Tevzebis anatomia da fiziologia Tevzebis sxeulis

Tevzebis anatomia da fiziologia Tevzebis sxeulis

Tevzebis anatomia da fiziologia
Tevzis organizmis agebuleba da funqciebi gamoxatavs mis damokidebulebas
wylian garemosTan. TevzebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli adaptaciis unari erTob
mravalferovania.
misi
warmoSoba
da
Tvisebebi
ganpirobebulia
garemos
gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiTa da cxovrebis niriT.
Tevzebis sxeulis formebi
Tevzebis sxeulis formebi da maTi garegnuli niSnebi mravalferovania. Tevzs
sxeulis forma uadvilebs wyalSi gadaadgilebas (SedarebiT ufro mkvriv garemoSi,
vidre haeria) umciresi energiis daxarjviT da im siCqariT, romelic Seesabameba mis
cxovrebiseul moTxovnebs. evoluciis Sedegad Tevzebs gamoumuSavdaT am moTxovnebis
Sesabamisi sxeulis formebi. lorwoTi dafaruli sxeuli, gluvi gamonaSverebis
gareSe, aadvilebs wyalSi moZraobas. ar gaaCniaT kiseri, ara aqvT mkveTri zRvari
Tavsa da kisers, tansa da kuds Soris. wawvetebuli Tavi, layuCis mikruli
saxuravebiTa da gabrtyelebuli ybebiT apobs wyals. farflebis sistema gansazRvravs
moZraobas saWiro mimarTulebiT. garda amisa, Tevzis sxeulis forma da misi
garegnuli
niSnebi
yvelaze
ufro
mosaxerxebelia
Tevzebis
saxeldobrivi
gansazRvrisaTvis. sxeulis formebis mravalferovnebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi, gansakuTrebulad Taviseburi da tipiuri (sur #3)
i s r i s e b u r i forma _ sxeuli mogrZoa, gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli,
kudi Zlieri, Tavi wawvetebuli. zurgis farfli sagrZnoblad daqanebulia kudis
mxares. am Tevzebis curvis xangrZlivoba mcirea, magram msxverplze Tavdasxmisas
aviTareben did siCqares. eseni arian mtaceblebi: sargani, zvigeni, xerx-Tevza.
T i T i s t a r i s e b u r i forma _ sxeuli waagavs TiTistars, odnav
Sebrtyelebulia gverdebidan da viwrovdeba kudisaken. am formis Tevzebi Seguebuli
arian wylSi xangrZlivad swraf curvas da axorcieleben xangrZliv migracias
sanasuqe da satofo adgilebisaken. eseni arian: Tinusebi, oragulebi, zuTxebi,
qaSayebi, bevr Tevzs gaaCnia am tipis msgavsi sxeulis forma (kefals, virTevzas da
sxva).
sur #3. Tevzebis sxeulis formebi:
a _ isriseburi sargani, b _ TiTistariseburi skumbria, g _ brtyeli Savi zRvis
kalkani, d _ brtyeli zRvis mela, e _ lentiseburi xmalTevza, v _ gveliseburi
mdinaris gvelTevza, z _ Sebrtyelebuli kaparWina, T _ burTisebri-patara xokeri,
i _ nemsisebri-zRvis nemsTevza, k _ mTvariseburi-mTvara Tevzi.
sxeulis aseTive forma CamouyalibdaT sxva kargad mcurav wylis
cxovelebsac, romlebic Sors dganan Tevzebisagan (veSapisnairebi da gadaSenebuli
iqTiozavrebi).
b r t y e l i forma _ zogierT Tevzs (kambalas) sxeuli aqvs maRali,
gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli, sxvebs ki (skaross, zRvis eSmaks) Sebrtyelebuli. aqvT
zurgmuclis mimarTulebiT. Cveulebrivad, cotas moZraoben, cxovroben fskerze.
l e n t i s e b u r i forma _ am tipis Tevzebis sxeuli waagavs lents.
gaWimulia sigrZiv, Sebrtyelebulia gverdebidan. cudi mcuravebi arian. cxovroben
mdore wylebSi, did siRrmeze. sxeulis aseTi forma gaaCniaT atlantis okeaneSi
mcxovreb qaSayTa mefesa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi cnobil xmalTevzas.
g v e l i s e b u r i forma _ am formis Tevzis sxeuli gaWimuli,
gveliseburi da momrgvalebulia ganiv WrilSi warmoqmnis ovals. curavs mTeli
sxeulis gveliseburi daklakvniT. mas ar gaaCnia muclis, xSirad mkerdis farflebic.
eseni arian: mdinaris da Cveulebrivi gvelTevza, sxva fskeris Tevzebi, agreTve
minogebi da miqsinebi.
s f e r o s e b u r i forma _ Tevzis sxeuli sferos formisaa. zogjer
wina nawili Semofarglulia Zvlovani javSniT (zRarbTevza, patara xokeri). mcire
wylebSi mobinadre zRarbTevza saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi specialur parkSi agrovebs
wyals, ibereba da Rebulobs sferos formas. aseTi formis Tevzebi curaven Zalian
nela. sferoseburi forma aqvs floridis ZaRlTevzasac.
n e m s i s e b u r i formis sxeuli damaxasiaTebelia zRvis nemsTevzasaTvis.
sur #4. zogierTi Tevzis sxeulis formebi:
a _ zRvis cxenTevza, b _ mfrinavi Tevzi, g _ Tevz-ialqani, d _ mxtunavi Tevzi.
m T v a r i s e b u r i forma damaxasiaTebelia mTvara TevzisaTvis.
am tipebiT ar amoiwureba Tevzebis sxeulis formebis mravalferovneba. zogi
Tevzis sxeulis forma warmoadgens ramdenime tipis TiTqosda Sualedur kombinacias.
arseboben sxeulis iseTi ucnauri formis mqone saxeobebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, z R v i s c x e n T e v z a (sur #4a). saxelwodeba miiRo iqidan,
rom misi Tavi waagavs cxenisas. sxeulis aseTi forma ganpirobebulia cxovrebis im
niriT, romelsac ewevian wyalmcenareebs Soris mobinadre zRvis cxenTevzebi. mamrebis
sxeulis forma gansxvavdeba mdedrebis sxeulis formisagan, radgan swored mamrebi
zrunaven STamomavlobaze. mucelze maT gaaCniaT mozrdili Canasaxovani parki,
romelSic ganayofierebuli qviriTisagan viTardeba STamomavloba. binadroben Savsa da
sxva zRvebSi.
m f r i n a v i Tevzi (sur #4b) sxeulis formiT TiTqosda qaSays waagavs,
misi muceli Sebrtyelebulia.
Tevz-ialqanis sxeulis sigrZe (sur #4g) 6 m-s aRwevs. curvisas aviTarebs
100-130 km/sT siCqares. is mtacebelia. binadrobs indoeTis okeanesa da tropikul
zRvebSi.
m x t u n a v i Tevzi (sur #4d) sainteresoa imiT, rom saaTobiT
SeuZlia uwylod arseboba. wylis miqcevis dros amococdeba napirze da mwerebze
nadirobs. cxovrebis aseT nirs savsebiT Seesabameba am Tevzis sxeulis agebuleba da
forma: mkerdis farflebi aRWurvilia didi xorciani lapotebiT. Tvalebi
Seguebulia wyalSi da haerze xedvas. kunTovani mkerdis farflebisa da kudis
meSveobiT mxtunavi Tevzi axorcielebs swraf xtomebs, agreTve axoxdeba xeze. misi
sigrZe 20 sm-s ar aRemateba. rigi saxeobisa binadrobs mxolod tropikul zolSi.
20-220C maTTvis ukve arasakmarisia.
Tevzebis sxeuli. Tevzis sxeuli Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan: Tavi, tani
da kudi. Tavsa da tans Soris sazRvaria layuCebis saxuravis ukana kide, xolo
tansa da kuds Soris _ analuri xvreli (sur #5). Tavis nawilSi moTavsebulia
piri, Tvalebi, layuCis xvrelebi. zog Tevzs aqvs nestoebic.
Tavi Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan: dingi-sivrce saxis bolodan Tvalis wina
sazRvramde, loya _ Tvalis bolodan layuCis saxuravis bolo Zvlamde, Subli _
Tvalebs Soris Sualedi. yels uwodeben sivrces layuCis apkebsa da mkerdis
farflebis sayrdens Soris. layuCis parki warmoadgens naoWs, romelic ukana
mxaridan gars ekvris layuCis xvrelebs.
Tevzebis Tavi formiT mravalgvaria. igi damokidebulia piris aparatis
agebulebaze. piris xvrelis mdebareobis mixedviT piri (sur #6) SeiZleba iyos:
zeda, e.i. mdebareobs tanis RerZis zemoT (evropuli Qafala, Cexoni), dingis wverze,
romelic mdebareobs tanis RerZze (qariylapia, omuli), qveda, roca piris Wrili
mdebareobs
tanis
qveda
mxares
(skarosebi,
zuTxisnairebi).
kobrisnairTa
umravlesobas da zuTxisnairebs piri aqvT gamosawevi, moZravi da wamoweuli
malismagvari ybebiT. aseTi piriT isini advilad iqeqebian lamSi sakvebis
mosapoveblad. arsebobs gardamavali formebic _ naxevradzeda da naxevradqveda piri.
mrgvalpirianebs Zabrismagvari piri aqvT.
sxvadasxva Tevzs gansxvavebuli zomis piri aqvs. Rrma wyalSi mobinadre
mraval Tevzs gaaCnia uzarmazari (daaxloebiT sxeulis sigrZis 1/4) piri, romlis
saSualebiTac SeuZliaT daiWiron maTze didi zomis msxverpli. mtacebel Tevzebs
(farga, loqo, qorWila) piri didi aqvT. isini Tavis msxverpls ylapaven mTlianad,
romelsac ikaveben ukan kauWiviT gadaRunuli basri kbilebiT. Tevzebs, romlebic
ikvebebian wylis siRrmeSi da fskerze mcxovrebi organizmebiT, piri aqvT patara da,
rogorc wesi, moklebuli arian kbilebs. zogierTi Tevzis Tavi SeiaraRebulia
qicvebiT, eklebiT (Rorjosi, taranis). zogs gaaCnia ulvaSebi, rogorc gemovnebisa
da SexebiTi SegrZnebis organo.
Tavis zeda mxareze, Tvalebis win, ganlagebulia ynosvis organo _ wyvili
nesto, Tevzisnairebs ki (mrgvalpirianebs) aqvT kenti. sxva Tevzebisagan gansxvavebiT,
zvigenebs, skarosebs da qimerebs ynosvis organo ganlagebuli aqvT Tavis qveda
nawilSi.
sur #5. Tevzis sxeuli:
a _ Tavi, b _ kudi, d _ layuCebis naprali, e _ analuri xvreli.
sur #6. piris formebi:
a _ zeda, b _ dingis wverze, g _ naxevradqveda, d _ qveda, e _ gamosawevi,
v _ Zabrismagvari (mrgvali).
Tavis ukana nawilSi layuCis xvrelia, sadac mdebareobs layuCis aparati.
TevzebSi layuCis aparati rTuladaa agebuli. layuCis rkalebi Tavsdeba layuCis
RruSi, romelic ixureba layuCis saxuraviT.
layuCis xvrelebi SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime wyvili (miqsinebs aqvT
erTidan Tormetamde, minogebs _ 7, zvigenebs _ 5-7, Zvlian Tevzebs _ 1).
Tevzebis umravlesobas TiToeuli mxridan gaaCnia erTi mTliani gverdiTi xazi
(I.I.-Iinia lateralis). gverdiTi xazi wylis rxevis mimRebi mgrZnobiare organoa,
romliTac Tevzi aRiqvams wylis moZraobas. gverdiTi xazi kanqveSa arxia, romelic
gareTa samyaros ukavSirdeba farflebis gamsWvalavi xvrelebiT. ZiriTadad
mdebareobs tanis Sua nawilSi. arian Tevzebi, romelTac ramdenime gverdiTi xazi
aqvs (Hexagrammidae). cqimuras, tafelas gverdiTi xazi arasrulia, kefalebs
gverdiTi xazi Tavze aqvT, tanze ki ara.
gverdiTi xazis arseboba an ararseboba sistematikuri niSania, xolo masSi
qerclis raodenoba specifikuria TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis.
Tevzis farflebi. farflebi warmoadgens Tevzis agebulebis damaxasiaTebel
Taviseburebas. isini iyofa wyvil (romlebic Seesabameba umaRlesi xerxemlianebis
daboloebebs) da kent, anu vertikalur farflebad.
wyvil farflebs miekuTvneba mkerdis (P. pinna pectoralis) da muclis
(p.ventralis) farflebi. zurgis farfli (p.dorsalis) kentia erTidan samamde, kudis C
(p.caudalis) da analuri A(p.analis) farflebi ki _ erTi an ori. oragulisnairebs,
xariusebs, xaracinisnairebsa da sxva Tevzebs zurgze aqvT cximovani farfli
(p.adiposa), romelsac ar gaaCnia sxivebi. skumbrias, Tinuss, sairas zurgis da
analuri farflebis ukan patara damatebiTi farflebic aqvT.
sxeulze farflebis mdebareoba, maTi forma, zomebi, agebuleba da funqciebi
erTob mravlferovania sxvadasxva saxeobis TevzebisaTvis. Tevzebi farflebs iyeneben
gadaadgilebisaTvis,
manevrirebisa
da
wonasworobis
dasacavad.
Tevzebis
umravlesobaSi win gadaadgilebisaTvis ZiriTad rols asrulebs kudis farfli,
romelic axdens moZraobis stabilizacias. zurgis da analuri farflebi
warmoadgens Tavisebur qeds Tevzis sxeulisaTvis saWiro myari mdgomareobis
misacemad.
wyvili farflebis ori kompleqti emsaxureba wonasworobas, damuxruWebas da
marTvas. mkerdis farflebi iSviaTad ara aqvT mrgvalpirianebsa da zogierTi saxeobis
Tevzs. rogorc wesi, isini ganlagebuli arian layuCebis xvrelebis ukan. mkerdis
farflebis forma ramdenadme damokidebulia kudis farflis formaze. isini
momrgvalebuli aqvT im Tevzebs, romlebsac kudic momgvrvalebuli aqvT.
kargad mcurav Tevzebs mkerdis farflebi wawvetebuli aqvT. maTi sigrZe miT
ufro metia, rac ufro axlos arian isini ganlagebuli tanis simZimis centrTan.
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad aqvT ganviTarebuli mkerdis da muclis farflebi
mfrinav Tevzebs. isini ikavebs Tevzs haerSi, roca is amoxteba wylidan. frTebis
rols asrulebs Zlier ganviTarebuli mkerdis farflebi.
zRvis eSmakis mkerdis farflebs aqvs danawevrebuli xorcovani fuZe. maTze
dayrdnobiT zRvis eSmaki gadaadgildeba fskerze xtunviT. zRvis mamals fskeruli
cxovrebis nirTan dakavSirebiT mkerdis farflis qveda 2-3 sxivi gamocalkavebuli
aqvs da moqmedebs mwerebis fexebis msgavsad. igive sxivebi asrulebs Sexebis organos
rols.
muclis farflebis mdebareoba sxvadasxva Tevzs sxvadasxvanairi aqvs.
SedarebiT dabalganviTarebulebs (zvigeni, qaSayi, kobri) isini ganlagebuli aqvT
mucelze da ukaviaT e.w. abdominaluri mdebareoba. SedarebiT maRalganviTarebuli
Tevzebis muclis farflebi gadaweulia wina mxares, ikavebs ra torakalur
mdebareobas gul-mkerdis farflebis qveS (qorWila, skumbria, kefali). zRvis finias,
virTevzasnairebs muclis farflebi ganlagebuli aqvT mkerdis farflebis win, yelze
da maT ukaviaT guliaruli mdebareoba.
mrgvalpirianebSi, gvelTevzasnairebSi da zogierT sxva saxeobis TevzSi
muclis farflebi reducirebuli an saerTod gamqralia. Zalian sustad aqvT muclis
farflebi ganviTarebuli zRvis finiebs, romlebic imalebian soroSi. Rorjosnairebs
muclis farflebi Sezrdili aqvT Zabrismagvari sawovaras formiT.
Taviseburad icvleba muclis farflebis ukana sxivebi zvigenisnairebsa da
skarosisnairebSi, gardaiqmneba ra Serwymis organod _ p t e r i o g o p o d i u
m a d.
orgvaradmsunTqavebsa da zogierT namarx TevzebSi wyvil farflebs gaaCniaT
sxvagvari agebuleba. farflis centraluri RerZidan orive mxares gadis gaSlili
xrtilovani sxivebi. Cveulebriv, TevzebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli universaluri
farflebisagan gansxvavebiT, aseTi farflebi iwodeba b i s e r a l u r a d.
kenti farflebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs kudis farfli. misi
uqonloba Zalian iSviaTad aRiniSneba (skarosebi, kudmCxvletiaseburni).
formiTa da agebulebiT arCeven kudis farflis ramodenime tips (sur #7):
asimetriuli
(heterocerkaluri)
_
zvigenebSi,
zuTxisnairebSi
da
sxva;
crusimetriuli (homocerkaluri) _ Zvlian Tevzebis umravlesobaSi. garegnuli
simetriis ukan aq ifareba Sinagani asimetria, radganac xerxemlis bolo malebi an
qordis daboloeba yovelTvis mimarTulia kudis farflis zeda frTaze; simetriuli
(dificerkaluri)
gvxvdeba
namarxebSi,
uZvelesi
warmoSobis
Tevzebsa
(orgvaradmsunTqavebsa) da zog Zvlian TevzebSi. aq aRiniSneba Sinagani da garegani
simetria. am TevzebSi qorda an xerxemali yofs kudis farfls zeda da qveda tol
nawilebad. protecerkaluri gvxvdeba minogebsa da gvelTevzebSi.
kudis farflebis yvela tipi warmoiSva asimetriulidan. crusimetria
aRmocenda kudis farflis qveda nawilis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad, xolo
simetriuli kudi _ qordis an xerxemlis qvemoT meoradi gadaxris Sedegad.
kudis farflis forma mWidro kavSirSia Tevzis cxovrebis nirTan da
gansakuTrebiT curvis unarTan. saukeTeso mcuravebs _ Tinusebs _ kudi
naxevarmTvariseburi aqvT. nela curavs qaSayi, romelsac gaaCnia orTiTa kudi. cudad
mcurav Tavdidas kudi momrgvalebuli aqvs da a.S.
farflebis raodenobasa da mdebareobaSi SesaZlebelia variaciebi. wyvili
farflebi ar gaaCniaT mrgvalpirianebs (minogebs, miqsinebs). sxeulis gvelisebur
formas Tan axlavs muclis farflebis dakargva (Anguillidae), zogjer _ mkerdisac
(Muraenidae).
sur #7. Tevzebis kudis farflebis tipebi:
a _ homocerkaluri, b _ dificerkaluri, g _ heterocerkaluri, d _
protocerkaluri.
ramdenadac zurgis farfli umetes SemTxvevaSi asrulebs qedis rols, imdenad
cudad mcurav TevzebSi (skarosisnairebSi) is sustadaa ganviTarebuli an saerTod
ar aris. Zvlovan Tevzebs iSviaTad ara aqvT zurgis farfli (eleqtruli
gvelTevza). Tevz-ialqanis uzarmazari zurgis farflis simaRle 1,5 m-s aRwevs. is
mas wylis zedapirze amoswevs da rogorc ialqans ise iyenebs, qars Tevzi miaqvs
zRvaSi.
meankeseeburTa
warmomadgenlebSi
zurgis
farflis
pirveli
sxivi
wagrZelebulia grZel Zafad, romelic asrulebs misatyueblis rols nadavlis
dasaWerad.
eklianisebur (maxaTisebur) TevzebSi zurgis farflis pirveli sxivebi
warmoadgens Zlier mCxvletia qicvebs, romlebsac aqvs Sxamiani jirkvlebi.
zurgis farflis Taviseburi gardaqmna SeiniSneba tmasnia (misawovara)
TevzebSi (sur #8). umetesi niSnebiT isini axlos arian qorWilasnairebTan da
stavridasnairebTan. gansxvavdebian mxolod imiT, rom maTSi zurgis farfli
gadanacvlebulia Tavze da gadaqceulia e.w. sawovarad, romlis agebulebac
uzrunvelyofs saimedo mimagrebas. sawovaras saSualebiT Tevzebi ekvrian sxvadasxva
,,patrons” _ did Tevzebs, kuebs, veSapebs, zogjer gemebsac ki. Zlieri mikvra
mniSvnelovnad zrdis maTi gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobas, Tumca SeuZliaT
damoukidebeli curvac. tmasniebis sigrZe 30-dan 90 sm-mdea. gansakuTrebiT didebs
axasiaTebT Tavisufali cxovreba. binadroben tropikul zonaSi.
iseve, rogorc zurgis farfli, analuri farflic asrulebs qedis rols.
zogierTi
TevzisaTvis
is
aucilebelia
samoZraod
(kambalasebrnisaTvis,
gvelTevzasebrnisaTvis). rig Tevzebs analuri farfli ar gaaCniaT (qicviani
zvigeniseburns, skarosiseburns).
kbilebiani kobrisnairebis ojaxis warmomadgenlebs analuri farfli
gadaqceuli aqvT kopulaciis organod, rac warmoadgens Semgueblobas Sinagani
ganayofierebisaTvis.
farflebi Sedgeba xrtilovani an Zvlovani sxivebisagan, romlebic
erTimeoresTan dakavSirebulia kanovani apkiT an iSviaTad apki ara aqvT da sxivebic
Tavisufalia (samekala).
sur #8. tmasnia Tevzi
arCeven martiv da danawevrebul sxivebs. ekliani, mCxvletavi sxivebi ar aris
danawevrebuli da datotvili.
rbili sxivebi SeiZleba iyos datotvili da dautotavi (sur #9). cximovan farfls
sxivebi ara aqvs.
farflebs Semoklebulad aRniSnaven formulebiT, romlebic warmodgenas
gvaZlevs farflebis sxivebis raodenobasa da xarisxze. sistematikisaTvis ZiriTadad
iTvlian sxivebis raodenobas zurgisa da analur farflebSi.
fargas zurgis farflis formula aseTia: D XIII-XV, I-III 19-23. formulidan
gamomdinareobs, rom mdinaris fargas aqvs ori zurgis farfli, razec miuTiTebs
mZime.
pirveli zurgis farfli Seicavs 13-15 magar, mCxvletav sxivs (isini
aRniSnulia romauli cifrebiT), meore zurgis farflSi 1-3 mCxvletavi da 19-23
rbili sxivia.
kobris analuri farflis formula A III 5(6) gviCvenbs, rom masSi 3
dautotavi da 5 (iSviaTad 6) datotvili sxivia.
moZraobis xerxebi. sxeulis formebis da maTi cxovrebis pirobebis
mravalferovneba
gansazRvravs
moZraobis
sxvadasxva
xerxs.
TevzebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia. gadaadgilebis sami xerxi _ curva, cocva da frena. maTTvis
tipurs warmoadgens curva, romelic ZiriTadad xorcieldeba tanis da kudis
gverdiTi mimoxvris xarjze. sxeulis mimoxvra kunTovani SekumSvebis Sedegia.
malaTa didi raodenobis mqone Tevzebs ufro moqnili sxeuli aqvT, mTvara
Tevzis Zalian mokle sxeuls ki mimoxra ar SeuZlia. is Tevzebi, romelTa sxeulis
agebuleba gamoricxavs gverduli mimoxris SesaZleblobas (cxenTevza, nemsTevza,
mTavra Tevzi, eleqtruli Tevzebi), curaven farflebis talRiseburi moZraobebiT:
eleqtruli gvelTevza _ analuris, mTvara Tevzi-kudis, skarosebi _ mkerdis
farflebis saSualebiT.
sxeulis
gverdiTi
mimoxris
mixedviT
arCeven
curvis
or
tips:
gvelTevzasebursa
da
skumbriaseburs.
(minogebi,
gvelTevzebi,
xlakunebi),
gvelTevzaseburi sxeulis mqone Tevzebis moZraoba talRiseburia. gadaadgilebis es
tipi SedarebiT ekonomiuria, Tumca curvis siCqare am dros mcirea.
sur #9. Tevzebis farflebis sxivebis tipebi:
a _ martivi, b _ mCxvletavi, g _ rbili danawevrebuli, dautotavi, d _
datotvili.
1. Cqara mcuravebi (oraguli, skumbria), siCqaris koeficienti 30-60;
2. nela mcuravebi (sazani, kaparWina, Rorjo), siCqaris koeficienti 5-dan 20mde.
curvis skumbriaseburi tipis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs kuds, romlis
saSualebiTac xdeba wylidan Tevzis ukubiZgeba da win gadaadgileba. curvisas Tevzis
mier warmoqmnili mTeli samoZrao Zalis daaxloebiT 40% modis kudis nawilze.
Tevzebi curaven sxvadasxva siCqariT, romelic damokidebulia agebulebis
Taviseburebaze, fiziologiur mdgomareobaze, wylis temperaturasa da sxva
faqtorebze. yvelaze ufro moZravia xmal-Tevza, romelsac Seswevs unari
ganaviTaros 33 m/wm-mde siCqare. magaliTad, Cveulebrivi Tinusi curavs 20 m/wm,
xolo oraguli _ 5 m/wm-mde siCqariT.
Tevzebis moZraobis siCqare garkveulad damokidebulia sxeulis sigrZeze,
romlis Sesabamisadac ganisazRvreba siCqaris koeficienti an tanis sigrZeTa
raodenoba wamSi L/wm.
moZraobis siCqaris mixedviT TevzebSi gamoyofen Semdeg jgufebs: Zalian
swrafad mcuravebi (xmal-Tevza, Tinusebi, zvigeni-mako), romelTa siCqaris
koeficienti 70-mdea; swrafad mcuravebi (oragulebi, skumbriebi) _ siCqaris
koeficienti 30-60-ia. zomierad swrafad mcuravebis (kefalis, virTevzas, qaSayis)
siCqaris koeficienti 20-30-ia. nela mcuravebis (gareuli kobris) _ 10-20. Zalian
nela mcuravebis, siCqaris koeficientiT ki 5-ze naklebia.
erTi da imave saxeobis Tevzebs SeuZliaT ganaviTaron gansxvavebuli
siCqareebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT arCeven naxtomisebur da kreiserul siCqareebs.
naxtomisebur siCqares, romelic aRwevs 30-70 L/wm-s, Tevzebi aviTareben Zalian
mokle drois ganmavlobaSi (SiSis, nadavlze naxtomis gakeTebis dros). kreiseruli
siCqaris (romelic ar aRemateba 1-4 L/wm-s) SemTxvevaSi Tevzebi curaven xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi.
Tevzebis moZraobis siCqareze gavlenas axdens maTi sxeulis forma,
qerclovani safarveli, lorwos arseboba. nela mcuravi TevzebisaTvis, Cveulebriv,
damaxasiaTebelia maRali sxeuli da msxvili qerclebi (bevri kobrisnairi), agreTve
sxeulis gvelTevzaseburi, lentiseburi an burTiseburi forma.
swrafad mcurav Tevzebs gaaCniaT kargad mokvercxili sxeulis forma, patara
qerclebi, Txeli kunTovani kudis nawili, xSirad horizontaluri qedebiT
(Tinusebs), Zlier ganviTarebuli, TiTqmis simetriuli maRali kudis farfli,
damatebiTi farflebi zurgis analuri farflebis ukan (Tinusebs, pelamidebs,
skumbriebs). bevr swraf Tevzs gaaCnia cximovani quTuToebi (kefals, Savzurgas
qaSays), lapotebi mkerdis farflebis fuZesTan (lobans), wagrZelebuli qerclebi
(alae) kudze (Savzurgas) .
gadaadgilebis erT-erTi xerxia gruntze cocva, romelic ZiriTadad
xorcieldeba mkerdis farflebis da kudis meSveobiT (mcocavi qorWila,
mravalfexianebi, lamis mxtunavi Tevzi, zRvis mamali). magaliTad tropikul
raionebis damdgar wylebSi mobinadre mcocavi qorWila gamococdeba xmeleTze da
gadaadgildeba mkerdis farflebis, agreTve kudis da layuCis saxuravis eklebis
saSualebiT. ikvebeba ra xmeleTis uxerxemloebiT, mas tenian haerze uwylod yofna
SeuZlia ramdenime dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
frena, ufro zustad haerSi livlivi, damaxasiaTebelia msoflio okeanis
tropikul da subtropikul pelagialSi mobinadre mfrinavi TevzebisaTvis, icaven ra
Tavs mtaceblebisagan, es Tevzebi gaSlian grZel da farTo mkerdis farflebs,
amoxtebian wylidan da karga xans livliveben haerSi. gaaCniaT Zalian didi sacurao
buSti. misi daniSnuleba orgvaria: amcirebs Tevzis wonas da Seguebulia haeriT
sunTqvasTan. frenis manZili 7-8 m simaRleze aRwevs 800 m-s, xolo haerSi moZraobis
siCqare saSualod Seadgens 48-72 km/sT-s.
Tevzebis gazomva
ra formac ar
ZiriTadad erTnairia.
unda
gaaCndeT
sarewao
Tevzebs,
maTi
gazomvis
xerxebi
Tevzebis sxeulis gazomva aucilebelia sxvadasxva miznisaTvis: Weris
iaraRebis forebis Tvlebis dasaSvebi zomebis gansazRvrisaTvis, Tevzebis zrdis
SeswavlisaTvis, mocemuli saxeobis Tevzebis mopovebis mizniT sarewao RonisZiebebis
dasadgenad, agreTve calkeuli qvesaxeobisa da adgilobrivi formebis gamosacnobad.
Tevzebis eqsterieris da nasuqobis Seswavlis dros aucilebelia sxeulis
calkeul nawilebs Soris Tanafardobis gansazRvra.
Tevzebis gazomvisaTvis iyeneben sxvadasxva xelsawyo-mowyobilobas: gasazomi
santimetri, sazomi dafa, Stangencirkuli, saxazavebi, santimetruli ruleti,
gasazomi varcli. (sur #10)
gemebze, gansakuTrebiT rwevis dros, Tevzebis gasazomad sargebloben sazomi
varcliT. is mzaddeba Tamasebisagan, romelTa Soris mcire Rarebia, saidanac
Camoedineba wyali da lorwo.
mcire zomis Tevzebis gazomvebs, agreTve Tavis sigrZisa da sxeulis simaRlis
ufro zust gazomvebs axdenen StangencirkuliT. gazomvis dros Tevzs deben sazom
dafaze Tavis marjvena mxariT, torsuli bortisken. gazomvis Casawerad iyeneben
kobrisnairTa gazomvis sqemas, radganac mas bevri saerTo gaaCnia sxva sqemebTan (sur
#11).
Tevzis mTeli sigrZe (zoologiuri an absoluturi) izomeba dingis wverodan
kudis farflis yvelaze ufro grZeli sxivis lapotis bolos vertikalamde Tevzis
horizontaluri mdgomareobis dros.
s i g r Z e s m i t i T _ aris manZili dingis wina kididan kudis
farflis Sua sxivebis bolomde.
,,s a r e w a o,” anu sigrZe kudis farflis gareSe _ es aris manZili dingis
wverodan qerclovani safarvlis bolomde. sarewao sigrZiT sargebloben Tevzis
Werisas dasaSvebi umciresi zomis gansasazRvravad.
t a n i s s i g r Z e _ es aris manZili layuCis xvrelidan qerclovani
safarvlis bolomde, anu kudis farflis sxivebis fuZemde (im TevzebSi, romelTac
qerclebi ar gaaCniaT).
T a v i s s i g r Z e _ es aris manZili dingis wverodan layuCis saxuravis
ukana, yvelaze ufro daSorebul kidemde.
t a n i s u d i e s i s i m a R l e _ es aris manZili umaRlesi
wertilidan muclamde, vertikalur mdgomareobaSi yofnis dros.
E e q s t e r i e r i _ es aris sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis garegani
agebuleba, swavleba maT Sesaxeb, romlis ZiriTadi mizania cxovelis agebulebis
mixedviT ganisazRvros misi sasargeblo sameurneo Tvisebebi.
sur 10. Tevzis sazomi xelsawyoebi:
A
a _ sazomi dafa, b _ Stangencirkuli, g _ varcli Tevzis gasazomad.
sur #11. nafotas gazomvis sqema:
a-b _ sxeulis absoluturi sigrZe, a-g _ sigrZe kudis farflis gareSe, a-z
_ sigrZe smitiT, v-g _ sxeulis sigrZe, a-v _ Tavis sigrZe, d-e _ udidesi simaRle,
T _ sxeulis sisqe.
Tevzis zogierTi ganzomilebani SeiZleba Caiweros Semoklebulad:
L _ Tevzis mTliani sigrZe,
1 _ sigrZe qerclovani safarvlis kidemde (qaSayisnairebSi kudis farflis Sua
sxivebis kidemde),
C _ Tavis sigrZe,
H _ tanis simaRle.
Kkani, qercli, manaTobeli organoebi
T e v z e b i s kanis s a f a r v e l S i arCeven or fenas: e p i T e l
u r i ujredebis gareTa fena, a n u
e p i d e r m i s i da Sida, S e m a e r T
e b e l q s o v i l o v a n i ujredebis fena _ sakuTvriv kani, koriumi, kutisi.
kani
dagebulia
fxvieri,
SemaerTebelqsovilovani
fenebiT
(kanqveSa
SemaerTebeli qsovili, kanqveSa ujredisi). bevr Tevzs kanqveSa ujredisSi ugrovdeba
cximi.
epidermisi icavs organizms garedan nivTierebebis SeRwevisagan. is Sedgeba
mravalfenovani epidermisisagan, romlis ujredebis forma da fenebis raodenoba
sxvadasxva TevzSi variirebs. epiTeluri ujredebis gareTa fena garqovanebulia,
magram, xmeleTis xerxemlianebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar kvdeba, inarCunebs ra kavSirs
cocxal ujredebTan. Tevzis sicocxlis periodSi epidermisis garqovanebis
intensiuroba ar rCeba ucvleli. umaRles dones zogierT TevzSi is aRwevs tofobis
win. magaliTad, sigebisa da kobrisnairebis mamrebs tanis zogierT adgilze
(gansakuTrebiT Tavze, layuCebis saxuravebze, gverdebze da a.S.) uCndebaT e.w.
margalitiseburi gamonayari _ patara TeTri xorklebis grova, rac xdis kans
xaoians. tofobis Semdeg is qreba.
Tevzebis kani sxva xerxemlianebis kanisagan gamoirCeva lorwos didi
raodenobiT. lorwo warmoiqmneba epidermisze mdebare s p e c i a l i z i r e b u
l
j i r k v l o v a n ujredebSi. es ujredebi sami formisaa: b o k a l i s e
b u r i,
k o l b i s e b u r i da m a r c v l o v a n i (sur
#12).
A
sur #12. Tevzis kanis agebuleba:
a _ lorwos gamomyofi bokaliseburi ujredebi, b _ epidermisis ZiriTadi fena, g _
sakuTriv kani, d _ marcvlovani ujredebi, e _ kolbiseburi ujredebi, v _ nervebi,
z _ sisxlZarRvebi, T _ epidermisi.
yvela formis arsebobas gansazRvravs lorwos raodenoba. erTi saxis ujredebis
arsebobis dros gamoiyofa gacilebiT naklebi lorwo.
sxvadasxva TevzSi lorwos gamoyofis intensiuroba sxvadasxvagvaria. rogorc
wesi, Tevzebi, romlebsac kargad ganviTarebuli qerclovani safarvliT, gamoyofen
mcire raodenobis lorwos (oragulisnairebi, qorWilasnairebi), xolo Tevzebi,
romelTac saerTod ara aqvT an reducirebuli aqvT qerclebi (mrgvalpirianebi,
zogierTi loqo, xlakuna, Wanari), gamoyofen Zalian bevri raodenobis lorwos.
QWanaris lorwos baqtericiduli Tvisebebi ganapirobebs mis gamZleobas parazitebiT
dasenianebisadmi, maSin rodesac kobrisnairTa ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebi aseT
gamZleobas moklebuli arian.
Tevzebis sasicocxlo pirobebisaTvis Zalian didia lorwos roli: is
amcirebs sxeulis xaxuns wyalTan (meqanikuri damcveloba), icavs organizms
parazitebisa da baqteriebis moxvedrisagan (baqtericiduli damcveloba), aCqarebs
sisxlis Sededebas Wrilobebis SemTxvevaSi, xels uwyobs nivTierebebis gamodevnas
organizmidan, aregulirebs wylis da marilebis SeRwevadobas (osmosuri regulacia),
axdens daleqvas da gamoyofs specifikur suns. zogierTi monacemiT, zogi Tevzis
lorwo mtaceblebSi iwvevs saWmlis monelebis moSlas.
kanis erTujredian jirkvlebSi gamomuSavdeba f e r o m o n e bi _ aqroladi
(sunis mqone) nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyofa garemoSi da moqmedebs sxva Tevzebis
receptorebze. isini specifikuria rogorc sxvadasxva saxeobisaTvis, aseve
axlomonaTesaveTaTvisac. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia maTi Sidasaxeobrivi
diferencireba (asakobrivi, sqesobrivi).
bevr Tevzs, maT
Soris kobrisnairebs, uCndebaT e.w. S i S i s
n i v T i e r e b a _ iqTiopterini, romelic gamoiyofa wyalSi daWrili Tevzis
sxeulidan da aRiqmeba misi TanamoZmeebis mier rogorc signali saSiSroebis Sesaxeb.
zRvis Rrma wyalSi mcxovrebi Tevzebis manaTobeli organoebi da zogierTi
Tevzis Sxamiani jirkvlebi, moTavsebuli qicvebis fuZesaTan da farflebis sxivebze
(zRvis drakoni), aseve warmoadgens epidermisis jirkvlovan warmonaqmnebs.
epidermisis qveda S r e e b i s
m o s a z R v r e koriumis SreebSi
ganlagebulia pigmenturi ujredebi _ qromatoforebi (sur #13). qromatoforebi
varskvlaviseburi ujredebia, gamonazardebis simravliT da marcvliseburi pigmentis
CaTvliT. isini gansazRvraven Tevzebis Seferilobis mravalferovnebas. gansxvaveba
SeferilobaSi miiRweva sxvadasxva qromatoforis SexamebiT: - m e l a n o f o r e
b i - Savi m a r c v l o v a n i pigmentebia, qsantoforebi - yviTeli,
eriTroforebi - wiTeli. Guanoforebs, anu iridocitebs ara aqvs marcvlovani
pigmenti, magram Seicavs guaninis patar-patara kristalebs, romlis gamoc Tevzs
vercxlisferi gadahkravs.
Seferilobis intensiuroba ganisazRvreba qromatoforebis mdgomareobiT: maTi
gafarToebisas pigmentis marcvlebi moiRvreba did farTobze da sxeulis Seferiloba
xdeba naTeli. Tu qromatoforebi pataravdeba, marcvlebi grovdeba centrSi, tovebs
ra ujredis umetes nawils Seuferavs da sxeulis Seferva mkrTaldeba.
pigmenturi ujredebis forma mudmivia da monaTesave saxeobebSi msgavsia.
pigmenturi ujredebis mdgomareobis cvlilebas iwvevs Sinagani da garegani
faqtorebi: wyalsatevis temperatura da gazobrivi reJimi, asaki, sqesi, organizmis
mdgomareoba (SimSili, gamravleba da a.S.), emociebi (agzneba, SiSi) da sxv.
sxeulis Seferilobas xSirad gaaCnia SemgueblobiTi mniSvneloba. pelagiuri
Tevzebis zurgi Cveulebriv muqi ferisaa, xolo muceli – movercxlisfro _
moTeTro, ris gamoc Tevzi naklebad SesamCnevia zemodanac da qvemodanac.
sayovelTaod cnobilia kambalebis, Rorjoebis, zRvis nemsTevzas sxeulis
Semguebloba fskeris ferTan.
sur #13. Tevzis kanis pigmenturi ujredebi:
a _ Savi sxeulebi _ Savi qromatoforebia, b _ nacrisferi sxeulebi _ yviTeli
qromatoforebi, g _ mcire TeTri firfitebi_iridocitebi.
amasTan, ZiriTad rols asrulebs nervuli sistema, romelic warmoSobs mxedvelobiT
gaRizianebebs da iwvevs pigmenturi ujredebis Sesabamis reaqciebs (dabrmavebul
TevzebSi kani ar icvlis Sefervas).
gamravlebis periodSi elferis Secvla (saqorwino morTulobis gamoCena),
xSirad SeiniSneba mdedrebisa da mamrebis SeferilobaSi, rac gamowveulia
hormonaluri faqtorebis zegavleniT.
sakuTvriv kani uzrunvelyofs safarvlis simtkices. is Sedgeba SemaerTebeli
qsovilis ramdenime Srisagan (Zvlian TevzebSi, magaliTad, samisagan) romlebic
gamsWvaluli n e r v e b i T a
da
k a p i l a r e b i T. amave fenaSi
ganlagebulia specializebuli ujredebi, sekretis gamomyofi
skleroblastebi,
romlebic magrdeba da warmoqmnis qercls (kanis ConCxs), da icavs sxeuls meqanikuri
dazianebisagan.
Yyvela Tevzs gaaCnia qercli, magram misi ganviTarebis xarisxi sxvadasxva
TevzSi sxvadasxvanairia. zogierTma Tevzma (loqoebma, skarosebma) evoluciis
procesSi dakarga qercli. ase rom, misi ararseboba warmoadgens meoreul movlenas.
qerclebis zomebi variirebs mikroskopulidan (gvelTevzebSi) ramdenime
santimetramde (indur wveraSi), aseve mravalgvaria qerclebis formebi (sur #14)
arCeven qerclebis sam formas: p l a k o i d u r s,
g a n o i d u r s
da
Z v l o v a n s. plakoiduri SedarebiT Zvelia, SenarCunebulia xrtilovan
TevzebSi (zvigenebSi, skarosebSi). Sedgeba firfitebisagan, romlebzec moTavsebulia
kbilakebi, qicvebi. Zveli qerclebi cviva, maT adgilze ki Cndeba axlebi. Ganoiduri
umetesad namarx TevzebSi gvxvdeba. qerclebs gaaCnia erTmaneTTan mWidrod
Senawevrebuli rombiseburi forma. amgvarad, sxeuli Casmulia javSanSi. qerclebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba. Tavisi warmoSobiT qercli dakavSirebulia
ganoinTan (dentinisebur nivTierebasTan), romelic sqel fenad devs Zlovan
firfitebze. Tanamedrove Tevzebs Soris is gaaCnia javSnian qariylapiebs da
mravalfarflianebs. amas garda, is aqvT zuTxisnairebs kudis farflis zeda frTasa
da mTel tanze ganlagebuli mkvrivi firfitebis – fareklebis, anu balTebis saxiT
(ramdenime ganoiduri qerclis Serwymuli modifikacia).
TandaTanobiT saxecvlilebisas qercli kargavda ganoins. Tanamedrove Zvlian
Tevzebs ganoini ukve aRara aqvT. qerclebi Sedgeba Zvlovani firfitebisagan (Zlovani
qerclebi). es qerclebi SeiZleba iyos cikloiduri _ momrgvalebuli, gluvi
boloebiT (kobrisnairebs) da qtenoiduri _ dakbiluli ukana boloebiT
(qorWilasnairebs). orive forma naTesauria. cikloiduri, rogorc ufro
primitiuli, gvxvdeba dabalganviTarebul TevzebSi. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi
saxeobis farglebSi mamrebs aqvT qtenoiduri, xolo mdedrebs _ cikloiduri
qercli (kambalebi _ liopsetta-s gvaridan), anda erT individs gaaCnia orive formis
qercli.
yoveli aseTi qercli ganviTarebas iwyebs qerclis jibeSi _ koriumis
CaRrmavebaSi, SemdgomSi misi Tavisufali bolo gamodis jibidan da efineba momdevno
qercls. qerclebis aseTi kramitiseburi ganlageba Tevzis sxeuls aZlevs
Tavisufali moZraobis saSualebas. qerclebi ganlagebulia rigebad. rigebis ricxvi
da qerclebis raodenoba sigrZiv rigSi Tevzis asakTan erTad ar icvleba. amis gamo
isini sistematikuri gansazRvris dros gamoiyeneba, rogorc maCvenebeli.
yoveli qerclis WrilSi arCeven gareTa safaris fenas (upiratesad
araorganuli Semcvelobis) da qveda bazalurs (Zvlis Tvisebis mqones). safari fenis
zemoT koncentruli fenebiT ganlagebulia skleritebi. maTi warmoqmna xdeba
periodulad. amis gamo mis rigebs iTvlian Tevzebis asakis gansazRvris (wliuri
rgolebi) da zrdis ukugamoTvlis dros.
Tevzebis kani advilad aRdgeba. kanis gziT xdeba, erTis mxriv, nivTierebaTa
cvlis saboloo produqtebis nawilobrivi gamoyofa, xolo meores mxriv _
garemodan zogierTi nivTierebis STanTqma (Jangbadis, naxSirmJavis, wyalis, gogirdis,
fosforis, kalciumis da sxva elementebis), romlebic didi rols asruleben
cxovelqmedebaSi. didi mniSvneloba aqvs kans, rogorc receptorul zedapirs: masSi
ganlagebulia Termo-, baro-, qemo-, da sxva receptorebi. koriumis sisqeSi
warmoiqmneba qalis safari Zvlebi da mkerdis farflebis sartylebi.
Tevzis ConCxi
Tevzis ConCxi asrulebs sayrden, damcav da mamoZravebel funqciebs, agreTve
gansazRvravs sxeulis formas, sivrceSi mdebareobas, icavs Sinagan organoebs
dazianebisagan. Tevzis qalis kolofi ifaravs tvins, xolo neknebi _ Sinagan
organoebs. ConCxi kunTebTan erTad qmnis mamoZravebel sistemas, romelis Zvlebi
moZraobaSi modis kunTebis SkumSvis Sedegad.
Tevzebis ConCxi Sedgeba garegani da Sinagani ConCxisagan. gareTa ConCxi
yovelTvis Zvlovania. xrtilian Tevzebs is ar gaaCniaT. yvelaze rTuli garegani
ConCxi aRiniSneba zuTxisnairebSi. sxva Zvlian TevzebSi is warmodgenilia Zvlovani
qerclebiT.
Tevzebis Sinagani ConCxi Sedgeba RerZuli ConCxisagan: xerxemlisagan, Tavis
Zvlebisa da wyvili da kenti farflebis ConCxisagan.
RerZuli ConCxi. Tevzebis umravlesobaSi (minogebSi, zuTxisnairebSi,
orgvaradmsunTqavebSi) RerZuli ConCxi warmodgenilia qordis saxiT, romelic
daunawevrebelia. q o r d a Sedgeba elastikuri RerZisagan, magari gareTa garsiT,
romlis SigniTac labisebri nivTierebis saxiT gansakuTrebuli buStebiani ujredebia
warmodgenili (sur #15a).
Tevzebis RerZuli ConCxebis Sedarebisas, dawyebuli mrgvalpirianebidan da
damTavrebuli umaRlesi TevzebiT, SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT RerZuli ConCxis
saerTo
evolucias.
mrgvalpirianebSi
qorda
daunawevrebelia
da
sustad
ganviTarebuli
rkalebiTaa.
elementebiTaa,
aseTive
daunawevrebelia
qorda
zuTxisnairebSi, magram gaaCniaT qordis zemoT da qvemoT ganlagebuli zeda da qveda
rkalebi (sur #15b), srulyofilad formirebul xerxemlamde umaRles TevzebSi.
zvigenebsa da skarosebSi xerxemali warmoiqmneba rkalebis gazrdisa da Serwymis
gziT da Sedgeba Cveulebrivi xrtilisagan. umaRles Zvlian Tevzebs qordis irgvliv
warmoeqmnebaT Zvlovani malebi.
Amgvarad, Tevzebis xerxemali Sedgeba calkeuli malebisagan, romelTac gaaCnia
igive nawilebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia yvela maRalorganizebuli xerxemliani
cxovelisaTvis.
sruliad ganviTarebuli xerxemali umaRles Zvlian TevzebSi (sur #16)
Sedgeba Tavisi agebulebiT ramdenadme gansxvavebuli tanis da kudis malebisagan.
tanis mala Sedgeba cilindruli sxeulisagan, romlis wina da ukana zedapirebi
mniSvnelovnad Sezneqilia. aseT ormagad Sezneqil malebs uwodeben a m f i c e l u
r s. malas zeda (zurgis) mxareze gaaCnia zeda, anu n e v r a l u r i rkali (sur
#17-I). yvela malas nevraluri rkalebi xerxemlis zemoT mTel sigrZeze warmoqmnis
zurgis tvinis damcav mils. zeda rkali bolovdeba zurgis (nevraluri) wvetiani
morCebiT, romlebzedac xerxemlis tanis nawilSi mimagrebulia n e k n e b i. kudis
nawilSi neknebi ar aris. maT nacvlad warmoiqmneba qveda (hemaluri) rkalebi,
romlebic bolovdeba qveda fxovani morCiT (sur #17-II).
A
sur #14. qerclebis tipebi:
a _ Zvlovani, b _ cikloiduri, g _ qtenoiduri, d _ plakoiduri, e _
ganoiduri.
sur #15. qordisa da xerxemlis agebuleba:
a _ mdinaris salamuras larvas qordis ganivi Wrilis nawili:
1 _ SemaerTebeli qsovili, 2 _ gareTa elastikuri garsi,
3 _ boWkovani garsi, 4 _ qordis vakuolizirebuli qsovili.
b _ zuTxisnairTa xerxemali: 1 _ zeda rkalebi, 2 _ qveda rkalebi,
3 _ qorda, 4 _ Casadgmeli xrtilebi, 5 _ fxovani morCebi.
sur #16. Zvlovani Tevzis (qorWilas) ConCxi:
1 _ mkerdis farflis Zvlebi da sxivebi, 2 _ muclis farflis Zvlebi da
sxivebi, 3 _ malebi, 4 _ neknebi danamatebiT, 5 _ analuri farflis ZiriTadi
elementebi, 6 _ analuri farflis sxivebi, 7 _ zurgis farflis ZiriTadi
elementebi, 8 da 9 _ zurgis farflis sxivebi, 10 _ kudis farflis sxivebi, 11 _
Tavis qalis Zvlebi 12 _ zeda da qveda ybebi, 13 _ layuCis saxuravi, 14 _ kudis
farflis damWeri bolo malebi.
sur #17. Zvliani Tevzis (qorWilas) malebi:
I _ tanis mala: a _ gverdidan, b _ winidan, I _ malis sxeuli, 2 _
nevraluri rkali, 3 _ zeda fxovani morCi, 4 _ qveda RerZovani morCi, 5 _ xvreli
ormagadSezneqili malis centrSi, 6 _ zurgis tvinis arxi.
II _ kudis nawilis mala: a _ gverdidan, b _ winidan, I _ malas sxeuli, 2 _
nevraluri rkali, 3 _ zeda RerZovani morCi, 4 _ hemaluri rkali, 5 _ hemaluri
morCi, 6 _ xvreli ormagadSezneqili malas sxeulis centrSi, 7 _ zurgis tvinis
arxi, 8 _ hemaluri arxi.
malebs
Soris
arsebul
RrmulebSi,
romliTac
isini
erTimeorezea
SekavSirebuli, labisebri masis saxiT arsebobs qordis narCenebi. xerxemali ar
warmoadgens erT mTlian Zvals. misi calkeuli malebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia
elastikuri kvanZebiT. amis gamo is moZravia, rac Tevzs SesaZleblobas aZlevs kudi
moiqnios marjvniv da marcxniv, Seicvalos kudis farflis forma da amasTan,
swrafad gadaadgildes wyalSi.
TevzebSi malebis raodenoba gansxvavebulia: CrdiloeTis qaSays, magaliTad,
aqvs daaxloebiT 57 mala, gvelTevzas daaxloebiT _ 200, mTvara Tevzs _ 17, fargas
_ 44.
Tevzebis erTi da imave saxeobis calkeul individebSi SeiniSneba malebis
raodenobis mcire meryeoba. es ganpirobebulia im ekologiuri pirobebiT, romelSic
mimdinareobs mocemuli saxeobis Tevzebis calkeuli jogebis tofoba da lifsitebis
ganviTareba. praqtikul iqTiologiaSi Tevzebis malebis raodenobis gamoTvlas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garegani da sxva niSnebi ar iZleva
Tevzebis rasis gamocnobis saSualebas.
tanis ukanasknel malad iTvleba mala, romelsac qvemoT ganiv wanazardebs
Soris, ar gaaCnia zRudarebi. momdevno malas ki uSualod aqvs aseTi zRudari. mas
uwodeben
k a u d a l u r s.
Tavis Zvlebi. mrgvalpirianebis qala SedarebiT primitiuli agebulebisaa.
minogas Tavis qala (sur #18) Sedgeba qalis kolofisagan, Zabrisebri piris
xrtilebisa da layuCis aparatis xrtilovani gisosisagan.
qalas xrtilebi gars akravs Tavis tvins qvemodan da gverdebidanac. zemoT
erTiani saxuravi ar aris. qalis kolofis wina nawilSi mdebareobs ynosvis kafsula,
romelic mxolod boWkovani qsoviliT sustadaa SeerTebuli qalis kolofTan. smenis
kafsulebic aseve ar erwymis Tavis qalis kolofs da Sezrdilia masTan gverdebze
ukana nawilSi. Tavis qalis kefis nawili mrgvalpirianebSi ar aris ganviTarebuli.
mrgvalpirianebSi Zabrismagvar pirs gaaCnia xrtilebis rigi, romlebic ikavebs
enas da Zabris kedlebs zemodan da gverdebidan.
layuCis aparatis xrtilovani gisosi Sedgeba cxra Txeli, gardigardmo
ganlagebuli rkalisa da oTxi gaswvrivi xrtilovani zolisagan, romlebic aerTeben
am rkalebs. am aparatis wina nawilSi mdebareobs Tvalsqvemo rkali da xrtili,
romlebic warmoadgens
layuCis saxeSecvlil rkalebs. ukana nawilSi layuCis
gisosi bolovdeba xrtilovani kafsuliT, romelic gars ertymis guls.
sur #18. zRvis salamuras qala xerxemlis wina ganyofilebiT da layuCis
ConCxiT.
1 _ piris Rrus rgoliseburi xrtili. 2 _ kenti zeda tuCis xrtilebi, 3 _
Tavis qveda rkali, 4 _ smenis kafsula, 5 _ layuCis rkalebi, 6 _ layuCis
xvrelebi, 7 _ enis qveSa xrtili, 8 _ tuCis xrtilebi.
x r t i l i a n i Tevzebis _ zvigenebisa da skarosebis _ Tavis qala ufro
kompaqturi agebulebisaa. ynosvis, mxedvelobisa da smenis kafsulebisagan qmnis
erTiani xrtilovani Tavis qalis k o l o f s, romelsac gaaCnia k e f i s
ganyofilebac.
xrtilovani Tevzebis zeda yba Sedgeba s a s a k v a d r a t u l i, xolo
qveda _ m e k e l u r i xrtilisagan. amasTan, ybebis SeerTeba qalis kolofTan
iseTive tipisaa, rogorc umaRles TevzebSi, anu ybebi qalis kolofTan SeerTebuli
aris sakidi aparatis meSveobiT. ZiriTad rols asrulebs meore hioiduri rkalidan
warmoqmnili
h i o m a n d i b u l a r u l i xrtili, xolo
umaRles TevzebSi aseTive saxelwodebis Zvali. aseTi tipis qalas uwodeben g i o s
t i l i s t i k u r s. is gaaCnia Tevzebis umravlesobas (sur #19).
Tavis qalas danarCeni ori tipi _ a m f i s t i l u r i c (zeda yba
SeerTebulia qalasTan or adgilas-Tvalis orbitis win da ukan) da a v t o s t i
l u r i c (zeda yba Serwymulia qalas kolofTan) agreTve gvxvdeba TevzebSi:
amfistiluri tipis qala namarxebsa da amJamad mcxovreb zvigenebSi (Pleurocanthodii,
Heterodontidae),
xolo
avtostiluri
_
mTlianTavianebsa
(Holocephala) da
orgvaradmsunTqav TevzebSi. memkvidreobiT es ukanaskneli miiRo yvela zemdgomma
miwiszeda xerxemlianma.
Z v a l x r t i l i a n i Tevzebis, romelTac miekuTvnebian zuTxisnairebi,
Tavis qala ZiriTadad iseTive agebulebisaa, rogoricaa zvigenebsa da skarosebSi,
magram masSi ukve Cndeba zednadebi Zvlebi, romlebic kanismagvari warmonaqmnebia da
faraven qalas zemodan. qveda nawilSi mdebareobs jvariseburi Zvali _ parasfenoidi
da saxnisi
(sur #20). zeda da qveda ybebi Sedgeba imave xrtilebisagan,
romlebic aqvT zvigenebsa da skarosebs. magram maTzec Cndeba kanismagvari warmoSobis
zednadebi Zvlebi: zedaybisani da qvedaybisani, imis gamo rom zuTxisnair Tevzebs
gaaCniaT layuCis saxuravi, romelic faravs layuCis aparats, cvlileba aRiniSneba
layuCis rkalis agebulebaSic.
u m a R l e s i
Z v l i a n i
T e v z e b i s qalac rTuli
agebulebisaa da Sedgeba mravali Zvlisagan. ganvixiloT qorWilas Tavis qalis
agebuleba (sur #21).
A
sur #19. qalis agebulebis sxvadasxva tipebi:
a _ amfistiluri (zvigeni-geptanxusis), b _ Zvlovani ganoidis amfistiluri
qala, g _ giostiluri qala (zvigenis), d _ avtostiluri qala (bayayis), 1 _
ZiriTadi sakidi Zvali an xrtili, 2 _ hioiduri Zvali an xrtili, 3 _ mekeluri
xrtili, 4 _ qveda yba, 5 _ sasakvadratuli xrtili.
sur #20. zuTxis Tavis qala:
1 _ zurgis simi, 2 _ Zvlebis Sua rigi, 3 _ smenis kafsula, 4 _ sakidi
Zvali,
5 _ enisqveSa rkali, 6 - qveda yba, 7 - cxviris Rru, 8 - dingi, 9 _
zeda rkalebi,
10 - Tvalbudis foso, 11 - parasfenoidi, 12 - sasakvadratuli
xrtili, 13 _ RerZovani morCebi, 14 - kvadratuli Zvali, 15 - neknebi, 16 - qalasTan
Sezrdili xerxemlis nawili, 17 - xvreli mxedvelobis nervisaTvis, 18 - layuCis
xuTi rkali.
qorWilas an fargas moxrili Tavi saWiroa Caidos mduRare wyalSi 4-5 wuTis
ganmavlobaSi da moixarSos ise, rom ar daikargos arc erTi Zvali. mduRaredan
amoRebuli Zvlebi Tavs Sordebian SedarebiT iolad (sur #22).
xerxemliani cxovelebis Tavis qala Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi ganyofilebisagan:
sakuTriv qalis kolofisa da visceraluri ConCxisagan, romelic saylapavi milis
wina nawilisa da, kerZod, piris nawilebis sayrdenia. visceraluri ConCxis yvela
Zvali (xrtili) warmoqmnilia gardaqmnili layuCis rkalisagan.
Tevzis Tavis preparatis damuSavebisa, upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia yvela
msubuqad gamoSverili Zvlis mocileba, romlebic mdebareobs qalis kolofis
marjvena da marcxena mxares, agreTve unda mocildes zeda da qveda ybebis da
layuCis aparatis Zvlebi. Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia gamoiyos is momcro Zvlebi,
romlebic advilad ikargeba, saxeldobr: cxviris Zvlebi (nasalia) da Zvlebi,
romlebic gars akravs Tavbudes, sadac mdebareobs didi Tvaliswina (praeorbitale,
lacrinale) da ramdenime Tvalisqvemo (suborbitalia) Zvali.
Semdeg aSoreben zeda ybas, romelic Sedgeba ori Zvlisagan: niCbiseburi zeda
ybisa (maxillare) da ybaTaSorisi (praemaxillare) Zvlebisagan, grZeli morCiTa da
kbilebiT. kvadratul ZvalTan Sesaxsrebuli qveda yba advilad ixsneba. is Sedgeba
kbilis Zvlisagan (dentale), romlis ukana CaRrmavebaSi Sedis Semasaxsrebuli Zvali
(articulare), Tavisi wagrZelebuli boloTi, xolo mas esaxsreba mcire zomis kuTxis
Zvali (angulare).
mekeluri xrtilis rudimenti, cilindruli wawvetebuli Cxiris saxiT,
Sezrdilia Sesaxsrebul ZvalTan im adgilas, sadac is uerTdeba kvadratul Zvals.
danarCen nawilSi saxis aparati Sedgeba sasis (palatinum) Zvlisagan, mcire
zomis sami frTiseburi Zvlisagan (ecto-meso-metapterigoideum) da sakidi, anu
hiomandibularuli (hyomandibulare) Zvlisagan, patara SemaerTebeli da kvadratuli
Zvlisagan jgufuri muSaobisas TiToeuli Tevzis Tavi winaswar SeiZleba gaixvios
marlaSi, rom ar daikargos Zvlebi.
visceraluri laTinuridan momdinareobs (viscera)
da niSnavs Signeulobas,
romelic aRniSnavs cxovelis Sinagan organoebs.
sur #21. Zvlovani Tevzis (qorWilas) Tavis Zvlebi:
1 - Sublis, 2 - Subliswina, 3 - cxavis, 4 - Sublisukana, 5 - parasfenoidi,
6 - cxviris, 7 - kefis zeda, 8 - yuriszeda, 9 - Txemis, 10 - frTiseburi yuris,
11 - alisfenoidi, 12 - bazisfenoidi an ZiriTadi, 13 - ybaTaSorisi, 14 - zeda ybis,
15 - saxnisi da sasis Zvali, 16 - sakidi, 17 - gareTafrTiseburi, 18 SidafrTiseburi, 19 - kvadratuli, 20 - ukanafrTiseburi, 21 - saxuravis, 22 saxuraviswina,
23 - SemaerTebeli, 24 - saxuravisqveda, 25 saxuravSorisi, 26 - qveda ybis,
27 - sasaxsre, 28 - kuTxis, 29 - zeda
enisqveSa, 30 - enis, 31 - qveda enisqveSa,
32 - ukana enisqveSa, 33 - layuCis
sxivebi, 34 - ukana safeTqlis, 35 - laviwis qveda,
36 - laviwi, 37-38 - laviwis
ukana, 39 - korakoidi, 40 - beWi.
sur #22. qorWilas Tavis qalas Zvlebi:
1 - cxviris (nasale), 2 - etmoiduri, anu cxavis (ethmoideum), 3 - Subliswina,
anu gverdiTi etmoiduri (oraefrontale), 4 - Sublis (frontale), 5 - Tvaliswina
(praeozbitale),
6 - Tvalisqveda (suborbitalia), 7 - ZiriTadi soliseburi
(basisphensideum),
8 - alisfenoidi, anu frTasoliseburi
(alisphenoideum), 9 - Txemis (parietale),
10 - Sublisukana, anu soliseburi
yuris (postfrontale s,sphenoticum), 11 - winayuris (prooticum), 12 - ukanayuris
(opisthoticum), 13 - frTiseburi yuris (pteroticum),
14 - zedayuris
(epioticum), 15 - zedakefis (supraoccipitale), 16 - gverdiTikefis (occipitale laterale), 17
- kefis ZiriTadi (basioccipitale), 18 - saxnisi (vomer), 19 - parasfenoidi
(parasphenoideum), 20 – ybaTaSorisi, anu ybebiswina (praemaxillare), 21 - zedaybis
(maxillare), 22 - sasis (palatinum), 23 - gareTa frTiseburi (ectopterygoideum), 24 SigniTa frTiseburi (mesopterygoideum), 25 - ukana frTiseburi (metapterygoideum),
26 - sakidi (hyomandibulare), 27 - SemaerTebeli (symplecticum), 28 - saxuravis
(operculum),
29 - saxuraviswina (Praeoplculum), 30 - saxuravisqveSa
(suboperculum) 31-saxuravSorisi (interoperculum), 32 - qveda ybis an sakbile
(dentale), 33 - sasaxsre (articulae), 34 - kuTxis (angulare), 35 - kvadratuli
(quadratum), 36 - enis (glossohyale), 37 - qveda enisqveSa (hypohyale), 38 - Sua
enisqveSa (ceratohyale), 39 - zeda enisqveSa (epihyale), 40 - Cxiriseburi (stylohyale),
41 - layuCis apkis sxivebi (radii branchiosfegi), 42 - ukana enisqveSa (urohyale)
(SemaerTebeli (simplectium) da kvadratuli (quadratum) Zvlebisagan).
Tavis ukana nawilSi mdebareobs layuCis saxuravis oTxi Zvali, romlebic
faravs
layuCebs:
saxuraviswina
(praeoperculum),
saxuravis
(operculum),
saxuravSorisi da saxuravsqvemoTa. pirveli ori Zvali _ saxuravis wina da
saxuravis _ xSirad gamoiyeneba Tevzebis kvlevis dros.
yvela CamoTvlili Zvali wyvilia da Tevzs isini gaaCnia Tavis rogorc
marcxena, ise marjvena mxareze. Tavis qalis qvemoT moTavsebulia TiTqos orad
mokeceli layuCis aparati, romlis ConCxi Sdgeba layuCis rkalebisa da am rkalebis
SemaerTebeli bazaluri Zvlebisagan. enis wina Zvalze marjvena da marcxena mxares
mimagrebulia nawilebad dayofili ori enisqveSa Zvali, xolo maTze _ layuCis
sxivebi. layuCis rkalebis mexuTe wyvili saxecvlilia firfitebad, romlebzedac
qicvebis rigia, xolo
kobrisnairebSi _ xaxis kbilebi. layuCis aparatis
Zvlebi naCvenebia #23 suraTze.
qorWilas, fargasa da sxva umaRlesi Tevzebis Tavis qalis Seswavla
umjobesia daiwyos kefis nawilidan, Semdeg ki saWiroa qalis saxuravsa da qveda
fuZeze gadasvla.
kefis nawilSi aucilebelia kefis Zvlebis segmentis garCeva, romelic Sedgeba
oTxi patara Zvlisagan: kefis ZiriTadi (basioccipitale), kefis zeda (supraoccipitale) da
gverdiTi kefis ori Zvlisagan (occipitalia lateralia), misi momdevnoa yuris Zvlebis
meore segmenti, romelic Sedgeba Zvlebis oTxi wyvilisagan: wina yuris (prootica),
ukana yuris (opisthotica), zeda yuris (epiotica) da frTiseburi yuris (pterotica)
Zvlebisagan.
am segmentis didi Zvlebis pirveli wyvilebi ganlagebulia qalis kolofis
ukana nawilSi marjvena da marcxena mxares da gaaCnia xvrelebi smenis merve nervis
gasatareblad. ukana yuris patara Zvali mdebareobs qalis kolofis ukana nawilSi.
zeda yuris da frTiseburi yuris Zvlebi qalis ukana nawilSi, mis saxuravze,
warmoqmnis Sinagan da garegan gamonazardebs. yuris am Zvlebs zemodan, qalis
saxuravze, esazRvreba ori Txemis (parietalia), xolo saxuravis qveS - ZiriTadi
soliseburi (basisphenoideum) da ori frTasoliseburi (alisphenoideum) Sualeduri
Zvlebi.
qalis saxuravSi Txemis Zvlebis win ganlagebulia
Sublis Zvlebis sami
wyvili: Sublis didi Zvlebi (frontalia), maT qvemoT, ramdenadme ukan, wagrZelebuli
Sublisukana Zvlebi (postfrontalia). Tavis qalis wina nawilis orive mxares, Sublis
Zvlebis win, ganlagebulia ori Subliswina Zvali (praefrontalia).
sur #23. qorWilas layuCis aparatis Zvlebi:
1 _ enis Zvali, 2,3 da 5 Sua rigis danarCeni Zvlebi (bazaluri), 4,7,8, da
9 _ layuCis rkalebis oTxi wyvili Zvali, 6 _ layuCis rkalebis mexuTe
ganuviTarebeli wyvili, romlebic qmnis saylapavis qveda Zvlebs, 10 _ saylapavis
zeda Zvlebi,
11 _ layuCis rkalebi, 12 _ zeda enisqveSa Zvali, 13 _ Sua
enisqveSa Zvlebi, 14 _ ori qveda enisqvesa Zvali, 15 _ layuCis sxivebi, 16 _
Cxiriseburi Zvali.
or ukanasknel Zvals Soris masiur xrtilze devs cxauris Zvali
(ethmoideum), romelic SemosazRvravs qalis saxuravs winidan.
cxavis Zvalis qvemoT, win wamoweuli momagrebuli boloTi, Zevs saxnisi
(vomer), romelic qalis qvemo nawilis pirveli winamdebare Zvalia. saxnisi Tavisi
soliseburi ukana nawiliT Sedis jvriseburi Zvlis (parasphenoideum) siRrmeSi,
romelic warmoqmnis qalis fskers. es Zvali Sesaxsrebulia kefis ZiriTad ZvalTan.
wyvili da kenti farflebis ConCxi (sur #24). m k e r d i s f a r f l e
b i s
s a r t y e l S i mdebareobs laviwi (cleithrum), beWi (scapula),
Zabriseburi (coracoideum) da rigi sxva meorexarisxovani Zvlebi. ramdenime bazaluri
Zvlis (basalia, anu radialia) saSualebiT mkerdis farflebis sartyeli SeerTebulia
mkerdis farflebis sxivebTan.
m u c l i s
f a r f l e b i s
s a r t y e l i Sedgeba menjis
Zvlebisagan. maTTan marjvena da marcxena mxridan Sesaxsrebulia muclis farflebis
sxivebi.
kenti farflebis Sinagani ConCxi warmodgenilia farflebis sxivebis sayrdeni
ramdenime mogrZo ZvliT. am sayrden elementebs uwodeben p t e r i g o f o r e b
s.
TiToeuli Zvali Tavisi Sida boloTi Sedis malebis RerZuli morCebis
CaRrmavebaSi, xolo gareTa boloTi dakavSirebulia zurgis an analuri farflebis
Sesabamis sxivebTan. analuri farflebis sxivebis sayrdenebi SigniT mimarTuli
boloebiT Sedis malebis qveda RerZuli morCebis Sualedebs Soris.
umaRles Zvlovan TevzebSi sxivebis raodenobas farflebSi Seesabameba sayrdeni
elementebis raodenobac. zvigenebSi, skarosebSi, zuTxisnairebsa da sxva amJamad
binadar da namarx primitiul TevzebSi sayrdeni elementebis raodenoba ar Seesabameba
farflebSi sxivebis raodenobas: aq TiToeul elementze modis ramdenime sxivi.
A
sur #24. Tevzis wyvili farflebi:
a _ mkerdis farflebis Zvlebi: 1 _ laviwi, 2 _ beWi, 3 _ korakoidi, 4 _
laviwis zeda, 5 _ mkerdis farflis ZiriTadi Zvlebi, 6 _ mkerdis farflis sxivebi;
Bb _ muclis farflebis Zvlebi: 1 _ menjis Zvlebi, 2 _ muclis farflis
sxivebi.
kunTovani sistema da eleqtruli organoebi
Tevzebis kunTovan sistemas, ise rogorc sxva xerxemlianebisas, yofen tanis
(somatur) da Sinagani organoebis (viscelarul) kunTebad.
sxeulis kunTovan sistemaSi gamoyofen tanis, Tavisa da farflebis kunTebs.
Sinagan organoebs gaaCniaT TavianTi muskulatura.
kunTovani sistema urTierTkavSirSia ConCxTan
(warmoadgens sayrdens
SekumSvisas), nervul sistemasTan (TiToeul kunTovan boWkosTan
midis nervuli
boWko da yoveli kunTi dakavSirebulia gansazRvrul nervTan). nervebi, sisxlis
mimoqcevis da limfuri arxebi ganlagebulia kunTis SemaerTebelqsovilian SreSi.
TviT SemaerTebeliqsoviliani fena Tevzebis kunTebSi ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT
ar aris didi.
TevzebSi,
iseve
rogorc
sxva
xerxemlianebSi,
yvelaze
Zlierad
ganviTarebulia sxeulis muskulatura. Tanamedrove TevzebSi is warmodgenilia ori
didi moqnili WimiT,
romelic ganlagebulia tanis gaswvriv Tavidan kudamde (didi
gverdiTi
kunTi _ m.lateratismagnus, (sur #25). sigrZivi
SemaerTebelqsoviliani feniT es kunTi iyofa zurgis (zeda) da muclis (qveda)
nawilebad, sazRvaria horizontaluri boWkovani tixari, romelic malidan kanamde
midis. gverdiTi kunTebi gayofilia SemaerTebelqsoviliani fenis _ miotomebis (an
mioseptebis) saSualebiT
miomerebad _ kunTovan segmentebad, romelTa
raodenoba Cveulebriv Seesabameba malebis raodenobas. miomerebi konusebis saxiT
Cawyobilia erTimeoreSi. konusis mwvervali mimarTulia Tavisken. gansakuTrebiT
miomerebi TvalnaTliv ganirCeva lavrebSi, sanam maTi sxeuli gamWvirvalea.
marjvena da marcxena nawilebis kunTebi (miomerebi) ikumSebian ra
morigeobiT, talRiseburad mimoxrian kudis nawils da cvlian kudis farflis
mdebareobas, risi meSveobiTac sxeuli gadaadgildeba win.
gvelTevzasnairebSi curvis dros mimoxra xdeba mTeli sxeuliT. kobrebSi,
qorWilebSi, oragulebSi sxeulis es moZraobebi xorcieldeba kudis meSveobiT.
sxeulis wina nawili mimoixreba Zalian sustad. karg mcuravebs kudis nawili aqvT
wvrili,grZeli, zogjer masze gaaCnia Sesqeleba _ qedi. magaliTad, zogierT zvigens,
virTevzas. iseTi kargi mcuravi Tevzi, rogoricaa xmalTevza, moZraobisas aviTarebs
120-130 km/sT siCqares.
did gverdiT kunTze, sxeulis gaswvriv, mxaris sartyelsa da kuds Soris
zuTxisnairebsa da Zvlian TevzebSi moTavsebulia swori, gverdiTi zedapiruli kunTi
m.ectus lateralis, m.lateralis superficialis (zogierT Tevzs magaliTad gvelTevzebs, is ara
aqvs). massa da swor gverdiT zedapirul kunTs Soris ganlagebulia iribi kunTebi
(m.obliquus)
Tavis kunTebi warmarTavs ybisa da layuCis aparatebis (visceraluri
muskulaturis) moZraobebs. farflebs gaaCniaT Tavisi muskulatura. daboloebebis
kunTebi _ wvrili kunTovani boWkoebia, romlebic mimagrebulia farflebis fuZesTan.
isini asweven, dasweven da gadasweven farflebs.
kunTebis didi raodenobiT Tavmoyra gansazRvravs tanis simZimis centris
mdebareobasac. Tevzebis umravlesobaSi is mdebareobs zurgis nawilSi.
tanis kunTebis moqmedebas aregulirebs zurgis tvini da naTxemi, xolo
visceralur muskulaturas _ uneblieT agznebadi periferiuli nervuli sistema.
arCeven ganivzolian da gluv kunTebs. ganivzolians miekuTvneba tanis ConCxisa
da gulis kunTebi. tanis kunTebs SeuZliaT swrafad da Zlierad SekumSva, magram
maleve
iRlebian.
gulis
kunTebis
agebulebis
Taviseburebas
warmoadgens
gamocalkavebuli boWkoebis ara paraleluri ganlageba, aramed maTi daboloebebis
datotva da erTi konidan meoreSi gadasvla, romelic apirobebs am organos
Seuwyvetel muSaobas.
gluvi kunTebic aseve Sedgeba boWkoebisagan, magram gacilebiT ufro
moklea. maTSi ar SeiniSneba ganivi daxazuloba. es Sinagani organoebis da
sisxlZarRvTa kedlebis kunTebia.
ganivzolian boWkoebsa, da, Sesabamisad, kunTebs yofen wiTel da TeTr
kunTebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs,
feriT. feri ganpirobebulia mioglobinis cilis arsebobiT, romelic advilad
ierTebs Jangbads. mioglobini uzrunvelyofs sunTqvis fosforirebas, romelsac Tan
axlavs energiis didi raodenobiT gamoyofa.
wiTeli da TeTri boWkoebi ganirCeva mTeli rigi morfofiziologiuri
maxasiaTeblebiT: feriT, formiT, meqanikuri da bioqimiuri TvisebebiT (sunTqvis
intensiuroba, glikogenis Semcveloba da a.S).
wiTeli kunTis boWkoebi (m.lateralis ruperficialis) viwroa da Txelia,
intensiurad maragdeba sisxliT, ganlagebuli aris ufro zedapirulad (tanis
gaswvriv Tavidan kudamde), sarkoplazmaSi Seicavs met mioglobins. maTSi
aRmoCenilia cximis da glikogenis Tavmoyra. maTi agznebadoba naklebia, calkeuli
SekumSvebi grZeldeba ufro didxans, magram nela mimdinareobs. Jangvis fosforuli
naxSirwylis cvla ufro intensiuria, vidre TeTr kunTebSi.
gulis kunTSi (wiTeli) naklebi glikogeni da aerobuli cvlis bevri
fermentia (JangviTi cvla). is xasiaTdeba SekumSvis zomieri siCqariT da iRleba
ufro nela, vidre TeTri kunTebi.
farTo, ufro msxvil, naTelTeTr boWkoebSi (m.lateralis magnus) mioglobini
cotaa. maTSi cotaa agreTve glikogeni da sunTqvis fermentebi. naxSirwylebis cvla
mimdinareobs umTavresad anaerobulad da gamoyofili energiis raodenoba naklebia.
TeTri kunTebi ufro swrafad ikumSeba da iRleba, vidre wiTeli. isini ufro Rrmad
mdebareoben.
wiTeli kunTebi mudmivad moqmedia, isini uzrunvelyofen organoebis
xangrZliv an Seuwyvetel muSaobas. Saxeldobr, es kunTebi xels uwyoben gulmkerdis
farflebis mudmiv moZraobas, uzrunvelyofen tanis mimoxras curvisa da mobrunebis
dros, agreTve gulis Seuwyvetlad muSaobas. swrafi moZraobisa da naxtomebisas
ufro aqtiuria TeTri kunTebi, neli moZraobisas _ wiTeli. amis gamo wiTeli an
TeTri boWkoebis kunTebis arseboba damokidebulia Tevzebis simardeze, ,,sprinterebs”
gaaCniaT TiTqmis mxolod TeTri kunTebi. Tevzebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT xangrZlivi
migraciebi, gverdiTi wiTeli kunTebis garda TeTr kunTebSi gaaCniaT damatebiTi
wiTeli boWkoebi.
Tevzebis kunTovani qsovilis ZiriTad masas Seadgens TeTri kunTebi,
magaliTad, WerexSi, nafotasa da CexonSi maTi wili Sesabamisad Seadgens 96,3%-s;
95,2%-s da 94,9%-s. TeTri da wiTeli kunTebi ganirCeva qimiuri SemadgenlobiT.
wiTeli kunTebi Seicavs ufro met cxims, maSin roca TeTr kunTebSi ufro metia
tenianoba da cila.
kunTovani boWkos sisqis (diametris) cvlileba dakavSirebulia Tevzebis
saxeobasTan, maT asakTan, sididesTan, cxovrebis nirTan, tboris TevzebSi ki Senaxvis
pirobebTan.
mag: bunebriv sakvebze gazrdili kobris kunTovani boWkos diametri Seadgens
axlomozardebSi 5 _ 19, wlevandelebSi 14 _ 41, orwlianebSi 25-50-mkms. tanis
muskulatura warmoqmnis Tevzis xorcis ZiriTad masas. xorcianoba sxvadasxva
saxeobaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, xolo erTi saxeobis warmomadgenlebSi xorcianobas
gansazRvravs sqesi, binadrobis pirobebi da a.S.
Tevzebis xorci SeiTviseba ufro Cqara, vidre Tbilsisxliani cxovelebisa. is
xSirad uferulia (farga) an gaaCnia sxvadasxva Seferiloba (narinjisferioragulebs, moyviTalo _ zuTxisnairebs da a.S.) sxvadasxva cximis arsebobis gamo.
Tevzebis kunTebis ZiriTad masas Seadgens albuminebi da globulinebi (85%).
saerTod sxvadasxva saxeobis TevzebSi gamoyofen cilebis 4-7 fraqcias. xorcis
qimiuri
Semadgenloba
(wyali,
cximebi,
cilebi,
mineraluri
nivTierebebi)
gansxvavebulia ara marto sxvadasxva saxeobaSi, aramed sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilSic.
EerTi saxeobis TevzebSi xorcis raodenoba da qimiuri Semadgenloba damokidebulia
kvebis pirobebsa da Tevzebis fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.
tofobis dros, gansakuTrebiT gamsvlel TevzebSi, xdeba sarezervo
nivTierebebis gaxarjva, SeiniSneba dauZlureba da Sesabamisad, cximis raodenobis
Semcireba da xorcis xarisxis gauareseba. satofo adgilebTan miaxloebisas Zvlebis
pirobiTi masa udiddebaT 1.5-jer, kanis _ 2.5-jer, kunTebSi mSrali nivTierebebis
Semcveloba mcirdeba 2-jer ufro metad. KkunTebidan praqtikulad qreba cximi da
azotovani nivTierebebi. Tevzi kargavs 98.4% cxims da 57% cilas.
Ggaremomcveli wylis da sakvebis Taviseburebas SeuZlia Zlier Secvalos
Tevzis kvebiTi Rirebuleba: daWaobebul, ylartian an navTobproduqtebiT
dabinZurebul wyalsatevebSi mobinadre Tevzebs gaaCniaT arasasiamovno sunis xorci.
xorcis xarisxi damokidebulia kunTovani boWkos diametrze, kunTebSi cximis
raodenobasa da sxva faqtorebze. Ggarkveulad is ganisazRvreba kunTovani da
SemaerTebeli qsovilebis masebis SefardebiT, romliTac SeiZleba vimsjeloT
kunTebSi srulfasovani kunTovani cilebis Semcvelobaze.
Ees Sefardeba icvleba organizmis fiziologiur TaviseburebebTan da garemos
faqtorebTan, maT Soris asakTan da Tevzebis gamozrdis pirobebTan dakavSirebiT.
Zvliani Tevzebis kunTovan cilebSi sarkoplazmis cilebze modis 20-30%,
miofibrilebis cilebze-60-70%. sxeulis yvela mravalgvar moZraobasTan erTad
kunTovani sistemis muSaoba agreTve uzrunvelyofs siTbosa da eleqtroobis
gamoyofas Tevzis organizmSi. Taviseburad Secvlil kunTebs warmoadgens eleqtruli
organoebi. es organoebi Tevzebis umravlesobaSi ganivzoliani muskulaturis
Canasaxebidan viTardeba. isini ganlagebiulia tanis gverdebze da Sedgeba mravali
kunTovani
firfitisagan,
romlebTanac
dakavSirebulia
nervebi.
Eeleqtrul
gvelTevzas is aqvs daaxloebiT 6000, romlebic gardaqmnilia eleqtrul
firfitebad da SekavSirebulia labiseburi SemaerTebeli qsovilebiT. Ffirfitis
qveda mxare damuxtulia uaryofiTad, zeda _ dadebiTad. ganmuxtva warmoebs mogrZo
tvinis impulsebis moqmedebiT.
Eeleqtruli organoebi SeiZleba ganlagebuli iyos tanis sxvadasxva nawilSi.
(sur #26)
Eeleqtruli organoebis daxmarebiT Tevzebi orientireben wylis nakadSi,
aRmoaCenen winaaRmdegobebs an nadavls ramdenime metris manZilze mRvrie wyalSic ki.
Mmxedvelobis organoebi am periodSi maT ar exmareba da reducirebas ganicdis.
Eeleqtruli organoebi gaaCnia ZiriTadad tropikul Tevzebs.
Eeleqtruli organoebi _
eleqtruli Tevzi naklebmoZravia.
es
Tavdasxmis
da
Tavdacvis
iaraRia.
Yyvela
sur #26. eleqtruli organoebis ganlageba eleqtrul TevzebSi:
a, b _ eleqtruli skarosi, g _ eleqtruli gvelTevza, d _ eleqtruli loqo,
e _ spilosdingiani, v _ gimnarxi, z _ varskvlavTmricxveli (gamoyofili nawilebi
TiToeuli Tevzis konturul gamosaxulebaze warmoadgens Sida eleqtruli
organoebis proeqcias).
sunTqvis organoebi
TevzebSi sunTqvis organoebs warmoadgens Sinagani layuCebi, romlebic
layuCis skalebsa da enisqveSa rkalzea gawyobili (sur #27). LlayuCebi emsaxureba
wyalSi gaxsnili Jangbadis SeTvisebas da Tevzis organizmidan naxSirorJangis
gamoyofas. isini sxvadasxvanairi formisaa, dakavSirebulia Tevzebis cxovrebis
nirTan, Tavis agebulebasTan, maT simardesTan da a. S.
sur #27. Zvliani Tevzis layuCis aparati:
1 _ layuCis pirveli rkali, 2 _ layuCis Cxirebi, 3 _ guli, 4 _ layuCis
foTolakebi.
SedarebiT martivi layuCis aparati aqvT mrgvalpirianebs. Mmiqsinebs da
mingonebs layuCebi aqvT parkebis saxiT rbili, elastikuri kedlebiT, layuCis
parkebis SigniT kedlebis gaswvriv ganlagebulia lorwovani qsovilis naoWebi,
romlebic uxvad aris gamsWvaluli sisxlis kapilarebiT. layuCis xvrelebi, erTi
mxriv, ixsneba xaxaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, _ gareT. mrgvalpirianebSi sunTqvis dros
wyali Sedis pirSi, saylapavis gavliT gadis layuCis parkebSi da, recxavs ra maT,
gamodis gareT layuCis gareTa xvrelebis saSualebiT. rodesac minogebi ekvrian
Tevzebs gamosakvebad an qvebs dasvenebis dros, wyali layuCebis parkebidan Sedis da
gamodis layuCebis gareTa xvreliT. MmiqsinebSi kenti cxviris xvreli ukavSirdeba
saylapavs da rodesac es cxoveli mimagrebulia Tavis msxverplze, wyali SeiZleba
Seiwovos nestos saSualebiT.
LlayuCis aparatis SedarebiT rTuli agebuleba aqvT zvigenebsa da skarosebs
(sur #28).MmaTSi ukve Cndeba layuCis rkalebi, romelTagan gamodis xrtilovani
sayrdeni elementebi, isini akavebs layuCis parkebis kedlebs. LlayuCis parkebis
Rruebi gareT ixsneba napralebiT: zvigenebSi _ gverdebidan, skarosebSi _ muclis
mxridan. LlayuCis foTolakebi mimagrebulia erTi mxridan layuCebis rkalebTan,
meore mxridan _ layuCebis tixris kedlebTan. gamodis rom, calkeuli layuCi
Sedgeba rkalisa da mezobeli layuCebis ori foTolakisagan, romlebic gayofilia
layuCTaSorisi tixriT. TiToeuli layuCis naprali miixureba wina layuCTaSorisi
tixris kidiT.
A
sur #28. layuCis aparatis ganviTareba (sqematuri monakveTebi):
a _ xrtiliani Tevzis, b _ qimeras, g _ Zvliani Tevzis, 1 _ layuCis rkali,
2 _ layuCis tixari, 3 _ layuCis foTolakebi.
zvigenebis umravlesobas layuCis 5 xvreli gaaCniaT, xolo ufro
primitiulebs _ 6-7 wyvili. zvigenebsa
da skarosebSi layuCebis xvrelebis win
moTavsebulia saSxefurebi, romlebic warmoadgens reducirebuli layuCis xvrelebs.
saSxefurSi moTavsebulia rudimentuli layuCi. zogierT zvigenismagvarebSi sunTqva
xorcieldeba saSxefurebis saSualebiT. Aam SemTxvevaSi is aRwevs mniSvnelovan zomas
da momaragebulia sarqveliT, romelic eRobeba wylis dinebas sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT.
UumaRles ganviTarebas layuCebi aRwevs Zvlian TevzebSi (sur #29). tanis
orive mxares maT gaaCniaT 4 kargad ganviTarebuli da agreTve mexuTe reducirebuli
layuCis rkali. TiToeuli layuCis rkals amoburcul mxares gaaCnia lorwovani
garsis firfitiseburi gamonazardebis ori rigi, romelTac uwodeben layuCis
foTolakebs. Aam foTolakebSi, romlebic Sedgeba Zalian nazi da sisxlZarRvebiT
mdidari qsovilisagan, xdeba gazTa cvla. LlayuCTaSorisi tixari Zvlovan TevzebSi
gamqralia. Amisi meoxebiT layuCebis foTolakebi xdeba ufro Tavisufali, rac
zrdis maT sunTqviT zedapirs.
A
sur #29. Tavis horizontaluri Wrilebi
a _ zvigenis, b _ Zvliani Tevzis, 1 _ piris Rru, 2 _ layuCis rkalebi, 3 _
saylapavi mili, 4 _ layuCis rkalebis tixrebi, 5 _ layuCis xvrelebi, 6 _ zeda
yba, 7 _ cxviris fosoebi, 8 _ tanis kedeli, 9 _ layuCis saxuravi, 10 _
operkularuli xvreli.
magram layuCTaSorisi tixari iqamde mokldeba, rom layuCis foTolakebis gareT
mimarTuli Tavisufali boloebi ama Tu im doneze rCeba gaxsnili da daucveli
garegani zemoqmedebebisagan.
LlayuCis aparatis evoluciis procesSi warmoiqmna gansakuTrebuli layuCis
saxuravebi. QqimerebSi isini kanis naoWis saxiTaa. zuTxebSi naoWi Zvaldeba da
gardaiqmneba layuCis saxuravad, romelic umaRles Zvlian TevzebSi iRebs
srulyofil formas da Sedgeba 4 Zvlisagan. LlayuCis saxuravis gareTa bolo
Semovlebulia Tevzis tanTan mWidrod mikruli kanis apkiT. LlayuCis saxuravi icavs
ara marto layuCebs dazianebisagan, aramed asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols sunTqvis
procesSi.
TevzebSi wylis gadineba layuCebSi xdeba, rogorc piridan wylis miwoliTa
da kunTebis gansakuTrebuli sistemiT (sawirxni tumbos tipis magvarad). piris Rrus
layuCis nawilis SekumSviT sunTqvis aseTi xerxi damaxasiaTebelia xrtiliani
TevzebisaTvis, meore mxriv, Zvlian TevzebSi kidevaa SemorCenili layuCis saxuravebis
gamomwovi moqmedeba maTi wamowevis momentSi saxuravis qveS gauxSoebuli sivrcis
warmoqmniT.
Atumboebis msgavs sunTqvis am aparatSi sarqvelebis rols asrulebs layuCis
saxuravebis kanismagvari apkebi da piris Rrus SigniTa garsis naoWebi. Aam Tevzebs
sunTqva SeuZliaT gaRebuli piriTac.
Siga wyalsatevebSi, gansakuTrebiT tropikul zonaSi mcxovrebi Tevzebi, Zalian
xSirad ziandebian wyalSi Jangbadis ukmarisobiT an misi mkveTri meryeobiT.
evoluciis procesSi maT warmoeqmnaT sunTqvis damatebiTi organoebi (sur #30). am
organoebis daniSnulebaa haeris Jangbadis STanTqma an zedapiris gazrda gazebis
cvlisaTvis. AaseT damatebiT, yvelaze metad gavrcelebul Semgueblobas miekuTvneba
layuCzeda organo, romelic warmoiqmna layuCis Rrus nawilis lorwovani garsis
gadidebiT da uxvadaa gamsWvaluli kapilarebiT.L layuCzeda organo gaaCniaT zRvis
gvelTevzas, sqelSublas, Tevz-mxtomelas.
Uufro rTuladaa mowyobili labirinTuli aparati, romelic moTavsebulia
layuCis Rrus zurgis nawilSi. is Sedgeba lorwovana garsis naoWebis sistemisagan,
romelsac iWers wvrili daklaknili Zvlovani firfitebi. Aam labirinTis naoWebSi
kargad Cerdeba wyali, ris meSveobiTac Tevzebs didxans SeuZliaT haerze yofna da
gadaRoReba erTi wyalsatevidan meoreSic ki. AaseTebia magaliTad GgvelTevza,
mxoxavi qorWila.
PlayuCparka loqos sunTqvis damatebiT organoebs warmoadgens grZeli
parkismagvari gamonazardebi, romlebic aRwevs pirveli layuCis xvrelis zurgis
nawilidan kudamde. Aam parkebis kedlebi uxvad maragdeba sisxliT. Lloqo klariasis
sunTqvis damatebiTi organo lorwovani garsis xiseburi ganStoebis saxiT
moTavsebulia layuCis Rrus zurgis nawilSi.
nawlavebis tipis sunTqva gaaCniaT xlakunasnairebs da amerikul javSnian
loqoebs. Hhaeri xvdeba xlakunas nawlavis Sua ganyofilebaSi, sadac mimdinareobs
gazTa cvla. momnelebel funqcias nawlavis es nawili ar asrulebs. PjavSnian
loqoebs kuWSi gaaCniaT brma wanazardi. is ivseba haeriT, romelic aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sunTqvisaTvis. TiTqmis yvela TevzisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kaniT sunTqva, romlis roli mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli maTi cxovrebis nirze.
Jangbadis deficitis mqone Tbili, damdgari wyalsatevebis Tevzebi (kobri,
karCxana), gamoirCevian kargad ganviTarebuli kanis sunTqviT. Kkanis sunTqvis
moculoba, saerTo sunTqvis moculobasTan SedarebiT, meryeobs saSualod 17-dan
32%-mde. Kkobrebis calkeul individebsa da gvelTevzebSi kaniT sunTqvis
SedarebiTma moculobam SeiZleba miaRwios 80%-mde.
JangbadiT mdidar wyalSi mcxovrebi Tevzebi TiTqmis moklebulni arian kaniT
sunTqvas. MmTeli rigi tropikuli mtknari wylis Tevzebis sunTqvis damatebiT
organos warmoadgens sacurao buSti, romelmac zogi saxeobis TevzebSi miiRo
ujreduli Tviseba. TiToeul ujreds gaaCnia sisxlis mimoqcevis kapilarebiT
Uujredebi zrdis sacuravi buStis kedlebis haerTan Sexebis zedapirs.
sacurao buStis gardaqmnam Tavisebur filtvad ufro met srulyofas miaRwia
orgvaradmsunTqvavebsa da mtevanfarflianebSi. MmaT wyvili sacurao buSti aqvT,
romelic saylapav mils ukavSirdeba arxiT da ise rogorc umaRles xerxemlianebSi,
ixsneba muclis mxridan.
samxreT amerikis, afrikis da avstraliis mtknar wyalsatevebSi binadar
OorgvaradmsunTqav Tevzebs, moixmareben ra cocxali haeris Jangbads, SeuZliaT
cxovreba iseT wyalsatevebSi, romlebic periodulad Sreba. Tevzis gadayvanisas
tenian atmosferoSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes maTi Semguebloba damatebiT
sunTqvasTan.
sisxlis
mimoqcevis organoebi
sisxlis momoqcevis sistema aucilebelia TevzebisaTvis nawlavidan sisxlSi
moxvedrili sakvebi nivTierebebis gadasatanad, nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebisagan
ujredebis gasaTavisufleblad, qsovilebisaTvis Jangbadis misawodeblad da
naxSiroJangis gamosatanad, Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis hormonebis gadasatanad da
organizmis dasacavad ucxo sxeulebisagan.
Tevzebis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema, iseve rogorc sxva xerxemliani
cxovelebisa, Caketilia. igi Sedgeba gulisa da sisxlZarRvebisagan, romlebic
warmodgenilia miliseburi venebiTa da arteriebiT da Txelkedliani kapilarebis
mravalricxovani qseliT. Gguli da sisxlZarRvebi savsea Txevadi qsoviliT _
sisxliT.
sxvadasxva saxeobis TevzebSi sisxlis raodenoba ar aris erTnairi. Uumetes
SemTxvevaSi Seadgens sxeulis masis 1.5-2%-s. Tevzis sisxli Sedgeba sisxlis
siTxisagan, anu plazmisa da formiani elementebisagan, anu wiTeli (eriTrocitebi)
da TeTri (leikocitebi) sisxlis sxeulakebisagan. Aamis garda, sisxls gaaCnia
wagrZelebuli ujredebi didi birTviT _ trombocitebiT.
Pplazma Seicavs
sxvadasxva araorganul nivTierebas, rig cilebsa da naxSirwylebs, agreTve Sinagani
sekreciis jirkvlebis siTxes. PplazmaSi daaxloebiT 90% wyalia.
sisxlis wiTel burTulakebs, anu eriTrocitebs aqvs ovaluri forma da
Seicavs birTvs. Tevzebis 1 ml sisxlSi 0.87-dan 3 milioni eriTrocitia.
EeriTrocitebi Seicavs rkiniT mdidar nivTierebas - gemoglobins, romelsac SeuZlia
SeuerTdes Jangbads. Aamis gamo sisxlis wiTeli burTulakebi warmoadgens Jangbadis
uSualo gadamtans Tevzebis sxeulSi, agreTve gansazRvravs sisxlis fers. sisxli,
romelSic ar aris gemoglobini, uferoa (yinulis qariylapia, TeTrsisxliani
qariylapia). sisxlis warmomqmnel organos, anu organos, romelSic warmoiqmneba
sisxlis wiTeli da TeTri burTulakebi, warmoadgens elenTa. nawilobriv am rols
asrulebs RviZli da Tirkmeli.
sisxlis TeTri BburTulakebi, anu leikocitebi formiT, kvebisa da gamravlebis
xerxebiT gvagonebs erTujredian cxovels _ amebas. Tevzebis 1 mg sisxli Seicavs
120-180 aTas leikocits. isini ZiriTadad moZraobs sisxlZarRvebis kedlebSi da
Tevzebis organizmSi asrulebs damcvel rols, gamoyofs ra gansakuTrebul
nivTierebas, romelic adunebs baqteriebis moqmedebas.
Trombocitebi, anu ujredebi sacobebi, advilad ewebeba erTmaneTs da xels
uwyobs sisxlis Sededebas.
Ggulis agebuleba da sisxlis mimoqceva
Tevzebs orsakniani guli aqvT, romelic Sedgeba sqelkedliani kunTovani
parkuWisa da Txelkedliani winagulisagan (sur #31). orgvaradmsunTqav Tevzebs
gaaCniaT mesame saknis Canasaxi: wina gulSi Cndeba arasruli tixari. garda amisa,
TevzebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia damatebiTi nawilebi. wina gulis win ganlagebulia
parkis magvari gafarToeba Txeli kedlebiT _ v e n u r i u b e, anu s i n u s i.
umdables Tevzebs (zvigenebs, skarosebs, zuTxisnairebs) gaaCniaT a r t e r i u l i
k o n u s i, ramdenime rigi jibismagvari sarqveliT, romelic feTqavs ise, rogorc
guli. arteriuli konusi warmoadgens gulis parkuWis gagrZelebas.
u m a R l e s Zvlian Tevzebs arteriuli konusis nacvlad gaaCniaT aortis
bolqvi, romelic warmoadgens muclis aortis gafarToebul nawils. mas
damoukidebeli pulsaciis unari ar Seswevs. gulis TiToeul am nawils gaaCnia
mosazRvre sarqvelebi, romlebic sisxls erT mxares warmarTavs.
sur #31. gulis sqematuri sigrZivi Wrilebi:
Aa _ zvigenis, b _ Zvliani Tevzis, 1 _ venuri ube, 2 _ winaguli, 3 _
parkuWi,
4 _ arteriuli konusi, 5 _ arteriuli konusis rudimenti, 6 _
aortis bolqvi.
es sarqvelebi sisxlis ukudinebis dros mWidrod ixureba.
Tevzebis guli mdebareobs layuCebis maxloblad da Casmulia gulis perangSi.
gulsa da gulis perangis kedlebs Soris aris gansakuTrebuli siTxe, romelic
asustebs gulis xaxuns perangis kedlebTan. TevzebSi guli sxvadasxva mizezis gamo
ikumSeba wuTSi 20-40-jer. zogierT Tevzs, romlebic zamTarSi iZineben, guli
ekumSeba wuTSi mxolod 1-2-jer.
Wina guli rezervuaria, romelic aregulirebs sisxlis miwodebas parkuWSi,
es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv mZlavri kunTovani sistemis SekumSvis gziT gamodevnis
sisxls gulidan aortaSi da sxeulSi sisxlis mimoqcevas aZlevs sawyiss. Tevzebis
gulSi sisxli venuria. sisxlZarRvebs, romlebic gulidan da layuCebidan sisxls
awvdis mTel sxeuls, ewodeba arteriebi, xolo sisxlZarRvebs, romlebic guls
awvdis sisxls _ venebi. SedarebiT msxvili diametris sisxlZarRvebi mdebareobs
gulis maxloblad. arteriebs gaaCnia msxvili da moqnili kedlebi, venebs ki _
Txeli, dacvenili (sur #32).
SekumSviT guli sisxls gadaisvris muclis aortaSi, romelic layuCebSi
itoteba oTxwyvila (layuCis rkalebis raodenobis mixedviT) mimtan layuCebis
arteriebad. layuCebSi es sisxlZarRvebi iyofa k a p i l a r e b a d da aq xdeba
gazTa cvla. Mmuqi wiTeli venuri sisxli gardaiqmneba Ria wiTel arteriul
sisxlad. kapilarebi kvlav erTdeba da warmoqmnis gamomtan layuCis arteriebs,
romlebic erTiandeba or layuCzeda Rerod.
am
Reroebis wina nawilidan gamodis saZile arteriebi, romlebic kvebavs
tvins. xolo ukana Reroebi Seerwymis erTmaneTs da warmoqmnis zurgis aortas,
romelic miemarTeba tanis gaswvriv, xerxemlis qveS. aortidan itoteba mTeli rigi
arteriebisa, romlebic sisxliT amaragebs nawlavebs, kuWs, RviZls, farflebs,
Tirkmelebsa da sasqeso organoebs. zemoT CamoTvlili arteriebis datotvis Semdeg
zurgis aorta mcirdeba ra diametrSi, gardaiqmneba kudis arteriad. yvela organosa
da qsovilis arteriebi iyofa kapilarebad, romelTa kedlebis gavliT sisxli
ujredebs miawvdis Jangbads, sakveb nivTierebebs, hormonebsa da gamoaqvs maTi
nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi.
sur #32. Zvlovani Tevzis sisxlZarRvTa sisitemis sqema:
1 _ muclis aorta, 2 _ saZile arteriebi, 3 _ layuCis arteriebi, 4 _
laviwqveSa arteria, 5 _ laviwqveSa vena, 6 _ zurgis aorta, 7 _ ukana kardinaluri
vena
8 _ Tirkmlebis sisxlZarRvebi, 9 _ kudis vena, 10 _ Tirkmlebis
karis vena, 11 _ nawlavebis sisxlZarRvebi, 12 _ RviZlis karis vena, 13 _ RviZlis
sisxlZarRvebi, 14 _ RviZlis venebi, 15 _ venuri ube, 16 _ kuvies sadinari, 17 _
wina kardinaluri vena.
kapilarebi erTdeba venebad sisxlZarRvebad, romelTac sisxli miaqvT gulisken.
kudis arteria, kapilarebidan warmoqmnil wvril venebTan Serwymis gziT,
gardaiqmneba kudis venad, romelic Sedis TirkmelSi. kudis venis erT-erTi
totTagani TirkmlebSi itoteba kapilarebis qselad da warmoqmnis Tirkmlebis karis
sistemas. Tirkmlebis kapilarebi Serwymis Semdeg warmoqmnis Tirkmlis venebs,
romlebic uerTdeba sasqeso organoebis venebs, Semdeg tanis kedlebis da sacurao
buStis
venebs da gardaiqmneba msxvil venozur sisxlZarRvebad _ w y v i l u k
a n a
k a r d i n a l u r v e n e b a d. ukana
kardinaluri venebi gulis mdebareobis doneze kuvies sadinarSi uerTdeba
sisxlZarRvebs, romelTac sisxli miaqvT Tavsa da tvinidan
w i n a
k a r d i
n a l u r i
v e n e b i T.
nawlavis venebi Sedis RviZlSi, itoteba kapilarebad da warmoqmnis meore
karis sistemas. RviZlidan sisxli xvdeba venozur sinusSi, aqve iReba nawlavis
venebic. kuvies sadinarebidan sisxli Sedis venur ubeSi da Semdeg wina gulSi.
orgvaradmsunTqav Tevzebs filtvur sunTqvasTan dakavSirebiT erTi ukana
kardinaluri venis
nacvlad uCndeba kenti Rru vena, romelsac daJanguli
arteriuli sisxli miaqvs venuri ubis da wina gulis marcxena nawilSi.
limfuri sistema. sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemasTan mWidro kavSirSia limfuri
sistema, romelic, misgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris Caketili.
limfuri sistema iwyeba ujredSorisi sivrceebidan, gadadis limfur
kapilarebsa da ufro msxvil sisxlZarRvebSi, romlebic erTvis venebs.
warmoadgens ra sakveb siTxes, limfa ujredSoris sivrceebSi ufro mWidro
kavSirSia ujredebTan, vidre sisxlZarRvebis sistemis kapilarebi.
ZarRvebSi limfa moZraobs Zalian nela sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis kunTebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad. magram zogierTi saxeobis Tevzebs gaaCniaT mfeTqavi limfuri
gulebi.
sacurao buSti. xerxemliani cxovelebidan mxolod Tevzebs gaaCniaT sacurao
buSti, romelic warmoiqmna nawlavis milis gamoberviT. Cveulebriv is mogrZo
formisaa da zogierTi saxeobis TevzebSi (kobrisnairebSi) gayofilia or nawilad
(sur #33). sacurao buSti mdebareobs nawlavis zemoT, Tirkmlebis qveS.
kobrisnairebSi, loqosnairebsa da gvelTevzasnairebSi sacurao buSti miliT
SeerTebulia nawlavTan. aseT Tevzebs uwodeben RiabuStianebs. danarCen Tevzebs
Caketili sacurao buStiT _ CaketilbuStianebs (qorWilas, kefals, virTevzas).
mrgvalpirianebs, xrtilianebs da zogierT Zvlian Tevzebs (kambalisnairebi da
sxvebs), sacurao buSti ara aqvT. sacurao buStis kedlebi Seicavs elastikur
boWkoebs, romelTa moqnilobis meSveobiT is yovelTvis daWimul mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. sacurao buStis SigniTa zedapirze bevr Tevzs gaaCnia wiTeli sxeuli _
kapilarebis Zlierad datotvili qseli. sisxlSi arsebuli Warbi gazebi gamoiyofa
wiTeli sxeulis gavliT sacurao buStSi, an piriqiT. RiabuStian TevzebSi sacurao
buStidan gazebis gamodevna da aseve Sevseba mniSvnelovan wilad xdeba nawlavis
gziT. amgvarad, sacurao buStis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa sisxlSi gazebis
Semcvelobis regulireba.
Tevzebis umravlesobaSi sacurao buSti asrulebs hidrostatikuri aparatis
funqcias, igi amcirebs Tevzis xvedriT wonas da aZlevs mas vertikaluri
gadaadgilebis saSualebas. orgvaradmsunTqavebsa da zogierT sxva TevzebSi is
warmodgens sunTqvis damatebiT organosac. kobrisnairebsa da loqosnairebSi
sacuravi buStis gamonazardebi dakavSirebulia fontanelebis apkebTan Zvalukebis
sistemiT _ egreT wodebuli veberis aparatiT. am aparatis Zvlebi warmoadgens wina
malebis gamocalkevebul nawilebs. veberis aparatis meSveobiT sacuravi buSti
ukavSirdeba smenis labirinTs da iRebs ra wnevis cvlilebebis SegrZnebebs, asrulebs
barometris rols.
sur #33. Tevzebis sacuravi buSti:
a _ 1-mravalfarflianis, 2 _ qaSayis, 3 _ sigis, 4 _ kobris;
b _ Tevzebis sacurao buStis wiTeli sxeulebi: 5 _ virTevzas,
6 _ mziuras.
saWmlis momnelebeli
sistema
TevzebSi saWmlis momnelebeli sistema emsaxureba sakvebis gadamuSavebas,
romelic warmoadgens energiis wyaros da saSen masalas organizmisaTvis. sakvebi
ganicdis ara marto fizikur (daqucmaceba, gaxexva), aramed qimiur zemoqmedebasac.
sakvebis gadamuSaveba xdeba saWmlis momnelebel traqtSi, romelic Sedgeba piris
Rrus, xaxis, saylapavi milis, kuWis, nawlavebisa da sxvadasxva fermentis gamomyofi
saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebisagan.
SedarebiT martivi agebulebis nawlavebi aqvT mrgvalpirianebs _ miqsinebsa da
minogebs. is warmoadgens swor mils, romelic ar aris dayofili nawilebad da
Signidan mofenilia mocimcime wamwamovani epiTeliumiT. Tevzebi nadavls iWeren
piriT.
TevzebSi piris Rrus gaaCnia sxvadasxva mdebareoba da forma, romelic
damokidebulia kvebis xasiaTsa da xerxze (sur #34).
mrgvalpirianebs ara aqvT ybebi, momarjvebuli arian Zabrisebri piriT
misawovaras saxiT. mtacebel Tevzebs (loqos, fargas, qariylapias) gaaCniaT mWreli
kbilebiT SeiaraRebuli didi sataci piri.
Semwovi piri met-naklebad grZeli milis saxiT, zogjer gamosawevi, rogorc
wesi, ukbiloa mormirusebSi, kaparWinebSi, taranebSi, zRvis cxenTevzebSi da sxv.
damaqucmacebeli piri Zlieri kbilebiT, firfitebis (skarosisnairebSi) an
qicvebis (kbilianebi) saxiT, emsaxureba moluskebis, nemskanianebis, marjnebis magari
javSnebis daqucmacebas.
planqtonismWamel
Tevzebs
didi
an
saSualo
zomis
piri
aqvT,
perifitonomWamelebs ki, romlebic ikvebebian mcenareuli sakvebiT _ Tavis qveda
mxareze ganivi napralis saxiT moTavsebuli piri. qveda ybaze aqvT maxvili mWreli
kide, romelic zogjer dafarulia rqovani SaliTiT (podusti, xramuli da sxv.).
sur #34. Tevzis piris sxvadasxva tipi:
a _ minoga, b _ zvigeni, g _ podusti, d _ kbilebiani, e _ farga.
CamoTvlili piris formebi ar amowuravs bunebaSi maT mTel mravalferovnebas.
rogorc gamonaklisi, zogjer Tevzebs parazituli cxovrebis niris gamo piris Rru
reducirebuli aqvT. Aase magaliTad, meankeseebis mamri piris Rrusa da enis kaniT
Seezrdeba mdedris tans da ikvebeba misi tanis wvenis xarjze. kuW-nawlavi maTSi
gadagvarebulia.
piris mdebareoba axasiaTebs Tevzebis kvebis xerxebs. rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, piri SeiZleba iyos zeda, dingis wverze gaxsnili da qveda.
mravalferovania Tevzebis mier sakvebis mopovebis xerxebi. mtaceblebis umetesoba
msxverpls iWers mTlianad, zogjer tanis gaswvriv msubuqad miawveba da Semdeg
gauSvebs, rom Tavis mxridan isev daiWiros. zogierTi mtacebeli (afrikuli
qerclovana, pirania) Tavis msxverpls aglejs xorcs. patara xokerebi, romlebic
ikvebebian mjdomare cxovelebiT, mokvneten maT substratidan. benTosuri da
planqtonuri organizmebis mWameli bevri Tevzi sakvebs piris RruSi Seiwovs wylis
dinebasTan erTad. tobi, xramuli, TavianT wamaxvilebuli qveda tuCiT, fxeken
gamonazrdebs wyalqveSa sagnebidan.
Tevzebis umravlesobas piris RruSi aqvT kbilebi, mrgvalpirianebSi (miqsinebi,
minogebSi) isini warmodgenilia garqovanebuli epiTeliumis SaliTis saxiT,
xrtilianebSi _ saxeSecvlili plakoiduri qerclebis saxiT. aseT kbils gaaCnia
gareTa emalismagvari fena, mis qvemoTaa dentinis fena _ magari organuli SenaerTi,
romelic gaJRenTilia mineraluri marilebiT. kbils SigniT aqvs Rru, romelic
Sevsebulia SemaerTebelqsovilovani pulpiT, nervebiTa da sisxlZarRvebiT (sur
#35).
TevzebSi kbilebs, Cveulebriv, ar gaaCnia fesvebi da gacveTisas icvleba
axliT. kbilebis cvla sxvadasxva TevzSi sxvadasxva dros xdeba. zvigenebs da
skarosebs kbilebi SeiaraRebuli aqvT mxolod sasa _ kvadratuli da mekeluri
xrtili. Zvlian TevzebSi kbilebi SeiZleba gawyobili iyos piris Rrus sxvadasxva
Zvlze: ybebis, saxnisze, enisZvalsa da xSirad layuCis rkalebze. dentini maTSi
nawilobriv icvleba Zvlovani qsoviliT, xolo emaliseburi qsovili _ namdvili
emaliT.
sur #35. kbilebis agebuleba:
I _ Tevzis Cveulebrivi kbili (fesvis gareSe), II _ ZuZumwovris kbili
(fesviT),
1 _ emali, 2 _ dentini, 3 _ kbilis Rru, 4 _ cementi.
Tevzebis kbilebis forma saocrad mravalferovania. mtaceblebis umravlesobas
kbilebi konusuri formisa aqvT da maxvili mxariT ukan xaxiskenaa mimarTuli.
zogierT Tevzs is aqvs savarcxlebis, samkbilebis saxiT, xolo skarosebSi
gadaqceulia brtyel firfitebad, romlebic aqucmaceben nadavls.
TevzebSi kbilebi gankuTvnilia pirSi sakvebis Sesakaveblad an mis
dasaqucmaceblad da sacoxn funqcias ar asrulebs.
magaliTad, kbilianebSi wina konusuri kbilebi emsaxureba msxverplis daWeras,
xolo gverdiTi da ukana brtyeli moluskebis, nemskanianebis, zRvis varskvlavebis
niJarebis damsxvrevas. specialuri kbilebi niJarebisa da marjnis gasakvnetad aqvs
zurgrqianebs, xokerebs. kobrisnairebs (kobris, kaparWinas, Werexis da sxva) piris
RruSi kbilebi ara aqvT. kbilebi maT ganlagebuli aqvT xaxaSi saxeSecvlili mexuTe
layuCis rkalze. xaxis kbilebi, maTze gawolili koJriani sxeuliT _ dolabiT
gankuTvnilia sakvebis gasasresad da dasacoxnad (sur #36).
sur #36. kobrisnairebis xaxis aparati da xaxis kbilebis tipebi:
a _ dolabi b _ xaxis kbilebi, g _ erTmwkriviani, d _ ormwkriviani, e _
samwkriviani.
xaxis kbilebi sxvadasxvagvaria. isini SeiZleba iyos brtyeli konusiseburi,
kakvebiTa da CaRrmavebebiT. gawyobili aris erT an ramdenime rigad. xaxis kbilebis
agebulebis Tavisebureba, maTi raodenoba asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols kobrisnairTa
klasifikaciaSi.
piris Rrus mosdevs xaxa. xaxis Rrus gverdebidan ixsneba layuCis xvrelebi,
romlebsac gars artyia layuCis rkalebi. layuCis rkalebis SigniTa CaRrmavebul
mxareze ganlagebulia e.w. layuCis Cxirebi. planqtoniT mkvebav Tevzebs, magaliTad,
qaSayebs xSiri, grZeli, wvrili layuCis Cxirebi aqvT da warmoqmnis namdvil
filtrs, romelic akavebs wvril sakveb obieqtebs xaxis RruSi, maSin rodesac wyali
layuCis xvrelebiT Tavisuflad gadis gareT (sur #37).
sur #37. planqtoniT mkvebavi da mtacebeli Tevzebis layuCis Cxirebi:
a _ nevas sigis, b _ muqsunas, g _ fargas.
qaSayebs, romlebic iWeren ufro mozrdil nadavls, Cxirebi aqvT meCxeri da
msxvili. bevr mtacebel Tevzs Cxirebis nacvlad layuCis rkalebze gaaCniaT momcro
konusiseburi kbilebi. amgvarad, Cxirebis aparatis agebuleba ramdenadme axasiaTebs
Tevzebis kvebis wess. garda amisa, layuCis Cxirebis agebulebis Tavisebureba, maTi
raodenoba warmoadgens sistematikur niSans.
xaxa gadadis s a y l a p a v m i l S i, romelic warmoadgens mokle farTo
mils Zlieri kunTovani kedlebiT. saylapav milSi saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebi
ar arsebobs. misi daniSnulebaa kuWSi sakvebis gatareba.
Sezrdilybianebis warmomadgenlebSi saylapavi mili warmoqmnis sahaero parks,
romelic emsaxureba tanis gabervas. RiabuStian TevzebSi saylapavi milidan itoteba
sacurao buStis sadinari. saylapavi milidan sakvebi xvdeba k u W S i, romelsac
TevzebSi, Cveulebriv, sifonismagvari forma aqvs. kuWis zoma TevzebSi damokidebulia
kvebis xasiaTze da, pirvel rigSi, msxverplis sidideze.
amisgamo, mtaceblebs magaliTad, fargas, gaaCniaT didi moculobis kargad
gamosaxuli kuWi (sur #38). amave dros kobrisnairebs da zogierT sxva Tevzs k u
W i saerTod ara aqvT. maTSi sakvebi saylapavidan uSualod n a w l a v S i xvdeba,
romelic warmodgenilia wina, Sua da ukana nawilebiT. nawlavebis SigniTa zedapiri
danaoWebulia. wina nawilSi xvdeba kuWqveSa jirkvlis da RviZlis sadinarebi.
zogierT TevzSi wina nawlavis kedlebi warmoqmnis gansakuTrebul wamonazardebs,
brma parkebis saxiT, anu egreT wodebul pilorul danamatebs. piloruli
danamatebis ricxvi calkeul SemTxvevebSi meryeobs oridan ramdenime aseulamde.
zuTxisnairebSi isini Seezrdeba Tavisebur jirkvlad, romelic nawlavSi ixsneba
erTi farTo napraliT. piloruli danamatebis daniSnulebaa, gazardos nawlavis
Semwovi zedapiri. varaudoben, rom isini atarebs fermentul funqciasac.
oragulisnairebis sistematikis dros iTvlian piloruli danamatebis ricxvs.
mrgvalpirianebs, xrtilianebs da zogierT sxva primitiul Tevzs nawlavis Sua
ganyofilebaSi gaaCniaT spiraluri sarqveli, romelic aseve zrdis nawlavis Semwov
zedapirs. iq, sadac xrtilianebSi mTavrdeba spiraluri sarqveli, iwyeba ukana, anu
swori nawlavi. danarCen TevzebSi ukana nawlavis gamocalkeveba Sua nawlavidan
Zalian Znelia. ukana nawlavi gareT ixsneba analuri xvreliT. zvigenebs, skarosebs
da zogierT sxva Tevzs gaaCniaT kloaka - gansakuTrebuli gafarToeba analuri
xvrelis win, romelsac garda swori nawlavisa erTvis Sardmdeni da sasqeso
sistemis sadinarebi.
sur #38. sxvadasxva Tevzis nawlavebi:
a _ mtaceblis, b _ cxoveliT mkvebavis, g _ balaxismWmelis.
nawlavis sigrZe mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tevzis kvebis xasiaTTan. mtaceblebs
(qariylapias, loqos) gaaCniaT daaxloebiT maTi sxeulis sigrZis Sesabamisi nawlavi.
balaxismWamel TevzebSi piriqiT, is Zalian grZelia da sxeulis sigrZes 10-jer da
ufro metad aRemateba. TeTri sqelSublas nawlavi 13-jer grZelia sxeulis
sigrZeze, xolo samxreTamerikuli loqo _ plekostomasi, romelic ikvebeba
wyalmcenareebiT,
28-jer
aRemateba
sxeulis
sigrZes
da
warmodgenilia
mravalricxovani spiraluri bruniT saaTis zambaris msgavsad. Tevzis asakTan erTad
nawlavis sigrZe icvleba.
Kk u W q v e S a j i r k v a l i TevzebSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
saWmlis monelebaSi: gamoyofs fermentebs, romlebic dayofs sakvebis yvela
components _ cilebs, cximebs da naxSirwylebs.
TevzebSi xSir SemTxvevaSi kuWqveSa jirkvali warmoadgens ara kompaqtur
organos, aramed gafantulia patara nawilakebad nawlavis maryuJebs Soris. zogjer
is ganlagebulia sisxlZarRvebis gaswvriv da Caenergeba maTTan erTad
RviZlis
qsovilSi. TevzebSi
R v i Z l i warmodgenilia didi moculobis ori an sami
frTiani jirkvlis saxiT, romelic asrulebs rig fiziologiur funqciebs. is
monawileobas Rebulobs saWmlis monelebaSi. RviZli gamoimuSavebs naRvels, romelic
grovdeba naRvlis buStSi, xolo Semdeg naRvlis sadinariT xvdeba nawlavebSi.
naRveli axdens cximebis emulgirebas, aaqtiurebs nawlavebis fermentebs da gaaCnia
antiseptikuri moqmedeba. naRvlis qimiuri Semadgenloba Zalian rTulia. maTSi Sedis
naRvlis mJavebi da maTi marilebi, organuli mJavebi, tutovani SenaerTebi, mRebavi
nivTierebebi _ pigmentebi. naRvlis Semadgenloba icvleba sakvebis xasiaTTan
dakavSirebiT. RviZli mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sisxlis mimoqcevaSi, wmindavs ra
sisxls qsovilTa daSlis produqtebisagan. es nivTierebebi garkveul wilad
ixarjeba naRvlis warmoqmnaze. RviZlSi grovdeba naxSirwylebis maragi cxoveluri
saxameblis _ glikogenis saxiT. is monawileobas Rebulobs organizmSi cximebis
balansSi (maTi maragis gadanaxvis gziT). aris rigi Tevzebisa (virTevza, pikSa,
zvigenebi), romelTa RviZlSi gadainaxeba vitaminebiT mdidari cximebis mniSvnelovani
raodenoba.
TevzebSi sakvebis moneleba iwyeba kuWSi an nawlavebSi (kuWis armqone
TevzebSi), radganac xrtilian da Zvlian Tevzebs piris Rrusa da saylapav milSi
saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebi ar gaaCniaT.
moneleba _ es aris sakvebis ufro martiv nivTierebad dayofis procesi
saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebis mier gamoyofili wvenebis zemoqmedebiT. am process
Tan axlavs gawylovaneba _ hidrolizi. hidrolizis Sedegad miRebuli nivTierebebi
iZens wyalSi gaxsnis unars da Tavisuflad aRwevs nawlavebis kedlebis gavliT
sisxlSi, romlis dinebiT isini vrceldeba mTel sxeulSi.
saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebis sekretebi e.w. fermentebi gamoirCeva
TavianTi specifikurobiT: erTni moqmedebs cilebze (pepsini, tripsini), sxvebi _
cximebze (steapsini), mesameni _ naxSirwylebze (amilopsini).
cilebi sakvebis ZiriTadi nawilia, romelic xmardeba sxeulis qsovilebis
Senebas da aRdgenas. maT gaaCnia molekulebis Zalian rTuli qimiuri struqtura.
cilebis moneleba, Cveulebriv, xdeba samjerad. jer ferment pepsinis da marilmJavas
moqmedebiT, romelTac gamoyofs kuWis kedlebis jirkvlebi, cilebi kuWis mJave
areSi iyofa peptonebamde. Semdeg sakvebi fafa gadaadgildeba nawlavebSi, sadac tute
area. cilebi, romelTac ar ganicades cvlilebebi kuWSi, nawlavebSi kuWqveSa
jirkvlis mier gamoyofili ferment tripsinis moqmedebiT iyofian agreTve
peptonebamde. peptonebis dayofaSi aminomJavebamde monawileobs nawlavebis kedlebis
jirkvlebis mier gamomuSavebuli fermenti _ erepsini. aminomJavebi ixsneba wyalSi da
advilad Seiwoveba nawlavebis kedlebis mier.
cximebi asrulebs arsebiT rols Tevzebis kvebaSi. isini warmoadgens
organizmis energetikul resursebs, agreTve vitaminebis gamxsnelebs. nawlavebSi
sakvebis cximebi ganicdis kuWqveSa jirkvlis mier gamoyofili fermentis _
steapsinis moqmedebas. steapsini gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iZens naRvlis
arsebobisas, romelic xels uwyobs cximebis emulgirebas. cximi dayofisas gvaZlevs
glicerins, romelic Seiwoveba nawlavebis kedlebis mier da cximovan mJavebs
(palmitins, stearins da sxv), romlebic daemulsirdeba naRvliT da emulsiis saxiT
Sedis limfur da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi.
naxSirwylebs Tevzebis kvebaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre miwiszeda
cxovelebis kvebaSi,. Arc erT Tevzs (garda minogebisa) ara aqvT sanerwyve
jirkvlebi, romlebic xels uwyobs naxSirwylebis gadamuSavebas. magram kuWqveSa
jirkvlis mier gamomuSavdeba fermentebi amilaza da maltaza, romlebic yofs
sxvadasxva saxis naxSirwylebs, gardaqmnis ra maT Saqrad. Saqari ixsneba wyalSi da
Tavisuflad Seiwoveba nawlavebis kedlebis mier.
Txevadi sakvebis Sewova nawlavebSi xdeba mTel mis sigrZeze. nawlavebis
SigniTa kedlebi mofenilia mravalricxovani xorklebiT, dvrilebiT, romlebic
mogvagonebs umaRlesi xerxemliani cxovelebis nawlavebis xaoebs. es xaoebi
gamsWvalulia sisxlis mimoqcevis kapilarebisa da limfuri ZarRvebis xSiri qseliT,
romelTa Txeli kedlebiT Txevadi sakvebi Sedis sisxlsa da limfaSi da aRwevs
Tevzis sxeulis yvela ujredamde.
saWmlis momnelebel traqtTan warmoSobiT dakavSirebulia sacurao buStic,
romelic TviTon warmoadgens win gamozneqil nawlavs. magram Tavisi funqciebiT is
ufro mWidro kavSirSia sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemasTan.
gamomyofi organoebi
Tevzebis gamomyofi organoebi warmodgenilia T i r k m l i T _ muqi
wiTeli feris Tasmiseburad wagrZelebuli wyvili faSari, romlebic moTavsebulia
xerxemlis svetis qveS tanis gaswvriv. isini organizmidan gamodevnis cilebis
daSlil produqtebs–Sardovanas da SardmJavas.
sxvadasxva saxeobis Tevzebis Tirkmlebi warmoadgens gadasvlas gamoyofis
ufro primitiuli organodan _ w i n a Tirkmlidan ufro srulyofil
warmonaqmnamde _
m e o r e u l Tirkmlamde.
wina Tirkmlis ZiriTad elements warmoadgens n e f r o s t o m a _
Zabrisebri warmonaqmni, romlis kide dafarulia mocimcime wamwamebiT. nefrostomebi
erTi boloTi ixsneba sxeulis RruSi, xolo meore bolo mTavrdeba RariT.
wamwamebiani Zabrebi itacebs organizmisTvis arasaWiro nivTierebebs da milakis gziT
gamodevnis sigrZiv gamomyof arxSi (sur #39).
sur #39. gamomyofi sistemis evolucia:
a _ wina Tirkmeli gareTa wnuliT, b _ pirveladi Tirkmeli Sida wnuliT,
g _ malpigis sxeulakis sqema, 1 _ gareTa wnuli, 2 _ nefrostoma, 3 _ malpigis
sxeulaki, 4 _ vena, 5 _ arteria, 6 _ wnuli, 7 _ baumenis kafsula.
wina Tirkmeli Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi TiTqmis yvela Tevzs aqvs da
ganlagebulia TiToeul segmentSi. wina Tirkmeli ramdenime milakis saxiT
SenarCunebulia mrgvalpirianebSi (minogebSi, miqsinebSi), agreTve zogierT umaRles
TevzSi (RorjoebSi). zrdasrul TevzebSi funqcionirebs t a n i s T i r k m e l
i, xolo umaRles xerxemlianebSi warmoqmnilia kompaqturi m e n j i s Tirkmeli.
wina Tirkmlidan tanis Tirkmlamde gadasvla mimdinareobs TandaTan. jer kidev
wina TirkmelSi, Zabris maxloblad, SeiniSneba milakebis kedlebis Seberiloba,
sisxlZarRvebis wnuliT SigniT. mogvianebiT am Seberilobebisagan formirdeba
malpigis sxeulakebi, romlebic warmoadgens tanis Tirkmlebis ZiriTad nawils.
malpigis sxeulaki Sedgeba sisxlZarRvovani kapilarebis wnulisagan, romelic
Semofarglulia kafsuliT da formiT mogvagonebs burTs SigniTa Cazneqili kedliT,
mas boumenis kafsulas uwodeben.
boumenis kafsula masSi Semavali sisxlis kapilarebis wnulis saSualebiT
filtravs Sardis Semcvel nivTierebebs da gamoyofs maT milakis ReroSi. amas xels
uwyobs kapilarebTan mimavali sisxlis ganuwveteli nakadi. filtracia xorcieldeba
milakebis kedlebis gziTac. amiT aixsneba mocimcime Zabrebis TandaTanobiTi gaqroba
umaRles TevzebSi. maT rols SesaniSnavad asrulebs malpigis sxeulakebi. Aamgvarad,
Tirkmlebi kargavs kavSirs sxeulis siRruesTan da iZens damoukidebel garss (sur
#40).
Tirkmlebis muSaobis mTavari daniSnulebaa sisxlidan Sardovanas da
SardmJavas gafiltvra, romlebic wyalTan erTad Caedineba SardsawveTebSi.
SardsawveTebi TevzebSi warmoqmnis luw an kent gafarToebas _ Sardis buSts,
romelic iReba gareTa sasqeso xvrelis maxloblad.
sasqeso organoebi
Tevzebis s a s q e s o, anu g a m r a v l e b i s o r g a n o e b i
emsaxureba STamomavlobis aRdgenas _ saxeobis SenarCunebas. mdedrebis sasqeso
jirkvlebs ewodeba s a k v e r c x e e b i, mamrebisas _ s a T e s l e e b i.
Tevzebis sasqeso organoebis Seswavlisas, Cveulebriv, ixilaven sakuTriv
sasqeso jirkvlebis agebulebasa da sasqeso sadinarebis funqcias. TiTqmis yvela
Tevzis sasqeso jirkvlebi erTnairi agebulebisaa, maSin roca sasqeso sadinarebis
agebulebas
Tevzebis
TiToeul
jgufSi
gaaCnia
misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi.
sur #40. zvigenis Tirkmlebis agebulebis sqema:
1 _ nefrostoma (Zabri), 2 _ malpigis sxeulakebi, 3 _ sisxlZarRvi, romelic
itoteba malpigis sxeulakebSi kapilarebad, 4 _ SardsawveTi.
pirveladi sasqeso ujredebi, romlebic warmoqmnis sasqeso jirkvlebs,
organizmSi gamocalkavdeba jer kidev Canasaxovani danawevrebis stadiaze. Tevzebis
ganviTarebis Sesabamisad pirveladi ujredebi formirdeba sasqeso (genitalur)
naoWebad, romlebic ganlagebulia jorjalze tanis siRrueSi nawlavebis gverdebze.
genitaruli naoWis SigniT p i r v e l a d i s a s q e s o ujredebi
gamoiyofa momrgvalebuli ujredebis kompleqsad – f o l i k u l e b a d.
mdedris TiToeuli folikula Seicavs erT msxvil kvercxujreds da rig ufro
patar-patara ujredebs, romlebic monawileobs mis kvebaSi, agreTve kvercxujredis
garsis warmoqmnaSi.
Zvliani Tevzebis saTesleebi Sedgeba saTesle arxebisagan.
sasqeso sadinarebs, romlebic Cveulebriv warmoadgens saxeSecvlil pirveladi
Tirkmlis arxebs da gamomyofi organoebis nawilebs, sxvadasxva jgufis TevzebSi
gaaCnia sxvadasxvagvari agebuleba.
mrgvalpirianebSi sasqeso jirkvali kentia, ganlagebulia nawlavis zemoT,
sasqeso sadinarebi ara aqvs. minogebis sasqeso produqtebi, xvdeba ra tanis
siRrueSi, gamodis gareT genitaluri forebis gavliT, romlebic ganlagebulia
Sard-sasqeso sinusis kedlebze. minogebi gansxvavebulsqesianebi arian. miqsinebs
miiCnevdnen hermafroditebad, magram maTi hermafroditizmia _ droebiTi movlenaa.
sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomisas (rodesac miqsinebis sxeulis sigrZe 24sm-ia)
mamrebSi sasqeso jirkvlis wina nawili reducirdeba, xolo ukana nawili gdaiqceva
saTesled. mdedrebis sakvercxe warmoiqmneba sasqeso jirkvlis wina nawilidan.
zrdasrul miqsinebs gaaCnia erTsqesiani jirkvali. momwifebuli sasqeso
produqtebi gamodis kloakaSi tanis siRruidan genitaluri forebis gavliT.
Tevzebi ZiriTadad gansxvavebulsqesianebi arian, magram zRvis qorWilebisa
(Serranidae) da zRvis karCxanebis (Sparidae) zogierTi saxeoba hermafroditia.
qorWilebis
gvaris
warmomadgenlebSi
SesaZlebelia
TviTganayofierebac
ki.
SemTxveviTi hermafroditizmi cnobilia zRvisa da mtknari wylis sxva saxeobebSic
(qaSayisnairebSi, oragulisnairebSi, kobrisnairebSi) da gamowveulia, rogorc Cans,
sasqeso jirkvlebis gviani diferencirebiT. Tevzebis zogierT saxeobas SeuZlia
Seicvalos sqesi. Tavdapirvelad individi funqcionirebs rogorc mamri, xolo
SedarebiT mozrdil asakSi rogorc mdedri (zogierTi Sparidae).
xrtilian TevzebSi sasqeso jirkvlebi luwia da mWidro kavSirSia gamomyof
sistemasTan, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sinagani ganayofiereba. zvigenebi da skarosebi
Soben cocxal Svilebs an deben did kvercxebs kargad formirebuli CanasaxiT.
Sinagani ganayofiereba da cocxalSobadoba gvxdeba zogierT umaRles Zvlian
TevzebSic (zRvis qorWilaSi, kobriskbilianisebrTa zogierT warmomadgenelSi).
xrtilovani Tevzebis mdedrebSi sasqeso produqtebi gareT gamoiyofa
miuleris arxiT, xolo nivTierebaTa cvlis produqtebi (SardimJava da Sardovana)
volfis arxebiT, romlebic warmoiqmna pirveladi Tirkmlis arxebidan.
miuleris arxi asrulebs kvercxgamtaris rols. sxeulis siRrueSi
sakvercxeebidan gamovardnili momwifebuli kvercxebi xvdeba miuleris arxis
gafarToebul nawilSi da masSi daibureba cilovani garsiT. Mmiuleris arxis Semdeg
ganyofilebaSi kvercxi ifareba rqovana garsiT. cilovani da naWuWis jirkvlebi
ukeTesadaa ganviTarebuli kvercxismdebel zvigenebsa da skarosebSi. miuleris arxis
ukana nawili gafarToebulia da atarebs saSvilosnos saxelwodebas, romelSic xdeba
Canasaxis ganviTareba (sur #41).
xrtiliani Tevzebis mamrebis saTesleebi Sezrdilia Tirkmlebis wina nawilTan.
Tirkmlebis Sardisgamomyof nawils gaaCnia damoukidebeli SardsawveTi, romlis
saSualebiTac gamodis ara marto Sardi, aramed spermac. sasqeso sadinarebi ixsneba
kloakaSi. Sinagan ganayofirebasTan dakavSirebiT xrtiliani Tevzebis mamrebSi
warmoiqmneba specialuri kopulaciuri aparati _ pterigopodiumi. is warmoadgens
saxecvlili da gadidebuli muclis farflebis Sinagan sxivebs, romlebic
aRWurvilia RarakebiT. sxvadasxvagvari kopulaciuri aparati gaaCniaT cocxalmSob
umaRles Zvlian Tevzebsac.
sur 41. sxvadasxva zvigenisa da skarosis kvercxebi:
a _ sxvadasxvakbilebiani zvigenis, b _ katiseburi zvigenis, g _ xerxcxvira
zvigenis, d _ varskvlaviseburi skarosis.
umaRles Zvlian Tevzebs sasqeso jirkvlebi, Cveulebriv, luwi aqvT.
gamocalkevebuli kvercxgamtarebi da Teslgamtarebi maT, rogorc wesi, ara aqvT
(sur #42). marjvena da marcxena mxareebis parkiseburi sasqeso jirkvlebi erTdeba
boloSi da gadadis patara arxSi, romelic ixsneba Sardsasqeso dvrilze analuri
xvrelis ukan. sasqeso jirkvlebi aq sruliad gamocalkevebulia gamomyofi
organoebisagan da Tevzebis umravlesobaSi aRwevs sakmaod did zomebs. magaliTad,
mdedri oragulis sakvercxeebma SeiZleba miaRwios Tevzis sxeulis saerTo masis erT
mexuTeds an meoTxedsac ki.
ramdenadac xrtiliani Tevzebis umravlesobis ganayofiereba xdeba wyalSi, maT
ara aqvT garegani sasqeso organoebi. momwifebuli qviriTis marcvali warmoadgens
tipur ujreds, romelic Sedgeba garsisagan, protoplazmisa da birTvisagan.
mravalricxovani arxis saSualebiT qviriTis marcvlis garsSi xdeba gazebisa da
siTxeebis cvla. amis garda, marcvlis garsSi mdebareobs arcTu ise Rrma Zabriseburi
xvreli, anu mikropile. TiTqmis yvela Tevzs qviriTis marcvalSi gaaCnia erTi
mikropile (zuTxisnairebSi is ramdenimea). misi saSualebiT qviriTis marcvalSi
ganayofierebis dros aRwevs mamris mxolod erTi spermatozoidi. amis Semdeg
qviriTis marcvlis garsis qveS protoplazmis gareTa Sris mier gamoiyofa
gansakuTrebuli nivTierebebi, romelTac unari aqvT, STanTqon wyali
garemodan.
Sedegad sakuTriv qviriTis marcvalsa da gars Soris warmoiqmneba periviteluri
sivrce. sivrce Canasaxsa da kvercxujredis garss Soris Sevsebulia periviteluri
siTxiT. es siTxe icavs kvercxujreds mravalricxovani spermatozoidis SeRwevisagan,
icavs Canasaxs meqanikuri dazianebisagan da warmoadgens xelsayrel ares misi
ganviTarebisaTvis. garsSi spermebis SeRweva SeuZlebeli xdeba.
analogiuri movlena xdeba wyalSi gaunayofierebeli qviriTis marcvlis
SemTxvevaSic, romelic swrafad iRupeba.
qviriTis marcvlis nawils ikavebs e.w. deitoplazma (Seicavs cilebs,
mineralur nivTierebebs, cximebs, naxSirwylebs, rnk-s), romelic asrulebs sakvebi
masalis rols ganviTarebadi CanasaxisaTvis.
qviriTis marcvlebis zomebi sxvadasxva TevzSi meryeobs milimetramde,
qaSayisnairsa da kambalaSi 80 mm-mde da zemoT zvigenebsa da qimerebSi.
sur #42. Tevzis sasqeso organoebi:
a _ spermatozoidebi: 1 _ qariylapias, 2 _ qorWilas, 3 _ ekliani skarosis,
4 _ marmariloseburi skarosis, b _ qviriTis marcvali (spermatozoidis SeRweva
mikropileSi), g _ qaSayis saTesleebi, d _ qaSayis sakvercxeebi.
mozardi asakis Tevzebis jgufebSi qviriTis marcvlebi, Cveulebriv, ramdenadme
didi zomisaa, vidre pirvelad mtofavebisa.
MTevzebSi mamrebis umravlesobas sasqeso jirkvlebi _ saTesleebi (Tevzis
Tesli, xvaSi) wyvili da wagrZelebuli formis aqvT, romlebic Sevsebulia mamris
sasqeso ujredebiT _ spermatozoidebiT.
spermatozoidebis
zomebi
da
formebi
sxadasxva
saxeobis
TevzebSi
araerTgvarovania. magram yvela saxeobis TevzSi maTi sxeuli Sedgeba Tavis, yelisa
da kudisagan. spermatozoidis Tavis nawilSi mdebareobs birTvi. yeli da kudi
Sevsebulia protoplazmiT. spermetozoidebis zomebi Zalian mcirea. magaliTad,
qorWilebSi maTi sigrZe aRwevs 0,02mm-s, oragulebSi _ 0,06 mm-s. Teslis TiToeul
wveTSi iTvlian ramdenime milion spermatozoids. amis gamo TiToeuli qviriTis
marcvalze modis spermatozoidebis uamravi raodenoba. maTi maRali ricxobrioba
warmoadgens Semgueblobas gare ganayofierebasTan, romlis drosac spermebis
garkveuli nawili ver aRwevs qviriTis marcvlamde, gaifanteba dinebis mier an
iRupeba. spermatozoidebis wyalSi moZraobis unari sakmaod umniSvneloa: kalmaxebisa
_ 40wm, CrdiloeTis oragulisa _ 45wm,
qariylapiasi _ 3wT, kobrisa - 5wT.
nervuli sistema da grZnobis organoebi
centraluri nervuli sistema
centraluri nervuli sistema. Tevzebis cxovrebaSi iseve, rogorc sxva
cxovelebSi, udides rols asrulebs nervuli sistema. mis ZiriTad Tvisebas
warmoadgens aRgznebadoba, e.i. garemos ama Tu im zemoqmedebaze an organizmis SigniT
mimdinare procesebze reagirebis unari. nervuli sistemis rTuli moqmedebis gageba
emyareba i. seCenovis da i. pavlovis fundamentur Sromebs upirobo da pirobiTi
refleqsebis Sesaxeb.
nervuli sistemas, romelic iyofa centralur da periferiul nervul
sistemebad, miekuTvneba Tavisa da zurgis tvinis nervebi. periferiul nervul
sistemas miekuTvneba vegetatiuri, anu simpaTikuri nervuli sistema. centraluri
nervuli sistemis ganStoebebi aRwevs Sinagani organoebis, kanis safarvelebis,
kunTebisa da grZnobis organoebis yvela nawilamde. amgvarad, nervuli sistema gare
samyarosTan kavSirsa, da Sinagani organoebis muSaobis regulirebasa da SeTanxmebas
emsaxureba.
nervuli sistema iseve, rogorc yoveli qsovili, Sedgeba ujredebisagan, n e
i r o n e b i s a g a n. ujreds SigniT gaaCnia b i r T v i da p r o t o p l a
z m a. sxva qsovilebis ujredebisagan gansxvavebiT neironebs gaaCnia erTi an
ramdenime gamonazardi, romlebic warmoadgens protoplazmis gamonazardebs. arCeven
mokle datotvil gamonazardebs, anu d e n d r i t e b s da grZel dautotavs, anu
n e i r i t e b s. nervuli ujredebis formebi mravalgvaria. nervuli ujredebi
Tavisi gamonazardebiT ki ar erwymis erTmaneTs, aramed mxolod exeba sxva nervuli
ujredebis gamonazardebs. gamonazardebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba gaRizianebis
gadacema erTi ujredidan meoreze.
nervuli ujredebi jgufdeba sistemaSi, romelSic ramdenime garsiT
garemoculi
neiriti
warmoqmnis
nervebs.
nervebs
daboloebebze
gaaCnia
gansakuTrebuli
warmonaqmnebi _ receptorebi, romelTa saSualebiT
xorcieldeba nervuli boWkos kavSiri kunTTan an organoebTan.
nervuli ujredi mgrZnobiarea, aRiqvams da atarebs gaRizianebas, mamoZravebeli
ujredi ki tvinis signals gadasacemad Sesabamis kunTs an organos. yoveli
mgrZnobiare ujredi gaRizianebis miRebisas Tavisi gamonazardebis saSualebiT
aRgznebas gadascems mezobel nervul ujredebs, romlebic mas miitans centralur
nervul sistemamde, saidanac ukve mamoZravebeli ujredebiT impulsi gadaecema ama Tu
im kunTs an organos da iwvevs maT moqmedebas. organizmis sapasuxo reaqcias
gaRizianebaze ewodeba r e f l e q s i. (refleqsi _ arekvla)
gzas, romliTac midis aRgzneba, ewodeba refleqtoruli rkali (sur #43).
nervuli sistemis refleqtoruli saqmianoba safuZvlad udevs Tevzebis da
sxva cxovelebis organizmis reaqcias garegan da Sinagan gaRizianebebze. dadgenilia,
rom TevzebSi aRgzneba nervSi vrceldeba 40 m/wm siCqariT.
refleqsebi arsebobs u p i r o b o, e.i. cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
maTi dabadebis dRidan (kvebis, damcvelobiTi), da p i r o b i T i, romlebic
cxovelebis mier SeiZineba sicocxlis manZilze gamocdilebis dagrovebis gziT.
sur #43. refleqsis grafikuli gamosaxuleba (moCans mgrZnobelobiTi
mamoZravebeli da nervuli ujredebi, maTi morCebi da nervuli daboloebebi):
1 _ zurgis tvini, 2 _ zurgis kvanZi, 3 _ mgrZnobelobiTi neronebi,
4 _ mgrZnobelobiTi fesvi, 5 _ mgrZnobelobiTi morCebi, 6 _ kani, 7 _ ganivzoliani
kunTovani boWkoebi, 8 _ mamoZravebeli nervuli morCebi, 9 _ mamoZravebeli fesvi,
10 _ mamoZravebeli nevronebi.
pirobiTi refleqsebi warmoiSoba upirobo refleqsebis safuZvelze Tavis
tvinis centrebis, gansakuTrebiT didi naxevarsferoebis, qerqis nervuli ujredebis
monawileobiT. isini aRmocendeba, Tu gamRizianebeli xangrZlivi droiT emTxveva
upirobo gamRizianeblis moqmedebas. magaliTad, Tu Tevzis kvebisas gamoyenebulia
bgeriTi an feriTi gamRizianeblebi, is SeiZleba mivides sakvebTan mxolod Sesabamisi
bgeris an Seferilobis dros. Tu esa Tu is gamRizianebeli ramdenjerme ar
daemTxveva kvebas, Tevzi sakveburTan aRar micuravs.
Tavis tvinis dabal ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT TevzebSi pirobiTi
refleqsebi gamomuSavdeba ufro nela da ikargeba ufro swrafad, vidre umaRles
cxovelebSi.
TevzebSi zurgis tvini mdebareobs xerxemals zemoT da daculia malebis zeda
rkalebiT. mas gaaCnia grZeli milis saxe. Tevzebis zurgis tvini, iseve rogorc sxva
cxovelebisa, segmentirebulia. TiToeul malaze modis wyvili wina da wyvili ukana
fesvi, TiTo-TiTo yoveli mxridan. zurgis tvinis fesvebSi mamoZravebeli da
mgrZnobiare boWkoebis ganawileba analogiuria umaRlesi xerxemlianebisa, e.i.
mamoZravebeli boWkoebi gadis muclis, xolo mgrZnobiare _ zurgis fesvebSi.
zurgis tvini nervuli biWkoebiT amaragebs sxeulis mTel zedapirs da
kunTovan sistemas. is dakavSirebulia vegetatiur nervul sistemasTan da
koordinirebs sxvadasxva Sinagani organoebis muSaobas. magaliTad, nawlavebSi
sakvebis moxvedrisas Zlierdeba sisxlis modena nawlavebis qsovilTan da nawlavebis
jirkvlebi iwyebs sekretebis gamoyofas. amavdroulad gaRizianeba gadaecema zurgis
tvins, romelic aZlierebs nawlavebis peristaltikur moZraobas da uzrunvelyofs
sakvebis ukeTes Serevasa da gadaadgilebas.
zurgis tvinis nervuli milis wina nawilis gafarToeba warmoadgens Tavis
tvins. mas gaaCnia xerxemliani cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela ganyofileba:
wina tvini (umaRles xerxemlianebSi wodebulia didi tvinis naxevarsferoebad), Sua
mdebare tvini, Sua tvini, naTxemi da mogrZo tvini (sur #44).
Tevzebis Tavis tvini agebulia sakmaod primitiulad. yvela mis nawils gaaCnia
xazovani ganlageba, maSin roca umaRles xarxemlianebSi kargad ganviTarebuli wina
tvini faravs Tavis tvinis danarCen nawilebs. Tevzebis Tavis tvinis zomebi Zalian
mcirea, magaliTad, TavdidaSi is tolia sxeulis masis 1/700, qariylapiaSi _ 1/1300,
zvigenebSi _ 1/37000.
Tevzebis Tavis tvinis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan ganyofilebas warmoadgens
mogrZo tvini. misgan gamomavali tvin-qalis nervebis eqvsi wyvili (aTidan) miemarTeba
sunTqvis organoebisaken, gulisaken, saWmlis momnelebeli traqtisaken, smenis
organoebisa da kanis safarvlisaken. mogrZo tvini aregulirebs kanis pigmenturi
ujredebis muSaobas. mogrZo tvini sxvadasxva centrs akavSirebs zurgis tvinTan.
TevzebSi moZraobis koordinaciis maregulirebel aparats warmoadgens naTxemi.
naklebadmoZrav Zvlian TevzebSi (kambalebSi, morielebismagvarebSi da sxva) naTxemi
moculobiT pataraa, kargad mcuravebSi (qaSaySi, virTevzaSi, TinusSi) ki
mniSvnelovnad didia.
Sua tvini TevzebSi kargadaa ganviTrebuli da Sedgeba masiuri fuZisa da
saxuravisagan, romelic naRariT gayofilia or naxevarsferod – mxedvelobis
wilebad. saxuravSi mdebareobs mxedvelobiTi nervis boWkoebis daboloebani,
romlebic gadascems sinaTlis gaRizianebas Tvalis badisebri garsidan Sua tvinis
ujredebisaken, Sua tvinis saxuravis amokveTa iwvevs sibrmaves.
Tevzebis umravlesobaSi Sua mdebare tvini pataraa da ukana mxridan
wafarulia kargad ganviTarebuli Sua tviniT. is warmoadgens tvinis yvela
ganyofilebidan Semosuli agznebebis gadacemis centrs.
Tevzebis Sua mdebare tvinze aris jirkvlebi, damaxasiaTebeli sxva
xerxemliani cxovelebisaTvisac: zemoTa tvinzeda jirkvali _ e p i f i z i da
qvemoTa tvinqveSa jirkvali _ h i p o f i z i. sekreti, gamoyofili hipofizis
mier, xels uwyobs Tevzis zrdas da sasqeso produqtebis daCqarebul momwifebas.
amJamad
farTod
aris
gavrcelebuli
sxvadasxva
Tevzis
(zuTxisnairebis,
kobrisnairebis da sxv). xelovnuri gamravlebis dros
sqesmwife mwarmoeblebis
miReba hipofizuri ineqciis meTodiT.
sur #44. qorwWilas Tavis tvini zurgis mxridan:
1 _ cxviris kafsulebi, 2 _ ynosvis nervebi, 3 _ ynosvis wilebi, 4 _ wina
tvini,
5 _ Sua tvini, 6 _ naTxemi, 7 _ mogrZo tvini, 8 _ zurgis tvini.
wina tvini emsaxureba ynosvis organoebs da amasTan dakavSirebiT gaaCnia
wyvili gamocalkevebuli ynosvis wili.
tvinis calkeuli nawilebis sidide da garegnuli saxe damokidebulia
Tevzebis cxovrebis nirTan. mtacebeli pelagiuri Tevzebi xasiaTdebian Sua tvinis
mxedvelobis wilebis Zlieri da naTxemis mniSvnelovani ganviTarebiT, radganac wina
da mogrZo tvini maT SedarebiT sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, mTavar rols nadavlis
mopovebaSi asrulebs Tvalebi. fskerze mcxovreb TevzebSi ukeTesadaa ganviTarebuli
wina da mogrZo tvini. es gamowveulia imiT, rom sakvebis Zebnis dros isini
iZulebuli arian isargeblon ynosvis da Sexebis organoebiT, naTxemi da Sua tvini
ki sustadaa ganviTarebuli.
Zvlian TevzebTan SedarebiT, zvigenebs kargad ganviTarebuli wina tvini aqvT,
romlis saxuravi Sedgeba nervuli qsovilisagan.
orgvaradmsunTqav
TevzebSi
kargadaa
ganviTarebuli
wina
tvinis
naxevarsferoebi, magram sustada _ Sua tvini.
vegetatiuri, anu simpaTikuri nervuli sistema. periferiul nervul sistemas,
garda Tavisa da zurgis tvinis nervebisa, miekuTvneba vegetatiuri, anu simpaTikuri
nervuli sistma. is yvelaze ufro Zvelia cxoveluri organizmebis ganviTarebis
istoriaSi.
simpaTikuri nervuli sistema ganagebs gulis sisxlZarRvebis, nawlavebis da
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis ganuwyvetel avtomatur muSaobas. aregulirebs kvebas
da cvlas organoebsa da ConCxis muskulaturaSi.
simpatikuri nervuli sistema TevzebSi warmodgenilia xerxemlis orive mxares
or rigad ganlagebuli nervuli ujredebiT _ gangliebiT. gangliebidan gamodis
nervuli boWkoebi, romlebic miemarTeba Sinagani organoebiske.n simpaTikuri nervuli
sistema dakavSirebulia zurgisa da Tavis tvinTan, romlebic mas aregulireben
zegavlenas simpaTikuri nervuli sistema kargadaa ganviTarebuli Zvlian Tevzebsa da
orgvaradmsunTqavebSi. mrgvalpirianebSi is warmodgenilia Canasaxovani formiT, xolo
lancetas saerTod ara aqvs.
grZnobaTa organoebi. organizmis kavSiri gare samyarosTan xorcieldeba
grZnobaTa organoebis meSveobiT. isini aRiqvamen gaRizianebas da nervuli
daboloebebiT mas gadascemen
Tavisa da zurgis tvins. TevzebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
igive
grZnobaTa
organoebi,
rac
umaRlesi
xerxemliani
cxovelebisaTvis. garda amisa, maT gaaCniaT gverdiTi xazis organoebi. Tevzebi
reagireben wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebze, meqanikur zemoqmedebaze, temperaturaze,
sinaTleze, xmaze, eleqtrul denze, agreTve sisxlis mdgomareobis Secvlaze.
qimiuri reaqciis organoebi. qimiuri recefciis organoebi, romlebSic Sedis
ynosvis da qimiuri araynosviTi organoebi, aucilebelia informaciis misaRebad
sakvebis gemosa da wyalSi gaxsnil nivTierebebze.
ynosvis o r g a n o e b i (sur #45) mdebareobs cxviris RruSi. Tevzebs,
Cveulebriv, aqvT cxviris wyvili siRrue _ nesto (mrgvalpirianebs nesto aqvT
kenti). nesto arasruli naoWiT orad iyofa: wina Sesasvleli da ukana
gamosasvleli, Tumca zogierT saxeobas (terpugisebrnis, beldugisebrns, maxaTisebrns
da sxva). gaaCnia TiTo xvreli. TviT organo warmoadgens ynosvis parks, mofenils
lorwovani garsiT, romelic warmoqmnis figurul naoWebs _ sxvadasxva formisa da
sididis rozetebs.
miqsinebSi ynosvis kenti organo uerTdeba xaxas, minogebSi ki - ara. maTi
nesto gadadis grZel arxSi, romlis ukana kedeli warmoqmnis gafarToebas _ ynosvis
kafsulas mgrZnobiare ujredebiT. warmoqmnis ra pituitarul gamonazards, arxi
grZeldeba qordis dasawyisamde. am gamonazardis zeda nawilSi aris Txeli apkiT
dafaruli xvreli, romlis saSualebiT masSi SeWrilia hipofizi. amis gamo ynosvis
arxs uwodeben agreTve nazohipofizaruls. wylis moZraoba ynosvis kafsulaSi
xorcieldeba pituitaruli gamonazardis xarjze, romelic asrulebs pipetis rols.
am gamonazardis SekumSva da gafarToeba mimdinareobs layuCis parkebis moZraobis
xarjze.
xrtilianebSi nestoebi wyvilia da Cveulebriv mdebareobs dingis muclis
mxareze. yvela TevzSi, garda orgvaradmsunTqavebisa, nestoebi xaxis Rrus ar
uerTdeba.
ynosvis organoebis ganviTarebis donis mixedviT Tevzebi SeiZleba daiyos
mikro _ da makrosmatikebad. mikrosmatikebSi ynosvis organoebi ganviTarebulia
sustad da sakvebs isini ZiriTadad mxedvelobis organoebis saSualebiT moipoveben
(dRis mtaceblebi). makrosmatikebSi ki (zvigenebSi, gamsvlel oragulebSi, Ramis
mtaceblebSi – mdinaris gvelTevza, Tavdida, Rlabuta da sxva), grZnobis organoebs
Soris mTavar rols ynosvis organoebi asrulebs.
sur #45. Zvliani Tevzis ynosvis organo:
1 - wina nestos, 2 - nestos gamyofi naoWi, 3 - ukana nesto, 4 - organos
lorwovani garsis naoWebi.
es Tevzebi Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian sunisadmi. maT didi ynosvis parkebi, da
mravalnaoWebiani ynosvis rozetebi aqvT. mSvid jogur TevzebSi ynosva da mxedveloba
ganviTarebulia erTnairad.
ynosvis organoebTan midis ara marto wina tvinidan gamosuli ynosvis nervebi,
aramed samwvera nervis boWkoebic, rogorc es umaRles xerxemlian cxovelebSia.
ynosvis organoebis meSveobiT Tevzebs SeuZliaT sakvebis migneba, kontaqtis
damyareba TavianTi saxeobis individebTan, maTi sqesis, mdgomareobis (stresi,
sikvdili) gansxvaveba wylis uxerxemloebisa da mcenareebis saxeobebis amocnoba,
migraciis dros orientireba.
zvigenebi, magaliTad, 2-km-is siSoredan grZnoben sisxlis suns da
elviseburad grovdebian msxverplTan. mdinaris gvelTevza, magaliTad, reagirebs
fenileTilis spirtis umniSvnelo koncentraciaze 3.10-20 (aseT SemTxvevaSi am
nivTierebebis raodenoba ynosvis parkebSi Seadgens mxolod 2-3 molekulas.)
Tevzebi Zalian fxizlad reagireben saSiSroebis signalebze, e.w. SiSis
nivTierebebze, romlebic gamoiyofa kanidan Wrilobis miRebisas.
ynosvis organoebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Tevzebis migraciis dros.
oragulisnairebi, magaliTad, ,,imaxsovreben” mdinaris an nakadulis suns (saxlis
suni _ homing), romlebSic isini gamoiCeknen qviriTidan da zRvaSi tofobis Semdeg
brundebian mSobliur wyalsatevSi.
q i m u r i a r a y n o s v i T i r e c e f c i i s o r g a n o e b
i aRiqvmeba gemovnebis SegrZnebebi da saerTo qimiuri gaRizianebebi, e.i. informaciaT
marilianobaze, garemos aqtiur reaqciaze (pH) da naxSirmJavas warmodgenili arian:
Semcvelobaze da sxva gemovnebis kvirtebiT, romlebic saxis (VII) (kanze, ulvaSebze),
ena-xaxis (IX) da cdomili (XI) (piris RruSi, layuCebze) nervebis daboloebebia;
gorgalisebri da buCqisebri ujredebiT, romlebic miekuTvneba cdomil (X) samwvera
(V) nervebs, agreTve TiTistariseburi ujredebiT, romlebic warmoadgens zurgis
tvinis nervebis daboloebebs; samwvera, cdomili da zurgis tvinis nervebis
Tavisufal nervul daboloebebs. qimiuri araynosviTi recefciis centri mdebareobs
mogrZo tvinSi.
gemovnebis kvirtebi ganlagebulia piris RruSi, ulvaSebze, layuCebze, Tavze,
farflebis sxivebsa da sxulis zedapirze. Tevzis sxeulze maTi raodenoba
damokidebulia mis mier sakvebis mopovebis xerxze. magaliTad, kaparWina, zRvis
Tavdida, loqo-kata, gaaCniaT ra sxeulis zedapirze didi raodenobiT gemovnebis
kvirtebi, eZeben sakvebs ZiriTadad gemovnebis receptorebis meSveobiT.
Tevzebs SeuZliaT aRiqvan gemovnebis sxvadasxva SegrZneba _ tkbili, mware,
mariliani, mJave. maTi mgrZnobeloba zogierT xsnarze aRemateba adamianis unars
aRiqvas gemovnebis elferi (sufris marilze _ 205-jer, fruqtozaze _ 2,6-jer).
isini aRiqvamen gansxvavebas marilianobaSi sul 0,03%0-iT, xolo pH-isa 0,05-0,07iT.
kanis mgrZnobelobiTi organoebi. Tevzebs, iseve rogorc sxva xerxemlian
cxovelebs, SeuZliaT kanis receptorebis meSveobiT aRiqvan sxvadasxva SegrZneba:
Sexeba, wneva, tkivili, temperatura. Sexebis wertilebi gansakuTrebiT bevria Tevzis
Tavze, ulvaSebsa da farflebze. nervuli sistemis ganviTarebis dabali donis
Sedegad TevzebSi tkivilisadmi mgrZnobeloba dabalia, magram temperaturis
cvlilebebisadmi isini Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian. temperaturis normidan
umniSvnelo gadaxrebmac ki SeiZleba Secvalos Tevzebis migraciis mimarTuleba,
tofobis vadebi. temperaturis ucabedma dacemam SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTi gaciveba da
daRupvac ki.
Tevzebis eleqtruli receptorebi da eleqtruli organoebi. Tevzis
urTierTobebis erT-erTi saSualeba aris eleqtruli receptorebi, vinaidan
praqtikulad yvela Tevzs aqvs unari gamoasxivos da miiRos eleqtruli impulsebi.
gamomuSavebuli eleqtruli impulsebis Zalisa da Tvisebis mixedviT Tevzebs
yofen Zlier, sust da araeleqtrulebad.
Zliereleqtrulebs warmoadgenen eleqtruli loqo, gvelTevza, skarosi, sust
eleqtrulebs - mormirebi (Mormyridae), gimnarxebi (Gymnarchidae), gimnotebi
(Gumnotidae) da sxv. araeleqtrulebia Tevzebis umravlesoba. pirveli ori jgufis
warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT specializebuli eleqtruli organoebi (ix. Sur #26).
araeleqtrul Tevzebs specialuri eleqtruli organoebi ar gaaCniaT da maT
mier warmoqmnili susti eleqtruli impulsebi (100-200mkB) warmoiSoba nervulkunTovani moqmedebis Sedegad.
bioeleqtruli velebis aRqma Tevzebis mier xorcieldeba sxvadasxvanairad.
eleqtrul Tevzebs, garda eleqtruli loqosi da varskvlavTmricxvelisa, gaaCniaT
specialuri eleqtroreceptorebi, romlebic miekuTvneba gverdiTi xazis sistemis
grZnobis organoebs. araeleqtrul TevzebSi (garda xrtilianebis, zogierTi
zuTxisnairebis da loqosnairebisa) eleqtroreceptorebi ar aris aRmoCenili.
miuxedavad amisa, am Tevzebs gaaCniaT unari SeigrZnon eleqtruli deni, romelic
uSualod moqmedebs kunTovan an nervul sistemaze an sxva receptorebze.
bioeleqtruli velebisadmi met-naklebad mgrZnobiareni arian susti da
araeleqtruli Tevzebi, romlebSic susti eleqtruli signalebi emsaxureba
orientacias da urTierTobas.
umniSvnelo Zabvis velebis gamomyof araeleqtruli Tevzebis gundSi
TiToeuli Tevzis eleqtruli veli erTiandeba da warmoiqmneba erTob Zlieri
saerTo bioeleqtruli veli, romelsac jogi gadaadgilebis dros orientaciisaTvis
gamoiyenebs.
Yyvela eleqtruli Tevzis eleqtruli organoebi warmodgenilia wyvili,
sxeulis gverdebze simetriulad ganlagebuli warmonaqmnebiT, romlebic Sedgeba
svetebad Tavmoyrili eleqtruli firfitebisagan.
skarosebs gaaCniaT Zalian didi eleqtruli organoebi (sxeulis masis 25%mde), romlebic mogvagonebs futkris fiWas. erTi organo Sedgeba vertikalurad
ganlagebuli daaxloebiT 600-mde eqvswaxnagovani prizmisagan. TiToeul prizmaSi
iTvlian 40-mde diskisebr eleqtrul firfitas, romlebsac diskos Sesaxedaoba aqvs
da amovsebulia labisebri nivTierebiT. TiToeuli prizma warmoadgens Tavisebur
eleqtrul batareas
(sur #46).
gvelTevzas uzarmazari eleqtruli organoebi ganlagebuli aqvs TiTqmis
mTeli tanis gaswvriv gverdebze, romlebic agreTve Sedgeba horizontalurad
ganlagebuli prizmebisagan. TiToeul organoSi iTvlian 70-mde prizmas. amasTan
TiToeuli Seicavs daaxloebiT 6000-mde eleqtrul firfitas.
loqos wyvili eleqtruli organoebi ganlagebuli aqvs kanqveS, tanis
gaswvriv, romelic erTdeba zurgis da muclis mxaris Sua xazSi da Seadgens tanis
masis daaxloebiT 25%-s. eleqtruli organoebis labisebr nivTierebaSi, tanis
gardi-gardmo ganlagebulia mravali eleqtruli firfita (daaxloebiT 2 milioni).
eleqtruli organoebis moqmedebis centrebs zog TevzebSi warmoadgens mogrZo
tvinis msxvili eleqtruli wilebi (skarosi), sxvebSi _ zurgis tvini.
sur #46. skarosis eleqtruli organos agebulebis sqema:
I. II. III. IV _ eleqtruli nervebi, I _ Tavis tvinis eleqtruli wilebi,
2 _ eleqtruli svetebi.
Tevzebis
umravlesobaSi
eleqtruli
organoebis
ZiriTad
elementebs
warmoadgens Secvlili da ZlierSebrtyelebuli kunTovani boWkoebi, zogierT
gvelTevzaSi _ nervuli xolo eleqtrul loqoSi _ jirkvlovani ujredebi. es
saxeSecvlili ujredebi iwodeba eleqtrul firfitebad. eleqtruli firfitis erTi
mxare, romelTanac midis nervuli daboloebebi, iwodeba membranad. firfitis nervul,
anu winapiris mxares is axdens natriumis, kaliumisa da qloris ionebis ganawilebas.
firfitis meore mxaresTan midis sisxlZarRvebi. agznebis momentSi firfitis
winapiris an nervuli mxare xdeba eleqtrouaryofiTi, xolo mopirdapire _
eleqtrodadebiTi. eleqtruli ujredebi svetebSi
an prizmebSi SeerTebulia
Tanamimdevrulad, xolo svetebis rigebi eleqtrul organoebSi _ paralelurad,
rac zrdis denis ganmuxtvis saerTo Zalas.
eleqtruli loqo da gvelTevza binadroben susti eleqtrogamtarobis mtknar
wyalSi,
(mtrisagan Tavis daicvisa da msxverplis efeqturad paralizebisaTvis,)
isini warmoqmnian maRali Zabvis dens: gvelTevza -1,2 amperis denis Zalis dros _
600 voltamde, xolo loqo amperis meaTedis wilis dros _ 350 voltamde.
zRvis wyalSi mcxovrebi eleqtruli skarosi, romelic kargad atarebs
eleqtroobas, am mizans aRwevs naklebi Zabvis ganmuxtvis saSualebiT, magram maRali
Zalis denis dros (40-60 volti 50-60 amperis denis Zalis dros).
TevzebSi eleqtruli ganmuxtvebis xangrZlivoba sxvadasxvanairia. magaliTad,
erTi ganmuxtvis xangrZlivoba eleqtrul skarosebSi grZeldeba 0,03 wm, amasTan, maT
SeuZliaT moaxdinon 100-mde ganmuxtva erTi meoreze miyolebiT.
varskvlavTmricxvelebs da Cveulebriv skarosebs (Rajidae) uWiravT Sualeduri
mdgomareoba Zlier da susteleqtrul Tevzebs Soris. maTi fsevdoeleqtrulad
wodebuli specializebuli organoebi mcire zomisaa da ganlagebulia tanze, kudis
nawilSi. skarosebis eleqtruli organoebi dayofilia mcire saknebad. isini
daaxloebiT 2000-mdea. TiToeuli maTganis labisebr nivTierebaSi mdebareobs
eleqtruli firfita. magaliTad, misi daxmarebiT zRvis melia warmoqmnis Zabvas,
romelsac daaxloebiT 4 voltia.
susteleqtrul Tevzebs gaaCniaT kudis mcire eleqtruli organoebi, xolo
maT mier warmoqmnili Zabva ganisazRvreba voltis meaTedi wilebiT.
smenis organoebi (sur #47). smenis organoebi TevzebSi ganviTarebulia ufro
cudad, vidre umaRles xerxemlian cxovelebSi, magram Tevzebs esmiT kargad. Tevzebs
smenis aparatSi ar gaaCniaT gareTa niJarebi, yuris xvrelebi, dafis apkebi da
lokokinebi.
Tevzebis smenis organo warmodgenilia SigniTa yuriT _ labirinTiT, romelic
Tavis qalis ukana ganyofilebaSi marjvena da marcxena mxareze moTavsebulia
xrtilovan an Zvlovan kafsulebSi. labirinTi wonasworobisa da bgeriTi
gaRizianebebis aRqmis funqcia asrulebs. TevzebSi is wyvilia da ori _ zeda da
qveda ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba.
yuris zeda ganyofilebas Zvlian TevzebSi gaaCnia sami n a x e v r a d r k a
l u r i
m i l i, romlebic ganlagebulia sam urTierTperpendikularul
sibrtyeze. milebi amovsebulia siTxiT (endolimfiT). naxevradrkaluri milis
TiToeuli bolo mTavrdeba sferosmagvari buStebiT e.w. ampuliT, romlis areSic
naxevradrkalur milebs gaaCnia nervuli daboloebebi.
mrgvalpirianebSi
(minogebsa
da
miqsinebSi)
labirinTi
naklebad
diferencirebulia da gaaCnia mxolod erTi an ori naxevradrkaluri arxi.
Tevzebis yuris qveda nawili martivad mowyobili parkisagan Sedgeba, romlis
endolimfaSi erTi didi da ori mcire zomis o T o l i t i (staTolitebi)
curavs. isini warmoadgens ujredebis gamoyofis produqts da Sedgeba organuli
SenaerTebiT Sewebebuli kalciumis marilebisagan. zogierT TevzSi maT iyeneben asakis
gansasazRvravad.
smenis aparatis kedlebi aRWurvilia SemgrZnebi ujredebiT, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavisufal boloze TiTo bewvi gaaCnia. smenis centri ganlagebulia
mogrZo tvinSi. tanis mdgomareobis yovelgvari cvlileba iwvevs endolimfisa da
oTolitebis gadaadgilebas, romlebic SemgrZnebi ujredebis bewvebTan Sexebisas
iwvevs am adgilis gaRizianebas da Tevzic ase Tu ise reagirebs. smenis organos zeda
nawilis moSla TevzSi iwvevs wonasworobis dakargvas. smenis funqcias ZiriTadad
asrulebs labirinTis qveda nawili. bgeris aRqmaSi Tevzebs exmareba agreTve sacurao
buSti, romelic, rogorc Cans, rezonatoris rolis Semsrulebelia. Tevzebs,
romelTac smenis organo veberis aparatiT sacurao buStTan SeerTebuli sasmeni
organos mqone Tevzebs (kobrisnairebi, loqosebrni), kargad ganviTarebuli smena aqvT.
sur #47.Tevzis smenis organo:
1 _ parki, 2 _ parkSi mdebare didi oToliti, 3 _ oToliti gamonaSverSi,
romelic Seesatyviseba lokokinas, 4 _ ampulebi, 5 _ naxevradrkaluri milebi.
mravalricxovani dakvirvebebi aCvenebs, rom Tevzebi kargad aRiqvamen da
asxvaveben bgeriT meryeobas. pirobiTi refleqsebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda gamoemuSavebinaT maTSi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi reaqciebi
gansxvavebuli simaRlisa da tembris bgerebze, magaliTad, aRmoCnda, rom
samxreTamerikul loqos eSinia Zlieri stvenis.
zogi Tevzi Zalian Zlier reagirebs bgerebze. sxvadasxva bgeriTi
gamRizianeblebi aiZulebs kefals, sqelSublasa da sxva Tevzebs drodadro amoxtnen
wylidan. gemebisa da sarewao meqanizmebis xmauri traliT da qisa badiT Weris dros,
xSirad afrTxobs Tevzebs Weris zonaSi.
Tevzebs ara marto esmiT, aramed TviTonac gamoscemen bgerebs. bevr TevzSi
bgeris gamocemis unari gaaCnia sacurao buSts, sxva TevzebSi _ mkerdis farflebis
sxivebs mxris sartylis ZvlebTan kombinaciaSi, zogSi _ xaxisa da ybis kbilebs.
bgerebis xasiaTi Zalian gansxvavebulia. isini mogvagoneben dolis dartymebs,
Cxavils, Rrenas, Rrutuns, stvenas. Tevzebis mier gamocemuli bgerebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi dajgufebebis aRmoCena. dReisaTvis Weris meTodebi,
dafuZnebuli akustikur signalebze (loqos Wera da Tavdidas Wera bgeriTi
satyuarebis gamoyenebiT). iaponiaSi dayenebulia specialuri radiotivtivebi,
awyobili bgerebze, romelTac gamoscems zogierTi sarewao Tevzi. tivtivasTan
Tevzis miaxloebisas is iwyebs
Sesabamisi signalebis gagzavnas, riTac auwyebs
meTevzeebs Tevzis gamoCenas.
bgerebis imitaciiT, romlebic signalebia safrTxis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tevzebis
dafrTxoba wyalamRebi nagebobebidan.
Mxedvelobi organoebi (sur #48). Tevzebis umravlesobisaTvis Tvalebi
warmoadgens grZnobis ZiriTad organos, romelis meSveobiT isini orientireben,
moipoveben sakvebs, Seicnoben TavianT saxeobis individebs an mtrebs.
wyalSi cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac ar aris mkveTri ganaTeba, maTi
Tvalebi agebulia Taviseburad da sxvadasxva saxeobis TevzebSi damokidebulia maTi
cxovrebis pirobebze.
Tevzebis Tvalis agebulebas bevri saerTo aqvs sxva xerxemliani cxovelebis
TvalebTan.
Tevzebis Tvalebi Sedgeba sami garsisagan, romelTa SigniT moTavsebulia
broli da minisebri sxeuli. pirveli gareTa garsi (cilovani) gadadis gamWvirvale,
brtyel
r q o v a n a S i. is myaria da icavs Tvals dazianebisagan.
meore garsi s i s x l Z a r R v o v a n i a. masSi itoteba Tvalis mkvebavi
sisxlZarRvebi. rogorc sisxlZarRvovani, ise cilovani garsis wina nawili
saxeclilia. masSi ileqeba sxvadasxva feris pigmenti. is gardaiqmneba ferad garsad.
sisxlZarRvovani garsi Sedgeba sami Srisagan: gareTa vercxlovanisagan (argentea), Sua
sisxlZarRvovanisa da Sida pigmenturisagan.
vercxlovani Sre mdidaria guaninis kiris mcire zomis kristalebiT da Tevzis
Tvals aZlevs liTonis bzinvarebas. sisxlZarRvovani garsis pigmenturi Sris Semdeg
aris mesame SigniTa b a d i s e b r i g a r s i _ b a d u r a, romliTac
amovsebulia Tvalis fskeri. baduraSi mxedvelobis nervis daboloebebia. masSi aris
yvela is elementi (mgrZnobiare epiTeli, kolbebi, Cxirebi), romlebic Tvalis win
mdebare sagnebis gamosaxulebebis aRqmas ganapirobebs. Cxirebi funqcionirebs
Sebindebisas da RamiT ar aris mgrZnobiareni ferebisadmi, kolbebis meSveobiT ki
Tevzebi aRiqvamen ferebs.
Tvalis wina nawilis ferad garss centrSi gaaCnia xvreli, romelsac g u g a
ewodeba. sivrce rqovanasa da ferad garss Soris amovsebulia. gugas ebjineba
gamWvirvale sferoseburi broli, mis ukan ki mdebareobs minisebri sxeuli. umaRlesi
xerxemlianebis Tvalis brolisagan gansxvavebiT Tevzebis Tvalis broli Tavis
formas ar icvlis.
Tvalis agebuleba da moqmedebis principi SeiZleba SevadaroT fotoaparatis
agebulebas. amasTan, obieqtivs Seesabameba broli, rqovana da Tvalis sxva sinaTlis
gardamtexi areebi, xolo firfitas, romelzedac aRibeWdeba gamosaxuleba - Tvalis
badura.
mtknari wylis binadar bevr TevzSi guga umoZraoa. amave dros bevr saxeobaSi
(gvelTevzaSi, kambalaSi, varskvlavTmricxvelSi, xrtilianebSi) SeiZleba Seviwrovdes
an gafarTovdes. Tevzebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia quTuToebi, mxolod zogierT
zvigens aqvs saxamxamo apki, xolo kefalebs da zog qaSayisnairs uviTardebaT
cximovani quTuToebi.
Tevzebis umravlesobaSi Tvalebi ganlagebulia Tavis gverdebze da mxedveloba
maT aqvT monokularuli, e.i. TiToeuli Tvali xedavs damoukideblad. bevr TevzSi
broli gamodis gugis xvrelidan, rac mniSvnelovnad adidebs mxedvelobis ares.
magaliTad, kalmaxis mxedvelobis kuTxe vertikalurad Seadgens 1500-s (adamianisa _
1340), horizontalurad _ 160-1700 (adamianisa _ 1540). winidan TiToeuli Tvalis
monokularuli mxedveloba ifareba da warmoiqmneba binokularuli, romelic
TevzebSi Zalian mcirea, sul 15-300. monokularuli mxedvelobis ZiriTadi naklia
manZilis arazusti Sefaseba.
TevzebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia moZravi Tvalebi, romlebic ZiriTadad
moqmedeben Sewyobilad, magram zog saxeobaSi (kambalebi, mwvanula) - erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad. Tvalebis udidesi moZraobiT gamoirCevian mtaceblebi.
mxedvelobis simaxvile TevzebSi gansxvavebulia, Tumca miwiszeda cxovelebTan
SedarebiT isini sakmaod axlomxedvelebi arian. magaliTad, mdinaris qorWila Zalian
mcire obieqtebs, 0,1 mm zomisas, xedavs mxolod 5,5 sm manZilze, 1 mm zomisas – 55
sm manZilze, 10 mm zomisas _ 5,6 m manZilze. SedarebiT Sorsmxedvelebi arian
xrtiliani Tevzebi, rac ganpirobebulia maTi Tvalebis unariT, daaviwroos an
gaafarToos guga, rac zrdis mxedvelobis simaxviles. Sori sagnebis aRqmis Seguebas
emsaxureba namglisebri morCi (proc.falciformes), romelic mxolod TevzebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. is brolTan uSualod uknidanaa dakavSirebuli. brolTan
mimagrebuli elastikuri boWkoebis saSualebiT is dgeba Tavis adgilze.
Sors da axlo xedvasTan aseT Seguebas ewodeba a k o m o d a c i a, is
saSualebas aZlevs Tevzebs dainaxon 10-12 m manZilze. rogorc wesi, kargi
akomodaciiT xasiaTdebian naklebad moZravi Tevzebi.
magram Tevzebi, romlebic binadroben wylis zeda fenaSi (planqtonofagebisa
da mtaceblebis umravlesoba), sakvebis mopovebisas ZiriTadad orientireben
mxedvelobis saSualebiT.
Tevzebis umetesobas ganaTebis daqveiTebasTan erTad uqveiTdeba Tvalebis zoma.
magram amave dros did siRrmeebze mcxovrebTaTvis (zRvis qorWila, mnaTobi anCousi)
damaxasiaTebelia msxvili Tvalebi, romelTac aqvs unari daiWiros Zalian susti
sinaTle. Rrma wyalsa da mRvimeebSi mcxovreb rig Tevzebs Tvalebi ar gaaCniaT.
mxedvelobis Cveulebrivi organoebiT haerSi Tevzebi TiTqmis ver xedaven,
magram zogierT Tevzs, tropikul Tevzs, oTxTvalas (Anablepas tetrophtalemus),
magaliTad, Tvali horizontaluri tixriT or nawilad aqvT gayofili. Tvalis zeda
nawilSi broli Sebrtyelebulia, xolo
rqovana _ amozneqili, rac haerSi
xedvis saSualebas iZleva. qveda naxevriT igi xedavs wyalSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT
oTxTvala Tevzi wyalSi imgvarad curavs, rom Tvalebis zeda naxevari wylis
zedapirs scildeba.
Tevzebs unari SeswevT, dainaxon sagnebi haerSi wylidan.
dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom Tevzebs aqvT ferebis garCevis unari. magaliTad,
cimori, romelsac adre sakvebs aZlevdnen wiTeli jamiT, sxvadasxva feris aseTive
jamebis erTdroulad dadgmisas, miemarTeboda wiTeli jamisaken, rogorc ar unda
gadaeadgilebinaT is. dadgenilia agreTve, rom Tevzebi ultraiisfer sxivebs ferebSi
aRiqvamen.
Tevzebs SeuZliaT agreTve sagnebis formis garCeva _ ganasxvaveben kubs
piramidisagan, samkuTxeds kvadratisagan da a.S. SeiZleba gaiwvrTnan zogierTi asos
formis garCevaze, magaliTad, R-sa da L-s amgvarad, damtkicebulia Tevzebis unari
pirobiTi refleqsebisadmi.
gverdiTi xazi (sur #49). Tevzebisa da wyalSi mcxovrebi wyalxmeleTa
cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gverdiTi xazis gansakuTrebuli organoebi.
es organoebi Cveulebriv warmodgenilia eqtodermis SesqelebebiT, romlebic
Sedgeba ori saxis ujredebisagan – centraluri ujredebisagan, romelTac gaaCnia
msxliseburi forma da Tavisufal boloze atarebs jagars da periferiuli sayrdeni
ujredebisagan, romlebic gagrZelebulia organos zedapiridan fuZemde. msxliseburi
ujredebi dakavSirebulia nervul daboloebebTan. gverdiTi xazis organoebi ukve
gaaCniaT mrgvalpirianebs, magram maT isini tanis zedapirze aqvT. primitiul
zvigenebSi es organoebi Ria RarSi Zevs. sxva Tevzebs gverdiTi xazis organoebi
ganlagebuli aqvT daxurul arxSi, romelic drogamoSvebiTi iReba gareT.
qaSayisnairebs gverdiTi xazi ara aqvT. misi Semcvlelia Tavze ganviTarebuli arxebis
xSiri qseli.
gverdiTi xazi damreci rkaliT gagrZelebulia Tavidan kudamde mTeli tanis
gaswvriv, da msWvalavs qerclebs naxvretebiT, romlebic miemarTeba siRrmeSi mdebare
sigrZiv arxSi. arxi amofenilia mgrZnobiare epiTeliumis ujredebiT, romlebic
itoteba nervis daboloebebi. Zvlian TevzebSi gverdiTi xazi orive mxares warmoqmnis
totebs, romlebic gadis Tvalis zemoT da qvemoT, agreTve qveda ybaze. gverdiTi
xazis aparatis saSualebiT Tevzi SeigrZnobs dinebis Zalas, mis mimarTulebas,
wyalqveSa sagnebis arsebobas da sxv. dazianebuli gverdiTi xazebis mqone Tevzebze
Catarebulma cdebma gviCvenes, rom Tevzi ver SeigrZnobs wylis dinebas da sibneleSi
wamoegeba qvebze.
amasTan erTad, janmrTeli Tevzi grZnobs wyalqveSa sagnebis siaxloves wylis
im umciresi sawinaaRmdego dinebiTac, romelsac iwvevs wyalqveSa winaaRmdegobebi.
gverdiTi xazis saSualebiT Tevzi advilad da Cqara orientirebs saarsebo garemoSi.
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi
Sinagani sekreciis, anu endokrinulia jirkvlebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT
gamomtani sadinarebi, xolo maT mier gamoyofili hormonebi vrceldeba sisxlTan
erTad mTel organizmSi. aseT sistemas ewodeba h u m o r a l u r i.
hormonebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tevzebis cxovrebaSi. isini axdenen gavlenas
nivTierebaTa cvlaze, osmoregulaciis procesebze, sasqeso ujredebis ganviTarebasa
da momwifebaze da sxv.
farisebri jirkvali. farisebri jirkvali sxvadsxva formisa da moculobisaa,
mdebareobs muclis aortis maxloblad. Zvliani Tevzebis umravlesobaSi is
warmodgenilia ramdenime calke nawilad.
Tevzebis, ise rogorc sxva xerxemlianebis, farisebri jirkvali Sedgeba
folikulebisagan. farisebri jirkvlis hormoni iodTireoglobulini aregulirebs
ganviTarebas, kerZod, metamorfozs (minogebSi, kambalebSi, gvelTevzebSi), zemoqmedebs
nivTierebaTa cvlasa da Tevzebis qcevaze. farisebri jirkvlis SedarebiT aqtiuri
moqmedeba SeiniSneba gamsvlel TevzebSi satofo migraciebis dros, rac ganapirobebs
maT aqtiur moZraobas.
hipofizi. hipofizi mdebareobs Sua mdebare tvinis fskerTan da TevzebSi
Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan: a d e n o h i p o f i z i da n e i r o h i p
o f i z i, romlebic viTardeba sxvadasxva Canasaxisagan. adenohipofizi
filogenetikurad dakavSirebulia saWmlis momnelebel organoebTan, Sedgeba
epiTeluri jirkvlovani qsovilisagan da warmoqmnilia xaxis ukana kedlis
epiTeluri wamonaSverisagan. neirohipofizi warmoadgens Sua mdebare tvinis qveda
nawilis _ hipoTalamusis gagrZelebas. ZiriTadad is Sedgeba neirogliebisagan,
neirosekretoruli
ujredebis
wamonazardebisagan,
romlebic
ganlagebulia
hipoTalamusis birTvebSi, agreTve geringis sxeulakebisagan, romlebic warmoadgens
sekretisgamtari nervuli boWkoebis daboloebebs.
TevzebSi, ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT, neirohipofizi warmodgenilia ara
kompaqturi wiliT, aramed, rogorc wesi, fesvebiT, romlebic sxvadasxvanairad
msWvalavs adenohipofizis wilebs (sur #50).
hipofizis agebulebis mixedviT Tevzebs yofen or jgufad: primitiuli
(qaSayisnairebi, oragulisnairebi, gvelTevzasnairebi) da kargad ganviTarebuli
hipofiziT (yvela danarCeni Tevzi). primitiuli agebulebis hipofizs gaaCnia
Sebrtyelebuli forma da masSi erTimeores misdevs adenohipofizis wilebi.
sur #50. qorWilas hipofizi:
1 _ proadenohipofizi, 2 _ mezoadenohipofizi, 3 _ metaadenohipofizi,
4 _ neirohipofizi.
neirohipofizis fesvebi ZiriTadad datotvilia metaadenohipofizSi. kargad
ganviTarebuli hipofizis mqone TevzebSi adenohipofizis yvela wili gamsWvalulia
neirohipofiziT.
neirohipofizi kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli yvela Zvlian Tevzs da gaaCnia
gansxvavebuli formebi–sferosebri, xisebri da sxv.
Zvliani Tevzebis adenohipofizSi gamoyofen 6-8 tipis ujredebs, romlebic
morfologiuri Taviseburebebisa da ganlagebis garda gansxvavdeba TavianT
funqciebiTac. ujredTa TiToeuli tipi axdens garkveuli hormonis producirebas.
amrigad, Tevzebs adenohipofizSi gamoumuSavdebaT 6-8 hormoni.
hipofizi warmoadgens Sinagani sekreciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan jirkvals.
adenohipofizis hormonebi monawileobs osmoregulaciis procesSi, axdens zegavlenas
zrdaze, Seferilobis Secvlaze, lorwovani ujredebis muSaobaze, aregulirebs
Sinagani
sekreciis
sxva
jirkvlebis
moqmedebas.
gonadotropuli
hormoni
aregulirebs sasqeso ujredebis ganviTarebisa da momwifebis Pprocess: hipofizis
eqstraqtis Seyvana TevzebSi iwvevs sasqeso produqtebis ganviTarebis stimulirebas.
hipofizaruli ineqciebis meTodi, SemuSavebuli n. gerbilskis mier, farTod
gamoiyeneba meTevzeobaSi.
neirohipofizi Seicavs or hormons: vazotocins da iqTiotocins, romlebic
warmoiqmneba hipoTalamusis birTvebSi da monawileobs osmoregulaciis procesSi.
adrenaluri jirkvali da staniusis sxeulakebi. umaRlesi xerxemlianebis
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebs Soris aRiniSneba Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi, romlebic
Sedgeba sxvadasxva Canasaxisagan ganviTarebuli qerqovani da tvinis nivTierebebisagan.
isini gamoimuSavebs sxvadasxva hormons da SemdgomSi warmoqmnis erTian organos.
qerqovan nivTierebis ujredebs uwodeben i n t e r e n a l u
r s,
tvinisas _ q r o m a f i n u r s.
Tevzebs interenaluri da qromafinuri ujredebi calkeuli dajgufebebis
saxiT aqvT mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. xSirad interenaluri da qromafinuri
ujredebis kompleqss uwodeben interenalur da qromafinur qsovilebs, xolo yvelas
erTad – adrenalur jirkvals.
interenaluri da qromafinuri qsovilebis ganlageba sxvadasxva saxis TevzebSi
sxvadasxvagvaria. xrtilian TevzebSi interenaluri qsovilis dagroveba gardaiqmna
TirkmelSua jirkvlad, romlis winac gvxvdeba interenaluri qsovilis damatebiTi
nawilebi. qromafinuri qsovili mcire zomis warmonaqmnebis saxiT ganlagebulia
simpaTikur gangliebSi an maT axlos.
interenaluri qsovili gamoyofs sasqeso hormonebs, glukokortikosteroidebs
(kortizoni da hidrokortizoni) da mineralkortikosteroidebs. es hormonebi did
zegavlenas axdens cilebisa da naxSirwylebis, wylisa da marilebis cvlaze,
astimulirebs sqesisaTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas. qromafinuri qsovili gamoyofs
hormonebs _ adrenalins da noradrenalins, romlebic zegavlenas axdens gulis
SekumSvis agznebadobasa da Zalaze, sisxlis wnevaze, sisxlSi Saqris raodenobaze.
aRwerili qsovilebis garda, Zvlian Tevzebs aqvT s t a n i u s i s s x e u
l a k e b i, ganlagebuli tanis TirkmelSi. varaudoben, rom isini garkveul rols
unda TamaSobdnen osmoregulaciis procesSi.
kaudaluri
neirosekretoruli
sistema
(urohipofizi).
miwiszeda
xerexmlianebisagan
gansxvavebiT
Tevzebs
aqvT
gansakuTrebuli
kaudaluri
neirosekretoruli sistema, romelic, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebulia wyalSi
cxovrebis TaviseburebebTan. Tevzebs zurgis tvinis kudis nawilSi gaaCniaT Zalian
didi zomis neirosekretoruli ujredebi, maTi msxvili gamonazardebi warmoqmnis
Tavisebur traqts, romelic bolovdeba zurgis tvinis qveda nawilis gamonazardSi
(neirofizSi). is Tavisi agebulebiT neirohipofizis msgavsia. neirofizSi warmoebs
hormon urotenzinis dagroveba da gamoyofa, romelic aregulirebs osmoregulaciis
process da, SesaZlebelia, monawileobasac Rebulobs sisxlis wnevisa da gamravlebis
procesis regulaciaSi.
ultimobranqialuri jirkvlebi. saylapavi milis gverdebze ganlagebuli
ultimobranqialuri jirkvlebi aregulirebs fosforisa da kaliumis cvlas.
epifizi. epifizi, anu tvinis zeda danamati, warmoadgens Sua mdebare tvinis
saxuravis gamonazards. is gamoimuSavebs hormonebs, romlebic iwvevs mcire
arteriebis Seviwroebasa da kanis gauferulebas, aZlierebs nawlavis peristaltikas,
monawileobs mineraluri cvlis regulaciaSi.
sasqeso jirkvlebi. sasqeso ujredebis garda sasqeso hormonebs gamomimuSavebs
sakvercxeebi
da
saTesleebi.
mamrebSi
maT
gamoimuSavebs
saTesleebis
intersticialuri ujredebi, mdedrebSi – folikuluri epiTelis ujredebi. sasqeso
hormonebi xels uwyobs TevzebSi meoreul sasqeso niSnebis da saqorwino
morTulobis ganviTarebas, agreTve STamomavlobaze zrunvis gamovlenas.
Sxamiani da Sxamismatarebeli Tevzebi
Tevzebs, romlebic gamoirCevian Sxamiani TvisebebiT, yofen Sxamis matarebel da
Sxamian Tevzebad. Sxamismatarebel Tevzebs gaaCniaT Sxamismatarebeli aparati-qicvebi
da Sxamiani jirkvlebi, ganlagebuli qicvebis fuZesTan (magaliTad, Myoxocephalus
scorpius-s tofobis periodSi) an qicvebis Rarakebsa da farflebis sxivebSi
(Scorpaena, Frachinus, Amiurus, Sebastes da sxva). Sxamebis moqmedebis Zala
gansxvavebulia _ Cxvletis adgilas Cirqgrovis warmoqmnidan sunTqvisa da gulis
moqmedebis darRvevamde da sikvdilamdec ki. sakvebad gamoyenebisas es Tevzebi
uvnebeli arian. Tevzebi, romelTa qsovilebi da organoebi qimiuri SemadgenlobiT
Sxamiania, miekuTvnebian Sxamianebs da maTi sakvebad gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. isini
gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania tropikebSi. zvigens-(Carcharinus glaucus) _ Sxamiani
RviZli aqvs, maxvilkbilas (Tetrodon) _ sakvercxeebi da qviriTi, marinkasSchizothorax-qviriTi da muclis apki, wveras _ (Barbus) da xramulis (Varicorhynus)
qviriTi axdens sasaqmebel zemoqmedebas. Sxamiani Tevzebis Sxami sasunTq da
vazomotorul centrebze da ar iSleba duRilis dros. Sxamiania zogierTi Tevzis
sisxli (gvelTevzebis: Muraena, Anguilla, Conger, agreTve minogas, Wanaris, virTevzas,
kobris da sxva). momwamlavi Tvisebebi vlindeba am Tevzebis sisxlis Sratis ineqciis
dros. isini qreba gaxurebisas mJavebisa da tuteebis zemoqmedebiT.
(sakmaod Zveli Tevzis gamoyenebisas mowamvls iwvevs lpobis baqteriebis
cxovelmyofelobis Sedegad warmoqmniTli Sxamiani produqtebi). specifikuri ,,Tevzis
Sxami” warmoiqmneba kargi xarisxis TevzebSi (upiratesad TevzTeTrebsa da zuTxebSi),
rogorc anaerobuli baqteriis Bacillus ichtyhismi-is (romelic axloa BB.botulinusTan) cxovelmyofelobis produqti. Sxamis moqmedeba vlindeba nedli (maT Soris
mariliani) Tevzis gamoyenebis drosac.