli eleqtronuli mediis TavzexelaRebul diqtatze. meoce saukuneSi jer nacizmis, Semdeg ki komunizmis globaluri ideologiebis istoriulma marcxma arnaxulad waaxalisa aranakleb globalisturi demokratia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da varSavis paqtis gauqmebam Cveuli safrTxeebi gaaqro, simSvide daubruna evropelebsa da amerikelebs.
nel-nela TiTqos yvelaferi ise lagdeboda, rogorc saWiroa, magram eSmaks, Turme, ar sZinebia. mileniumma ukvalod mainc ar Caiara da metismetadTavdajerebuli globalistebisa
da neoliberalebis Wkuis saswavleblad 11 seqtembris postremodernistuli mizanscenisTvis pirobebi Seamzada. "tyupebis" tragediis filosofiuri mniSvnelobis miCqmalva Cveuli
politkoreqtulobis farglebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. tra100
tribuna
diciuli media-garemo TiTqos gadaiRala nevrasteniuli tyuilebis erTmaneTze gauTavebeli agorebiT, amitom, uaxlesi
Taobis politikosebma, media-magnatebma, maT mier daqiravebulma inteleqtualebma da Tvalebcimcima telediqtorebma
vinme al. makedonelis mier aprobirebul xerxs mimarTes da geopolitikuri kvanZis gaxsnas misi gadaWra amjobines: niu-iorkis centrSi azvirTuli samSeneblo nagvis goras eraySi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis ararsebuli mTebi daupirispires,
axlo aRmosavleTis erT zedmetad Tavmomwone diqtators saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi Tavze gadaaxies, dedamiwa –
Tavisi mowinave kacobriobiT – polieTilenis gigantur parkSi SefuTes da Tavi erTiani sainformacio maryuJiT waukres.
arc amas Cauvlia ukvalod.
komunisturi alternativisa da faSisturi evgenikis tyveobidan sabolood gamoTavisuflebulma XXI saukunis homo sapiens-ma (ufro sworad, misma dasavlurma nairsaxeobam) kidev
ufro ganimtkica imis TviTrwmena, rom sicocxle Tumca mSvenieri, magram uaRresad xanmoklea da TxemiT terfamde standartuli hedonizmis WaobSi Caeflo. ase rom, totalitarizmi ukvdavi aRmoCnda. Tuki meoce saukunem mxolod daaCqara mecxrameteSi dawyebuli procesebi, ocdameerTeSi aseTi piri
uCans – ukve demokratiis saxeliT mogviwevs saR da damoukidebel individualur azrovnebaze xelis aReba. amis Sedegad
masobrivma adamianma – rogorc informaciuli halucinogenebiT gapipinebulma da mudmiv narkotikul transSi Cavardnilma biologiurma subieqtma – sabolood guli unda aiyaros sakuTari istoriul-genetikuri kodis xelovnuri gakeTilSobilebis miamitur da yovlad usargeblo mcdelobebze. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, dReis gadasaxedidan (zeg SeiZleba rame Seicvalos) biologiuri klonireba socialuri TvalsazrisiT
mkvradSobil aRmoCenad, miSel uelbeki ki literaturidan futurologiaSi komerciuli warmatebis misaRwevad SeWril
umweo konkistadorad warmogvidgeba (imedi viqonioT, rom kacobriobis srul da saboloo sqesobriv gadagvarebas hedonisti mandilosnebi ar dauSveben da momavlis mamakacs specifiuri zooparkis binadris, samuzeumo eqsponatis an, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, pikantur gei-klubSi "adami da adami" dakavebuli personalis samwuxaro xvedrs aacileben). erTi sityviT, miuxedavad sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli planetaruli TvalTmaqcobisa, multikulturul sociumSi mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da usazRvro liberalizmis saamo da saTno princi101
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
pebis Zalismieri Canergva mainc ver xerxdeba – erayi, irani,
avRaneTi, kosovo, yarabaRi, afxazeTi, darfuri, ruanda, metic: civilizebuli safrangeTis, germaniisa da inglisis islamuri getoebi amis TvalnaTeli magaliTebia. mokled, gasuli
saukunis tradiciuli atlantizmiT gaJRenTili evrobiurokratiuli muxruWebi cvdeba, vnebiani diplomatiuri reveransebis xana warsuls bardeba, xolo globalisturi suliskveTeba antiglobalizmis wvril-wvril naRmebze moxSirebul
afeTqebebs veRar audis.
asea, Zabvis gauTavebel zrdas adre Tu gvian aucileblad
elviseburi gantvirTva mosdevs. arasaxarbielo prognozi ki
aseTia: qsenofobiuri, mistikuri da socialur-rasisturi
crurwmenebiT gadatvirTul urTierTobaTa dakemsili Zafi
erTxelac gamayruebeli tkacaniT gaskdeba da Cvens antagonistur multikonfesionalur samyaroSi sabolood mainc yvelafers daerqmeva Tavisi umartivesi saxeli: yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. wyveta wyvetisa da sisxli sisxlis wil! – savaraudod swored es gaxdeba XXI saukunis civilizaciuri Cixis
yvelaze popularuli da erTob unugeSo slogani. ras izam,
adamiani, yvelaze mdidari da gulgrilic ki, mainc ubadruki,
susti da sacodavi arsebaa – amitomaa, sul gaqcevasa da gadarCenaze rom miurbis Tvali. ra gasakviria, Tu mavani gamosavals
– rogorc yovelTvis – mravalsaxieri qarizmuli aferistebis mxridan umartivesi receptebis gamoweraSi eZebs da zogjer poulobs kidec. amasobaSi ki kosmiuri Serkinebis usasrulo asparezi, TviT usulo metagalaqtika, sadac saukunis xangrZlivoba Cveneburi mikrowamis tolia, paralelebi erTmaneTs kveTs, xolo gamrudebuli sinaTle varskvlavidan varskvlavamde kus nabijebiT vrceldeba – olimpiuri simSvidiT
Sescqeris da urigdeba imas, rom sadRac miyruebul dasakargavSi mitovebuli misi erTi muwuki – TvaliT uxilavi gonieri
WianWvelebis sacodavi panoptikumi – gauTavebeli militarizaciis, pasionaruli omebisa da eTnocentruli konfliqtebis kerad (gamrudebul sulierebaze rom araferi vTqvaT) Camoyalibebula.
kosmogoniuri zRvari mikrosa da makros, klasikasa da kiCs,
diadsa da sasacilos Soris am keraSi gvarianad morRveulia;
da is garemoeba, rom msgavsi samganzomilebiani muwukebi metagalaqtikis tanze, albaT, trilionobiTaa amosuli, sulac
ar uSlis mis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli mikroskopuli sulieri
102
tribuna
koloniis TviTmarqvia qurumebs – mimdinare istoriuli epoqis raRac uumcires etapze erebisa da saxelmwifoebis procedurulad ganmtkicebul politikur Tu ideur liderebs
– xandaxan (ara yvelgan da yovelTvis) banaluri sareklamo
agentebis rolSic moevlinon dedamiwis binadarT (gavixsenoT, Tundac, gadamdgari gorbaCovis mier italiuri picis
reklamireba, saakaSvilis Rvinoebi, berluskonis mravalmxrivi media-biznesi, de vilpenis warumatebeli kanonSemoqmedeba, bzeJinskis mier geopolitikur supermarketSi globalisturi saWadrako inventariT gawyobili daxli, fukuiamas inteleqtualuri oinebi kacobriobis istoriis dasrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da sxv.). sareklamo agenti Taviseburi profesiaa, warmatebis misaRwevad man konkurentis Camocilebis paralelurad klienturas produqti unda SeusaRos, ar dauSvas misi Cawola da, aba, gana gasakviria, Tuki
globalizaciis epoqis moqurumo komediantebi mrevlisgan
saorWofo kiTxvebis dasmas pirdapir Tu ver krZalaven, maTTvis pasuxis gacemas ostaturad Tavs arideben, an agvianeben mainc?! mravlismetyveli wayruebis xelovnebis zedmiwevniT floba xom maTi profesiidan momdinareobs. metnaklebad warmatebulma qurumebma ician, grZnoben mainc, rom
xangrZlivi galaqtikuri istoriis nebismier monakveTze
aRmocenebul samganzomilebian mikrokoloniaSi kritikulad moazrovneTa kritikuli masa (bodiSi tavtologiisTvis) araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda Sedges (Tu Sedga, myisierad ganqurumeba mouwevT sxva, ufro niWieri da cinikuri
sareklamo agentebis sasargeblod). simarTlis gaxmovanebis
moraluri problema maT winaSe, saerTod, karga xania aRar
dgas – Tundac mSobliur kolonias mTel Tavis binadrebianad warRvna emuqrebodes. samagierod, Sinagani diskomforti damarcxebuli, xolo sayvareli cxeni (manqana, iaxta, vertmfreni, TviTmfrinavi, kosmosuri xomaldi) araTu Sekazmuli, aramed movlili, danayrebuli da komfortulad mosvenebulia Zvirfas personalur TavlaSi (moaswreben Tu ara
mis gamoyenebas, sxva sakiTxia). amdenad, sareklamo agentisa
da Tavmomwone qurumis hibridi globalizaciis wilxvedr
kacobriobas dRes swored amgvari sinTetiuri kentavris saxiT warmoudgeba. savaraudoa, rom momaval erTian multikultur garemoSi kacobriobis TviTmarqvia elitas – mis
konformistul udidebulesobas – cxovelqmedebis erTa103
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
derTi realuri da friad hedonisturi stimuliRa SerCeba:
morigi msuye energetikuli ulufis garantirebuli molodini SedarebiT globalizebul samyaroSi.
magram yoveldRiurobas araferi aqvs saerTo arc Tvaluwvdenel metagalaqtikur sazomebTan, arc mucliTmezRapre
kentavrebis mosalodnel degradaciasTan da arc usulgulo
da ampartavan abstraqtul WeSmaritebasTan. proklamirebuli globalizmisa da latenturi antiglobalizmis dapirispirebis xanaSi minimalurad dasaSveb moTxovnaTa simravle saSualod "gapopsebuli" adamianisgan gamravlebis tabulis
codnasa da fexmardi cxenis Sekazmvas Tu ara, kalkulatoris moxmarebisa da msubuqi avtomanqanis daqoqvis unar-Cvevebs mainc Seicavs. aseTi individisTvis samyaros usasruloba ara imdenad metagalaqtikur sivrceebTan da globalizaciur procesebTan – ufro mSobliuri mwvane planetis bedTan, misi paralelebiTa da meridianebiT daseril kontinentebTan, metic – piradi mikrokosmis elementarul nawilakebTan: qveyanasTan, qalaqTan, sofelTan, zogjer ubanTan, quCasTan, ezosTan, gansakuTrebiT mZime SemTxvevebSi – rbil savarZelTan, sayvarel televizorTan da sakuTar ganumeorebel loginTanac ki asocirdeba. am ubralo garemoebas yvelaze ambiciurad ganwyobilma romantikosmac ki angariSi
unda gauwios – sxvanairad mis ambicias dakmayofileba arasdros uweria, xolo ocnebis uSreti ZaliT azvirTebuli saukeTeso logikuri konstruqciebis magivrad xelSi SerCeba
oden ferfli, fiqcia, fiqri mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina.
ukbilo romantikosi saqurumod ki ara, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
saerTo damcinavi ignoraciisTvis, uaresSi ki TanamemamuleTa zizRiani SefurTxebebisTvisaa – sifaTSi Selawunebebsa
da zurgSi damiznebul tyviebze rom araferi vTqvaT – ganwiruli. saqmiani patriotizmi, yvelaze humanuric ki, Znelad
itans zogadsakacobrio "manilovSCinisa" da meqanicisturi
inteleqtualizmis saburvelSi gaxveul dezertirobas. globalizacia – jerjerobiT mainc – universaluri indulgencia rodia da erovnuli interesebis dacvaze xelis aRebas sulac ar gulisxmobs. marTalia, yvelani erT qvabSi vixarSebiT da globalizaciis mZlavr dinebas nafotiviT ayolili
saqarTvelo saerTo wesidan gamonaklisi ver gaxdeba, magram
isic gaviTvaliswinoT, rom global-enTuziastebis ocnebis
koSkis – planetaruli liberalur-demokratiuli "miTlan104
tribuna
diis" – proeqti sinamdvileSi jer mxolod pirveli monaxazebis doneze Tua gawerili.
amitomaa, rom globalizaciis msubuq marwuxebSic ki aqa-iq
wamoiCiteba – xan realurad, xanac virtualurad, – wina epoqebidan urcxvad gadmoyolili imgvari tipis saWirboroto kiTxvebi, romelTa gadamisamarTeba aqtualuri politikuri
movlenebisken erTgvarad tabudadebulic kia; iTvleba, rom
eris mier pasuxi aseT kiTxvebze erTxel da samudamodaa gacemuli da gamoxatuli referendumebis, plebiscitebis, mitingebisa da sxva masobriv-demokratiuli sanaxaobiTi procedurebis mier. marTlac, gana uxerxuli araa kolaboracionizmis morevSi gadaveSvaT da globalizaciis saxeliT inteleqtualuri gansjis obieqtad vaqcioT – sinamdvileSi ki
eWvi SevitanoT – iseT sabaziso RirebulebebSi, rogoricaa,
magaliTisTvis, arCeuli umravlesobis mier qveynis marTva,
erovnuli damoukidebloba, saxelmwifo suvereniteti, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba anda liberaluri demokratia? raRa Sors, 90-iani wlebis mitingebSi, veZioT simarTle, gavixsenoT Tundac ukanasknel xans sxvadasxva interviuebsa Tu
saerTaSoriso forumebze gacxadebuli burjanaZiseuli "Это
выбор нации" – zogadad medasavleTeobaze, an cxonebuli Jvanias legendaruli "I’m georgian, therefore I’m european" – konkretulad evropielobaze.
magram Seicavdnen ki xelisufalTa es sxarti gamonaTqvamebi sakuTar TavSi WeSmaritebas, da Tu Seicavdnen – ra zomiT:
mTlian WeSmaritebas Tu oden mis marcvals? ra, medasavleTeoba maincdamainc Tavisuflebis ideis saukeTeso gamovlinebaa, xolo antiglobalizmi – usaTuod dasagmobi fenomeni? an
iqneb yofiTi pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mowinave erTa
mZleTamZle kavSirSi gaerTianebisken ltolva, fiqri multikulturul samyarosTan sulieri Serwymis xelsayrel pirobebze, ekonomikuri integraciisadmi midrekileba, jibeZlieri ucxoeli patronis maTrobela kultisadmi trfoba, politikuri Semgueblobac ki – TavisTavad Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis utyuar niSnebs? iqneb evro erovnuli valutaa? an rusuli literaturaa krazanis bude? nuTu eris demokratiuli momavali marTlac Tavsebadia inteleqtualur
ZaladobasTan, gulisamrev socialur uTanasworobasTan, yelSi amosul beladomaniasTan, azrovnebis SezRudvasTan, SiSTan,
TviTcenzurasTan, upasuxismgeblo akrZalvebTan?
105
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
magram gana kritikuli azrovneba civilizaciis dasabamidan
ar ubiZgebda "gonieri saWianWveleTis" ambiciur qurumebs tabuebisa da dogmebis rRvevisken – winsvlis saxeliT ar tvirTavda ubralo mokvdavebis gaRizianebul gonebas qurumebis
gmiruli saqcielis naTeli magaliTebiT, ar aqezebda swavlulebs Tanadrouli sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli da mimzidveli mecnierul-filosofiuri argumentaciis moZiebisken? da gana Cveni samSoblo
im erTdroulad uumciresi da veeba samganzomilebiani koloniis elementaruli Semadgeneli nawilaki araa? Sevaxseneb yvelas, rom arsebobs, aravis gauuqmebia, uzogadesi "mudmivi" kiTxvebi: ra? rogor? risTvis? – rac mimdinare qarTul cxovrebasTan, gnebavT qarTul politikasTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba asec gaiSifros: ra aris Cveni saboloo mizani, ra gvinda Tanamedrove saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, riTi vapirebT, rom davxvdeT globalizaciis Tanmdev "STanTqmiT" safrTxeebs – vamCnevT ki saerTod maT?
aq uamravi konkretuli – didi da patara – sakiTxia. globalizaciis sawyisma etapma xom Seiwira ukve qarTuli fexburTi, Tbilisis zogierTi ubnis arqiteqturuli iersaxe, "komunisturi" qarTuli limonaTi da laRiZis wyali, moelis Tu ara
igive bedi borjomsa da vazs – CvenTvis ufro kulturuli, vidre ekonomikuri yaidis fenomenebs? ras daemsgavseba sabolood Cveni umaRlesi skola? anda raa "Turqi-mesxebis" mosalodneli Camosaxleba – istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenis gulwrfeli mcdeloba, gauazrebeli da saxifaTo populizmi, Tu
evrosabWosTan "samariaJo" Tema? gagvaCnia ki qarTvelebs
erTiani erovnuli da samoqalaqo Rirebulebani, Tu yovelive
gaiTqvifa – erTxel da samudamod – uamravi kerZo Tu jgufuri komponentebiT Sezavebul materialistur koqteilSi? rogor, ranairi manqanebiT vapirebT mivaRwioT aRTqmul mizans
da arsebobs ki marTlac aseTi mizani bunebaSi? da bolos: ra
saWiroa amdeni jaxiri, risTvis vewameT, mxolod kinetikuri
efeqtebisTvis da sakuTari feris mopovebisTvis msoflio rukaze (Tumca, es cota rodia)? nuTu SesaZlebelia eris geopolitikuri mniSvneloba martooden geografiul atlasSi saxelmwifo simbolikis aRniSvniT, sakuTar teritoriaze milsadenebis gatarebiTa da msoflio telesivrceSi ama Tu im politikuri lideris brtyel-brtyeli frazebis gaxmovanebiT
Semoifarglos? bolos da bolo, xom arsebobs arc mTlad dausabuTebeli moaruli mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom qarTve106
tribuna
lebi dRemde ara Tavganwirvam da mterze xmliT Seskdomam
(Tumca iyo Cvens istoriaSic didgori), aramed erovnuli elitebis labilobam, moqnilobam da uprincipobam (sxvanairad Tu
gnebavT – dampyroblis sisusteebze parazitizmma) mogvitana
(Tumca iyvnen, iyvnen Cvens warsulSi qeTevan dedofalic da
cotne dadianic, magram saerTo istoriul aminds mainc saakaZeebi qmnidnen). sxva Tu araferi, petens apatia naxevarma safrangeTma, beneSs ki – mTelma Cexoslovakiam hitleris winaSe
daCoqeba da kapitulacia, amis fasadaa parizi da praRa rom gadaurCnen miwasTan gasworebas da Cven, qarTvelebi, visi tikitomara varT aseTebi da vis davkargivarT duniaze? ra, Tavdaxra ar gvekadreba?
gulwrfelad gagandobT, rom me, rogorc am opusis
avtors, sulac ar mexateba gulze tradiciuli "mudmivi" kiTxvebis esoden provokaciul, momlaSo-momwaro elferis
mqone konteqstSi dasma, magram arc maTi xelisa da fiqris
erTi mosmiT miusavleTis ukuneTSi gagzavna mimaCnia gamarTlebulad. piriqiT, uaryofiTad motivirebuli pasuxebis
mtkice da xarisxiani ideologiuri qviTkiriT gamyarebas vinatrebdi, amis ucilobel pirobas ki uwinaresad Cems qveyanaSi saTanado inteleqtualur-politikuri amindis SeqmnaSi vxedav (sagareo zewolis rolis daknineba, ra Tqma unda,
dauSvebelia, magram Sidaerovnuli efeqtebis gare faqtorebiT gadafarva mainc gaumarTleblad mimaCnia, miT umetes,
rom qveynis farglebs gareT xeli naklebad migviwvdeba). WeSmariti xifaTi, rogorc yovelTvis, eSmakiseuli detalebis
formalizaciis sibrtyeSi Zevs. istoriuli magaliTebis meti
raa qveyanaze? bolos da bolos, "franciculad" gamomcxvari
sisxliani tiranebis, pol potisa (saloT saris) da misi gundis – e.w. "wiTeli qhmerebis" – mier gasuli saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi Tamami socialuri eqsperimentis poligonad gamoyenebul "demokratiul" kampuCiasac ki TiTqos gaaCnda suverenuli saxelmwifosTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela formaluri
niSani, magram, aba, ra TavSi unda ixalos vinmem imgvari suvereniteti, romelic sisxlis tbebTan, faSistur viviseqciasTan (biWebi erT milionamde apirebdnen qveynis mosaxleobis
dayvanas), kaciWamia niangebis fermebTan, sakuTari eris genocidTan da kacobriobis winaSe upatiebel, araadamianur danaSaulebTan iqneba gaigivebuli? hoda, gagvaCnia ki dRevandel qarTvelobas ganviTarebis msgavsi scenaris sawinaaRmdego uryevi Sidapolitikuri (sasurvel sagareoze rom arafe107
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
ri vTqvaT) garantiebi, nebeloba an saTanado sazogadoebrivi imuniteti? varT mzad ki vaRiaroT, rom globalizaciis
epoqaSic ki damoukideblobis ganmtkicebasa da SenarCunebas,
quCaSi droSebis qnevisa da yelyelaobis garda, myari inteleqtualuri argumentebic esaWiroeba?
zemoxsenebuli "mudmivi" kiTxvebi – raTa anaqronizmebis
albaToba Tavidan aviciloT – swored Tanamedrove, revoluciuri saqarTvelos politikur konteqstSi iTxovs pasuxs. iq,
sadac koniunqturas ayolili qarizmuli qurumebi Tu sareklamo agentebi, ama Tu im sapatio mizeziT, saWirboroto kiTxvebze pasuxis patiosnad gacemas Tavs arideben, maTi verbaluri damunaTebis tvirTi isev inteleqtualurad alalma
mkvlevarebma unda zidon. me mgoni, moraluri TvalsazrisiT
es savsebiT gamarTlebuli poziciaa.
am poziciis dasacavad ki, albaT, Rirs goneba da mexsiereba
daviZaboT da metagalaqtikis "WianWveleTidan" dRevandel,
"revoluciur – jer arnaxul" saqarTveloSi gadmovinacvloT. anu im qveyanaSi, sadac "vardebis" xaverdovani revoluciis mokle CarTviT agizgizebuli modernizaciis procesi
2003 wlis dauviwyar noemberSi jer eqs-qurumis, prezident SevardnaZis mier tribunaze mitovebuli mwvane Cais eqspropriaciiT daiwyo, mere saswrafod politgamofenebisTvis gankuTvnili saeqsporto sasaqonlo "brendebiT" Seimosa da Semdgom
garkveulwilad ganviTarda kidec.
nu davizarebT imis aRniSvnas, rom noembris gadatrialeba, klasikuri tipis revoluciuri miwisZvrebisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva Tu araferi, imiT maincaa alal mkvlevarTaTvis saintereso, rom man xelisuflebis saTaveSi "ratomac aras"
principze aRzrdili gogo-biWebis Taoba moiyvana. ratom "ratomac aras"? Tundac imitom, rom Tbilisis sportis sasaxleSi pirvelkurselebTan gamarTul did Sexvedraze qveynis
revoluciurma prezidentma swored ase brZana: "roca meubnebian, rom amis Tu imis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, me da Cemi megobrebi vambobT: ratomac ara? – da yvelaferi mSvenivrad
gamogvdis". is sefe-sityva marTlac rom sagulisxmo iyo, vinaidan erTdroulad or propagandistul Tezas – "ratomac
aras" parastudenturi Taobisadmi xotbis Sesxmasa da sakuTari idealizmis xazgasmas moicavda. sazogadod, neitralur
damkvirvebels uneburad iseTi STabeWdileba SeiZleba Seeqmnas (iqneb mcdaric), TiTqos Tanamedrove saqarTvelos qarizmuli liderisTvis erTi miswrebaa, rom msmenelTa audi108
tribuna
toria oci wlisa da naklebis gogo-biWebisgan Sedgebodes.
marTlac, xom SesaZlebelia, rom asakiT ufrosebs raRac
uxerxuli kiTxvebi daebadoT, uwverulvaSo ymawvilebis garemocvaSi ki zedmeti cifrebisa da fici-mtkicis gareSec iolad gadixar kaci fons. sakmarisia dasWeqo da rac SeiZleba
omaxianad galanZRo Seni winamorbedi (mere ra, Tu adre is Seni
mama-marCenali iyo), gauTaveblad imeoro, rom Seni da Seni
gundis xelisuflebaSi mosvliT qveyanas, rogorc iqna, daadga saSveli da warmateba garantirebulia. nu davukargavT,
axalma qurumma piari da reklama, icocxle, kargi icis, magram, modiT, nurc imas daviviwyebT, rom piarsa da realobas
Soris arsebul bunebriv napralSi kritikulad ganwyobili
damkvirvebeli erT Rrma grand kanions mainc daatevs, jvris
uReltexilze rom araferi vqvaT. egaa oRond, rom egeTi damkvirveblebi TvliTaa, xolo napralis siRrmis metnaklebad
sworad SefasebisTvis minimalur politikur gamocdilebas
mainc unda flobde, rac esoden akliaT samSoblos siyvaruliT gulanTebul ymawvilebs. sxvaTaSoris, dRevandeli saqarTvelo SesaniSnavi ilustraciaa imisa, Tu ra emarTeba
tradiciul saxelmwifo struqturebs, Tundac codvebiT
damZimebulebsa da naklebad efeqtianebs, rodesac maTSi dasaqmebuli xavsmokidebuli Cinosnebis magivroba "araformaluri" samoqalaqo seqtoris ambiciur pirmSoT uwevT. "vardebis revolucias" bunebrivad moyva, rac savsebiT mosalodneli iyo, korumpirebuli administraciuli aparatis generaluri wmenda. dagvianebulma samarTalma TiTqos puri Wamao
da politsanagveze gadabargebul bevr "Zvel" funqcioners
revoluciaSi monawile arasamTavrobo organizaciebSi ("kmara", "Tavisuflebis instituti" da sxv.) fexadgmuli da mohunveibino aqtivisti Caenacvla, bolos da bolos, revolucias
maTi karieruli miswrafebebic xom unda dakmayofilebina. dialeqtikis kanonebis kvalobaze imdenma friad simpaTiurma
"en-ji-om" ise moulodnelad gamoaCina klanWebi da brWyalebi, rom gacocxlebis Sansi mieca jer kidev maradmwvane studentobis xanaSi miviwyebul marqsistul Tezas yofierebis
pirveladobisa da cnobierebis meoradobis Sesaxeb.
"vardebis" revoluciam" araTu mianiWa qarTuli sazogadoebis samoqalaqo – arsebiTad ki opoziciur – seqtors misTvis
aradamaxasiaTebeli saxelisuflebo funqciebi, aramed SeparviT daasnebovna kidec mavani, odesRac uwyinari da progresulad moazrovne "enjioSniki", Zalmomreobisa da dausjelobis
109
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
sindromis Zneladgankurnebadi formiT. ase magaliTad, erTerTma yvelaze gavlenianma "en-ji-om" – saqarTveloSi ganTqmulma "Tavisuflebis institutma" – qveynis revoluciur
parlamentSi sruliad kanonier safuZvelze miavlina ramdenime yvelaze TvalsaCino da politikurad momzadebuli Tavisi warmomadgeneli, romlebmac sakuTari niWis, marifaTisa Tu mizanswrafulobis wyalobiT sul male – sinamdviles
Tvals Tu gavusworebT – saqarTvelos araoficialuri,
"Crdilovani" parlamentisa da mTavrobis rolis Sesruleba
ikisres, vinaidan sworad gansazRvres saxelisuflebo dartymis mTavari mimarTuleba – ideologia1 . ra vici, rogorc
opozicionerebi da yofili reJimis Tavgadakluli kritikosebi, msgavsi organizaciebi, SesaZloa, samagaliTod arTmevdnen Tavs nakisr valdebulebebs, magram saxelisuflebo
inversiis cTunebebs isini aSkarad veRar uZleben. saubedurod, bevri maTgani umecrebis uxilav maxeSi aRmoCnda gabmuli da axla ZiriTad iaraRad cinizms iyenebs – amiT ki sakuTari ambiciuri arakompetenturobis gadafarvas cdilobs.
maTi aqtivistebi grZnoben, rom mudmiv miniSnebebs farTo sazogadoebriv mxardaWeraze karga xania yavli gauvida, situacia qveyanaSi Seicvala da am fonze (gansakuTrebiT Salva ramiSvilis gasamarTlebisa da girgvlianis gaxmaurebuli
mkvlelobis Semdeg) savsebiT konstruqciuli kritikis atanac ki uWirT. mere kidev am ybadaRebuli politikuri grantebis Tema, amasTan dakavSirebuli tyuil-marTali, gauTavebeli Worebi...
ki, batono, sruli simarTlea, rom mixeil saakaSvili eris
beladad qarTvelma xalxma didi umravlesobiT airCia, magram
1
sxvaTaSoris, "Tavisuflebis institutis" zogierT aqtivists – gansakuTrebiT "feradi" revoluciuri Rirebulebebis eqsportis dauRalav
mcdelobaSi SemCneulT, – zogjer meoce saukunis revolucionerTa
kerps, Ce gevarasac ki adareben xolme. es Sedareba – meTodologiis
TvalsazrisiT – iqneb samarTlianic ki yofiliyo, rom ara erTi, Cemis
azriT, umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba: Ce gevara da misi komunisti Tanamoazreebi eTayvanebodnen socialur samarTlianobas mis yvelaze egalitarul formaSi, da yvela, maT Soris usastikesi, xerxiT ebrZodnen
bobolebsa da kapitalistebs. qarTveli "Ce gevarebi" ki demokratiuli
liberalizmis saxeliT realurad upirispirdebian Raribebsa da Cagrulebs, emxrobian ra socialuri usamarTlobis instituciur dakanonebas. "kmara", Tavis droSaze gamosaxuli gevariseuli muStiT, sinamdvileSi antibiurokratiuli "keTilSobili oligarqiatis” damrtymeli Zalaa, xolo qarTveli "Ce gevara" ki – oqsiumoroni, sruli uazroba.
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es xom negatiuri, saprotesto arCevani ufro iyo – ise amouvida praqtikulad yvelas yelSi SevardnaZis uniaTo da korumpirebuli reJimi. saakaSvilis xelisuflebis pirdapirma sagareo-saxelfaso dafinansebam (ase daufaravad am tipis dafinansebiT manamde palestinis avtonomiis administracia Tu daikvexnida, magram iq xom radikalurad gansvavebuli viTarebaa)
wina planze saqarTvelos geopolitikuri ganviTarebis konspirologiuri versiebi wamowia. Zalze samwuxaroa, magram piradad jorj sorosis mxridan saqarTvelos Sida saqmeebSi Carevisa da saqarTvelos axal xelisufalTa "yidvis" faqtologiur mxares awi odnav obieqturi damkvirvebelic ki veRar
ugulvebelyofs – mas amis saSualebas Tavad sorosi ar miscems, am Temaze imdeni sajaro gancxadeba aqvs gakeTebuli.
hoda, raRac angariSi xom unda gaewios sazogadoebaSi fexmokidebul azrs, an, Tu gnebavT, moarul eWvs imis Taobaze, rom
batoni sorosi ara imdenad samagaliTo qvelmoqmedi, keTilSobili mecenati da msoflio demokratiis gulmxurvale adeptia, aramed mesianuri ideebiT Sepyrobili homo politikusi
(Tundac, keTilmosurne), romelic saqarTvelos tipis formalurad suverenul saxelmwifoebs, Turme, Tavis pirmSo "Ria
sazogadoebis" koncefciidan logikurad gamomdinare, politikuri eqsperimentebisa da sociokulturuli vnebebis gavrcelebis xelovnur arealad ganixilavs. ra vici, iqneb es yvelaferi tyuilia da ara marto sorosSia saqme, an iqneb marTlac swored saqarTvelosmagvar mciremiwian poligonebze
SalaSindeba globalisturi civilizaciis ganviTarebis samermiso sqemebi, da, sazogadod – iqneb siduxWiriT daTrgunul
yovel umweo qveyanaze TiTo sorosi mainc arsebobs. lamazi,
mere ra rom dausabuTebeli, SeTqmulebis Teoriaa, ara? (arada istoriis nisli bevr ucnaurobas faravs, marto TiTqmis
uZleveli tamplierebis "gankulakeba" rad Rirs, anda, ras ar
itevs kidev mecnieruli konspirologia Sua saukuneebidan
dRemde moyolebuli?). amitom, sagranto dafinansebis ybadaRebul Temas, Cemi mokrZalebuli azriT, uxilavi ideologiuri yadaRa unda aexsnas da saTqmelic unda iTqvas, Tanac – mSvidi, obieqtivisturi, da ara marginaluri, myvirala politikuri opoziciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli isteriuli formiT. oh, es
grantebi da grantiWamiebi... xom unda gairkves, bolos da bolos, am fenomenis moraluri mxare (finansuri Tu garkveulia); kerZod, ra iyo, ra aris da unda (an ar unda) iyos dasaSvebi
am TvalsazrisiT? maSin, rodesac Seni sakuTari "demokrati111
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
uli"' saxelmwifo Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs ar (an ver) asrulebs, sinamdvileSi ki moqalaqeebis bedi fexze hkidia da umuSevrobis zrdas liberaluri memarjveneobis principebis mimarT Tavisi erTgulebiT xsnis, ra gza darCenia am moqalaqes,
miT umetes, Tu igi ara biznesmeni da Cinovniki, aramed, davuSvaT, mecnieri an msaxiobia, miT ufro – axalgazrda, ambiciuri
da xalasi energiiT aRsavse? riTia aseT pirobebSi ucxoeli
kerZo investorisgan, Tundac politikurad angaJirebulisgan, aRebuli fuli romelime "keTili" adgilobrivi oligarqisgan daniSnul stipendiaze uaresi? arafriT. saerTod, ra
principuli gansxvavebaa dafinansebis am or wyaros Soris?
araviTari – arc erTia biujetSi asaxuli da arc meore, socialuri samarTlianoba ki orive SemTxvevaSi antisocialuri subieqtivizmiTaa Canacvlebuli. pirwavardnil demagogias,
umaqnis moralizatorobasa da Tavis motyuebas rom SeveSvaT,
sagranto dafinansebis Semosvlis pirveladi istoriuli foni
xom mainc unda warmovidginoT kargad, gavixsenoT sibnele, sicive da usaxsroba naomar da gaRletil saqarTveloSi. qveyana, romelSic codna da wesiereba aRar fasobda – erTis mxriv,
da sikvdils gadarCenili, gonebagaxsnili, ucxo enebTan da
wignierebasTan arcTu mwyralad myofi axalgazrdebis mTeli
wyeba – meores mxriv. mere da ra arCevani hqondaT? moberebuli mSoblebis kisrebze da samTavrobo kuponebze SimSiliani
jdoma? aba, eg ra arCevania? mebrZol axalgazrda kacs (Tu
qals) uTuod raRac sxvaSi unda moeZebna gamosavali – emigraciaSi, iaraRis trialSi, qurdobaSi, kriminaliT dabinZurebul
biznesSi, politikaSi, arc samTavrobo korufciaSi Tanamonawileoba unda eTakila, Tavad gansajeT... aqeT ki, meore napirze, nel-nela fesvmomagrebul arasamTavrobo seqtorSi SedarebiT maRalanazRaurebadi da sufTa saqmianoba eguleboda.
yvela es arCevani tendenciebis saxiT Tanaarsebobda da dRemde Tanaarsebobs saqarTveloSi, viTardeba kidec. egaa mxolod, rom sagareo dafinansebis miRebas rac Seexeba, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da mTavrobis mimarT moTxovnebi mainc gansxavebulia – yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iyos.1
1
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixseno: '"vardebis revoluciis" Semdeg,
2004 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win, romelic "nacmoZraobis" triumfiT damTavrda, telekompania "imedze" morigi politdiskusia gaimarTa, romelSic mec, rogorc socpartiis erT-erT "saxes", momiwia monawileoba. diskusiis erTi nawili maSinac sagareo dafinansebas Seexo, kerZod, prezidentisa da misi ministrebis saxelfaso anazRaure-
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davubrundeT "revoluciurs – jer arnaxuls".
amerikas namdvilad ar aRmovaCen, Tuki erTxelac aRvniSnav, rom yvelanairi revolucia – yvelaze xaverdovani, xelovnuri da kolbaSi gamoyvanilic ki – mainc sakuTrebis xelaxal da mtkivneul gadanawilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
amasTan, klasikuri sisxliani revoluciebisgan gansxvavebiT,
globalizaciis epoqis "feradi" ("vardebis" qarTuli, "narinjisferi" ukrainuli da a.S.) revoluciebi xels uwyoben sakuTrebis gadanawilebas adre ukve Camoyalibebul elitebs
Soris, revoluciuri masebis materialur interesebs ki, faqtobrivad, ugulebelyofen. ase rom, aseTi revoluciebi Sinaarsobrivad "memarjvene", formiT ki – "memarcxene" xasiaTisaa. amrigad, "feradi" revoluciebis saxiT, saqme gaorebuli bunebis fenomenTan gvaqvs. magram am tipis revoluciebic, msgavsad klasikuri analogebisa, rogorc wesi, ori gansxvavebuli scenariT viTardeba: an – postrevoluciuri sazogadoebis lpoba-daWaobebasTan mibmuli Termidoruli gadagvareba, an – Sokuri Terapiis gamoyeneba imave sazogadoebis swrafi da metad mtkivneuli modernizaciis mizniT (magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom orive scenari arasicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes da sazogadoebam gamosavali kontrrevoluciaSi eZebos). sxva ambavia, rom erTob karikaturuli, dadgmuli, xelovnuri ieris mqone "feradi" revoluciebi, da
iqneb swored amaSi vlindeba garkveuli istoriuli kanonzobis sorosis fondisa da sxva arasaxelmwifo wyaroebidan gadaxdis wess
(Tu uwesobas). me ki vicodi (axlac vici), rom ase ar varga, ar SeiZleba
da am gziT problemebi eqmneba nebismier xelisuflebas, magram biWi xar
da gaitane Seni azri, roca auditoriaSi am Temaze laparaks TiTqmis
aravin miiCnevs saWirod da xelsac aqtiurad giSlian. mainc vixelTe
dro, Cavigde mikrofoni da wamovwie es sakiTxi, SevekiTxe cxonebul
premier Jvanias: "batono zurab! nuTu Tqven, suverenuli demokratiuli qveynis mTavrobis xelmZRvanels, ar geuxerxulebaT, rodesac
sxdomas atarebT da iciT, rom Tqveni kolegebi xelfass ara saxelmwifosgan, aramed ucxoeli kerZo pirisgan iReben? saerTod, aseT SemTxvevaSi ra damoukideblobazea laparaki?". batoni Jvania pasuxs ar gaeqca: me ufro is meuxerxulebao, rom pensionrebs fuli wavarTva da am
fuliT ministrebs xelfasi movumatoo. maSin amiT Tema amoiwura, magram mere, rodesac Jvanias sityvebs Cavufiqrdi, mivxvdi, rom garkveul Sinagan diskomforts mainc ganicdida (SeiZleba ise, rom sakuTar
Tavs arc ki umxelda) es Wkviani kaci (zedmeti Wkuisgan rac daemarTa,
yvelam viciT). aba, daukvirdiT: ufro is meuxerxulebao – e.i. mainc euxerxuleboda. keTili saqmeebis ki aravis euxerxuleba, miT umetes, moqmedsa da piaris fasis kargad mcodne gamocdil politikosebs.
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miereba, sajaro lanZRva-ginebisa da wivil-kivilis TanxlebiT sasamarTlo devnis xifaTisgan aTavisufleben Sesabamisi qveynebis ukve yofil, gadamdgar umaRles xelmZRvanelebs
(SevadaroT erTmaneTs ludoviko kapetisa da eduard SevardnaZis, nikoloz romanovisa da leonide kuCmas, Tundac imre
nadisa da askar akaevis bedi). saqme isaa, rom fsiqosocialuri TvalsazrisiT isini revolucionerebisTvis mainc axlobeli da gasagebi personaJebi arian. amitom, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Svilobilebi maT Tavs anebeben, uaresSi – ki emigraciaSi
wasvlas aiZuleben, magram usaxsrod da bedis anabara TiTqmis
arasdros toveben.
magram, batonebo, sakiTxavia, Tu ratom maincadamainc Cven
– saqarTvelo? nuTu esec mimdinare globalizaciis imperatiuli moTxovna iyo? Cven xom zustad iseve, rogorc sabWoTa
kavSiris rRvevis periodSi, saklaso oTaxis wina rigSi Camwkvrivebuli TiTiT saCvenebeli "pirveli moswavleebi" aRmovCndiT. faqtia, rom postsabWoTa sivrceSi "vardebis" revolucia win uswrebda forToxlis wvenis damkvrelur dawurvas kievis maidanze, titebis cvenas yirgizeTSi, Seumwvari qababebis
darigebas baqoSi, kartofilis umad xarSvis Cavardnil mcdelobas beloveJis miusafar tyeebSi...
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da zogadi suraTis ukeT warmosadgenad mogviwevs saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi CaZiebac da imis aRiarebac, rom strategiuli TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo globalizmis epoqaSic rCeba samxreTkavkasiuri Tavsatexis ZiriTad kvanZad, mis regionalur polusad, sadac ikveTeboda da ikveTeba uamravi sagareo interesi.
egaa oRond, rom strategia – strategiad, magram Cven, Tanamedrove qarTvelebs, Cvenive sasicocxlo interesebidan
gamomdinare, praqtikulad amogvewura "keTili tyuilebis"
taqtikuri resursi. aRar gviRirs, Tundac yvelaze mimzidveli da warmatebuli sareklamo agentebis xaTriT, Cveni samSoblos imaze ukeT warmoCineba, vidre – sinamdvileSia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Cvens Tvalwin fexadgmuli axalgazrda
avtokratia nel-nela klasikur diqtaturaSi gadaizrdeba da
mere gvianRa iqneba TiTze kbenani. aseT dros keTil tyuils
isev mware simarTle sjobs. xdeba isec, rogor ar xdeba, roca
TqmiTac daSavdebis, ginda kerZo, ginda saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, Woris doneze viciT, TiTqos TviT CerCilmac ki gawira koventris mosaxleoba geringis aviaciis dabombvisTvis, raTa ar "Caegdo" informaciis metad Rirebuli da
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kargad SeniRbuli wyaro nacisturi germaniis umaRles sardlobaSi (cnobilia, rom saxelmwifo cnobierebis matarebeli ubadlo ingliseli jentlmenebi eridebian sakuTari
istoriuli arqivebis xelyofas da msgavs arafers dagidastureben, magram arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom swored ase yofiliyo!). Cvens calke aRebul qarTul sinamdvileSic adre,
yofili prezidentis dros, mdabal tyuils – da sulac ara
keTils – xSirad meti sargeblis motana SeeZlo, vidre – simarTles. es ukanaskneli ise gaufasurda, rom fexmardi cxenebis SekazmviT simarTlis pirSi mTqmelebic ki aRar iwuxebdnen Tavs. Ziramde Camompali reJimi organulad ver itanda
simarTles – verc mwaresa da verc tkbils, qveynis aRmSeneblobisTvis aucilebeli pozitiuri iaraRis rolSi (arada, SevardnaZis postkomkavSiruli administraciis umaRlesi eSeloni ufro mgrZnobiare rom aRmoCeniliyo bunuelis "burJuaziis msubuq xiblSi" Caqsovili kulturologiuri inveqtivebis mimarT da politikur prioritetad ara sakuTari jibis utifari gasqeleba, aramed qveyanaSi saSualo klasis Camoyalibeba daesaxa, iqneb momdevno wlebSi saqarTvelos aeridebina kidec Tavi fsevdoliberaluri totalitarizmis
ferad-feradi impulsebis Semotevebisgan). globalizaciis
ganTiadze civi omis gmiri (Tu antigmiri) da yvelaze didi fariseveli saqarTvelos istoriaSi – prezidenti SevardnaZe
– qveyanas korufciuli garigebebisa da kompromatebis saSualebiT marTavda, magram mis qmedebebSi WeSmariti idealizmis nasaxic ki ar SeiniSneboda. im idealizmisa, romelic misma memkvidrem udides ideologiur sikeTed gamoacxada. ra
vqna, iqneb arc unda vamaxvilebde am wvrilmanze yuradRebas,
magram mravalsaukunovani istoriuli praqtika naTlad metyvelebs, rom amgvari idealizmi – miT ufro pompezuri da
ugemovno, – masobrivi gamolenCebis xanaSi, xatovnad rom
iTqvas, iseve bunebrivadaa momarTuli Tavisufali individis
nebis dasaTrgunad, viT kompasis isari – CrdiloeTi polusisken, da sanam zedmetad kategoriulma da moraindo idealistebma, gnebavT, liberaluri siwmindeebis samaradJamod
danergvisa da, gnebavT, saxelmwifos teritorialuri mTlianobis aRdgenis saxeliT, milionobiT adamians ar gadauares
(es ki patara qveynisTvis, albaT dameTanxmebiT, arc ise cotaa), araTqmas mainc Tqma sjobs.
magram Tqmac aris da Tqmac. erTis mxriv, axalbeda, bolomde arSemdgari saxelmwifo warmonaqmnis istoriuli moder115
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
nizaciis gardauvali procesis Tanmdevi uamravi provinciuli sisulelisa da gadaxris (es kidev rbiladaa naTqvami)
warmoCenisas JamTaaRmwerelma goni da obieqturoba ar unda
dakaros, xolo meores mxriv, mas yovelwams Tavs axseneben sayovelTaod aRiarebuli maqsimebi, iseTebi, rogorc: "iare simarTliT", "wveT-wveT gamoidevne SengniT mona" an "adamianebo – iyaviT fxizlad". uneburad kiseri ar waimtvrio boRmian paskviliantobasa da keTilganwyobil kritikas Soris gadebul uxilav bordiurze, ar dakargo jansaRi skepticizmis
marTebuli dozis SerCevis unari, Tanac kidev TviT simarTle
ar daaziano – sulac ar gaxlavT ioli saqme. e.w. "saxelmwifo
interesma", miT ufro, arasworad gagebulma, raRac momentSi
SeiZleba moiTxovos erTi ram, zogjer arasakmarisad adeqvaturi, xolo ambiciurma saavtoro TvalTaxedvam, faqtebisa da tendenciebis obieqturi analizis pirobidan gamomdinare, – sruliad sxva da sapirispiriso. moTxovnaTa Soris
konfliqti savsebiT mosalodnelia, kompromisis miRweva –
garTulebuli, da nebismieri JamTaaRmwereli, miuxedavad
misi rasobrivi, erovnuli Tu konfesiuri kuTvnilebisa, aseT
dros mZime arCevnis winaSe dgeba. magram, Tuki erT gaxmaurebul nawarmoebSi alegoriuli formiT warmoCinebul sibrZnes davesesxebiT (bulgakovis "ostatsa da margaritas"
vgulisxmob) da gavixsenebT, Tu ra mwared isjeba scenidan
uniWo tyuilebis frqvevisTvis Teatralur samyaroSi cnobili konferansie (romanis erT-erTi gmiri), albaT, moveridebiT analogiur saqcielsa da plebsis sajijgnad sakuTari
Tavis gawirvas. SevTanxmdeT, rom saqarTveloSi datrialebuli revoluciuri qarborbalas Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia ori sayovelTaod cxadi, praqtikulad aqsiomuri garemoeba: pirveli, – noembris gadatrialebam "TeTri melas"
– eduard SevardnaZis – adgilze moiyvana odesRac opoziciuri, amJamad ki mmarTveli politikuri Zalis – nacionaluri
moZraobis – qarizmuli lideri, msoflmxedveluri TvalsazrisiT jiSiani proamerikeli mixeil saakaSvili. meore – am Zireul saxelisuflebo cvlilebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili
Seitana aSS-is imdroindelma elCma saqarTveloSi riCard mailsma. danarCeni detalebisa da niuansebis axsna-ganmarteba
mTlianad publicistis xelSia. samwuxarod, tradiciuli
publicistika revoluciuri movlenebis asaxvisas garkveul
teqnikur sirTuleebs awydeba xolme. drois monakveTma daweridan gamoqveynebamde imdeni SeiZleba daitios, rom... ai,
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magaliTad: dawers publicisti X utyuar faqtebze dayrdnobiT, rom romeliRac problemur saxelmwifoSi yvelas Tvalwin yalibdeba, davuSvaT, samxedro diqtatura. imuSava kacma, gaakeTa garkveuli daskvnebi, saTanado analitikuri rekomendaciebiT mimarTa sazogadoebas, wavida redaqciaSi, magram rad ginda – sanam misi tvinis naJuri dRis sinaTles ixilavdes, im problemur qveyanaSi an gadatrialeba xdeba, an
mSromeli masebis amboxeba, an axalgazrda maiorebi "beteerebiT" gadauvlian Zvelgazrda generlebs... erTi sityviT,
aTasi ramaa mosalodneli da yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes. sagareo keTilganwyobidan (an misi deficitidan) gamomdinare,
sakmaod didi da Rirseuli qveynebis xelisufalnic ki ganicdian zogjer – Tanac yovelgvari saerTo-saxalxo arCevnebis
gareSe – gasaocar metamorfozas. sazogadod, warumatebeli
xelisufleba SeiZleba Seicvalos mSvidobianad, sagareo ZalasTan samxedro konfliqtSi marcxis Sedegad, rogorc
odesRac saberZneTSi an argentinaSi; an ubodiSod, Zalis gamoyenebiT, Tu wasasvleli mTavroba zedmetad jiutobs, gawiruli lideri ki savarZels epotineba, sisxlis tborebSi dacuravs da sadisturad eqaCeba miusavleTSi milionobiT udanaSaulo da principSi apolitikur adamians – rogorc odesRac demokratiul kampuCiaSi, Talibur avRaneTsa an idi aminis tiraniis fexqveS gaTelil ugandaSi. samoqalaqo dapirispirebis badeSi gaxveuli saxelmwifos meTauri ver iqneba dazRveuli verc iZulebiTi teritoriuli daTmobebisgan da
verc haagis samsjavroze wabrZanebisgan – rogorc serbeTSi.
igi SesaZlebelia sakuTari megalomaniis msxverpli gaxdes da
sicocxle civ yazarmaSi daasrulos – rogorc rumineTSi.
magram masve ZaluZs droulad Wkua ixmaros, "CaZiros" yvelaze odiozuri politikuri figurebi sakuTari garemocvidan,
uari Tqvas oficialur regaliebze, kerZo piris statusiT
dakmayofildes, memuarebis weriT gaerTos da mSvidad moyuCdes mSobliuri qalaqgareTis keTilmowyobil rezidenciaSi
– rogorc saqarTveloSi. mokled, publicisti mudmivad drois wnexis qveSaa moyolili, Tanac muSaobis procesSi arc is
unda aviwydebodes, rom fukuiamasa da hantingtonis klasikad aRiarebuli nimuSebi mainc gasagebi eniT dawerili eseebia da ara – samecniero terminologiiT gadatvirTuli traqtatebi.
aba, warmoidgineT: raoden myvirala iarliyis mikereba SeuZlia revoluciur saqarTveloSi amJamad mimdinare proce117
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
sebisTvis romelime nametnavad intrigan publicists. magaliTad, aseTis – garewrebis aRlumi. magram intriganic ki unda
xvdebodes, rom es iarliyi gaumarTlebeli da iaffasiani "deJa
viu" iqneboda mxolod. garewrebi xom yovelTvis blomad
iyvnen da arian, yvela epoqaSi swored maT "mihyavT stosi". aseTia TviT istoriis buneba da am bunebis nebiTaa, rom yvelaze
idealisti xelisufalic ki zustad im zomiT iryvneba, ra zomiTac mas amis uflebas misi savarZlis garSemo atuzuli garemocva aZlevs. sxva mxriv ki forma yovelTvis mzadaa daCrdilos Sinaarsi.
CvenTanac, saqarTveloSi, "vardebis revoluciis" Sedegad
pirvel yovlisa mkveTrad Seicvala forma. rogorc Cans,
globalizaciis istoriulad sawyis etapze dadgenili geopolitikuri parametrebis ukeT dacvis moTxovnam dRis wesrigSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli '"moqkavSiruli" paradigmis ganaxlebis sakiTxi dasva da SevardnaZis daxavsebuli
reJimisTvis gveliviT kanis gamocvla swored aseTi feriscvalebis winapiroba aRmoCnda – amaSi namdvilad SemiZlia daveTanxmo pativcemul da arapativcemul opozicias. aq xom
arc uvargisi oligarqiuli wyoba Secvlila da arc sazogadoebis mentaloba – Cvens irgvliv da zeviT, ZiriTadad, isev
is adamianebia, romelTac Tvali SevardnaZis dros SeeCvia,
erovnuli burJuazia ki rogori uprincipo da kompradoruli sulis matarebelic iyo, iseTsaved darCa. Seicvala diaxac forma, rogorc raRac bolomde amoucnobi da bundovani
siRrmiseuli cvlilebebis garegnuli gamoxatuleba. igi
mkveTrad gaaxalgazrdavda. dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis
asakiT ormoc wels gadacilebuli deputati, ministri, Tundac sruluflebiani da sagangebo elCi – ukve lamis raritetia. samagierod, ocdaxuTi-ocdaaTi wlisa da realur umaRles ganaTlebas moklebuli (romeliRac modur amerikul Tu
evropul kolejSi xanmokle kursebis CamTavreba situacias
ar cvlis) maRali rangis Cinosani – savsebiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa. amgvari tipis "saxelmwifo moRvawis" saxeze drodadro gamoCekili naZaladevi Rimili, rogorc wesi, mxolod niRabia, romlis qveS qveynis pirveli pirisadmi aRmatebuli
loialobis grZnoba imaleba. mTavari erTgulebaa, Torem
SromiT wignakSi Canaweri nebismieri SeiZleba iyos, Tanac aseTi wignaki xSirad arc arsebobs bunebaSi. aseTi tipis uwyebrivi xelmZRvanelis kompetenturobis dones mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, xolo gulis siRrmeSi – gansa118
tribuna
kuTrebiT mZime klinikis garda – man TviTonac SesaniSnavad
uwyis Tavisi WeSmariti fasi. reJimis mier kanis revoluciurad gamocvlam araTu gza gauxsna adre miuRwevadi saxelisuflebo himalaebisken axali Taobis ambiciur da energiul
axalgazrdebs, aramed daarwmuna isini (imedia, droebiT)
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis srul umaqnisobaSi. bolos da
bolos, maTi qceviTi principebi xom saqarTvelosTvis lamis
gausaZlis 90-ian wlebSi yalibdeboda, rodesac "Cvens mere
gindac warRvnas wauRia yvelaferi" maqsimaSi Caqsovili WeSmariteba araTu romeliRac guSindelma bartyma, mravalma
Wkuadamjdarma da pativcemulma adamianma irwmuna. amitomac
saxelisuflebo sadaveebis "Zvelgazrdebidan" asakiT umcrosebisTvis xmauriani gadacema – "vardebis revoluciis" saxelwodebiT istoriaSi ki swored es procedura Sevida – SesaZlebelia ganvixloT, rogorc warmatebuli SurisZiebis
mcdeloba da bunebrivi reaqcia "Zvelgazrdebis" uTvalav
zneobriv kompromisebze avbediT 90-ianebSi. "vardebis revoluciis" safuZvelSi Caido ara korumpirebuli sazogadoebis radikaluri uaryofis survili (Tumca amaze Zalian bevrs
laparakoben da kidev mets ilaparakeben), aramed – postsabWoTa "demokratiiT" saerTo ganxiblva da mosaxleobis
umravlesobis TiTqmis fiziologiuri zizRi aw gadamdgari
prezidentis pirovnebis mimarT. axalgazrdulma gadatrialebam Tavze daamxo postsabWoTa qarTvel funqcionerebs saxelmwifo marTvis maT mier dakanonebuli korumpirebuli
struqtura da wesebi. gamarjvebulebma moaxerxes sxvadasxva
tipis autsaiderebis, revanSistebis, cxovrebisgan uRvTod
gawiruli, daCagruli adamianebis mobilizeba da eleqtoraluli gaerTianeba, maTi mTvlemare ocnebebis reanimireba;
revoluciis Semdeg ki daurTes yvelafer amas politikuri
yofaqcevis sruliad axleburi, eiforiuli stili, romelic
– sxva sikeTesTan erTad – gulisxmobs mosaxleobis ofliTa
da wvalebiT mopovebuli sabiujeto saxsrebis mxolod sakuTari TvalTaxedvis mixedviT gankargvas. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis uiRblo epilogSi, rodesac biujeti Tvidan Tvemde Sagrenis tyaviviT ikumSeboda da ubralo xalxamde TiTqmis aRaraferi aRwevda, paliatiuri kanonierebis farglebSi mainc sruldeboda erTgvari saparlamento dekorumi, rasac, Tu ara vcdebi, biujetis formaluri sekvestri moyveboda xolme. gadatrialebis Semdeg ki axalgazrda uzurpatorebma – sakuTari SefasebiT ki samSoblos mxsnelebma – saer119
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
Tod ukuagdes daCamiCebuli burJuaziuli kanoniereba. Zveli "mayuTCikebis" gankulakebisa da sabaJo-sagasasaxado administrirebis gamkacrebis Sedegad biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis gazrda revoluciis pirvel wlebSi ganixileboda rogorc mSvenieri sababi viwro mmarTveli jgufis, ufrore kastis, fsevdosaxelmwifoebrivi "xuSturebisa" da "xoSebis"
maqsimalurad dakmayofilebisTvis (ara mxolod es, ra Tqma
unda, magram esec). rasac dasTes, imasve moimki, da savsebiT
Segnebuli maqvs, rom Cemi Taobis ZiriTadi nawili axla maT
Sorisaa, vinc adre daTesils imkis, magram mainc araa sasiamovno, rodesac momdevno Taobebis cxovrebis azri, arsi da
sulieri imperativi gamoxatvas upirvelesad, rogorc Cans,
viRac-viRacebisTvis mogebis zemaRali normis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, TanamoqalaqeTa Tvalis axvevasa da gamudmebuli
piar-kampaniebis agorebaSi hpovebs. mainc sakiTxavia – nuTu
es yvelaferi gavleniani globalizatorebis pirdapiri da
uxeSi SekveTaa, Tu maTac iseve "vexutebiT", "vabamT" da "vabolebT", rogorc Cveni mamebi da papebi (represirebulebs,
cxadia, ar vgulisxmob) "exutebodnen", "abamdnen" da "abolebdnen" uZraobis dalocvil xanaSi kremlSi mokalaTebul gerontokratebs? amaze damajerebeli pasuxi ar gamaCnia. eWvs
isic iwvevs, rom dasavluri msoflmxedvelobis universaluri da aRiarebuli kategoriebi: "transfarentoba", "Riaoba",
"amomrCevelTa winaSe pasuxismgebloba" dRes ganixileba rogorc... vcdilob rac SeiZleba delikaturi viyo, magram... rogorc adamianis kerZo, intimuri cxovrebisadmi garkveuli
upativcemuloba – rodesac "transfarentobaSi" sazogadoebrivi tualetis "kabinkaSi" xis Zveli karis axali SuSis kariT Secvlis sajaro rituali igulisxmeba. albaT, swored
amas Tu uwodeben Cveni Wabuki reformatorebi idealizms.
arsobrivad ki xelisuflebaSi mosuli axalgazrduli kastis
sazogadoebriv-politikuri moRvaweoba erTiani kargad dagegmili dazverviTi operaciis STabeWdilebas tovebs. am operaciis komponentebia: jaris gadaiaraReba, asfaltis gadageba qalaqis mTavar quCebze, oficialuri pirebis ucxouri
voiaJebis iracionaluri da sruliad gaumarTlebeli sixSire, nairnair biznesebSi vulgaruli reketisa da SantaJis saSualebiT CarTva, samuSao adgilebis ganuwyveteli da aSkarad antikonstituciuri gauqmeba-Semcireba sabiujeto sferoSi, qveyanaSi finansuri policiis gavlenis gazrdis mizniT
kompromatebiT umowyalo manipulireba da a.S. yovelive ze120
tribuna
moTqmuli (da bevri kidev sxvac) am operaciis mxolod mcire
da TvalSi sacemi elementebia. xelisufalTa yvela es qmedeba – rogorc metnaklebad misaRebi da gamarTlebuli, ise saeWvo da msubuqi adamianuri SezizRebis momgvreli mainc –
obieqturad moiTxovs niWier propagandistul demagogias
rogorc angaJirebuli ucxoeli damkvirveblebis gulis mosalbobad, ise sakuTari mosaxleobis dasaSoSmineblad. ise ki,
ra korufciasa da finansur darRvevebze SeiZleba seriozulad msjeloba, roca Sromisunarian mamakacTa didi umravlesobis legaluri Semosavlebi ver aRwevs sacxovrebel minimums, xolo masobrivi umuSevrobiT gamowveul fsiqosocialur problemebs miaqvs qveyana, paralelurad ki sxvadasxva
arasabiujeto fondebi (maT Soris, saprezidentoc), vin icis,
saiT mimarTaven akumulirebul saxsrebs. bunebrivia, rom
aseT pirobebSi forma, marTlac, gvarianad jabnis Sinaarss,
da Zveli, damskdari fasadebis Wrela-Wrula ferebSi gadaRebva (rac, TavisTavad, SesaZlebelia saxalisoc iyos da misasalmebelic) prioritetad iTvleba CanTxleuli salifto
meurneobisa Tu CaJangebuli sakomunikacio qselebis aucilebel, magram ZviradRirebul remontTan SedarebiT. ise, JamTaaRmweri aqac frTxilad unda iyos: bolos da bolos, romelma intriganma moigona, TiTqos asfaltis dageba da fasadebis ganaxleba cudia? mec manda var – sulac araa cudi. sxva
ambavia, rom elementaruli logikis Tanaxmad, gamaTxovrebuli, valebSi Cavardnili qveyana, romlis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti umartivesi yofiTi problemebis gadawyvetas ver audis, unda eridebodes gaumarTlebel xarjebs. magram "vardebis revoluciis" Semdgom saxelmwifo prioritetebis gansazRvra mTlianad mmarTveli kastis xelSi moeqca da ra gasakviria, Tuki saxelisuflebo vertikali sakuTari winasaarCevno dapirebebis mimarT gulmaviwyobam, erTgvarma "alchaimeris politikurma sindromma" moicva. Tanac mmarTvelobis
am erTob TavzexelaRebul stils gladiatorobis waruSleli daRic adevs. ras ar Sexvdebi aq kaci! Wkuamaxvili ideologiuri da policiuri provokaciebis dagegmvas opoziciuri politikosebis mimarT, sxart da moqnil samTavrobo "karuselebs", Tvalgulwarmtac rok-koncertebs gzebsa da
moednebze, qandakebebis qalaqis erTi ubnidan meoreSi wowials, "SabaTobebisa" da sazafxulo-savele axalgazrduli banakebis gamarTvas, susti saparlamento opoziciis cinikur
ignorirebas da a.S. amasTan, qveyanaSi minimum ori metnakle121
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
bad xelSesaxebi reforma xorcieldeba: policiuri da ganaTleba-mecnierebis. pirvelis Sedegebi ufro TvalnaTeli da
dadebiTia. marTalia, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebi rogorc cixeSi, ise cixis gareT, gaxSirebulia, magram
samagierod qveyanaSi statusurad amoiZirkva tradiciuli
meqrTame avtoinspeqcia da Seiqmna SedarebiT civilizebuli
da ZviradRirebuli (avtomanqanebi, sawvav-sapoxi, mobiluri
kavSiri da sxv.) sapatrulo samsaxuri. policiuri reforma,
miuxedavad yvela sirTulisa, ideologiurad mainc ufro
momwifebuli iyo, rameTu SevardnaZis policias isedac aRaravin endoboda, imden binZur saqmeSi (adamianebis gatacebebi gamosyidvis mizniT, gauxsneli mkvlelobebi, korufciuli garigebebi da sxv.) aRmoCndnen gareuli policiis yofili
maRalCinosnebi. saganmanaTleblo reforma ki – globalizatorTa mzardi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT – gacilebiT
ufro saTuTia, Tanac, aq kriminalTan Sexeba naklebad gvaqvs.
dReis viTarebiT ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis reformam –
gansakuTrebiT "erTiani erovnuli gamocdis" proeqtis
TvalSisacemi warmatebis Semdeg – ukve miaRwia e.w. "Seuqcevadobis wertils", Tumca sazogadoeba mainc dabneulia, vinaidan misaRebi gamocdebis korufciis tyveobidan gamoxsna
– es calsaxad kargia, magram amasTan reformis farglebSi
mkveTrad ikveceba samecniero Statebi da, amrigad, pasuxgaucemelia ZiriTadi kiTxva: ra unda qnas studentma umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, qveyana datovos? anu
marTla reformaa es, Tu dacinva da TvalebSi nacris Seyra?
sazogadod, myari Zveleburi Senobis dangreva – miT umetes
Tu binadrebi gamosaxlebuli ar arian – da mis adgilas caTambjenis aRmarTva ioli rodia. Tanac, es aRmSenebloba marTla guliT unda moiwadino. sagamocdo cieb-cxeleba iqeT
iyos, magram ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ucvlel ministrs (bni kaxa lomaia), rogor Cans, amas garda dakisrebuli aqvs ori
sakmaod delikaturi saqmis mogvareba: qveynis mTavari universitetidan (iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobisa) politikurad
arasaimedo "Zveli" profesuris gaZeveba da mecnierebaTa akademiis kardinaluri saxecvlileba, rac dRes akademiis prezidiumis rolis dakninebaSi, mecnierebis finansuri marTvis
berketebis miTvisebasa da tradiciuli samecniero institutebis faqtiur moSlaSi gamoixata. sazogadod, mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi karga xania, rac skandaluri viTareba
Seiqmna. akademiis yofilma prezidentma, akademikosma Tavxe122
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liZem, popularul yovelkvireulSi kompromatebis Semcveli werilis gamoqveynebisTanave fexi dahkra da gaiqca mezobel ruseTSi (akademiis prezidentis gaqceva istoriuli paradoqsebisa Tu bufonadis sferos ufro ganekuTvneba – sadRac simenonsa da diurenmats Sorisaa), kolegebma ki viTomc
araferio, ise uCumrad airCies axali prezidenti – midi da
ende akademikosebs amis mere! erTi sityviT, ganaTlebis saministros reformatorebma moxdenili hukebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebiT moaxerxes akademiuri profesuris nokdaunSi Cagdeba, Tumca, vaWroba dainteresebul jgufebs Soris
grZeldeba da yvelaferi winaa. sazogadod, am reformis SesaZlo warmateba (Tu warumatebloba) Zalauneburad ukavSirdeba CvenSi sabWoTa droidan SemorCenili (e.w "SromiTi")
inteligenciis istoriul beds (swored inteligenciisa da
ara Sou-biznesTan ase Tu ise dakavSirebuli Semoqmedi elitarebisa da globalizaciasTan wilnayari "enjioSniki" inteleqtualebisa, romelTac araTu gaaCniaT inteligentobis
pretenzia, aramed xSirad salanZRav konteqstSiac ki moixseneben am cnebas). arada, inteligenciis socialuri roli
dRevandel saqarTveloSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre
es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mentaluri TvalsazrisiT
es formiT erovnuli, SinaarsiT ki sabWouri, "naftalinmoyrili" strati Tu fena (axal ruseTSic asea) socialur rezervuarSi "Capresili" mudmivad minavlebuli sawvavi masalaa,
romelsac kolosalur politikur gulubryvilobasTan
erTad swrafad aalebis imanenturi Tviseba Tu instinqti axasiaTebs – misi am unaris gareSe Cven uaxles istorias namdvilad moakldeboda eSxi da pewi. amitom, "SromiTi inteligenciis" TemiT manipulireba siRrmiseuli politikuri procesebis realuri menejerebisTvis sakmaod didi cTunebaa. aq kidev erTi xifaTia mosalodneli. "soros-reforma" mecnierebis sferoSi obieqturad tovebs usamsaxurod uamrav ganaTlebul adamians da – am parametris mixedviT – Zalauneburad
emsgavseba 60-iani wlebis Cinur "kulturul revolucias" Tavisi hunveibinuri eqscesebiT. analogia savsebiT TvalSisacemia. marTlac, iqac da aqac Zveli, avtoritetuli kadrebis
samuSao adgilebidan gayra da sazogadoebrivi azris sruli
ignoracia; iq – kampania jer liu Saocisa, Semdeg ki lin biaos
winaaRmdeg, aq ki sabWoTa mecnieruli skolebis yvela brunvaSi triali, egaa oRond, rom personaliebia Secvlili: komunisti maos nacvlad arenaze globaluri humanisti jorj
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giorgi lorTqifaniZe
sorosi moqmedebs. mere ki, mosalodnel perspeqtivas rom
warmoidgen kaci, umal amogitivtivdeba mexsierebaSi senis sanapiros midamoebSi dafrTianebuli ori ganTqmuli poli:
Jan-pol sartri – ganswavluli mwerali da inteleqtuali,
romelsac Tavisken memarcxeneebic eqaCebian da memarjveneebic, da pol poti – inteleqtuali mowodebiTa da pirveladi biografiuli anamneziT (ormocdaaTiani wlebis parizi,
sorbonaSi fexadgmuli qhmeri studentebis patriotuli wre,
safrangeTis kompartiis trockistuli frTa, memarcxene
presasTan TanamSromloba da a.S.). ras izam, Tavis droze orive poli sruliad gulwrfeli seriozulobiT daeWida Tavisuflebis usaSvelo tvirTs da pirveli maTgani, rogorc
amboben, meores ukidegano socialur siTamames sulac ar
amadlida... savsebiT SesaZlebelia (ver gamovricxavT), rom
planetaruli Zalebi, romelTa qmedebebi CvenSi yovlisSemZle b-ni sorosis saxels ukavSirdeba, patara, koxta da, rasakvirvelia, demokratiul saqarTvelos momavalSi bananis
Tu ara, mandarinis qveynis beds mainc umzadeben. hoda, ra jandabadaa maSin saWiro aq mravaldargobrivi universitetebisa da sabWoTa tipis multifunqcionaluri akademiis Senaxva? WeSmariti mecniereba dRes saerTaSoriso klasis samecniero centrebSi viTardeba, finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, xolo ZvelmanebSi gamowyobili erovnuli warmoSobis
mecnierebi – gansakuTrebiT asakSi Sesulni – Saragzaze modebuli da droze misaxveti mtveria, meti araferi... modiT,
gamovZerwoT postsabWoTa saqarTvelodan raRac ganviTarebuli keniis magvari, xolo keniis miwaze araviTar akademiebs
– TviT mecnierebze rom araferi vTqvaT – arasodes gauWaWanebia, samagierod iq iyo da dResac arsebobs saxelmwifo dacvis kargad ekipirebuli policiuri nawilebi. ideologiuri
kuTxiT aq yvelaferi sruliad gasagebi da ToTo bavSvis
cremliviT gamWvirvalea. vinaidan sabWoTa xelisuflebisgan
saqarTvelos – ganviTarebadi keniisgan gansxvavebiT – memkvidreobiT ergo SedarebiT mowinave mecniereba da teqnika
mTeli Tavisi universitetebiT, akademiebiT, institutebiTa
da diplomirebuli specialistebis aSkarad gaberili kontingentiT, – hka magaT suyvelas. gamovacxadoT yvelaferi es koloniuri epoqis gadmonaSTad, socializmis reliqtad, da win
– keniisken! SesaZlebelia, saqarTvelosTvis – misi mosaxleobis temperamentis, istoriuli ambiciebisa da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT – saukeTeso varianti
124
tribuna
swored tradiciuli demokratiuli institutebis (konstitucia, arCevnebi da a.S.) safarqveS moqmedi avtokratiuli,
servisul-egzotikuri tipis naxevradmonarqiis dafuZnebaa.
aqauri buneba zedgamoWrilia mcire turistuli samoTxis Sesaqmnelad: amisTvis sakmarisia investiciebis mozidva da
afxazuri problemis mSvidobianad mogvareba – mTavroba ki
isedac iRliaSi gveyoleba amodebuli. globalizaciuri demokratiis epoqaSi – da yovelTvis asec iyo sinamdvileSi –
musikas ukveTavs swored is, vinc ixdis. SeiZleba Semedavon,
TiTqos nametani gavutie e.w. "samecniero konspirologiis"
mimarTulebiT, magram kacobriobis istorias odnav Tu
icnob, konspirologiur Teoriebs xelis erTi mosmiT ver gaacamtvereb, ufro soliduri argumentebia saWiro. bolos da
bolos, gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis istorias vinme liCo
jelisa da misi masonuri loJis P-2-is mier italiaSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobac axsovs. Zalian axlos iyvnen
warmatebasTan. egec konspirologiaa? sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom Tanamedrove neomalTusianelobam ukve moaswro
"oqros miliardis" sakmaod mwyobr koncefciad Camoyalibeba, romelic seriozulad ganixileba bevri TvalsaCino sociologis, demografisa da politologis mier. es "kacTmoyvare" koncefcia araTu ideologiurad aRvivebs planetarul
uTanasworobas da amarTlebs, ase vTqvaT, sxvadasxva Rirebulebis "miliardebis" arsebobas dedamiwaze, aramed wyals
asxams globalizatorTa im (imedia, arasaukeTeso) frTis wisqvilze, romelic planetaze Seqmnili da miliardobiT adamianisTvis yovlad gausaZlisi socialur-ekonomikuri garemos saboloo "gayinvas" eswrafvis. gasagebia, rom am metismetad "humanuri" Teoriis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia raRac zogadsakacobrio masStabis mkacri iuridiuli
matricis SemuSavebis gareSe, matricisa, romelic erTxel da
samudamod daakanonebda sxvadasxva "miliardebisTvis" miCenil adgils kacobriobis socialur ierarqiaSi. amgvari perspeqtiva piradad me gulze sulac ar mexateba, magram planetaruli resursebis TandaTanobiTi amowurvis kvalobaze Soreul momavalSi pirmcinare da keTilganwobili "demokratiuli hitlerizmis" gamarjvebis sruli gamoricxva, albaT, SeuZlebelia. sxvaTaSoris, Cven axalgazrda xelisufalTa
mxridan zogierT tradiciul erovnul faseulobaze, erTi
SexedviT, gaumarTlebeli zewola, SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos
maTi sruliad gulwrfeli surviliT _ rogorme moaswron
125
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
da mogvipovon uZvirfasesi bileTi "oqros miliardisTvis"
gankuTvnil matarebelze.
narkvevis daskvniT nawilSi, albaT, gamarTlebulia globalizaciis sawyisi etapis kvaldakval saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri reJimis erTgvari daxasiaTeba. avtoris subieqturi STabeWdilebiT, dRes Cems Tanamoqalaqeebs – idealistebsac da urwmuno Tomebsac – demokratiul fasads amofarebuli avtokratiuli reJimis Camoyalibebis xanaSi uwevT
cxovreba. am reJimis TvalSisacemi niSnebia (mxolod zogierTi): a) ekonomikaSi – fsevdoliberaluri centralizmis praqtikisa da memarjvene-liberaluri sabazro Teoriebis Sexamebis sakmaod absurduli mcdelobebi (Tundac, rad Rirs
mTavrobis ekonomikuri blokis xelmZRvanelis, b-n kaxa benduqiZis mier SeTxzuli aforizmi: "qveyanaSi iyideba yvelaferi sindisis garda". sindisis gayidvaze ra mogaxsenoT, magram mdinareebi da wyalsatevebi, mgoni, marTlac gayidvis pirasaa ukve, sxarti memarjvene "benduqizmebiT" monusxuli
qarTveli xalxi ki jerjerobiT samarcxvino dumilsa da gaugebar simSvides inarCunebs), Zveli da axali ekonomikuri
klanebis erTob cinikuri da sxvadasxva iuridiuli fandebiTa da saneleblebiT Sekazmuli urTierTSezrda; b) politikur filosofiaSi – idealisturi yaidis ritorikiT Selamazebuli radikaluri pragmatizmi; g) propagandaSi – politikuri oponentebis delegitimacia gamudmebuli, lamis paranoiduli mcdelobebi sabWoTa epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli Taobebidan "mtris xatis" gamoZerwvisa, sakuTriv demokratiis
masze gauTavebeli msjelobebiT Canacvleba; d) saxelmwifo
marTvaSi – saxelisuflebo umwifrobis aSkarad gamoxatuli
sindromi, subieqtivizmi da voluntarizmi (rames xom ar gagonebT?), mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli profesiuli kriteriumebis mkveTri daqveiTeba; e) sagareo politikaSi – amerikaSi, naklebad evropaSi, SeTxzuli politikuri koncefciebis (zogjer Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi) moTxovnebis mimarT eqstatikuri morCileba, ramac TiTqos unda gagviadvilos dasavluri wyaroebidan finansuri da samxedro-teqnikuri daxmarebis miReba, garkveulwilad dagvicvas didi Crdiloeli mezoblis agresiuli nabijebisgan da uzrunvelyos
qveynis usafrTxoeba (obieqturoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom
axalma ruseTma Tavisi qmedebebiT – xan gauazrebeliT, xanac
gaazrebulad aramegobruliT – Tavadve CamoiSora saqarTvelo, ubiZga mas amerikisken da, Cemi azriT, istoriuli dro
126
tribuna
imisTvis, rom saqarTvelos politikurma elitam SeZlos Zveli poziciebis dabruneba ruseTis avanscenaze, ukve Cavlilia – Tumca, SesaZloa, vcdebode kidec); v) Sida politikaSi
– parlamentis funqcionaluri rolis daknineba, policiuri
instituciis saxelmwifo wyobis xerxemlis rangSi ayvana, kerZo satelefono saubrebis (amboben!) gaxSirebuli mosmenebis
praqtikis damkvidreba, adamianis konstituciur uflebaTa
dacvisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba; z) saproceso samarTlis sferoSi – udanaSaulobis prezumciis principis
faqtobrivi ugulebelyofa, prokuraturis gavlenis hipertrofirebuli zrda, saxelisuflebo SekveTebis usityvo Sesruleba sasamarTloebis mxridan, saerTo ganukiTxaoba. zogadi suraTi ki ase gamoiyureba: demokratia, Tavisi mosabezrebeli principebiT, naklebad mniSvnelovania, mTavari ki
swori sagareo politikuri orientaciis SenarCuneba da aSSis regionaluri interesebis (geografiuli siaxlove zedmetad islamur iranTan, kaspiuri navTobis tranziti da a.S.)
zusti gaTvaliswinebaa. yovelive amas ki Tan erTvis novatoruli xasiaTis fsiqosocialuri Canafiqri – TaobaTa damkvreluri cvla modernizaciis saxeliT, realuri socializmis epoqaSi aRzrdili, dakacebuli da odesRac warmatebuli
adamianebis gamodevna aqtiuri cxovrebis sferodan, rac Cafiqrebuli futurologiuri eqsperimentis mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawili gaxlavT.
bolos, globalizaciidan momdinare SesaZlo regionaluri safrTxeebis ukeT warmosaCenad Sevecdebi mkiTxveli erTi
warmosaxviTi mizansceniT gavaxaliso. mogexsenebaT, politologebs Zalian uyvarT sxvadasxva konferenciebSi monawileoba da warmovidginoT, Tu rogor pedanturad imzadebs
erT-erTi aseTi konferenciis tradiciuli coffee-breikis
dros porcia "Cibos" romeliRac politologiuri metri
(cxadia, yofili marqsisti), rogor ikvlevs igi, yaviT savse
WiqiT xelSi, gzas sadRac darbazis boloSi dalanduli Tavisufali skamisken da sabolood imkvidrebs kidec adgils sanukvar magidasTan. iq Cveni politologi jer odnav Seixsnis
yelsabams, mere SvebiT amoisunTqavs, pirveli, yvelaze gemrieli da cxeli ylupis Semdeg, Tvalsac wyals daalevinebs
da mezobel skamze aRmoaCens nacnobsa da kolegas, aseTsave
politologsa da yavis moyvaruls (oRond dauvarcxnelsa da
yelsabamis gareSe). ylups ylupi mosdevs, magram kolegebi maincdamainc ubrad xom ar unda iyvnen erTmaneTSi, amitom pir127
giorgi lorTqifaniZe
veli politologi iniciativas gamoiCens da mezobels profesiul Temaze saubars gaubams, gaandobs, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebelia uaresadac ki gamosuliyo, magaliTad, ise, rogorc odesRac kambojaSi an amJamad TurqmeneTSi, saqarTvelo ki – rac ar unda Tqvan – mainc loialuri, ganaTlebuli
qveyanaa da qarTvelebma umaduroba ar unda gamoviCinoT, miT
umetes, rom dagegmili eqsperimenti aq savsebiT normalurad
mimdinareobs. "romeli eqsperimenti?" – zrdilobianad ikiTxavs Tmaawewili kolega. "rogor Tu romeli? xom unda gavarkvioT Tu risi momtania politikuri Taobebis swrafi
cvla calke aRebul patara qveyanaSi, amiT xom mas ganviTarebis axali impulsi eniWeba, Tanac Zveli strategiuli kursis SenarCunebis pirobebSi, eg ki uaRresad aqtualuri sakiTxia. Tan daukvirdiT, gana rusebi ikisrebdnen amgvari socialuri modelirebis dafinansebas? ver qaCaven, Cven ki... mere
ra, rom cota marTlac waagavs "kulturul revolucias",
oRond demokratiuls, didi maos magivrad ki moedanze
mwvrTnelma civilizebuli misioneri jorj sorosi gamoiyvana". "moTamaSe mwvrTnelis ampluaSi xom ara?" – cotas "wauiazvebs" mezobeli. "gindac ase iyos, mere ra? epoqa Seicvala, megobaro. axla, didi ambavi, Tu Cvens patara qveyanas kritikosebi xan poligons, xan ki sabavSvo baRs Seadareben. ara
uSavs, kritikasac gavuZlebT da mizansac mivaRwevT. simarTle Cvens mxaresaa. sxva Tu araferi, gana saintereso araa,
Tu riTi damTavrdeba yovelive es?". uyelsabamo politologi ki odnav Cafiqrdeba, Cumad Caaxvelebs da ityvis: "Zvirfaso kolega, bredberis erTi genialuri moTxroba Tu gaxsovT?
ai, is, romelSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor ipyroben marsis mkvidrni dedamiwas, oRond, geTayva, uelsis klasikur romanSi ar
agerioT"? "raRac ar maxsendeba. iqneb moaswroT da Sinaarsi
mokled momiyveT, sanam yava bolomde ar dagvilevia". "siuJeti patara amerikul qalaqSi viTardeba. marsis mkvidrni
didxans emzadebodnen omisTvis, magram kacobrioba fxizlad
iyo da wlebis ganmavlobaSi Tavs kargad icavda. magram bolos erT gamWriax marsels TavSi mosdis SesaniSnavi idea –
idea adamianTa modgmis patara naSierebis dabriyvebisa da
gadmobirebisa. xom gagigiaT: cixe Signidan tydebao. mokled,
borotma marselebma troas cxenis roli, faqtobrivad, kacobriobis momaval Taobas, umweo balRebs daakisres. anu maT,
vinc gamoucdelobis gamo uzomodaa Seyvarebuli yovelnair brWyviala biJuteriaze da, asakidan gamomdinare, buneb128
tribuna
rivadaa midrekili garTobisa da yoveldRiuri trampa-cumpisken. moTxrobaSi im marselma bavSvebi Zalze iolad daiyolia. raRa bevri gavagrZelo, Tan yavac gamogvlevia... dedamiwaze SeWris operacia uswrafesad xorcieldeba. erT mSvenier dilas keTili marseli Zias mier agdebuli baWaWyanebi
sxartad iwyeben misi brZanebebis Sesrulebas da mobezrebul
mSoblebs – vinc maT kbilis gaxexvas, piris dabanasa da swavla-ganaTlebas aiZulebda – erTiani gegmis mixedviT acamtvereben. Tu xvdebiT, ratom da risTvis, Zvirfaso kolegav?
vera? maSin getyviT: dedamiwis marselebisTvis xonCiT misarTmevad. aba, feSqaS...".
mokrZalebulad SegaxsenebT, rom es narkvevi uzogadesi xasiaTis erTi xalxuri sibrZniT daviwye. zedmet paTetiurobaSi nu CamomarTmevT, magram rogor mogwonT am patara, xelovnur mizanscenaSi kodirebuli antixalxuri sibrZne?
sibrZnea ki?
129
ganviTarebis evropuli
diskursi
130
ian voriSeki
daxmareba gasaviTarebeli –
koncefciebi da mcdari warmodgenebi
sagareo daxmarebebis praqtika ukve saukuneze metia rac
arsebobs, magram termini – “daxmareba gasaviTareblad” SedarebiT axalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi misi mniSvneloba icvleba. dResac ki es termini sakmaod gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba imis mixedviT, Tu vin da rogor iyenebs.
am sakiTxis ukeT gasaazreblad gTavazobT mokle istoriul eqskurss.
es yvelaferi wina saukunebis gzagasayarze daiwyo, rodesac kolonizatorebma adgilobriv mosaxleobas sxvdasxva tipis daxmarebebi SesTavazes. im droisaTvis frangi, britaneli
da sxva kolonizatorebi, ZiriTadad, dainteresebuli iyvnen
imiT, rom rac SeiZleba meti (bunebrivi) resursi daesakuTrebinaT da maT mier gakeTebuli investiciebic pirvel rigSi am
mizans emsaxureboda – sxvadasxva infrastruqturis, magaliTad, – navsadgurebis mSeneblobas, administraciis dafuZneba, da sxv. amasTanave, misonerebis meSveobiT isini cdilobdnen
“adgilobriv primitiul kulturebSi civilizaciis” Setanas.
misionerebis didi nawili iyvnen religiis warmomadgenlebi,
romlebic socialuri infrastruqturis dafuZnebasTan
erTad (mag. skolebi, saavadmyofoebi) adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi qristianobisa da sakuTari saganmanaTleblo sistemis popularizacias eweodnen.
mxolod 1940-iani wlebis bolos ganviTarebis daxmarebam
ufro struqturizirebuli xasiaTi miiRo da is aRar fokusirdeboda mxolod sakuTari interesebis msaxurze, an mxolod
qristianobaze moqcevaze, aramed, sazogadod, mTel mosaxleobaze daiwyo aqcentebis gadatana da aseTi axleburi midgoma
britanuli, franguli da holandiuri koloniuri sistemis nawilad iqca. portugalielma kolonizatorebma am mxriv naklebi cvlilebebi ganicades. mas Semdeg, rac 50-ianebSi britanelebma, xolo 60-ianebSi – frangebma TavianTi koloniebi datoves, maT yofil koloniebSi adamianuri da finansuri resur131
ian voriSeki
sebis mxriv vakuumi gaCnda. Tumca, es dro civi omis periods
daemTxva, rodesac asparezze ori didi moTamaSe gamovida:
SeerTebuli Statebi da aRmosavleT evropis bloki, romlebic mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmarebebis gawevisas mxolod
politikuri mosazrebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. am procesSi
CaerTvnen, agreTve, dasavleTi evropis sxva qveynebic, romelTa motivaciac SedarebiT mravalferovani iyo – politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri solidaroba, danaSaulis
grZnoba koloniuri warsulis gamo. xSir SemTxvevaSi gasaviTarebeli daxmareba qveynis ramodenime interesis SerwymiT
iyo nakarnaxevi. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, zogadi termini – gasaviTarebeli daxmareba – sxvadasxva midgomebsa da saqmianobebs SeiZleba moicavdes. aRmosavleT evropaSi 1990-ianebSi komunisturi sistemis daSlam didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia gasaviTarebel daxmarebis konceptSi. kerZod, Tu 1950ianebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mier gaweuli daxmareba Statebis
mier gaweuli daxmarebis mesameds Seadgenda, saukunis dasasrulisTvis es Tanafardoba 3%-mde Semcirda, xolo dRes
TiTqmis nulamde davida.
im periodSi Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo garedan Tavsmoxveuli daxmarebis da, agreTve, termin “gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis” Secvla termin “ganviTarebis TanamSromlobiT”, romelsac unda aesaxa ufro dabalansebuli midgoma, romelic gulisxmobda daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis aqtiur monawileobas.
diskusiis gasamartiveblad tradiciuli termini – “gasaviTarebeli daxmareba” gamoyenebul iqneba mravalferovani saerTaSoriso, – arasamxedro tipis, daxmarebis asaxvisaTvis.
1996-1997 wlebis ganmavlobaSi daxmarebis procesSi CarTuli sazogadoebrioba iZulebuli gaxda angariSi gaewia iseTi
mniSvnelovani movlenisTvis, rogoricaa globalizacia. es ki
niSnavda sabazro principebisken reorientacias, Tundac gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis sferoSi.
Tumca, aseTma calmxrivma, ekonomikurma midgomam bevr qveyanaSi socialuri struqturebisa da servisebis rRveva da socialuri ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. ufskruli dasavleTsa da
samxreTs Soris kide ufro gafarTovda. es aRiarebul iqna
msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier da
amis Sedegad axali strategia amoqmedda: “siRaribis daZlevis
programa”. miuxedavad imisa, rom gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis
sferoSi jer kidev Tavisufali bazris ekonomikuri principebi dominirebs, proeqtebs socialuri ganzomilebebi daema132
ta da daxmarebis mimReb qveynebs neba darTes, rom ganviTarebis sakuTari strategiebi SeemuSavebinaT. es strategia siRaribis daZlevis gansazRvrul mimarTulebebSi unda Tavsdebodes. gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis uaxles koncefcias warmoadgens gaeros mier SemuSavebuli “aTaswleulis ganviTarebis
miznebi”, romelic droSi mkafiod gaweril miznebs gulisxmobs, anu 2015 wlisTvis siRaribis ganaxevrebas. Tumca, am keTilSobilur mizans yvela erTnairi enTuziazmiT ar uWers
mxars. am mxriv, SeerTebuli Statebis gamorCeva SeiZleba,
radgan moqmedi prezidenti da misi administracia jer kidev
amtkicebs, rom siRaribis daZlevis umTavres instruments
vaWroba warmoadgens e.w. “gaJonvis an ganawilebis efeqtis”
meSveobiT.
daxmarebis miwodebis gzebi donori qveynebis gamocdilebisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT or ZiriTad mimarTulebad
iyofa: socialuri dacva (ganaTleba jandacvaSi, adamianis
uflebebis dacva, umciresobebis dacva, konfliqtebis prevencia da mogvareba) an – ekonomikuri daxmareba (vaWroba, investiciebi, valebis Semsubuqeba).
amasTanave, arsebobs mzardi konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom
qveynebi gansxvavdebian sakuTari mdgomareobiTa da potencialiT (resursebiT) da, amitom, maT mimarT gansxvavebuli midgomebi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli.
oTxmocian wlebSi zogierTma donorma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom qveynebi or nawilad – “imedis momcemi” da “uimedod”
gaeyoT. imedis momcemebma unda miiRon gasaviTarebeli daxmareba, xolo uimedoebma – Semweobebi, raTa gadarCnen. aseT qveynebSi (ZiriTadad afrikaSi) nebismieri saxis investicia ganixileboda, rogorc resursebis flangva. aseTi radikaluri
Tvalsazrisi maleve iqna uaryofili. rodesac globalizacia
ganviTarebad qveynebsac Seexo, Semdegi suraTi miviReT: zogierT qveyanas aRmoaCnda sakmarisi safuZveli imisTvis, rom
“SejibrebaSi” CarTuliyo, zogierTi ki – CamorCa. zogierTebma
Tavidanve aRmoaCines, rom es procesi mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris arsebul uTanasworobas kidev ufro aRrmavebs. sxva sityvebiT, zogierTma qveyanam moaxerxa, rom “matarebelSi adgili daekavebina” gamgzavrebamde, zogi – rkinigzis sadgurSi
darCa, xolo sxva, vinc “matarebels moaxta”, gvian mixvda, rom
karebi ukve daketili iyo da axla ase arian Camokidebulni da
yvelanairad cdiloben, rom ar Camovardnen matareblidan.
ufro teqnikuri terminebiT, pirvelebs uwodeben “integ133
ian voriSeki
raciul qveynebs”, romelTa upirveles magaliTs wamoadgenen
aRmosavleTi evropis, samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziisa da laTinuri amerikis zogierTi qveyana. meore jgufs “marginalizirebul qveynebad” moixsenieben da maTSi moiazreben bevr
afrikul, centraluri aziisa da laTinuri amerikis qveyanas.
mesame jgufs ganekuTvnebian iseTi qveynebi, sadac integraciasa da marginalizacias erTdroulad aqvs adgili. maTTvis
erTi, gansazRvruli saxeli jer ar aris SerCeuli da, amitom,
sxvadasxvanairad moixsenieben, mag.: “dezintegraciuli qveynebi”, “Sereuli qveynebi”, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani am qveynebSi Seqmnil situacias kargad ver gamoxatavs. aseTi qveynebia: indoeTi, CineTi da egvipte, sadac uTanasworoba aSkara da mzardia. igive tendenciebi SeimCneva ruseTSic, Tumca,
misi bunebrivi simdidris gamo is ganviTarebadi qveynebis
rigs ar miekuTvneba.
gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis miznebi
terminis – gasaviTarebeli daxmareba – mniSvneloba mxolod
istoriuli mizezebis gamo ki ar icvleba, aramed im miznebidan da midgomebidan gamomdinare, romlebsac is isaxavs.
zogjer aqcenti ekonomikur ganviTarebaze keTdeba, rogorc ZiriTad gamwev Zalaze. am dros mTavar samiznes vaWrobis finansuri sistemis ganviTareba da korufciis Semcireba
warmoadgens. azrovnebis aseTi modelis mTavar Sedegs struqturuli cvlilebebis politika warmoadgens.
TandaTanobiT yvela acnobierebs da aRiarebs imas, rom ekonomikuri parametrebis gaumjobesebaze ufro mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebic arsebobs. mag.: zogierTi ganviTarebis oficialuri daxmarebis (Official Development Assistance (ODA) mimarTuleba miznad isaxavs qveynisTvis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas daxmarebis ufro
farTo speqtris miwodebiT, maT Soris, – jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi.
albaT, yvelaze ufro yovlismomcveli midgomaa siRaribis
Semcireba, radgan es mxolod fizikur gadarCenas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed sicocxlis xarisxis gaumjobesebasac _ keTildReobis SegrZnebas, Tavmoyvareobis grZnobisa da statusis
amaRlebas.
bolos, arsebobs kidev erTi interesi, romelic aucileblad unda miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, es aris gansazRvruli ekonomikuri da politikuri berketebis daufleba – arapirdapi134
ri iqneba is Tu iseTive aSkara da daufaravi, rogorc es civi
omis dros xdeboda, roca dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis gaerTianebebi politikurad maTTan daaxloebul qveynebsa da
potenciur partniorebs investirebas sTavazobdnen. zogierTi qveynis SemTxvevaSi, da saqarTvelo swored aseT qveynebs
miekuTvneba, amgvari geopolitikuri interesi jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
konceptebi da terminebi
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, ganviTarebis daxmarebis koncepti droisa da pirveladi miznebis Sesabamisad icvleboda.
yovelive es kargad xsnis gasaviTarebeli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva warmodgenebis (damaxinjebuli warmodgenebis) arsebobas.
sazogadod, gasaviTarebeli daxmareba gulisxmobs ormxriv an mravalmxriv daxmarebas teqnikuri (kompiuteruli
aRWurviloba da personali) da finansuri saSualebebiT mTeli qveynis doneze saxelmwifo an kerZo fondebis gamoyenebiT.
amitom, am statiaSi Cven vsaubrobT mTlianad qveynisTvis gaweul daxmarebaze da ara – calkeuli sajaro dawesebulebis,
vTqvaT, saministrosTvis an njo-sTvis gaweul daxmarebaze.
teqnikuri daxmareba, samxreTi-samxreTis gacvliTi programebis CaTvliT asaxavs materialur daxmarebas, magaliTad,
samedicino aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofas da, agreTve, codnis gadacemas treningebisa da piradi daxmarebis meSveobiT.
codnis gadacemaSi monawileoben ucxoeli eqspertebi da moxaliseebi da es, ZiriTadad, gulisxmobs konsultaciebs, moklevadian davalebebs, zogjer ki – ramdenimewlian kontraqtebs,
rogorc es xSirad xdeba e.w. “ganviTarebis mosamsaxureebis” SemTxvevaSi. samxreTi-samxreTis (an aRmosavleT-aRmosavleTis)
gacvliTi proeqtebi ZiriTadad gulisxmobs gacvliT vizitebs
or organizacias an sajaro dawesebulebebs Soris samxreTSi
(afrika, azia, laTinuri amerika) da aRmosavleTSi (aRmosavleTi evropa), raTa erTmaneTs sakuTari gamocdileba gauziaron
(rogorc warmatebuli, aseve warumatebeli).
wminda finansuri daxmareba, rogoricaa biujetis subsidireba – Zalian popularulia dasavleTis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki – skandinaviis saxelmwifoebsa da holandiaSi. es aris
fulis SeTanxmebuli odenoba, romelic pirdapir gadaericxeba mimReb qveyanas biujetis “Sesavsebad”. xSirad es midgoma
didi sagareo valis mqone qveynebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba.
135
ian voriSeki
(samarTliani) vaWroba – savaWro barierebis Semcireba da
“ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis” meti SesaZleblobebis micema,
raTa dasavleTis bazrebze eqsportis xarjze miaRwion ganviTarebas. am midgomas SeerTebuli Statebi da maT Soris prezidenti buSi prioritetulad miiCneven.
am midgomasTan axlos dgas biznesinvesticiebis waxaliseba, gansakuTrebiT ki, – “integraciul qveynebSi”, anu im qveynebSi, sadac arsebobs kvalificiuri muSaxeli, bazisuri samarTlebrivi pirobebi da kontrolirebadi korufcia, rac SesaZlebels xdis ganviTarebasa da Tanamedrove biznesis warmoebas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTs CineTsa da indoeTSi mimdinare
ganviTarebis procesebi warmoadgens.
“SeRavaTiani” sesxebi da valis Semsubuqeba, upirveles
yovlisa, “marginalizebuli” da did valebSi Cafluli qveynebisTvis aris gamiznuli, iseTi, rogorebicaa afrikisa da rig
SemTxvevebSi samxreT amerikis qveynebi. SeRavaTiani sesxebi gamoeyofaT xolme samxreTuli qveynebis mTavrobebs. sesxis SeRavaTiani pirobebi niSnavs an dabal procents, an gadaxdis
grZelvadian sqemas (an orives erTad). bevri amtkicebs, rom am
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT “gasaviTarebel daxmarebaze”, radgan es ufro “gadaudebel Semweobas” an “nugeSiscemas” waagavs, rameTu umravles SemTxvevaSi am tipis daxmarebebi samizne qveynis ekonomikis gadarCenis strategias emsaxureba.
vaSingtonSi arsebuli globaluri ganviTarebis centri
kidev ufro Sors wavida da ramdenime elementis kombinirebiT
e.w. ganviTarebis valdebulebis indeqsi (Commitment to Development Index - CDI) SeimuSava. es indeqsi Sedgeba 6 elementisgan
da maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia donori qveynebis Sefaseba:
tradiciuli gasaviTarebeli daxmareba
vaWroba
investicia
saemigracio politika
zrunva garemos dacvaze
mSvidobismyofeli samxedro operaciebi
(stabilurobis dacva)
es indeqsi mravalmxriv aris saintereso.
wminda monetaruli TvalsazrisiT iaponia da SeerTebuli
Statebi lideroben, am indeqsis mixedviT ki Zalian bevr qveyanas CamorCebian, xolo lideris pozicia daniasa da holandias ukaviaT.
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agreTve, am indeqsi (CDI) daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
erTi SexedviT dausrulebeli debatebis damTavreba imis Taobaze, Tu romeli midgomaa ukeTesi. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs,
rom yvela qveyanam daxmarebis erTnairi paketi unda miiRos.
magaliTad, “integrirebadi” qveynebisaTvis saWiroa sruliad
gansxvavebuli daxmareba, vidre “marginalizebuli” an e.w. “Sereuli” qveynebisTvis.
gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis konceptis ukeT gasagebad modiT ganvixiloT, Tu ras niSnavs humanitaruli daxmareba da
Semweobis daxmareba (romelsac zogjer gadaudebel daxmarebasac eZaxian).
Semweobis daxmarebas ver ganvixilavT, rogorc gasaviTarebel daxmarebas, radgan mas sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebi
aqvs: gadarCena da krizisuli mdomareobidan gamoyvana bunebrivi an adamianebis mier gamowveuli ubedurebebis Semdeg iseTi ZiriTadi saSualebebis (maslous piramidis pirveli done)
miwodebis gziT, rogoricaa – sakvebi, TavSesafari, samedicino saSualebebi, komunikacia, infrastruqtura. sruliad gansxvavebuli midgomebia saWiro, rodesac saxelisuflo struqturebi ver akontroleben situacias, an saerTod aRar arseboben, rogorc, magaliTad, samoqalaqo omebis dros xdeba
xolme. amitom, xSirad Semweobis daxmareba adgilobrivi xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad miewodeba qveyanas, rac gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi miuRebelia. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba isaa, rom Semweobis daxmarebisgan gansxvavebiT, gasaviTarebeli daxmareba ara “calmxriv”, aramed “ormxriv moZraobas” gulisxmobs, rac daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis aqtiur
monawileobas niSnavs.
humanitaruli daxmareba warmoadgens specifikuri daxmarebis formas, gansazRvruli marginalizebuli an gansakuTrebulad mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi mosaxleobisTvis. is, ZiriTadad, pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas gulisxmobs da es SeiZleba iyos sakvebi, samedicino saSualebebi, TavSesafari, satrasnporto saSualebebi da sxv. es aris calmxrivi midgoma da samizne jgufi met-naklebad pasiuri mimRebis
rolSi gvevlineba. amitom, pirdapir rom vTqvaT, es ar aris
“WeSmaritad” gasaviTarebeli daxmareba, romelic qveynis ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis gaZlierebas isaxavs miznad. Tumca, is SeiZleba iyos gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis nawili. Semweobis daxmareba Zalian mniSvnelovania farTomasStabiani samaSvelo RonisZiebis saWiroebis dros, gansakuTrebiT iqamde,
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ian voriSeki
vidre gasaviTarebeli daxmareba Semovidodes qveyanaSi. am situacias “gardamaval periodad” moixsenieben da misi xangrZlivoba damokidebulia adgilobriv garemoebebsa da qveyanaSi situaciis gamosworebis tempze.
araswori warmodgenebi saerTaSoriso
daxmarebaze
gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis Sesaxeb ramdennairi mniSvnelobac arsebobs, TiTqmis imdenive araswori an damaxinjebuli gagebac gvxvdeba, xolo zogi maTgani miTosur xasiaTsac atarebs. qvemoT CamoTvlilia maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulebi,
Tumca, es sia SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes.
daxmarebas Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrs sjera miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom ganviTarebis daxmareba konkretulad aravis kuTvnileba ara aris,
sinamdvileSi is arasdros yofila (da arc iqneba) momwodeblisa da misi interesisagan absoluturad damoukidebeli. daxmarebis mizezebi gansxvavebulia, iseve rogorc pirobebi da
mimRebi qveynis SerCevis meqanizmebi. es gasagebia da misaRebic,
Tu es interesebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi qveynis interesebs.
Tumca, yovelTvis ase rodi xdeba. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
mimRebma qveyanam unda gadawyvitos, uari Tqvas Tu ara daxmarebaze, romelic TiTqmis aranairi sargeblis momtani ar iqneba. radganac Raribi qveynebis umravlesobas ar hyavs Zlieri
xelisufleba da ara aqvs Camoyalibebuli politika, sadac gamokveTili iqneboda prioritetebi, saboloo gadawyvetilebebs donori qveynebi an saerTaSoriso organizaciebi iReben.
amis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens msoflio bankis samarcxvino struqturuli politika. zogjer, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas korufciac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. orive SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi savalaloa.
WeSmariti partnioroba
kidev erTi gavrcelebuli miTia e.w. “WeSmariti partnioroba”. momwodebel da mimReb mxareebs Soris safuZvelSive Cadebuli uTanasworobis momentebi “WeSmarit TanamSromlobas”
SeuZlebels xdis. mimRebi qveynebis damokidebuli mdgomareoba donorebs saboloo sityvis Tqmis saSualebas aZlevs. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom ormxrivi sasargeblo urTierToba
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SeuZlebelia. amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom TanamSromloba
urTierTpativiscemas efuZnebodes. samwuxarod, im donorebsac ki romlebic sityva “partniorobas” iyeneben, yovel meore winadadebaSi aviwydebaT adamianuri urTierTobebis erTerTi ZiriTadi ingredienti – sxva adamianisa da misi azris pativiscema.
donorebs Soris koordinacia da TanamSromloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebis daxmareba msoflio masStabis fenomenad iqca, jer kidev aqtualuria donorebis TanamSromlobisa da koordinaciis Tema. maSin, roca Semweobis
daxmarebis dros adgilobrivi makoordinirebeli organos sisustis an ararsebobis gamo mainc arsebobs garkveuli TanamSromloba (unda arsebobdes kidec) donorebs Soris, gasaviTarebeli daxmarebis dros es problema jer kidev mougvarebelia. donorebis nebismier konferenciaze an qveynis daxmarebis programebis angariSis mosmenisas ismis mowodebebi donorTa TanamSromlebisaken Tu ara, sul mcire koordinaciisaken mainc. sakuTari interesebis gaTvaliswineba da TanamSromlobis mimarT negatiuri ganwyoba jer kidev mniSvnelovnad aferxebs ganviTarebis daxmarebis efeqturobasa da efeqtianobas.
TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT konkretul magaliTs: ramdenime wlis win holandiis mTavrobam oTx ZiriTad holandiur donor organizacias urTierTTanamSromloba aukrZala.
isini iZulebuli gaxdnen (da axlac arian), rom erTmaneTTan
urTierTobisas sabazro SejibrebiTobis principebiT exelmZRvanelaT. aseTma gadawyvetilebam dabneuloba, xarjebis gadafarva da kontr-produqtuloba gamoiwvia.
yvelaze Raribebis daxmareba
bevri proeqtisa da programis ZiriTadi mizani yvelaze gaWirvebulTa daxmarebaa. agm (aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebi) umTavres miznad siRaribis daZlevas isaxavs. Tumca, yvelaze metad gaWirvebulebisTvis da marginalizebuli jgufebisTvis daxmarebis miwodebis mcdelobebi jer-jerobiT warumatebelia. aseTi jgufebisTvis daxmarebis miwodeba gansakuTrebiT rTulia da amisaTvis sul ramdenime meqanizmi arsebobs.
maT amisaTvis, sruliad damsaxurebulad nobelis premiac ki
miiRes. Tumca, es SeiZleba dagvianebulic aRmoCndes sxvebis
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ian voriSeki
dasarwmuneblad imaSi, rom maT magaliTs mibaZon.
sazogadod, unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo politikaSi, programaSi an sistemaSi aseTi warmatebuli midgomebis danergvis
mcdelobebma warumateblad Caiares, radgan am procesebSi
uSualod gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis CarTva gaZnelebulia,
xolo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi did interess ar iCenen.
amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgenen: invalidebi, fsiqiatriulis pacientebi da mitovebuli moxucebi. ganviTarebis
oficialuri daxmarebis (ODA), ganviTarebis TanamSromlobis an sxva ufro saintereso saxelis mqone organizaciebis
mier gamoyofili daxmareba am adamianebamde ver aRwevs. isini
mxolod humanitaruli daxmarebis an adgilobrivi NGO-ebis
imedad arian darCenilni.
“erTi zoma yvelas ergeba”, an
aslebis keTebis midgoma
myari miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi modeli yvela situacias
ergeba, dRemde arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve aTwleulebia, rac dadasturda, rom aseTi midgoma araefeqturia da
kontr-produqtuli. idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom problemebi SeiZleba erTi standartuli modeliT mogvardes. uamravi
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. erT-erTi yvelaze samarcxvino magaliTi dakavSirebulia gaeros bavSvTa dacvis programasTan
(UNICEF), romelmac SemoiRo e.w. “gza janmrTelobis baraTebisaken” (Road to health card), romlis meSveobiTac moxdeboda dabadebidan 5 wlamde bavSvebis regularuli awonva da amis meSveobiT kvebiTi ukmarisobebis drouli dadgena. dasavleTis
qveynebSi bavSvis saSualo wona (3500 grami) standartad iqna
miCneuli. Sedegad, aziuri qveynebis umravlesobaSi kvebiTi
ukmarisobis uamravi SemTxveva dafiqsirda, radgan saSualo
wona gansazRvrul standartze dabali hqondaT. es Secdoma
mxolod mas Semdeg gamosworda, roca mixvdnen, rom rasobrivi sxvaobis gamo azieli bavSvebis saSualo wona iyo ara 3500,
aramed 3000 grami.
jandacvis iseTi sistemebis importirebam, romlebic (qveynis) maRal ekonomikur maCveneblebsa da pacientis gansazRvrul qcevas efuZneboda, jandacvis reformebis warumatebloba gamoiwvia da zogadad mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis
nacvlad (rac reformebis upirveles mizans unda warmoadgendes) mdgomareoba daamZima (magaliTad postsabWoTa sivrce140
Si). aseTi Secdomebi mxolod ganviTarebis daxmarebis seqtorisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, maTgan arc komerciuli seqtoria dazRveuli. magaliTad, erT-erT qarTul bankSi rodesac gadawyvites, rom klientze ufro metad orientirebuli
gamxdariyvnen, aman bankis susti sqesis warmomadgenlebs garkveuli usiamovneba moutana: rodesac isini klientebs RimiliT ekiTxebodnen _ “riT SemiZlia gemsaxuroT”?, es klientebs arasworad esmodaT da garkveuli drois Semdeg sakuTar
misamarTebs sTavazobdnen.
ganawilebis efeqti
(vaWroba, sabiujeto daxmareba)
miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi damadasturebeli faqtebi
ar arsebobs imisa, rom qveyanaSi zogadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba avtomaturad iwvevs RaribebisTvis situaciis gaumjobesebas (mdidrebis simdidris garkveuli nawili
Raribebamdec aRwevs), am miTs aqtiurad uWeren mxars isini,
vinc Tvlian, rom ekonomikis gaZliereba mTliani mosaxleobis da maT Soris ukiduresad Raribebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas gamoiwvevs. aseTi rwmenis upirveles gamovlinebad SeerTebuli Statebi gvevlineba, romelsac ufrosi asakis momxreebi saqarTveloSic hyavs, mag.: “mrewveloba gadaarCens saqarTvelos”.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda
iyos, Tu ganviTarebis daxmarebas garkveuli imedgacrueba
axlavs Tan, miTumetes, roca TviT donorebsac ki sruliad
gansxvavebulad esmiT es procesi, xolo daxmarebis mimReb
qveynebSi ki zogjer warmoudgenlad damaxinjebulad aRiqvamen mas.
amis gamosworebis erTaderTi gza imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
yvela erTad SeTanxmdes Tu ras gulisxmoben “gasaviTarebel
daxmarebaSi”, “ganviTarebis TanamSromlobaSi” an sxva msgavs
terminSi. es statiac am kuTxiT garkveul mcdelobas warmoadgens da, pirobiTad, SeiZleba “mini-gasaviTarebeli daxmareba” davarqvaT.
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interviu hovard nikolasTan
kiTxva: meore msoflio omis Semdeg, dekolonizebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri aRorZinebis diskursiT, ekonomika ganviTarebis sferos politikis da praqtikis fokusSi imyofeba. im
droidan moyolebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebis1 ekonomikuri
warumateblobis mizezebi da, Sesabamisad, rekomendaciebi
icvleba, Tumca, warmateba arc erTs moutania. riT SeiZleba
es aixsnas?
pasuxi: ganviTarebis sferoSi moRvawe politikosebisa da
mecnielebis umravlesoba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier kontrolirebuli an am qveynebis warmomadgenelia. Sesabamisad,
masSi gabatonebuli azrovneba ufro am qveynebis interesebsa
da saWiroebebs asaxavs, vidre – ganviTarebadi qveynebisas.
ufro zustad, am azrovnebis mizania Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba2 ganamtkicos, rac safuZvelSive ganviTarebuli qveynebis sargebelzea mimarTuli. vinaidan globaluri ekonomika droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba, masTan erTad ki ganviTarebuli qveynebis saWiroebebi da interesebi, ganviTarebis sferoSi gabatonebuli azrovnebis mimarTulebac icvleba.
ganviTarebis sferoSi arsebuli aseTi azrovnebis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT ganacxadi ekonomikuri specializaciisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. ekonomistebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom yvela qveyanas, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebads, SeuZlia ixeiros specializaciisa da
Tavisufali vaWrobisgan, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca romelime
erTi qveyana absoluturad gaimarjvebs konkurenciul brZolaSi meoreze da yvela saqonels Tavad awarmoebs. am argumentaciis yvelaze adreuli gadmocema xdeba rikardos Sedare1
termini ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi am teqstSi, gavrcelebuli interpretaciis kvaldakval, gulisxmobs industriulad winwasul da naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs. Sesabamisad, pirvel jgufs
miekuTvneba aSS, kanada, evropis qveynebi, iaponia da avstralia, meore
jgufs ki – yvela danarCeni (mTarg).
2 termini Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba exeba ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi Sromis Zalis specializacias SromiT-intensiur
da kapital-intensiur warmoebaze, romelic istoriulad asocirdeba
vaWrobis zrdasTan, kapitalis kvlavwarmoebasa da industrializaciis
procesebTan (mTarg).
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biTi upiratesobis doqtrinaSi, romelic qveynebis specializaciis modelebs maT mier sxvadasxva saqonlis warmoebaSi xarjebis ”SedarebiTi” an ”SefardebiTi” upiratesobis safuZvelze ganixilavs. am Teoriis Tanamedrove versia, e.w. hekSerolin-samuelsonis (h-o-s) Teoria gvirCevs, rom qveynebma unda
moaxdinon specializacia maTi ”xarjebis bunebrivi upiratesobis” Sesabamisad. xsenebuli bunebriv xarjTa upiratesobebi TiTqos bunebrivi faqtorebis siuxviT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. Sesabamisad, qveynebma unda moaxdinon specializacia
iseTi saqonlis warmoebasa da eqsportSi, romelic SedarebiT
metad moicavs bunebrivad uxvad arsebul warmoebis faqtors.
vinaidan ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT uxvia samuSao Zala
da miwa da SedarebiT mwire _ kapitali (da teqnologia), amdenad, es qveynebi unda specializdnen xsenebuli sawarmoo faqtorebis ufro intensiurad momxmarebeli saqonlis warmoebasa da eqsportSi, anu soflis meurneobis, nedleulsa da, SesaZlebelia, SromiT-intensiur mrewvelobaSi. Sedegad, ganviTarebuli qveynebi unda specializdnen kapital- da teqnologia-intensiuri produqciis warmoebasa da eqsportze, radgan
warmoebis es faqtorebi maTSi SedarebiT uxvad moipoveba.
amgvarad, doqtrina amtkicebs, rom aseTi specializaciis safuZvelze xsenebul qveynebs Soris Semdgari gacvla unda iyos
orivesTvis momgebiani da warmoebis faqtorebze erTnairi
amonagebi unda moitanos. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom es
ukanaskneli, amave dros, niSnavs, rom samuSao Zalis ganviTarebadidan ganviTarebulSi migraciis aranairi mizezi ar unda
arsebobdes, radgan xelfasis done, sabolood, ganviTarebad
qveynebSic gaizrdeba.
cxadia da sayovelTaod cnobili SedarebiTi upiratesobis
TeoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi Teoriuli problemebisa
mis orive, rikardoseul da h-o-s, versiaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani amasTan dakavSirebiT aris misi daSvebebis ararealisturoba. pirvel rigSi, SedarebiTi xarjebis zogadi Teoriis
(anu Tanamedrove h-o-s Teoriisa da misi rikardoseuli winamorbedis) daSvebiT, yvela qveyanas, arsebiTad, SeuZlia yvela saxis saqonlis warmoeba, Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso fasebis SefardebiTi koeficientis moZraoba sazRvrulia. es imas
niSnavs, rom Tu ganviTarebad qveyanas ar SeuZlia misaReb fasSi
garkveuli saqonlis importireba, mas unda SeeZlos am produqciis, TumcaRa SedarebiT maRali xarjebiT, warmoeba
adgilze. aseT viTarebaSi warmoebis adgilobrivi xarjebi
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adgenen am qveynebSi fasebis moZraobis zRvars _ maTi zrda
mxolod im donemdea SesaZlebeli, ramdenic dajdeboda importi. Tumca, situaciaSi, sadac ganviTarebadi qveynebi specializdebian mxolod erT an ramdenime saqonelze da ar gaaCniaT SesaZlebloba, awarmoon importirebuli saqonlis umetesoba, arsebiTad, maT poziciebi sakmaod sustia, miT umetes, Tu
savaWro molaparakeba gacilebiT mravalferovani produqciis bazis mqone qveyanasTan mimdinareobs. msgavs situaciaSi ver
mtkicdeba specializaciisgan da saerTaSoriso vaWrobisgan
usaTuo sargeblis arseboba orive qveynisTvis.
meorec, sayovelTaod cnobilia SefardebiTi xarjebis Teoriis daSveba vaWrobaSi CarTuli yvela qveynisTvis warmoebis xarjebis ucvleli an klebadi bunebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu ganviTarebadi qveynebis mrewvelobis
umetesi nawilisTvis xarjebis kleba Cveulebrivi praqtikaa,
rac simarTles Seesabameba kidec (gansakuTrebiT maTi ganviTarebis adreuli etapisTvis), Cndeba mrewvelobis am dargebis waxalisebis mZlavri argumenti anu e.w. Cvili warmoebis1
dasabuTebis myari safuZveli iqmneba. empiriuli kvlevis umetesoba aCvenebs kidec, rom ganviTarebis adreul etapze warmoebis umetesi nawilisTvis xarjebis kleba damaxasiaTebelia
yvela qveynisTvis, ganviTarebads rom Tavi davaneboT.
mesame, h-o-s Teoriis mixedviT, kapitali da teqnologia
aris qveynebis bunebrivi da ara SeZenili dovlaTi. faqtobrivad ki, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, kapitalis dagroveba
da teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi aris ganviTarebis procesis Sedegi da, Sesabamisad, ar warmoadgens bunebriv mocemulobas. amdenad, dinamiur garemoSi myof ganviTarebad qveynebs
aranairi saWiroeba ara aqvT SromiT- da bunebriv resursebintensiur produqciaze specializacia moaxdinon.
gavimeoreb, rom zemoT moyvanili Teoriuli problemebi sayovelTaod cnobili, TumcaRa, xSirad ignorirebulia ganviTarebuli qveynebis akademikosebis tradiciul swavlebebSi.
amas mivyavarT kiTxvamde: Tu arsebobs qveyana, romelic
faqtobrivad warmatebuli iyo Teoriis mier rekomendirebuli specializaciis da vaWrobis liberalizaciis politikis
ganxorcielebaSi? amaze sapasuxod dReisTvis ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis Tvalis gadavleba sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, rom arc erT maTgans realurad ar ganuxorcielebia
1
warmoebis ama Tu im dargis mimarT proteqciuli politikis gatareba
(mTarg.)
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aseTi specializacia-plus-vaWrobis liberalizaciis strategia. me-19 saukuneSi britaneTis maSin dominirebadi industriuli Zalis rekomendaciebs am strategiis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb imdorindelma ganviTarebadma qveynebma, rogoric iyo
aSS, germania da safrangeTi, sruli ignorireba gaukeTes da
agresiuli eqsportis waxalisebis da importis Canacvlebis
strategiebis ganxorcielebas miyves xeli. sayuradRebo faqtia, rom aSS-is mTavroba icavda da exmareboda sakuTari warmoebis dargebis umravlesobas britaneTsa da evropis sxva
qveynebTan konkurenciul brZolaSi. aseve faqtia, rom britaneTi, me-19 saukuneSi Tavisufali vaWrobis udidesi momxre, sakuTar industriis bazas icavda indoeTidan iafi manufaqturis (tansacmlisa da teqstilis nawarmis) importisagan. marTlac, britaneTma ise Sors Setopa, rom indoeTSi
bizness aukrZala tansacmlisa da teqstilis yvela im nawarmis warmoeba, romlebic raime saxiT konkurencias uwevda britanul produqcias. ufro axlo warsulSi vakvirdebiT aSS-isa
da evropuli mTavrobebis mier kolosaluri subsidiebis gacemas sakuTari soflis meurneobis seqtorebisTvis, romlis
jamic Sokirebad wliur Tanxas _ 300 miliard evros (evropaSi) da 270 miliard evros (aSS-Si) Seadgens. soflis meurneobisTvis gaweuli evropuli subsidiebi evrokavSiris biujetis
naxevars aRemateba. ufro metic, 1960-an wlebSi mimdinare tarifebsa da vaWrobasa da tarifebze generaluri SeTanxmebis
(GATT) sawyisi raundidan moyolebuli, aSS daJinebulad
iTxovda, rom soflis meurneobis produqcia, tansacmeli da
teqstilis nawarmi liberalizaciis dRis wesrigSi ar Sesuliyo, miuxedavad maTi liberalizaciis aRiarebuli umaRlesi
mniSvnelobisa ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis. es produqcia
GATT-is dRis wesrigSi mxolod mis bolo, e.w. urugvais raundSi Sevida da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac aSS-ma da evropam moaxdines sakuTari soflis meurneobis seqtorebisadmi daxmarebis institucionalizacia (msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso
savaluto fondis1 politikis meSveobiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi soflis meurneobisTvis saSinao daxmarebis rRvevis paralelurad) da tansacmlis warmoebis umetesi nawilis ganviTarebad qveynebSi gadatana. mokled, vaWrobis liberalizaciis praqtikas ganviTarebul qveynebSi yvelaferi SeiZleba davarqvaT vaWrobis liberalizaciis garda.
1
amis Semdeg ms da ssf (mTarg.)
145
zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, daskvna cxadia: vaWrobis liberalizacia aris is, rasac mdidari qveynebi cdiloben Tavs moaxvion Tavis savaWro partniorebs da SesaZlo konkurentebs sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. es interesebi, ZiriTadad, ganviTarebadi qveynebis soflis meurneobis, nedleulisa da iafi
mrewvelobis mwarmoebleblad dafiqsirebaa. am saxis saqonlis
buneba, iseve rogorc misiT vaWrobis mmarTveli globaluri
instituciuri struqturebi, imas moaswavebs, rom ganviTarebul qveynebs xelewifebaT sakuTari fasebis karnaxi. amdenad,
gasakviri ar aris, rom vaWrobis liberalizaciis praqtikaSi
ganmxorcielebeli ganviTarebuli qveynebi (mag., afrikis, laTinuli amerikisa da aRmosavleT aziis bevri qveyana) imaze uares mdgomareobaSi arian dRes, vidre liberalizaciamde iyvnen,
maSin, roca aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi da CineTi, romlebmac
eqsportis stimulirebaze orientirebuli agresiuli industrializaciis strategia gaatares, swraf zrdas ganicdian.
kiTxva: parsonisa da veberis droidan moyolebuli, dasavleTSi ganviTarebis sferoSi mimdinare dominanturi analizi
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi dagrovili materialuri dovlaTis gansxvavebul doneebs gansxvavebuli faseulobebisa da socialuri organizaciis formebis arsebobiT
xsnis. Tqveni azriT, ra aris ganviTarebis doneebs Soris gansxvavebis mizezi? ratom aris zogi qveyana Raribi da zogi ki
mdidari dRes?
pasuxi: am kiTxvebidan pirvelze sapasuxod unda vTqva, rom
Semosavlis donebs Soris gansxvavebis fundamenturi mizezi
aris Sromis globaluri danawileba da globalur ekonomikur
sistemaSi am qveynebis roli. dRes ganviTarebadi qveynebi erT
sul mosaxleze Semosavlis mixedviT daaxloebiT im doneze
arian, rogorzec iyvnen dRes ganviTarebuli qveynebi maT kolonizaciamde (sadRac me-15 saukunis bolosken). kolonizaciiT daiwyo dRevandeli ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebis ngrevisa da dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebis saWiroebebisadmi maTi misadagebis procesi, ramac am qveynebis ekonomika daaknina, daamaxinja ra maTi zrdis potenciali. kerZod,
koloniuri batonobis qveS myofi ganviTarebadi qveynebi gardaiqmnen nedleulisa da iafi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mimwodeblebad momxmareblebisTvis kolonizator qveynebSi da monuri an kabalur pirobebSi myofi samuSao Zalis _
plantaciebisTvis, romlis mflobelebic ganviTarebuli qveynebidan iyvnen. amave dros, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa indoe146
Ti, sawyis etapze myofi industrializaciis procesic moiSala. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom im droisTvis indoeTi britaneTze gacilebiT win waweuli iyo tansacmlisa da teqstilis
teqnologiiTa da nou-hauTi, maSin roca britaneTi am produqciis bazaze industrializacias mxolod me-18 saukunis dasasrulsa da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi aviTarebda. swored im
droisTvis indoeli mewarmeebis britanelebze am xarjTupiratesobis Sedegad moxda induri tansacmlis britaneTSi
mZlavri Sedineba. britaneli mewarmeebis xmauriani protestis
sapasuxod britaneTis mTavrobam jer maRali tarifebi da qvotebi daawesa induri tansacmlisa da teqstilis importze, Semdeg ki, rogorc adre aRvniSne, mTlianad aukrZala indoel mewarmeebs im nawarmis gamoSveba, romelic konkurencias uwevda britanuls. rogorc aseve aRvniSne, adre, britanuli xelisuflebis es qmedeba maT mier evropeli da CrdiloeT amerikeli industriuli konkurentebisTvis Tavisufali vaWrobis
doqtrinis qadagebis fonze mimdinareobda.
me-20 saukuneSi, kolonizaciis damTavrebis Semdeg, yofilma koloniebma ganagrZes Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi
daqvemdebarebuli rolis TamaSi. es qveynebi dResac iafi nedleulis da soflis meurneobis produqciis mimwodeblebi arian. magram axla maTi umetesoba damatebiT iaf samrewvelo produqcias awvdis ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom koloniebsa da ganviTarebuli
qveynebis sabrZanebloebSi monebisa da kabaluri pirobebiT daqiravebuli samuSao Zalis ayvanis nacvlad, rogorc es koloniur periodSi xdeboda, TanamedroveobaSi ganviTarebuli
qveynis mewarmeebi gadaaadgileben sawarmoo procesis im nawils, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas moiTxovs am Zalis adgilsamyofelSi _ ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Sromis globaluri danawilebis amgvari saxiT SenarCuneba ekonomikuri kontrolis, saerTaSoriso instituciuri struqturebis, ideologiebis, disfunqciuri adgilobrivi elitebis, politikuri
kontrolisa da, roca aucilebelia, pirdapiri da arapirdapiri samxedro intervenciebis kombinaciiT xdeba.
ekonomikuri kontroli tipiurad valSi myofi ganviTarebadi qveynebisa da/an ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi daxmarebis nakadebis1 formas iRebs. perkinsis STambeWdavi wigni aCvenebs,
1
ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi daxmarebis nakadebSi (bilateral and multilateral aid
flows) igulisxmeba or an ramdenime qveyanas Soris dadebuli molaparakeba dafinansebis sqemis Sesaxeb (ufro xSirad sesxis saxiT) (Targm.)
147
rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis umetesi nawilis
ganmavlobaSi aSS aSkarad cdilobda qveynebis valSi Cagdebas
maTi ekonomikuri politikis marTvis sadaveebis mosapoveblad.1 mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli uTvalavi kvleva gvawvdis detalebs, Tu rogor xdeboda ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier ucxouri daxmarebis gamoyeneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis sakuTar pirobebze dasaTanxmeblad.
ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso instituciuri struqturebi,
romlebic Sromis arsebul saerTaSoriso danawilebis status
qvos inarCuneben, moicavs ssf-s, mb-s da msoflio savaWro
organizacias (SemdgomSi mso). es organizaciebi ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier imarTebian da maTi interesebiT nakarnaxev
politikas atareben. am konteqstSi mxolod imis aRniSvnac sakmarisia, rom mb-is prezidentis daniSvnis ufleba mxolod aSSis prezidents aqvs da ssf-is aRmasrulebel direqtors evropelebi waradgenen masze mxolod aSS-is mier vetos dadebis
uflebis pirobebSi, an is, rom mso-is xelmZRvanelebis umetesoba am postidan wasvlis Semdeg daufaravad SeuerTda erTi
ganviTarebuli qveynis biznes analitikur-kvleviT centrs.2
Sromis arsebuli danawilebis mxardamWeri ideologiebi
umeteswilad ekonomikuria. rogorc wesi, isini exeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier rekomendirebul ekonomikur strategiebs. es ideologiebi, Cveulebriv, SeTavazebulia ”mecnieruli Teoriis” saxiT maRali klasis ”mecnierTagan” da angaJirebulia mravalricxovani mxardamWeri statiebiTa da wignebiT. xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mecnierTa waxaliseba
ganviTarebad qveynebSi Tavisi Setyobinebis gasavrceleblad
konsultaciebisa da gamosvlebis saxiT. ganviTarebadi qveynebis studentebs eZlevaT saswavlo dafinanseba am ”Teorebis” Sesaswavlad da maT praqtikaSi gasatareblad sakuTar
qveyanaSi dabrunebisTanave, imis gaucnobiereblad, rom es
Teoriebi im ayvavebas uTxrian Zirs, romlisTvisac TiTqos
gamiznulni arian. ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxmarad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Seqmnili ideologiis karg magaliTs warmoadgens e.w. Tavisufali vaWrobis Teoria da masTan asocirebuli SedarebiTi upiratesobis doqtrina, romelic adre
vaxsene. am Teoriis dedaazri, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, isaa,
1
j. perkinsi (2004) ”ekonomikuri daqiravebuli mkvlelis aRiareba”, sanfransisko: beret-koleris gamomcemloba. Perkins, J (2004) “Confessions of
an Economic Hitman”, San Francisco: Berret-Koehler Pub. Inc
2 igive think tank inglisurad (mTargm.)
148
rom yvela qveyanas SeuZlia ixeiros specializaciidan (risi
warmoebac gamosdiT) da erTmaneTTan Tavisufali vaWrobidan. aqedan politikuri daskvna, rom mTavrobebi ar unda ecadon sakuTari eqsporti waaxalison an ucxouri importi Seaferxon. miuxedavad imisa, rom sayovelTaod cnobilia Teoriis ramdenime sabediswero xarvezi da isic, rom igi arasodes yofila warmatebuli ekonomikis maxasiaTebeli, Teoria
iswavleba, rogorc vaWrobis safuZveli umetes standartul
saswavlo masalebSi da gamoiyeneba (sxva msgavs saeWvo ”TeoriebTan” erTad) saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis
umravlesobis mier sakuTari politikis dasasabuTeblad.
sxva magaliTebi safinanso seqtoris da kapitalis angariSis
liberalizaciis, sajaro sawarmoebis privatizaciis, ekonomikuri momsaxurebis gakomerciulebis, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis da sxva Teoriebia.
disfunqciuri elitebis waxaliseba gulisxmobs mb-isa da
ssf-is msgavsi institutebis mier rekomendirebuli politikisa da strategiebis Sedegad iseTi elitebis ganviTarebis
xelSewyobas ganviTarebad qveynebSi, romelic industrializaciasa da ekonomikuri zrdas aferxebs. es elitebi, ZiriTadad, Sedgeba safinanso seqtorsa da vaWrobaSi moqmedi pirebisgan da rentis-maZiebel1 samTavrobo oficialuri pirebisagan. pirveli ori aixsneba mb-sa da ssf-s mier finansuri seqtoris saqmianobis maniakaluri waxalisebiTa da gardamaval
ekonomikebSi saprocento ganakveTis zrdiT, xolo ukanaskneli warmoadgens am ori institutis mier makroekonomikuri
stabilizaciis politikis argumentebis sadarqveS sajaro moxeleebis xelfassa da pirobebze Tanmimdevruli Tavdasxmis
gardauval Sedegs. kidev erT disfunqciur elitas, romlis
zrdac SeiniSneba ganviTarebad qveynebSi ganviTarebulis xelSesaxebi daxmarebis Sedegad, Tavdacvis samsaxurebia.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganviTarebadze politikuri gavlenis varjiSi, Cveulebriv, im politikosebis mxardaWeris meSveobiT xdeba, romlebic cnobilni arian ganviTarebuli qveynebis interesebis mimarT megobruli ganwyobiT, miuxedavad
imisa, romel sistemas ekuTvnian _ demokratiuls Tu ara-demokratiuls. bunebrivia, sadac yvelaferi kraxs ganicdis, rogorc uaxles warsulSi moxda eraysa da avRaneTSi, pirdapiri
samxedro variantis gamoyeneba xdeba.
1
rentis Zieba aris termini, romelic gamoiyeneba korufciuli bunebis
saqcielis dasaxasiaTeblad (mTarg.)
149
ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis umniSvnelovaness warmoadgens Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi mikuTvnebuli rolidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis TavdaRwevis prevencia. umTavresad es niSnavs im erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis strategiebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas, romelic ganaxorcielda uaxles warsulSi aRmosavleT aziisa da CineTis ekonomikebSi. amas mivyavar kiTxvamde – ratom viTardeba zogi qveyana
maSin, roca zogi siRaribeSi suls Rafavs? pasuxi martivia: is
qveynebi, romlebic ganviTardnen, Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi mikuTvnebuli rolisgan gaTavisufldnen da daiwyes
konkurentunariani kapitalisturi ekonomikis Seneba. farTod
ar aris cnobili, rom dRevandeli ganviTarebuli qveynebis
dovlaTisTvis mTavar safrTxed, faqtobrivad, aRqmulia ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTareba,
romelSic am qveynebis industriebi aRar emsaxureba ganviTarebuli qveynebis interesebs, aramed konkurencias uwevs maT
maTsave bazrebze, awarmoeben ra imave saqonels, rasac ganviTarebuli qveynebi.
es garkveulwilad paradoqsulad mogeCvenebaT, radgan ganviTarebuli qveynebi da maT mier kontrolirebadi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebi (rogoricaa mb, ssf da mso)
TiTqos ganviTarebadi qveynebis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis
waxalisebiT arian dakavebuli. realurad ki maTi mizani aria
(da yovelTvis iyo) sakuTari interesebis dacva. es niSnavs ganviTarebad qveynebSi damaxinjebuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis xelSewyobas; iseTis, romelic ar uqmnis safrTxes ganviTarebul qveynebs erovnul sakuTrebaSi myofi biznesiT, romelsac SeuZlia maT bizness gauwios konkurencia globalur
bazarze. es ukanaskneli faqti sakmaod cxadi xdeba imis gacnobierebis Semdeg, rom arc erT ganviTarebad qveyanas, romelic mb-isa da ssf-is yuradRebis qveS moeqca da ”daxmareba” miiRo, ar ganucdia ekonomikuri zrdis mdgradi swrafi tempi,
yvela SemTxvevaSi ara am ori organizaciis rekomendaciebis
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad. ”Sida samzareuloSi” Caxedulma, mbis yofilma mTavarma ekonomistma iozef stiglicma araerTxel
aRniSna, rom mxolod is qveynebi iyvnen warmatebulebi, romlebmac ar misdies am ori institutis ”rCevas” da daxmarebas.
stiglicma aseve aRniSna, rom 1990 w.w.-ebSi aSS-is mTavroba
aqturad aqezebda ssf-is ruseTis mier aSS-sTvis ekonomikuri safrTxis gawevis yvela safuZveli moespo. stiglicis mier
sajaro ganacxadidan cxadia daskvna: ssf-is mizani iyo prezi150
dent elcinisdroindeli ruseTis kapitalisturi ganviTarebis ganadgureba. rasakvirvelia, am institutis mier ruseTisTvis advokatirebuli politikebis ufro yuradRebiani kvleva
aCvenebs, rom isini ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobisTvis,
gardamavali ekonomikebis umetesobis CaTvliT, rekomendaciebis msgavsia, rasac kidev davubrundebi. kidev erTi argumenti imis dasadastureblad, rom ganviTarebulma qveynebma aqtiurad scades erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis blokireba, gamodis mark kurtisis safuZvliani kvlevis Sedegad gamocemuli wignidan saTauriT ”tyuilis qseli: britaneTis nadvili roli msoflioSi”.1 am wignSi kurtisi sagareo saqmeTa saministros dokumentebs imis saCveneblad iyenebs, rom britaneTis gavleniani wreebis aRqmaSi maTi Tavdacvis realur safrTxes erovnuli kapitalisturi reJimebis ganviTareba warmoadgenda da ara, vTqvaT, – komunisturi an socialisturi reJimebi. faqtobrivad, erovnul kapitalistur mTavrobebze
Tavdasxmebi xSirad komunizmis safrTxiT iyo gamarTlebuli.
kurtiss britaneTis am orpirobis araerTi magaliTi mohyavs.
kiTxva. dRevandel dRes ganviTarebis sferoSi mimdinare
diskursi umetesad siRaribis garSemo trialebs, misi ukiduresi formebis msoflioSi ganaxevrebac ki aris miznad dasaxuli 2015 wlisTvis. amisaTvis jefri saqsi, gaeros generaluri mdivnis kofi ananis specialuri mrCeveli da gaeros mileniumis proeqtis direqtori, axali meTodis SemoRebas advokatirebs, romelsac is klinikur ekonomikas uwodebs. saqsi
uars acxadebs siRaribis adamianebis sizarmaciTa da mTavrobebis korumpirebulobiT axsnaze da mouwodebs ”geografiuli izolaciis, daavadebebisa da bunebrivi katastrofebis gadawyvetadi problemebis” mogvarebisken soflis meurneobis
waxalisebiT, sabaziso jandacvis gaumjobesebiT, pirvelad da
profesiul ganaTlebaSi investirebiT, sufTa wylisa da sanitaruli pirobebisa da soflebSi eleqtroenergiis uzrunvelyofiT. rogor fiqrobT, SeZlebs es, rogorc is uwodebs, 5
didi intervencia siRaribis mankieri wris garRvevas?
pasuxi. siRaribis daZlevis strategiebi romelTa pirvelad da umTavres fokuss ar Seadgens swrafi ekonomikuri
zrdis waxaliseba, sinamdvileSi verasodes SeZleben siRaribis daZlevas mdgradi saxiT. uaresi, maT SeiZleba gaaRrmavon
kidec siRaribe grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi politikosebisa da
1
“Web of Deceit: Britain’s Real Role in the World”
151
sxvebis realuri amocanis gadaWraze yuradRebis gafantvis
Sedegad. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania ganviTarebad qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris strategiebze xSirad Semxvedri gaugebrobis axsna. xSirad moismenT,
rom mb-sa da ssf-s da maTTan dakavSirebuli ormxrivi daxmarebis procesebis problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini ekonomikur zrdas astimulireben siRaribis daZlevis xarjze.
Tumca, zemoTxsenebulidan naTeli unda iyos, rom am strategiebsa da procesebs Zalian cota esaqmebaT ekonomikuri
zrdis waxalisebasTan. amgvarad, isini ara marto naklebad
arian dainteresebuli siRaribis daZleviT, aramed ekonomikuri zrdis waxalisebis naklebi interesi aqvT. swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba da Sesabamisad, siRaribis mdgradi Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod agresiuli erovnuli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis procesis Sedegad miviRoT, romlis mizania mrewvelobis sferoSi dasaqmebuli im kompaniebis waxaliseba, romlebic jiqurad SeebrZolebian konkurenciul asparezze ganviTarebuli qveynebis kompaniebs maTsave
bazrebze. swored amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom siRaribis udides Semcirebas uaxloes warsulSi adgili hqonda
aRmosavleT aziasa da CineTSi, msoflios uswrafesad ganviTarebad nawilSi, maSin, roca msoflios im nawilSi, romelic
ganviTarebuli qveynebisa da maTi globaluri ekonomikuri
insitutebis yuradRebis centrSia, siRaribe sul ufro
Rrmavdeba.
axla mivubrundeT sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rom zrdis
procesebis warmatebiT daZvris Semdeg ganviTarebadma qveynebma unda uzrunvelyon am procesis ekonomikuri sargeblis
mniSvnelovani wilis gadatana mosaxleobis umravlesobis sacxovrebeli standartebis amaRlebaSi. cnobilia, rom amis
Cagdebas SeuZlia Tavad zrdis procesi safrTxeSi Caagdos
socialuri da politikuri deformirebis gamo. amdenad, ekonomikuri zrdis nayofis gadanawilebis mxolod sabazro Zalebis amara datoveba ar SeiZleba. saxelmwifos sWirdeba am
procesSi aqtiuri CarTva. Tumca, da esec mniSvnelovania, am
procesma ar unda daazaralos ekonomikuri zrda. es imitom,
rom siRaribis mdgradi daZleva mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis
procesis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi arsebul saSinel siRaribes swored dinamiuri zrdis procesis ararseboba udevs
safuZvlad.
152
kiTxva. ukve meore aTwleulia, rac ”socialisturi bloki”
daiSala da axlad aRmocenebul qveynebs gardamaval mdgomareobaSi myofni ewodaT. amasobaSi maTSi mimdinare cvlilebebi gaanalizebul iqna mb-is araerT kvlevaSi, tranzitulobis
(gardamavlobis) fenomenis Sesaswavlad Seiqmna axali institutebi, SemuSavda specifiuri indikatorebi da maT mixedviT
qveynebis ranJirebac ki moxda. magaliTisTvis, mb-isa da ssfis mier a.w. 12 seqtembers gamocemuli angariSis mixedviT saxelwodebiT ”biznesis warmoba 2006-Si: dsT-s ekonomikebi reformis temps aviTareben”, saqarTvelo reformebis ganxorcielebis mxriv regionSi pirvel, xolo msoflioSi meore adgilze dasaxelda. ras fiqrobT, ra ekonomikuri perspeqtivebi
aqvT saqarTvelos msgavs qveynebs?
pasuxi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis winasityvaobaSi unda vaRiaro,
rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis eqsperti ar var. amdenad, gTavazobT kiTxvaze pasuxi yofil sabWoTa blokisa da aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebSi (romelTac xSirad ”tranzitul ekonomikebad” moixsenieben) mimdinare zogadi reformebis WrilSi gavce. mTavari sakiTxi, rasac minda am dros Sevexo, aris is, rom
ufro kapitalistur gzaze qveynis gadamyvan reformebs aqvT
qveynisTvis sargeblis motanis potenciali ekonomikuri
zrdisa da ayvavebis waxalisebis saxiT. Tumca, isini ar unda gavaigivoT gardamaval periodSi myof, an Tundac, sazogadod,
ganviTarebad qveynebisTvis mb-isa da ssf-is mier rekomendirebul e.w. pro-sabazro reformebTan. es imitom, rom rogorc
adre vaxsene, am institutebis mier rekomendirebuli reformebi Tavisi arsiT kapitalisturi ganviTarebis waxalisebas ki
ar emsaxurebian, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis sasargeblod
maT globalur ekonomikaSi integracias. amis gasagebad ganvixiloT gardavamali ekonomikisTvis sajarod gacxadebuli
dRemde arsebuli rekomendaciebi.
pirveli, rasac SevamCnevT aris is, rom mb-isa da ssf-is mier
marTulidan sabazro ekonomikaze adreul gardamaval periodSi TiTqmis ar xdeba zrdaze orientirebuli ekonomikuri
strategiebis, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT aziisa da CineTis
ekonomikebis mier ganxorcielebuli eqsportze orientirebuli mrewvelobis msgavsi procesebis waxaliseba. amis nacvlad gardamaval ekonomikebSi am institutebis pirveladi fokusia makroekonomikuri stabilizacia, an ufro martivad rom
vTqvaT, inflaciis gakontroleba. amis erTi uSualo Sedegia
153
saprocento ganakveTis swrafi zrda da amiT sasworis gadaxra industriuli saqmianobisgan miRebuli mogebidan finansur
an gasesxebasTan dakavSirebulze. mraval gardamaval ekonomikaSi pirvel wlebSi mTavrobis valis saprocento ganakveTi dolarze gaangariSebiT wliur 30%-mde avarda. es niSnavs,
rom mrewveloba kerZo dafinansebis efeqtur SimSils ganicdida. amave dros, imave dausabuTebeli markoekonomikuri
stabilizaciis interesebSi, sawyis etapze moxda valutis
gacvlis kursebis dafiqsireba, ramac gardamaval inflaciur garemoSi maTi masiuri da swrafi revalvacia gamoiwvia.
aman ufro metad daaziana industriuli seqtori, gansakuTrebiT misi eqsportze orientirebuli nawili. Sesabamisad,
moxda farTo deindustrializacia, rac, mcdarad braldeba
yofili sabWoTa sistemis moZvelebul produqciul da teqnologiuri bazas. cxadia, rom am ukanasknelsac miuZRvis
wili, magram arnaxulma saprocento ganakveTma da saocrad
gadafasebulma valutis gacvlis kursma viTarebis damZimebaSi lomis wvlili Seitana.
gardamaval ekonomikebSi ekonomikuri katastrofis agorebis dros ssf-isa da mb-is (da evropis ganviTarebis bankis) mier
waxalisebuli politika moicavda sabiTumo fasebis liberalizacias, farTomasStabian privatizacias, saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebaSi myofi msxvili samrewvelo dawesebulebebis
daSlas da vaWrobisa da kapitalis moZraobis liberalizacias. seqtoris doneze yuradReba eTmoboda finansur seqtors,
nedleulis amoRebas, eqsportze orientirebul soflis meurneobas, ucxour Senatanze damokidebul samrewvelo produqcias da zogierTi (finansuris garda) momsaxurebis dargis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa turizmi. aq, albaT, mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom sabWoTa respublikebis umravlesoba waxalisebul iqna ganeviTarebinaT nedleulis warmoeba, maSin, roca yofili socialisturi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi _ ucxour, gansakuTrebiT evropul Senatanze damokidebuli mrewvelobaa. aseve sayuradReboa samuSao SesaZleblobebis mongrevis Sedegad gardamavali ekonomikebidan ganviTarebulSi gamdinare samuSao Zala dabalkvalificirebuli Sromatevadi davalebebis Sesasruleblad, romlebsac droTa ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarebuli qveynebis muSakebi sul ufro naklebad Tanxmdebian, yvela SemTxvevaSi im anazRaurebiT, rac maTze gaicema. mb-isa da ssf-s mier ar moxdara gardamaval ekonomikeb154
Si arc erTi produqciis warmoebis waxaliseba, romlebic konkurencias gauwevda ganviTarebulSi nawarmoebs. marTlac, naTelia, rom potenciurad saSiSi mrewveloba Cumad, da zogjer
arc ise Cumad, iqna moSlili.
es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom gardamaval qveynebSi mimdinare mb-isa da ssf-is mier naqebi ekonomikuri reformebi ar
aris im tipis, rom momavalSi nebismiers am qveynebidan warmatebuls gaxdis. sinamdvileSi am ori institutis mier gardamaval ekonomikaSi mimdinare reformis mowoneba e.w. ”sasikvdilo kocnaa”. mxolod imis gaxseneba sakmarisia, ra enTuziazmiT gamoexmaura orive organizacia ruseTSi kapitalis angariSis da finansuri bazris liberalizacias rublis kraxis win,
an maT mier argentinis mier 1990 w.w.-ianebSi ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri strategiis arakvalificiuri mxardaWera, ramac gamoiwvia gviandel 1990 w.w.-ebSi masobrivi ekonomikuri
krizisi.
intervius uZRveboda irma alfeniZe
155
qarTuli kultura da
ganaTlebis evropuli idea
156
zaza firaliSvili
nacionalizmi da ganaTleba
SesaZloa, vinmesTvis moulodneli an miuRebelic ki iyos,
magram, vfiqrob, rodesac ganaTlebaze vsaubrobT, sakiTxi,
upirvelesad, axali qarTuli nacionalizmis ragvarobaze
unda daisvas: ras SeiZleba niSnavdes qarTuli nacionalizmi
dRes, aq da axla, im samyaroSi, romelSic aRmovCndiT?
vfiqrob, yvelaze mokle da, imavdroulad, zogadi pasuxi
am kiTxvaze Semdegi iqneboda: es niSnavs, rom Cveni sazogadoeba da TiToeuli Cvengani adeqvaturi unda iyos im samyarosi, romelSic varT. am rakursSi ganaTleba nacionalizmis
instrumentad iqceva. es ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu erTxel kidev gavixsenebT, rom nacionalizmi niSnavs ara im karikaturul nacional-fetiSizms, romelic sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi axdenda Cveni sasicocxlo Zalebis paralizebas da,
erTgvari, istoriuli kunstkameris eqsponatebad gvaqcevda
yvelas, aramed survils, rom Cven, rogorc koleqtiurma personam, ganacxadi gavakeToT, rom Cven aq da axla varsebobT,
rom Cvens arsebobas Rirseba aqvs da rom aq, Cveni kulturis
sxeulSi SesaZlebelia raRac Zalze mniSvnelovani daibados.
nacionalizmi xom Rirseuli arsebobis nebis manifestirebaa
da ara warsulis sxeulze parazitireba. bolSevizmi swored
am ukanasknelad aqcevda rusul imperiaSi moqceuli xalxebis “nacionalizmebs” da amiT axdenda maTi istoriuli Zalebis paralizebas. erTi mxriv, es TiTqos nacionalizmi iyo,
magram – istoriulad unayofo da xelTupyari. nacionalizmi aq da axla yofnis nebaa da ganaTlebis sistemac swored
amgvari nacionalizmis upirvelesi iaraRia. ganaTleba swored sazogadoebis istoriul iaraRad esmodaT napoleonis
okupaciis droindel prusielebs, meiZis an meore msoflio
omis Semdgomi epoqebis iaponelebs, Tanamedrove Cinelebs Tu
koreelebs.
preteristuli nacional-fetiSizmi sakuTar Tavs aiZulebs, rom mxolod erTxel da samudamod dadgenil istoriul formebSi iarsebos da gamudmebiT iglovos warsulis
gamo. arada, TiTqos cxadi unda iyos, rom Tuki raime boro157
zaza firaliSvili
teba arsebobs amqveynad, pirvel rigSi, es aris sulierebis
dakonservebis survili da amaze jer kidev saxarebaSia laparaki. rac ufro didia amgvari dakonservebisaken miswrafeba, miT metia sazogadoebis araadeqvaturobis xarisxi da miT
ufri cxadia, rom amgvari sazogadoeba ver gauZlebs istoriul gamocdas.
ganvlilma orma aTeulma welma naTlad dagvanaxa, Tu raoden didia Cveni sazogadoebis araadeqvaturobis xarisxi da
amaSi lomis wili swored mankier ganaTlebis sistemas miuZRvis. ganaTleba, rogorc sabWoTa sinamdvilesTan Rirseuli
adaptaciis gza, uzneoc iyo da absurdulic. ufro metic, sabWoTa sinamdvile Tavisi istoriuli eqsperimentis mizeziT Tavad iyo sruliad araadeqvaturi da Sobda personebs, romlebic, rogorc merab mamardaSvili ambobda, “iq ar arian, sadac
arian”. am sinamdvileSi qarTuli inteleqtualuri elitis
mier SemuSavebul iqna ganaTlebis aradeklarirebuli da araformaluri koncefcia, romelic gansakuTrebiT intensiurad
80-ian wlebSi amuSavda. igi umTavres amocanad personis kulturis dakonservebuli formebiT aRWurvas miiCnevda. amiT
kulturac unda gadarCeniliyo da personac, rogorc misi
agenti da maSin amaSi logikac iyo da gamarTlebac.
amasTan, meores mxriv, am tendenciam ganaTlebis ideis centrSi eTnogenetikuri narativebis moZaleba gamoiwvia. istoriuli da filologiuri codna zogadad ganaTlebis sinonimad iqca. Tavad ganaTlebam ki, amgvari calganzomilebianobis gamo, erTgvari traibaluri iniciaciis elferi miiRo _
am gamoTqmas yovelgvari ironiis gareSe viyeneb. igi, pirvel
rigSi, niSnavda personis inkorporacias kulturis gaxevebul formebSi. calke saubris Temaa, Tu ra sabediswero Sedegi iqonia aman Cvens bedze damoukideblobis mopovebis pirveli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. politikuri da sazogadoebrivi
qcevis arqetipebi mTlianad istoriul-filologiuri imperativebiT aRmoCnda konstruirebuli. Tuki manam amis saSualebas bolSeviki ideologebi ar gvaZlevdnen, 80-iani wlebidan Cveni saskolo programebi, yovelgvari saRi azris sawinaaRmdegod, gadaivso kulturis dakonservebuli produqtebiT. yvelani vcdilobdiT ara imas, rom rogorc istoriuli
persona, erTiani sakomunikacio sivrcis Tanamonawileni gavmxdariyaviT, aramed, Cvenda uneburad, vqmnidiT erTgvar
utopiur inteleqtualur garemos, romelsac Tavisi dro da
Tavisi sivrce hqonda.
158
sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, Cven davadeqiT gzas, romelsac Zalze xSirad adgebian xolme mcire erebi: ganaTlebis sistemas
upiratesad viSveliebdiT rogorc instruments imisa, rom
istoriaSi axlad dabrunebulebs sakuTari Rirseba da Rirebuleba dagvedasturebina da TiTqmis ugulebelyofil iqna is
amocana, romelic ukve vaxseneT: personisa da sazogadoebis
adeqvaturobis amocana.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg situacia kidev ufro
garTulda: saqarTvelos istoriis erTsa da imave programas
xSirad erTi da imave saxelmZRvaneloebiT axalgazrdebi
erTnairad swavlobdnen skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi. ufro metic, gamoica saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebSic maTematikur kanonzomierebaTa interpretacia istoriuli faqtebiT Tu kulturis ZeglTa arqiteqturis meSveobiT xdeboda.
istorikosebi da filologebi nacionaluri religiis
erTgvar qurumebad ufro gaiazrebodnen, vidre ganmanaTleblebad. unda gamovtydeT, rom ganaTlebis sistema xSirad Zalze ucnauri metafizikuri tvirTis qveS aRmoCnda moqceuli.
da es gagrZelda manam, sanam TandaTan ar daviwyeT imis gaazreba, rom iq ara varT, sadac varT da rom samyaro ulmobelia im yvela sazogadoebis mimarT, romelsac zRvari ver gauvlia mavanTa nacional-utopiur fantaziebsa da sinamdviles Soris.
cxadia, kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofa ganaTlebis
nebismieri sistemis erT-erTi aucilebeli mizania, ufro metic – fundamenturi mizani. Cven ki igi, bevrwilad, paTetikuri nacionalizmis substanciiT moqsovil im inteleqtualur
sacobad vaqcieT, romelmac amdeni argumenti misca ultraliberaluri da pragmatuli ganaTlebis momxreebs. es iyo aSkara Cixi. amgvar koncefcias esaWiroeboda ara pirovneba, aramed egzotikuri niRabi, romelic sruluflebianad CaerTveboda im fsevdoepikur da yalbi paTetikiT gaJRenTil speqtaklSi, romelic mavani ideologebisaTvis “erovnulis” sinonimi iyo. ganaTlebis, rogorc kulturuli identobis uzrunmvelmyofi fenomenis, funqcia hipertrofirebul iqna da gadafara yvela sxva funqcia.
ganaTlebis sistemas brmad mindobili tipiuri mowafe moklebuli aRmoCnda im lingvistikas, romelic mas am utopiuri
inteleqtualuri garemos farglebs gareT sakomunikacio sivrcis monawiled gaxdida. igi naklebad situaciuri, qmediTi da
adeqvaturi iyo. arada, araadeqvaturi da, Sesabamisad, afun159
zaza firaliSvili
qciuri persona ubedurebaa sakuTari TavisTvisac da garemomcvelebisTvisac.
amiT Cven gamovkveTeT ganaTlebis sistemis meore SesaZlo
funqcia: es aris personisa da sazogadoebis unari, srulfasovnad miiRon monawileoba im sakomunikacio sivrceSi, romelic Tanamedrove samyaros raobas gansazRvravs. swored es
aklda Cvens ganaTlebis sistemas da Tavdapirveli Canafiqris
Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis reforma swored am disbalansis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da am werilis avtoric mTlianad uWerda
mas mxars.
yovelgvari pedagogikis kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofaze aranakleb mniSvnelovani amocana xom personaSi
(da, Sedegad, mTels sazogadoebaSi) sxva personebTan (da, maSasadame mTel danarCen samyarosTan) sakomunikacio sivrcis
formirebis unaris gaviTarebaa. mowafes unda SevTavazoT
erTgvari formalizebuli inteleqtualuri garemo, romelSic sxvebTan erTad SeZlebs moZraobas da romlebic ar iqneba mxolod hermetul mTlianobad gagebuli nacionaluri
kulturis nayofi. persona unda eziaros im paradigmebs, romlebic mas funqcionalursa da komunikabelurs gaxdis. es
aris elementaruli ganaTlebis safexuri (nu avurevT mas dawyebiT ganaTlebaSi), Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ganaTlebis aucilebeli minimumi.
samarTlebriv normas xSirad gansazRvraven, rogorc zneobis minimums. igi ar aris Tavad zneoba, igi zneobis is minimumia, romelic adamianTa TanacxovrebisaTvis aris aucilebeli.
igi, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, formalizebuli zneobis garemoa. amis
analogiurad, ganaTlebis minimumi ar aris Tavad ganaTleba.
igi, samarTlebrivi normis msgavsad, ganaTlebis im minimums gamoxatavs, romelic garduvalia sazogadoebisaTvis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kulturac, zneobaca da religiac ki im destruqciuli potencialis msxverplad SeiZleba iqces, romelic hermetulobisa da TviTdakonservebisadmi eqskluzivistur miswrafebaSi imaleba. amitomac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kanonica da codnac (ganaTlebis minimumis azriT) Cveni Tanaarsebobis formaluri garduvalobania da erTiani sakomunikacio sivrcis Seqmnis Taobaze erTgvari socialuri konvenciis produqtebs warmoadgens.
ver vityvi, rom ganaTlebis reformis es wanamZRvari aramarTlzomieria. ufro metic, mas Cveni inteleqtualuri
cxovreba unda gamoeyvana im karCaketilobidan, romlis mi160
xedviTac e.w. kosmopolituri mecnierebebi (fizika, maTematika, sociologia da sxvani) araerovnul fenomenebad gaiazreboda da wamoWril kiTxvebze pasuxebs istoriasa da literaturaSi veZebdiT.
merab mamardaSvili fizikis institutSi erT-erTi gamosvlisas saubrobda imaze, Tu gonebis sizarmace rogor Sobs
amalgamebs, anu im situaciaze, rodesac raRac sicxades, dafiqrebis gareSe, meore azrTan erTad iReb. magaliTad, Tu vinmes daveTanxmeT, rom sazogadoeba araagresiuli unda iyos
seqsualuri umciresobebis mimarT, maSin amalgamis ZaliT imazec unda daTanxmde, rom homoseqsualistebs pativi unda sce
da sajarodac unda gamoxato es; Tu daTanxmdi, rom religiuri umciresobebi ar unda devno, maSin marTlmadidebeli eklesiis rRvevazec unda izruno; Tu aRiareb, rom qarTuli sulierebis safuZveli marTlmadidebeli qristianobaa, maSin amas
isic unda daumato, rom yvela sxva aRmsarebloba nebismieri
xerxiT unda ganidevnis; Tu aRiareb, rom genderuli Tanasworoba sikeTea, isic unda aRiaro, rom ufali “mama RmerTad” ar
unda moixseniebodes (amis magaliTebi ukve arsebobs sxvadasxva eklesiebSi). es is inteleqtualuri maxea, romelSic maSinve aRmoCndebi, rogorc ki fiqrs daanebeb Tavs, rogorc ki
sworxazovan logikas gahyvebi, rom Tu dasavluri kulturuli da politikuri orientacia gaqvs, “qoqola daayaras” JanrSi unda agino ruseTs.
msgavsi amalgamebi Cvens wyevlad iqca bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi. saqarTveloSi xom uyvarT farTo monasmebi da, Sesabamisad, iolad eqcevian amalgamaTa tyveobaSi. unda vaRiaroT, rom ganaTlebis reformac mis maxeSi aRmoCnda, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, misken mieqaneba: Tu cxadia, rom nacional-fetiSizmisa da nacional-misticizmiT dasneulebuli ganaTlebis
sistema istoriulad impotent sazogadoebas ayalibebs, isic
unda miiRo, rom misgan kulturuli identobis uzrunvelyofis yvela niSani unda ganidevnos, uaryofili unda iqnas is paradigmebi, romelTa wyalobiTac Cven qarTvelebi gvqvia da ara
sxva vinme. Tu cxadia, rom unda gamovideT uunaro egzotikuri niRbebis mdgomareobidan da Tanamedrove samyaros adeqvaturni gavxdeT, maSin uari unda vTqvaT yvelafer imaze, rac
gangvasxvavebs saSualo yoveldRiur amerikelisagan, Svedisagan da sxv. da Tu pirvel etapze ganaTlebis reforma ase Tu
ise inarCunebda wonasworobas am or poluss Soris, yovel SemTxvevaSi, deklarirebis doneze mainc, saukeTeso qarTuli
161
zaza firaliSvili
tradiciisamebr dRes gaCnda saSiSroeba, rom iniciativas xelSi igdeben isini, vinc yvelaze iolad eqceva am ukve axali amalgamebis tyveobaSi.
da saqme mxolod ganaTlebis sistemas ar Seexeba. sul ramdenime wlis win CvenSi popularuli iyo Teoriebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac tradiciuli Rirebulebebi liberaluri da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidrebas uSlida xels. vfiqrob,
mavanTa dekonstruqtivistuli meditaciebi, romlebiTac gaivso Cveni mas media da romlebic mravalricxovani seminarebisa da vorkSofebis mTavari Tema iyo, swored am saqmes emsaxureboda. gaCndnen adamianebi, romlebic araCveulebrivad xalisiT kisrulobdnen erovnuli kulturis sxeulis lpobis bacilaTa rols1 . Tvalsa da xels Sua izrdeboda axali amalgamis maxeSi moqceulTa, erTgvar homo enjiotikus-Ta raodenoba. ultraliberaluri neomarqsizmi xom abstraqtuli adamianis abstraqtuli uflebebis lingvistikaSia CaWerili da
isteriulad iSorebs Tavidan yvelafers, ramac SeiZleba eWvi
gauCinos.
cxdia, tradiciuli Rirebulebebi, marTlac, SeiZleba
aRmoCndes konfliqtSi samoqalaqo RirebulebebTan, magram es
sruliadac ar SeiZleba imas niSnavdes, vizrunoT, rom gamosavali kulturis TviTmkvlelobaSi davinaxoT. arada, CvenSi
arian adamianebi, vinc cdilobs, rom liberaluri da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis saxeliT kulturuli suicidis gziT waiyvanon sazogadoeba. saamiso instrumentad fsiqoanalizs iyenebn is adamianebi, romlebic, rogorc mgonia, Tavad iyvnen da
arian yovlad banaluri oidipalurobis gamoxatulebani. maTTvis qarTuli suliereba liberaluri da demokratiuli
aRmSeneblobis damyol da unebisyofo masalad unda qceuliyo da ara piriqiT, rogorc manamde gvegona yvelas: qarTul
sulierebas demokratia unda moemarjvebina, rogorc Tavisi
istoriuli da Tanamedrove garemoebebis adeqvaturi iaraRi.
dRevandel samyaroSi xom mxolod demokratia iZleva erovnuli Zalebis mobilizebis saSualebas.
1
erT-erT msgavs Tavyrilobaze erTma axalgazrda kacma vaJa-fSavela
skatolangiiT daavadebulad moixsenia. (skatolangia – fsiqiuri daavadeba, romlis drosac avadmyofi ganavlis WamiT ikmayofilebs sqesobriv ltolvas). Tavi davaneboT imas, Tu ramdenad samarTliani an
zneobrivia amgvari gancxadeba. yuradReba mivapyroT imas, rom saqme
isev da isev tipiur amalgamasTan gvaqvs: Tuki tradiciuli Rirebulebebi xels uSlis demokratiis damkvidrebas, maSin misi yvela forposti unda daingres, maT Soris vaJas avtoritetic.
162
arada, Cven yvelas gvegona, rom Tavisuflebis xana dgeboda, rom laparaki iyo qarTuli sulierebis gaRviZebaze bolSevikuri SeboWilobisagan, rodesac am sulierebis imitireba
xdeboda giganturi simRerisa da cekvis ansamblebiT an mavanTa nacional-utopiuri meditaciebiT. dRes ki gviwevs aRiareba, rom amalgamis ZaliT ganaTlebis idealad iqca saSualoyoveldRiuri dasavlelis raRac ucnauri xateba.
gavixsenoT filmi “puri da Sokoladi”. iq aris cnobili metafora: saqaTmeSi gamoketili italielebi SuriT adevneben
Tvals Sveicareli axalgazrdebis laR cxovrebas. CvenSi xSirad axseneben xolme mas. igi, mavanTa azriT, araCveulebrivad
Seesabameba qarTuli sulierebis dRevandel mdgomareobas.
magram imave filmSi aris meore metaforac, saxeldobr, TmaSeRebili italielis metafora. filmis mTavari gmiri Tmas
iRebavs, raTa Sveicarelebs daemsgavsos da maTi samyaros Tanamonawile gaxdes. samwuxarod, Zalze seriozulia eWvi, rom
ganaTlebis reforma miznad msgavsi TmaSeRebili italielebis tiraJirebis gziT midis.
SevecadoT, problemas sxva mxridanac SevxedoT. pedagogis
mizani konkretulia: man unda moZebnos swavlebis is formebi,
romlebic konkretul mowafes konkretul inteleqtualur
viTarebasTan dialogis reJimSi moaqcevs. imTaviTve cxadia,
rom es ar gaxlavT erTi piris mier meorisaTvis informaciis
gadacemis ubralo procesi. nebismieri, Tundac, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo masalis miwodeba niSnavs, rom mimRebSi inteleqtis adeqvaturma mdgomareobam unda gaiRviZos. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, es ar iqneba cocxali procesi. maqs Seleri ganaTlebas sulis axal mdgomareobas uwodebs da amiT man sruliad
zustad gamokveTa nebismieri pedagogikis umTavresi amocana.
mowafeSi unda gacocxldes sulieri dinamikis is ganzomilebebi, romlebic aqamde Tvlemdnen. man “axali samSoblo”, rac
igivea, axali sulis sayudari unda moipovos, ufro sworad,
Zveli samSoblo axal naTelSi, axal ganzomilebebSi unda warsdges. ra dargTanac ar unda gvqondes saqme, iqneba es fizika,
maTematika Tu filosofia, nebismier maTganTan ziareba swored axali sayudaris mopovebis aqtia. amdenad, ganaTleba am
sityvis erTdroulad uzogadesi da, amavdroulad Zalian konkretuli azriT, iniciaciis aqts warmoadgens. misi gziT pedagogi moswavles unda daexmaros, rom Tavisi arsebobis axal fazas eziaros.
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vfiqrob, es ar aris idealisti pedagogis ocnebebi. Tu kargad gavixsenebT sakuTar warsuls, yoveli axali maTematikuri Teorema Tu yoveli axali kargi leqsi swored axali naTlis potencias xsnida CvenSi. amis Semdgom ukve SeuZlebeli iyo
sulis Zvel samSoblos mivbrunebodiT. aq ar aris laparaki samSoblos dakargvaze, laparakia mis permanentul rekonstruirebaze im gamowvevaTa Sesabamisad, romelTa winaSec samyaro
gvayenebs.
Tu pedagogma ver miaRwia mowafis dayenebas am gzaze, tyuilad momcdara. amitomac uwevs mas brZola sulis gaxevebulobasTan, aTasgvar inteleqtualur CvevebTan, koleqtiur normebTan da ase Semdeg (amitomac aris dakavSirebuli mistikuri
iniciaciebi ritualur sikvdilTan) da SeuZlia mSvidad iyos,
Tuki gzad Semdgari mowafe ukve damoukideblad iwyebs moZraobas. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, persona Tavis Tavisuflebis
xarisxs ukve aRiqvams, rogorc iaraRs, rogorc instruments
imisa, rom daamsxvrios is, ramac mkvdari inteleqtualuri
formebiT SeiZleba aavsos misi cnobiereba da, meores mxriv,
riTac axali perspeqtivebi SeiZleba gaixsnas svlis gzaze.
cxadia da kamaTs ar unda iwvevdes, rom kulturuli identobis, rogorc safuZvlis gareSe es amocana ar aris Sesrulebadi, radgan swored is uzrunvelyofs mowafes im metafizikuri wanamZRvrebiT, romlebic unda amuSavdes kidec adamianSi. esec adeqvaturobas gulisxmobs, oRond sxva rigisas:
igulisxmeba, rom Tanamedrove samyaros adeqvaturma kulturulma sxeulma pirovneba unda uzrunvelyos Tavisufali funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvrebiT. kultura ar
aris mxolod egzotika. igi, pirvel rigSi, aris is, rac saSualo yoveldRiurobis maxis safrTxisagan aTavisuflebs personas da romeliRac sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani narativis
wevrad aqcevs. kultura personas sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari garemocvis mniSvnelobas udasturebs da amiT sakuTriv adamianur saxes aZlevs mas.
samwuxarod, ganaTleba dRes nacional-fetiSizmsa da neomarqsistul ultraliberalizms Soris ideologiuri dapirispirebis konteqstSi aRmoCnda moqceuli, romlis Tanaxmadac ganaTleba an isev da isev traibaluri iniciaciis funqciisa unda iyos, an kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis
funqcia radikalurad unda iqnas gandevnili ganaTlebis sistemidan (es aris dRevandeli sauniversiteto bataliebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi motivic) da ramdenadac es meo164
re tendencia dRes ufro Zlieria, yvelaferi midis iqiT, rom
miviRoT axali disbalansi da, Zneli ar aris gansazRvra imisa, Tu ras mogvcems igi: mogvcems socialur atoms, romelic
socialurad funqciuri iqneba, romelic aRWurvili iqneba
im socialuri lingvistikiT, romlebic misi socializaciis
maRal xarisxs uzrunvelyofen, magram mTeli misi funqcionaloba socialur atomad yofniT amoiwureba. socialuri
aRmoCndeba erTaderT ganzomilebad, romelSic man SeiZleba imoZraos maSinac ki, rodesac masSi uZiriTadesi egzistencialuri kiTxvebi gaCndeba sikvdilisa da sicocxlis, samyarosTan da sxva adamianebTan Sexvedris, bedisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, miviRebT socialuri TvalsazrisiT funqciur, magram eqzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT kastrirebul personasa da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas, rodesac
am viTarebaSi cnobierebis sxvagvari mdgomareobis mopovebis amocana imTaviTve gamoiricxeba. ufro metic, nebismieri
ram, rac vulgarul socialur pragmatizms SeiZleba daupirispirdes, saSiSroebad aRiqmeba da ganidevneba. esec suicidis formaa, ufro sworad, es is viTarebaa, rodesac suicidi
ukve aRsrulebulad iTvleba.
bolos, reforma Cven imisTvis gvWirdeba, rom Cven gadavrCeT, swored rom Cven – is xalxi, romelsac uSvia precedentebi rogorc traibaluri hermetulobisagan, ise snoburi
TviTuaryofisagan _ Tavisuflebisa da swored am bednier momentebSi warmdgara samyaros winaSe, rogorc Rirseuli da
mniSvnelovani. erTia sazogadoebis istoriuli adaptaciis
amocana da sxvaa mcdeloba, rom es sazogadoeba saswrafod
iqnas moqceuli misTvis araadeqvatur da ucxo formebSi. es
aris Zalian frTxilad gasavleli gza, romelzec erTnairad
unda gadailaxos konservatizmica da snoburi kulturuli nihilizmic.
Tuki raime unda daangrios ganaTlebis reformam, pirvel
rigSi, es unda iyos is konservatizmi, romelic sabWoTa wlebis ganmavlobaSi CvenTvis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza iyo,
dRes ki Cvenve gvborkavs. amocana unda iyos ara kulturis
xelyofa, aramed im kvazikulturuli formebisa, romlebiTac aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi samyaros viyaviT morgebulebi, nacional-utopiuri sizmrebisa da fantaziebis im sistemisa, romelic maSin xsna iyo CvenTvis, radgan sxvagvarad ver
gavuZlebdiT istoriul wnexs, dRes ki Cvenive Zalebis paralizebas axdens.
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amasTan, cxadia, ar unda davuSvaT, rom qarTuli ganaTlebis sistema imdenad daicalos centraluri qarTuli paradigmebisagan, rom igi moemsaxuros ara Cveni istoriuli adaptaciis process, ara imas, rom Cven Rirseuli Tanamonawileebi
gavxdeT erTiani kacobriuli cxovrebisa, aramed imas, rom saswrafod davemsgavsoT Sveds, amerikels, norvegiels, mokled,
dasavlelis im abstraqtul xatebas, romelic bunebaSi arsad
ar arsebobs da Tuki arsebobs, ubedurebaa.
ganaTlebis problema kulturuli lingvistikis problemaa. ganaTlebis reformam unda uzrunvelyos, rom Cvenma momavalma Taobam imave enaze imetyvelos, ra enazec metyvelebs
mTeli samyaro, magram unda imetyvelos, rogorc sakuTari
kulturis Svilma da ara rogorc anonimurma da ufesvebo
arsebam.
vfiqrob, nacionalizmi ganaTlebaSi dRes swored amas unda
niSnavdes.
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zaza SaTiriSvili
universitetis idea: ori paradigma
nacionaluri universiteti evropaSi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi Cndeba (simbolur TariRad 1810 wels berlinis universitetis dafuZneba SeiZleba miviCnioT). nacionaluri universiteti gulisxmobs nacionaluri kulturisa da nacionaluri ganaTlebis konceptebs. nacionaluri kultura saeklesio kanonis mibaZviT qmnis sakuTar nacionalur kanons, romelic wmindanTa nacvlad nacionalur gmirebs, nacionalur mwerlebs, xelovnebis warmomadgenlebs, filosofosebsa da xandaxan “nacionalur” wmindanebsac ki moicavs (magaliTisaTvis, ioana
arkeli _ Jana d’arki).
nacionaluri kanonis centrs, ZiriTadad, literatura da
filosofia ayalibebs. kerZod, XIX saukunis germaniaSi kanonis centri filosofia iyo, xolo inglisSi _ literatura.
nacionaluri kulturis am Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare,
inglisuri universitetis koncefcia literatorma meTiu
arnoldma gansazRvra, xolo germanulisa _ enaTmecnierma
da filosofosma vilhelm fon humboldtma. aqedan _ XIX saukunis universitetis ori tipi: ufro filosofiaze orientirebuli _ germanuli da ufro literaturacentruli _
inglisuri (ix.: bil ridingsis monografia universiteti nangrevebSi).
nacionaluri universiteti im adgils warmoadgens, sadac
codna gadaicema _ codna am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs nacionaluri kanonis Seswavlas, garkveulwilad, mis formirebas, translaciasa da revizias. universitetis nacionaluri tipi II
msoflio omamde, faqtobrivad, ualternativoa. II msoflio
omis dasrulebis Semdeg, XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolomde,
nacionaluri universitetis idea seriozul krizisSia. am krizisis kulminacias 1968-74 wlebis “studenturi revoluciebi” warmoadgens. krizisi mTavrdeba universitetis axali tipis gamokveTiT, romelsac SeiZleba postnacionaluri universiteti vuwodoT. dRes, XXI saukunis damdegisaTvis, universitetis es tipi, faqtobrivad, sabolood Camoyalibda.
ra gansxvavebaa nacionalursa da postnacionalur univer167
zaza SaTiriSvili
sitetebs Soris? upirveles yovlisa, raRa Tqma unda, is, rom
axal universitetSi nacionaluri kanoni, faqtobrivad, aRar
arsebobs (magaliTisaTvis, anglo-amerikul da germanul universitetebSi, Tumca jer-jerobiT narCundeba safrangeTSi.
ix. amis Sesaxeb: jeison diuelis sayuradRebo statia: literaturis gansazRvreba). aqedan gamomdinare, codnis statusi
gaugebari, xolo misi gadacema _ sul ufro da ufro problemuri xdeba. nacionaluri kanonis radikalurma reviziam,
ufro zustad, misma moSlam humanitarul mecnierebaTa marginalizacia gamoiwvia, xolo literaturul kvleva-ZiebaTa
veli imdenad gaidRabna, rom TiTqmis yvela da yvelaferi moicva. filologia privilegirebuli mecnierebidan meorexarisxovan disciplinad iqca, xolo istoriam kvlevis pirdapiri obieqti dakarga.
magram postnacionaluri universitetis mTavari niSani mainc isaa, rom misi funqcia ukve aRar aris “ganaTlebuli adamianis” formireba, dRes universiteti gvawvdis ara ganaTlebul, aramed “unar-Cvevebis mqone” individs, romelsac ZaluZs
sabazro koniunqturis gamocnoba. aq mTavari is rodia, rom
“codna” warmoadgens “produqts,” romelic kargad unda gaiyidos _ mTavari produqti ukve Tavad adamiania. swored is
unda gaiyidos warmatebulad da ama Tu im universitetis brendad iqces.
nacionaluri universiteti “ganaTlebuli adamianis” formirebiT iyo dakavebuli. ganaTlebuli adamiani ki isaa, vinc
icis nacionaluri kultura da am kulturis saTaveebi _ misi
antikuri da qristianuli wyaroebi. “ganaTlebulma adamianma” icis sakuTari kulturis genezisi da struqtura. rac Seexeba “unar-Cvevebis mqone adamians”, man icis rogor “miawodos”
sakuTari Tavi damqiravebels. mas aqvs ara imdenad erudicia,
ramdenadac “kritikuli azrovneba” _ “kritikuli azrovneba”
niSnavs ara imdenad sakuTriv “azrovnebas”, ramdenadac garkveuli sakiTxebisadmi (magaliTad, raRac faqtebisadmi) Camoyalibebul damokidebulebas an am damokidebulebis adeqvaturad Camoyalibebis unars.
imisaTvis, raTa Cveni saubari metismetad abstraqtuli ar
aRmoCndes, moviyvan or magaliTs, ufro zustad, erTmaneTs
Sevadareb literaturis or mkvlevars _ ernst robert kurciussa (1886-1956, bonis universitetis romanuli filologiis kaTedris xelZRvaneli) da eduard saids (1935-2003, kolumbiis universitetis inglisuri literaturisa da Sedare168
biTi literaturaTmcodneobis departamentis profesori),
rogorc ori gansxvavebuli episetemes warmomadgenelsa da
reprezentators.
upirveles yovlisa, daviwyeb imiT, Tu ratom aris es analogia legitimuri. orive maTganma moRvaweoba daiwyo, rogorc
konkretuli literaturis specialistma _ kurciusi romanisti iyo, kerZod, franguli literaturis specialisti, xolo
saidi _ anglisti. orivem saxeli, ZiriTadad, erTi wigniT gaiTqva _ kurciusis SemTxvevaSi es iyo evropuli literatura da laTinuri saSualo saukuneebi (1948w.), xolo saidis
SemTxvevaSi _ orientalizmi (1978w.). Tav-TavianT opus magnumSi orive gacda kvlevis sakuTar specialur vels _ romanistfilologTan erTad kurciusi mogvevlina rogorc klasikosi-filologi, medievisti da germanisti, xolo saidi _ ar
oden rogorc anglisti, aramed rogorc romanisti, orientalisti da filologiis istorikosi. amave dros, orive monografia kulturisa da ideebis istoriasac moicavs.
magram swored amgvar fonze kontrasti kidev ufro sagrZnobia _ kurciusis mizani germanuli literaturisa da nacionaluri kulturis konteqstis Cvenebaa. es konteqsti ki
evropuli literaturaa, romelic SeuZlebelia gavigoT laTinuri saSualo saukuneebis gareSe. maSasadame, mocemuli naSromi nacionaluri kulturis genezisisa da struqturis kvlevis magaliTia. magram kidev ufro mniSvnelovani im literaturuli da kulturuli tradiciis uwyvetobis Cvenebaa, romelic antikurobidan iRebs saTaves. swored am tradiciaSi moiazrebs kurciusi sakuTar nacionalur kulturasa da literaturas. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom wigni eZRvneba abi varburgs (gustav greberTan erTad), romlis saxelganTqmuli
institutisa da biblioTekis mizani swored evropuli kulturuli tradiciis uwyvetobis Cveneba da misi kvleva-Zieba iyo
(abi varburgTan erTad unda davasaxeloT “varburgis skolisa” da varburgis institutis iseTi warmomadgnlebi, rogorebic iyvnen ervin panofski, fric zaqsli, ernst gombrixi da
sxv.). aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom kurciusis monografia, garkveulwilad, iyo pasuxi im “axlo” konteqstze, romelSic mkvlevars cxovreba da moRvaweoba uxdeboda _ man
wignze muSaoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisa da ganaTlebis Sesabamisi reformebis Semdeg daiwyo.
eduard saidis monografiis mizani principulad gansxvavebulia. wigni mimarTulia evropuli orientalisturi discip169
zaza SaTiriSvili
linisa (Tu disciplinaTa mTeli kompleqsis) da orientalizmis, rogorc ideologiis winaaRmdeg. mecnieris azriT, orientalizmi arabuli samyaros mimarT imave rols asrulebs, rasac antisemitizmi _ ebraelTa mimarT. sayuradRebo isaa, rom
saidis kritikisa da “dekonstruqciis” obieqti aRmosavleTmcodneoba da “aRmosavluri filologiaa”, romelic, misTvis
sxva araferia, Tu ara dasavluri imperializmis gamoxatuleba _ filologebi da kolonizatorebi erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. mkvlevari cdilobs, aCvenos orientalizmis, rogorc konceptisa da disciplinis aRmniSvneli terminis, represiuli Sinaarsi, romelic malavs “dasavleli adamianis” upiratesobas. amasTan erTad, monografiis mizani imis
Cvenebacaa, rom ar arsebobs neitraluri filologia, rom,
erTi SexedviT, sruliad “uvnebeli” akademiuri muSaoba politikur angaJirebulobasa da represias malavs. magram, albaT,
yvelaze ufro simptomuri saidis naazrevSi teqstologiisa
da filologiis, agreTve aRmosavluri enebis codnis mniSvnelobis Zalian dabali Sefasebaa. rogorc ingliseli aRmosavleTmcodne bernard luisi aRniSnavs (ix. misi naSromi: islami
da dasavleTi, Tavi VI _ “aRmosavleTmcodneobis problemebi”, romelic saidis mosazrebaTa profesiulad momakvdinebel
kritikas Seicavs), “teqstologiisa da filologiis amgvarma
kritikam pirvel rigSi isini Seaguliana da daaimeda, visac surda kariera aRmosavleTis SeswavliT Seeqmna, magram ver SeZlo an ar surda aRmosavlur enaTa Seswavla maTi sirTulis
gamo”.
magram saidis monagrafiis mTavari paTosi esaa _ resentimenti-amboxi evropuli kulturisa da tradiciis winaaRmdeg.
Tavis momdevno wignebSi (samyaro, teqsti, kritikosi, kultura da imperializmi) is Seufaravad adanaSaulebs evropel
filologebsa da literaturaTmcodneebs (ZiriTadad, germanuli filologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebs) erix auerbaxsa Tu leo Spitcers, ernst robert kurciussa Tu karl foslers evropocentrizmsa da imperializmSi, rom maT ierarqiulad moawyves SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis kvlevaTa veli, sadac centraluri pozicia “romanul samyarosa” da
dantes ukavia.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamomwvev mizezebze saubari
Sors wagviyvanda, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: kurciusisa da saidis midgomaTa Soris arsebuli
ufskruli sulac ar aris am mkvlevarTa individualur gan170
sxvavebaTa Sedegi _ sxva “paraleluri biografiebis” SemTxvevaSic kontrasti analogiuri iqneboda (magaliTisaTvis, auerbaxi da stiven grinblati, Spitceri da jefri hartmani, kete
hamburgeri da homi baba).
saqme isaa, Cvens winaSea humanitarul epistemeTa mkveTri
(“revoluciuri”) cvla _ XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos gamoikveTa is, rac, sabolood, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi gaformda axali postnacionaluri da postkulturuli epistemes saxiT (unda aRiniSos, rom am epistemes CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli miSel fukom, Jak deridam, Jan-fransua liotarma,
pol de manma da sxv. iTamaSes). rogorc igive bernard luisi
SeniSnavs, am epistemes ZiriTadi dogmebi Semdegia: “ar arsebobs erTi WeSmariteba (xolo Tu arsebobs, is mainc miuRwevelia), ar arsebobs neitraluri codna _ nebismieri codna tendenciuria, xolo nebismieri diskursi sxvadasxva ZalTa urTierTmimarTebebis Sedegs warmoadgens. faqtobrivi sizuste sulac araa mniSvnelovani, mniSvnelovani oden mimarTebaa _ anu
mkvlevaris motivebi da mizani _ Tu ra mimarTeba aqvs codnasTan mas, vinc codnas iyenebs”.
Tanamedrove sauniversiteto sivrce swored am SexedulebaTa ganxorcielebis adgilia.
171
marina kandelaki
rituali da aRzrda qarTvel mTielTa
tradiciul yofaSi
qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul sazogadoebaSi bavSvis
aRzrdas prioritetuli adgili ekava. aRzrda, anu yvela is garegani gavlena, rac dabadebis Semdeg emateba individis Tandayolil bunebas, mTlianad saojaxo garemocviT iyo ganpirobebuli. memkvidreobiTi da SeZenili, biologiuri da socialuri, Tandayolili da Seswavlili, anu opozicia: bunebaaRzrda _ universaluria adamianTa modgmisTvis. tradiciaze dafuZnebul socialur garemoSi xsenebuli antiTezis
uricxv elements Soris mTis regionis tradiciul yofaSi
aRzrdisaTvis gankuTvnili saSualebebi TvalSisacemi TaviseburebebiT iyo aRbeWdili. es Taviseburebebi ganpirobebuli
iyo mTielTa faseulobiTi kriteriumebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb
qvemoT vilaparakebT.
vecdebi, konkretuli eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze
vaCveno saqarTvelos mTiani kuTxeebis (svaneTi, xevsureTi,
fSavi, TuSeTi, mTiuleTi) magaliTze ritualis roli da mniSvneloba axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdaSi. minda, warmovaCino mTielTa mier ritualis vizualurad aRqmis Sinaarsi, romelic Cadebulia Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemadi ritualuri qmedebebis
bunebaSi. Cven visaubrebT aRzrdis erT konkretul aspeqtze:
bavSvobis asakidan vizualurad gacnobierebis aprobirebul
meTodze, romelic gansakuTrebiT qmediTia zepir gadmocemebsa da simboloebiT gaJRenTil tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. XX
s. I meoTxedis CaTvliT, amgvari ritualuri qmedebebiT iyo
gamsWvaluli saqarTvelos mTian regionSi moqmedi yvela sasicocxlo socialur-religiuri ujredi: ojaxi, teritorialuri Temi, xevi. cnobilia, rom yvela ojaxis mcirewlovani da
siyrmiseuli asakis bavSvi uSualod monawiloebda religiursadResaswaulo ceremonialebSi. amgvari monawileoba gansazRvravda mTis kuTxeebisTvis damaxasiaTebel Sromis SezRudvebsac, rogorc asakobrivi, aseve sqesobrivi principiT: kaci
(agreTve vaJi) kacebis saqmes asrulebda, qali (aseve gogona) –
qalisas. yovelive amas bavSvi imTaviTve iTvisebda da zRvar172
gadaucileblad asrulebda Tavis saqmes mTis mkacr bunebriv
pirobebSi. mTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo cxovrebis mSvidi,
reglamentirebuli da ganmeorebadi ritmi, rasac mTlianobaSi mTielTa cxovrebis wesic ganapirobebda: mcire dasaxlebebi, mcire soflebis urTierToba, mcire miwianoba da mravali
sanadiro adgili, patara sakarmidamo bostnebi, sarCo-sanovagis mopovebis sirTuleebi. yovelive es mTielTa awyobili,
mowesrigebuli cxovrebis safuZveli iyo, romelsac arRvevda xolme soflad Tu mis gareT momxdari araordinaluri ambebi (gardacvaleba, qorwili, vaJis dabadeba, mkvleloba, mezobeli kavkasieli tomebis xSiri mtacebluri Tavdasxmebi da
sxva) da mTielebs mSvidi cxovrebis kalapotidan agdebda. maTi
ojaxebi aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis mudmiv mzadyofnaSi iyvnen.
araordinaruli SemTxveva, soflad an mis gareT momxdari,
umal vrceldeboda da misi gadamowmeba azrad aravis mosdioda: saqarTvelos mTisTvis ucxo iyo tyuilis an Woris gavrceleba; ndoba mTielTa tradiciuli yofis gamokveTili Tviseba iyo. axalgazrda mTielebi bavSvobidan iTvisebdnen stumarmaspinZlobis uryev tradicias. mTielisTvis, rogori gaWirvebulic ar unda yofiliyo, stumari mudam RvTisa iyo. Ramis
gaTeva, stumris gamaspinZleba, saukeTeso sasmelis mirTmeva
– rac ki ram moipoveboda saxlSi, yvelafers stumars miarTmevdnen xolme. Semdeg mas aucileblad soflis bolomde miacilebdnen. maspinZlis ojaxis sapatio da aucilebeli movaleoba iyo, sapasuxo vizitiT swveoda Tavis stumars.
gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebi kavkasieli tomebis mxridan da,
amis sapirispirod, maTTan keTilmezobluri urTierToba araerTi gadmocemis (andrezis) safuZveli gaxda. zepirgadmocemis nimuSebs sistematurad mouTxrobdnen axalgazrdebs. es
iyo mTis istoriis siRrmiseuli gakveTilebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen axalgazrdebis aRzrdis, maTi suliskveTebis Camoyalibebis ZiriTad stimuls. sisxl-mesisxleobis myari tradicia, romlis rTul rituals mTieli axalgazrda yrmobidanve ecnoboda, masSi ayalibebda da SemdgomSi moqmedebaSi mohyavda Seuryeveli mcneba: „sisxli sisxlisa wil“, rac misi cxovrebiseuli moralisa da rwmenis, samarTlianobisa da usamarTlobis princips warmoadgenda.
mTielTa gmiruli istoriuli warsulis Sesaxeb mravali monaTxrobi, mama-papaTagan zepirad Tqmuli gmiruli legenda Tu
xalxuri leqsi axalgazrdebSi ganamtkicebda Tavisi kuTxisadmi did siyvarulsa da misadmi uRalatobas. magaliTad, XX s. 50173
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iani wlebamde, 3-4 Taobis retrospeqtivaSi, ver davafiqsire
mTis mZime pirobebidan barSi sacxovreblad nebayoflobiT Camosaxlebis SemTxveva. amgvari suliskveTebiT izrdeboda mTielTa axalgazrdoba XX s.-is 60-ian wlebamde, roca moxda mTis
iZulebiTi dacarieleba, da, samwuxarod, mTiani regionis mosaxleobis sruli transformacia.
davubrundeT Cvens Temas: ritualis mniSvnelobas mTielTa axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdisa da misi ganswavlis saqmeSi.
Tema vrcelia, amitom mxolod ramdenime magaliTze SevaCereb
yuradRebas.
I magaliTi aris svanTa yofidan. is Seexeba svanebSi gavrcelebul ritualur wess, romelic ojaxSi sruldeboda. mas XX
s. damdegsac ar hqonda dakarguli Tavisi azri da mniSvneloba. is CvenTvis cnobili gaxda svanebis tradiculi yofis TviTmxilvelis, ali daviTianis xelnawerebidan, romlebic iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis xelnawerTa arqivSia daculi. maTi gamocema, samwuxarod, dRemde
ver moxerxda. masala XX s. 30-ian wlebSia Cawerili.
saqme exeba svanebis tradiciul yofaSi Semonaxul luxor/
lexor wess. sityva momdinareobs „xor“ Ziridan, rac svanurad
Sesawiravebisa da Semwirvelebis erTianobas aRniSnavs. amjerad xergianebis luxorze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.
moqmedeba xdeba laxamulas TemSi, romelic XX saukunis damdegisaTvis ori soflisgan Sedgeboda da 120 komls aWarbebda. laxamulas xevs ekava enguris xeobis monakveTi, gaukacrielebuli da tyed qceuli. xeobas mihyveboda biliki, romelic
samegrelos ukavSirdeboda, am gzaze dadiodnen laxamulelni da zurgiT tvirTi gadahqondaT. xSirad maT Tavs esxmodnen
gareuli Rorebi, eSvebiT uxevdnen tomrebs, siminds ayrevidnebdnen da mgzavrebis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnidnen. aRniSnul fonze mimdinare ambebis mTavari moqmedi piri iyo xergiani, laxamulaSi ganTqmuli tvirTmzidavi. is uSvilo iyo da
ojaxs sxva muSa-xeli, garda Tavad col-qmrisa, ara hyolia. miuxedvad amisa, xergians momWirne meuRlis, Tamrulis daxmarebiT, ojaxi mainc gamarTuli hqonda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
xergians asze meti tvirTi gadautania laxamulidan ori dRis
savalze or-or marCilad (XIX s. svanuri fulis erTeuli). colqmars es marCilebi Senaxuli hqoniaT „didi luxoris“ gadasaxdelad, raTa saaqaos „qonebiani“ cxovreba saiqioSi ganegrZoT.
es imedi efuZneboda svanebSi mkvidrad moarul rwmenas, rom
saaqaoSi yofnis dros SesaZlebelia qonebis saiqioSi „gadata174
na“. amis aRsrulebisTvis saWiro iyo luxoris wesis Sesruleba zeimiT, RvTaebisadmi xarebis SewirviT da wesis amgebis saxelze maTi kurTxeviT saluxoro sufraze. sanacvlod maspinZeli yvelas unda daeloca. xergiani am wess sakuTari neba-surviliT asrulebda, amitom mas „salxino luxori“ ewodeboda.
xolo Tu luxors avadmyofis mosarCenad marTavdnen, mas „iZulebiT gadaxdils“ uwodebdnen. amjerad xergianebis Sesaxeb
vsaubrobT da saqme pirveli tipis rituals exeba. saluxoro
puri, arayi, yveli calcalke hqondaT momaragebuli. meluxore ojaxi Sesawirav xarebs ialaRebze asuqebda, maTi moparvis
ar eSinoda: qurdi maT RvTaebaTa SiSiT ver gaekareboda. xalxs
Rrmad swamda, rom wm. giorgi mparavs sagangebod dasjida saSviliSvilod Sesaxelebuli (e.i. vinmes saxelze Sesawiri) xarebis SexebisaTvis. svanTa rwmenis Tanaxmad, RvTaebaTa saxelze
Sewiruli xarebis xorci samzeoSi myofTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, xolo saiqioSi isini am SemTxvevaSi kvlav xergians da mis
meuRles xorcSesxmulni daxvdebodnen. es idea Seuryevlad
qmediTi iyo yvela meluxorisTvis. ase gaTendeboda xergianis
luxoris gadaxdis dRec. samzadisi, romelSic monawileobda
sanaTesao-samezoblo Tu saTemo-saxevo garemocva, sqesis, asakis, socialuri Tu ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganurCevlad,
srul mzadyofnaSi xvdeboda rituals. sakurTxs kaloSi
awyobdnen. xarebis marxilebze gawyobil gamxmar da gaWimul
tyavebze dadebdnen gamomcxvar purebs, godrebiT dgamdnen
moxarSul xorcs, puris sacxobi gobebiT _ yvels, agreTve,
godrebiT _ moxarSul Sekmazul lobios. sakurTxs miusxdebodnen xergiani meuRliTurT, orive SeZlebisdagvarad morTul-mokazmulni. saluxoro sufrasTan oTxi wyvili col-qmari ijda: xergiani coliTurT da kidev sami wyvili, ojaxis wevri. Sewiruli iyo rva xari oTx col-qmarze da erTic wm. giorgis saxelze. iqve rig-rigad ewyo am cxra xaris Tavi da rqebze
wyvil-wyvili sanTeli enTo. saluxoro sufras araferi aklda,
fulic ewyo, ganZeul-samkaulic. xergians Tavisi mooqrovili Tofi mkerdTan hqonda midebuli. bapis (soflis mRvdlis)
mier sufris kurTxevis Semdeg wveulebma col-qmars miuloces bednieri dRe. bevrma svanma inatra maTi bedi _ saiqioSi
rva xaris yola, Tumca im dRes bevri col-qmari eria, romlebsac or-samjer hqonda luxori gadaxdili da maTi Rrma rwmeniT, maT meti xaric hyavdaT saiqioSi. sufra savse iyo sanovagiT, bevri vaSli ewyo, TiTo vaSlSi TiTo marCili (vercxlis
fuli) eso. es marCilebi xergianma laxamuladan yvahamde tvir175
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Tis CatanaSi miiRo. sakurTxis kurTxevis Semdeg vercxliani
vaSlebi xalxSi gadayares da yvelam, bavSvebis CaTvliT, ixelTa, ramdenic SeeZlo. ase mZime tvirTis zidviT mopovebuli
fuli vaSlebs gadaayoles, xalxSi gaabnies, xergiani ki daimedebuli darCa saiqioSi damSvidebuli momavliT. Semdeg man
tradiciuli sasmisi dadga ramdenime adgilas, Ria cis qveS. aq
grZel sufraze aryiT savse gobebi idga, moxarSul verZs oxSivari asdioda da ferdSi dana eso, gverdiT ewyo daWrili puri.
dalevas mowadinebuli gobTan midioda, Tu is „wver-ulvaSiani iyo“, mas gaisworebda, xelebs zurgze daiwyobda, gobs daewafeboda, nebismierad mosvamda, Semdeg xorcis lukmas moiTlida, purs miatanda da sufras gaecleboda, raTa sxvebisTvis
daeTmo adgili. roca wveulTa dajdoma moTavdeboda, mepureni (aucileblad mamakacebi) dawnuli sakidlebiT purs moitandnen, xolo dedakacebi TiTo kacze or-or purs dasdebdnen. mepureebs „meRerRileebi“ mohyvebodnen. isini samni
iyvnen, or maTgans sacxobi gobi ekava, mesame ki mozelil da
Sekmazul lobios an cercvs iRebda peSviT da moxdenilad debda meinaxeTa purebze. meRerRileebs mosdevdnen meyveleebi,
Semdeg – mexorceni, erT maTgans mokle Samfurze acmuli moxarSuli xorciT savse sakideli ekava, meore kaci mwvadebs arigebda, TiTo meinaxeze TiTos. wesis Tanaxmad, xarebis Sewirvis dRes gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo, romeli xarisgan
gaecaT nedli mwvadebi soflis bavSvebisTvis. yvelaferi zustad iyo gaTvlili. mexorceebs meTafleni anu mesarajeni mohyvebodnen da TiToeul meinaxeze savse gobidan TiTo Rrma
kovz gawurul Tafls an oTxkuTxad daWril fiWiani sarajis
naWrebs Camoarigebdnen. saluxoro sufris TavSi mjdomi moxuci didi TasiT locavda xergians da mis ojaxs, is SesTxovda
svanTa RmerTebs col-qmris saaqaoSi bednier cxovrebas da saiqioSi Sewiruli xarebis balnamde, puris lukmamde da aryis
wveTamde SemwirvelTa sulis sasargeblod gamodgomas. amis
Semdeg sufris Tavi gamoacxadebda maspinZlis Txovnas: eWamaT,
esvaT da moelxinaT. misi dalocva ase sruldeboda: „kargo
xevo da xevs gareSeno, vinc gaaxareT xergianis ojaxi, mSvidoba da bedniereba mogcemodeT. ojaxi rom gaaxareT, gagaxaroT
svaneTis RmerTebma da Tu vinmes gulSi xinji aqvs sxvis mimarT,
dRes daiviwyos da mtrobis gadaxda SemdgomisTvis gadasdos“.
sufraze sma-Wamis araviTari daZaleba ar yofila. yoveli damswreTagani aucileblad Sesvamda da gverdiT myofs daulocavda aryian sasmiss. soflis qalebs godrebiT mihqondaT ra176
ime mizezis gamo iq armyofi Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis ulufa,
agreTve axalgardacvlilTa da mgzavrobaSi myof mamakacTa
ulufa. arays boTlebiT anawilebdnen. gacema savaldebulo
iyo, am valdebulebas tradicia edga sadarajoze. luxoris gadamxdeli col-qmari Camoivlida wveulTa rigebs, kaci – kacebisas, qali – qalTa mwkrivs da isini erTianad sTxovdnen eWamaT da esvaT. Txovna gulwrfeli iyo: saiqio ambavi xdeboda
da col-qmari darwmunebuli iyo, rom ojaxis es mZime danaxarji mas imqveynad gamoadgeboda da Sewiruli ar daikargeboda.
TanmimdevrobiT gavyveT rituals. wesisamebr, wm. giorgisadmi himns aRavlendnen, oTxjer Camoayolebdnen arays da mexuTe Semovlaze Taflnarev Rvinos (rangs) gamoitandnen. is metad saamo iyo qalebisa da bavSvebisTvis. Rvinis Camomsxmelebi (mewdeebi) sajarod gamoacxadebdnen, rom rangs manzaviani
(Taflis Wiri, anu uvargisi Tafli) ar eria. (am detals yuradReba imitom eqceoda, rom adre Catarebul luxorSi aRmoCnda SecdomiT Sereuli Tafli, ris Sedegadac, xalxis motyuebis gamo, xevma Taflis gamyidveli Serisxa). es faqti sajarod
iqna gacxadebuli xergianis luxorSi, rogorc erTgvari profilaqtikuri zoma. luxorSi saWmel-sasmelis siuxve xevs ar
ukvirda. es mama-papaTagan momdinare wesi iyo. gvian saRamos
xalxi daSlas iwyebda, ojaxi axlac wess ar arRvevda: oTx sasmis arays daikavebda oTx gasasvlel adgilas da yovel wamsvlels arayze epatiJeboda. maspinZeli moxaruli rCeboda,
rom stumars saiqioSi cxovreba dautkbeboda. mogvianebiT igive stumari maspinZlad dauxvdeboda dRevandel maspinZels.
xergianis luxors ara marto misi soflis, aramed mTeli xevis
mosaxleoba daeswro da xarebis xorcis danawilebis moziare
gaxda. Sewiruli xarebis nawili sofels ergo, Signeuloba da
muclis qoni ojaxebSi ganawilda, mwvadebi soflis bavSvebsa
da orsul qalebs argunes. Sewiruli xarebis Tavebis wiliT
maxloblebi asargebles. wmida giorgis saxelze gapirovnebuli xaris Signeuloba (faS-nawlavi) danarCeni xarebis Signeulobisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gacemula: puris cxobisas is ojaxSi moxarSes da cxobaSi damxmareebsac uwilades saojaxo purobis dros.
amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli luxoris rituali wm. giorgis
saxels ukavSirdeboda. ritualis daniSnuleba ojaxisTvis svaneTis xev-soflisagan dalocva iyo. amitom salaRobo luxors
ojaxi didi zar-zeimiT ixdida, xarebis did ricxvs swiravda
saxelis mosaxveWad Temsa Tu xevSi. svaneTSi msgavsi sazeimo
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luxori ori axsovT. erTi Sedga balszemo mulaxSi, qurdianebis ojaxSi, sadac 23 xari SeuwiravT, meore ki, viblianebis
ojaxSi, sadac 25 xari Seswires da oriT meti dakles ojaxis
meti saxelisaTvis. luxoris ceremonialSi mTeli sazogadoeba erTad monawileobda, rogorc ufrosi, ise saSualo da
umcrosi Taoba. yvelasTvis gacxadebuli iyo ritualis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli: dagrovili qonebis gaxarjva da sazogadoebaSi prestiJis, saxelis mopoveba.
sisrulisTvis aRvniSnav, rom saluxoro xarebis ricxvi xuTidan iwyeboda, naklebis Sewirvas luxors ar uwodebdnen. rva
xaridan dawyebuli da metis Sewirva ufro salaRobo-salxino
luxorze icodnen (zemoT moyvanili magaliTi). luxoris
wyvil-wyvili xarebi ufro col-qmars gulisxmobdnen, kenti
xari ki saRvTod iyo miCneuli da misi Sewirva mxolod RmerTebis, umTavresad patron-RmerTebis saxels ukavSirdeboda.
luxoris gadamxdeli imden wyvil xars Seswiravda xolme, ramdeni wyvili col-qmaric iyo. aRTqmulis Sesrulebas win veraferi daudgeboda. swamdaT, rom Seusruleblobas arc ojaxi, arc Tem-sofeli Tu xevi apatiebda, Tumca Tavad aRTqma bolomde nebayoflobiTi iyo. Sesawiravi xaris asakis umdablesi zRvari oTxi wliT ganisazRvreboda.
zemoT luxoris meore variantic, anu „iZulebiTi luxoric“
vaxsene. Txrobis sisrulisTvis davumateb, rom xarebis Sesaxelebas aqac kurTxeva mosdevda. mas bapi imaT saxelze atarebda, visi Sesaxelebulic iyvnen Sesawiri xarebi.
colis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi cocxlad myof
meuRles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli ekava, meore xeli ki xaris
rqaze edo, vidre mRdeli locvas daasrulebda. am ceremoniis dros, meluxores Tu raime ganZi gaaCnda, imiT morTul-mokazmuli unda mdgariyo. xSirad iyo, rom meluxore qalebi am
mizniT samkauls iTxovdnen kidec. ritualis Catarebis dRes,
wesisamebr, oqtombris pirvel kvira dRes miiCnevdnen, mas laxoris mzis dRes uwodebdnen, is mTvaris ganaxlebas ukavSirdeboda. utilitaruli momentic did rols asrulebda: xarebis Sewirvas Semodgomaze amjobinebdnen, rom „xorci ar damWlevdeso“. soflis mamakacoba, luxoris ritualis Catarebamde ramdenime dRiT adre Tavs iyrida romelime ojaxSi. xarebs
TiTo Wiqa aryiT daaTrobdnen xolme da erTbaSad moakvdinebdnen. mxolod saRvTod Sesawiri xari saritualod daTqmul
dRes unda daeklaT. Tavdapirvelad qons amoiRebdnen, faSvnawlavs iqve mdgom soflis qalebs Caabarebdnen gasarecxad.
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Signeuls mohyveboda filtvebisa da gul-RviZlis gamoReba.
filtvi ojaxis dedakacs eZleoda, RviZls ki naRvels moaSorebdnen da salocavisTvis sufTa adgilze Samfurze acmuls
dadebdnen. barkal-gverdebs amoiRebdnen da gavis CaRrmavebaSi dagubebul Tbil sisxls soflis axalgazrda vaJkacebi daewafebodnen.
axla Tavi movuyaroT yovelive zemoTqmuls da ganvsazRvroT, risi danaxva da aRqma SeeZlo Tundac am erT ritualSi monawile axalgazrdas, ra gamocdilebasa da codnas
iRebda is masSi uSualo monawileobiT an zepiri gadmocemis
mosmenis Sedegad.
luxoris kultis gadamxdelad calkeuli ojaxi iTvleboda, faqtobrivad ki mis Tanaziarad mTeli sofeli, xSirad xevi
gamodioda. svanTa ganmartebiT, calkeul sofels saerTo
xeli sWirdeboda rogorc lxinSi, ise WirSi. luxoris dRe mTeli xeobis dRed miiCneoda, mezobel-stumrebi didian-patarianad kultis Tanamonawileni xdebodnen, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda pirovnebis, ojaxis, soflisa da xevis urTierTkavSirs. aRniSnuli garemoeba TvalsaCinod aisaxeboda socialur simbolur aqtebSi, romlebic yvela tradiciul sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. Cvens konteqsSi mxedvelobaSi maqvs samsxverplo xarebis xorcis xevis yvela wevrze ganawileba-garigebis wesi. mowiled iTvleboda orive sqesisa da yvela asakis
warmomadgeneli, xolo vinc rituals raime mizeziT ver eswreboda, maTi kuTvnili wili saxlSi egzavnebodaT. albaT, droulia gavixsenoT mecnierulad dadgenili faqti: uZveles sazogadoebebSi sakuTrebisa da ganawilebis mTavar obieqts sakvebi warmoadgenda. swored sakvebis ganawilebis sferoSi iyo
SenarCunebuli ganawilebis yvelaze arqauli formebi. svaneTis tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, sadac qonebrivi uTanasworoba yvela momdinare SedegebiT saxezea, xalxuri tradiciebisa
da religiuri ritualebis doneze XIX s. damlevisa da XX s. dasawyisSi mniSvnelovanwilad arsebobas ganagrZobda ganawilebis gamaTanabrebeli normebi, sqesobriv-asakobrivi tradiciuli normebis mkacri pirobebis dacviT. Tqmuli ar niSnavs paralels arqaul samyarosTan. es aris svanTa yofaSi damowmebuli ganawilebis uZvelesi wesi, romelic samyaros xedvis
erTiani sistemis „materialuri Srea“. luxoris wesi, misi rituali Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT amJRavnebda calkeuli ojaxis samezoblosTan (soflis sxva ojaxebTan, xevTan) erTobisken mimarTul tendencias. rac Seexeba vizualur mxares, ker179
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Zod, xaris mokvdinebis ritualis saojaxo wamowyebis gadazrdas sasoflo-saxevo wesSi, agreTve saojaxo-sasoflo-saxevo trapezSi samsxverplo xarebis xorcis Tanabrad ganawilebis princips, yovelive es xazgasmiT aCvenebda damswreTagan
yvela Taobis warmomadgenels, rom mTis Zala erTobaSia. ase
eziarebodnen isini mTis erT-erT mTavar faseulobas.
erT arsebiT detals davakvirdeT: patron-uflis xari, romelic luxoris dRes mas ewireboda, mTeli luxoris saRvTo
Rirsebas uTanaswordeboda. misi gul-RviZli saydarSi an xevis samlocvelo adgilze mihqondaT da iq sazeimo viTarebaSi
soflis bapi swiravda mas meluxore ojaxis sasargeblod. es
ukanaskneli ki cdilobda, misi ojaxi bevrs daeloca. dasaxarji saxevod iyo momzadebuli. mezoblebi kultis Tanamonawileni xdebodnen, rac ojaxisa da xevis wevrTa erTobas ganamtkicebda.
ritualuri sufrisTvis samzadisi, romelic ramdenime
dRes grZeldeboda, sqesobrivi principiT xorcieldeboda.
puris cxoba mTlianad qalebs hqonda mindobili. am saqmeSi
maTi qaliSvilebic pataraobidanve monawilebdnen. yoveli saritualo puri calcalke iyo gaciebuli. asobiT puri ococad iyo dawyobili. TiTo kacisTvis or-ori iyo gankuTvnili. saerTo raodenoba xSirad aTass gacilebiT aRemateboda,
„rom ojaxs nakli ar ganecada da sircxvilSi ar Cavardniliyo“. oTx-xuT dReSi amdeni puris gamocxobas mravali xeli
sWirdeboda. xevis TvalSi es qalebis savaldebulo saqmed iyo
miCneuli. dasaxmareblad yvelas Tavisiani mohyavda.
mTavaria, rom sofeli yovelmxriv daumadleblad exmareboda ojaxs. roca saxevo mniSvnelobis dReebisaTvis calkeul ojaxs Tu pirovnebas ar Seswevda Zala yvelaferi TviTon
gaekeTebina, sxvisi daxmareba aucilebeli iyo. sxvac uSurvelad mzad iyo, daxmareba gaewia, an gadaexada, riTic iyo davalebuli an momavalSi iqneboda da Tavadac mezoblis daxmareba dasWirdeboda. amgvarad, SromiT anazRaurebuli Sromis valis (an avansis) ganaRdeba orive mxaris ganwyobas amagrebda.
yovelives xedavdnen axalgazrdebi, mTis faseulobaTa suliskveTebiT imsWvalebodnen da swavlobdnen, rom Zala
erTobaSia.
zemoT ganxilul socialur-religiur wess didi mniSvneloba hqonda mTielTa faseulobebis gansazRvrisaTvis. rwmenis Zalas Svilebs dabadebidanve unergavdnen. bavSvis rwmenis faqtors aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda. mTis
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binadar svanebs miwa ise cota hqondaT, rom wliuri sarCo ver
mohyavdaT, ramdenic ar unda emuSava mTels ojaxs. magram salocavs siRaribesTan araferi esaqmeboda. rasac salocavs
aRuTqvamdnen, upirobod unda SeesrulebinaT. svanis mentaliteti imTaviTve rwmeniT, salocavisadmi pativiscemiT,
msxverplSewirvis aucileblobiT iyo damuxtuli. ojaxis
srulad amowvetis SemTxvevaSi luxors aravin gadaixdida da
RvTaebis sarisxavic aravin rCeboda. XIX s. da XX s. damdegisaTvis svanTa yofaSi luxoris ritualSi monawileoba, masTan uSualod Sexeba Tu moxucebisgan mis Sesaxeb uamravi naambobis mosmena axalgazrdebSi qmnida myar safuZvels imisaTvis, rom maT ukeTesad gaecnobierebinaT sikvdilisadmi mTielTa damokidebuleba. sikvdili ki koleqtiuri cnobierebis
erT-erTi Zireuli parametria. is samyaros xedvis komponentia, romelic konkretuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi garkveul periodSi arsebobs. mTielis ritualuri aRzrdis saSualebiT axalgazrdas uadvildeboda adamianTa sicocxlisa da misi faseulobebis arsSi garkveva (Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis masalis kvlevaSi amgvari sakiTxebisadmi siRrmiseuli midgomiT safrangeTis „analebis“ skolis warmomadgenlebi gamoirCevian).
tradiciuli xalxuri mentalobis doneze aRqmuli faseulobebi exmareboda axalgazdobas, ukeTesad gaecnobierebina
winaparTa Sexeduleba simdidreze, mis dagrovebasa da daxarjvaze. luxoris ritualis Catareba moxveWili qonebis gaxarjvisa da saiqioSi misi gadatanis sawindari iyo. ritualis mTavar Semsruleblebs es moralur kmayofilebas aniWebda, radgan isini saiqio cxovrebisaTvis zrunavdnen. maT sarwmunod
miaCndaT sazogadoebis azri. luxoris ritualis damkvirvebels, damswresa Tu mis Sesaxeb monaTxrobis msmenels SesaZlebloba eZleoda, sikvdil-sicocxlisadmi xalxuri damokidebulebis ritualuri gamoxatulebis miRma misi Sinaarsi amoekiTxa. es sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis is sferoa, romelic gareSe TvalisaTvis xSirad bindiT aris moculi. mTavari mizani
ritualSi naTlad iyo ilustrirebuli. es iyo dagrovili qonebis sajarod gaxarjvis demonstrireba, rac aris „qonebis
daZvris“ nimuSi tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, anu qonebis dagroveba misi gaxarjvis mizniT. axalgazrdobisaTvis es isev da
isev iyo naTelyofa mTielTa sulieri principisa, romelic ase
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas: „vagroveb-vxarjav, raTa danagrovi
imqveynad mivitano“. niSandoblivi iyo isic, rom amgvari gan181
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wyobiT gamsWvaluli iyo rogorc mTis kvalobaze SeZlebuli,
ise masze materialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofili ojaxi.
mTiel axalgazrdebs mcirewlovani asakidan aCvevdnen da
vizualurad aCvenebdnen cxovrebisul problemebs, cdilobdnen, maTSi adamianuri Rirseba ganmtkicebuliyo da sazogadoebis TvalSi maTi prestiJi amaRlebuliyo. luxoris rituali swored aRniSnul konteqstSi unda iqnas gagebuli. mocemuli rituali Tavisi Zalian Rrma emociuri konteqstiT axalgazrdebisaTvis iyo sruliad konkretuli monaTxrobi mTielTa problemebis Sesaxeb, aseve, mowodeba sazogadoebaSi adamianuri Rirsebisa da prestiJis ganmtkicebisken.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samzeosa (amqveynis) da SaveTis (imqveynis) xalxur gagebaSi waSlilia zRvari tradiciuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenels Soris.
adamianis socialuri mdgomareoba da asaki, saqmianobis saxeoba Tu sulieri mdgomareoba, gansxvavebuli zneobrivi Tvisebebi – yovelive es gaTanabrebuli iyo sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli mentalobis TvalsazrisiT. sikvdili Cveulebriv
movlenad aRiqmeboda da SiSs ar iwvevda. is aRiqmeboda, rogorc bunebrivi gardauvaloba, rogorc sicocxle sikvdilis
Semdeg. sikvdili iyo gardacvaleba da ara ubedureba, is ar
gaiazreboda rogorc individualuri aqti: ritualur qmedebebSi gamosWvivis individis sociumTan uryevi kavSiri. mTielTa rwenis Tanaxmad, sikvdil-sicocxlis, samzeo-SaveTis
zRvari gardauval ufskruls ar warmoadgenda. sikvdilis mimarT mTielTa damokidebulebas gansazRvravda adamianTa suliskveTeba, suliereba, idea, da ara am sazogadoebis, misi Semadgeneli ojaxebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
sikvdilis winaSe Raribi Tu SeZlebuli erTnairad Tanaswori iyo. msgavsi damokidebuleba sikvdilisadmi axasiaTebda
adreuli Sua saukuneebis evropul yofas: sikvdili Cveulebriv, bunebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda da mas „moSinaurebul sikvdils“ uwodebdnen (f. ariesi).
svanur luxorSi Cans adamianebis Sinagani samyaro, maTi cnobierebis mimarTuleba. rituali imdenad STambeWdavi iyo, rom
yvela damswre misi Tanamonawile xdeboda. rituali mianiSnebs
sulier faseulobaTa udao prioritetze materialurTan mimarTebaSi. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ganxiluli
rituali, iseve rogorc araerTi sxva rituali, xalxuri gagebiT bednierebis momtani wesi iyo. am dros aucilebeli iyo, rom
yvela mowveuls maspinZlebi daeloca. xarebis mokvdineba da
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msxverplSewirvaSi maTi simravle meluxoris saxelis moxveWisaTvis gamiznuli qmedeba iyo, rac ojaxs saxelsac uxveWda.
axalgazrda svani xedavda da Seisisxlxorcebda im faqts,
rom ufrosi Taoba uyoymanod misdevda qoneba-simdidris (saqoneli, puri, arayi, lobio, aseve fuli da sxva) dagrovebas.
misdevda imitom, rom Seesrulebina rwmeniT STagonebuli da
ara iZulebiTi socialuri aqti. es mTielTa mentalitetis
arsebiTi momentia: tradicia mas qoneba-simdidris warmavalobasa da sazogadoebrivi prestiJis upiratesobas STaagonebda.
amitom iyo, rom umZimesi SromiT dagrovili materialuri
dovlaTi rwmenasa da sulier keTildReobas ewireboda. aseT
safasurad moixveWeboda saxeli da piradi avtoriteti sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris. xandazmuli svanebi amis Sesaxeb mouTxrobdnen da amas TvalnaTliv aCvenebdnen axalgazdebs,
aswavlidnen im udao WeSmaritebas, rom orientacia aRebuli
iyo saxelovan yofnaze saaqaoSi da aseve uzrunvelyofaze saiqio cxovrebaSi gardacvalebis Semdeg. amgvari rwmena Sesabamisi ritualiT aucileblad sajarod unda gacxadebuliyo
sociumis winaSe, sadac sulisTqma vizualurad iqneboda naTelyofili. swored am mizniT gaxarjavda mTieli Tavis, xSirad mware Sromis fasad mopovebul qonebas. mis ardaunjebasa
da sajarod daxarjvas warmarTavda mTielis gonebaSi Cabudebuli da tradiciiT Semagrebuli mZlavri impulsi da rwmena
imisa, rom „rasaca gascem, Senia“.
axalgazrda Taoba izdeboda da ganimsWvaleboda azriT,
rom mTielTa upirvelesi faseuloba moraluri xasiaTis Rirebulebaa, xolo simdidre, rogorc materialuri faseuloba, xSirad ukana planzea moqceuli da gaufasurebulia. unda
aRvniSnoT, rom yvela tradiciul sazogadoebSi faseulobaTa Skalaze swored xsenebuli kategoriebi pirveloben. am SemTxvevaSi qarTvel mTielebs Tavisi wvlili da originaloba SeaqvT saerTo sakacobrio kulturaSi.
simdidris, rogorc materialuri faseulobis, meore planze gadatanas mravali ram adasturebs. mTielTa TvalsazrisiT,
mdidari kaci nakleb sandoa, xolo „kargi xeli“ mdidarze
ufro Raribs gaaCnia. garda amisa, tradiciis Tanaxmad, „Zlieri“ da „mdidari“ araadekvaturi cnebebia. magaliTad, svaneTSi „Zlier gvarad“ asakovan mamakacTa simravliT gamorCeul
gvars moixseniebdnen, rogorc prioritetuls.
svanebis yofaSi damowmebuli luxoris ritualis analogiurad SeiZleba miviCnioT 1847 wliT daTariRebuli xelnawe183
marina kandelaki
ris monacemebi, romlebic TuSeTs Seexeba (Sedgenilia sof.
eniselis mRvdlis ir. eliosiZis mier, s.-peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis arqivis fondi, rus. enaze). analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs mTiuleTSic, sadac damowmebulia xalxuri gaazreba ganZisa (r. TofCiSvili, mTiuleTis eqsp. masalebi, 1982)
da misi miwaSi Caflva gamoyenebis gareSe, anu misi materialuri Rirebulebis gaufasureba, rac Taviseburad exmaureba luxorisTvis damaxasiaTebel qonebis dagroveba-gaxarjvis wess.
amgvarad, tradicia axalgazrdobas mTielTa yofaSi simdidris simbolur gagebas aswavlida. momavali Taoba am konteqstSi amoikiTxavda winaparTa cnobierebis, zneobis, rwmenis, Cveulebebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, yofiTi da sakraluri istoriis mniSvnelovan momentebs.
luxoris magaliTze Sevecade meCvenebina, Tu ra aRmzrdelobiTi muxtiT iyo datvirTuli xsenebuli rituali. is axalgazrdebs aswavlida mTielTa tradiciul kulturaSi orientacias da maT yuradRebas or urTierTdakavSirebul momentze amaxvilebda: es iyo, erTis mxriv, movlenis gamoxatuleba, misi vizualuri mxare, rasac luxoris ritualuri aspeqti
moicavda, xolo meores mxriv, luxoris Sinaarsi, romelic mis
mizanze _ imqveyniur keTildReobasa da amqveynad saxelis
moxveWaze mianiSnebda.
saerTo qarTuli kulturis mTuri gamovlinebaa RvTaebisadmi xaris Sewirvis sxvadasxva forma. aRniSnuli rituali
rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian regonSi sruldeboda da, rogorc wesi, saTemo-teritoriul iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. Sewirva upiratesad saTemo salocavebisTvis xdeboda sasoflo Tu saTemo Tavyrilobebis dros.
xari, rogorc wesi, im salocavebs ewireboda, romlebic sxvadasxva xatis ymobis gaerTianebis misias asrulebdnen. xalxuri mrwamsis Tanaxmad, xari Tavisi samkvidrodan ayril mosaxleobas ukan, mis samkvidro samosaxloSi eweva da winaparTa
salocavisaken gzis gamkvlevis rols asrulebs. saerTod,
xari farTo speqtris mqone arqetipia, romelmac gauZlo JamTasvlas, man Tavi gamoavlina tradiciuli sazogadoebis socialur da miTosur struqturebSi. xarTan dakavSirebul
sakralur-yofiT da saweso konteqsts axalgazrdebis ganswavlis saqmeSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. yvela ZiriTad
ritualur qmedebas, romlebic Tavisi ganmeorebadobis meoxebiT simtkices matebda mxolod zepir tradiciaze dafuZnebul „sakanonmdeblo“ aqts, Sesrulebuls sakralur Tu
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profanul doneze, TvalsaCino Sedegi hqonda aRzrdis sferoSi. ritualebSi xaris msxverplSewirvis variabeluroba,
xaris figuris warmoCena, masTan dakavSirebuli wesebi bolo
dromde iyo Semonaxuli. axalgazrdoba, romelic amaSi monawileobda, iZenda mTuri cxovrebis, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gamocdilebas.
II magaliTi Seexeba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebis erT aspeqts da misi SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis sajaro demonstrirebas. saqme exeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTis kuTxeebis, kerZod, xevsureTisa da fSavis ambebs. sakiTxs _ „pirovneba-sazogadoeba“ _ tradiciul sazogadoebaSi mravali aspeqti aqvs. erT konkretul magaliTze SevCerdebi. is Seexeba sxva Tem-soflidan gadmoxvewili piris miRebas axal Tem-sofelSi, agreTve misTvis yovelgvari daxmarebisa Tu mfarvelobis aRmoCenaze „xelSekrulebis“ ritualur
sajaro „gaformebas“ or socialur jgufs Soris. erTis mxriv,
es aris mimRebi ojaxi, sofeli, Temi, xolo meores mxriv, mfarvelobis maZiebeli. samkvidrodan ayra da sxva sacxovrebelSi
gadasvla upiratesad sisxl-mesisxleobis gamo xdeboda, Tumca arc ekonomiuri gaWirveba gamoiricxeba im mizezTa Soris,
romlebic aiZulebda mTiels xSirad ojaxianad ayriliyo da
sxva soflisa Tu sxva gvarisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi. sxva sociumSi inkorporirebul pirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi „amanaTs“ uwodebdnen. eTnografiul sinamdvileSi
arsebobs mravalricxovani konkretuli monacemebi, sadac detalurad aris aRnusxuli „ucxos“ anu sxva sazogadoebidan an
soflidan mosulis axal sofelSi gawevrianebis rituali.
msjeloba mimdinareobda sajaro Tavyrilobaze, romelsac
mimRebi sociumis ufrosi da umcrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebi eswrebodnen. axalgazrdoba dawvrilebiT eziareboda proceduris wessa da rigs, misi Sesrulebis Tanmimdevrobas, amanaTis mimRebi soflisa da salocavis mesveuris – xuces-xevisberis mier axalmosulTa dalocvisa da sociumis Sinaganawesis maTTvis gacnobis Taviseburebebs. damswreni acnobierebdnen soflis Suamdgomlobis mniSvnelobas axali wevris miRebis saqmeSi, mfarvelobis maZieblis daficebas mfarvelebisadmi, rac misgan erTgulebasa da yvela saqmeSi Tanadgomas gulisxmobda, swavlobdnen moRalatis gaZevebis wesebs, ismendnen xuces-xevisberis Suamdgomlobas. amanaTis ceremonialis
monawileTaTvis naTeli da realuri iyo xuces-xevisberis mier
warmoTqmuli sityvebi, romlebic maTi cxovrebiseuli kanon185
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normebisa da rwmena-warmodgenebisaTvis, maTi yofisaTvis iyo
tradiciuli. yovelives erTvoda msxverplSewirva im jvar-salocavis saxelze, romelic maspinZeli soflisa (Tu Temis)
mfarvelad iTvleboda. aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT swored xucesis mier amanaTis damwyalobnebis (dalocvis) xmamaRla Tqmuli teqstia sayuradRebo. aq aqcenti keTdeboda mTielTa zneobriv faseulobaTa Sexsenebaze, Zmobis simyareze,
mudam simarTlis Tqmisa da samarTlianobis prioritetze,
stumar-maspinZlobis tradiciis uryeobaze, amanaTad miRebulis SesaZlo mtrisgan dacvaze... amasve emsaxureboda xucesis
mier warmoTqmuli darisxeba, romelic miRebuli amanaTis potenciur moRalateebs Seexebda, anu maT, vinc ver gauwevs maspinZlobas mfarvelobis maZiebels. moRalate cxaddeboda
soflis piris gamtexad da es darisxeba Taobebs gadaecemoda...
ritualis damswreebisTvis imarTeboda ritualuri puroba,
sadac didian-patarianad soflis yvela mosaxle ikribeboda.
es ufro trapezi iyo da ara Rreoba, sufraze didxans arasodes rCebodnen da male iSlebodnen. Sewiruli saklavis xorci
iqve unda aTvisebuliyo, xolo misi Tav-fexi salocavis msaxurebs rCeboda. zemoT CamoTvlili wesebis Sesrulebis Semdeg „neofiti“ „ucxod“ aRar iTvleboda. is xelovnuri naTesavis statusSi gamodioda. amanaTobis istoria, zepirgadacemuli Tu TvalnaTeli, axalgazrdebs „ucxos gaTavisebis“ wesebs aswavlida. isini uSualo magaliTebis safuZvelze ecnobodnen mTis teritoriul TemSi xelovnuri naTesaobis modelebs, maT aqtiur Cabmas fSav-xevsureTis komlobriv, sagvaro
Tu saTem-sasoflo yofa-cxovrebaSi, mfarveli Tem-soflis
salocavis sakralur sferoSi. amgvari codna-gamocdilebis
miReba axalgazrdebis mier praqtikul miznebsac isaxavda,
radgan mTielTa TemSi amanaTebis miReba da maTi mfarveloba
regularul xasiaTs atarebda. Temi miT ufro Zlierad da saxelianad iTvleboda, rac met amanaTs Seinaxavda. rogorc
vTqviT, am aspeqtSic aSkaraa mTielTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi faseulobis – saxelis mopovebis – aqcentireba. axalgazrdebis
aRzrdac am ideiT xdeboda.
III magaliTi Seexeba XIX-XX s. damdegis CaTvliT TuSeTis yofaSi damowmebul, agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic moqmed rituals. ritualis damswre iTvisebda mis
mTavar, TvalSisacem momentebs, kerZod: 1. xarTan dakavSirebuli ritualis wamyvani iyo mamakaci, ojaxis Tavi, ojaxis diasaxlisis TanadgomiT. 2. xari Zlierebis sinonimi iyo. kargi
186
vaJkaci „kai ymis“, „xaris“ epiTetiT moixsenieboda. 3. xaris
msxverplSewirva gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone situaciebSi xdeboda (magaliTad, xat-samlocveloSi maTi sameurneo personalis zedamxedvelTa „dasturT yenebis“ dros, susti gvaris Zlier gvarTan mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisa da maTi SeZmavebis momentebSi, sikvdilis konteqtstSi da sxva). meti sicxadisaTvis sailustracio masalas movitan Sekvecili saxiT:
TuSeTSi, fSavsa da xevsureTSi gvarebis gamravalricxovnebis
mizniT icodnen „xariT gaficvis“ wesis Sesruleba. misi arsi
SemdegSi mdgomareobda: mcirewevriani ojaxis iniciativiT,
ori gvari erTmaneTs gauZmavdeboda. rituali tardeboda samlocvelos teritoriaze. misi centraluri momenti iniciatori ojaxis warmomadgenelTa mier Sesawiri xaris moyvana da misi
ritualuri mokvdineba iyo. ceremonials mTeli sofeli daeswreboda da samsxverplo cxovelis xorcis ganawileba-aTvisebaSi erTianad monawileobda. yovelive salocavis mesveuris
(xuces-xevisberis) meTaveobiT mimdinareobda, yvela aucilebeli pirobis zusti dacviT (unislo amindi, weliwadis gansazRvruli dro, Sesrulebis adgili da moqmed pirTa gansazRvruli subordinacia, samsxverplo xorcis ganawilebis
principis dacva da sxva).
yvela damswre, didi Tu axalgazrda, qali Tu bavSvi xarsa
da misi mokvdinebiT ganxorcielebul rituals aRiqvamda, rogorc ori sxvadasxva gvaris warmomadgeneli ojaxis gaerTianebis, gaZlierebis sawindars: ritualis Tanmxlebi „vedrebis“
Sesrulebis detalebi, rogoricaa „muxlgamarTviT“ dgoma,
yvelas gasagonad gamoTqmuli aqtis mniSvneloba, „xariT Seyril“ wevrebs Soris Sewiruli xaris xorcis umi saxiT Tanabrad ganawilebis wesi, Tasidan xaris sisxlis Sesmis ceremoniali ritualis monawile axalgazrda vaJkacebis mier da mravali sxva detali, qmedebiTa da sityvebiT komentirebuli, warmoadgenda mTielTa axalgazrda Taobis warsulisadmi ziarebis TvalsaCino skolasa da samomavlo mSvidobiani cxovrebisaTvis momzadebis sawindars.
xari, rogorc socialuri erTobis simbolo, romelsac saqarTvelos mTianeTSi socialur-kulturuli funqcia hqonda, warsulisa da awmyos erTianobis gaazrebas emsaxureboda.
xaris kulturul gmirad warmoCenis idea, anu azri imis Sesaxeb, rom am personaJs moaqvs xalxisTvis kulturis sxvadasxva
monapovari socialuri organizaciisa Tu rwmena-warmodgenebis saxiT, Semonaxulia folklorsa da xalxur gadmocemebSi,
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magaliTad: „laSars movida TilisZe, guldidad dajda xario“,
an kidev: „Sin misvla moulocavdiT baTakaai Svilsao, scada da
aRar gavida, gamosulia zRviTao, suleTSi ulakauri xari (e.i.
kargi vaJkaci) saTaves zisao“ da mravali sxva.
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba ikiTxos; ratom gavamaxvileT yuradReba xarze? imitom, rom gamokiTxul fSav-xevsurTa Soris
umetesobam (xandazmulebmac da axalgazrdebmac) aqcenti swored am sakiTxze gaakeTes. es bunebrivia, radgan xalxuri rwmenis Tanaxmad, swored es uZvelesi personaJi iyo Tanamonawile
da „organizatori“ samkvidrodan ayrili mTieli mosaxleobis
ukan, Tavis Zvel samosaxloSi dabrunebisa. is iyo gzis gamkvlevi mama-papaTa salocavebisken, iyo miviwyebulis aRmdgeni da
winaparTa nakvalevis saimedo mimdevari (mTiuleTi). yovelive zemoTqmulTan mimarTebaSi mravali magaliTis motana da
mravali waxnagis warmoCena SeiZleba „mamaTa da SvilTa“ TemasTan dakavSirebiT.
bolos, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos
mTis tradiciul yofaSi rituali mxolod religiur-magiuri
qmedeba ar yofila. rituali iyo is Zala, romelic mTielTa
TemSi tradiciis Senaxvasa da socialuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels. mTielTa kulturul faseulobaTa Soris
tradicias upirvelesi adgili ekava da amdenad, rituali axalgazrdobis aRzrdis qmediTi saSualebac iyo.
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nestan ratiani
zogadi ganaTlebis apologia
(sokratuli dialogi)
guSin1 stumrad viyavi Cems amerikel kolegasTan. axali saswavlo wlisTvis diadi wignebis2 kursis silabusi unda Segvedgina. cota xanSi ramdenime stumaric SemogvierTda da CemTvis
metad saintereso saubari gaimarTa.
Sevecdebi, gadmogceT, ras Seexeboda es dialogi, miT umetes, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ar meguleba arc erTi adamiani, romelic ramdenjerme ar gamxdariyos amdagvari saubris Tanamonawile. marTlac saocaria, magram CvenSi, profesionalic da araprofesionalic, mTeli SemarTebiT ganixilavs
da daobs ganaTlebis sistemis sakiTxebze. zogjer es Seexeba
saskolo da zogjer – umaRles ganaTlebas. SesaZloa imitom,
rom maT Svilebi ezrdebaT, SesaZloa imitom, rom qarTvelebs
Zalian uyvarT dava da TavianTi azrebis gamoTqma, Tundac maT
amis Sesaxeb aravin arafers ekiTxebodes. is ki ar axsovT, rom
sityvebi haerSive gaifanteba da saubari saubradve darCeba,
rac unda brZnul daskvnebamde mividnen mosaubreni.
magram arsebobs erTi gamosavali, sityvebis furcelze gadatana, radgan nawerebi xom mainc ufro didxans rCeba3 . Tumca, Tuki am nawerebsac aravin Caxeda, maSin azri yvelafers
ekargeba4 . imeds vitoveb, rom am nawersac, erTi da ori kacis
1
“guSin” pirobiTi cnebaa. am sityvas iyenebs platoni “saxelmwifos” pirvelsave winadadebaSi, romelic dialogis formiTaa dawerili. bodiSs
vuxdi yvela mkiTxvels, vinc ambiciurobaSi CamiTvlis werilis aseT
formas.
2 igulisxmeba “The Great Books”, anu is teqstebi da avtorebi, romlebic saukuneTa manZilze ar “gacveTila”. es avtorebi sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva epoqebidan exmianebodnen erTimeores, maT mier dasmul sakiTxebs
da TavianTi teqstebiT cdilobdnen, pasuxi gaecaT erTmaneTisTvis.
3 cnobili romauli gamonaTqvami _ “Verba volant, scripta manent” qarTulad
ase iTargmneba: “sityvebi gafrindeba, nawerebi rCeba”.
4 platoni gviambobs (“saxelmwifo”, I, 327c,) rom erT-erT qalaqSi sazeimo
msvlelobis sanaxavad Casul sokrates axalgazrdebi Seyovnebas sTxoven. filosofoss saxlSi dabruneba eCqareba da amitomac cdilobs
axsnas, Tu ratom ver gaCerdeba maTTan. igi ambobs, rom SeZlebs darwmunebas, razedac axalgazrda polemarqosi miugebs, rom gamoricxulia vinmes darwmuneba raimeSi, Tuki es ukanaskneli saubars ar moismens.
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nestan ratiani
garda, sxvac bevri Caxedavs da dafiqrdeba. . . Tundac masSi araferi gaiziaros.
saubarSi vmonawileobdiT ori qarTveli da oric amerikeli
profesori (Cems Tavs dialogis gadmocemisas aRvniSnav sityviT
“me”, xolo danarCenebs amdagvarad: “qarT. prof.”, “I prof.”, “II
prof.”), ori qarTveli axalgazrda, erTi amerikuli akademiidan (“mosw.”) da meore _ Tbilisis erT-erTi umaRlesi saswavleblidan (“stud.”). saubari daaxloebiT ase warimarTa:
_ (mosw.) sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemis yvelaze didi Secdoma
is iyo, rom Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi unda gagekeTebina arCevani
da agerCia momavali specialoba. rogor SeiZleba, am asakSi
zustad icode, ginda Tu ara, vTqvaT, qirurgoba. es xom umZimesi profesiaa da Znelad Tu vinme iazrebdes, ramden sirTules ukavSirdeba igi.
_ (me) geTanxmebi. universitetSi cxrakacian jgufSi vswavlobdi. dRes mxolod samni vmuSaobT specialobiT (erTi germaniaSi, oric Tsu-Si), arc danarCenebi arian umuSevrebi, me vityodi, rom warmatebulnic ki arian TavianT saqmeSi; mxolod:
erTi cnobili firmisTvis iRvwis, romelic sociologiur
kvlevas awarmoebs, meore aseve didi kompaniisTvis (sc. jeoseli), mesamem Tavisi cxovreba Jurnalistikas daukavSira da,
mgoni, arc Semcdara, meoTxe italiis saelCoSi trialebs, mexuTe sakmaod reitingul gamomcemlobas xelmZRvanelobs, meeqvse ki skolaSi qarTul enasa da literaturas aswavlis.
_ (II prof.) Tuki cxra kacidan sami muSaobs specialobiT, es
araa cota, magram, Seni azriT, mTel saqarTveloSi statistikuri suraTi rogoria?
amaze yvelam gavicineT, radgan Cemi jgufi marTlac bednieri gamonaklisia da TiToeulma movZebneT Cveni adgili cxovrebaSi.
_ (me) statistikaze verafers getyviT, ubralod, yovelTvis
vTvlidi, rom klasikuri filologiis ganxriT swavla met upiratesobas iZleva. mTavari upiratesoba ki kargi codnaa. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi sokrateseul sibrZneSi1 davrwmundi,
da Sefaseba “kargic2 ” cota gadaWarbebulad meCveneba. albaT,
1
2
igulisxmeba platonis “sokrates apologia”, VI, 26d.
samwuxarod, dRes “kargi” bevrs hgonia saSualo. masze metis aRsaniSnavad ki Semdegi epiTetebi gamoiyeneba “araCveulebrivi”, “arnaxuli”,
“brwyinvale” da sxv. albaT, bevri dRes Tavis Sekavebis gamoxatvad
Tvlis am uZveles sityvas. bibliaSi ki RmerTis Semoqmedeba am erTi sityviT fasdeba.
190
metis micema SeiZleba studentebisTvis, SeiZleba ki ara, aucilebelic aris (Cvens ganyofilebaSi miRebulia avtoris kiTxva
dedanSi. am dros ki enis gramatikuli mxare iwevs win. samwuxarod, xdeba isec, rom enis Seswavlis procesi Crdilavs teqstis
sxva Rirebulebebs, Tumca, xSirad am Rirebulebebis gasagebad
gramatikis codnac gadamwyvetia. rodesac iseT studentebs vaswavli, romlebmac ar ician ena elementarul doneze, mixdeba
bevri iseTi niuansis ganmarteba, romlebic teqstSi ar Cans1 ).
_ (qarT. prof.) da ras akeTeb amisTvis?
_ (me) samwuxarod, bevrs verafers. universitetSi Zalian SezRudulebi varT, saaTebi Segvimcirda. amitom meti ki ara, netav, is codna mainc migvacemina, rasac Tavis droze Cven gvaZlevdnen.
_ (I prof.) ras gaakeTebdi, saSualeba rom gqondes?
_ (me) yvelas davumtkicebdi, rom araerTi fakultetis studentebma savaldebulod unda iswavlon antikuri avtorebi,
aseve vurCevdi, rom klasikuri enebic SeeswavlaT.
_ (stud.) ras ambobT, mkvdari enebi? araferSi mWirdeba, raSi
unda gamomadges?
_ (me) SegiZlia airCio kursi “klasikuri enebi Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi”.
_ (I prof.) Sen aq Seni dargis propagandas ewevi da droze Tu
ar gagaCumeT, SeiZleba arc arasodes Sewyvito. neba momeci (miubrunda students) vikiTxo, ras gulisxmobdi, rodesac “saWiroeba” da “gamodgoma” axsene? imas, rom codnas imitom viZenT, rom is cxovrebaSi gamogvadges?
_ (stud.) ra Tqma unda.
_ (I prof.) maSin isic unda miTxra, ra ici, ra gamogadgeba da
ra ara. an ufro zustad, is miTxari, ra ici, rom, rac gamogadgeba, is SenTvis kargicaa.
1
magaliTad movitandi aseT faqts: antikuri literaturis istorias sxvadasxva fakultetis studentebi swavloben. vinaidan isini ar floben
klasikur enebs, nawarmoebebs TargmaniT ecnobian. zogierT (dasanania,
rom umetes wilad) Targmans ar axlavs mTargmnelis komentarebi.
rodesac vaswavli homerosis “odiseas”, odisevsisa da kiklopis Sexvedris epizodSi imis axsna mixdeba, Tu ra orazrovneba imaleba saxelSi “aravin”, romelsac mTavari gmiri irqmevs droebiT. Zvel berZnul
“utiss” xom sityva “metisi” Seesabameba, amis gageba ki did Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs enis arcodnis SemTxvevaSi.
aseTive sirTules wavawydi sxva avtorebis Seswavlisasac, maTi CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans. amitomac aucileblad miviCnev enis codnas, Tundac elementarul doneze, Tuki gvinda Sedegi: studentma marTla kargad gaigos teqsti.
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nestan ratiani
_ (stud.) kargad ver gavige, ras mekiTxebiT.
_ (I prof.) rodesac profesias irCevdi, ras miaqcie yuradReba: mSoblebma girCies Tu Tavad gaakeTe arCevani?
_ (stud.) Cemi arCevani iyo, magram mSoblebic Tanaxmani iyvnen.
vinaidan iq, sadac me vswavlob, garkveuli Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, maT hqondaT ufleba Careuliyvnen da rCevac moecaT. Cems
SemTxvevaSi Cemi da mSoblebis mosazreba erTmaneTs daemTxva.
_ (I prof.) es, ra Tqma unda, araCveulebrivia. magram arCevnis
gakeTebisas raze fiqrobdi, mowodebaze Tu momaval sargebelze. an Seni mSoblebi ras aqcevdnen umTavres yuradRebas, Sens
mowodebas Tu im sargebels, rac momavalSi, SesaZloa, naxo
arCeuli profesiidan gamomdinare?
_ (stud.) albaT, orives unda mieqces yuradReba.
_ (I prof.) gifiqria imaze, rom zogjer isec xdeba, rom adamians erTi ram miaCnia mowodebad. gadis dro da mas axali gatacebebi uCndeba. me mainc mgonia, rom mowodeba iSviaTad Tu gagyveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, cvalebadi kategoriebis
ricxvs mivakuTvnebdi.
_ (stud.) simarTle giTxraT, zustad arc mowodebis mniSvneloba mesmis. mowodeba, albaT, marto xelovnebisken ltolvas
SegviZlia vuwodoT.
_ (qarT. prof.) musikosis mowodeba musikaa, magram, rodis,
ra asakidan iCens Tavs aseTi mowodeba? gana amis dadgenas mSoblis intuicia ar sWirdeba? rogor ggonia, mocarti rom ar dabadebuliyo Sesabamis ojaxSi, ra bedi eweoda mas?
_ (mosw.) mgoni, egziuperi gamaxsenda. erT nawarmoebSi mogviTxrobs, rom matarebliT saxlSi brundeboda. vagonSi masTan erTad glexis ojaxi mgzavrobda. CaZinebul daRlil patara biWunas angeloziviT saxe hqonda, magram Zneli saTqmelia, misgan ra gaizrdeboda. mas xom, albaT, aranairi xelis Sewyoba ar eqneboda ojaxisgan, Tundac masSi “mocarts” sZineboda. dananebiT ambobs mwerali, rom uamravi aseTi geniosi
“iRupeba” arasaTanado garemoSi.
_ (stud.) geniosi ar daikargeba. genia yovelTvis iCens Tavs.
_ (qarT. prof.) magram yvelafers titanuri Sroma sWirdeba.
TviT geniosebsac ki garja uxdebaT. didi albaTobaa imis, rom
niWi Sromis gareSe daikargos.
_ (mosw.) amitom Tua, rom zogierT mSobels ar emeteba Svili
sawvaleblad. unda, dazogos da ver imetebs pataras musikosobisTvis...
_ (I prof.) ai, amas vgulisxmobdi mowodebasa da sargebelze
rodesac vsaubrobdi. aseTi mSobeli gana ar fiqrobs iseTi
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profesiisTvis moamzados Svili, met sargebels rom moutans
cxovrebaSi?
_ (qarT. prof.) Tqven ar gaxsovT, magram sul raRac ocdaaTi
wlis win, saqarTveloSi iseTi aJiotaJi iyo samedicino institutSi Cabarebaze, verc ki warmoidgenT.
_ (stud.) albaT, rogorc dRes iuridiulze...
_ (qarT. prof.) da ramdenma mSobelma “gaswira” Tavisi Svili.
mgoni, erT avadmyofze aTi diplomiani eqimi mainc modioda.
dRes bevri maTgani an umuSevaria an arasayvareli saqmiT aris
dakavebuli. mSoblebi viTom SvilisTvis momaval sargebelze
fiqrobdnen da sruliad sapirispiro ram miiRes.
_ (I prof.) amitomac arCevnis saSualeba yvelas unda hqondes.
aSS-Si arsebobs ganaTlebis sistema, romelsac “Tavisufali
ganaTleba”1 hqvia. oTxi weli iReb kolejSi ganaTlebas, Semdeg ki irCev specialobas, Tanac nebismier dros rom Seicvalo gadawyvetileba, yvelafris “Tavidan dawyeba” ar gixdeba,
anu dro ar gekargeba.
_ (me) pirvelad aSS-Si 1988 wels gavemgzavre. marTlac, Zalian gamiRima bedma, rom Cemi maspinZeli uiliams koleji2 aRmoCnda. esaa erT-erTi cnobili “liberal arts college”. minda giTxraT,
rom im dros gamiWirda garkveva ganaTlebis sistemis am saxeobaSi. CemTvis sruliad gaugebari iyo, rom Cemi uaxloesi megobari ras aRar swavlobda, ivriTidan dawyebuli rusuli literaturiT damTavrebuli da momavalSi mean-ginekologobas
apirebda. Semdeg ielis universitetSi gaagrZela swavla da
dRes san-franciskoSi muSaobs erT-erT kerZo klinikaSi.
1
igulisxmeba “Liberal Arts College”-ebis qseli. maTi ricxvi aSS-Si Zalze
bevria, Tumca, rogorc yvelgan, Zalian kargi kolejebis ricxvi cotaa. saerTod, unda aRvniSno, rom termini efuZneba laTinur “septem
artes liberales”-s. es iyo e. w. “Svidi Tavisufali xelovneba”, romlebic Tavis mxriv triviumad (sami gza) – gramatika, mWevrmetyveleba, dialeqtika – da kvadriviumad – ariTmetika, geometria, astronomia, musika –
iyofoda. aRorZinebis xanaSi es iyo im ZiriTad saganTa nusxa, romelsac universitetebis mosamzadebeli fakultetebi sTavazobda msmenels. TandaTan am saxis ganaTleba elitur ganaTlebad iqca, romelic
SemdgomSi “klasikurma ganaTlebam” Secvala.
Tumca mogvianebiT “klasikur ganaTlebasac” daupirispirda e. w. “realuri ganaTleba”. dRes pirvandeli saxiT arc erTi ganaTlebis tipi
aRar arsebobs. “Tavisufali ganaTlebis” upiratesoba isaa, rom universitetSi am meTodiT oTxwliani swavlis Semdeg arCevnis gakeTeba
ufro advili xdeba.
2 uiliams koleji uiliamsTaunSia, masaCuseTsis StatSi. mas oraswliani istoria aqvs.
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nestan ratiani
_ (stud.) raRac Zalian bevrs vlaparakobT eqimebze. sxva specialobebze ras ityviT, nuTu iuristis profesiis dasauflebladac “liberal arts college”-s airCevs vinme?
_ (me) SarSan jeims medison kolejSi1 gaxldiT am meTodiT (sc.
liberal education) swavlebis gasacnobad. kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi aqtiurad moRvaweoben sxvadasxva saxelmwifo struqturebSi. rac Seexeba iuridiul saswavleblebs, arc erTi maTgani ar ambobs uars, rom amgvari kolejebidan swavla studentebma magistraturaSi maTTan gaagrZelon. ubralod, kolejis
bukleti aseT studentebs rCevebs sTavazobs, rogor unda dagegmon swavlis oTxi weliwadi axalgazrdebma, Tuki iuridiuli saswavleblebis magistraturaSi apireben momavalSi Cabarebas (magaliTad, urCeven maTematikis kargad swavlas, romlis kreditebis mopovebac miCiganis saxelmwifo universitetSi SeiZleba). Tuki sxvas miznad politologia dausaxavs, mas
sxva rCevebs aZleven (magaliTad, romelime enis Seswavlas, romelic aseve miCiganis saxelmwifo universitetis sxva fakultetze SeiZleba).
_ (II prof.) esaa idealuri magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba
iTanamSromlos didma universitetma aseT kolejebTan da rogor Tanaarseboben erTi didi universitetis farglebSi sxvadasxva tipis ganaTlebis struqturebi. dRes miCiganis saxelmwifo universiteti erT-erTi warmatebuli da mzardi universitetia. misi Riaoba da mzadyofna, warsulSi aprobirebuli
yvelaferi saukeTeso daitovos ise, rom kari gauRos siaxleebs, aris am warmatebis saidumloebis mizezi.
_ (qarT. prof.) SegiZlia, sxva ramis Sesaxebac gviambo, rac
Cvenc gamogvadgeba?
_ (me) jer imas getyviT, rom TiTqmis yvelafriT moxibluli
davrCi2 . bevri universiteti minaxavs, kargic, Zalian kargic
da cudic. vinmes xom ar gaukvirdeba, Tu vityvi, rom Zalian
kargi oqsfordis erT-erT (erT-erTs imitom, rom me iqaur wesebs gavecani, Torem eWvic ar mepareba, rom yvela Zalian kargia) kolejs davarqva.
1
yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe vityvi, rom jeims medison koleji miCiganis saxelmwifo universitetis yvelaze Rirseuli nawilia.
2 am programas (ramdenime qarTveli leqtoris vizits) aSS saxelmwifo
departamentis dafinansebiT jons hopkinsis universiteti da miCiganis saxelmwifo universiteti axorcielebdnen. Zalian bevri ram gavige aseve im konferenciaze, romelsac amave programis farglebSi veswrebodi da romelic Cikagos universitetSi (erT-erTi saukeTeso liberaluri ganaTlebis kuTxiT) Catarda.
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amaze yvelam gaicina, radgan oqsfordis msgavs universitetebSi marTlac msoflios saukeTeso specialistebi arian Tavmoyrilni. aq TiToeul profesorSi Tanabari doziTaa warmodgenili saukeTeso mkvlevarica da saukeTeso maswavlebelic.
_ (me) aRtacebuli davrCi ara marto Cemi kolegebis profesionalizmiT, aramed maTiTac, vinc sxva dargebs emsaxureba. erT
aseT ambavs mogiyvebiT. Zalian davuaxlovdi ramdenime adamians – erTi iyo maTematikosi, erTic aRmosavluri enebis specialisti, ori istorikosi da erTic fizikosi. kolejis sasadiloSi vaxSamze cota Semagvianda. rodesac daminaxes, Cqara mixmes TavisTan. Turme kamaTobdnen, homerosi xmarobs Tu ara qalRmerT herasTan mimarTebaSi romeliRac epiTets. iseTi gacxarebulebi iyvnen, Zlivs davaSoSmine. sasacilod JRers, ara? me
kidev, iciT, rogor minda, saqarTveloSic aseT sakiTxebze idavon gacxarebiT da ara politikaze. mgoni, Zalian zedmeti momdis ocneba... magram sxva dros aseTive gacxarebiT vikamaTeT Tomas manze da dostoevskize, Sveicerze da bergmanze.
aq ki qarTvelma profesorma aRar damacada da gamawyvetina:
_ ki magram, ra gagikvirda, aseT ra wreebSi trialeb saqarTveloSi? ganaTlebuli megobrebi Tu ara gyavs, universitetSi mainc ar gxvdeba aravin?
me gavnawyendi, radgan Tbilisis erT-erTi saukeTeso skola davamTavre, universitetSic saukeTeso ganyofilebaze gavagrZele swavla da vTvli, rom CemsaviT bevrs ar umarTlebs,
skolis megobrebic da universitetis megobrebic erTnairad
saukeTesoni arian. Tanac amas isic daerTo, rom klasikuri filologiis kaTedraze vmuSaob da bevri kaTedra ver daikvexnis iseTi kolegebiT, me rom myavs.
_ ra ginda Tqva, sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistema sjobda?
_ is ki ar sjobda, ager ukve ramdeni welia, rac yvelaferi
iRupeba.
_ da ras akeTebdiT Sen da Seni kolegebi imisTvis, rom ar dageRupaT?
_ Cven ki vakeTebdiT da axlac vakeTebT, magram es ra SuaSia
saerTo mdgomareobasTan?
kidev kargi gagvaCeres, Torem, xom warmogidgeniaT, aseT
laparaks sadamde SeeZlo miveyvaneT?
_ (II prof.) jer araferi mogiyolia jeims medison kolejze,
iq ra mogewona?
_ (me) Tundac is, rom davinaxe Cemi dargis aucilebloba. dRes
marto CvenTan ki ara, evropis universitetebSic uxdebaT imis
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nestan ratiani
mtkiceba, rom klasikuri filologia mkvdari dargi araa. Tuki
sworad miawodeb, igi yvela dargis specialists gamoadgeba momavalSi1 . magaliTad, davrwmundi, rom Zalian kargad SeiZleba aswavlo titus liviusi makiavelisTan erTad. aseT leqciebs ori profesori erTdroulad atarebs.
_ (qarT. prof.) moicade, erTad laparakoben?
_ (me) ara, erTmaneTs didi pativiscemiT usmenen, aseTive pativiscemiT usmenen studentebsac.
_ (II prof.) namdvilad saukeTeso meTodia, rodesac leqcia e.
w. “mrgvali magidis” principiT tardeba. es marTlac Zalian
gansxvavdeba im auditoriebisgan, TqvenTan rom aris.
_ (stud.) e. i. yvela leqcia patara saklaso oTaxSi tardeba?
didi auditoriebi ar aris da jgufebic mcirericxovania?
_ (me) didi auditoriebic aris, sadac iseTive ganlagebiT sxedan studentebi (da zogjer sxva saqmiT erTobian), rogorc
CvenTan da iseTive saintereso (albaT, zogjer uintereso,
Tumca me aseTi ar momismenia) leqciebs kiTxuloben maswavleblebi, rogorc CvenTan. zogjer leqtorebi am leqciebs furclidan ukiTxaven studentebs (da amaSi maT veravin daZraxavs,
radgan maTi momzadebulia), zogjer ki did oratorul niWs
amJRavneben. aseTi leqciebis Semdeg kursi patara jgufebad
iyofa da mosmenilis ganxilva seminarebze xdeba.
_ (stud.) seminarebs xom sxvadasxva maswavleblebi atareben.
ra ician, raze saubrobda leqciaze “mTavari maswavlebeli”?
_ (me) yvela “mTavari maswavlebeli” iyo. isini rigrigobiT kiTxulobdnen leqciebs, danarCenebi ki mas studentebiviT
eswrebodnen, ismendnen mis mosazrebebs da, eTanxmebodnen Tu
ar eTanxmebodnen, amas ganixilavdnen studentebTan erTad seminarebze.
_ (stud.) aqac SeiZleba am meTodis gadmoReba?
1
xandaxan vfiqrob, rom gaivlis wlebi da literaturis istoriis mosmenili kursidan bevri arc araferi emaxsovreba students. rogor iswavleba literaturis istoria – avtorTa CamonaTvali, maTi nawarmoebebis sia, mokle Sinaarsebi (radgan teqstebis wakiTxvas ZiriTadi nawili
ver aswrebs), istoriis erTi grZeli xazi N saukunidan dRevandelobamde. xom ar ajobebda, gveswavlebina sakiTxi, mag. qali da mamakaci, omi da
mSvidoba, RmerTebis krizisi da a.S. da am sakiTxebTan misadagebuli Sesabamisi literaturuli teqstebi. sakiTxis “qali da mamakaci” Seswavlisas aviRebdi evripides “medeas” (da ara marto am teqsts), studentebi or jgufad daiyofodnen da ikamaTebdnen “ho”-s da “ara”-s poziciidan, yvela Seecdeboda jer daecva medea, Semdeg ki – iasoni.
amgvari kursis gavlis Sedegad studentebs metyvelebac daexvewebodaT da msjelobis unarsac SeiZendnen.
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_ (me) Zalian kargi iqneboda. magaliTad, antikuri literaturis istorias aqamde TiTqmis yvela humanitaruli fakultetis studenti swavlobda. am sagans calkeul jgufebs vaswavlidiT me da Cemi ramdenime kolega, albaT, xuTi an metic. calcalke vatarebdiT leqciasac da seminarsac. veravin moityueba, rom erTnairad icis da uyvars yvela avtori. me piradad
vaRiareb, romel avtorzec mecnierulad vmuSaobdi, im avtoris Semoqmedebis Seswavlisas leqciaze mTel Cem suls da guls
vaqsov (sabednierod, bevri teqsti maqvs mecnierulad Seswavlili). Cemi kolegebi sxva avtorebs ikvleven da, eWvi ar mepareba, am teqstebis Seyvarebas cdiloben studentTaTvis. ar
ajobebs, studentma siyvaruliT gamTbari leqciebi moisminos
da seminarebze idavon leqtorTan, maTac iseTive grZnobebi
aReZraT Tu ara? warmoidgineT, ra saxaliso da saintereso
iqneba seminarebi, leqciebi ki yvelasTvis mravlismomcemi.
_ (stud.) cota utopiurad meCveneba amis CvenTan ganxorcieleba.
_ (I prof.) damerwmuneT, aqac ganxorcielebadia. me da nestani xom erTad vatarebT leqciebs1 , zogjer erTmaneTs ar veTanxmebiT, magram erTimeores gulisyuriT vusmenT da studentebTan erTad varCevT yvela argumentsa da kontrarguments. Tanac, aseTi leqciebis dros erTmaneTisgan Zalian
bevrs vswavlobT.
_ (me) me xSirad viniSnav Tqven azrebs, aseve studentTa saintereso mignebebs, rom momavalSi gamoviyeno (xom maZlevT
uflebas?) da Tqvenc xSirad iwerT xolme Cems mosazrebebs.
_ (I prof.) ase oriveni vizrdebiT da studentebisTvisac Cveni leqciebi mosawyeni ar unda iyos.
_ (me) mosawyeni rogor iqneba, Cven xom e. w. slow reading-is meTods viyenebT.
_ (stud. da mosw. erT xmaSi yvirian) da raSi gindaT, rom dagvarwmunoT, slow reading2 araa mosawyeni?
_ (I prof.) Cven nela ki ara, guldasmiT vkiTxulobT. varCevT
yvela niuanss, vcdilobT, araferi gamovtovoT, radgan zog1
2005 wlis zafxulSi, 2006 wlis meore semestrSi ukve CavatareT TsuSi leqciebi am meTodiT. dagegmilia zafxulisa da Semodgomis
kursebic, romelsac, iseve rogorc wina kursebs, bredlis fondi
afinansebs. amjerad Cven vaswavliT homeross, aristofanes, platonsa
da aristoteles. Semodgomaze profesori gia nodia waikiTxavs
leqciebs makiavelidan nicSemde. ufro dawvrilebiTi informacia
SegiZliaT moiZioT Cvens saitze: agile-tbs.org
2 slow reading sityvasityviT iTargmneba rogorc “nela kiTxva”.
197
nestan ratiani
jer is, rac umniSvnelod SeiZleba mogveCvenos, RerZad gadaiqceva xolme. antikur epoqaSi aRweril situaciebs Tanamedroveobas vudarebT, xandaxan Tavadac gvikvirs, iseT raRacas
aRmovaCenT.
_ (qarT. prof.) istoria meordeba...
_ (I prof.) marto magas ar vgulisxmob. arsebobs wigni, var me.
ramdenjerac ar mivubrundebi diad wignebs, yoveli axali wakiTxvisas mikvirs, rom wina jerze ver davinaxe, gamomrCa raRac. ramdeni studentisTvis miswavlebia da saocaria, yvela
jgufTan sxvadasxvanairad mixdeba teqstis kiTxva.
_ (me) am semestrSi Tukidides gavdiodiT. iciT, rom TanamedroveobasTan Sedarebis TvalsazrisiT marTlac araCveulebrivi masalaa. Tundac korinToelTa mier warmoTqmuli sityva
(rodesac isini aTensa da spartas axasiaTeben1 ) ise kargad
esmiT axalgazrdebs da, rogorc wesi, qarTul-afxazur urTierTobas adareben, aTensa da spartas ki aSS-sa da ruseTs. amas
xom arc erTi amerikeli studenti ar gaakeTebs?
_ (II prof.) sainteresoa. kidev rame xom ar gagaxsendeba?
_ (me) kidev? kidev, rodesac perikles cnobil sityvas2 guldasmiT vkiTxulobdiT, erT students aseTi SekiTxva daebada: amerikis im universitetSi, sadac Cveni prezidenti swavlobda, saswavlo savaldebulo programaSi Tukidide Tua Setanilio.
_ (II prof.) araCveulebrivi mignebaa.
_ (stud.) rogor, marTla asea?
_ (I prof.) pasuxi dadebiTia. xom xedavT, saukuneebis win dawerili wignebidan, romlebic TiTqos unda gacveTiliyvnen
droSi, xan ra wamoiwevs wina planze da xanac ra wamotivtivdeba. zogjer fiqrob, TiTqmis ocdaaTi saukunis win dawerili
nawarmoebi rogoraa ase Tanamedrove. da kidev, rogor gvexmarebian es diadi wignebi, ukeTesobisaken SevcvaloT Cveni cxovreba, Cveni qveynis momavali.
_ (stud.) gismenT da TiTqos raRac gavige kidec. SemiZlia aseTi SekiTxva davsva: liberaluri ganaTleba specializacias
upirispirdeba?
_ (II prof.) Tuki cneba “dapirispirebaSi” negatiur azrs ar
CavdebT, maSin, ra Tqma unda. ganaTlebis es ori saxeoba ar
ebrZvis erTmaneTs, maT SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba, jansaRi konkurenciac ki. erTni (sc.axalgazrdebi) TavianT momavals zus1
2
Tukidide, peloponesosis omis istoria, I, 68-72.
id. II, 35-42.
198
tad gansazRvraven skolis damTavrebisTanave, Tavidanve irCeven specialobas da maleve Seudgebian xolme miznisken mimaval gzas, meoreni ki mocdas da farTo codnis srulyofas
amjobineben. wagebuli arc erTi araa. dros fuWad arc erTi
ar kargavs.
_ (mosw.) meore gza mxolod humanitarul ganaTlebas gulisxmobs?
_ (II prof.) ici, rogori saxiT Tqvi “humanitaruli ganaTleba”, TiTqos amaze usargeblo qveyanaze araferi iyos. maxsovs,
erT Sekrebaze ra kargad Tqva profesorma gia nodiam: CvenTan,
saqarTveloSi, miiCneven, rom humanitaruli ganaTleba qalebisTvisaa zedgamoWrilio. sxva Tu araferi, gaTxovdebian da
kargi dedebi iqnebian, Svilebs mainc wesierad gazrdiano.
_ (qarT. prof.) marTlac, dakvirvebuli var, rom humanitarul fakultetebze gogonaTa ricxvi bevrad aRemateba vaJebisas.
_ (I prof.) me kidev gaocebuli var, rom Cems leqciebzec gogonebi yovelTvis metni arian. naxavT, ramdenime weliwadSi saqarTveloSi es rogorc Semobrundeba...
_ (mosw.) am sakiTxze Cemi mosazreba maqvs.
_ (I prof.) ici, Zvel berZnebs Zalian bevri sityvaTTamaSi aqvT,
aqedan erTi Cemi usayvarlesia: logosisa da lagosis Sesaxeb.
pirveli iTargmneba rogorc “sityva”, meore ki – “kurdRelia”. amitomac, Tuki droulad ar SevwyvetT, logosi male lagosad iqceva da gagveqceva, Tanac ise, rom xelSi araferi SegvrCeba.
erTs davamateb: rodesac saqarTveloSi “Tavisufali ganaTlebis” prezentacias vakeTeb, Cems sityvas ase viwyeb: Carlz
dikensis erT-erT nawarmoebs “didi imedebi” hqvia. me es xana,
e. w. didi imedebis xana maSin damidga, rodesac universitetSi
unda Camebarebina. esaa dro, rodesac erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas iReb cxovrebaSi, am gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba bednieric gagxados da, samwuxarod, SeiZleba,
dagRupos kidec. gaixseneT lev tolstois moTxrobis gmiri.
rodesac ivan iliCi sasikvdilo sarecelze wevs, igi umwares
WeSmaritebas xvdeba: mTeli misi cxovreba araswori iyo.
rodis iRebs adamiani umTavres gadawyvetilebebs? dabadebisas? ara. adamiani Tavad ar irCevs im ojaxs, romelsac amqveynad movlinebiT abednierebs. aravis ZaluZs Tavisi nebiT airCios mSobeli deda da mama. arc xuT-eqvsi wlis asakSi gvekiTxeba aravin, romel dawyebiT skolas avirCevdiT an vis visur199
nestan ratiani
vebdiT maswavleblad. arada, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs yvelafer amas adamianis momavlis gansazRvraSi.
magram, rac ar unda cudad warimarTos yvelaferi, rogor
ojaxSic ar unda vizrdebodeT, rogor skolasac ar unda vamTavrebdeT, cxovreba erT Sanss gvitovebs. da ai, es Sansi Cven
unda gamoviyenoT, Cven unda gavakeToT is umTavresi arCevani, cxovrebis xazis arCevasac rom eZaxian. aravis vusurveb, rom
Secdes aseT gadamwyvet etapze. aravis vusurveb, cxovrebis
msvlelobam aCvenos, rom es Sansi ver gamoiyena, cxovrebis xazi
sxvagvarad, arasworad warmarTa. zogierTi warumatebeli
axerxebs Tavis cxovrebaSi koreqciis Setanas, magram bevri –
vera da isini Tavs zedmetad grZnoben. yvelas unda SeeZlos,
rom “moergos”, Tavisi codniT “gaZvres” cxovrebis urTules
labirinTebSi.
am sityvas imitom veubnebi axalgazrdebs, rom ar minda arCevnis gakeTebisas Secdnen.
Tqvenc mimoixedeT garSemo da darwmundebiT, ramdeni ivan
iliCia Tqvens garSemo, gansakuTrebiT ki amas saqarTveloSi
bolo dros ganviTarebuli movlenebi daganaxebdaT: ufunqciod darCenili adamianebi, romelTac Tavis droze araswori ganaTleba miiRes da dRes ar ician, ra iRonon. imazec dafiqrdiT, rogoria gogonaTa (saklaso oTaxebSi) da vaJiSvilTa
(saswavlo dawesebulebebis korpusebis gareT) Tanafardoba
da mixvdebiT, rom bevri maTganic momavali ivan iliCia.
am axalgazrdebma, visac me mivmarTav, swori ganaTlebiT ara
marto TavianTi momavali, aramed qveynis momavalic sasikeTod
unda Secvalon. xom yvelas gsurT es?
mets mec arafers vityvi da amiT davasruleb kidec werils, Torem lagosad gadaqceuli logosi Cvenc gagveqceva.
am dialogis gmirebi arc arseboben da arc ararseboben, aq
aRwerili maTi saubaric nawilobriv gamogonilia, Tumca ar
mogatyuebT da gagimxelT, rom calkeuli nawilebi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva adgilebSi marTlac momismenia.
200

qarTuli sazogadoeba da evropuli Rirebulebebi

Transcrição

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