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n a w i l i m e o r e
s p e c i a l u r i i q T i o l o g i a
Tavi I ZiriTadi sarewao Tevzebi
Tevzebis sistema da samecniero nomenklaturis wesebi
msoflio okeanesa da mtknar wylebSi binadrobs 20 aTasze meti saxeobis Tevzi.
Seswavlis gaadvilebis mizniT axdenen maT klasebad dayofas, anu akuTvneben ama Tu im
sistematikur jgufebs. xarisxSi aseTi jgufebia: tipi, klasi, rigi, ojaxi, gvari da
saxeoba. xSirad xmaroben Sualedur aRniSvnebsac - jgufi, qverigi, qveklasi da sxv.
saxeobis sistematikuri erTeulebia qvesaxeoba, rasa, morfa da sxva e.w. patara
taqsonomiuri erTeulebi.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos safuZvlad daedo akad. l. bergis mier SemuSavebuli
Tevzebis sistema masSi Setanili umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT, romelic mocemulia wingSi
,,Жизнъ животных” (`Tevzebi”, t.4 ,prof. trasis redaqciiT, 1971).
I sqemaze warmodgenilia Tevzebis sistema l. bergis mixedviT*
I s q e m a
Stoebi
uyboebi
uyboebi, anu Tevzismagvarebi
zeklasi
namdvili Tevzebi
klasebi
klasebi
(zvigenebi da
skarosebi)
(qimerebi da
sxva)
(orgvarad
msunTqavebi)
1
(mtevanfarflianebi)
(sxivfarflianebi)
(umaRlesi
Tevzebi)
II sqema
Tevzebis sistema wignidan `Жизнь
животных~
qvetipi qalianebi zeklasebi
uyboebi
ybapirianebi
klasebi
klasi
miqsinebi
minogebi
mTlianTavianebi
layuCfiltvianebi
mtevanfarflebiani
zvigenebi
Zvlovanebi
xrtilianebi
mrgvalpirianebi
frTafarflianebi
sxivfarflianebi
orgvaradmsunTqavebi
skarosebi
ganoidurebi
namdvili Zvlovanebi
namdvili Zvliani Tevzebis jgufi mravalricxovani zerigebiT dapirispirebulia
ufro primitiul ganoidur TevzebTan.
sistematikis ZiriTad erTeuls warmoadgens saxeoba. l. bergi saxeobas uwodebs
individebis erTobliobas, romelic ikavebs gansazRvrul geografiul olqs da flobs rig
niSnebs, romlebic gadaecema STamomavlobiT da asxvavebs mocemul saxeobas monaTesave
saxeobebisagan.
2
saxeobis mecnieruli (laTinuri) saxelwodeba Sedgeba ori sityvisagan _ gvarisa
(iwereba didi asoTi) da saxeobisagan (iwereba patara asoTi). Cveulebriv, saxeobiTi
sityva aRmniSvneli mocemuli saxeobis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel niSans an warmoadgens im
mecnieris saxels, romlis sapativsacemodac iwoda es saxeoba. magaliTad, Leuciscus
cephaleus _ Taviani eleci, Leuciscus Bergi - bergis eleci. saxeobis saxelwodebis Semdeg
weren im mecnieris gvars, romelmac is, aRwera. magaliTad, oqros karCxana Carassius
carassius linne. saxeoba saxelwodebaSi daculia Tanamimdevroba da prioriteti eniWeba im
saxelwodebas, romelic mas mieca pirvelad 1758 wels Svedi bunebismetyvelis, mcenareTa
da cxovelTa mecnieruli nomenklaturis damaarseblis k. lines naSromis ,,Systema
Natural”-is gamocemis gamosvlis Semdeg. Tu mocemuli saxeoba pirvelad mikuTvnebuli iyo
sxva gvars, maSin avtoris gvars svamen frCxilebSi.
rig SemTxvevaSi saxeobebi warmodgenilia qvesaxeobebis saxiT, romlebic
gansxvavdebian morfologiiT, cxovrebis niriTa da gavrcelebiT.
* ( `Tevzebi, t.4, t.rasis redaqciiT 1971).
zogjer qvesaxeobebs uwodeben geografiul rasebs, radganac TiToeuli maTgani
binadrobs gansazRvrul geografiul raionSi da isini erTad arasodes ar gvxvdebian.
qvesaxeobas aRniSnaven sami sityviT, magaliTad, Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordmann
_ kavkasiuri karCxali. geografiuli rasebis warmoSoba _ es aris saxeobis Segueba
gavrcelebis adgilTan saxeobrivi Taviseburebebis SenarCunebiT. zogierTi saxeobiT
warmoqmnis formebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoirCeva garegnuli ieriTac, cxovrebis
niriTac, magram binadroben erT wyalsatevSi. maT uwodeben ekologiur rasebs.
axlo saxeobebi msgavsi niSnebiT erTiandebian gvarebSi, isini ki, Tavis mxrivojaxebSi. ufro farTo masStabis niSnebiT ojaxebi erTiandebian rigebSi, rigebi-klasebSi
da a.S.
iqTiologiaSi miRebulia, rom rigebis CaTvliT erTeulebi atareben saxelwodebas
pirvelad aRwerili gvaris mixedviT da aqvT garkveuli daboloeba: ojaxi _ ,,idae”, rigi
_ ,,formes”, magaliTad, kobrisebTa ojaxi _ Cyprinidae, kobrisnairTa rigi _ Cypriniformes,
rigis zemoT erTeulebs ar gaaCniaT gansazRvruli daboloebebi.
zeklasi uyboebi - AGNATHA
uyboebi - uZvelesi primitiuli Tevzismagvari xerxemliani cxovelebia, romelTac
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi unarCundebaT qorda, ar gaaCniaT wyvili farflebi da
namdvili ybebi.
Cvens dromde moaRwies mxolod miqsinebma (Myxini) da minogebma (salamurebi)
(Petromyzones), romlebic zoologebis mier gaerTianebuli arian erT klasSi mrgvalpirianebSi (Cyclostomata)
klasi mrgvalpirianebi - CYCLOSTOMATA
mrgvalpirianebs aqvT gvelTevzasmagvari SiSveli sxeuli, piri _ mimwovi Zabris
saxiT. cxviris Rru kentia. layuCebs aqvs parkebis forma, naxevradrkaluri milebi erTi
an oria.
mrgvalpirianebis klasi iyofa or qveklasad: miqsinebad da minogebad (salamurebad).
qveklasi miqsinebi - MYXINI
3
sxeulis formiT miqsinebi emsgavsebian did Wiebs. kenti farflebi maT
ganviTarebuli aqvT sustad. mburRavi formis piri, enaze did kbiliT, garemoculia
ulvaSebiT. aseve ulvaSebiT garemoculi cxviris Rru ukavSirdeba xaxas. naxevradrkaluri
arxebi erTdeba. layuCis xvrelebi erTidan TxuTmetamdea. Tvalebi ganuviTarebelia. amis
gamo miqsinebi praqtikulad brmebi arian da orientireben ynosviTa da SexebiT.
Mmiqsinebi Ramis cxovelebi arian dRisiT isini eflobian lamSi, xolo RamiT
aqtiurad nadiroben fskeris uxerxemloebze, agreTve Tavs esxmian dasustebul,
naklebmoZrav Tevzebs, ikvebebian mkvdari TevzebiTac. miqsinebi zRvis cxovelebi arian,
romlebic binadroben Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebis zomier da subtropikul
wylebSi, napirebTan axlos, rogorc wyalmarCx adgilebSi, ise 1000 m da met siRrmeebze.
miqsinebisaTvis wylis normaluri marilianobaa 32,0-34,0%0.
yvelaze safuZvlianad Seswavlilia Cveulebrivi miqsina Myxine glutinosal, romelic
binadrobs atlantis okeanis Crdilo nawilis dasavleT da aRmosavleT napirebTan da
aRwevs 50 sm sigrZes. is gvxvdeba 1000 m-ze met siRrmeebze.
sasqeso jirkvlis gviani diferencirebis gamo miqsinebs Tvlidnen hermafroditebad,
Tumca maTSi viTardeba erTi jirkvali. sqesis garCeva SesaZlebelia, rodesac miqsinebi
aRweven 24 sm sigrZes, xolo sqesobrivi simwife dgeba 25-28 sm sigrZis miRwevis dros.
ganayofiereba, albaT, jvaredinad Sinagania. miqsinebi deben rqovana kafsulaSi
Casmul, ovaluri formis 20-30 mozrdil kvercxs. kafsulis boloebTan aris
dagrZelebuli Zafebis kona, romelTa meSveobiTac ganayofierebuli kvercxebi emagreba
erTimeores, xolo SemdgomSi _ substrats. mravldebian miqsinebi ramdenimejer.
viTardebian garadqmnis gareSe.
miqsinebs ara aqvT sarewao mniSvneloba. maT mniSvnelovani zarali moaqvT imiT, rom
Wamen badeSi daWeril Tevzebs.
sur #60
a)
miqsinas da b)misi kvercxebis garegani saxe
qveklasi minogebi (salamurebi) – PETROMYZONES
sxeulis formiT salamurebi (minogebi) axlos arian miqsinebTan, magram aqvT erTi
an ori zurgis farfli. Zabriseburi piris gareTa bolo Semovlebulia tyaviseburi
foCebiT, aqvT didi raodenobis rqovana kbilebi, romelTa agebulebis mixedviTac minogebi
ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. cxviris Rru ganlagebulia Tvalebis win da xaxas ar
4
ukavSirdeba. naxevradrkaluri arxi oria. Tavis gverdebze ganlagebulia Svidi wyvili
gareTa layuCis xvreli. zrdasrul minogebSi, miqsinebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvalebi
normaluradaa ganviTarebuli.
minogebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kenti sasqeso jirkvali. isini gansxvavebul
sqesianebi arian. ganayofiereba garegania. minogebi mravldebian mtknar wylebSi mdinareebis
Rrma adgilebSi Cqari dinebiTa da kenWebiani niadagiT. isini aSeneben budeebs, romlebic
warmoadgens wagrZelebul, ovalur ormoebs da maTSi deben sasqeso produqtebs. minogebSi
ganviTareba metamorfozuli xasiaTi aqvs: minogebis ,,qviSis mTxreli” larva rigi niSnebiT
Zalian gansxvavdeba zrdasrul minogasagan. mas aqvs ukbilo, samkuTxa xvrelismagvari piri.
Tvalebi da kenti farflebi ganviTarebulia Zalian sustad. layuCis xvrelebi Zevs
wagrZelebul RarebSi qviSis mTxrelebi binadroben mdinareebis lamian adgilebSi da
drois met nawils lamSi Cafluli atareben. ikvebebian isini detritiTa da mikroskopuli
organizmebiT, romlebsac Seisrutaven wylis nakadTan erTad. larvuli periodi zogierT
saxeobaSi grZeldeba xuT wlamde, ris Semdegac isini gadaiqcevian zrdasrul formebad.
metamorfozis dros minogebis sxeuli mokldeba da xdeba zogierTi organos rTuli
gardaqmna. minogebis bevri saxeobis warmomadgeneli tofobis Semdeg iRupeba, xolo
zogierTi sicocxlis manZilze ramdenimejer tofobs.
minogebis qveklasSi Sedis erTi rigi – Petromyzoniformes - minogisnairebi, erTi
ojaxiT – Petromyzonidae - minogisebrni.
ojaxi minogisebrni (salamurasebrni) - Petromyzonidae
ojaxi moicavs salamurebis daaxloebiT 24 saxeobas, romlebic gavrcelebuli arian
Crdilo da samxreT naxevarsferoebis zomier ganedebSi, magram isini ar gvxvdebian
tropikuli wylebis CrdiloeT ganedis 300 da samxreT ganedis 300 Soris.
salamurebi misdeven mravalferovan cxovrebis nirs. erTi nawili zrdasrul
mdgomareobaSi binadrobs zRvaSi, meore gamsvlelia, xolo zogierTi mudmivad cxovrobs
mtknar wyalsatevebSi, magram yvela isini mravldebian mtknar wyalSi.
ojaxis yvelaze ufro didi zomis warmomadgenelia zRvis salamura (Petromyzon
marinus), romelic aRwevs 90-100sm sigrZesa da 3kg wonas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokle
zeda ybis firfita ori kbiliT. zRvis salamura gavrcelebulia Crdilo atlantis orive
sanapiroze. gvxvdeba agreTve baltiis zRvaSi, Sedis narvaSi, dasavleT dvinaSi, nemansa da
sxva mdinareebSi. gamsvleli Tevzebi arian. tofobs gazafxulze qviSian niadagze da yris
qviriTs ormoebSi. nayofiereba Seadgens 200 aTas qviriTis marcvals. sainkubacio periodia
moicavs 8-10 dRes. tofobis Semdeg mozrdili individebi midian zRvaSi, sadac,
Cveulebriv, gvxvdebian 500 m siRrmemde. zRvis salamura ZiriTadad TevziT ikvebeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zRvis salamuras xorci kargi gemosa da maRali xarisxisaa,
misi rewva ganviTarebulia sustad, radganac is ar qmnis did dajgufebebs.
k a s p i i s
s a l a m u r a _ Caspiomyzon wagneri _ axlosaa zRvis
salamurasTan, romlisganac ganirCeva zeda ybis firfitaze erTi kbilis arsebobiT. aRwevs
44-45 sm sigrZesa da 200 g wonas. binadrobs kaspiis zRvaSi. eweva gamsvleli cxovrebis
nirs. ikvebeba zRvaSi, xolo tofobisaTvis Sedis
mdinareebSi, ZiriTadad volgasa da
mtkvarSi, da adis sakmaod maRla. masobrivi svla volgaSi mimdinareobs oqtombernoemberSi 6-110C-ze. msvlelobis periodSi kaspiis salamurebSi xdeba rigi saqorwino
cvlilebebi - kbilebis gablagveba, Seferilobis Secvla, farflebis zomebis gadideba.
kaspiis salamuras tofoba mimdinareobs qviSa _ kenWebian niadagze martidan maisis
CaTvliT. misi nayofierebaa 20-32 aTasi qviriTis marcvali. tofobis Semdeg individebi
iRupebian. sainkubacio periodi moicavs 9-11 dRe-Rames. volgis salamuras larvuli
periodi ar aRemateba erT wels.
kaspiis salamuras kvebis xasiaTi arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili. Tumca cnobilia, rom
isini emagrebian Tevzs muclis mxridan. magram, rogorc Cans, blagvi kbilebis gamo maT
5
did zians ver ayeneben. salamurebis nawlavebSi pouloben bevr wyalmcenares. albaT, isini
ikvebebian detritiT, mcire zomis cxovelebiTa da mkvdari TevzebiT. is kaspiis zRvaSi
warmoadgens Zvirfas sarewao obieqts. kaspiis minogas sxeuli Seicavs 34%-mde cxims.
iWeren mas mdinareebSi godoryuris tipis specialuri xafangebiT.
Uufro didi sarewao mniSvnelobisaa e v r o p u l i m d i n a r i s
s a l a
m u r a (Lampetra fluviatilis), romlis sigrZe aRwevs 41 sm-s.
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia grZeli zeda ybis firfita da ori, kideebisaken miweuli
kbili. evropis sanapiroebTan mdinaris salamura gavrcelebulia italiidan CrdiloeT
norvegiamde. binadrobs baltiis zRvaSi. gamsvleli Tevzia. rogorc sxva gamsvlel
TevzebSi, maTSic arCeven saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo rasebs. mdinaris saSemodgomo
salamura Sedis nevaSi agvisto-seqtemberSi moumwifebeli sasqeso produqtebiTa da
saqorwino cvlilebebis gareSe. rogorc Cans, izamTrebs mdinareSi da ar ikvebeba.
sagazafxulo salamura Sedis nevaSi maisSi momwifebuli sasqeso produqtebiT. mas kargad
aqvs gamoxatuli saqorwino cvlilebebi. kbilebis siblagvis, tanis damoklebis, farflebis
zomebis gadidebis garda, masSi SeiniSneba nawlavebisa da naRvlis buStis degeneracia,
agreTve funqcionirebas wyvets jirkvlebi, romlebic abrkolebs sisxlis Sededebas.
mdinaris salamura tofobs ivnisis dasawyisSi myar gruntze. qviriTs yris ormoSi. misi
nayofiereba meryeobs 4 aTasidan 40 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. sainkubacio periodi
tolia 11-14 dRe-Ramisa. salamuras larvuli stadia grZeldeba aranakleb 4 wlisa,
amasTan, drois did nawils atarebs gruntSi, ikvebeba mcire zomis fskeris organizmebiT.
mozrdil individad gadaqcevis procesi grZeldeba TiTqmis naxevari weli. gazafxulze
salamurebi eSvebian zRvaSi, miemagrebian Tevzebs da ikvebebian maTi sisxliT. salamuras
nawlavebSi pouloben kunTovan boWkoebs, Tevzebis qerclsa da wyalmcenareebis naglejebs.
iWeren salamurebs sxvadasxva xafangiTa, agreTve wyalqveSa eleqtruli ganaTebis
daxmarebiTac, am dros iTvaliswineben maT uaryofiTi reaqcias sinaTleze. salamurebis
xorci ZviradRirebulia. HA
evropuli mdinaris salamura warmoqmnis mkvidr, mdinarisa da tbis formebs,
romlebic mTel sicocxles atareben mtknar wyalSi.
mdinaris salamurasTan axloa evropuli nakadulis salamura (L. planeri), misi
zogierTi individi sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs jer kidev larvul stadiaSi. sarewao
mniSvneloba nakadulis salamuras ara aqvs. zogierT raionebSi mas iyeneben satyuarebad.
ukrainuli salamura, romelic miekuTvneba-Lampetra mariae Berg-is gvars, gvxvdeba cimbiris
mdinareebsa da tbebSi da wynari okeanis auzSi, sadac mas aqvs erTgvari sarewao
mniSvneloba. mcire raodenobiT binadrobs dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebSi: Woroxi,
Caqviswyali, xobi, enguri, kodori da bzifi.
sur #61 Mminoga
zeklasi ybapirianebi - GNATHOSTOMATA
6
ybapirianebi xerxemliani cxovelebis yvelaze Warbi jgufia (yvela saxeobis 99,8%)
Cvens planetaze. am jgufis yvelaze ufro primitiuli warmomadgenelia Tevzebis ori
klasi _ xrtiliani da Zvliani Tevzebi. isini mudmivad wyalSi binadroben, sunTqaven
layuCebiTa da gadaadgildebian farflebis saSualebiT.
klasi xrtiliani Tevzebi - CHODRICHTHYES
es uZvelesi, metwilad gadaSenebuli Tevzebi arian. amJamad iTvlian daaxloebiT
600 saxeobas. am klasis warmomadgenlebi xasiaTdebian xrtilovani, nawilobriv
gaZvalebuli
Sinagani
ConCxiT.
amJamad
warmodgenili
arian
ori
qveklasiT:
firfitlayuCianebi – Elasmobranchii da Serwymulqalianebi, anu mTlianTavianebi _
Holocephali.
qveklasi firfitlayuCianebi - ELASMOBRANCHII
firfitlayuCianebis
qveklass
miekuTvnebian
zvigenebi
da
skarosebi.
maTi
firfitiseburi layuCis furclebi rkalebs emagreba mTel sigrZeze (aqedan warmosdgeba
saxelwodeba firfitlayuCianebi). layuCebs saxuravebi ara aqvT. yoveli mxridan gareT
iReba
5-7
layuCis
naprali.
umravlesobis
piri
qvedaa,
ganivi,
iSviaTad
naxevradmTvariseburi. bevrs gaaCnia saSxefurebi _ mcire zomis naxvretebi ganlagebuli
Tvalebis ukan. isini warmoadgens layuCis xvrelis rudiments, cxviris xvrelebi Tavis
muclis mxarezea. firfitlayuCianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nawlavSi spiraliseburi
sarqveli da arteriuli konusi gulSi. ganayofiereba Sinagania. gamravleba xdeba
kvercxebis dadebiT an cocxal mSobadobiT. maT ar gaaCniaT sacurao buSti.
firfitlayuCianebi iyofa or did zerigad: zvigenebad _ Selachomorpha da
skarosebad - Batomorpha.
eseni ZiriTadad tropikul wylebSi gavrcelebuli zRvis Tevzebi arian. zvigenebsa
da skarosebs aqvT sarewao mniSvneloba. maTi Werili Seadgens msoflio saerTo Werilis
1,6%-s.
zerigi zvigenebi - SELACHOMORPHA
zvigenebs gaaCniaT wagrZelebuli sxeuli da Tavis gverdebze ganlagebuli layuCis
napralebi. zvigenebis zomebi gansxvavebulia. maTgan yvelaze mcire zomis arian qicviani
zvigenebis ojaxis warmomadgenlebi. xolo amJamad mcxovrebi Tevzebidan yvelaze didia
15 m sigrZis giganturi da 20 m sigrZis veSapisebri zvigenebi.
zvigenebis cxovrebis niri sxvadasxvagvaria. isini ikvebebian cxoveluri sakvebiT.
bevri zvigeni saSiSi mtacebelia. mxolod veSapisebri da giganturi zvigenebi ikvebebian
planqtonuri organizmebiT. sakvebis Zebnisas mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ynosva.
zvigenebi reagireben wylis qimiur SemadgenlobSi momxdar umniSvnelo cvlilebebzec ki,
saxeldobr, amiT aixsneba zvigenebis swrafi Tavmoyra harpuniT daWrili, momakvdavi
veSapebis axlos, romlebic sisxlisagan iclebian. mxedveloba zvigenebs sustad aqvT
ganviTarebuli.
zvigenebi farTod arian gavrcelebuli yvela zRvasa da okeaneSi da gvxvdebian
mtknar wylebSic ki. isini binadroben rogorc sanapiro meCxerwylian adgilebSi, ise Ria
okeaneSi did siRrmeebze (3000m-mde). zvigenebis zogierTi saxeoba SesamCnev rols
TamaSobs sarewao TevzWeraSi. zogierTi zvigenis xorcs iyenebs sakvebad. gansakuTrebiT
fasobs maTi farflebi. zvigenebis RviZlidan amzadeben A da D vitaminebiT mdidar Tevzis
7
zeTs, ConCxidan amzadeben webos da Jelatins. kans iyeneben sxvadasxva nakeTobis
dasamzadeblad, ekliani zvigenebis tyavs ki, magaliTad, veluris damuSavebisas.
rig SemTxvevaSi zvigenebi sagrZnob zarals ayeneben TevzWeras, radganac ikvebebian
badeSi an ankesze moxvedrili TevziT, xeven badeebsa da azianebs Weris sxva iaraRebs.
cnobilia vefxisebri, TeTri, meqviSia da TavCaquCa zvigenebis adamianze Tavdasxmis
ramdenime SemTxveva. adamianisaTvis saSiSia zvigenebis daaxloebiT 50-mde saxeoba.
zerigi zvigenebi qmnian 20 ojaxsa da daaxloebiT 250-mde saxeobas. yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sarewao saxeobebs warmoadgenen ekliani, qaSayisebri da meqviSia zvigenebi.
mcire sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs polarul da gigantur zvigenebs.
sur #62 zvigenebi (knipoviCis mixedviT, 1926)
a)qicviani, b)qaSayis, g)giganturi, d)zvigeni-kaciWamia, e)polaruli zvigeni
ojaxi ekliani, anu qicviani zvigenebisebrni - SQUALIDAE
8
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zurgis pirveli da meore
farflebis win ekliani qicvebis arseboba. qicviani zvigenebis ojaxs miakuTvneben
daaxloebiT 20-saxeobas.
gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli Cveulebrivi qicviani zvigeni, anu katrani
(Squalus acathias), romelic gvxvdeba zomierad Tbil da zomierad civ wylebSi. is Sav
zRvaSic binadrobs da sarewao Tevzia. saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi iWeren ZiriTadad
Cangliani olTebiT. gavrcelebulia agreTve barencisa da TeTr zRvebSi, sakmaod
mravalricxovania Soreuli aRmosavleTis zRvebSi. katrani aRwevs 2 m sigrZesa
(Cveulebriv 1 m-s) da 14kg wonas. cocxlobs 25 wlamde, eweva gunduri cxovrebis nirs,
Cerdeba Cveulebriv fskeris fenebSi 180-200 m siRrmemde. ikvebeba TevzebiT, Tavfexiani
moluskebiT, kibosnairebiT, WiebiTa da sxva cxovelebiT. katrani cocxalmSobi Tevzia.
STamomavlobas atarebs daaxloebiT 18-22 Tves. axalSobili zvigenebis zomebia 20-26 sm.
didi raodenobiT katrans iWeren iaponiaSi, inglissa da norvegiaSi. maTi xorci gemrieli
da cximiania, Zvirad fasobs. katranis xorcidan amzadeben zurgiels, romelic gemoTi
hgavs zuTxebisas. RviZlidan amzadeben Zvirfasi samkurnalo Tvisebebis zeTs, xolo tyavs
iyeneben fetris warmoebaSi.
ojaxi qaSayisebrni zvigenebi - LAMNIDAE
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kargad gamoxatuli qedi kudis
Reroze. es didi zomis pelagiuri Tevzebi arian wagrZelebuli sxeuliTa da TiTqmis
TanabarfrTebiani kudis farfliT (zRvis meliis garda). qaSayismagvari zvigenebi
gavrcelebuli arian atlantis da wynari okeaneebis zomier da subtropikul wylebSi.
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan sarewao saxeobebs warmoadgenen Lamna nasus da Lamna
ditropis (oragulismagvari zvigeni). isini ikvebebian TevzebiT: qaSayebiT, kefalebiT,
cocxalmSobebia, gemrieli xorci aqvT.
amave
ojaxs
miekuTvneba
adamianisaTvis
yvelaze
ufro
saSiSi
k a r x a r o d o n i, anu TeTri zvigeni _ Carcharodon carcharias, romelic aRwevs 11 m
sigrZes. mZlavri kbilebiT is Tavisuflad gadakvnets Zvlebs, xolo uzarmazari xaxa
saSualebas aZlevs gadaylapos mozrdili msxverpli, uars ar ambobs leSisa da
narCenebzec ki.
Carcharhinidae-s nacrisferi zvigenebis ojaxidan yvelaze meti sarewao Rirebuleba
aqvsT meqviSia zvigenebs (Galeorhinus), romlebic binadroben subtropikul da zomierad
Tbil wylebSi. isini aRweven 2 m-mde sigrZes. gansakuTrebiT fasobs maTi A da D
vitaminebis Semcveli RviZlis cximi da farflebi, romlebsac iyeneben sxvadasxva wvniani
delikatesebis dasamzadeblad. bevri nacrisferi zvigeni (vefxisebri, lurji) saSiSia
adamianisaTvis.
Gg i g a n t u r i z v i g e n i - Cetorhinus maximus (Cetorhinidae-s ojaxis
erTaderTi saxeoba) _ gamoirCeva layuCis didi napralebiT, romlebiTac garSemortymulia
Tavi, zurgidan yelamde. is gvxvdeba orive naxevarsferos zomierad Tbil wylebSi da erTerTi yvelaze ufro msxvili warmomadgenelia zvigenebs Soris, misi sigrZea 12-15 m.
umTavresad ikvebeba kibosnairebiT. iWeren ZiriTadad RviZlis gamo, romelic Seadgens
sxeulis masis 20%-ze mets da Seicavs 60%-mde cxims. misi xorci saWmelad vargisia.
ojaxi sworpirianebi - DALATIIDAE
9
am ojaxis yvelaze ufro cnobili warmomadgenelia p o l a r u l i
z v i g e n i _ Somniosus microcephalus. is gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis Crdilo
nawilsa da Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mimdebare raionebSi. is didi zomis naklebmoZravi
Tevzia, iSviaTad aRwevs 8 m sigrZes. Cerdeba sxvadasxva siRrmeze, zogjer 1000 m-dec ki.
amjobinebs civ wylebs. ikvebeba TevzebiT. misi gamravlebis biologia arasakmarisadaa
Seswavlili. gazafxulze did siRrmeebze debs 8 sm-mde zomis daaxloebiT 500-mde
kvercxs, romlebic moklebuli aris rqovan kafsulebs. aqvs udidesi sarewao mniSvneloba.
iWeren barencis zRvaSi. polaruli zvigenis monaTesave saxeobas iWeren Soreuli
aRmosavleTis zRvebSi.
zerigi skarosebi - BATOMORPHA
skarosebis sxeuli gabrtyelebulia zurg-muclis mimarTulebiT. layuCis napralebi
ixsneba muclis mxareze. analuri farfli ara aqvs. kargadaa ganviTarebuli mkerdis
farflebi. skarosebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. isini gvxvdebian yvela zRvasa da okeaneSi
subpolarulidan tropikul olqamde, -1,5-dan +300C temperature is wylebSi bevri
skarosi binadrobs mcire siRrmeebze napirTan axlos. zogierTi saxeoba 2500-2700 m
siRrmezec ki gvxvdeba. cnobilia pelagiuri skarosebi (zRvis eSmakebi - mantebi),
romlebic xSirad gvxvdebian wylis zedapirTan.
skarosebi upiratesad zRvis Tevzebia, magram zogierTi saxeoba Sedis mtknar wyalSi
an cxovrobs iq mudmivad (gvari Pristis). skarosebis zomebi meryeobs 10-15 sm-dan 6-7 m-mde.
maqsimaluri wona Seadgens 2,5 t-s. ganayofiereba Sinagania. erTni deben rqovan kafsulaSi
Casmul kvercxebs, sxvebi cocxalmSobebi arian.
skarosebis zerigi iTvlis 16 ojaxs, romlebic aerTianeben 300-340 saxeobas.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Cveulebrivi da ekalkudiani skarosebis ojaxebis
warmomadgenlebi.
ojaxi Cveulebrivi skarosebi, anu rombiseburni - RAJIDAE
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rombiseburi formis sxeuli,
romelic xSirad qicvebiTa da eklebiTaa dafaruli. mZlavri mkerdis farflebi iwyeba
dingidan. rogorc wesi, zurgis farfli oria. isini ganlagebulia kudze. ojaxi Seicavs
asze met saxeobas, romlebic ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli arian zomiersa da civ wylebSi.
gvxvdebian tropikebSic, sadac Cveulebriv binadroben mniSvnelovan siRrmeebze.
zogierTi saxeoba cxovrobs uaryofiT temperaturazec. saxeobebis umravlesoba
binadrobs sanapiro wyalmarCx adgilebze.
rombisebri skarosebi SedarebiT mcire zomis Tevzebi arian. erTeulebma (gluvi,
skarosi) SeiZleba miaRwion 2,5 m sigrZesa da 57 kg wonas.
z R v i s
m e l i a (Raja clavata) binadrobs afrikis sanapiroebis gaswvriv da
evropis sanapiroebTan Savi zRvidan (maT Soris saqarTveloSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebTan)
murmanskis sanapiroebamde.
sxeulis Sua xazis gaswvriv mihyveba 24-32 msxvili qicvebis rigi. mdedrebis
sigrZea 125, mamrebisa – 85 sm-mde. zRvis meliebi mravldebian kvercxebiT. isini
zafxulSi erTjeradad debs mxolod erT kvercxs rqovana kafsulaSi (sigrZe daaxloebiT
11 sm-mde), romlis wanazardebis meSveobiT is emagreba substrats. yoveli mdedri debs
aTeulobiT kvercxs, romelTa ganviTareba grZeldeba 4-5 Tve. ikvebebian fskeris
uxerxemloebiTa da TevziT. sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
barencisa da TeTr zRvebSi sakmaod Cveulebrivia v a r s k v l a v i s e b r i
s k a r o s i (Raja radiate), romelic aRwevs 60 sm-mde sigrZes. mas iWeren TanWerilis
saxiT sarTulebiani traliTa da iarusebiT.
10
zRvebsa da okeaneebSi da mtknar wylebSic ki farTod arian gavrcelebuli didi
ojaxis – Dasyatidae - k u d C x v l e t i a
s k a r o s e b i s warmomadgenlebi.
maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
farTo
sxeuli.
mkerdis
farflebi
erTimeoresTan
dakavSirebulia dingis win. grZeli, maTraxismagvari kudi aRWurvilia dakbiluli qicviT,
romlebsac skarosebi iyeneben TavdacvisaTvis. ojaxis yvelaze didi zomis warmomadgenlebi
(kudCxletia kuka) aRweven 5m sigrZes. gavrcelebuli arian tropikul, subtropikul da
iSviaTad zomier wylebSi. Sav zRvaSi gvxvdeba z R v i s k a t a _ Dasyatis pastinaca
sur #63. A
a) zRvis melia, b)zRvis kata
skarosebis ramdenime saxeoba aris atlantis okeaneSi, CrdiloeTisa da xmelTaSua
zRvebSi.
kudCxvletia cocxalmSobia. Cveulebriv maT hyavT 4-12 naSieri, ikvebebian fskeris
uxerxemloebiTa da TevzebiT.
zRvis katas iWeren Savsa da azovis zRvebSi. evropis rig qveynebSi Cveulebrivi da
kudCxvletia skarosebis xorci Zvirad fasobs da iyeneben sakvebad. Zalian gemrieli
saWmelia zRvis skarosebis _ orliakebis xorci, Seicavs 65% cxims. bevri saxeobis
skarosis
RviZlis cxims iyeneben A da D vitaminebis misaRebad. skarosebis kanidan
amzadeben Txel, gamWvirvale tyavs.
qveklasi Serwymulqalianebi anu mTlianTavianebi - HOLOCEPHALI
Serwymulqalianebi TavianTi agebulebiT Zalian axlos arian firfitlayuCianebTan,
magram maT ara aqvT kloaka da saSxefuri. gaaCniaT layuCis napralebis erTi wyvili,
dafaruli kanis naoWiT. qala avtostiluri aqvT. amJamad mcxovrebi mcirericxovani
Serwymulqalianebi miekuTvnebian qimerebisnairTa rigs.
rigi qimerebisnairni - CHIMAERIFORMES
qimerebisnairTa sxeuli Zlieradaa ganviTarebuli wina nawilSi, xolo kudisaken
Txeldeba. viwro kudis farfli xSirad bolovdeba Zafisebri danamatiT.
11
sur #64
qimera Climaeza monstrosa L da misi kvercxi (knipoviCisa da erenbaumis mixedviT,
1936) qimeras aqvs ori zurgis farfli. maTgan pirveli mokle da maRalia da wina
mxridan SeiaraRebulia maxvili qicviT. wyvili farflebi xorcovani fuZiT kargadaa
ganviTarebuli. muclis farflebi miweulia ukan da momaragebulia samad gayofili
pteriogopodiebiT. mdebareobis mixedviT qveda piri aqvT samfrTiani z e d a tuCiT.
sxeuli SiSvelia.
qimerebisnairni upiratesad Rrma wyalSi mcxovrebi zRvis fskeris Tevzebi arian,
cxovroben SelfSi da materikuli meCeCis ferdobze 2500 m-mde siRrmeSi atalntis, wynar
da indoeTis okeaneebSi. aRweven 60 sm-dan 2 m-de sigrZes. ikvebebian ZiriTadad fskeris
uxerxemloebiT (moluskebiT, kiborCxalebiT, ofiurebiTa da zRvis zRarbebiT),
nawilobriv, TevzebiT. sakvebs kvneten mcire zomis naWrebad da aqucmaceben kbilis mZlavri
firfitebiT.
qimerebis ganayofiereba Sinagania. mdedris yovel sakvercxeSi moTavsebulia 100
kvercxi, magram erTdoulad mwifdeba da ideba mxolod 2 msxvili kvercxi, romlebic
Casmulia 12-42 sm sigrZis rqovan kafsulaSi. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 9-12 Tve.
qimerebis xorcs sakvebad iyeneben axal zelandiasa da CineTSi. Zvirad fasobs
RviZlidan miRebuli cximi, romelsac iyeneben wamlis saxiT da aseve sapox saSualebad.
qimerebisnairad rigi aerTianebs daaxloebiT 30 saxeobas sam axlomonaTesave ojaxSi.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis zRvebSi gvxvdeba Chimaera barbour Garm, barenciis zRvaSi
binadrobs yvelaze metad cnobili saxeoba e v r o p u l i q i m e r a (Chimaera
monstrosa), romelic sigrZiT-15 m-s aRwevs, cxovrobs 200-300 m siRrmeze ganmartoebiT.
Cveulebriv, tralSi gvxvdeba ramdenime individi. kvercxebs deben mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi, garda Semodgomisa, aranakleb 40 m siRrmeze. mcire sarewao mniSvneloba
aqvs.
klasi Zvliani Tevzebi - OSTEICHTHYES
xrtilian TevzebTan saerTo niSnebis garda, Zvlian Tevzebis ConCxs aqvs Zvlovani
qsovilic. maTi layuCebi Tavisuflad Camokidebuli furclebis formisaa da mimagrebulia
layuCis rkalebze, sxeuli ki dafarulia Zvlovani qercliT an SiSvelia. layuCis Rru
mixurulia Zvlovani ConCxiT gamagrebuli layuCis saxuraviT. es xerxemliani cxovelebis
yvelaze ufro mravalricxovani jgufia. isini gavrcelebuli arian yvelgan. klasi
aerTianebs or qveklass _ frTafarflianebsa da sxivfarflianebs.
12
qveklasi frTafarflianebi - SARCOPTERYGII
qveklasis warmomadgenlebs SenarCunebuli aqvT rigi uZvelesi niSnebi, maTi RerZuli
ConCxi warmodgenilia qordis saxiT. spiraluri sarqveli nawlavSi aqvT da arteriuli
konusi ki _ gulSi. wyvili farflebi Zalian moZravi da masiuria. aRWurvilia mogrZo
Zvlebisagan Semdgari gansakuTrebuli Sinagani ConCxiT.
frTafarflianebi iyofa or zerigad: mtevanfarflianebad _ Crossopterygii da
orgvaradmsunTqavebad _ Dipnoi.
zerigi mtevanfarflianebi - CROSSOPTERYGII
mtevanfarfliani Tevzebi gavrcelebuli iyvnen mTeli planetis mtknar da zRvis
wylebSi. mtevanfarflianebis erT jgufs (ripidisnairebi) hqonda Sinagani nestoebi da
filtvebi. isini sunTqavdnen atmosferuli haeriT. maTi wyvili farflebi waagavda
xuTTiTa daboloebas. isini yvela miwiszeda cxovelis wyalqveSa winapri arian, romlebic
100 milioni welis arsebobis Semdeg gadaSendnen.
mtevanfarflianebis sxva jgufi, romelmac warmoSva celakantisnairTa rigi,
Tavdapirvelad viTardeboda upiratesad mtknar wylebSi, Semdeg Seeguen zRvis wyalSi
binadrobas.
rigi celakantisnairni - COELACANTHIFORMES
mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom es Tevzebi 70 milioni wlis winaT gadaSendnen, magram
1938 wlis 22 dekembers indoeTis okeaneSi, afrikis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroebTan, md.
qalumnas SesarTavTan, daaxloebiT 80m siRrmeze daiWires ucnobi saxeobis Tevzi, romelic
aRmoCnda celakanti. is amJamad dedamiwaze mcxovrebi xerxemliani cxovelebidan yvelaze
uZvelesi saxeobaa da miekuTvneba mtevanfarfliani Tevzebis jgufs.
sur #65. sxivfarflianebi (mtevanfarflianebi)
a)namarxi forma, b)latimeria, g)mtevanfarfliani Tevzis farfli da xmeleTis
xerxemlis kiduri
13
celakantis xeulis sigrZe aRwevs 1,5 m-s, xolo wona - 57,5 kg-s, is cnobilma
iqTiologma greemstaunidan prof. l. smitma aRwera, miakuTvna mtevanfarflianebs da
uwoda l a t i m e r i a (latimeria chalumnae).
meore saxeoba m a l a n i a (Malania aujouanae) mopovebul iqna ankesiT indoeTis
okeaneSi 1952 wels kunZul anJuanis maxloblad. misi sigrze aRwevs 138,5sm-s, aqvs
zurgis mxolod erTi farfli. am Tevzis kudi momrgvaloa.
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis gamokiTxvisas gamoirkva, rom celakantebs drodadro
iWeren komoris kunZulebis axlos da maT qercls zumfaras nacvlad iyeneben.
amJamad daWerilia 70-ze meti 109-dan 180 sm-mde sigrZis da 19,5-dan 95kg-mde masis
Tevzi. yvela Tevzi mopovebul iqna Ramis ganmavlobaSi seqtembridan aprilis CaTvliT.
cocxali egzemplarebi monacrisfro-molurjo ferisaa, gverdebze Ria feris laqebiT.
sxeuli msxvilia, mZlavri, gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli kudiT. dafarulia Taviseburi
,,kosmoiduri” tipis qercliT. TiToeuli qercli Sedgeba oTxi fenisagan: zeda
emalismagvari kbilanebiTa da forebiT, Rrublovan-Zvlovani, Zvlovan-Rrublovani da
Zvlovani. kenti (garda zurgis pirveli farflisa) da wyvili farflebis fuZes aqvs
xorcovani qercliT dafaruli frTebis Sesaxedaoba. sacurao buSti milis formis da
mcire zomisaa, Tvalebi mnaTi aqvs.
latimerias biologia arasakmarisadaa
Seswavlili. Cveulebriv, es Tevzebi
binadroben fskeris siaxloves 70-dan 800m siRrmeebze, qvian niadagebze, wylis 35‰
marilianobisas da
12-14°C temperaturis dros.
latimeria eweva mtacebeli cxovrebis nirs. mis kuWSi naxuloben Rrma wyalSi
mcxovrebi Tevzebis narCenebs. isini ver itanen did sinaTles da maRal temperaturas.
mravldebian seqtembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT. latimeria cocxalmSobi Tevzia. sarewao
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
zerigi orgvaradmsunTqavebi - DIPNOI
°Tanamedrove orgvaradmsunTqavebi odesRac arsebuli Tevzebis mravalricxovani
jgufis narCenebi arian. maTTvis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia ,,orgvari” sunTqva,
saidanac warmodga maTi saxelwodeba. isini sunTqaven layuCebiTa da filtvebiT, romlebic
warmoiSva sacurao buStidan. filtviT sunTqvasTan dakavSirebiT ganuviTardaT Sinagani
nestoebi (qoanebi), rac maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs piris daxurvisas isunTqon
atmosferuli haeriT cxviris Rrus saSualebiT. orgvaradmsunTqavebs gaaCniaT filtvuri
sisxlis mimoqceva, wina guli gayofilia arasruli tixriT. qala avtostiluria, wyvili
farflebi biserialuri tipisaa. kenti farflebi _ zurgis da analuri, mTlianad erwymis
dificerkaluri agebulebis kudis farfls.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orgvaradmsunTqavebi warmoadgenen evoluciis xnis ganStoebas
maT magaliTze SeiZleba Tvali mivadevnoT wylisxerxemliani cxovelebis wylis saarsebo
garemodan xmeleTze da layuCebiT sunTqvidan filtvebis sunTqvaze gadasvlis rTul gzas.
orgvaradmsunTqavebidan Cvens dromde moaRwia rqakbilianebisnairTa (Ceratodiformes) rigis
eqvsma warmomadgenelma, romlebic erTiandebian or ojaxSi _ rqakbilianebSi da
qerclovanebSi.
ojaxi rqakbilianebi - Ceratodidae
am ojaxis erTaderTi warmomadgenelia a v s t r a
q e r c l o v a n a, anu b a r a m u n d a - Neoceratodus forsteri
14
l
i
u
r
i
sur #66. Aavstraliis qerclovana, anu baramunda
misi sxeuli dafarulia Txeli didi zomis qercliT. wyvili farflebi kargadaa
ganviTarebuli. filtvi kentia. gvxvdeba mxolod avstraliaSi mdinareebis bernetisa da
meris auzebSi. aRwevs 175 sm sigrZesa da 10 kg wonas. binadrobs wylis mcenareulobiT
dafarul mdore dinebis mdinareebSi. rogorc sxva Tevzebi, sunTqavs layuCebiT. amis garda,
is yovel 40-50 wT-is Semdeg amodis zedapirze atmosferuli haeris CasasunTqad. sunTqavs
nestoebis saSualebiT. wlis gvalvian periodSi, rodesac gamTbar damdgar wyalSi lpobis
procesebis Sedegad qreba TiTqmis mTeli Jangbadi da sxva Tevzebi iRupebian, rqakbila
gadadis mxolod atmosferuli haeriT sunTqvaze. magram wyalsatevis sruli daSroba
misTvis damRupvelia, radganac is Zils ar miecema. wylidan amoyvanili ki ufro Cqara
iRupeba, vidre filtvebis armqone Tevzebi.
rqakbilas tofoba mimdinareobs aprilidan noembris CaTvliT, ufro intensiurad
seqtember-oqtomberSi. qviriTs yris mcenareulobaze. magram is moklebulia webvadobas da
male eSveba fskerze. qviriTis marcvlebi didi zomisaan _ 6,5-7,00 mm diametriT da
moTavsebulia labisebr garsSi. qviriTis marcvlebis ganviTareba grZeldeba 10-12 dReRames. lifsitebs ar gaaCniaT garegani layuCebi. yviTriT kvebis periodSi TiTqmis mTeli
drois ganmavlobaSi wvanan gverdze. aqtiur kvebaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT mozardebi
Cerdebian mdinareebis wynar, wyalmarCx adgilebSi. Tavdapirvelad ikvebebian Zafisebri
wyalmcenareebiT, xolo Semdeg _ xerxemlianebiT. mozrdili individebis sakvebs Seadgens
mcenareebze mjdomare sxvadasxva uxerxemloebi (moluskebi, kibosnairebi, mwerebis larvebi,
Wiebi). rogorc wesi, rqakbilas nawlavi xSirad savsea daqucmacebuli wylis
mcenareulobiT, romelic, albaT, mitacebulia uxerxemloebTan erTad.
rqakbilas adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs, misi xorci gemrielia, kargad
egueba tyveobas, SeuZlia SeiTvisos xelovnuri sakvebi.
ojaxi qerclovanisebrni - Lepidosirenidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wagrZelebuli, gvelTevzasmagvari
sxeuli, romelic dafarulia patar-patara cikloiduri qerclebiT. gaaCniaT wyvili
filtvebi. mkerdisa da muclis farflebi reducirebulia da warmodgenilia erTi
centraluri RerZis saxiT.
qerclovanisebrTa ojaxi Sedgeba 5 saxeobisagan, maTgan oTxi ekuTvnis
protopterebis (Protopterus)-s gvars. isini binadroben tropikul afrikaSi, xolo erTi
saxeoba qerclovanisebrTa (Lepidosiren) ojaxs, romlebic binadroben samxreT amerikaSi. am
gvarebis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebian layuCis rkalebis raodenobis mixedviT: is
protopterebs 5 aqvT, xolo qerclovanebs - 4
15
sur 67. qerclovanisebrTa ojaxis Tevzebi
a)protopterusi b)lepidosireni g)protopterusi zafxulis Zilis dros
ojaxis yvela warmomadgenels SeuZlia gvalvian sezonze xSirad mTlianad damSral,
wyalsatevSi droebiT iarsebon. isini eflobian miwaSi da eZlevian Zils, am dros gadadian
atmosferuli haeriT sunTqvaze.
gvari p r o t o p t e r e b i (Protopterus). es gvari Seicavs 4 saxeobis,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian SeferilobiT, neknebis raodenobiT, wyvili
farflebis kanis arSiis ganviTarebis xarisxiT. yvelaze ufro didi saxeoba _ P.aethiopicus
(adgilobrivebi mas uwodeben ,,mamba”-s) _ aRwevs 2 m sigrZes. wvimis dros protopteri
wyalsatevSi eweva aqtiur cxovrebas _ ikvebeba, izrdeba da mravldeba. gvalvian periodSi
(agvistodan dekembris CaTvliT) is efloba lamSi da miecema Zils. amasTan, protopteri
imyofeba lorwos gamagrebis Sedegad warmoqmnil uTxeles afskSi. aseT mdgomareobaSi
SeiZleba protopterebis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Senaxva an gadayvana Sor manZilze. Zilis
dros isini xarjaven ara cximovan, aramed kunTovan qsovilebs. adgilobriv pirobebTan
damokidebulebiT protopterebi ZilSi atareben 6-9 Tves (eqsperimentis dros - 4 welze
mets), Zilis dros maTi naxva SeiZleba wyalsatevis fskerze.
qviriToba emTxveva wvimiani sezonis dawyebas. miwaSi 40-50 sm siRrmeze protopteri
akeTebs nalismagvar budes ori SesasvleliT. msxvili qviriTis marcvlebi, 3,5-4,0 mm
diametriT, viTardeba daaxloebiT 8 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi. mamri icavs qviriTis
marcvlebs da lifsitebs, romelTac gaaCniaT garegani layuCebi da cementis jirkvali,
romlis meSveobiTac Camoekidebian budeSi.
Protopteri yvelafrismWameli Tevzia. is ikvebeba moluskebiT, kibosnairebiTa da
nawilobriv TevzebiT. protopterebis xorci gamoirCeva SesaniSnavi gemoTi da xarisxiT.
amitom
afrikis
bevr
raionSi
maT
adgilobrivi
sarewao
mniSvneloba
aqvT.
q e r c l o v a n T a gvars. a m e r i k u l i q e r c l o v a n a, anu l e p i
d o s i r e n i (Lepidosiren paradoxa) binadrobs amazonkis TiTqmis mTel auzsa da paranis
Crdilo SenakadebSi.
agebulebiTa da cxovrebis niriT Zalian waagavs protopters. es aris didi zomis
Tevzi, romelic aRwevs 125 sm sigrZes. wvimian periodSi lepidosireni intensiurad
ikvebeba sxvadasxva uxerxemlo cxovelebiT (gansakuTrebiT moluskebiT), magram mis
racionSi aranaklebi adgili ukavia mcenareuli sakvebs. gvalvis dros lepidosireni
miecema Zils. Zilis damTavrebidan 2-3 kviris Semdeg is iwyebs gamravlebas. qviriTs yris
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miwaSi amoCiCqnil budeSi, romelic warmoadgens 1,0-1,5 m sigrZis vertikalur sasvlels.
mcenareul narCenebze dayrili 6,5-7 mm diametris qviriTis marcvlebi Seitaneba am budeSi.
mamri icavs budes. lepidosirenis larvebi izrdebian swrafad da aqtiur kvebaze
gadasvlis momentSi maTi sigrZe aRwevs 55 mm-s.
protopteriebisagan gansxvavebiT, Zilis dros lepidosireni xarjavs cxims,
romelic mas nasuqobis periodSi ugrovdeba kunTebSua qsovilebSi. lepidosirenis xorci
gemrielia. gavrcelebis raionebSi mas adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs. kargad egueba
tyveobas. amis gamo SesaZlebelia lepidosirenis gamravleba Tbil gadamuSavebul wyalSic.
qveklasi sxivfarfliani Tevzebi - ACTINOPTERYGII
sxivfarflianebi Seadgenen amJamad mcxovrebi Tevzisnairebisa da Tevzebis 95%-ze
mets. maTi umravlesobis RerZuli ConCxi warmodgenilia xerxemliT da mxolod mcire
nawils aqvs qorda an misi narCenebi. wyvili farflebi universaluri tipisaa. qercli
Zvlovania da mxolod yvelaze metad primitiul jgufebSi dafarulia emaliseburi
nivTierebiT_- ganoiniT. kloaka ara aqvs.
sxivfarfliani Tevzebi gaCndnen daaxloebiT 350 milioni wlis win Cvens
welTaRricxvamde. Semdeg TandaTan amowydnen da Cvens dromde moaRwia mxolod 50-ma
saxeobam. isini Secvales sakuTriv Zvlianma Tevzebma. amJamad Tevzebis es jgufi
mravalferovania da iTvlis 19 aTasze met saxeobas.
sxivfarfliani Tevzebis qveklasis sistema jer kidev arasrulyofilia. cnobili
iqTiologebis umravlesoba yvela sxivfarflian Tevzs aerTianebs 36 rigSi.
rigi zuTxisnairebi - Acipenseriformes
zuTxisnairebi sxivfarfliani Tevzebis yvelaze primitiuli warmomadgenlebi arian.
RerZuli ConCxi maT warmodgenili aqvT qordis saxiT. malas sxeulebi ar gaaCniaT. kudis
farfli heterocerkaluria. kudis farflis Zlier gamoweuli zeda frTis fuZe
dafarulia rombiseburi qercliT. sxeulze ganlagebulia Zvlovani firfitebis xuTi
gaswvrivi rigi, romlebic warmoadgens ganoiduri qerclebis narCenebs. aqvT saSxefurebi.
gulSi aqvs arteriuli konusi, xolo nawlavSi _ spiraluri sarqveli. kent farflebSi
sxivebis raodenoba metia sayrdeni ConCxis elementebis raodenobaze. Sinagani ConCxi
Sedgeba xrtilisagan. amis gamo zuTxisnairebs gamoyofen Zval-xrtiliani Tevzebis
gansakuTrebul jgufad
_ Chondrostei. gavrcelebuli arian mxolod Crdilo
naxevarsferoSi. zuTxisnairebi evropis, Crdilo aziis da Crdilo amerikis gamsvleli da
tbebisa da mdinareebis Tevzebi arian. binadroben agreTve Savi zRvis saqarTvelos
sanapiroebTan.
ojaxi zuTxisebrni - Acipenseridae
ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wagrZelebuli torpedosmagvari
sxeuli, dafaruli farebis xuTi rigiT: erTi zurgis, ori gverdiTi da ori muclis.
farebis rigebs Soris gafantulia mcire zomis Zvlovani marcvlebi. dingi wagrZelebuli,
konusuri an niCbiseburia. ukbilo gamosawevi piri Tavis qveda mxarezea. piris win oTxi
ulvaSia. mkerdis farflebis wina sxivebi Zlier Sesqelebulia da gadaqceulia eklad.
zurgis farfli muclis farflis ukanaa, misi ukana nawili analuri farflis zevidanaa.
zuTxebi gamsvleli, naxevradgamsvleli da mtknari wylis Tevzebi arian, romlebic
saxloben Crdilo naxevarsferos _ evropis, Crdilo aziisa da Crdilo amerikis wylebSi.
17
ojaxi Seicavs oTx gvars: sviebi, zuTxebi, niCabcxvirianebi da cruniCabcxvirianebi.
yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania pirveli ori gvari.
sur #68. zuTxebi
a)cimbiris, b)atlanturi, g)amuris, d)taraRana, e)cqvrina
zuTxebi, garda cqvrinebisa, didxans mcxovrebi Tevzebi arian. mwifdebian Zalian
gvian. tofoben 1-2 wlis intervaliT, qviriTs yris gazafxul-zafxulSi mdinareebis
SedarebiT Cqari dinebisa da mkvrivi, qva-RorRiani niadagebis raionebSi. qviriTi fskeruli
da Zlier webovania.
zogierTi iqTiologi zuTxebSi, iseve rogorc sxva TevzebSi, gamoyofs saSemodgomo
da sagazafxulo rasebs.
saSemodgomo rasebi mdinareebSi Sedian Semodgomaze, izamTreben iq da tofoben
momdevno wlis gazafxulze.
sagazafxulo formebi Sedian mdinareebSi adre gazafxulze da tofoben imave wlis
gazafxulis bolos an zafxulis dasawyisSi. bevri gamsvleli zuTxi warmoqmnis mkvidr
formebs, romlebic mTel sicocxles atareben mtknar wyalSi. bunebaSi cnobilia agreTve
zuTxebis sxvadasxva najvari.
SesaniSnavi xarisxiTa da gemoTi gamorCeuli zuTxebis xorci gamoiyeneba sakvebad
nedli, damarilebuli, Sebolili da zurgielis saxiT. gansakuTrebiT fasobs zuTxebis
qviriTi.
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amJamad zuTxebis rewva warmoebs ruseTSi, iranSi, aSS-Si, safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da
zog sxva qveyanaSi. msoflio rewvis mniSvnelovani wili modis ruseTze. yvelaze mets maT
iWeren kaspiisa da azovis zRvebSi.
mdinareebze hidromSeneblobebis, wyalsatevebis dabinZurebis, rewvis araracionalur
organizmebisa (zRvaSi moumwifebeli individebis rewva) da brakonierobis gamo zuTxebis
Wera mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
zuTxebis maragis SenarCunebisaTvis, maTi maragis aRdgenisaTvis kaspiis, azovisa da
Sav zRvebSi, nawilobriv SemuSavebulia RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romlis mniSvnelovan
elements warmoadgens Tevzis qarxnebSi zuTxebis mozardebis xelovnuri gamozrda.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa zuTxebis bunebrivi tofobisaTvis xelsayreli
pirobebis Seqmna.
zuTxebis
maragis
SenarCunebisaTvis
aucilebelia
agreTve
melioraciuli
RonisZiebebis Catareba, tofobis adgilebis dacva da zRvaSi zuTxebis Weris akrZalva.
saqarTvelos teritoriul wylebSi zuTxisebrTa populacias aqvs rogorc didi
ekonomikuri, erovnuli, aseve strategiuli mniSvneloba.
amJamad arsebobs zuTxisebrTa unikaluri saxeobebis gaqrobis saSiSroeba ara marto
Cvens regionSi, aramed mTels planetaze. amis gamo dRes zuTxisebrTa problemas ixilaven
gaqrobis saSiSroebis qveS myofi faunisa da floris saxeobebis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
konvenciis (CITEC) farglebSi.
zuTxebis
gavrcelebis
arealis
gafarToebisaTvis
didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
aklimatizacias. am mizans yvelaze ufro esadageba cimbiris zuTxis sxvadasxva forma da
cqvrina, radganac isini binadroben mtknar wyalSi. mecnierebis mier Catarebulma
gamokvlevebma SesaZlebeli gaxada
zuTxebis, gansakuTrebiT maTi hibridebis gamoyeneba
satbore meTevzeobis obieqtebad da amis safuZvelze sasaqonle mezuTxeobis ganviTareba.
yvelaze metad Sesaferi aRmoCnda sviis hibridi cqvrinasTan (besteri). amJamad is gamoyavT
bevr satbore meurneobaSi oCxebSi da aTevzianeben zog wyalsacavsa da bunebriv
wyalsatevs.
gvari s v i a (Huso). am gvaris warmomadgenlebs aqvT didi naxevarmTvariseburi
piri, qveda tuCi SuaSia gayofili. layuCis apkebi Sezrdilia erTmaneTTan da warmoqmnis
Tavisufal naoWs. dingi moklea, wamaxvilebuli. gvars miakuTvneben or saxeobas: sviasa da
kalugas.
s v i a (Huso huso) waagavs kalugas, romlisganac gansxvavdeba didi zurgis
farfliT (aranakleb 60 sxiviT) da patara pirveli farekliT zurgis rigSi.
sur #69. svia da misi Tavi qvemodan
svia gavrcelebulia kaspiis, Savi da azovis zRvebis auzebSi, gvxvdeba adriatikis
zRvis auzSic, saidanac Sedis mdinare poSi. svia gamsvleli Tevzia. tofobisaTvis is
kaspiis zRvidan Sedis volgaSi, uralSi, mtkvarSi, TergSi, Savi zRvidan _ rionSi,
19
dnestrSi, dneprSi, bugaSi, dunaiSi, azovis zRvidan _ donSi, kubanSi. svia aRwevs 5 m-ze
met sigrZesa da 1000 kg-ze met wonas aRwevs. sviis sarewao masa tolia saSualod 5080kg-s. kaspiis zRvaSi svia gavrcelebulia yvelgan. ZiriTadad Cerdeba 40-6-m-is siRrmeze.
Cveulebriv, gundebad ar ikribebian. mdinareebSi satofo svla mimdinareobs ZiriTadad
gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze. sviis sagazafxulo formebi tofoben imave wels (Cveulebriv,
zafxulis dasawyisSi), saSemodgomo formebi izamTreben mdinareebis ormoebSi da
mravldebian momdevno wlis gazafxulze.
Hhidrosadgurebis aSenebisa da funqcionirebis gamo svias migraciebi dinebis zemo
mimarTulebiT SezRudulia hidrokvanZebiT. satofo adgilebad iyeneben mdinareebis
ZiriTadi dinebis nawilebs da damatebiT kalapotebs qviani an qviSiani niadagebiT.
qviriToba mimdinareobs martidan ivnisis CaTvliT wylis 8-15°C temperaturaze. tofobis
vadebi ramdenadme icvleba sxvadasxva mdinarebSi.
svia sqesmwife xdeba 15-18 wlis asakSi. sqesobrivi simwifis asakis dadgomas
gansazRvravs sacxovrebeli adgili: azovis svia mwifdeba ufro adre (12-15 wlis asakSi),
vidre kaspiis (16-27 wlis), Savi zRvisa (12-18 wlis asakSi).
nayofiereba damokidebulia mdedrebis zomaze da meryeobs 200 aTasidan 8 milioni
qviriTis marcvlamde.
qviriTi webovania da emagreba niadags. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 8
dRe-Rames. lifsitebi ar Cerdebian mdinareebSi da ukve ivlisSi eSvebian zRvaSi. tofobis
Semdeg zRvaSi eSvebian agreTve mwarmoeblebi. erTi da imave individis tofobas Soris
intervali Seadgens ramdenime weliwads.
svia didxans cocxlobs. dadgenilia, rom calkeuli egzemplarebi aRweven 100 da
met wels. sarewao WerebSi Warboben svias 15-dan 30 wlamde asakis warmomadgenlebi.
svia mtacebelia, ikvebeba TevziT (nafotaTi, qafSiiT, RorjoebiT, qaSayiT da sxva).
meorexarisxovani sakvebia kibosnairebi da moluskebi.
cnobilia svias hibridebi cqvrinasTan, rusul zuTxTan, taraRanasTan da forejTan.
svia _ Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs misi qviriTi.
svias yvelaze didi raodenobiT iWeren kaspiis zRvaSi. iWeren mas saxmeleTo mosasmeliT,
saxlarTi badeebiTa da traliT.
k a l u g a (Huso dauricus) sviasagan gansxvavebiT, mas zurgis farflSi 60-ze
naklebi sxivi da didi zomis piri aqvs, zurgis rigSi ki _ yvelaze msxvili pirveli
fari.
sur #70. Kkaluga
kaluga gavrcelebulia amuris auzSi limanidan saTavemde. gvxvdeba usurSi,
sungariSi, zeeSi, SilkaSi, argunSi, tbebSi xankaSi, bolonsa da oriolSi. zRvaSi limanis
sazRvrebs iqiT ar gadis.
arCeven kalugis or formas: naxevradgamsvleli (limanis) da mkvidrs (mdinaris).
naxevradgamsvleli kaluga binadrobs limanSi, xolo satofod Sedis amurSi. Mmkvidri
forma limanSi ar eSveba da mxolod tofobis win odnav iwevs mdinaris zemo
mimarTulebiT.
sqesmwife kaluga xdeba 18-23 wlis asakSi, 2,30 m sigrZisa da 80 kg wonis
miRwevisas. 55 wlis asakSi, kimisi sigrZe 3,7-5,6 m-s aRwevs, xolo wona _ 800-1000 kg-s.
wonas. sarewao masa Cveulebriv 20-100 kg-ia. nayofiereba meryeobs 660 aTasidan 5 milion
qviriTis marcvlamde. qviriTis marcvlebi didi zomisaa daaxloebiT 3,6-4mm diametris,
20
webovani. qviriToba mimdinareobs upiratesad gazafxulze, Tevzebis nawilSi _
Semodgomaze. erTsa da imave individebSi tofobebs Soris Sualedi aranakleb 3-4 welia.
kalugas mozardebi ikvebebian fskeris uxerxemloebiT. zrdasruli Tevzi mtacebelia,
ikvebeba sxvadasxva TevziT, oragulebiTac ki maTi satofo migraciebis dros. kaluga
Zalian Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. misi maragi kritikul mdgomareobaSia. kaluga
aklimatizaciis obieqts warmoadgens sxva wyalsatevebSi, gansakuTrebiT Savi, azovis,
kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis mdinareebis auzebSi.
g v a r i z u T x e b i (Acipenser). am gvaris warmomadgenlebSi layuCis apkebi
layuCTaSoris yelze Sezrdilia da Tavisufal naoWs ar qmnis. mcire zomis piris naprali
ganivia. gvari Seicavs 16 saxeobas, romelTagan naxevari gvxvdeba ruseTisa da saqarTvelos
teritoriul wylebSi. zuTxebis fauna udides mravalferovnebas aRwevs Sav, azovisa da
kaspiis zRvebSi.
r u s u l i z u T x i (A.guldenstadti). rusul zuTxs blagvi, mokle dingi aqvs.
qveda tuCi Suazea gayofili. WrilSi mravali ulvaSia da foCebis gareSe da ganlagebulia
dingis daboloebasTan axlos. fareklebis zurgsa da gverdiT rigebs Soris mimobneulia
didi zomis varsklaviseburi firfitebi.
sur #71. rusuli zuTxi
rusuli zuTxi binadrobs Savi, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis auzebSi, sadac
warmoqmnis lokalur jogebs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba zrdis tempiT,
sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomis periodiT, tofobis adgilebiTa da sxv. arsebobs zuTxebis
gamsvleli da mkvidri formebi. gamsvlel formebs gaaCniaT saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo
rasebi. cocxlobs 50 wlamde, aRwevs ra am droisaTvis 2,35 m sigrZesa da 80-120 kg
masas. sarewao zomebi ar aRemateba 1,00-1,20 m sigrZesa da 12-24 kg masas.
rusuli zuTxi sqesmwife xdeba gvian: mamrebi sqesmwifeni xdebian 8-14 wlis,
mdedrebi _ 10-12 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba meryeobs 80-dan 840 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde.
qviriTis dayra mimdinareobs mart-aprilSi wylis 10-180C temperaturaze, 4-10m siRrme
mdinaris im nawilebSi, sadac Cqari dineba da myari gruntia. sainkubacio periodi
grZeldeba daaxloebiT 3-4 dRe-Rame da damokidebulia wylis temperaturaze. zrdasruli
Tevzebi tofobis Semdeg male eSvebian zRvisaken. rusuli zuTxi warmoqmnis najvarebs
sviasTan, taraRanasTan, forejsa da cqvrinasTan.
zuTxebis sakvebi Sedgeba fskeris uxerxemloebisagan (eseni arian: kibosnairebi,
moluskebi, Wiebi, qironomidebi da Tevzebisagan _ Rorjoebi, qarsalebi da sxva).
zuTxi Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. misi xorcisagan amzadeben maRalxarisxovan
produqtebs. rusuli zuTxi yvelaze mravalricxovania zuTxebidan. mis marags inarCuneben
xelovnuri gamravlebis gziT, bunebrivi satofo adgilebis dacviTa da Weris
reglamentirebiT.
c i m b i r i s z u T x i (A.baeri ) axloa rusulTan, romlisganac gansxvavdeba
maraosmagvari layuCis CxirebiT. fareklebis rigebs Soris sxeulze erTeuli
21
varskvlaviseburi firfitebi aqvs, xolo qveda _ tuCi dausrulebeli. binadrobs cimbiris
mdinareebSi obidan kolimamde. iSviaTad gvxvdeba peCoris qvemo welSi.
cimbiris zuTxi warmoqmnis naxevradgamsvlel (obi, enisei) mdinaris (lena, iana,
indigirka, kolima) da tbisa da mdinaris (baikali, zaisani) formebs, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian zomebiT, zrdis siCqariT, momwifebis droiT, migraciis
xangrZlivobiT, da sxva biologiuri niSnebiT. cimbiris zuTxi izrdeba nela. magaliTad,
mdinare obSi 5 wlis asakSi is aRwevs 64 sm sigrZes, sqesmwife xdeba 15-20 wlis asakSi.
mamrebi mwifdebian mdedrebze ramdenadme adre. tofobisaTvis obsa da eniseiSi adis an
SesarTavidan 1000-1300 km-is manZilze. mdinareebSi qviriTis dasayrelad tbebidanac
gadadian (baikalidan selengasa da angaraSi). maTSi qviriTi fskerulia, webovani, 2,4-2,9mm
diametris. yrian kenWian niadagebze Cqari dinebis adgilebSi. tofoba mimdinareobs ivnisivlisSi. nayofiereba sxvadasxva zuTxSi meryeobs 20 aTasidan 800 aTas qviriTis
marcvlamde. erTi da imave individis tofoba mimdinareobs 2-dan 6 wlamde intervaliT.
qviriTis marcvlidan gamosvlis Semdeg lifsitebi didxans Cerdebian mtknar wyalSi (md.
obSi 5-6 wlamde).
cimbiris zuTxi ikvebeba fskeris organizmebiT (kibosnairebiT, mwerebis larvebiT,
WiebiTa da moluskebiT). didi zomis individebis nawlavebSi aRiniSneba Tevzebic (nafota,
Tavdida, Ciqvi), cimbiris zuTxis zRvruli asakia 60 weli. is aRwevs 3m sigrZes da 100
kg wonas (gamonaklisi _ 200 kg). sarewao wona saSualod tolia 10-13 kg-is. iWeren mas
Casadgmeli da msxvilTvlebiani badeebiT. cimbiris zuTxis maragi Semcirebulia mdinareSi
arasqesmwife Tevzebis rewvis Sedegad. am Zvirfasi Tevzis
maragis aRdgenisaTvis
aucilebelia dacvis RonisZiebebis aqtiurad gatareba, gansakuTrebiT zuTxis mdinareSi
cxovrebis periodSi, agreTve xelovnuri gamravleba. cimbiris zuTxis mtknari wylis
formebi warmoadgendnen Zvirfas obieqtebs saaklimatizacio samuSaoebisaTvis. sabWoTa
periodSi xorcieldeboda baltiisa da kaspiis zRvebis auzebis mdinareebisa da tbebis
daTevzianeba.
a m u r i s z u T x i (A.schrencki) axlosaa cimbiris zuTxTan, romlisganac
gansxvavdeba aramaraoseburi gluvi layuCis CxirebiT. fareklebs Soris sxeuli dafarulia
Zvlovani marcvlebiT. amuris zuTxi binadrobs mxolod amuris auzSi limanidan Silkamde
da argunamde, sadac warmoqmnis naxevradgamsvlel da mtknari wylis formebs. asxvaveben
ramdenime lokalur qaravnebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia calkeul sacxovrebel raionebTan.
amuris zuTxi aRwevs 2,90 m sigrZesa da 160 kg wonas, Cveulebriv, ki - 90-100 sm
sigrZesa da 3-5 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdebian 10-14 wlis asakSi 108-116 sm sigrZisa da
6-8 kg masis dros. tofoben mais-ivlisSi, mdinaris kalapotSi kenWebian adgilebze.
nayofierebaa 30-430 aTasi 2,5-3,0 mm diametris qviriTis marcvali. mozardebi ikvebebian
uxerxemloebiT (krevetebi, midiebi, qironomidebi da sxv), zrdadasrulebulebi uxerxemloebiTa da TevzebiT. amuris zuTxi Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia, romlis maragi
imyofeba kritikul mdgomareobaSi.
a t l a n t u r z u T x s _ f o r e j s (A.sturio.L) aqvs mogrZo
wamaxvilebuli dingi da mkerdis farflis kargad ganviTarebuli Zvlovani sxivi.
fareklebze radikalurad ganlagebuli da naTlad gamosaxuli marcvlebia. fareklebs
Soris manZili dafarulia 10-12 mwkrivad ganlagebuli rombuli firfitebiT. qveda tuCi
Suazea gayofili. gavrcelebulia evropis, CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiro wylebSi, atlantis
okeanis amerikul sanapirosTan. atlanturi zuTxi gamsvleli Tevzia. safrangeTSi Sedis
mdinareebSi. luaraSi, garonaSi, senaSi da sxva, agreTve Sotlandiis, inglisis, irlandiis
zog mdinareSi. gvxvdeba xmelTaSua, adriatikisa da Sav zRvebSi. baltiis zRvidan
satofod Sedis nevaSi, nemansa da sxva mdinareebSi. ladogisa da onegis tbebSi warmoqmnis
mkvidr formebs. yvelgan Zalian iSviaTia.
22
M
sur #72. foreji da Tavebi:
marcxniv _ forejis Tavi, marjvniv _ rusuli zuTxis
atlanturi zuTxi binadrobs Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiroebTan, saidanac
tofobisaTvis Semodis md. rionSi (adre md. engurSic). igi SedarebiT Semonaxulia am
regionSi md. rionis populaciis saxiT. misi raodenoba kritikul zRvaramdea da amitom
gansakuTrebul dacvas saWiroebs. atlanturi zuTxi Setanili iyo sabWoTa kavSiris
mcenareTa da cxovelTa iSviaTi da gadaSenebis saSiSroebis qveS myofi saxeobebis wiTel
wignSic.
atlanturi zuTxi didi zomis Tevzia, aRwevs 3 m-ze met sigrZesa da 200 kg-ze met
wonas. sxvadsxva wyalsatevSi mwifdeba 7-9 wlis asakidan 14 wlamde. mamrebi sqesmwifeni
xdebian ufro adre, vidre mdedrebi. tofoba mimdinareobs maisidan ivlisis CaTvliT.
mdedrebi yrian qviriTs mdinaris im adgilebSi, sadac aris kenWiani grunti da Cqari
dineba. nayofiereba meryeobs 800 aTasidan 2400 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. sainkubacio
periodi grZeldeba 2,5-dan 10 dRe-Ramemde. lifsitebi maSinve eSvebian zRvisken. mdinareSi
ar Cerdebian zrdasruli saxeobebic. atlanturi zuTxis lifsitebi ikvebebian fskeris
uxerxemloebiT, mozardebi Wamen Tevzebsac (Sav zRvaSi qafSias). zuTxis maragi dasavleT
evropaSi Zlier Semcirebulia ara marto araracionaluri Weris Sedegad, aramed
samrewvelo sawarmoebis gamdinare wylebiT satofe adgilebis dabinZurebiTac. Sav zRvaSi
SesaZlebelia zuTxis raodenobis gazrda, radganac tofobis pirobebi savsebiT
xelsayrelia. amasTan erTad, aucilebelia xelovnuri gamravlebis organizeba, agreTve misi
maragis dacvis RonisZiebebis gatareba. atlanturi zuTxi Zalian Zvirfasi, magram iSviaTi
Tevzia.
s a x a l i n i s
z u T x i (A. medirostris) axloa baltiis zuTxTan,
romlisganac gansxvavdeba mkerdis farflis ufro susti pirveli sxiviT. aRwevs 2 m
sigrZes da 61 kg wonas. gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis aziur sanapiroze koreis
naxevarkunZulidan beringis zRvamde da amerikul sanapiroze _ aliaskidan kaliforniamde.
Seswavlilia naklebad. gamsvleli Tevzia. sqesmwife xdeba 1 m sigrZis da 8-10 kg masis
miRwevisas. mdinareebSi, Cveulebriv, Sedis gvian Semodgomaze, izamTrebs iq da tofobs
momdevno wlis ivnisSi.
Zvirfasi Tevzia, magram Tavisi iSviaTobis gamo rewvaSi did adgils ar ikavebs.
23
jarRala (A. nudiventris) gansxvavdeba sxva zuTxebisagan mTliani, magram SuaSi
gawyvetili qveda tuCiT. ulvaSebi foCiseburia. fareklebs Soris Zvlovani firfitebi ar
gaaCnia gverdiT rigebSi iTvlian 52-74 farekals.
binadrobs kaspiis, aralis, Savi da azovis zRvebis auzebSi, amasTan, Savsa da azovis
zRvebSi gvxvdeba Zalian iSviaTad.
jarRala gamsvleli Tevzia. aralis zRvaSi, sadac kaspiis t a r a R a n a s
Casaxlebamde zuTxisnairebidan mxolod jarRala binadrobda, warmodgenilia
mxolod
saSemodgomo rasis saxiT. tofobisaTvis jarRala Sedis sirdariasa da amudariaSi. kaspiis
zRvaSi Cerdeba upiratesad samxreT nawilSi da satofod Sedis ZiriTadad mtkvarSi,
naklebad - uralSi da Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba volgaSi. jarRalas rionis populacia
binadrobs md. rionSi, iSviaTad gvxvdeba Sav zRvaSi.
cocxlobs 30 welze mets. jarRala aRwevs 2,14 m sigrZesa da 30 kg wonas, mamrebi
mwifdebian 6-9, mdedrebi _ 12-14 wlis asakSi. tofoba grZeldeba aprilidan ivnisis
CaTvliT. nayofiereba meryeobs 280 aTasidan 1 milion qviriTis marcvlamde. qviriTi
webovania, ewebeba kenWebs. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 5 dRe-Rames.
lifsitebis nawili zRvaSi swrafad ar eSveba, Cerdeba mdinareSi wlamde da metsac.
zRvaSi daSvebis Semdeg mozardebi Cveulebriv Cerdebian mdinareebis SesarTavebis win,
zrdasTan erTad ki gadainacvleben zRvis siRrmeSi. jarRala tofobs 2-3 wlis
intervaliT. tofobis Semdeg gamxdari Tevzebi zRvaSi eSvebian da intensiurad ikvebebian.
aralis zRvaSi ZiriTadad ikvebebian moluskebiT, kaspiis zRvaSi _ TevzebiT (Rorjoebi,
aTerinebi, qarsalebi) da moluskebiT. zamTarSi aralis zRvaSi jarRala ar ikvebeba da
wveba ormoebSi. aseTi gamosazamTrebeli ormoebi cnobilia aralis CrdiloeT sanapiroze.
jarRala Zvirfasi, magaram mcirericxovani Tevzia. yvelaze didi raodenobiT iWeren
aralis zRvaSi.
jarRala saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gvxvdeba iSviaTad. aris paliastomis tbaSi, md.
rionSi, engurSi, WoroxSi da sxv. mingeCauris kaSxalis agebamde jarRala kaspiis zRvidan
aRwevda alaznis da ivris SesarTavebamde.
jarRala Zalian plastikuria, mas SeuZlia arsebobis sxvadasxva pirobebTan Segueba
da mtknar wyalSi xangrZlivad yofna. amasTan erTad, is xelovnuri gamravlebis da sxva
saxis zuTxebTan hibridizaciis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. mtkvarze ukve miRebulia gamZle
hibridebi: jarRalazuTxi, jarRalataraRana. jarRala warmatebiT aklimatizirebulia
balxaSis tbaSi.
c q v r i n a (A. ruthenus L). gansxvavdeba jarRalasagan daumTavrebeli qveda tuCiT,
sxva saxeobis zuTxebisagan - gverdiTi fareklebis didi raodenobiT (50-ze meti) da
foCisebri
ulvaSebiT.
fareklebis
rigebs
Soris
ganlagebulia
mcire
zomis
savarcxliseburi marcvlebi. zuTxisnairi Tevzebidan cqvrina yvelaze mcire zomis Tevzia.
iSviaTad is aRwevs 100-125 sm sigrZesa da 16 kg wonas. sarewao cqvrinas Cveulebrivi
sigrZe da wonaa 30-35 sm da 0,5-2 kg.
cqvrina binadrobs kaspiis, azovis, Savi da baltiis zRvebis auzebis mdinareebSi.
cimbirSi is binadrobs obSi, irtiSSi, eniseiSi. ufro aRmosavleTiT is ar gvxvdeba
(amurSi Seyvanilia obidan). Cqvrina mdinaris Tevzia, magram gvxvdeba zRvaSic. mas iWeren
volgis SesarTavis win da kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv, saidanac erTeuli
egzemplarebi Sedian mtkvarSi. mdinareebSi cqvrina did migraciebs ar axorcielebs.
SemodgomiT, acivebasTan erTad, isini grovdebian mdinareebis ufro Rrma adgilebSi
(ormoebSi), sadac atareben mTel zamTars naklebad moZrav mdgomareobaSi da ar ikvebebian.
gazafxulze cqvrina adis mdinaris dinebis zeviT tofobisaTvis. sxva zuTxebisagan
gansxvavebiT, cqvrina sqesmwife xdeba adre: mamrebi _ 4-5, xolo mdedrebi _ 5-9 wlis
asakSi. cqvrina mravldeba mais-ivnisSi. is kenWebze debs webovan qviriTs Cqari dinebisa da
magar gruntian adgilebze. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 6-11 dRe-Rames. cqvrinas
nayofierebaa 5-100 aTasi qviriTis marcvali.
24
cqvrina ikvebeba mxolod fskeris uxerxemloebiT (mwerebis larvebiT, moluskebiT)
is advilad ejvareba sxvadasxva saxeobis zuTxebs. Cqvrina rewvis Zvirfasi obieqtia, Tumca
misi Werili mcirea. yvelaze meti raodenobiT cqvrinas iWeren volgis auzSi, mcire
raodenobiT _ cimbiris mdinareebSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi cqvrina erT-erTi perspeqtiuli
Tevzia zuTxisnairebs Soris. SesaZlebelia misi xelovnurad gamravleba da wamozrdili
lifsitebis gaSveba bunebriv wyalsatevebSi, gansaxleba sxvadasxva mtknar wyalsatevSi,
gamozrda sasaqonlo wonamde tborebSi planqtonofagebTan erTad, agreTve oCxebSi,
romlebic, moTavsebulia tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi, sasaqonlo mezuTxeobisaTvis Zvirfasi
hibriduli formebis miReba.
t a r a R a n a (A. stellatus Pallas) xasiaTdeba grZeli xmliseburi dingiT, romelic
Seadgens Tavis sigrZis 60%-ze mets. is gavrcelebulia kaspiis, Savi da azovis zRvebis
auzebSi, romelTa farglebSic warmoqmnis ramdenime lokalur jogs, romlebic
dakavSirebulia garkveul raionebTan. gavrcelebulia agreTve bosforSi, marmarilos
zRvaSi, iSviaTad adriatikis zRvaSi.
taraRana gamsvleli Tevzia, romelic satofod Sedis mdinareebSi. aqvs sagazafxulo
da saSemodgomo formebi. sxvadasxva wyalsatevSi sqesmwifeni xdebian sxvadasxva dros.
adreuli momwifebiT gamoirCeva azovis taraRana: mamrebi mwifdebian 5-7, xolo mdedrebi _
10-13 wlis asakSi. volgis taraRana mwifdeba ZiriTadad 9-15, mtkvrisa _ 11-17 wlis
asakSi. taraRanas sicocxlis xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 30 welia. is tofobs mdinaris
ufro qvemo nawilebSi, vidre sxva zuTxebi. tofobis periodi sakmaod xangrZlivia da
grZeldeba TiTqmis mTeli zafxuli (mtkvarSi aprilidan seqtembris CaTvliT). nayofiereba
meryeobis 20 aTasidan 362 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. sainkubacio periodi 230C
temperaturaze grZeldeba 2 dRe-Ramemde. taraRanas mozardebi mdinareebSi, gansakuTrebiT
kubansa da mtkvarSi, didxans ar Cerdebian da swrafad eSvebian zRvaSi. mozardebis sakvebs
Seadgenen mwerebis fskeruli larvebi da kibosnairebi. zrdadamTavrebuli individebi
ikvebebian TevzebiT (Rorjoebi, qarsalebi), didi zomis moluskebiTa da kibosnairebiT.
taraRana Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. zuTxebis rewvaSi is iWers wamyvan adgils. mas
iWeren dasacurebeli da mosasmeli badeebiT. Werilis naxevarze meti modis kaspiis zRvaze.
aucilebelia taraRanas, iseve rogorc sxva zuTxebis, maragis aRdgena da SenarCuneba.
k o l x u r i z u T x s (Acipenser guldenstadti Colchicus V.Marti gv) mokle da
blagvi dingi aqvs. qveda tuCi gayofilia, xolo ulvaSebi mokle da ufoCo. isini piramde
ver wvdeba, xolo win dingis wveromde aRwevs. Tavis zeda farebze radikalurad
gawyobili marcvlebi aqvs, fareklebis rigebs Soris sxeuli dafarulia ramdenime
mwkrivad ganlagebuli varskvlaviseburi firfitebiT. Kolxuri zuTxi SeiZleba iyos ruxi
an Savi feris. sigrZe 2 m-s aRemateba, xolo masa 80 kg-mde aRwevs. Cveulebriv gvxvdeba
ufro mcire zomis (sur #73). binadrobs Savi zRvis sanapiroebTan. gasamravleblad Sedis
mdinareebSi: Woroxi, sufsa, rioni, oqumi, enguri, kodori, gumisTa, bzifi da fsou.
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi. gamravlebisTvis
Sedis mdinareebSi: yubani, doni, dnepri, bugi, dnestri, dunai da sxv.
kolxuri zuTxi gamsvleli Tevzia da ZiriTadad zRvaSi binadrobs. sqesobrivad
gvian mwifdeba (mamrebi _ 8-14, mdedrebi _ 10-20 wlis asakSi). gasamravleblad Sedis
rionSi samtrediamde (rionhesis agebamde quTaisamde adioda). adre adioda engurSi sof.
jvaramde. maT ZiriTad sakvebs Seadgenen lokokinebi, Wiebi da Tevzebi. nayofiereba didia
da aRwevs 70-840 aTas cal qviriTamde. Kkolxuri zuTxis qviriTi webovania da SedarebiT
msxvili. momwifebuli qviriTis diametria 3-3,5 mm. sainkubacio periodi meryeobs 3-dan 5
dRe-Ramemde. qviriTidan 11-12,5 mm-is larva iCekeba.
kolxuri zuTxis lifsitebi ikvebebian kibosnairebiT, mozardebi ki-moluskebiTa da
kiborCxalebiT. tofobis Semdeg eSvebian zRvaSi da momaval momwifebamde iq rCebian.
tofobis periodi sakmaod xangrZlivia da grZeldeba maisidan agvistomde.
kolxuri zuTxi Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi misi mopoveba
xdeba foTis, anakliis da sxva adgilebSi. CvenSi gavrcelebul zuTxebs Soris pirveli
25
adgili uWiravs raodenobiT. saqarTveloSi is odiTganve Seadgenda zuTxisnairTa rewvis
ZiriTad obieqts. bolo wlebSi misi raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda. mopoveba xdeba
sacurao, Casadgmeli badeebiTa da sxva Tevzsacuri iaraRebiT. amJamad, maragis simciris
gamo, misi Wera akrZalulia. iyeneben nedls, amzadeben doSs, zurgiels, xizilalas,
konservebs, sacurao buStisagan _ maRalxarisxovan webos. aucilebelia misi xelovnuri
moSeneba da gamozrda TevzsaSen qarxnebsa da Siga wyalsatevebSi.
gvari cruniCabcxvirianebi (Pseudoscaphirunchus). am gvaris warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT
farTo Sebrtyelebuli niCbismagvari dingi. binadroben amudariasa da sirdariaSi.
a m u d a r i i s d i d i n i C a b c x v i r a (P. Kaufmanni). mas dingis
boloze gaaCnia I-dan 9-mde qicvi. kudis farflis zeda frTa bolovdeba grZeli
Zafismagvari danamatiT.
sur #73.
is 75 sm sigrZisa da 2 kg-mde masis Tevzia. cxovrobs mdinaris kalapotSi.
sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 6-8 wlis asakSi. tofobs aprilSi. ikvebeba fskeris
uxerxemloebiT, Tevzebis qviriTiTa da lifsitebiT.
amudariis
didi
niCabcxvira Zvirfasi Tevzia, magram iSviaTobis gamo sarewao
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. iSviaTad gvxvdebian agreTve amudariisa da sirdariis mcire
niCabcxvirebic.
ojaxi niCabcxvirianisebrni
(Polyodontidae). zuTxebisagan gansxvavebiT am ojaxis
warmomadgenlebs tanze fareklebi ar gaaCniaT. mxolod mcire zomis firfitebi aqvT kanis
zogierT nawilze, xolo rombisebri qerclebi _ kudis farflis zeda frTaze. aseve
aqvTZlier wagrZelebuli dingi da ori ulvaSi. ojaxs ekuTvnis ori gvari: Polyodon da
Psephurus.
N n i C a b c x v i r a s (Polyodon spathula) aqvs wagrZelebuli,
niCbismagvari dingi da Tavis qveda zedapirze ori Zalian mcire zomis ulvaSi, xolo
layuCis Cxirebi grZeli da xSiri. daaxloebiT 20 wlis asakSi aRwevs maqsimalur zomebs
– 216 sm sigrZesa da 75 kg masas.
niCabcxvira mtknari wylis Tevzia, romelic binadrobs md. misisipis auzSi, mis
SenakadebSi, wyalsacevebsa da tbebSi.
sur #74.
26
niCabcxvira sqesmwife xdeba 7-10 wlis asakSi, tofobs gazafxulze. qviriTs yris
qviSian an kenWebian niadagze. 1,2-1,35 m sigrZis Tevzebis nayofierebaa 82 aTasidan 209
aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. ikvebeba fito da zooplanqtoniT, agreTve detritiT. curavs
Ria piriT da xSiri layuCis Cxirebiani aparatis meSveobiT filtravs planqtonur
organizmebs.
niCabcxvira Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia, magram iWeren mas mcire raodenobiT.
Semoyvanilia ruseTis wyalsatevebSi, sadac is kargad izrdeba. SesaZlebelia misi
gamozrda tborebSi sxva TevzebTan (kobri, besteri) erTad.
p s e f u r i (Psephurus gladius) TiTqmis ar aris Seswavlili. binadrobs md.
ianczis vake dinebis adgilebSi. zogierTi monacemiT, aRwevs 7 m sigrZes. ikvebeba TevziT.
xorci Zvirfasia, magram mas iWeren mcire raodenobiT.
rigi mravalfarflianisnairni (Polypteriformes). es yvelaze ufro saintereso rigia,
romelic ikavebs gancalkevebul adgils Tanamedrove da namarx Tevzebs Soris. uZveles
niSnebTan erTad maTi calkeuli organoebis agebulebaSi SeiniSneba iseTi morfologiuri
Taviseburebani, romlebic ar SeimCneva Tevzebis arc erT jgufSi. maT mkerdis farflebs
gaaCnia xorcovani kalapoti, romlis ConCxi warmodgenilia ori radialuri sxiviT
centraluri RerZis gareSe, romelic damaxasiaTebelia mtevanfarflianebisa da
orgvaradmsunTqavebis wyvili daboloebebisaTvis. 5-18 zurgis farflidan TiToeuli
eyrdnoba erT sayrden elements. kudis farfli garegnulad simetriulia. mokle analuri
farfli moTavsebulia kudis farflis gverdiT. sxeuli dafarulia ganoiduri qerclebiT.
sacurao buSti gardaiqmna Tavisebur filtvad sahaero sunTqvisaTvis. Sinagani nestoebi
(qoanebi) ar gaaCnia. lifsitebs aqvT garegani layuCebi.
rigi Seicavs erT ojaxs mravalfarflianisebrebs ori gvariT.
ojaxi mravalfarflianisebrni – POLYPTERIDAE
mravalfarflianisebrni xasiaTdebian wagrZelebuli da gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli
sxeuliT. maT aqvT 5-dan 18-mde zurgis farfli. kudis farfli heterocerkaluria.
muclis farflebi gadanacvlebulia muclis ukana naxevarSi an ar gaaCnia. gveliseburi
Tavi Zlier Sebrtyelebulia. piri didia, kbilebiT SeiaraRebuli.
sur #75. polipteri (zemoT) da kalamoizeti
mravalfarflianebi binadroben tropikuli afrikis mtknar wyalsatevebSi, da
amjobineben wynar yureebs wylis xSiri mcenareulobiT. yvelaze metad aqtiuroben RamiT,
xolo dRisiT imalebian. iseve rogorc orgvaradmsunTqavebi, mravalfarflianebi
periodulad amodian wylis zedapirze da CaisunTqaven haers. Tu maT amis SesaZleblobas
27
movuspobT, iRupebian 2-3 saaTis Semdeg. mravalfarflianebi tofoben agvisto-seqtemberSi,
rodesac iwyeba wvimebis periodi da daitboreba dablobebis uzarmazari sivrceebi. swored
aq modian mravalfarflianebi tofobisaTvis. mdinareebidan qviriTis dayras Tan axlavs
saqorwino TamaSobebi. qviriTs isini yrian mcenareulobaze. qviriTis marcvlebi mcire
zomisaa _ 1,3 mm diametris da Zlier pigmentirebuli.
mravalfarflianebis sakvebs Seadgens sxvadasxva Wia, mwerebis Wuprebi da mcire
zomis Tevzebi.
gvari mravalfarflianebi (Polypterus). es gvari iTvlis 10-mde saxeobas. maTgan
yvelaze ufro cnobilia nilosis m r a v a l f a r f l a anu b i S i r i
(Polypterus bichir), romelic binadrobs tbebSi: Cadi, rudolfi da nilosis zeda welSi.
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia 14-18 zurgis farflis arseboba da odnav gamoweuli qveda yba.
aRwevs 120 sm sigrZes. mtacebelia. miuxedavad gemrieli xorcisa, sarewao mniSvneloba ara
aqvs.
g v a r i k a l a m o i x t e b i. erTaderTi warmomadgeneli am gvarisa _
Calamoichthys calabaricus binadrobs afrikis dasavleT sanapirosTan. xasiaTdeba
wagrZelebuli sxeuliT, muclis farflebis ararsebobiT da daSorebiT ganlagebuli 7-12
zurgis qicvebiT, romelTac mxolod TiTo sxivi aqvT. aRwevs 90 sm sigrZes. sarewao
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia.
rigi
Slamisnairni - Amiiformes.
rigs ekuTvnis erTi ojaxi Slamisnairni (Amiidae). maT bevri saerTo aqvT Zvlian
TevzebTan, magram SenarCunebuli aqvT uZvelesi niSnebic. nawlavebSi spiraluri
sarqvelebis narCenebia. sacurao buSti asrulebs filtvis funqcias. layuCis apkebis
mravalricxovan sxivebTan erTad SenarCunebulia kenti yelis firfita. kudis farfli
damoklebulad heterocerkaluria.
ojaxis erTaderTi warmomadgenelia S l a m i s T e v z i
(Amiia calva),
romelic xasiaTdeba zurgis grZeli da kudis momrgvalebuli farfliT. sxeuli
Seferilia muqzeTisxilisfrad.
sur #76. Slamis Tevzi (forbsisa da riCardsonis mixedviT 1920)
Slamis Tevzi binadrobs md. misisipis auzSi. is amjobinebs wylis mcenareulobiT
mdidar mdgar da nelamimdinare wyalsatevebSi cxovrebas, ar gaurbis Waobsac, sadac
Jangbadis ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi gadadis haeriT sunTqvaze. yvelaze metad aqtiuria
RamiT, dRisiT imaleba CaRrmavebul adgilebSi. tofobs zafxulSi, rodesac wyali Tbeba
250C temperaturamde. qviriTs yris lambaqismagvar budeSi, romelsac aSenebs mamri wylis
mcenareulobisagan, mdinareebisa da tbebis sanapiro zolSi 25-40 sm siRrmeze.
Nnayofiereba aRwevs 70 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. Mmamri darajobs qviriTs. sainkubacio
periodi grZeldeba 8-10 dRe. Llifsitebi izrdebian Cqara da wlis ganmavlobaSi aRweven
13-22 sm sigrZes. Slamis Tevzi gaumaZRari, mtacebelia. iq, sadac is didi raodenobiTaa,
28
atareben RonisZiebebs
mniSvneloba mcirea.
mis
gasanadgureblad.
Mmas
iyeneben
sakvebad,
magram
sarewao
rigi javSnosnisnairni - Lepisosteiformes
am rigs miekuTvneba erTi ojaxi, an javSnosebrni _ Lepisosteidae kaimanisebrni.
ojaxis warmomadgenlebi xasiaTdebian ganoiduri qerclebiT dafaruli wagrZelebuli
sxeuliT. Ees qerclebi warmoqmnian Tavisebur javSans. Ddingi Zlier gamoweulia da
mogvagonebs niangis dings. xerxemali Zvlovania. malebis sxeuli, iseve rogorc amfibiebsa
da frinvelebSi, amozneqil-Sezneqilia, sacurao buSti _ mravalganyofilebiani. gulSi
aqvT arteriuli konusi, nawlavSi ki _ spiraluri sarqvelis narCenebi. zurgisa da
analuri farflebi miweulia ukan. Kkudis farfli damoklebulad heterocerkaluria
sur #77. javSniani (bakniani) qariylapia (forbsisa da riCardsonis mixedviT)
Tanamedrove javSnosebrni binadroben Crdilo da centraluri amerikis mdinareebsa
da tbebSi. isini tipuri mtknari wylis Tevzebi arian. zogierTi saxeoba Sedis momlaSo da
zRvis wyalSic ki, magram iq arasodes ar mravldebian. tofoben sanapiro adgilebSi.
sainkubacio periodi moklea. lifsitebi ikvebebian mcire zomis kibosnairebiTa da mwerebis
larvebiT, magram ukve 4-5 sm sigrZis miRwevisas gadadian sxva TevzebiT kvebaze.
ewevian mtaceblur cxovrebas, udarajeben msxverpls safarvelidan. calkeuli
saxeoba aRwevs 3-4 m sigrZesa da 150 kg-ze met wonas. yvelaze ufro cnobilia g r Z e l
d i n g i a n i javSniani, anu javSnianiqariylapia (Lepisosteus osseus). rewvis adgilebSi
mas moaqvs didi zarali, glejs badeebs da itacebs iqidan Tevzebs. warmoadgens rewvis
SemTxveviT obieqts, Tumca Zalian gemrieli xorci aqvs.
namdvili Zvliani Tevzebi - TELEOSTEI
am jgufs miekuTvneba Tanamedrove Tevzebis umravlesoba, romlebic moklebuli arian
primitiuli agebulebis niSnebs. Tumca Zvliani Tevzebis udables warmomadgenlebSi
malebis sxeulebs Soris SeiZleba Segvxvdes qorda, xolo zogierTebSi _ arteriuli
konusi sarqvelebis ori rigiT da yelis firfita.
Zvliani Tevzebis umravlesobas aqvT sruliad gaZvalebuli RerZuli ConCxi, Txeli
Zvlovani firfitebis saxiT warmodgenili qercli. zurgisa da analur farflebSi sxivebis
raodenoba Seesabameba maTi sayrdeni ConCxis elementebis ricxvs. spiraluri sarqveli
qreba, xolo nawlavis Semwovi zedapiri izrdeba misi dagrZelebis xarjze.
Nnamdvili Zvliani Tevzebis jgufs miekuTvneba amJamad mcxovrebi Zvlovani Tevzebis
40 rigze meti.
29
rigi qaSayisnairni - Clupeiformes
am rigis warmomadgenlebi yvelaze ufro axlo arian Zvliani Tevzebis sawyis
formebTan. maTi gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli vercxlisferi sxeuli dafarulia advilad
cvenadi cikloiduri qerclebiT. gverdiTi xazi ar gaaCniaT. mkerdis farflebi
ganlagebuli aqvT dabla. muclis farflebs ukaviaT abdominaluri mdgomareoba. sacurao
buSti SeerTebulia saylapav milTan. rigs miekuTvneba ramdenime ojaxi.
ojaxi qaSayisebrni - Clupeidae
ojaxis warmomadgenlebi xasiaTdebian gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli an lilvakiseburi
sxeuliT, muqilurji an momwvano zurgiT da TeTri vercxlisferi mucliT. zurgis
farfli erTia, kudis farfli amokveTilia. kbilebi ybebze sustia an ar gaaCniaT.
qaSayisebrTa fauna Zalian mravalferovania da iTvlis daaxloebiT 190 saxeobas,
romlebic miekuTvnebian 50 gvars. TiTqmis yvela mcire zomis (50 sm-ze patara) gunduri
pelagiuri Tevzia. qaSayisebrTa umravlesoba zRvis binadaria, SedarebiT mcire –
gamsvleli, xolo maTi Zalian mcire nawili _ mtknari wylis Tevzebia. isini farTod
arian gavrcelebuli subantarqtikidan arqtikamde. Mmagram qaSayebis umetesoba (130
saxeoba) Seguebulia tropikul wylebTan. qaSayisebrTa sakvebs ZiriTadad Seadgenen
planqtonuri uxerxemloebi. yvelaze ufro didi zomis warmomadgenlebi ewevian
mtaceblur cxovrebis nirs, ikvebebian patar-patara TevzebiT.
qaSayisebrni warmoadgenen msoflio TevzWeris mniSvnelovan obieqts. maT maqsimalur
raodenobas iWeren CrdiloeT naxevarsferos zomier wylebSi, rogorc CrdiloeT
atlantis, aseve wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi. rewvis safuZvels Seadgenen okeanis
qaSayebi da sardinebi.
Tumca qaSayisebrTa umravlesoba gamoirCeva sakmaod adreuli sqesobrivi simwifiT,
zogierTi saxeobis maragi metismetad intensiuri rewvis, mozardebis didi raodenobiT
Werisa da satofo adgilebis dabinZurebis Sedegad aRmoCnda kritikul mdgomareobaSi. es,
upirveles yovlisa, exeba atalanturi, wynari okeanisa da gamsvleli qaSayebis zogierT
jogs.
saxeobis umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia axalgazrda Taobebisa da saerTo
ricxobriobis Zalian mniSvnelovani meryeoba.
gvari Clupea. z R v i s, anu o k e n i s q a S a y i binadrobs CrdiloeT
naxevarsferos zomier wylebsa da yinulovani okeanis mosazRvre zRvebSi. samxreT
naxevarsferoSi qaSayebi binadroben Ciles sanapiroebTan. zRvis qaSayebs piri mcire zomis
aqvT, qveda yba SesamCnevad win gamoweulia, qedi mucelze sustadaa gamoxatuli. qviriTi
fskerulia, ewebeba substrats.
sur #78. Ookeanis qaSayi
30
mravalmalian qaSayebs miekuTvneba a t l a n t u r i q a S a y i (CL. harengus),
romelnic warmoqmnis or formas (qvesaxeobas) _ sakuTriv atlanturs da baltiis qaSays,
anu salakas. mciremalianebs miakuTvneben wynari okeanis, anu aRmosavleTis qaSays
qvesaxeobebiT.
a t l a n t u r i q a S a y i (Clupea harengus harengus), aRwevs 36 sm-mde,
iSviaTad 42 sm sigrZes. is gavrcelebulia Crdilo atlantis okeanis evropul
sanapiroebze biskais yuridan axal miwamde da amerikis sanapiroebTan, gatterasis
koncxidan grenlandiamde. arealis farglebSi is warmoqmnis ramdenime rasas, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gamoirCevian zrdis tempiT, sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomis droiTa da
tofobis vadebiT. yvelaze mravalricxovan rasebs warmoadgenen gazafxulze mtofavi
atlantur-skandinavuri
qaSayebi.
isini
mravldebian
mart-aprilSi
4-dan
140C
temperaturaze norvegiisa da islandiis napirebTan, orkneisa da Sotlandiis kunZulebTan.
qaSayebis gamravlebis yvela raioni imyofeba atlaturi dinebebis Zlieri gavlenis qveS.
atlantur-skandinavur qaSayebs tofoba erTdrouli aqvT. qviriTi fskerulia. Cveulebriv
yrian qvian an qviSian niadagze da viTardeba 2-4 kviraSi wylis temperaturisagan
damokidebulebiT.
larvebi da lifsitebi dinebis mier SeiZleba gadatanil iqnen sxvadasxva raionSi
arsebobis gansxvavebuli pirobebiT, sadac isini atareben cxovrebis pirvel wlebs.
lofotenis kunZulebidan lifsitebi moitaneba murmanskis sanapiroebTan, barencis zRvis
centralur da aRmosavleT raionebSi. rac ufro CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT
lifsitebi, miT ufro uaresdeba maTi arsebobis pirobebi. barencis zRvis dasavleT
raionebSi 5 wliani qaSayi aRwevs 24-25 sm sigrZesa da am asakSi xdeba sqesmwife.
aRmosavleT raionebSi xuT weliwadSi qaSayebi aRweven mxolod 18-19 sm-s da mwifdebian
sicocxlis meSvide, merve wels.
atlantur-skandinavuri qaSayebis (5-7 wlamde) mxolod axalgazrda asakobrivi
jgufebi binadroben barencis zRvaSi. sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomasTan erTad isini midian
norvegiis zRvaSi da Seerevian atlantur-skandinavuri qaSayebis saerTo jogs.
qaSayebis rewvis intensiurma ganviTarebam, zogierT qveyanaSi qaSayebis mozardebis
mniSvnelovanma rewvam, agreTve klimatis mravalwlian meryeobebTan dakavSirebiT unayofo
Taobebis gamoCenam gamoiwvia qaSayebis rewvis nawilobrivi Semcireba. miuxedavad amisa,
atlanur-skandinavuri qaSayebi floben udides maRalproduqtiul sanasuqe areals, aRweven
ufro did zomebs, vidre sxva rasebi. aqvT zrdis maRali tempi da cocxloben 15-18
wlamde. amis Sedegad aqvT satofo jogis mravalasakobrivi struqtura.
zafxulSi mtofavi qaSayebis rasa aerTianebs ramdenime jogs, romlebic binadroben
islandiisa da fareris kunZulebis wylebSi, grenlandiis samxreT fiordebSi,
gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovani jogi binadrobs axali inglisis, axali Sotlandiisa da
jorjesis marCxobis Selfis wylebSi. isini tofoben zafxulis meore naxevarSi da ar
axorcieleben iseT did migraciebs, rogorc gazafxulze mtofavebi. zafxulSi mtofavi
qaSayebi gamoirCevian zrdis SedarebiT neli tempiT, gansakuTrebiT sicocxlis pirvel
wlebSi. isini ufro nayofierebi arian. 32-33 sm sigrZis atlantur-skandinavuri qaSayebis
nayofiereba tolia saSualod 50-60 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa, xolo aseTive zomis
zafxulSi mtofavebisa _ 150-200 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. magram am qaSayebis maragi
mniSvnelovnad mcirea, vidre gazafxulze mtofavebisa.
CrdiloeTis zRvasa da mimdebare raionebSi binadroben e.w. marCxobis qaSayebi,
romlebic mravldebian zafxulsa da Semodgomaze napirisagan moSorebiT mcire marCxobebze,
da daniis yureebis momlaSo wylebis qaSayebi, romlebic tofoben gazafxulze
gamtknarebul wylebSi napirebTan axlos. CrdiloeTis zRvis qaSayebis sasicocxlo cikli
mimdinareobs mis farglebSi. am zRvis qaSayebis rasobrivi Semadgenloba dRemde
arasakmarisadaa Seswavlili. mTeli rigi niSnebis mixedviT gamoyofen sam jogs: pirveli _
CrdiloeTis jogi, romelic mravldeba CrdiloeT Sotlandiis marCxobebze, meore jogi
SeTvisebulia dogeris marCxobTan, mesame _ lamanSis jogi, romelic tofobs lamanSSi.
31
qaSayebis mozardebis maqsimaluri raodenoba grovdeba CrdiloeTis zRvis samxreTaRmosavleT nawilSi. CrdiloeTis zRvis qaSayebi izrdebian ufro nela, vidre atalanturskandinavuri da aRweven 26-28 sm sigrZes. isini xdebian sqesmwife 3-4 wlis asakSi da 8-10
welze mets ar cocxloben.
b a l t i i s q a S a y i, s a l a k a (Clupea harengus membras L). - okeanis
qaSayis qvesaxeoba, romlisganac gamoirCeva ufro mcire zomebiT (20 sm-mde sigZiT),
malebis naklebi raodenobiT (54-57 mala) da zogierTi biologiuri niSniT. salaka
binadrobs baltiis zRvaSi. amasTan, gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania rigis yureSi.
mudmivad binadrobs daqveiTebuli marilianobis wylebSi, salaka zogjer gvxvdeba SvedeTis
zogierT mtknar tbaSi.
baltiis zRvis da misi yureebis zogierTi raionisa hidrologiuri reJimis
Taviseburebebma gamoiwvia am zRvaSi didi raodenobiT adgilobrivi lokaluri jogebis
warmoSoba, romlebic aerTianebs Semodgomasa da gazafxulze mtofavebis or did jgufs.
isini zRvis pelagiuri Tevzebi arian, romlebic sqesobiv simwifes aRweven sicocxlis
meore, mesame wels sxeulis sigrZis 13-14 sm-is miRwevisas. maTi nayofiereba Seadgens 3
aTasidan 65 aTasamde qviriTis marcvals.
gazafxulze mtofavi salaka naklebnayofieria da, Cveulebriv, tofobs mais-ivnisSi
0
8-10 C temperaturaze, Semodgomaze mtofavi ki qviriTobs seqtember-noemberSi. qviriTs
yris myar qvian-xreSian niadagze 2-3-dan 20 m siRrmemde. tofobis Semdeg gazafxulsa da
Semodgomaze mtofavi salaka Sordeba napirebs da Cerdeba Ria zRvaSi, zamTrobiT ki eSveba
wylis ufro Rrma fenebSi. cocxlobs salaka 6-7 wlamde. zogjer Cveulebriv salakebs
Sorisac gvxvdebian e.w. `giganturi~ qaSayebi, romlebic aRweven 40,5 sm sigrZesa da 0,5 kg
masas. salaka ikvebeba pelagiuri kibosnairebiT, giganturi formebi _ Tevzebis
lifsitebiTa da didi zomis kibosnairebiT.
Salaka baltiis zRvis ZiriTadi sarewao Tevzia, romelic iZleva am auzis mTeli
rewvis naxevars. mas ZiriTadad iWeren napirebTan sxvadasxva badiT. sakvebad iyeneben
damarilebuls, nedlsa da Sebolils. Catarebulia baltiis salakas aklimatizaciis
samuSaoebi aralis zRvaSi.
a R m o s a v l e T i s, anu m c i r e m a l i a n i q a S a y i
(Clupea pallasi) gavrcelebulia TeTri zRvidan aRmosavleTiT, barenciis zRvis samxreTaRmosavleT nawilSi, CexeTis ubeSi, peCoris yureSi, gvxvdeba karis zRvis samxreTsa da
cimbiris mdinareebis SesarTavis wina sivrceebSi. gansakuTrebiT didia aRmosavleT qaSayis
raodenoba wynar okeaneSi, sadac gavrcelebulia aziis sanapiroze yviTel zRvamde, xolo
amerikis sanapiroze - kaliforniamde, yvelgan warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqtes.
aRmosavleTis qaSayis biologia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba atlanturisagan. is
mravldeba mTeli arealis farglebSi. tofoba mimdinareobs meCxerwylian adgilebSi,
zogjer TiTqmis wylis kidesTan 0,5-dan 10-15 m siRrmemde 0,5-80C temperaturaze,
(zogjer uaryofiT temperaturazec ki). qviriTs yris upiratesad dacul adgilebSi
wyalqveSa mcenareulobaze. substratze qviriTis simWidrove calkeul raionebSi aRwevs 26 milion qviriTis marcvals 1-m2. aRmosavleTis qaSayi itans mniSvnelovan gamtknarebas da
SeuZlia Sesvla mdinareTa SesarTavebsa da gamlaSebul tbebSi. magram, atlanturi
qaSayisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar axdens did migraciebs, ifargleba mxolod adgilobrivi
gadaadgilebebiT Ria zRvidan napirebisaken da napirebidan ukan. aRmosavleTis qaSays aqvs
malebis naklebi raodenoba (52-55), sustad ganviTarebuli kbilebi. arCeven aRmosavleTis
qaSayis sam qvesaxeobas: TeTri zRvis, CexeT-peCorisa da wynari okeanis.
T e T r i z R v i s q a S a y i (Clupea pallasi maris-albi) ZiriTadad binadrobs
TeTri zRvis sanapiro nawilebsa da yureebSi. arCeven qaSayebis or rasas:
wvrils _ 20 sm-mde sigrZis (Cveulebriv 12-13 sm) da msxvils _ 34 sm-mde sigrZis
(Cveulebriv 20-30sm). wvrili qaSayi mwifdeba 2 wlis asakSi, tofobs napirTan axlos
adre gazafxulze 0-60C temperaturaze. nayofiereba 2,3-21 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia.
izrdeba nela.
32
msxvili qaSayi sqesmwife xdeba mesame, meoTxe wels, tofobs mais-ivnisSi 5m
siRrmemde 5-150C temperaturaze. nayofiereba 9,2-62 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia, izrdeba
swrafad. qviriTi fskerulia, iyreba mcenareulobaze. qviriTis ganviTareba grZeldeba 10
da 25 dRemdec ki. qaSayebis sakvebs Seadgenen kibosnairebi da Tevzebis lifsitebi.
warmoadgenen rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts.
p e C o r i s q a S a y i (Clupea pallasi suworowi) gavrcelebulia barencis zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilsa da karis zRvis samxreT nawilSi. is aRwevs 32 sm sigrZes.
zRvis gunduri Tevzia. sqesmwife xdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi. tofobs sanapiros gamtknarebul
zonaSi maisidan ivlisis CaTvliT. qviriTs yris magar gruntze. nayofiereba 10-53 aTasi
qviriTis marcvalia. tofobis Semdeg nasuqobisaTvis napirebidan gadis Ria zRvaSi. ikvebeba
kibosnairebiTa da Tevzebis lifsitebiT. sarewao mniSvneloba umniSvneloa.
wynari okeanis qaSayi (Clupea pallasi pallasi) aRwevs 50 sm sigrZes (Cveulebriv 24-38
sm-s), mciremaliania (41-57 mala). gavrcelebulia aziur sanapiroze yviTeli zRvidan
lenis SesarTavamde, samxreT amerikis sanapiroze _ kaliforniidan aliaskamde. am wylebis
farglebSi is warmoqmnis mraval (11-15) lokalur jogs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba rigi morfologiuri niSnebiT, agreTve gancalkevebuli satofo da nawilobriv
sanasuqe arealebis dakavebiT.
sxva okenis qaSayebisagan wynari okeanis qaSayebi gansxvavdebian zrdis ufro Cqari
tempiTa da sqesobrivi simwifis adre dadgomiT. isini mwifdebian 2-3 wlis asakSi.
sxvadasxva raionSi qaSayi tofobs sxvadasxva dros: anadiris yureSi _ ivlisSi, saxalinis
samxreTiT _ martidan, kaliforniis sanapiroze _ dekembridan aprilis CaTvliT. qviriTs
yris sanapiro zonaSi 0,5-dan 10-15 m siRrmemde qvebsa da wyalqveSa mcenareulobaze.
arCeven qaSayebis ramdenime mosvlas napirebTan (2-4). Tavdapirvelad modis yvelaze
ufro msxvili Tevzi, Semdeg ramdenime dRis intervaliT modian ufro axalgazrdebi.
TiToeuli mosvla grZeldeba 1-3 dRe. tofoba mimdinareobs Sewyobilad, mTeli dRe-Ramis
ganmavlobaSi. nayofiereba Seadgens 10-dan 134 aTasamde qviriTis marcvals. sainkubacio
periodi temperaturisagan damokidebulebiT 15-50 dRis tolia. didi raodenobiT qviriTi
nadgurdeba wyalSi mcuravi frinvelebis, Tevzebisa da sxvaTa mier, agreTve gamoiriyeba
napirze Stormis dros.
tofobis damTavrebisas qaSayi Sordeba napirs nasuqobisaTvis. qviriTidan gamoCekili
lifsitebic midian napiridan da Cerdebian didebisagan gancalkevebiT. ZiriTadad ikvebebian
kalianusebiT, WiebiT, eufauziebiT. yvelaze ufro intensiurad ikvebebian tofobis win da
zafxulsa da Semodgomaze. msxvili nasuqi qaSayis sxeulSi grovdeba 20-dan 32%-mde
cximi. aseTi qaSayebis calkeul asakobriv jgufebs gaaCniaT adgilobrivi saxelwodebebi.
magaliTad, msxvil kamCatkur qaSays uwodeben `Jupanovurs~. Soreuli aRmosavleTis
wylebSi qaSayi warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts. mas ZiriTadad iWeren napirebTan
badeebiT.
wynari okeanis qaSayebis raodenoba ganicdis mniSvnelovan meryeobebs da calkeuli
jogebis maragi imyofeba kritikul mdgomareobaSi, romelic gamowveulia ara marto
bunebrivi mizezebiT, aramed intensiuri araracionaluri rewviTac.
gvari q a r s a l e b i (Sproti) – Sprattus. qarsalebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi
Zalian axlos arian Clupea-s gvarTan, romelTaganac gansxvavdebian mucelze qedovani
qerclebis ufro Zlieri ganviTarebiT, muclis farflebis ufro wina mdebareobiT, malebis
naklebi ricxviT (46-50) da pelagiuri qviriTiT. isini mcire zomis zRvis jgufuri
Tevzebi arian, ara umetes 18 sm sigrZisa.
Sproti gavrcelebulia evropis, samxreT amerikis, samxreT avstraliisa da axali
zelandiis zomiersa da subtropikul wylebSi.
S p r o t i (Sp. sprattus) binadrobs baltiis, norvegiisa da Savi zRvis
sanapiroebTan. arealis farglebSi warmoqmnis ramdenime geografiul rasas. baltiis
Sproti (Sp. sp. balticus) da Savi zRvisa Sproti, anu qarsala (Sp.sp. phalericus) ufro
msxvili arian da meti malebi gaaCniaT. Sproti sqesmwife xdeba 2 wlis asakSi, tofobs
33
gazafxul-zafxulis periodSi 7-170C temperaturaze. qviriTis yra porciobiT
mimdinareobs. Tavis pelagiur qviriTs is yris 50-100 m siRrmeze. qviriTis marcvlebis
diametri 0,8-dan 1,58-mm-mdea. saSualo nayofiereba 6,0-7,5 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia.
qviriTis ganviTareba grZeldeba 3-4 dRe-Rame.
Sprotebis sakvebs ZiriTadad Seadgenen kibosnairebi da Tevzebis lifsitebi. msxvili
saxeobebi Cveulebriv ikvebebian napirebidan moSorebiT, vidre patarebi. Semodgomasa da
gazafxulze baltiis Sproti modis napirebTan. izamTrebs wylis fskeris fenebSi. yvelaze
meti sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs baltiis Sprots, romelic calkeul wlebSi baltiis
zRvaSi Seadgenda Weris 10-20%-s. didia Sprotebis raodenoba Sav zRvaSic, sadac isini
warmoadgenen sxvadasxva mtacebeli Tevzisa da delfinis sakvebs. magram maT iWeren
SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT, radgan Sprotebi Cerdebian mcire gundebad, romelTa Wera
siRrmeSi
gaZnelebulia.
Sprots
iyeneben
Sebolili
da
damarilebuli
saxiT.
Ddamsaxurebuli popularobiT sargeblobs konservi `Sproti zeTSi.~
gvari tiulka, kilkebi (WiWyinebi) – Clupeonella. gvari Seicavs 4 saxeobas,
romlebic binadroben Savi azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebSi. isini xasiaTdebian
gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli mucliT, romlis gaswvriv, yelidan analur xvrelamd,
gaWimulia kargad gamokveTili qicvovani qedi. analur farflSi ori bolo sxivi
wagrZelebulia. piri mcire zomisaa. zeda ybis Zvali mxolod Tvalis wina kidemde wvdeba.
qveda yba win gamoSverilia. aqvT pelagiuri qviriTis marcvlebi msxvili iisferi cximovani
wveTiTa da yviTris irgvliv didi sivrciT.
sur #79.
a)anCousismagvari b)didTvaleba g)WiWyinas analuri farfli
am gvaris warmomadgenlebi evrigaluri da evriTermuli Tevzebi arian, romlebic
binadroben rogorc momlaSo (13%0-mde), aseve mtknar wyalSi 0-dan 240C temperaturis
dros.
a z o v i s a da S a v i z R v i s q a r s a l a (WiWyina) - Clupeonella
delicatula delicatula _ binadrobs azovis zRvasa da Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi.
adis mdinareebis zemo nawilSi. didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba rig wyalsacavebSi. cxovrobs 45 wlamde, aRwevs 9 sm sigrZes. Cveulebrivi sarewao zomebia 4-7 sm. ikvebeba niCabfexiani
kibosnairebiT. azovis zRvaSi zamTarSi Cerdeba napiridan moSorebiT, gazafxulze ki modis
34
napirebTan. mwifdeba erTi wlis asakSi. tofobs gamtknarebul adgilebSi aprilidan ivnisis
CaTvliT 11-180C temperaturaze (mtknar wyalSi _ 15-240C).
SemodgomisaTvis qarsalas sxeulSi grovdeba 18,5%-mde cximi. azovis zRvis erTerTi mravalricxovani TevzTagania. mas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mtacebeli cxovelebis
kvebaSi. iyeneben Sebolili da damarilebuli saxiT.
novorosiskis axlos tba abrauSi binadrobs mtknari wylis qarsala, romelic
gamoirCeva qviriTis Zalian swrafi ganviTarebiT. 220C temperaturaze inkubacia mTavrdeba
10-12 saaTSi.
Qqvesaxeobebidan saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba Cveulebrivi qarsala.
k a s p i i s C v e u l e b r i v i q a r s a l a (Cl.delicatula caspia)
warmoadgens azovisa da Savi zRvis qarsalas qvesaxeobas, romlisganac gansxvavdeba didi
zomebiTa (14-15 sm-mde) da naklebi cximianobiT (12%-mde). is Cveulebriv, izamTrebs kaspos
zRvis Sua da samxreT nawilebSi, tofobisa da nasuqobisaTvis ki midis ufro
CrdiloeTiT. Sedis agreTve mdinareebSi. volgaSi adis volskis zemoT. tofobs kaspiis
zRvaSi yvelgan, umTavresad sanapiro zolSi, agreTve mtknar wyalSi _ volgaSi, uralsa
da TergSi. gacxovelebuli tofoba mimdinareobs april-maisSi, xolo ufro samxreTiT _
ianvridan. qviriTis dayra xorcieldeba porciobiT. saSualo nayofierebaa 31,2 aTas
qviriTis marcvlamde. ZiriTadad ikvebeba mcire zomis kibosnairebiT, orsagduliani
moluskebisa da Tevzebis larvebiT. zogjer warmoqmnis did dajgufebebs 6-dan 30 m
siRrmemde.
a n C o u s i s m a g v a r i k i l k a (Cl.engrauliformes) binadrobs
umTavresad Sua da samxreT kaspiis zRvaSi. gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi, qarsalasagan ufro
momrgvalebuli sxeuliT, zrdis swrafi tempiTa da didi zomiT. Cveulebriv misi sigrZea
11,5 _ 12,5 sm. Cerdeba napiridan moSorebiT, mtknar wyalSi ar gvxvdeba. sqesmwife xdeba
sicocxlis meore-mesame wels. tofobs zRvis Sua da samxreT nawilebSi 50-dan 200 m
siRrmemde. qviriToba mimdinareobs aprilidan noembris CaTvliT 13-240C temperaturaze da
8-12%0 marilianobisas. saSualo nayofiereba 40 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. sainkubacio
periodi 180C temperaturaze grZeldeba 30-34 saaTs. zafxulSi imyofeba mkveTri
temperaturuli matebis fenaSi, sadac warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan dajgufebebs. mis sakvebs
warmoadgens
sxvadasxva
zooplanqtonuri
organizmebi.
Cveulebrivi
qarsalasagan
gansxvavebiT anCousismagvari qarsala agrZelebs kvebas zamTrobiTac.
d i d T v a l a
k i l k a (Cl. macrophthalma) kilkebidan yvelaze Rrma
wyalSi mobinadre saxeobaa. axorcielebs mniSvnelovan vertikalur migraciebs. gaurbis
wylis gamTbar (140C temperaturis zeviT) fenebs.
Kkaspiis
yvela kilka warmoadgens
sakvebs mtacebeli
TevzebisaTvis da
selapebisaTvis. misi rewva mimdinareobs sinaTleze. iWeren specialuri Tevzis tumboebiT,
romelTac uSveben sinaTlis wyaros (mZlavri eleqtronaTurebi) maxloblad.
amJamad okeanis qaSayebTan erTad msoflio rewvaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT
sardinebs. qaSayebis am jgufSi Sedis sardina-pilCardi (Sardina); sardina-sardinopsi
(Sardinops) da sardinela (Sardinella) am gvarebis warmomadgenlebs analur farflSi ori
wagrZelebuli bolo sxivi aqvT, xolo kudis farflis fuZesTan _ wagrZelebuli
frTisebri qerclebi. yvela sardina _ zRvis gunduri Tevzia.
s a r d i n a - p i l C a r d i, anu e v r o p u l i s a r d i n a
(Sardina pilchardus) gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT atlantis okeanis zomier da subtropikul
wylebSi samxreT norvegiidan kanaris kunZulebamde, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. mas gaaCnia
Zeliseburi molurjo zurgi da vercxlisferi muceli aqvs, xolo layuCis saxuravis
ukan, sxeulis orTave mxares, gverdebze _ muqi laqa da mis ukan kidev ramdenime aseTive
laqa. sardina aRwevs 30 sm sigrZes (Cveulebriv, 20-22 sm-s), Sav zRvaSi 9-17 sm-s.
sqesmwife xdeba sicocxlis meore wells, sxeulis 13 sm sigrZis miRwevisas. tofoben 10180C temperaturaze. qviriTi pelagiuria, cximovini wveTiT. ikvebeba kibosnairebiT da
35
fitoplanqtoniT. iWeren yvelgan evropis sanapiroze da xmelTaSua zRvaSi. gansakuTrebiT
bevr sardinas iWeren marokoSi, portugaliasa da espaneTSi.
sur #80. sardinebi
gvari s a r d i n o p s i. sardinopsis gvari Seicavs erT saxeobas - S.sagax,
romelic Sedgeba xuTi qvesaxeobisagan. sxeuli msxvilia, gverdebidan ar aris SekumSuli,
romlis gaswvriv gverdebze ganlagebulia 15-mde muqi laqa. layuCis saxuravebi sustadaa
moxazuli. gavrcelebuli arian aRmosavleT aziis sanapiroebTan _ saxalinidan yviTel
zRvamde, Crdilo amerikis wynari okeanis sanapiroze _ CrdiloeT kanadidan samxreT
kaliforniamde, perus, samxreT afrikis, samxreT avstraliisa da axali zelandiis
sanapiroebTan.
isini gunduri pelagiuri Tevzebi arian, romlebic ZiriTadad binadroben 10-dan
0
20 C temperaturaze. ikvebebian sanapirosTan, tofoben zRvebis Ria nawilebSi.
iaponiis zRvaSi binadrobs S o r e u l i
a R m o s a v l e T i s
s a r d i n a (S.sagax melanosticta), iaponurad ivasi misi rewva xdeba ruseTis, iaponiisa
da koreis sanapiroebTan.
sardinebis satofo adgilebi imyofeba iaponiis zRvis samxreTiT. tofoba
mimdinareobs dekembridan martis CaTvliT 13-180C temperaturaze. yris saSualod 50aTasamde 1mm-mde diametris qviriTis marcvals. qviriTis ganviTareba grZeldeba 2-4 dRes.
sardina sqesmwife xdeba sami wlis asakSi. tofobis Semdeg ivasis uzarmazari gundebi
ikvebebian intensiurad da iwyeben migracias CrdiloeTisaken.
gazafxulze sardina Cerdeba wylis zeda fenebSi, xolo wylis kargad gaTbobasTan
erTad eSveba ramdenadme Rrmad. ikvebeba ZiriTadd pelagiuri kibosnairebiT. Semodgomaze
migrirebs isev samxreTiT, sadac atarebs zamTars.
36
A
sur #80 sardinebi
a)sardina, b)Soreuli aRmosavleTis sardina, g)Soreuli aRmosavleTis sardinis
layuCis saxuravi d)sardinela.
STamomavlobis mosavlianobis Semcirebam, agreTve satofo adgilebSi hidrologiuri
reJimis mkveTrma gauaresebam gamoiwvia ivasebis raodenobis mkveTri Semcireba.
gvari sardinela (Sardinella). sardinelebis gvari moicavs 18 saxeobas, romlebic
binadroben msoflio okeanis tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi. isini sxva
sardinebisagan gansxvavdebian layuCis gluvi saxuraviT aseve individebis umravlesobas ara
aqvs sxeulze muqi laqebi.
erTi saxeoba - a l a S a
(S. aurita). gvxvdeba Sav zRvaSi da calkeuli
egzemplarebi baTumis yuremdec aRweven. alaSas sxeuli TiTqmis mrgvalia, amitom mrgval
sardinulasac uwodeben. layuCis saxuravis ukan gverdebze aqvs TiTo muqi laqa. sarewao
sigrZe tolia 20-22 sm. (iSviaTad 38 sm-mde). mrgvali sardinela binadrobs 14,50C
temperaturis da aranakleb 34%0 marilianobis mqone wylebSi. sqesmwife xdeba sicocxlis
pirvel an meore wels. tofoben napirebTan 50 m siRrmemde.
afrikis dasavleT sanapiros, agreTve venesuelasa da braziliis napirebTan alaSas
aqvs didi sarewao mniSvneloba. indoeTis okeaneSi iWeren 12 saxeobis sardinelas.
sardinelebis Weris 20% am okeaneSi modis cximian an didTava sardinelaze – Sardinella
longiceps
gvari aloza (Alosa). am gvaris warmomadgenlis sxeuli gverdebidan Zlier
Sebrtyelebulia da mucelze aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli qedi aqvs, xolo kudis farflis
Zirze, orive mxridan _ or-ori mogrZo qercli. zeda ybis SuaSi aqvs amonaWeri. ybebi
erTi sigrZisaa. layuCis saxuravze radialuri naoWebia. calkeuli saxeobebi
erTmaneTisagan gamoirCevian layuCis Cxirebis formiTa da ricxviT, romlebic
gansazRvraven maTi kvebis xasiaTs. mcirericxovani, mokle da msxvili layuCis Cxirebi
damaxasiaTebelia mtacebeli qaSayebisaTvis, xolo mravalricxovani, Txeli da grZeli planqtonuri qaSayebisaTvis. layuCis Cxirebis ricxvi alozebSi pirvel rkalze Seadgens
18-180-mde.
37
sur #81.
a)Savzurga, b)didTvaleba gvizana, d)kaspiis gvizanas layuCi
alozas gvars miekuTvneba Crdilo atlantis okeanis sanapiros zomier Tbil
wylebSi gavrcelebuli qaSayebis 14 saxeoba. isini agreTve binadroben Sav, azovisa da
kaspiis zRvebSi, sadac, Clupea–s gvarisagan gansxvavebiT, maT aerTianeben kaspiisa da Savi
zRvis qaSayebis jgufSi. isini saerTo warmoSobis arian da morfologiurad naklebad
gamoirCevian erTmaneTisagan. samagierod erTob mravalferovanni arian gamravlebis
biologiiT. maT Soris arian gamsvleli qaSayebi (Savzurga, volgis, azov-Savi zRvis
qaSayi), zRvis (braJnikovis qaSayebis sxvadasxva saxeoba) da sxvadasxva wylis (Savi da
kaspiis zRvebis gvizanebi). kaspiisa da Savi zRvebis qaSayebis qviriTis yra porciulia.
isini yrian sam porcia qviriTs 1-1,5 kviris SualedebiT. TiToeul porciaSi Cveulebriv
30-dan 80-aTasamde qviriTis marcvalia. qviriTi pelagiuria, viTardeba wylis fskerul
fenebSi. ilmenis kaspiis gvizanas qviriTi fskerulia, sustad webovani. gamsvleli qaSayebi
mdinareSi ar ikvebebian, es maT aZlevs SesaZleblobas SeinarCunon siRrueebis siTxeebis
maRali osmosuri wneva, rac damaxasiaTebelia zRvaSi cxovrebis nirisaTvis. migraciebis
dros nivTierebaTa cvlis normalurad SenarCunebisaTvis es qaSayebi nasuqobis periodSi
sxeulis qsovilebSi agroveben cximis mniSvnelovan raodenobas. rogorc wesi, rac ufro
maRla adian qaSayebi mdinareSi, miT ufro meti cximis procenti grovdeba maT sxeulSi.
gamsvleli qaSayebis nawili tofobis Semdeg iRupeba.
kaspiisa da Savi zRvis qaSayebs aqvT mniSvnelovani sameurneo mniSvneloba. magram
maTi maragis mdgomareoba aRwarmoebis pirobebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT SesamCnevad
gauaresda.
tipur gamsvlel, anu kesleris qaSayebs miakuTvneben Savzurgas, volgisa da azovSavi zRvis qaSayebs.
S a v z u r g a q a S a y i (A. Kessleri kessleri Grimm) am saxeobis formebidan
yvelaze didi zomisaa, igi aRwevs 52 sm sigrZesa da 2 kg-mde masas. sxeuli msxvili da
xorciania. zurgi da Tavi SeRebilia muqi isfrad. layuCis Cxirebi 60-dan 95-mdea. amasTan,
isini magari da uxeSia, SedarebiT meCxeri. kbilebi kargada aqvs ganviTarebuli. Savzurga
qaSayi izamTrebs samxreT kaspiaSi. mozrdili Tevzebis sagazafxulo migracia
CrdiloeTisaken iwyeba martis Sua an bolo ricxvebSi. savali gzebi ZiriTadad zRvis
dasavleT napirebis gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli.
tofobisaTvis Savzurga midis volgaSi da Zalian mcire raodenobiT md. uralSi, md.
volgis deltaSi Savzurga gamoCndeba aprilis bolos an maisis dasawyisSi moumwifebeli
sasqeso produqtebiT. amasTan maTi momwifeba mimdinareobs mdinareSi aRmasvlis mixedviT.
md.volgis daregulirebamde Savzurga qaSayis ZiriTadi satofo adgilebi ganlagebuli iyo
saratovidan samaramde. amJamad isini SenarCunebulia mxolod volgogradis qvemoT.
38
kaSxalTan misuli Tevzebis nawili gadaiyvaneba volgogradis wyalsatevSi. tofoba
mimdinareobs ivnis-ivlisSi 18-200C temperaturaze. qviriTis yra xdeba porciobiT.
Cveulebriv, qviriTi gamoiyofa sam porciad. tofobis xangrZlivobaa 25-dan 50-mde dRe.
Savzurga qaSayis nayofiereba meryeobs 135 aTasidan 312 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde.
sainkubacio periodi 22,70C temperaturaze grZeldeba 40 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
ganviTarebadi qviriTi da larvebi dinebis mier Caitaneba qveviT. lifsitebi atareben
mdinareSi 1,5-2 Tves. agvisto-seqtemberSi is gamoCndeba md. volgis SesarTavebSi, xolo
noemberSi CrdiloeT kaspiidan midis samxreTisaken. arasqesmwife Savzurga qaSayi mTeli
wlis ganmavlobaSi Cerdeba samxreT kaspiaSi da migrirebs CrdiloeTisaken mxolod
sqesobrivi simwifis miRwevisas, rac xdeba ara uadres oTxi wlis asakisa.
Savzurga qaSayis lifsitebis sakvebs Seadgenen pelagiuri kibosnairebi, xolo
mozrdili individebis sakvebSi Warboben qarsalebi. yvelaze ufro intensiurad is ikvebeba
zafxulSi. Savzurga qaSayi izrdeba Cqara da ukve meoTxe wels aRwevs 30sm-ze met
sigrZes.
kaspiis qaSayebidan Savzurga kvebiTi RirebulebiT yvelaze Zvirfasi saxeobaa.
raodenoba wlebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad meryeobs, amJamad misi Wera xdeba umniSvnelo
raodenobiT.
a z o v _ S a v i z R v i s q a S a y i (A.Kessleri pontica) gamoirCeva
momwvano-lurji zurgiTa da vercxlisferi-TeTri gverdebiT. layuCis pirvel rkalze
ganlagebulia 47-76 mokle, sakmaod Txeli Cxiri. qaSayi izamTrebs Sav zRvaSi. gamsvleli
formaa. satofod Sedis dunaiSi, dnestrSi, dneprSi, bugsa da donSi. cxovrebis niris
mixedviT qaSayi axloa SavzurgasTan. is ikvebeba ZiriTadad wvrili TevzebiT (qafSia,
Sproti, kilka), nawilobriv kibosnairebiT. qerCis yureSi sagazafxulo svlis dros
Seicaven 21,8%-mde cxims. gvaris warmomadgenlebidan kvebiTi RirebulebiT yvelaze nasuqi
da Zvirfasi Tevzebia. azov-Savi zRvis qaSayis Werilis TiTqmis naxevari modis mdinare
donze. Ppaliastomis p a R v i a n i q a S a y i s sigrZe 19 sm-mdea. Ppatara tanis
Tevzia, kbilebi sustadaa ganviTarebuli. layuCis Cxirebi wvrilia da nazi. layuCis
saxuravis
ZirSi
muqi
xali
aqvs.
Mmdedrebi
Cveulebriv
mamrebze
didebi
arian.Ggavrcelebulia Savi zRvis foTisa da anaklias ubnebSi. Sedis mdinareebSi: sufsa,
rioni, malTayva, Wuria da paliastomis tbaSi. qviriTis dasayrelad aprilidan Sedis
paliastomis tbasa da md. malTayvaSi. qviriTs yris ivnisSi. Eendemuri formaa da
saqarTvelos gareT ar gvxvdeba. sameurneo mniSvneloba mcirea.
Savi zRvis qaSayi _ sxeulis sigrZe 40sm-mdea. Ppiri didi aqvs, sxeuli
wagrZelebuli da dabali. Mmuceli gverdebidan Sezneqilia. Tvalebze cximovani quTuToebi
aqvs. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 10-14 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia.
qviriTi wyalSi tivtivebs da wylis dinebas erTi adgilidan meoreze gadaaqvs.
Ggavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi, saidanac Sedis mdinareebSi: doni, dnepri,
bugi, dnestri, dunai. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gvxvdeba baTumis sanapiroebTan. Sedis
paliastomis tbasa da mis Senakad mdinareebSi.
v o l g i s q a S a y i (A.Kessleri volgensis) gamoirCeva muqi-mwvane zurgiT.
gverdebze, layuCis saxuravis miRma, Cveulebriv, aqvs Savi laqa. qaSayi aRwevs 40 sm
sigrZesa da 0,6 kg masas. layuCis Cxirebis ricxvi layuCis pirvel rkalze 90-dan 155mdea, amasTan, isini SedarebiT grZelebi da Txelebia. kbilebi sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli,
zogjer TiTqmis SeumCnevelia. misi sarewao zomebi naklebia _ sigrZe 25-35 sm, masa 0,3
kg, asaki 3-4 weli. qaSayi izamTrebs samxreT da nawilobriv Sua kaspiaSi. TebervalSi
iwyebs svlas CrdiloeTisaken. qviriTobisaTvis Sedis ZiriTadad mdinare volgaSi.
calkeuli gundebi Sedis mdinare uralSi. tofoba mimdinareobs mais-ivnisSi wylis 12,7-dan
240C temperaturaze. md. volgaze ZiriTadi satofo adgilebi ganlagebulia astraxanidan
volgogradis kaSxalamde.
volgis qaSayis saSualo nayofiereba tolia 54 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. sqesmwife
xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. mamrebi mwifdebian adre. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT.
39
individebis nawili tofobis Semdeg iRupeba, magram maTi umravlesoba tofobs 2-jer,
xolo zogi sicocxleSi _ 3-4-jerac. sainkubacio periodi 190C temperaturaze Seadgens
34 sT-s.
mozardebi ivlisSi eSvebian SesarTaviswina midamoebSi, xolo seqtember-oqtomberSi
Crdilo kaspiidan miemarTebian samxreTisaken. volgis qaSayi ZiriTadad ikvebeba
kibosnairebiT, niCabfexianebiT, mizidebiT, agreTve wvrili TevzebiT, qarsalebiT,
aTerinebiT, RorjoebiT.
Savzurga qaSayisagan gansxvavebiT is ar wyvets kvebas mdinareSi satofo svlis
dros.
adre volgis qaSayi yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo kaspiis formebidan da Weris
mixedviT ekava meore adgili gvizanas Semdeg. amJamad misi Werili sagrZnoblad
Semcirebulia.
zRvis (braJnikovis) q a S a y e b i (A. brashnikovi). zRvis qaSayebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia dabali wagrZelebuli sxeuli. layuCis pirvel rkalze iTvlian 18-47
msxvil, uxeS da mokle Cxirebs. ybebze aqvT kargad ganviTarebuli kbilebi. isini
SedarebiT didi zomis qaSayebi arian, romlebic aRweven 50 sm sigrZes. binadroben zRvaSi
da mdinareSi ar Sedian. es saxeoba moicavs 8 qvesaxeobas. maTgan 6 gvxvdeba mxolod
samxreT da Sua kaspiaSi, xolo ori gavrcelebulia mTel zRvaSi. am qaSayebs iWeren
badeebiT, napirebTan axlos.
yvelaze didi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvT dolginskis, astraxanisa da hasankulis
qaSayebs.
braJnikovis qaSayebTan erTad zRvaSi binadrobs agreTve gvizanebis ori endemuri
saxeobac - d i d T v a l a g v i z a n a (A.saposhnikovi) da m r g v a l T a v a
g v i z a n a (A.spherocephala). maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia didi Tvalebi, romlebic
saSualod Seadgenen Tavis sigrZis 25,4%-s. layuCis pirvel rkalze iTvlian 25-42 Cxirs.
kbilebi kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli. sigrZe ar aRemateba 25-35 sm-s. izamTrebs samxreT
kaspiaSi, tofobs CrdiloeT kaspiaSi 1-6m siRrmeze, wylis 14-160C temperaturasa da 0,07dan 11,0%0-mde marilianoben. sqesmwife xdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi. didTvala gvizanas saSualo
nayofiereba Seadgens 54 aTas, xolo mrgvalTavasi 20 aTas qviriTis marcvals. ToToeuli
individi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi qviriTs yris 2-3-jer.
sicocxlis pirveli wlis bolos, Semodgomaze, mozardebi eSvebian samxreT kaspiaSi
da iq Cerdebian sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomamde. mozrdil mdgomareobaSi gvizanebi ewevian
mtaceblur cxovrebis nirs. ZiriTadad ikvebebian wvrili TevzebiTa da didi zomis
kibosnairebiT (mizidebiT). maT umTavresad iWeren satofo migraciebis dros. WerilebSi
aRricxaven kaspiis gvizanasTan erTad.
Kkaspia _ Savi zRvis gvizanebi (Alosa caspia). gvizanebs gaaCniaT maRali gverdebidan
SekumSuli sxeuli, damaxasiaTebeli Camokidebuli mucliT da didi Tvalebi. layuCis
pirvel rkalze iTvlian 50-dan 180-mde (saSualod 120) Txel da grZel Cxirebs. sxeulis
gverdebze layuCis saxuravis miRma Cveulebriv aqvs TiTo muqi laqa, magram xSirad 6-8
laqisagan Semdgari rigi. kbilebi gvizanebs ganviTarebuli aqvT Zalian sustad. es mcire
zomis (20-28-sm sigrZis) planqtonismWameli Tevzebi arian, alozas gvaridan yvelaze
ufro siTbosmoyvarulebi. gvizanebs Soris arian gamsvleli, naxevradgamsvleli, an
momlaSo wyalSi mcxovrebi formebi. Gvizanebi _ ZiriTadad momlaSo wylis binadari
Tevzebi arian. isini cxovroben sxvadasxva marilianobis mqone wylebSi. Aazov-Savi zRvis
gvizanebi satofod Sedian mtknar wyalSi, kaspiisa ki mravldebian rogorc mtknar, aseve
momlaSo wyalSi. gvizanebis qviriTi naxevradpelagiuria, susti dinebebisas satofo
adgilebze daeSveba fskerze. qviriTis marcvlebis diametri 1,5-dan 3mm-mdea.
azov-Savi zRvis auzSi binadrobs gvizanebis sami qvesaxeoba: paliastomis, Savi zRvisa
da azovis.
S a v i z R v i s g v i z a n a (A.caspia nozdmanni) binadrobs Savi zRvis
dasavleT nawilSi, aRmosavleTiT - yirimamde, satofod Sedis mdinareebSi. md. dunaiSi
40
adis q. budapeStamde. dneprsa da dnestrSi maRla ar adis. tofobs mais-ivnisSi wylis 14dan 220C temperaturaze. dnepr-bugis gvizana mwifdeba sicocxlis pirvel wels sxeulis
sigrZis 10-11 sm-is miRwevisas.
a z o v i s
g v i z a n a (A. caspia tanaica) gavrcelebulia azovis zRvasa da
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT _ nawilSi. naxevradgamsvleli Tevzia, mravldeba mdinareebis qvemo
welSi, md. donSi wnoRa adgilebSi, yubanis limanebSi, nawilobriv taganrogis yureSi.
tofobs maisidan ivlisis CaTvliT. sqesmwife xdeba 2 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba tolia 1239 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. ikvebeba udablesi kibosnairebiT. izamTrebs Sav zRvaSi.
tofobis Semdeg gvizanebi nasuqoben azovis zRvaSi seqtembramde, am periodSi agroveben
sxeulSi 34,5%-mde cxims. sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
p a l i a s t o m i s g v i z a n a (A. caspia palaeostomi) naxevradgamsvleli
Tevzia. mravldeba paliastomis tbasa da Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis
mdinareebSi. aqvs mcire adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba.
kaspiis zRvaSi binadrobs gvizanebis oTxi qvesaxeoba.
yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania C r d i l o k a s p i i s
g v i z a n a
(A. caspia caspia). arCeven am gvizanas or formas: s a k u T r i v C r d i l o
k a s
p i i s , layuCis Cxirebis didi raodenobiT da i l m e n i s t b i s _ Cxirebis mcire
raodenobiT layuCis pirvel rkalze.
Crdilo kaspiis gvizana izamTrebs samxreT kaspiaSi. gazafxulze, dawyebuli martidan,
kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv gadaadgildeba CrdiloeTisaken. tofobs mlaSe
da mtknar wylebSi. misi satofo adgilebi ganlagebulia volgis deltaSi mTeli
CrdiloeT
kaspiis
meCxerwylian
adgilebze.
gvizanebis
nawili
adis
volgaSi
volgogradamde. md. uralSi Sedis mcire raodenobiT. tofoba mimdinareobs aprilidan
ivnisis CaTvliT wylis 13,8-240C temperaturaze. Crdilo kaspiis gvizana sqesmwife xdeba
2-3 wlis asakSi. saSualo nayofiereba Seadgens daaxloebiT 24aTas qviriTis marcvals.
qviriTs yris samjer 7-12 dRis intervalebiT. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2-3 dReRame.
ikvebeba ZiriTadad pelagiuri niCabfexiani kiboebiT, naklebad _ mizidebiT.
SemodgomisaTvis sxeulSi ugrovdeba 18%-mde cximi. izrdeba nela. oTxi wlis asakSi misi
sigrZe Seadgens 21-23 sm-s.
Crdilo kaspiis gvizana erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sarewao qaSayTagania kaspiis zRvaSi,
romelic iZleva am wyalsatevSi mTeli qaSayebis Werilis 40-dan 75%-mde.
Crdilo kaspiis gvizanebis danarCen qvesaxeobebs _ Crdilo-aRmosavleTis (A. caspia
salina), enzelurs (A. caspia Knipowitchi), da astrabadurs
(A. caspia peroca) gaaCniaT
mcire sameurneo mniSvneloba.
ojaxi anCousiseburni – Engraulidae
ojaxi anCousiseburni aerTianeben mcire jgufuri Tevzebis daaxloebiT 100-mde
saxeobas, romlebic ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli arian yvela okeanis tropikuli da zomieri
zonebis zRvebis sanapiro wylebSi.
anCousiseburTa mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba indur-dasavleT wynari
okeanis olqebis tropikebSi. zogjer saxeoba gvxvdeba venesuelas, gvianasa da braziliis
mtknar wyalsatevebSi. anCousiseburTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalian didi piri, grZeli da
Txeli, Tvalis ukan Sors Sesuli zeda ybis Zvlebi, wagrZelebuli, TiTqmis cilindruli
sxeuli, romelic dafarulia msxvili, advilad cvenadi cikloiduri qercliT. gverdiTi
xazi sxeulze ar gaaCniaT. Cveulebriv, kbilebi patarebi aqvT. didi Tvalebi moTavsebulia
dingis daboloebasTan axlos.
qviriTis marcvlebs gaaCniaT Taviseburi elifsoiduri an wveTismagvari formac ki.
ewevian pelagiuri cxovrebis nirs, ikvebebian planqtoniT, romelsac itaceben curvisas
farTod gaRebuli piriT. es Tevzebi TamaSoben did rols tropikul sistemebSi, Seadgenen
41
ra bevri mtacebeli Tevzebis, agreTve frinvelebis, delfinebisa da Tavfexiani moluskebis
ZiriTad sakvebs.
orive naxevarsferos zomier wylebSi gvxdeba anCouseburTa mxolod erTaderTi
gvari, romelic Seicavs 6 saxeobas.
evropisa da CrdiloeT afrikis atlantis okeanis sanapiroebTan, agreTve mimdebare
zRvebSi binadrobs e v r o p u l i a n C o u s i (E.encrasicholus), romelic azovSavi zRvis auzSi cnobilia adgilobrivi saxelwodebiT q a f S i a. iaponiasa da yviTel
zRvaSi binadrobs iaponuri anCousi (E.laponocds), ramdenime saxeoba binadrobs amerikis
kontinentis sanapiroebTan, maT Soris perus anCousi (E.ringes).
zomier wylebSi binadari anCousebis raodenoba Zalian didia. yvela individis saerTo
masis mixedviT isini udavod ikaveben pirvel adgils amJamad binadar Tevzebs Soris.
yvelaze ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli evropuli anCousi. Tavisi arealis farglebSi es
saxeoba warmoqmnis ramdenime gankerZoebul geografiul rasas _ atlanturs, xmelTaSua
zRvis, Savi zRvisa da azovis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rigi niSanTvisebebiT, qviriTis yris vadebiTa da xangrZlivobiT, SeferilobiTa da gansakuTrebuli
zomebiT.
S a v i z R v i s a n C o u s i, anu q a f S i a (E.encrasicholus ponticus)
mudmivad binadrobs Sav zRvaSi. maT Soris saqarTvelos sanapiroebTan. Ggvxvdeba azovisa
da xmelTaSua zRvebSi, atlantis okeanis evropul sanapiroebSi. zafxulis periodSi
qafSia Cveulebriv gvxvdeba kargad gamTbar da sakvebi planqtoniT mdidar zRvis CrdilodasavleT nawilSi. izamTrebs yirimisa da kavkasiis sanapiroebTan. mravldeba zRvaSi
yvelgan. tofoba grZeldeba maisidan seqtembris CaTvliT.
qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. qafSiis nayofiereba Seadgens 20-25 aTas
qviriTis marcvals. Savi zRvis qafSia azovisaze ufro didi zomisaa (13-16 sm sigrZis) da
aqvs Savi zurgi. is Savi zRvis Tevzebidan yvelaze ufro mravalricxovani formaa. ikvebeba
planqtonuri udablesi kibosnairebiT, moluskebis, umaRlesi kiboebis da meduzebis
larvebiT. Savi zRvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Tevzia, amasTan kvebis obieqtia rigi
Zvirfasi TevzebisaTvis. maT yofen dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qaravnebad. aRmosavluri
gundis qafSiebi zamTroben aWaris sanapiroze, xolo gazafxulobiT migrireben afxazeTis
sanapirosaken da zafxulobiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleTisaken miiswrafvian.
Savi zRvis aRmosavleT nawilis mobinadre qafSia zamTrobs aWaris sanapiroebze,
mdinare Woroxidan qobuleTamde. iWeren Casadgmeli da misasmeli badeebiT.
A a z o v i s q a f S i a (E.encrasicholus maeoticus) gansxvavdeba Savi zRvis
qafSiisagan Ria SeferilobiTa da mcire zomebiT (sigrZe 8-9 sm). es Tevzi zafxuls
atarebs azovis zRvaSi. izamTrebs Sav zRvaSi napiridan garkveul manZilze, daaxloebiT
60-70 m siRrmeze. azovis qafSia sxvadasxva wels sxvadasxva raionSi izamTrebs. magram
misi umetesi nawili dasazamTrelad rCeba novorosiiskis raionSi, xolo civ wylebSi _
ufro samxreTiT. aq is Cerdeba gazafxulamde. martSi iwyebs napirTan misvlas (umTavresad
aRmosavleT sanapirosTan) da qerCis yurisken gadaadgilebas, sadac ZiriTadad gamoCndeba
april-maisSi. Sedis ra azovis zRvaSi, qafSia ikvebeba gaZlierebulad, kvebas ar wyvets
tofobis periodSic. qviriTis yra Zlier gaWianurebulia da grZeldeba maisidan agvistos
CaTvliT. tofobs is zRvis TiTqmis mTel farTobze, Zlier gamtknarebuli raionebis
gamoklebiT. pelagiuri qviriTi wagrZelebuli formisaa (qviriTis marcvlebis zomebia 1,11,3 mm). nayofiereba saSualod 13,5 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. qafSia sqesmwife xdeba
sicocxlis pirvel wels. sainkubacio periodi 260C temperaturaze ASeadgens daaxloebiT
30 saaTs.
lifsitebi Zalian swrafad izrdebian da seqtembrisaTvis qafSiis mozardebi aRweven
2,5-8 sm sigrZes. sakvebis ZiriTad komponentebs Seadgenen niCabfexiani kibosnairebi (60%),
mravaljagriani Wiebi da kolovratebi.
Semodgomaze gansazRvruli nasuqobis miRwevisas qafSiebi TiTqmis wyveten kvebas da
iwyeben gasvlas dasazamTreblad azovidan Sav zRvaSi. zamTris migraciis dros (aseve ukan
42
gadaadgilebisas) qafSia moZraobs uzarmazar gundebad, romelTac Tan sdeven da Tavs
dastrialeben didi raodenobiT Toliebi da qariSxalebi, agreTve delfinebi.
sur #82. qafSia
azovis qafSia rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. mas iWeren Casadgmeli, mosasmeli, qisa
badeebiTa da agreTve pelagiuri traliT. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT iWeren qerCis
yureSi.
Semodgomis qafSia, romlis sxeulSi cximis Semcveloba aRwevs 23-28%-s, warmoadgens
Zvirfas sakveb produqts. daWerili qafSiis ZiriTad nawils amarileben, amzadeben agreTve
konservebs.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis wylebSi, samxreT saxalinis, iaponiisa da koreis napirebTan,
iaponuri anCousebi warmoqmnian msxvil dajgufebebs, romlebic Seadgens pelagiuri
Tevzebis saerTo produqciis mniSvnelovan nawils. magram Cvens planetaze mobinadre
Tevzebidan yvelaze mravalricxovans warmoadgens perus anCousi.
am saxeobis didi raodenoba aixsneba arsebobis gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT. is
binadrobs perus da CrdiloeT Ciles napirebTan, sadac Zalian intensiurad mimdinareobs
biogenuri elementebiT mdidari siRrmiseuli wylebis zedapirze amotanis procesi. amis
Sedegad aq viTardeba fitoplanqtonis raodenoba, romliTac ikvebeba anCousi. magram
anCousebis didi mniSvnelovani nawili nadgurdeba TevziT mkvebavi frinvelebis (Toliebi,
Cvamebi, varxvebi) mier.
perus anCousi mcire zomis (14-15 sm sigrZis) gunduri Tevzia, romelic ar
axorcielebs ramdenadme mniSvnelovan migraciebs. tofobs agvistodan-Tebervlis CaTvliT.
cocxlobs sam wlamde. warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts.
am anCousis TiTqmis mTliani raodenoba gadamuSavdeba Tevzis fqvilad, romelsac
iyeneben saqonlis sakvebad da sasuqad mindvrebSi.
iaponuri da agreTve bevri tropikuli anCousi gamoiyeneba satyuarad Tinusebis
ankesiT rewvisas.
anCouseburTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi ikaveben wamyvan adgils msoflio TevzrewvaSi.
rigi oragulisnairni - Salmonitormes
maTi warmomadgenlebi axlos arian qaSayisnairebTan da agebulebaSi aRiniSneba rigi
primitiuli niSnebi. muclis farflebi ikaveben abdominalur mdebareobas, mkerdisa - dabla
mjdomares. farflebSi ar gaaCniaT ekliani sxivebi. sacurao buSti Cveulebriv
SeerTebulia saylapav milTan. qerclebi cikloiduria.
ConCxSi jer kidev Zalian bevri xrtilia. cqimurebs mozrdil mdgomareobaSic ki
unarCundebaT qorda. qaSayisnairebisagan gansxvavebiT maT aqvT sxeulze gverdiTi xazi.
bevrs aqvs cximovani farfli.
oragulisnairTa rigs miakuTvneben sarewao mniSvnelobis mqone rig ojaxebs,
romlebic agreTve warmoadgenen xelovnuri gamravlebis obieqtebs.
43
ojaxi oraguliseburni - Salmonidae
oragulisebrTa ojaxs miakuTvneben gamsvlel da mtknari wylis Tevzebs, romlebic
ZiriTadad binadroben CrdiloeT naxevarsferos wyalsatevebSi. isini gvxvdebian Crdilo
yinulovani okeanis mdinareebis auzebSi, atlantisa da wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi
dedamiwis sferos yvela materikis farglebSi.
oragulisebrTa zogierTi saxeoba aklimatizebulia samxreT naxevarsferos wylebsa
da tropikuli zonis mTis wyalsatevebSic ki (zRvis donidan 4000 m da met simaRleze).
oragulisebrni sakmaod plastikuri Tevzebi arian, romlebic advilad icvlian cxovrebis
nirs, garegnul iers, Seferilobas garemo pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT. es garemoeba
aZnelebs maT sistematikas. marto amerikaSi aRwerilia gvaris 33 saxeobamde.
oragulisebrebs aqvT mWidrod Camjdari qerclebiT dafaruli torpedaseburi
sxeuli cximovani farflSi. zurgis fafrlSi 10-dan 16 sxivamdea. nawlavidan gamodis
mravalricxovani piloruli danamatebi. layuCis apkebi ar aris Sezrdili layuCTaSoris
tixarze.
oragulisebrni tofoben mtknar wyalSi. msoflio rewvis Zvirfasi obieqtebi arian.
yvela oragulisebrnis xorci SesaniSnavia gemoTi da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom maTi
umravlesoba warmodgens tborebsa da oCxebSi gamozrdis obieqts. didi popularobiT
sargeblobs oragulisebrTa qviriTic.
arCeven or qveojaxs: sakuTriv oraguliseburni (Salmonidae) da sigisebrni
(Coregonidae). oragulebidan sigebi gamoirCevian ufro didi zomis qerclebiT (120
qerclze naklebi gverdiT xazSi) da sxeulze laqebis ararsebobiT.
gvari wynari okeanis oragulebi (Oncorhynchus). am gvaris warmomadgenlebs aqvT
grZeli analuri farfli (10-16 sxivi), didi piri, msxvili mowiTalo-narinjisferi
qviriTis marcvlebi. cnobilia am gvaris 6 saxeoba (keta, gorbuSa, CaviCa, wiTeli, kiJuCi
da sima). gamsvleli Tevzebi arian, romlebic tofoben aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis
mtknar wylebSi da nasuqoben zRvaSi. tofobis Semdeg wynari okeanis oragulebi iRupebian.
nasuqoben isini wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi, geringis, oxotisa da iaponiis zRvebis
CaTvliT. did dajgufebebs ar warmoqmnian da Cerdebian zedapirul fenebSi (Cveulebriv 10
m siRrmemde). ikvebebian mravalferovani sakvebiT: mcire zomis pelagiuri TevzebiTa da
maTi lifsitebiT, kibosnairebiT, farflfexiani moluskebiT, kalmarebis lifsitebiT, ufro
iSviaTad - meduzebiTa da mcire zomis savarcxlurebiT.
sqesobrivi simwifis miRwevisas oragulebi iwyeben satofo migraciebs, romelTa
gamomwvevia garegani gamRizianeblebi _ sinaTle, temperatura, wylis qimiuri Tvisebebi,
dinebebi da a.S, romlebic Zlier aRagzneben nervul sistemas.
grZnobis organoebi maTSi sakmaod srulyofilia: isini grZnoben gansxvavebas
temperaturasa da marilianobaSi, romelic gamoiTvleba gradusis an procentis measedi
nawilis erTeulebSi. amJamad zustad dadgenilia, rom oragulis orientirebaSi, romelic
miemarTeba satofod mSobliur wylebSi, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ynosva. TavianT
mSobliur wyalsatevs oragulebi pouloben im nivTierebebis suniT, romlebic gaxsnilia
satofo mdinareebisa da nakadulebis wyalSi.
satofo svlis dros wynari okeanis oragulebi iZenen mkveTr saqorwino iers,
romelic gamoixateba Seferilobisa da sxeulis formis SecvliT, agreTve sxva niSnebiT
(ix. `Tevzebis migraciebi~).
migraciebis dros mdinareebis SesarTvebidan satofo adgilebamde oragulebi ar
ikvebebian, arseboben mxolod sxeulSi dagrovili maragis xarjze. isini ukduresad
sustdebian am dros. keta kargavs 98%-mde cxims, 58%-mde cilasa da 80%-mde energiis
marags. xorci wyliania, dondlo. kuWi da nawlavi ikumSeba, RviZli wyvets naRvlis
gamomuSavebas. tofobis Semdeg Tevzebi iRupebian. bevri mecnieris azriT damWleveba,
44
dauZlureba ar aris ZiriTadi mizezi wynari okeanis oragulebis daRupvisa. satofod
mimaval nerkas kvebavdnen da is mainc iRupeboda, savse kuWiT.
mecnierTa jgufma Soreul aRmosavleTSi, biol. mecn. doqtoris g. berdiSevis
xelmZRvanelobiT tofobis Semdeg gorbuSaSi aRmoaCina bevri organos ujredebis
genetikuri aparatis seriozuli moSliloba, ris Sedegadac wydeboda cilebis sinTezi. es
iwvevda ujredebisa da qsovilebis daSlas da sabolood Tevzis daRupvas.
wynari okeanis yvela oraguli tofobs mdinaris kenWebiTa da xreSiT dafarul
adgilebze. mdedri sxeulis kudis nawilis energiuli moZraobiT mimofantavs niadags,
CiCqnis 30-40 sm siRrmis ormos, romelSic yris qviriTs. mamali asxams mas Tesls (xvaSs).
tofobis dros mamrebs Soris mimdinareobs Seuwyveteli Setakebebi. ganayofierebis Semdeg
qviriTs ayrian kenWebs. warmoiqmneba 2-3 m sigrZisa da 1,5-2 m. siganis borcvi, romelsac
mdedri darajobs garkveuli droiT (or kviramde).
sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba TiTqmis mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi gazafxulamde.
axalgamoCekili larvebi swrafad eSvebian dinebiT zRvaSi an Cerdebian sxvadasxva droiT
mtknar wyalSi.
k e t a s (Oncorhynchus Keta). am gvaris sxva warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT
aqvs ufro meti piloruli danamati (185-mde). gorbuSasTan SedarebiT misi qerclebi
ufro msxvilia (gverdiT xazSi 125-150 qerclia), aqvs 19-25 layuCis Cxiri (ufro
naklebi, vidre girbuSas), 12-15 layuCis sxivi. zRvaSi misi Seferiloba vercxlisferia
zolebisa da laqebis gareSe. mdinareSi Seferiloba icvleba wablisfer-yviTelze muqi
lalisferi an Jolosferi zolebiT. udiddebaT kbilebi, xorci xdeba dondlo da
moTeTro. ketas mozardebs mdinareSi cxovrebis periodSi gverdebze Savi zolebi uCndebaT
romlebic maT naklebad SesamCnevs xdis kenWebis fonze.
sur #83.
keta farTodaa gavrcelebuli wynari okeanis orive sanapiroze. TiTqmis yvelgan
keta warmodgenilia ori formiT: Semodgomisa da zafxulis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gamoirCevian rigi TaviseburebebiT. Semodgomis keta mniSvnelovnad didi zomisaa (1m
sigrZis), vidre zafxulis (80 sm sigrZis). Semodgomis keta izrdeba ufro Cqara, vidre
zafxulisa. zafxulis keta sqesmwife xdeba 3-5, xolo Semodgomisa _ 4 wlis asakSi.
mdinareebSi zafxulis keta Sedis ufro adre (ivlisis pirvel ricxvebSi), vidre
Semodgomisa (agvistos bolosa da seqtembris dasawyisSi). Semodgomis keta mdinareSi adis
mniSvnelovnad maRla, vidre zafxulisa. tofobs is ufro gvian, xSirad yinulis qveS.
ESemodgomis ketas nayofiereba 43%-iT metia, vidre zafxulisa. md. amurSi,
aiano - oxotisa da saxalinis mdinareebSi Sedis orive forma. ketas moZraobis siCqare
mdinaris zemoTken tolia daaxloebiT 50 km-isa dRe-RameSi.
md. amurSi tofobis adgilebisaken zafxulis keta midis agvistos bolos,
Semodgomisa
_
seqtembris
bolodan
20
oqtombramde.
tofoba
mimdinareobs
0
agvisto _ dekemberSi 12-dan 0,5 C temperaturamde (zafxulis ketasi ki _ ufro maRal
45
temperaturaze). ketas satofo adgilebi ganlagebulia kenWebiani niadagebisa da sakmaod
Cqari dinebis adgilebze (0,1-0,2 m/wm.
keta Tavis budeebs akeTebs napirebTan axlos, amasTan Semodgomis keta ganalagebs
maT nakadulebis saTavesTan. amis gamo civ zamTarSi misi budeebi naklebad iyineba, vidre
zafxulis ketasi.
ketas saSualo nayofiereba Seadgens 3-4 aTas qviriTis marcvals. qviriTis
marcvlebi didi zomisaa. maTi diametri tolia 6,5-9,1 mm-isa. sainkubacio periodi
grZeldeba 103-dan 120 dRemde. dadebuli qviriTis didi raodenoba iRupeba satofod gvian
mosuli Tevzebis mier niadagis gadaTxris, agreTve naklebwylian da yinvian wlebSi
niadagis gayinvis Sedegad. didi raodenobiT qviriTs anadgureben goWalebi, gvelanebi,
xariusebi.
axladgamoCekili larvebi iwyeben kvebas jer kidev budeSi. yviTris parki mTlianad
Seiwoveba qviriTidan larvebis gamosvlis daaxloebiT me-60-e, 90-e dRes. am droisaTvis
axalmozardebis sxeulze Cndeba Savi laqebi da isini toveben budeebs. mdinareSi isini
umTavresad ikvebebian qironomidebis larvebiTa da ufro naklebad haeris mwerebiT. Wamen
agreTve mozrdili Tevzebis leSebsac, romlebic daiRupnen Semodgomaze tofobis Semdeg.
mozardebi mdinareSi ar Cerdebian da swrafad eSvebian zRvaSi. mtknar wyalSi momwifebuli
ketas formebi ar aris cnobili.
keta rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. mas iWeren mdinaris SesasvlelebSi da TviT
mdinareebSi dasacurebeli da sxvadasxva badiT.
g o r b u S a (k u z a) - Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) _ yvelaze mcire
zomisaa Soreuli aRmosavleTis oragulebidan. amuris gorbuSas saSualo sigrZea 44.
kamCatkisa -49 sm. mamrebi, iseve rogorc sxva wynari okeanis qaSayebis mamrebi, ufro didi
zomisaa, vidre mdedrebi. gorbuSas advilad asxvaveben mcire zomis qerclebiTa (gverdiT
xazSi 177-240 qercli) da gverdiTi xazis zemoT mravalricxovani muqi laqebis
arsebobiT, romlebic gavrcelebulia zurgisa da kudis farflebze. layuCis Cxirebis
raodenoba 27-32-ia.
gorbuSa farTodaa gavrcelebuli wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi. aziis
sanapiroze is gvxvdeba md. lenis SesarTavidan koreis naxevrkunZulamde da xokaidos
napirebamde, amerikis sanapiroze md. kolvilidan (yinulovani okeane) kaliforniamde.
binadrobs is agreTve komandoris, kuriliis kunZulebsa da saxalinze. gorbuSa
aklimatizebulia barencisa da TeTr zRvebSi da amJamad satofod Sedis CrdiloeT evropis
mdinareebSi. magram aq misi sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea. izrdeba gorbuSa Cqara da ori
wlis asakSi TiTqmis sqesmwifea.
misi zRvaSi nasuqobis adgilebi sakmaod farToa. magram is Cerdeba ramdenadme ketas
samxreTiT da ikvebeba kriliTa da Tevzebis lifsitebiT.
aziis sanapiroze gorbuSa satofod Sedis beringisa da oxotis zRvebis mdinareebSi.
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT mdinareebSi Sesvla iwyeba sxvadasxva dros (ivnisidan agvistos
CaTvliT). mdinareebSi is maRla ar adis. ketasagan gansxvavebiT, gorbuSas satofo
adgilebi ganlagebulia mdinareebis kalapotebSi Cqari dinebisa da msxvil kenWebian
adgilebSi. tofoba mimdinareobs ivlis-agvistoSi, zogjer seqtemberSic.
gorbuSas nayofiereba 1,5 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. qviriTis marcvlebi msxvilia,
diametri daaxloebiT 6 mm-ia. sainkubacio periodi tola 110-130 dRisa. larvebi gamodian
qviriTidan Cveulebriv dekemberSi da gazafxulamde cxovroben budeebSi. gazafxulze
lifsitebi gamodian budeebidan da maSinve eSvebian zRvaSi.
gorbuSas lifsitebs ar gaaCniaT `mdinaris Seferiloba~ _ sxeulze muqi laqebi.
gorbuSasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ricxobriobis mravalwliani da orwliani perioduli
meryeobebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebasTan.
n e r k a, anu w i T e l i (Oncorhynchus nerca) sxva saxeobebisagan gamoirCeva
mravalricxovani (30-40) mWidrod Camjdari layuCis CxirebiT. is Zalian efeqturia
46
saqorwino morTulobis dros: zurgi
farflebi _ mosisxlisfero-wiTeli.
da
gverdebi
xasxasa
wiTelia,
Tavi
mwvanea,
sur #84.
a) mdedri, b) mamri
nerkas xorci Zlier wiTeli ferisa da SesaniSnavi gemosia. nerka gavrcelebulia
ara ise farTod, rogorc keta da gorbuSa. Sedis kamCatkis, anadiris, naklebad
komandorisa da kuriliis kunZulebis mdinareebSi. mdinareebSi Sesvla iwyeba adre,
kamCatkaze _ maisis bolos. sqesmwife xdeba sicocxlis mexuTe, meeqvse wels. tofobs
oqtomber-dekemberSi ZiriTadad tbebSi. nayofiereba tolia saSualod 3,8 aTasi qviriTis
marcvlisa 4,7mm diametriT. mozardebi budidan gamodian maisSi. sxva oragulebisagan
gansxvavebiT axalmozardebi cxovroben mtknar wyalSi 2-3 wlis asakamde. kamCatkis zog
tbaSi binadrobs dasaxlebuli formac, romelic mwifdeba zRvaSi gausvlelad.
pirveli tofobis Semdeg rogorc mkvidri, ise gamsvleli nerka iRupeba. aSS-Si,
kanadasa da iaponiaSi nerkas xSirad amravleben sportuli TevzWerisaTvis.
k i J u C i (Oncorhynchus Kisutsch) xasiaTdeba xasxasa vercxlisferi qerclebiT,
farTo SubliTa da kudis maRali ReroTi. gverdiTi xazis zemoT sxeuli dafarulia muqi
laqebiT. aRwevs 88 sm-mde sigrZes.
ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis Crdilo amerikis sanapiroze. aziis
sanapirosTan gvxvdeba iSviaTad. md. amurSi ar Sedis.
mdinareebSi kiJuCi Sedis sxva
oragulebze gvian da tofobs seqtembris dasawyisidan martamde, xSirad yinulis qveS.
sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs sicocxlis mesame-meoTxe wels. nayofiereba tolia daaxloebiT
5 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. axalmozardebi Cerdebian mdinareSi 1-2 wlamde. kiJuCi
yvelaze ufro siTbosmoyvarulia wynari okeanis oragulebidan: is izamTrebs 5,5-90C
temperaturaze ufro samxreTiT, vidre gorbuSa. kiJuCi rewvis obieqtia kamCatkisa da
amerikis sanapiroze. Catarebulia am Zvirfasi Tevzis aklimatizaciis samuSaoebi kaspiis
zRvaSi.
CaviCa (Onc. tschawytscha) didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 90 sm sigrZesa da
50 kg wonas. sxva oragulebisagan gamoirCeva layuCis sxivebis didi raodenobiT (15-ze
meti). sxeulze aqvs Savi mrgvali laqebi. xorci gamoirCeva maRali kvebiTi RirebulebiT.
47
sur #85. Cavia
biologiurad CaviCa axloa kiJuCTan. tofobs mdinareebSi TiTqmis mTeli zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi. ar erideba Cqar dinebas (1-1,5m/wm) da CiCqnis satofo ormoebs msxvil
kenWebSi. misi nayofierebaa 14 aTasi qviriTis marcvali. Zalian Zvirfasi Tevzia, magram
iSviaTobis gamo misi Werili umniSvneloa.
s i m a (Oncorhunchus masu) hgavs kiJuCs, magram misi analuri farfli ufro
amokveTilia da mozrdili Tevzis sxeulzec ki gadis muqi ganivi zolebi. aRwevs 63 sm
sigrZesa da 6 kg wonas. is gavrcelebulia mxolod wynari okeanis aziur sanapiroze.
satofod Sedis kamCatkis, saxalinis, xokaidos mdinareebsa da md. amurSi. sqesmwife xdeba
sicocxlis mesame, meoTxe wels. gaaCnia mtknari wylis juja formebi. zRvispireTSi
rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia.
wynari okeanis oragulebis maragi, gansakuTrebiT kamCatkis raionSi, mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda. kritikul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian isini agreTve wynari okeanis amerikis
sanapirozec.
gorbuSas Wera kamCatkis napirebTan praqtikulad Zalian Semcirebulia. amis
mizezebia arasqesmwife oragulebis intensiuri zRvis drifteruli rewva. rig regionebSi
oragulebis aRwarmoebaze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens satofo adgilebis dabinZureba
samrewvelo Camdinare wylebiT, agreTve mdinareebis gadaRobva kaSxalebiT.
oragulebis jogis aRwarmoebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia saTevzmeurneo
samuSaoebis farTo masStabiT ganxorcieleba, satofo adgilebis dacva da melioracia.
Soreul aRmosavleTSi funqcionirebs saTevzmeurneo qarxnebi, sadac xdeba oragulebis
xelovnuri gamravleba. wynari okeanis oragulebi aklimatizebulia TeTrsa da barencis
zRvebSi.
gvari sakuTriv, anu keTilSobili oragulebi (Salmo). am gvaris warmomadgenlebi
wynari okeanis oragulebisagan gamoirCevian mokle analuri farflebiT, romlebic Seicaven
7-10 datotvil sxivs da grZel saxniss. maTTvis agreTve damaxasiaTebelia saqorwino
morTuloba, magram tofobis Semdeg am oragulebis masobrivi daRupva ar xdeba.
individebis nawili tofobs sicocxleSi ramdenimejer, qviriTs afloben niadagSi.
oragulebi farToda arian gavrcelebuli. am gvaris warmomadgenlebi gamsvleli da
atlantis da wynari okeaneebis CrdiloeTis nawilebis mkvidri formebi arian. gvxvdebian
isini baltiis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebSi.
gvaris yvelaze ufro Zvirfasi warmomadgenelia C r d i l o e T i s
o r a g u l i, s e m g a (Salmo salar). mas aqvs moxdenili TiTistarisebri, mWidrod
Camjdari qerclebiT dafaruli sxeuli. analur farflSi 7-9 mravaltotiani sxivia.
gverdiTi xazis zeviT sxeulze ganlagebulia X-magvari laqebi.
48
sur #86. CrdiloeTis oraguli
didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 1,5 m sigrZesa da 46 kg-mde wonas (sarewao
wona ar aRemateba 5-15kg-s). farTodaa gavrcelebuli atlantis okeanis CrdiloeTiT.
evropis sanapiroebTan is gvxvdeba md. karadan portugaliamde, CrdiloeT amerikis
sanapiroebTan _ grenlandiidan kodis koncxamde. semga gamsvleli Tevzia, romelic tofobs
mdinareebSi da nasuqobs zRvaSi. CrdiloeT evropis mdinareebSi gasamravleblad Sesuli
CrdiloeTis oragulis (semgas) zRvis periodi mimdinareobs norvegiis Crdilo-dasavleT
sanapirosTan axlos. aq is gaZlierebulad ikvebeba meqviSiebiT, moivebiTa da qaSayebiT da
swrafad izrdeba.
zRvaSi erTidan sam wlamde yofnis Semdeg, CrdiloeTis oraguli satofod
miemarTeba mdinareebSi, sadac is Sedis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze myofi sasqeso
produqtebiT.
CrdiloeTis oragulis calkeuli svlebis siZlieris Tanafardoba, albaT,
damokidebulia satofo adgilebis ganlagebaze. Tu ZiriTadi satofo adgilebi
ganlagebulia SesarTavidan moSorebiT, maSin mdinareSi ZiriTadad Sedis didi zomis
saSemodgomo semga (mag. peCoraSi). Tu satofo adgilebi ganlagebulia SesarTavTan axlos,
maSin mdinareSi ZiriTadad Sedian sagazafxulo formebi. semga sqesmwife xdeba xuTi wlis
asakSi. saqorwino cvlilebebi gamoxatuli aqvs ufro sustad, vidre wynari okeanis
oragulebs. CrdiloeTis oragulis yvela saxeobis tofoba mimdinareobs seqtembernoemberSi 0-60C temperaturaze. rac ufro samxreTiTaa ganlagebuli satofo mdinare, miT
ufro gvian mimdinareobs tofoba (ianvarSic ki). nayofiereba meryeobs 6 aTasidan 26 aTas
qviriTis marcvlamde. CrdiloeTis oraguli qviriTs yris budeSi, romelsac aSenebs
kenWebian niadagze, mZlvri dinebis adgilze, zogjer 2-3 m siRrmezec ki.
zog mdinareSi tofobaSi gamsvlel mamrebTan erTad monawileoben juja mamrebic (10
sm-mde sigrZis), romlebmac sqesobriv simwifes miaRwies mdinareSi zRvaSi gausvlelad.
tofobis Semdeg individebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT mamrebi, iRupeba dauZlurebisagan.
cocxlad darCenili individebi eSvebian zRvaSi, iwyeben gaZlierebul kvebas da erTi an
ori wlis Semdeg isev miemarTebian satofod. Cveulebriv, CrdiloeTis oraguli tofibs
sicocxleSi 2-3-jer (iSviaTad 5-jer).
sainkubacio periodi Seadgens daaxloebiT 180 dRes. gazafxulze (martSi)
qviriTidan gamoiCekebian larvebi, romlebic dasawyisSi gaunZrevlad wvanan budeSi,
ikvebebian yviTris parkis xarjze. erTi Tvis Semdeg mozardebi toveben budes da iwyeben
aqtiurad curvas. dasawyisSi isini ikvebebian patar-patara mwerebiTa da maTi WuprebiT,
Semdeg _ mozrdili organizmebiT, bolos ki gadadian mtacebluri cxovrebis nirze.
CrdiloeTis oragulis mozardebi mdinareSi atareben erTidan xuT wlamde. isini sruliad
ar gvanan TavianT mSoblebs. sxeulze aqvT muqi ganivi zolebi, patar-patara wiTeli
laqebiT. aseTi SeferilobiT isini naklebad SesamCnevia kenWebTan niadagis fonze. zRvaSi
49
daSvebis droisaTvis CrdiloeTis oragulis mozardebi mTlianad gadadian mtaceblur
cxovrebis nirze, maTi Seferiloba mkveTrad icvleba:
isini xdebian vercxlisferi,
ugrZeldebaT kudi, xolo piri naxevradqvedadan dingis wverze gadainacvlebs. zRvaSi
CrdiloeTis oraguli poulobs nasuqobis mudmiv adgilebs da aq binadrobs sqesobrivi
simwifis dadgomamde. zRvaSi is izrdeba swrafad. Tu mdinareSi cxovrebis sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi lifsita aRwevs 10 sm sigrZes, zRvaSi cxovrebisas erT welSi is 23-24 smmde izrdeba.
zog did tbaSi, magaliTad: ladogis, onegis, kuitos, segozeros, agreTve fineTisa
da SvedeTis tbebSi aris semgas tbis forma an tbis oraguli, romelic arasodes ar Sedis
zRvaSi.
t b i s
o r a g u l i (Salmo salar morpha Sebago) ufro muqia, vidre
keTilSobili oraguli. Savi laqebi mas meti aqvs (isini aqvs gverdiTi xazis qvemoTac).
tbis oraguli ufro patara zomisaa: sigrZe 95 sm, wona 3-4 kg. ikvebeba mcire zomis
TevzebiT, nasuqobs tbaSi da tofobs mdinareebSi seqtember-oqtomberSi wvril kenWebsa da
Cqar dinebaze. tbis oragulis biologiaSi bevri saerToa gamsvlel formasTan. tbis
oragulis Wera tbebSi umniSvneloa. magram is mniSvnelovania, rogorc tbebisa da
wyalsacavebis Casaxlebis obieqti.
CrdiloeTis oraguls aqvs seriozuli sarewao mniSvneloba. Zvirad fasobs misi
xorci da wiTeli qviriTi. iWeren CrdiloeTis oraguls ZiriTadad mdinareTa
SesarTavebTan satofo svlis dros mosasmeli badeebiTa da xafangebiT. misi maragi
gavrcelebis arealis farglebSi imyofeba kritikul mdgomareobaSi, rac aixsneba
araracionaluri rewviTa da tofobis pirobebis gauaresebiT.
tardeba sxvadasva RonisZieba, romlebic miznad isaxavs CrdiloeTis oragulis
maragis SenarCunebas. rigi saTevzmeurneo qarxnebi barencis, TeTrsa da baltiis zRvebis
auzebSi muSaobs sarewao oragulis gamozrdaze.
k u m J a (Salmo trutta), romelsac baltiis zRvaSi uwodeben oragul-taimens,
waagavs CrdiloeTis oraguls. gansxvavdeba ufro maRali kudis ReroTi da SeferilobiT.
kumJas sxeuli dafarulia mravalricxovani Savi laqebiT, romelTac xSirad aqvT
X-is msgavsi formebi. laqebi aqvT agreTve gverdiTi xazis qvemoTac.
sur #87. Oraguliseburni
a)kumJa, b)mdinaris kalmaxi, g)tbis kalmaxi
50
saqorwino morTuloba gamoxatuli aqvT ufro sustad, vidre CrdiloeTis
oragulebs. kumJa gavrcelebulia evropis sanapiros gaswvriv, CrdiloeTiT CexeTis ubidan
samxreTiT Sav zRvamde. Sav, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebSi warmodgenilia
gansakuTrebuli qvesaxeobebiT. kumJa aklimatizebulia amerikis kontinentzec. kumJas
Cveulebrivi sigrZea 30-70 sm-mde, masa 1,0-5,0 kg (gvxvdeba 12-13 kg-mdec).
kumJa gamsvleli Tevzia: binadrobs zRvaSi, xolo tofobs mdinareebSi. ufro metad
ki etaneba mtknar wylebs. did migraciebs zRvaSi ar axorcielebs da Cerdeba SesarTavebis
raionebSi. ikvebeba mcire zomis TevzebiT (cqimurebiT, meqviSiebiT, qaSayis lifsitebiT) da
didi zomis kibosnairebiT. kvebas ar wyvets mdinareebSi satofo svlis drosac.
kumJas mozardebi Zalian waagaven CrdiloeTis oragulisas. mtknar wyalSi atareben
3-dan 7 wlamde. CaSvebidan (20 sm sxeulis sigrZis miRwevisas) oTxi wlis Semdeg kumJa
aRwevs 50-60 sm sxeulis sigrZes. izrdeba is ufro nela, vidre CrdiloeTis oraguli.
kumJebSi, iseve rogorc oragulebSi, aRiniSneba sagazafxulo da saSemodgomo
formebi. rogorc CrdiloeTis oraguli, kumJac Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia.
azov-Savi zRvis auzSi kumJa warmodgenilia S a v i z R v i s o r a g u l i T
(Salmo trutta labrax), romelic tipiuri formisagan gamoirCeva layuCis Cxirebis didi
raodenobiT, didi zomebiT (Cveulebriv 7kg-ia, iSviaTad _ 24kg-mde).
Savi zRvis
sanapiros mdinareebSi Sedis gazafxulze. tofobs zamTarSi, iSviaTi Tevzia. Savi zRvis
oraguli tofobisaTvis Sedis mdinareebSi: bzifi, Savwyala, kodori, enguri, Woroxi,
gumisTa, kelasuri, laRiZga, kintriSi, sufsa da agreTve maT SenakadebSi. tofobisaTvis
oragulis mdinareebSi Sesvla iwyeba martidan, xolo masobrivad xdeba april-maissa da
mTavrdeba ivnisSi.
kaspiis zRvaSi binadrobs kumJas qvesaxeoba k a s p i i s
o r a g u l i
(Salmo trutta caspius), romelic Zalian waagavs CrdiloeTisa da Savi zRvis oragulebs.
gamoirCeva ufro dabali kudis ReroTi. kaspiis oraguli yvelaze ufro didi zomis
warmomadgenelia erT-erTi gvaris Salmo. misi calkeuli saxeobebi mtkvris jogidan
aRweven 51 kg masas. satofod kaspiis oraguli Sedis ZiriTadad dasavleT sanapiros
mdinareebSi, umetesad mtkvarSi, naklebad TergSi, araqssa da lenqorankaSi.
kaspiis zRvaSi oraguls aseve aqvs sagazafxulo da saSemodgomo formebi.
sagazafxulo forma mtkvarSi Sedis oqtombridan TiTqmis momwifebuli sasqeso
produqtebiT, adis mdinareSi arc ise maRla da tofobs imave wels. didi zomis
saSemodgomo forma Sedis satofod noembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT sustad ganviTarebuli
sasqeso produqtebiT, adis mdinareSi Zalian maRla da tofobs 8-11 Tvis Semdeg. mtkvris
oraguli sqesmwife xdeba 5-9 wlis asakSi da tofobs sicocxleSi erTxel. oragulebi,
romlebic satofod Sedian patara mdinareebSi, sqesmwife xdebian sicocxlis mesame wels
da tofoben sicocxleSi 5-6-jer. mtkvris oragulis nayofiereba Seadgens 16-30 aTas
qviriTis marcvals.
tofoba mimdinareobs seqtembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT. kaspiis
oragulis mozardebi mdinareSi atareben 1-2 wels. hyavT juja mamrebic, romlebic zRvaSi
gausvlelad mwifdebian mdinareSi.
mtkvrisa da araqsis Senakadebis daregulirebam da gansakuTrebiT mingeCauris
kaSxalis agebam uaryofiTad imoqmeda oragulebis maragis aRwarmoebaze. am Zvirfasi Tevzis
raodenobis SenarCuneba da aRdgena xdeba zRvaSi cxovrebis periodSi, ZiriTadad
xelovnuri gamravlebis gziTa da dacvis RonisZiebebis CatarebiT.
gamsvleli kumJas yvelaze aRmosavleTis forma a r a l i s o r a g u l i
(Salmo trutta aralensis) axloa kaspiis formasTan, romlisganac gamoirCeva ufro msxvili
TaviTa da malebis naklebi raodenobiT. misi sigrZe 1 m-ia, masa _ 13-14 kg-mde. satofod
Sedis zRvidan md. amudariaSi. Zalian iSviaTad gvxvdeba. Seswavlilia cudad.
yvelgan, sadac aris gamsvleli forma, agreTve iq, sadac is ufro civi klimatis
periodebSi arsebobda, arCeven kumjas tbisa da nakadulis formebs, romelTac uwodeben
kalmaxebs. kalmaxebi Zalian mravalnairi arian SeferlobiTa da cxovrebis niriT.
51
t b i s k a l m a x i (Salmo trutta morpha lacustris) binadrobs sufTa gamWvirvale
wylebian civ tbebSi. Ggvxvdeba norvegiis, ruseTis, amierkavkasiis, fineTis, SvedeTis rig
tbebSi, saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mTis mdinareebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul tbebSi:
tabawyuris, riwis, saRamos, faravnis, wyalsacavebSi: Saoris, sionis, xramis. rogorc wesi,
tbis kalmaxi ufro mcire zomisaa, vidre gamsvleli kumJa, Tumca ladogis tbaSi zogjer
gvxvdebian 10 kg-mde wonis individebi. saqorwino cvlilebebi kalmaxebSi mkveTradaa
gamoxatuli. mamrebs sxeulze uCndebaT narinjisferi zolebi da mkveTri laqebi. zurgis
farflebi muqdeba, xolo muclisa xdeba vardisferi an wiTeli. tofobisaTvis kalmaxebi
miemarTebian Cqar, Woromian mdinareebisaken da Tavis msxvili zomis (5mm-mde diametris)
qviriTebs yrian Cqerian, kenWovani gruntis mqone adgilebSi gakeTebul budeebSi.
qviriTidan gamoCekili lifsitebi eSvebian tbisaken. magram maTi mniSvnelovani nawili ar
midis
tbaSi
da
mwifdeba
mdinareebsa
da
nakadulebSi
da
warmoqmnis
e.w. n a k a d u l i s,
anu C v e u l e b r i v k a l m a x s. is mcire zomis
mkveTradSeferili Tevzia 25-30 sm sigrZiTa da 200-500 g (iSviaTad 2 kg) woniT. kalmaxs
zurgi aqvs muqi, muceli TeTri an oqrosfer-yviTeli. gverdebsa da farflebze mcire
zomis Savi, narinjisferi da wiTeli laqebi aqvs, romlebic xSirad garSemotymulia Ria
feris arSiebiT. maTi Seferiloba saxes icvlis binadrobis adgilebTan dakavSirebiT.
nakadulis kalmaxebi Zalian farTodaa gavrcelebuli. isini gvxvdebian yvelgan, sadac ki
binadrobs gamsvleli da tbis kumJa. binadroben Cqari dinebis civwylian nakadulebsa da
patara mdinareebSi. kalmaxi sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 0,2-1,5 aTasi
qviriTis marcvalia. tofobs Semodgomasa an zamTarSi. qviriTs aflobs niadagSi.
sainkubacio periodi tolia 2,5-4 Tvis. mozardebi ikvebebian mcire zomis kibosnairebiT,
mwerebiTa da maTi larvebiT, didi individebi _ TevzebiTa da bayayebiT.
sarewao mniSvneloba nakadulis kalmaxebs ar gaaCniaT, magram warmoadgenen
sportuli TevzWerisa da masobrivi xelovnuri gamravlebis SesaniSnav obieqts.
gamsvleli kumJisa da kalmaxebis aklimatizaciam da xelovnurma gamravlebam
Zireulad Secvala Sexeduleba maT sistematikaze. axla ukve damtkicebulia, rom
gamsvleli kumJa, tbisa da nakadulis kalmaxebi advilad gardaiqmnebian erTi saxeobidan
meored, warmoadgenen gancalkevebul dajgufebebs, rogorc amas fiqrobda k. linei.
baltiis zRvaSi gaSvebuli kalmaxebi iZenen vercxlisfer Seferilobas, Cqara izrdebian da
tofobisaTvis brundebian kumJas ieriT.
sevanis tbisa da misi auzis endemur formas warmoadgens s e v a n i s k a l m a
x i i S x a n i (Salmo jschan). es saxeoba warmoqmnis ramdenime formas, romlebic
gansxvavdebian zrdis tempiT, qviriTis yris droiTa da adgilebiT da kvebis xasiaTiT.
gamoyofen sevanis kalmaxis xuT formas (baxtaki _ zafxulisa da zamTris, boJaki,
alabalaxi da gegarkuni).
yvelaze didi zomisa da gamsvleli Tevzia gegarkuni. misi jogis aRdgena ZiriTadad
xdeba xelovnuri gamravlebis xarjze. igi warmatebiT aklimatizebulia isik-yulis tbaSi,
sadac izrdeba ufro Cqara, vidre Tavis samSobloSi da aRwevs 12-18 kg masas. sevanis
tbaSi kalmaxi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan sarewao Tevzs.
wynar
okeaneSi
gvari
Salmo warmodgenilia
rogorc
gamsvleli,
ise
mtknarwyaliseuli saxeobebiT. aziur sanapiroze md. amuramde gavrcelebulia k a m C a t
k i s s e m g a (Salmo mykiss Walbaum), amerikul sanapiroze _ f o l a d i s T a v a
o r a g u l i (Salmo gairdneri) da k l a r k i s (Salmo Clarki) o r a g u l i
kamCatkis semga gamoirCeva rTuli Sidasaxeobrivi struqturiTa da warmodgenilia
gamsvleli da mkvidri formebiT. mkvidri forma Tavis mxriv warmoqmnis tbisa da mdinaris
populaciebs.
52
sur #88. mikiJa
kamCatkis semga, anu gamsvleli mikiJa.
satofod Sedis zRvidan kamCatkis dasavleT sanapiros patara (100-200 km-is
sigrZis) mdinareebSi. saqtembridan noembris CaTvliT semga tofobs gazafxulze (maisivnisSi). qviriTs yris budeSi Cqari dinebis adgilebze. satofo svlisa da tofobis dros
is ar ikvebeba. sqesmwife xdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi, sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi tofobs
1-dan 5-jer, aRwevs 96 sm sigrZesa da 7 kg-ze met wonas. nayofiereba saSualod Seadgens
7,8 aTas qviriTis marcvals (5-dan 12,8 aTasamde). sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 3-5
kvira.
kamCatkis oragulebis ZiriTadi masa mdinareebSi 2-3 weli imyofeba, Semdeg ki eSveba
zRvaSi. mdinareebSi mozardebi ikvebebian wylis sxvadasxva mweriTa da mcire zomis TevziT.
warmoadgens adgilobrivi rewvis obieqts. kamCatkaze sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli
mtknari wylis binadari m i k i J a, romelic gvxvdeba mTiani tundris tbebsa da
mdinareebSi. sqesmwife mikiJas sigrZe saSualod 39-51,7 sm-ia, wona _ 700-1650 g. tbebSi
binadrobs ufro didi zomis mikiJa sigrZiT 78 sm-mde, masiT _ 5,3 kg-mde. is sqesmwife
xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofobs ivnisSi, qviriTs yris budeSi. sainkubacio periodi moicavs
40-60 dRes. nayofiereba meryeobs 0,6-dan 2,6 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. tofobis
periodSi ar ikvebeba. magram tofobis Semdeg is gadadis aqtiur kvebaze, ikvebeba ra
nebismieri misawvdomi sakvebiT: sxvadasxva mweriT, haerisa da wylis mwerebis WuprebiTa da
lifsitebiT, wyalSi moxvedrili mRrnelebiTa da a.S.
kamCatkis saxeoba (S.mykiss) Zalian axloa dasavleT amerikul Salmo gvaris
oragulebTan, gansakuTrebiT foladTavian oragulTan da mis
mkvidr formasTan cisartyela kalmaxTan.
foladisTava oraguli (Salmo gairdneri) sakmaod didi zomis Tevzia (sigrZiT 115
sm-mde) liTonisferi-lurji zurgiTa da vercxlisfri gverdebiT, romlebzec mamrebs
tofobis dros uCndebaT wiTeli zoli. gavrcelebulia wynar okeaneSi kaliforniidan
aliaskamde. saqarTveloSi Savi zRvis garda aklimatizaciis mizniT gaSvebulia saRamos
tbaSi, sionis wyalsacavSi, mdinareebSi – mCistasa da maWaxelaSi. sqesmwife xdeba 3-5
wlis asakSi, tofobs mdinareebSi zamTris bolos an gazafxulze. mozardebi eSvebian
zRvaSi 1-2 wlis asakSi. foladisTava oragulis mkvidrma formebma mkveTri da
nairferovani Seferilobis gamo miiRes cisartyela kalmaxis saxelwodeba.
erT-erTi am formebidan _ Salmo irideus gaxda satbore meTevzeobis obieqti. me-19s.
bolos is Seyvanil iqna ruseTSi. cisartyela kalmaxs bevri saerTo aqvs nakadulis
kalmaxTan, magram misgan gansxvavdeba Zvirfasi saTevzmeurneo TvisebebiT.
53
sur #89. cisartyela kalmaxi
isini itanen wylis temperaturis gadidebas 28-300C temperaturamdec, amis gamo
SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba kobris sanasuqe tborebSi damatebiTi Tevzis saxiT. aq is kargad
izrdeba, sakvebad iyenebs tborebis uxeS faunas. cisartyela kalmaxi ufro kargad
reagirebs xelovnur sakvebze da ufro Cqara izrdeba. sainkubacio periodi moicavs 1,5-2,0
Tve. nayofiereba Seadgens 2,0-2,5 aTas qviriTis marcvals.
amJamad cisartyela kalmaxi farTodaa gansaxlebuli. mas amravleben iaponiaSi,
avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa da afrikaSi. poloneTSi dRis xelovnurad gaxangrZlivebis
gziT SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi kalmaxebis gamoyvana, romlebic tofoben Semodgomaze.
daniaSi miRebulia cisartyela kalmaxebi, romlebic mwifdebian oqtombridan ivnisis
CaTvliT. saqarTveloSi aris mravali sakalmaxe meurneoba, romlebic amravlebs
cisartyela kalmaxs.
gvari goWalebi _ gvelanebi (Salvelinus). gvaris warmomadgenlebi axloa Salmo-s
gvaris, oragulebTan, romelTaganac gamoirCevian sxeulze muqi laqebisa da saxnisze
kbilebis ararsebobiT. goWalebi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli da uCveulod
mravalferovanni arian Tavisi morfologiiTa da cxovrebis niriT. maT Sorisaa gamsvleli,
tbisa da mdinaris formebi.
ZiriTad formas warmoadgens C v e u l e b r i v i g o W a l a (S.alpinus),
romelic gavrcelebulia Crdilo yinulovani okeanis mTel sanapiroze da warmodgenilia
ZiriTadad gamsvleli formiT. magram tbebSi, romlebmac didi xani ar aris, rac gawyvites
kavSiri zRvasTan, aris mkvidri formebic. ase magaliTad, goWola aris wynar okeaneSi,
sadac mas uwodeben m a l m a s.
gamsvleli goWalebi didi zomisani arian, aRweven 88 sm sigrZesa da 15 kg masas.
vercxlisfri Seferilobis Tevzebia muqi cisferi zurgiTa da gverdebze Ria laqebiT.
mdinareSi Seferiloba icvleba da xdeba ufro mkveTri. goWala tofobs Semodgomaze an
zamTarSi. zogierT mdinareSi aRniSnulia misi sagazafxulo da saSemodgomo formebi.
qviriTs yris budeebSi. sqesmwifeni xdebian 5-6 wlis asakSi. mozardebi atareben mdinareSi
2-4 wels. mozrdili Tevzebi mtaceblebia.
goWalebis tbis formebi ufro mravalricxovania da dRemde arasakmarisi sizustiT
arian sistematizebuli.
alpebis, Sotlandiis, skandinaviisa da CrdiloeT ruseTis goWalebs uwodeben
paliebs (Salvelinus lepechini).
54
sur #90. Ppalia
isini ufro muqi Seferilobis arian, vidre gamsvleli formebi. gverdebze aqvT
yviTeli da narinjisferi laqebi. palia didi zomis Tevzia 75 sm-mde sigrZiTa da 9,5 kg
masiT, romelic binadrobs sufTa civ wylebSi. Zalian amtania da ar arian wunia sakvebis
mimarT. palias didi xania zrdian sufTa da civ wyalmcire tborebSi. goWalebis
vardisferi an mowiTalo feris xorci SesaniSnavi gemosia. yvelgan, sadac goWalebi
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT arian, ganviTarebulia maTi adgilobrivi rewva.
gvari taimenebi (Hucho). didi zomis mtacebeli Tevzebi arian, romlebic binadroben
evraziis mdinareebSi. iSviaTad gamsvleli formebia. maT miekuTvneba d u n a i s
t a i m e n i (Hucho hucho), romelic binadrobs mdinareebis dunaisa da prutis auzebSi
da zRvaSi arasodes ar gamodis. didi zomis Tevzia 1,5 m-mde sigrZiTa da 52 kg-mde woniT.
tofobs gazafxulze (Cveulebriv aprilSi) kenWebian niadagze. sainkubacio periodi
Seadgens
daaxloebiT
35
dRes.
mozardebi
ikvebebian
uxerxemlo
cxovelebiT,
zrdadamTavrebuli individebi _ TevzebiT. izrdeba taimeni Cqara da erTwlianebi aRweven
ukve 15 sm sigrZes. evropis zog qveyanaSi (CexeTi) mas xelovnurad amravleben. taimenis
xorci Zvirad fasobs.
C v e u l e b r i v i t a i m e n i (Hucho taimen) dunais taimenisagan
gansxvavdeba layuCis Cxirebis naklebi ricxviT (11-12), wvrili qerclebiT (gverdiT xazSi
193-243 qerclia). sxeulze aqvs muqi feris X-magvari da naxevarmTvariseburi laqebi.
taimeni binadrobs swrafmaval mdinareebsa da civ tbebSi dasavleTiT volgisa da peCoris
saTaveebidan aRmosavleTiT amuris auzamde. taimenma SeiZleba miaRwios 1,5 m sigrZesa da
80 kg wonas. is tofobs maisSi mcire dinebebSi kenWebian niadagze. taimenis nayofiereba
10-dan 34 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. mas adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs. amis
garda, is sainteresoa rogorc sportuli TevzWeris obieqti.
gamsvlel formas warmoadgens s a x a l i n i s t a i m e n i anu C e v i c a
(Hucho perryi), romelic, Cveulebriv, taimenisagan gansxvavdeba ufro msxvili qerclebiT,
layuCis Cxirebis didi ricxviT, agreTve mcire zomis piriT. Sinagani agebulebiT,
biologiiT, agreTve gemoTi saxalinis taimenis xorci msgavsia Salmo-s gvari-s wynari
okeanis warmomadgenlebisa. is aRwevs 170 sm sigrZesa da 60 kg wonas. tofobs mais-ivnisSi
wylis 8-120C temperaturaze swrafmavali mdinareebis qvemo welSi, 0,3-1,0 m-is siRrmeze.
qviriTs afloben budeSi. sainkubacio periodi Seadgens daaxloebiT erT Tves. nayofiereba
tolia saSualod 1 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa mdedris erT kg wonaze (mwarmoeblebis wona
4-dan 10 kg-mdea). mozardebi mdinareSi atareben 2-3 wels.
sur #91. Cevica
55
saxalinis taimeni mekalmaxeobis Zvirfasi da perseqtiuli obieqtia. misi qviriTi
Setanilia ruseTis Crdilo-dasavleT tbebsa (ladogi, onega) da saqarTveloSi Savwyalas
sakalmaxe meurneobaSi.
gvari TevzTeTrebi, anu nelmebi (Stenodus). es gvari miekuTvneba sigisebrTa
qveojaxs da moicavs erT saxeobas ori qvesaxeobiT.
n e l m a (Stenodus leucichthys nelm) didi zomis naxevradgamsvleli Tevzia,
romelic aRwevs 1,3 m-ze met sigrZesa da 40 kg masas. zRvaSi binadrobs gamtknarebuli
SesarTavebis wina sivrceebSi, gaurbis mlaSe wyals. tofobisaTvis miemarTeba CrdiloeT
yinulovani okeanis mdinareebSi ponoidan iukonamde.
sur #92. Nnelma
zog tbaSi warmoqmnis mkvidr formebs. mdinareebSi svlas iwyebs jer kidev yinulis
qveS da grZeldeba zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. adis mdinareSi Zalian maRla (eniseiSi 15001900 km-ze, obSi _ 3500 km-ze SesarTavidan). binadrobis adgilebis mixedviT sqesmwife
xdeba 7-dan 18 wlamde. tofobs seqtember-oqtomberSi. qviriTi fskerulia, SedarebiT
mcire zomis, viTardeba qvebs Soris. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 5-6 Tve. nayofiereba
Seadgens 125-325 aTas qviriTis marcvals. TiToeuli individi tofobs 3-4 wlis
intervaliT. satofod mimavali rogorc sqesmwife nelma, ise mozardebi ikvebebian
mdinareSi. dasawyisSi nelmas mozardebi ikvebebian planqtoniT, Semdeg _ benTosiT, xolo
sicocxlis meore wlidan xdebian mtaceblebi.
Nnelma rewvis Zvirfasi da mniSvnelovani obieqtia. mas iWeren cimbiris mdinareebis
qvemo welSi. obisa da eniseis dinebebis daregulirebasTan dakavSirebiT nelmis maragi
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. nelmas tbis formebi, romlebic gamoirCevian ufro Cqari zrdis
tempiTa da adreuli momwifebiT (5 wlis asakSi), Zalian perspeqtiulebi arian da
warmoadgenen rogorc aklimatizaciis, aseve tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi sasaqonle Tevzis
gamozrdis obieqtebebi.
T e v z T e T r a (Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys) nelmas kaspiuri qvesaxeobaa.
TevzTeTra didi zomis mtacebeli Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 110 sm sigrZesa da 20kg wonas.
mas aqvs didi piri, didi vercxlisferi qerclebi (aranakleb 120 qerclisa gverdiT
xazSi). TevzTeTra gamsvleli Tevzia.
56
sur #93. TevzTeTra
nasuqobs is Crdilo da Sua kaspiaSi, ZiriTadad Cerdeba civi wylis fenaSi. aq is
intensiurad ikvebeba sxvadasxva TevziT (RorjoebiT, nafotasa da fargas mozardebiT).
TevzTeTra izrdeba nelmaze swrafad da sqesmwife xdeba ufro adre _ 5-7 wlis asakSi.
satofod midis is volgaSi da mxolod calkeuli egzemplarebi Sedian md. uralSi.
TevzTeTras satofo migraciebi Zalian gaWianurebulia. md. volgis qvemo welSi is
gamoCndeba seqtember-oqtomberSi, magaram yvelaze ufro intensiuri svla aRiniSneba
zamTarsa da adre gazafxulze. am dros sasqeso jirkvlebi jer kidev Zalian sustadaa
ganviTarebuli (simwifis II da III stadiebis dasawyisi). mwarmoeblebis zRvidan
mdinareebisaken mimarTuli moZraobebi xorcieldeba cximis maragis dagrovebis mixedviT,
romelsac Tevzi iyenebs energetikul masalad.
amJamad TevzTeTrebi Tavs iyrian volgogradis hidrosadguris kaSxalis qveda
bieefis maxloblad da aq binadroben 9-12 Tve. maRali adaptaciuri plastikurobis gamo
is am raionSi aRwevs sqesobriv simwifes da noemberSi satofo temperaturis
dadgomisTanave iwyebs gamravlebas. tofobis Semdeg mwarmoeblebi eSvebian zRvaSi.
TevzTeTra sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi tofobs ara umetes orisa. warsulSi is tofobda
erTjer, radganac individebis umravlesoba iRupeboda dauZlurebisa da mTeli gzis
manZilze maTi Weris gamo. TevzTeTras saSualo nayofiereba Seadgens 250 aTas qviriTis
marcvals. sainkubacio periodi 180-200 dRe-Ramea. larvebi iCekebian gazafxulze. meSvide,
meaTe dRes iwyeben planqtoniT kvebas, xolo qviriTidan gamosvlis meore Tves ukve
xdebian mtaceblebi.
TevzTeTra Zalian Zvirfasi Tevzia. volgis dinebis daregulirebisa da bunebrivi
gamravlebis procesis darRvevis gamo is imyofeboda sruli gaqrobis saSiSroebis winaSe.
amJamad TevzTeTras raodenoba SenarCunebulia umTavresad TevzsaSen qarxnebSi
xelovnuri gamravlebis xarjze.
gvari sigebi (Coregonus). sigebis gvaris individebi warmoadgenen Sida wylebis
iqTiofaunis metad Zvirfasi warmomadgenlebi arian. maTi xorci cximiania, nazi, advilad
SeiTviseba, kvebis delikatesuri produqtia. cimbiris wyalsatevebs toli ar hyavT sigebis
simravlis mixedviT.
sigebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia patara ukbilo piri da mogrZo sxeuli, romelic
dafarulia msxvili vercxlisferi qerclebiT mkveTri laqebis gareSe.
57
sur #94.
a)evropuli Wafala,
b)
g)
d)
sigebSi umniSvneloa saqorwino cvlilebebic, romlebic gamoixateba mamris (iSviaTad
mdedris) Tavze savarcxliseburi da xorkliani wanazardebis warmoqmnaSi.
yvela sigi sicivismoyvaruli Tevzia, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben sufTa, civ,
JangbadiT mdidar wyalsatevebs. tofoben Semodgomaze an zamTris dasawyisSi yinulis qveS.
sigebis qviriTis marcvlebi yviTlebi da patar-patarebia. arCeven sigebis gamsvlel,
mdinaris da tbis formebs. sigebs ganasxvaveben kvebis xasiaTis mixedviT: erTni
planqtonofagebia, sxvebi _ benTofagebi, didi zomisani _ mtaceblebi.
plastikurobis wyalobiT sigebma daikaves mniSvnelovani adgili kulturul
TevzmeurneobaSi. sigebiT asaxleben xelsayreli hidrologiuri reJimis mqone tbebsa da
wyalsacavebs. maT agreTve iyeneben damatebiT Tevzebad kobris satbore meurneobebSi.
sigebi araCveulebrivad cvalebadni arian. rigi niSnebiT (zrdis tempi, kvebis
xasiaTi, agebulebis Taviseburebebi da sxv). nebismieri tbis sigi SeiZleba gamoyofil iqnes
gansakuTrebul formad. amis gamo sigebis sistematika dRemde ar aris sabolood
dadgenili.
pirobiTad sigebs piris mdebareobis mixedviT yofen sam jgufad: zeda piriT
(Wafalebi), dingis wverze gaxsnili piris napraliT (tuguni, omuli, peliadi da sxva) da
qveda piriT (Cudis sigi, Ciri, muksuni da sxva).
58
sur #95. sigebis piris mdgomareoba
a)zemoTa, b)sasruli, g)qveda
yvelaze patara zomis sigebs warmoadgenen Wafalebi.
e v r o p u l i, anu b a l t i i s W a f a l a (Cozedonus albula) moxdenili,
moZravi Tevzia, mwvane zurgiTa da vercxlisferi gverdebiT. gavrcelebulia baltiis
zRvis auzSi, kareliaSi, md. volgis zemo dinebaSi, dasavleTiT _ daniamde. Wafalas
sigrZea ara umetes 30-40sm-isa, wona, rogorc gamonaklisi, 1200 g-mdec aRwevs.
Cveulebriv, wona bevrad naklebia. Wafala ZiriTadad tbis Tevzia, Tumca misi
mniSvnelovani populacia binadrobs fineTis yureSi da eweva naxevradgamsvlel cxovrebis
nirs, satofod Sedis mdinareebsa da tbebSi.
ladogisa da onegis tbebSi binadrobs Wafalas ori forma: swrafmzardi ripusi, anu
kileci da nelamzardi. ripusi mwifdeba 3-4 wlis, xolo Wafala _ 1-2 wlis asakSi.
tofoben Wafalebi gvian Semodgomaze an zamTris dasawyisSi (xSirad yinulis qveS), magram
qviSian an qvian niadagze. Wafalas saSualo nayofierebaa 3 aTasi, ripusebisa _ 5aTas
qviriTis marcvlamde. larvebi iCekeba mart-aprilSi. 3-4 dRis Semdeg isini gadadian
aqtiur kvebaze. Wafalebis ZiriTad sakvebs warmoadgens planqtoni, iSviaTad mcire zomis
Tevzebi (tbis cqimura).
ripusi warmatebiT aklimatizebulia rig tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi. saqarTveloSi
aklimatizebulia tabawyuris da faravnis tbebSi, am ukanasknelidan ki gavrcelda saRamos
tbaSi. damatebiTi Tevzebis saxiT ripuss zrdian kobris saTevzmeurneo tborebSi. erTi
zafxulis ganmavlobaSi ripusi aRwevs TiTqmis 100 g wonas da xdeba sasaqonlo. yvelgan,
sadac ki binadrobs Wafala, is warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts.
c i m b i r u l i
W a f a l a ( Coregonus sardinella) farTodaa gavrcelebuli
Crdilo yinulovani okeanis sanapiroze TeTri zRvidan CrdiloeT amerikamde. cimbiris
Wafala ufro didi zomisaa, vidre evropis. misi sigrZea 42 sm-mde, wona _ 500g-mde.
arealis farglebSi is warmoqmnis rig geografiul rasebs. cimbiris Wafala
naxevradgamsvleli, iSviaTad ki tbis Tevzia. ripusebis msgavsad gvxvdeba misi ufro didi
formebic. cimbiris mdinareebSi mtofavi Wafala nasuqobs mtknari da mlaSe wylebis
Serevis adgilebSi, SesarTavispira sivrceSi. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 3-7 wlis asakSi.
mdinareebSi Sedis ivnisidan oqtombris CaTvliT. tofobs Semodgomaze mdinaris zedapiris
gayinvamde. qviriTs yris qviSian niadagze 1,0-1,5 m siRrmeze. nayofiereba saSualod tolia
17 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. cimbiris mdinareebis qvemo welSi Wafala erT-erTi Zvirfasi
sarewao Tevzia. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT iWeren mas md. obSi.
sigebis im jgufs, romelsac dingis wverze gaxsnili piris naprali aqvs
miekuTvnebaT t u g u n i (Coregonus tugun) ganiv kveTSi misi sxeuli momrgvalebuli da
farTozurgiania. aRwevs 20 sm sigrZes. binadrobs cimbiris mdinareebSi obidan xatangamde.
59
ikvebeba kibosnairebiT. mwifdeba adre-2 wlis asakSi. cimbiris bevr mdinareSi is gvxvdeba
sarewao raodenobiT.
o m u l i (Coregonus autumnalis). omulsac piris naprali dingis wveroze aqvs.
layuCis Cxirebi ufro metia, vidre tugunebSi (51-mde). is aRwevs daaxloebiT 64 sm-mde
da 3 kg-mde wonas.
omuli gamsvleli Tevzia. nasuqobs yinulovani okeanis sanapiro raionebSi, tofobs
am auzis mdinareebSi. ar Sedis mxolod md. obSi, Tumca gvxvdeba obis ubeSi. mdinareebSi
svla iwyeba ivnis-ivlisSi. satofo svlis dros omuli ar ikvebeba da mkveTrad kargavs
wonas. mdinareebSi adis maRla 1000 km da met manZilze. sxvadasxva wyalsatevSi sqesmwife
xdeba 5-10 wlis asakSi. tofobs oqtomberSi, amasTan, ara yovel wels. eniseis omulis
nayofierebaa 7,7 aTasidan 41,3 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. lifsitebi gamodian qviriTidan
gazafxulze da swrafad eSvebian mdinareebis qvemo welSi. ikvebeba ZiriTadad
kibosnairebiT, niCabfexianebiT, mizidebiT, Tevzebis lifsitebiT. cimbiris omuli CrdiloeT
evropis aRmosavleT nawilis mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzia. mas iWeren ZiriTadd
mdinareebis SesarTavebSi satofo svlis dros.
baikalis omuli (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) ZiriTadi saxeobebisagan
gamoirCeva didi zomis TvalebiT. (Tvalis diametri Seadgens Sublis sifarTis 3/4-s). is
ufro didi zomisaa, vidre yinulovani okeanis omuli. calkeul SemTxvevaSi aRwevs 7kg
wonas, Cveulebriv _ 0,5-1,5kg-s.
sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomamde omuli binadrobs baikalSi da ikvebeba ZiriTadad
mcire zomis kibosnairebiT (mogverdulebiT, epiSurebiT). sxvadasxva jogi sqesmwife xdeba
5-dan 9-wlis asakSi. saSualo nayofiereba meryeobs 15-dan 30 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde.
yvelaze ufro mcire zomisaa CrdiloeT baikalis omuli, romelic sqesmwife xdeba 5-6
wlis asakSi. misi saSualo nayofiereba Seadgens 15 aTas, xolo didi zomis omulisa _ 30
- aTas qviriTis marcvals. seqtemberSi baikalis omuli Sedis mdinareebSi. tofobs
oqtomber-noemberSi kenWebian niadagze sakmaod Cqari dinebiT. tofobis Semdeg individebis
nawili iRupeba. lifsitebi gamodian qviriTidan gazafxulze da swrafad eSvebian tbaSi.
omuli baikalis umniSvnelovanesi sarewao Tevzia. magram araracionaluri
Tevzrewvis, agreTve samrewvelo sawarmoebidan Camdinare wylebiT dabinZurebis Sedegad
omulis maragi Semcirda. amJamad xorcieldeba sxvadasxva RonisZieba am Zvirfasi Tevzis
SesanarCuneblad. tardeba melioraciuli samuSaoebi satofo adgilebze da lifsitebis
masobrivi gamozrda TevzsaSen qarxnebSi.
peliadi (Coregonus peled) tbisa da mdinaris Tevzia. gavrcelebulia mezenidan
kolimamde. xelovnuri gamravlebis gamo ukanasknel wlebSi peliadis binadrobis sazRvrebi
mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. isini amJamad gavrcelebulia kareliidan yirgizeTamde da
baltiispireTis qveynebidan yazaxeTamde.
sxva sigebisagan peliadi gansxvavdeba ufro maRali sxeuliT, muqi SeferilobiTa da
Tavsa da zurgis farflebze patara Savi laqebis arsebobiT.
aRwevs 40-55 sm sigrZes da rogorc gamonaklisi 5 kg wonas. ikvebeba ZiriTadad
tbebSi, upiratesad pelagiuri kibosnairebiT. sqesmwife xdeba 3-5 wlis asakSi. tofobs
Semodgomaze tbebSi nakadulebis gamodinebis adgilebsa da mdinareebSi kenWebian an qviSian
niadagze. peliadis nayofiereba 5 aTasidan 85 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. sxva sigebTan
SedarebiT peliadi naklebad mgrZnobiarea wyalSi gaxsnili Jangbadis Semcvelobisadmi
(sunTqvis daqveiTeba xdeba 2,26 mg/l-ze da itans 24-260C-mde maRal temperaturasac).
peliadi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia cimbiris mdinareebis qvemo welsa da
peCoraSi.
Ciri (Coregonus nasus) tbisa da mdinaris Tevzia. is binadrobs yinulovani okeanis
auzis tbebsa da mdinareebSi, gvxvdeba agreTve im mdinareebSi, romlebic erTvis beringisa
da oxotis zRvebs. is sigebis qvedapirianTa jgufs ekuTvnis, zeda yba win gamoweuli aqvs,
Tavi _ patara Seferiloba _ muqi, sxeulis gverdiT qerclebze _ vercxlisferi-yviTeli
zolebi. Ciri aRwevs did zomebs. kolimaSi calkeuli individebi aRwevdnen 16kg wonas,
60
magram, Cveulebriv, gacilebiT naklebs _ 2-4 kg-s iwonis. ZiriTadad nasuqobs tbebSi.
ikvebeba fskeris mwerebiT, moluskebiTa da kibosnairebiT. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 7
wlis asakSi. oqtomber-noemberSi tofobs mdinareebSi, naklebad – tbebSi, daaxloebiT
wylis 10C temperaturaze. Tevzis wonis Sesabamisad nayofiereba Seadgens 13-dan 153 aTas,
2,5-4,0 mm diametris mqone qviriTis marcvals. larvebis masiuri gamoCeka mimdinareobs
martSi, Ciri miekuTvneba swrafadmzardi Tevzebis ricxvs, romlebic Seguebulni arian
mokle vegetaciur periods. Ciris wonis wliuri namati Seadgens 300 g-s.
Ciri, rogorc benTosuri organizmebiT mkvebavi da swrafadmzardi Tevzi, Zalian
xelsayrelia CrdiloeT raionebis tborebSi, tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi gamosazrdelad,
sadac kobrisa da sazanis gamozrda klimaturi pirobebis gamo damokidebulebiT
araefeqturia. Ciri rewvis Zvirfasi obieqtia.
muksuni (Coregonus muksun) binadrobs CrdiloeTis evropuli nawilisa da cimbiris
(karadan kolimamde) mdinareebSi, sadac warmoqmnis rig lokalur jogebs. yvelaze
mravalricxovania obis jogi. muksuni tipiuri naxevradgamsvleli Tevzia, romelic
nasuqobs Crdilo yinulovani okeanis sanapiros gamtknarebul wylebSi. satofod Sedis md.
karaSi, obSi, eniseiSi, lenasa da kolimaSi. mdinareebSi maRla ar adis. sqesmwife xdeba 612 wlis asakSi. tofobs oqtomber-noemberSi kenWian niadagze Cqerian adgilebSi 1,5-2 m
siRrmeze. nayofiereba tolia 40-125 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. ikvebeba kibosnairebiT,
fskeris uxerxemloebiT, qironomidebis larvebiT, zRvis tarakanebiTa da TevzebiT. muskuni
sxva sigebTan SedarebiT didxans (25 wlamde) cocxlobs da am droisaTvis aRwevs 13,8
kg. wonas. muskunis sarewao wona gacilebiT naklebia (0,5-1,0 kg). cimbiris mdinareebis
qvemo welSi Werilis mixedviT is sigebs Soris ikavebs meore adgils.
C v e u l e b r i v i s i g i (Coregonus lavaretus) gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli
cvalebaTobiTa da iyofa mravalricxovan formebad, romlebic msgavsni arian mxolod piris
mdebareobiT. am saxeobis sigebi warmoadgenen gamsvlel, mdinaris da tbis formebs. sawyis
formas warmoadgens gamsvleli sigi, romelic cirkumpo larulad gavrcelebulia
murmanskis sanapirodan aliaskamde da kanadis CrdiloeTamde. evropis mtknari wylebis
mkvidri sigebis mravalricxovani formebi warmoqmnili arian gamsvleli sigebisagan,
romlebic nasuqoben baltiisa da CrdiloeTis zRvebSi. yvelgan, sadac binadrobs
Cveulebrivi sigi, is warmoqmnis naklebCxirebian (saSualod 25 layuCis Cxiri) da
mravalCxirebian (saSualod 40) formebs.
udides mravalferovnebas aRweven sigebi kareliis tbebsa da kolis naxevarkunZulze.
Cveulebriv sigebs gaaCnia didi sarewao mniSvneloba. maT maqsimalur raodenobas iWeren
ladogis tbaSi, peCoris zRvasa da cimbiris wyalsatevebSi. am sigis zogierTi forma
Crdilo-dasavleTis tbebidan warmatebiTaa aklimatizebuli uralis, kavkasiis, ukrainisa
da moldaveTis wyalsatevebSi, saqarTveloSi - xramis wyalsacavsa da tabawyuris tbaSi.
ojaxi kapoetisebrni (xariusisebrni) - Thymallidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebi axloa oragulisebrTan, Tumca maTgan gamoirCevian ufro
maRali da grZeli zurgis farfliT, romelic Seicavs 17-dan 24-mde sxivs.
sur #96. baikalis xariusi
61
maT gaaCniaT cximovani farfli. gverdiTi xazi mTliania. xariusisebrni ZiriTadad
mTisZira raionebis binadrebi arian. isini Cveulebriv cxovroben Cqari dinebis mdinareebSi
qvian niadagze. iSviaTad gvxvdebian tbebSi. farTod arian gavrcelebuli evropis,
CrdiloeT aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis mtknar wylebSi. cnobilia xariusebis sul xuTi
saxeoba: evropuli, cimbiruli, mongoluri da ori saxeoba Crdilo amerikaSi.
cimbiris xariuss aqvs oTxi qvesaxeoba: baikalis, aRmosavleT cimbiris, kamCatkisa da
amuris. Cveulebriv, Wreli Seferilobis arian, gansakuTrebiT mamrebi satofo periodSi.
mozardebs gverdebze aqvT ganivi muqi zolebi.
xariusisebrni ikvebebian fskeris uxerxemloebiT, haeris mwerebiT, qviriTiTa da
zogjer Tevzebis axalmozardebiT. CrdiloeTis wyalsatevebSi xariusebi sqesmwifobas
aRweven 3-5 wlis asakSi, samxreTis _ 2-4 wlis asakSi. tofoba mimdinareobs yinulovani
safaris galRobisTanave, CrdiloeTiT _ mais-ivnisSi, samxreTiT _ mart-maisSi. satofo
adgilebi ganlagebulia qviSian, kenWebian gruntze 0,2-0,5m siRrmeze. zomis Sesabamisad
mdedri yris 854-dan 28 aTasamde qviriTis marcvals. wylis 8-100C temperaturaze qviriTi
viTardeba 20-25 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
xariusisebrni cocxloben 8-10 wlamde da aRweven 50 sm sigrZesa da 0,5-1,0 kg wonas
(iSviaTad 4,6 kg). warmoadgenen adgilobrivi rewvisa da samoxaliso sportuli TevzWeris
obieqts. yvelaze meti raodenobiT mas iWeren baikalSi. dasavleT evropaSi Semodgomis
xariuss amjobineben oraguls. CexeTSi, ungreTsa da sxva qveynebSi mas zrdian tborebsa da
tbebSi. baikalSi raodenobis gasazrdelad mas xelovnurad amravleben.
ojaxi cqimurasebrni - Osmeridae
cqimurasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi patara zomis, moxdenili Tevzebi arian muqi
feris zurgiTa da vercxlisferi gverdebiT. Tevzis sxeuli dafarulia advilad cvenadi
qerclebiT, gverdiTi xazi arasruli aqvs gaaCnia cximovani farfli. saxeobebis
umravlesobaSi kuWi brma parkis saxiTaa warmodgenili. cqimurasebrTa umravlesobas aqvs
axali kitris specifikuri suni. gunduri Tevzebi arian farTod arian gavrcelebuli
CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi. binadroben atlanturi, wynari da Crdilo yinulovani
okeaneebis CrdiloeT nawilebis auzebis marilian da mtknar wylebSi.
cqimurasebTa ojaxSi iTvlian eqvs gvarsa da daaxloebiT 10 saxeobas. yvelaze ufro
gavrcelebulia Cveulebrivi cqimura (Osmerus eperlanus), romelic warmoqmnis or
qvesaxeobas da mtknari wylis rig formebs (tbis cqimurebi).
evropuli cqimura-mcire zomis Tevzia 15-25 sm-mde sigrZiTa da 40 kg-mde woniT.
misi sxeuli dafarulia SedarebiT msxvili qerclebiT. piri didia, qveda yba winaa
gamoweuli, kbilebi sustia.
sur #97. evropuli cqimura
62
cqimura _ gamsvleli Tevzia, romelic binadrobs evropis sanapirosTan biskais
yuridan peCoramde. zRvaSi ikvebeba pelagiuri kibosnairebiT. sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis
asakSi. mdinareebSi svla iwyeba adre gazafxulze jer kidev yinulis qveS. mdinareebSi
maRla ar adis. tofobs qvemo welSi. Tavis webovan qviriTs cqimura yris qvebze, kenWebze,
sanapiro mcenareulobis gadarecxil fesvebze. cqimuras nayofiereba meryeobs 8 aTasidan
55 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. lifsitebi iCekebian me-15, me-20 dRe-Rames da eSvebian
zRvaSi. Tavdapirvelad isini ikvebebian planqtoniT, Semdeg fskeris uxerxemloebiTa da
Tevzebis mozardebiTac ki, maT Soris sakuTriTac.
cqimuras mkvidri formebi, tbis cqimurebi binadroben baltiis zRvisa da volgis
zeda welis auzis tbebSi, sadac didi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvT. isini 6-10 sm-mde sigrZis
patara Tevzebi arian.
sur #98. tbis cqimura
nasuqoben tbebSi, ikvebebian ZiriTadad zooplanqtoniT, magram zogjer fskeris
uxerxemloebiTa da sxva Tevzebis lifsitebiTac ki. satofod Sedian mdinareebSi, magram
xSirad mravldebian TviT tbebSic ki. sqesmwifeni xdebian 1-2 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 2
aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. tofoba mimdinareobs april-maisSi 1,0-3,5 m siRrmeze. tbaSi
cqimurebis raodenoba dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan meryeobebTan, romlebic damokidebulia
gamravlebis pirobebze.
aziuri cqimura (Osmerus eperlanus dentex) gavrcelebulia md. obidan yviTel
zRvamde da CrdiloeT amerikis sanapiros gaswvriv. isini ufro didebi arian, vidre
evropuli cqimurebi da aqvT mZlavri kbilebi. arCeven aziis cqimuras gamsvlel da tbis
formebs. biologiiT isini emsgavsebian evropuls. ikvebebian ZiriTadad mdinareebis
SesarTavebSi kibosnairebiT, qironomidebis larvebiTa da Tevzebis mozardebiT.
cqimurebs iWeren yvelgan, sadac ki isini binadroben. didi xania warmoadgenen
gamravlebisa da aklimatizaciis obieqts.
patarapiriani cqimura (Hypomesus olidus) binadrobs wynari okeanis aziis
sanapirosTan da Crdilo yinulovani okeanis aRmosavleT nawilSi, sadac qmnis gamsvlel
da mtknari wylis formebs. isini mcire zomis (daaxloebiT 13 sm-mde sigrZis) Tevzebi
arian patara piriTa da sustad ganviTarebuli kbilebiT. sqesmwife xdebian 2-3 wlis
asakSi. nayofiereba Seadgens daaxloebiT 4 aTas qviriTis marcvals. tofobs gazafxulze.
cqimurebi ikvebebian mwerebis larvebiT. warmoadgenen rewvis obieqts.
cqimurasebrTa ojaxis yvelaze ufro mravalricxovani warmomadgenelia m o i v a
(Mallotus villosus).
63
sur #99. Mmoiva
ukanasknel wlebSi mas didi raodenobiT iWeren atlantisa da wynari okeaneebis
CrdiloeT nawilebSi. moivas sarewao zomebia 11-19 sm. moiva zRvis Tevzia. binadrobs
zRvis Ria nawilebis pelagialSi, xolo tofobs napirebTan. gavrcelebulia yvela
polarul zonaSi. sqesmwife xdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi. tofobs sxvadasxva raionSi
gazafxulsa da zafxulze, martidan seqtembris CaTvliT, wylis 2-40C temperaturaze 50100 m siRrmeze. qviriTis marcvlebi mcire zomisaa, ewebebian substrats, nayofiereba
meryeobs 8 aTasidan 56 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. moivas mamrebi mdedrebze didi zomisaa.
gaaCniaT ufro grZeli da maRali farflebi. tofobis periodSi maT gverdebze uCndebaT
kanis naoWebi. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2-3 kvira. moiva ikvebeba kibosnairebiT,
izrdeba Cqara.
ojaxi vercxlisebrni - Argentinidae
es ojaxi moicavs zRvis pelagiuri Tevzebis 20 saxeobas. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
mogrZo-movercxlisfro Seferilobis sxeuli, patara ukbilo piri da didi Tvalebi.
yvelaze ufro cnobilia argentina, anu oqros cqimura (Argentina silus). axlad daWeril
oqros cqimuras aqvs axali kitris mZafri suni.
sur #100. argentina, anu oqros cqimura
gavrcelebulia CrdiloeT atlantis zomier wylebSi, gvxvdeba barencis zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi. izrdeba nela, 60 sm sigrZes aRwevs 25 wlis asakSi.
sqesmwife xdeba 9-12 wlis asakSi. tofobs martidan maisis CaTvliT 300-400m siRrmeze.
nayofiereba 3,5-7,5 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. qviriTis marcvlebi msxvilia _ 3,0-3,5 mm
diametris cximovani wveTiT. viTardebian wylis sisqeSi. mozrdili oqros cqimurebi
ewevian jogur cxovrebas, Cerdebian ra 150-600 m da met siRrmeze. ikvebebian mcire zomis
kibosnairebiT, kalmarebiT, savarcxlurebiTa da droda dro patara TevzebiT. Tevzis Wera
jerjerobiT mcire raodenobiT xdeba. ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebis biologia naklebad
aris Seswavlili da sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvT.
64
O0jaxi qariylapiasebrni - ESOCIDAE
qariylapiasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi miekuTvnebian Esoci formes-s rigs. maTi
sistematikis Taobaze mecnierebaSi erTiani azri ar arsebobs. l. bergi Tvlida, rom isini
arian cqimurebTan axlo mdgomi Tevzebis ganStoeba.
qariylapiasebrTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mogrZo, iisferi sxeuli, dafaruli patarpatara cikloiduri qerclebiT (aranakleb 100 qerclisa gverdiT xazSi) da win
gamoweuli, zemodan qvemoT gabrtyelebuli dingi. Ppiri didi aqvT, qveda yba _ wina
gamoweuli. piris Rrus yvela Zvali SeiaraRebulia kbilebiT. layuCis parkebi ar aris
Sezrdili layuCSorisTan. zurgis farfli gadatanilia ukan, Sors da imyofeba analuri
farflis zemoT.
sur #101. qariylapia
am ojaxs miekuTvneba qariylapiebis erTi gvari _ EsocF- xuTi saxeobiT. yvelaze
metad gavrcelebulia Cveulebrivi qariylapia – Esoc lucius
is yvelaze farTod aris gavrcelebuli mtknari wylis Tevzebs Soris. Ggvxvdeba
agreTve dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebSi: Coloqi natanebi, sufsa, rioni, fiCora, xobi,
kodori, Savwyala, tbebSi: paliastomi; is binadrobs evropis, aziisa da amerikis CrdiloeT
wylebSi.EB
Cveulebrivi qariylapia aRwevs 1,5 m-ze met sigrZesa da 35 kg-ze met wonas.
cocxlobs daaxloebiT 20-30 wlamde. Seferiloba binadrobis adgilebTan dakavSirebiT
Zlier varirebs.
binadrobs qariylapia tbebsa da neli dinebis mdinareebSi. Cveulebriv Cerdeba
wyalqveSa mcenareulobebis bardebze, sadac mtaceblobs patara Tevzebze, qariylapiebi
Zalian gaumaZRrebi arian. Mmozrdili qariylapia ikvebeba upiratesad TevzebiT da Wams
didi raodenobiT sakuTar lifsitebsac. ikvebeba agreTve bayayebiT, ylapavs Tagvebs da
wyalSi mcurav patara frinvelebsac. qariylapia swrafad izrdeba. Sakvebis siuxvisas
tborebSi misi lifsitebi aRweven 450 kg saSualo wonas, xolo calkeuli individebi _
800 g-sac ki. sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. qviriTs yris sagazafxulo wyaldidobis
dros mdeloebze, roca wylis temperature 3-60 C-ia. Cvens regionSi tofoba mimdinareobs
martis bolodan maisis CaTvliT, xolo CrdiloeTiT - ivlisamde. qviriTis marcvlebi
msxvili da 2,5-3,0 mm diametrisaa. naklebad webvadi, Tavdapirvelad emagreba
mcenareulobas, 2-3 dRis Semdeg webvadoba qreba, qviriTis marcvlebi mimoiyreba fskerze
da iq viTardeba gamoCekamde. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 2 kvira.
nayofiereba 17,5-21,5 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia (Zalian didi zomis individebSi _ 1 mlnmde).
axalgamoCekili larvebi ikvebebian mcire zomis kibosnairebiT. sxeulis sigrZis 1215 sm-mde miRwevisas qariylapiebs SeuZliaT kobrebis larvebis gadaylapva. saerTod, isini
65
mTlianad mtaceblur kvebaze maSin gadadian, roca sxeulis sigrZe 5sm-s miawevs.
qariylapias msxverpli SeiZleba iyos sakmaod didi da misma zomebma Seadginos mtaceblis
zomis 50-63%. SedarebiT momcro zomis qariylapiebi (50sm-mde sigrZis) ikvebebian
naklebadRirebuli TevzebiT _ cimorebiT, kirCxalebiT, sxiranebiT da sxva. amis gamo
tbebsa da wyalsatevebSi isini warmoadgenen racionaluri Tevzmeurneobis aucilebel
obieqts. qariylapias ar arsebobis an mcirericxovnobis SemTxvevaSi xdeba tbebis Warbad
dasaxleba mcire zomis qorWilebiTa da CiqvebiT. qariylapias sakmaod farTod amravleben
satbore meurneobebSi. qariylapias, rogorc satbore kulturis obieqtis Rirebuleba ara
marto imaSia, rom is iZleva karg xorcs, aramed imaSic, rom warmoadgens biologiur
meliorators, anadgurebs kobrebis an sxva mosaSenebeli Tevzebis konkurentebs kvebaSi da
amis gamo igi yvelgan rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia.
Amuris qariylapia - Esoc reicherti - mozrdil mdgomareobaSi Cveulebrivisagan
gamoirCeva ufro patara qerclebiTa da SeferilobiT. Mmas aqvs Savi laqebiT dafaruli
movercxlisfro gverdebi.
rigi gvelTevzasnairni. Angalebi - Anguilliformes
gvelTevzasnairebs
miekuTvnebian
Tevzebi,
romelTaTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia
gvelTevzas formis sxeuli. igi TiTqmis cilindruli da winidan odnav gabrtyelebuli
gverdebidan kudis nawilebSi. layuCis xvrelebi patarebia. farflebSi mCxvletavi sxivebi
ara aqvs. ar gaaCnia muclis farflebi, xolo zogs _ mkerdisac. sxeuli dafarulia
cikloiduri qerclebiT an SiSvelia. kani lorwovania. ganviTareba mimdinarebs
metamorfoziT. maRalsxeuliani gamWvirvale foTliseburi larvebi sruliad ar gvanan
mozrdil gvelTevzebs. gvelTevzasnairTa rigs miekuTvneba 24 ojaxi da daaxloebiT 300
saxeoba, romlebic binadroben tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi. Mtknar wylebSi
sanasuqod Sedian gvelTevzasebrTa mxolod erTi ojaxis warmomadgenlebi.
Oojaxi gvelTevzasebrni, anu mtknari wylis gvelTevzasebrni - Anguilli
ojaxs miekuTvneba erTi gvari – Anguilla ramdenime saxeobiT. Mmtknari wylis
gvelTevzebis saxeobebis raodenobaze erTiani azri ar arsebobs. sxvadasxva avtorTa
monacemebiT, maTi raodenoba meryeobs 10-dan 25-mde. klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs
malebisa da analur farflSi sxivebis raodenoba.
am rigis yvelaze ufro saintereso da ucnauri warmomadgenelia Cveulebrivi, anu
evropuli gvelTevza _ Anguilla anguilla _ is gavrcelebulia sakmaod farTod da
binadrobs peCoridan Sav zRvamde. Ggvxvdeba xmelTaSua zRvis, CrdiloeTisa da baltiis
sanapiroebis gaswvriv, agreTve kanaris, azorisa da fareris kunZulebze, madeiraze,
inglisSi, irlandiasa da islandiaSi. wyalsatevebSi gvelTevzas lifsitebis xelovnur
CasaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT misi binadrobis sazRvrebma gadaiwia Sors aRmosavleTiT.
Ggvxvdeba is orenburgis olqis wyalsatevebSic, saidanac SeaRwia kaspiis zRvis auzSi.
Zalian axlo qvesaxeoba, romelic gamoirCeva malebis naklebi ricxviT, binadrobs
atlantis okeanis amerikis sanapiros mdinareebSi gvianidan da panamidan samxreTiT,
grenlandiamde CrdiloeTiT.
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gvxvdeba mcire raodenobiT.kerZod mdinareebSi: WoroxSi,
kintriSSi, sufsaSi, rionSi, wyalwiTelaSi, xobSi, besleTSi, alazanSi, iorSsa da
jandaris tbaSi. saqarTveloSi uwodeben angals.
Aaziis wynari okeanis sanapiroebTan gvxvdeba iaponuri gvelTevza (Anguilla japonica),
romelsac gacilebiT bevri mala da farflebze muqi arSia aqvs.
samxreT naxevarsferoSi mobinadre gvelTevzebs uwodeben tropikuls. zomieri zonis
gvelTevzebisagan isini gamoirCevian ufro Wreli SeferilobiTa da damoklebuli zurgis
farfliT.
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Ggamravlebis biologiiT mtknari wylis yvela gvelTevza erTmaneTs hgavs. mxolod
lavruli periodi tropikul gvelTevzebSi ufro moklea da grZeldeba 2-3 Tve. sarewao
mimarTulebiT yvelaze ufro Zvirfasia evropuli mdinaris gvelTevza, romelic aRwevs
daaxloebiT 2 m sigrZesa da 4-6 kg wonas. misi zurgisa da analuri farflebi grZelia.
mkerdis farflebi mokle da farToa da Serwymulia kudis farflTan. piri sasrulia,
mofenili mravalricxovani patara basri kbilebiT. Tavi konusuri da ramdenadme
gabrtyelebulia. gvelTevzebis Seferiloba icvleba asakTan erTad da damokidebulia
wyalsatevis xasiaTze. is SeiZleba iyos muqi mwvane an wablisferi, zogjer Sav-yviTeli an
TeTri gverdebiTa da mucliT.
am rigis (Anguilla-s) gvelTevzebi gamsvleli Tevzebi arian, zrdasrul
mdgomareobaSi binadroben mtknar wyalSi, xolo tofobisaTvis midian zRvaSi da
axorcieleben e.w. kadatromul migraciebs.
sqesmwife gvelTevzebi Cveulebriv binadroben mdinareebSi, magram xSirad Sedian
tbebsa da tborebSi. sxvadasxva adgilas gansaxlebis dros gvelTevzebi xSirad iyeneben
patara nakadulebs, iWedebian wyalsadenis milebSic ki. aRiniSneboda SemTxvevebi, rodesac
gvelTevzebi gadacocdebodnen erTi wyalsatevidan meoreSi sveli balaxis saSualebiT.
gvelTevza eweva damaluli cxovrebis nirs. dRe-Ramis naTel dros imaleba samalavSi,
xSirad efloba lamian niadagSi, SeaRwevs ra 80 sm siRrmeze, xolo zogierTi monacemiT –
1,5 m-dec ki.
gvelTevzebis lifsitebi ikvebebian wylis mwerebis kuprebiT, moluskebiT, WiebiTa
da kibosnairebiT. zrdasruli gvelTevzebis kvebaSi did rols TamaSoben patara Tevzebi.
Yvelaze ufro intensiurad ikvebebian maisidan seqtembris CaTvliT. zamTrobiT gvelTevza
ar ikvebeba, efloba rbil niadagSi da iZinebs.
gvelTevza izrdeba SedarebiT nela, magram Zalian karg pirobebSi SeiZleba 500 gmdec moimatos weliwadSi. mtknar wyalSi igi atarebs daaxloebiT 4 wels, zogjer 10
welze metsac (iSviaTad 25-s). Semdeg gvelTevza eSveba zRvaSi. sarewao werisa da
niSandebis gziT dadgenilia, rom baltiis zRvaSi mimavali gvelTevzebi agrZeleben Tavis
gzas dasavleTiT. CrdiloeTisa da xmelTaSua zRvaSi migraciaSi myofi gvelTevzebis kvali
qreba, maTi Semdgomi gza ar aris cnobili. migraciaSi myofi mamrebis maqsimaluri sigrZe
Seadgens 29 sm-s, mdedri _ 41-42 sm-s. maTi sasqeso jirkvlebi am dros imyofeba
ganviTarebis
II da III stadiaze. gvelTevzebis Seferiloba zRvaSi muqdeba, Tvalebi
udiddebaT, dingi iweleba. mimdinareobs Zvlebisa da kunTovani qsovilebis demineralizacia
da saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis degeneracia. gvelTevzebis tofoba xorcieldeba
evropis mdinareebidan sargasis zRvaSi 300-400m-is, zogjer 1000m-mdec siRrmezec ki
wylis aranakleb 70C temperaturaze. tofobis Semdeg gvelTevzebi iRupebian.
qviriTis marcvlebi patarebia (0,93-1,4 mm diametris) ramdenime cximovani wveTiT.
viTardeba wylis sisqeSi. gvelTevzebi Zalian nayofierebi arian. 2,4 kg wonis individebSi
naxuloben 9mln-mde qviriTis marcvals. axalgamoCekili larvebi amodian zedapirze,
miitacebian golfstrimis mZlavri dinebebis mier da miitanebian evropis napirebTan.
grZeldeba 1,5-2 weli.
mtknari wylebis zegavleniT larva TandaTan iwyebs gvelTevzad gardaqmnas. amasTan,
larva mokldeba, sxeulis simaRle mcirdeba da foTliseburidan is xdeba momrgvalebuli.
gvelTevzas lifsitebi evropis mdinareebSi Sesvlas iwyeben Tebervlidan, gansakuTrebiT
bevri Sedis aprilSi.
inglisidan, safrangeTidan da espaneTidan xdeba milionobiT cocxali lifsitis
eqsporti sxva qveynebSi, sadac maT iyeneben tborebSi, tbebsa da mdinareebSi Casasmelad.
gvelTevza xasiaTdeba maRali plastikurobiT da advilad eCveva sxvadasxva tipis
wyalsatevebs da Tevzebis nebismier kompleqss. magram yvelaze kargad izrdebian evropul
wyalsatevebSi. sarewao zomebs aRweven Casmidan meSvide, merve wels. rig qveynebSi
(ruseTSi, safrangeTSi, iaponiaSi) muSaoben gvelTevzas xelovnur gamravlebaze. gvelTevzas
nazi da cximiani (29-32%-mde cximi) xorci Zalian fasobs, gansakuTrebiT Sebolili.
67
c x r i l i
rigi kobrisnairni - Cypriniformes
sxva rigebisagan gansxvavebiT kobrisnairTa rigis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT veberis
aparati, warmoqmnili uZravad Senawevrebuli oTxi wina malisagan. am Zvlebis meSveobiT,
romlebic akavSirebs smenis organos sacurao buStTan, xorcieldeba garemos wnevis
SegrZneba. maTi sxeuli Cveulebriv dafarulia cikloiduri qercliT, iSviaTad SiSvelia.
muclis farflebs ukavia abdominaluri mdgomareoba. iTvlian kobrisnairTa 2900-ze met
saxeobas, anu yvela cnobili Tevzis daaxloebiT 15%-s. rigi Seicavs sam qverigs.
xaracinisnairni, eleqtruli gvelTevzasnairni da kobrisnairni.
gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania kobrisebrTa ojaxi (Cyprinidae), romelic moicavs
daaxloebiT 245 gvarsa da 1500-ze met saxeobas. pirSi kbilebi ar gaaCniaT, magram
saylapavis qveda Zvlebze aqvT erT-or, an samrigad ganlagebuli kbilebi. kefis ZiriTadi
Zvlis qveda zedapirze gaaCniaT rqiseburi warmonaqmni, romelic saylapav kbilebTan erTad
sakvebis damaqucmaceblis rols asrulebs.
kobrisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi binadroben afrikis, CrdiloeT amerikis,
evropisa da aziis mtknar wylebSi. evropasa da aziaSi isini gamoirCevian TavianTi
mravalricxovnobiTa da mravalferovnebiT. umTavresad siTbosayvaruli Tevzebi arian.
kobrisebrTa ojaxis bevri saxeoba zogjer Zalian msgavsia. maTi gansazRvrisas
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia: raodenoba, farflebis forma da maTSi sxivebis raodenoba.
TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki binadroben kobrisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi, aqvT
didi sarewao mniSvneloba. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriul wylebSi umTavresad
iWeren nafotas, kobrs, kaparWinas, Samaias, vimbas, tarans umTavresad azovis, kaspiisa da
aralis zRvebis auzebSi.
Hhidroeleqtrosadgurebis kaSxalebis mSeneblobam arsebiTad Secvala mdinareebis
hidroqimiuri da hidrobiologiuri reJimi. Semcirda satofo arealebi maT qvemo welSi.
biogenuri elementebis Cadinebis Semcirebis da zRvis mimdebare nawilebis gamtknarebis
68
Sedegad gauaresda sakvebi baza TevzebisaTvis. yvelaferma aman uaryofiTi zegavlena
moaxdina Tevzebis, gansakuTrebiT naxevradgamsvlelebis, maragze. tardeba melioraciuli
samuSaoebi Tevzebis gamravlebis bunebrivi pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. bevri kobrisnairi
gaxda satbore meurneobebSi xelovnuri gamravlebis obieqti. yvelaze meti popularobiT
sargeblobs sazani, anu kobri. mas amravleben evropaSi, aziasa da avstraliaSi. bevr
qveyanaSi aTvisebulia balaxismWameli Tevzebis moSeneba: sqelSublas, amuris, katleis,
labeos, cirinasa da wveras. zogierTi mkveTri Seferilobis kobrebis tropikul saxeobebs,
gansakuTrebiT oqros Tevzebis sxvadasxva formas, romlebic gamoyvanilia movercxlisfro
karCxanadan, iyeneben akvariumebis dasamSveneblad.
gvari nafotebi (Rutilus) misi warmomadgenlebi farToda arian gavrcelebuli
evropisa da aziis (kolimisa da wynari okeanis auzis garda) mtknar momlaSo
wyalsatevebSi. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriul wylebSi gvxvdeba ori saxeoba:
Cveulebrivi nafota (R. rutilus) da morevis nafota (R.frisii). nafotasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dingis boloze gaxsnili da naxevradqveda piri, erTmwkrivad ganlagebuli saylapavi
kbilebi.
Tavisi arealis farglebSi, Cveulebriv, nafota warmoqmnis rig qvesaxeobebs,
romlebic warmoadgenen mtknari wylis formebs (tipuri da cimbiris nafota) da
naxevradgamsvlelebs (azov-Savi zRvis tarani, kaspiis nafota da aralis nafota),
romlebic sanasuqod Sedian zRvaSi.
sur #103. nafotas gvari
a) nafota, b) ,
g)tarani, d)kutumi
m k v i d r, anu t i p u r n a f o t a s (Rutilus rutilus rutilus) aqvs
gverdebidan odnav Sebrtyelebuli sxeuli, romelic dafarulia msxvili qercliT
69
(gverdiT xazSi 41-48). Tvalis feradi garsi narinjisferia wiTeli laqiT zeda nawilSi.
muclis, analuri da kudis farflebi
gardamavalia narinjisferidan wiTel feramde.
mcire zomis Tevzia, romelic iSviaTad aRwevs 30 sm-sigrZesa da 600-800 g wonas.
Cveulebriv binadrobs tbebsa da mdore dinebis mdinareebSi da raodenobis mixedviT xSirad
ikavebs erT-erT pirvel adgils sxva saxeobebs Soris. es aisaxeba nafotas araCveulebrivi
plastikurobiT rogorc kvebiT, ise gamravlebis pirobebTan dakavSirebiT. nafota ikvebeba
sxvadasxvagvari organizmebiT. sakvebis did nawils Seadgens wyalmcenareebi, umaRlesi
mcenareebi, sxvadasxva mweris Wuprebi da moluskebi. mkvidri nafota ufro nela izrdeba,
vidre naxevradgamsvleli forma. nafota sqesmwife xdeba 3-5 wlis asakSi sxeulis 12 sm
sigrZis miRwevisas. tofobs april-maisSi wylis daaxloebiT 100C temperaturaze. qviriTs
yris wyliT dafarul wina wlis mcenareulobaze. qviriTis marcvlebi naklebad webovania.
nayofiereba meryeobs 1,1-dan 85 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba
4-5 dRe. mkvidr nafotas gaaCnia adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba. mas yvelaze meti
raodenobiT iWeren cimbiris wyalsatevebSi, gansakuTrebiT md. obis auzSi.
t a r a n i (R.rutilus heckeli) naxevradgamsvleli Tevzia, binadrobs Savi da azovis
zRvebis gamtknarebul adgilebSi. tofobisTvis da gamosazamTreblad Sedis mdinareebSi,
tbebsa da gamtknarebul limanebSi. jogis nawili izamTrebs SesarTavebis win. taranis
sarewao sigrZea 12,5-23,0 sm, wona 200-400 g. zogierTi individebi aRweven 50 sm sigrZesa
da 1 kg-ze met wonas. tarani sqesmwife xdeba 4 wlis asakSi. qviriTis dayra mimdinareobs
martidan-maisis CaTvliT mdinaris qvemo welSi. qviriTs yrian mcenareulobaze. nayofiereba
Sedagens 6-aTasidan 200 aTas qviriTis marcvals. tofobis Semdeg tarani eSveba zRvaSi,
sadac intensiurad ikvebeba ZiriTadad moluskebiTa da kibosnairebiT. zamTrobiT tarani ar
ikvebeba.
tarani rewvis Zvirfasi obieqtia azov-Savi zRvis auzSi. amJamad taranis maragi
daculia xelovnuri gamravlebiTa da satofo adgilebis melioraciiT.
v o b l a (R.rutilus caspicus) erT-erTi mravalricxovania kaspiis zRvis sarewao
Tevzebs Soris. waagavs nafotas, aqvs naxevradqveda piri, mkerdis, muclisa da analuri
farflebi Cveulebriv muqia. sxeulis sigrZe 30-35 sm-mdea, wona-800g-mde. sarewao zomebi
naklebia. naxevradgamsvleli Tevzia. umetes dros atarebs zRvis gamtknarebul adgilebSi,
sadac ikvebeba ZiriTadad moluskebiT, naklebad fskeris kibosnairebiT. Semodgomaze vobla
modis napirebTan da nawilobriv Sedis mdinareebis deltaSi. mdinareebSi tofobs aprilmaisSi wylis 10-120C temperaturaze. voblas nayofiereba 20-aTasidan 200-aTas qviriTis
marcvlamdea. qviriTs xSirad yrian wina wlis mcenareulobaze. sainkubacio periodi
grZeldeba 5-6 dRe-Rame. gamoCekili larvebi ramdenime xnis Semdeg eSvebian zRvaSi.
tofobadamTavrebuli Tevzebic ar Cerdebian mdinareebSi.
kaspiis zRvis donis dawevasTan da md. volgis Cadinebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT
voblas Werili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
a r a l i s v o b l a s (R.rutilus aralensis) aqvs qveda piri. sxeulis sigrZe 30
sm-mdea. binadrobs aralis zRvis auzSi, sadac warmoqmnis naxevradgamsvlel da juja
(lelqaSebis) formebs. tofobs 1-50C temperaturaze rogorc mtknar, aseve daaxloebiT
11%0 marilianobis mqone wyalSi wina wlis mcenareulobebze. nayofiereba Seadgens 54-142
aTas qviriTis marcvals. ikvebeba moluskebiT, RortavebiT da mcenareebiT. warmoadgens
rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts. iWeren mas ZiriTadad gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze napirebTan
mosvlis dros. aralis voblas maragi Zlier Semcirda mdinareebis amudariisa da
sirdariis daregulirebis gamo.
m o r e v i s
n a f o t a (Rutilus frisii) didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 70
sm sigrZesa da daaxloebiT 8 kg wonas. nafotasagan gansxvavdeba ufro patara qerclebiTa
(53-68 gverdiT xazSi) da didi kudis farfliT. aqvs muqi feris zurgi momwvano
elvarebiT, gavrcelebulia azov-Savi zRvis auzSi. naxevradgamsvleli formaa. ikvebeba
zRvis gamtknarebul adgilebSi, xolo tofobisaTvis Sedis mdinareebSi. amjobinebs
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mdinareebs qviani gruntiTa da Cqari dinebiT. Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilidan
Sedis mdinareebSi dneprSi, bugsa da dnestrSi.
mdinareebis zog adgilebSi arsebobs morevis nafotas mkvidri formebi, magram maTi
ricxvi mcirea. mdinareebSi satofo svla Zalian gaWianurebulia. mdinareebSi zamTarsa da
gazafxulze Sesuli morevis nafota tofobs imave wels, zafxulsa da Semodgomaze _
momaval wels. sqesmwife xdeba 5 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba tolia saSualod 138 aTasi
qviriTis marcvlisa. tofobis momentSi mamrebi iZenen ferad saqorwino Seferilobas: Tavi
da sxeuli gverdiTi xazis zemoT ifareba rZisfer-margalitisferi xorklebiT, farflebi
xdeba movardisfro-cisferi sadafis elferiT. tofoba mimdinareobs april-maisSi mdinaris
qvian adgilebSi. gamoCekili larvebi imalebian qvebis qveS. tofobis Semdeg morevis nafota
eSveba zRvaSi da ikvebeba moluskebiT, mwerebis larvebiTa da kibosnairebiT. morevis
nafota Zvirfasi, magram iSviaTi Tevzia. misi maragis dasacavad aucilebelia RonisZiebebis
Catareba xelovnuri gamravlebisaTvis.
k u t u m i (R.frisii Kutum) morevis nafotas qvesaxeobaa, romelic binadrobs
kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, saidanac Seyvanilia azovis zRvaSi.
naxevradgamsvleli gunduri Tevzia. mwifdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi 40 sm sigrZis miRwevisas.
tofobs mart-maisSi mdinareebisa da tbebis adidebul adgilebSi, yris ra qviriTs
mravalferovan substratze (mcenareebi, gadarecxili fesurebi, qviani grunti). qviriTi
webovania. nayofiereba 90-150 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. tofobadamTavrebuli individebi
da lifsitebi eSvebian zRvaSi.
kutumi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia mtkvris qvemo welSi. misi xorci gamoirCeva
maRali sakvebi RirebulebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT did mniSvnelobas iZens TevzsaSen
qarxnebSi kutumis xelovnuri gamravleba.
gvari Savi amurebi (Mylopharyngodon). Savi amurebis gvarSi Sedis mxolod erTi
warmomadgeneli S a v i a m u r i (M.piceus). es didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs
daaxloebiT 120 sm sigrZesa da 30 kg. masas. Sav amurs gaaCnia mogrZo sxeuli, dafaruli
msxvili qerclebiT (39-43 qercli gverdiT xazSi). zurgi TiTqmis Savia, xolo muceli
ramdenadme Ria ferisaa. zurgisa da muclis farflebi moklea. saylapavi kbilebi
ganlagebulia 1-2 rigad, masiuri, kargad ganviTarebuli saReWi zedapiri xels uwyobs
moluskebis niJarebis advilad daqucmacebas, romlebic misi ZiriTadi sakvebia. Savi amuri
gavrcelebulia amuridan samxreT CineTamde. Savi amurebi miekuTvnebian e.w. `moSinaurebul
Tevzebs~, romelTac siamovnebiT aSeneben tborebSi. izrdeba swrafad. md. amurSi sqesmwife
xdeba 7-9 wlis, ufro samxreTiT, satbore meurneobebSi _ 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofobs
ivnis-ivlisSi, qviriTi pelagiuria, yris erTxel. Savi amuri Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. mis
moSenebas misdeven ukrainis, CrdiloeT kavkasiis da Sua aziis satbore meurneobebSi.
gvari TeTri amurebi moicavs erT saxeobas TeTr amurs _ (Ctenopharyngodon idella),
romelic Savi amurisagan gamoirCeva ufro TeTri SeferilobiT, saylapavi kbilebi or
rigadaa ganlagebuli, gverdebidan SeWyletili, Zlier dakbiluli gaswvrivi RariT saReW
zedapirze. Subli farToa, piri – naxevradqveda. TeTri amuris sxeuli mogrZoa,
balaxisfer-moyviTalo feris, yavisfer-monacrisfro zurgiT.
71
sur #104. TeTri amuri
TeTri amuri mtknari wylis binadari didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 32kg
wonasa da 122 sm sigrZes. binadrobs md. amuris auzis Sua da qvemo dinebaSi, mdinareebSi
sungarisa da
usuriSi,
agreTve tbebSi:
xankasa da
petropavlovskSi. amuri
aklimatizebulia saqarTveloSi, Sua aziasa da ruseTis uvropul nawilSi. zrdasrul
mdgomareobaSi iyenebs wylisa da xmeleTis umaRles mcenareulobas.
izrdeba amuri sakmaod Cqara. erTwlianis wonam SeiZleba miaRwios 0,6 kg-s,
orwlianis _ 2,5 kg-sa da mets. TeTri amuri md. amurSi sqesmwife xdeba 6-10, xolo
TurqmeneTis wyalsatevSi 3-4 wlis asakSi. saqarTveloSi nayofiereba meryeobs 100 aTasian
816 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. tofobs md. amurSi mimdinareobs ivnis-ivlisSi wylis 18250C temperaturaze da 1-1,7 m/w dinebis siCqarisas. qviriTs yris porciobiT. qviriTi
pelagiuria. qviriTis marcvlebi qviriTobis Semdeg Zlier iberebian da diametrSi 2-dan 5
mm-mde diddebian. wylis 27-290C temperaturaze TeTri amuris qviriTi viTardeba 32-40
saaTis ganmavlobaSi, gamoCekili larvebi 6-7 dRe-Ramis Semdeg gadadian aqtiur kvebaze.
lifsitebis ZiriTadad sakvebs warmoadgenen kolovratebi da kibosnairebi, qironomidebis
patara larvebi da wyalmcenareebi. ukve erTi Tvis asakSi sxeulis sigrZis 3 sm-is
miRwevisas TeTri amuri gadadis mcenareulobiT kvebaze. amuri Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia da
SesaniSnavi biologiuri melioratori, romelic xels uSlis wylis mcenareulobis
masobriv ganviTarebas tborebSi, wyalsacavebsa da sarwyav arxebSi.
gvari elcebi (Leuciscus) moicavs daaxloebiT 50 saxeobas. isini mogrZo Tevzebi
arian, msxvili an saSualo zomis qerclebiT, SedarebiT mokle analuri farfliT, or
rigad ganlagebuli kbilebiT. elcebi binadroben evropis, dasavleT da Crdilo aziis da
Crdilo amerikis wylebSi. yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli arian eleci, karCxali da idi,
romlebic adgilobrivi qvesaxeobebis ZiriTad formebTan erTad warmodgenili arian
evropisa da aziiis sxvadasxva raionSi.
Cveulebrivi eleci (L.leuciscus) binadrobs ZiriTadad evropisa da aziis mdinareebsa
da gamdinare tbebSi, garda wynari okeanis auzis mdinareebisa. es fskeris gunduri Tevzia,
daaxloebiT 20 sm-mde sigrZiTa da 200 g woniT. sqesmwife xdeba 2-4 wlis asakSi
sxeulis sigrZis 11-14 sm-is miRwevisas. tofobs adre gazafxulze wylis 6-80C
temperaturaze. nayofiereba Seadgens
daaxloebiT 17 aTas
msxvil (daaxloebiT 2 mm
diametris) qviriTis marcvals. qviriTs yris mkvriv gruntze, agreTve mcenareulobaze.
elcebis lifsitebi ikvebebian kibosnairebiT da wyalmcenareebiT, zrdasrulebi _ fskeris
uxerxemloebiT, mcenareulobiTa da mwerebiT. warmoadgens sportuli TevzWeris obieqts.
cimbiris mtknar wyalsatevebSi mobinadre eleci ufro didi zomisaa, vidre
evropuli da gaaCniaT sarewao mniSvneloba. elcebis zogierTi saxeoba asrulebs
mniSvnelovan sameurneo daniSnulebas isik-yulis tbaSi.
qarCxali (L. cephalus) sxva saxeobebisagan gamoirCeva ufro farTo TaviTa da dingis
wverze gaxsnili piris napraliT. misi sxeuli mogrZoa, TiTqmis cilindruli, msxvili
dafaruli qerclebiT (43-46 qercli gverdiT xazSi). qarCxali aRwevs 80 sm sigrZesa da
4 kg wonas. binadrobs evropis aRmosavleT nawilisa da aziis zogierT mdinareSi, naklebad
- tbebSi. yvelaze metad gvxvdeba patara Cqari dinebis mdinareebSi, civi wyliTa da
qviSian-kenWebian gruntiT. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 4-5 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 9,7-100
aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. tofoba binadrobis adgilebis mixedviT mimdinareobs martidan
ivnisis CaTvliT. qarCxali ikvebeba mravalferovani sakvebiT. lifsitebi sakvebad iyeneben
zooplanqtons, wyalmcenareebs, zrdasrulebi _ haeris mwerebsa da maT Wuprebs,
moluskebs, Wiebs, Tevzebis lifsitebsa da bayayebs. zamTrobiT karCxali wveba ormoSi.
sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram warmoadgens sportuli TevzWeris obieqts.
i d i (L. idus) qarCxalisagan gamoirCeva ufro maRali sxeuliT, SedarebiT mokle
TaviTa da mkveTrad Seferili farflebiT. didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 60 sm
sigrZesa da 4 kg wonas.
72
.
sur #105.
a)iazi, Soreuli aRmosavleTis farflwiTela, anu ugai
b)
idi binadrobs Crdilo evropisa da cimbiris mdore mdinareebsa da tbebSi
kolimamde. sqesmwife xdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi sxeulis 25 sm sigrZis miRwevisas. tofobs
april-maisSi mdinaris adidebul nawilebSi, zogjer CqerebSi _ 0,5-0,7 m siRrmeze da
wylis 3-40C temperaturaze. nayofiereba Seadgens 39-114 aTas qviriTis marcvals. idi
ikvebeba mwerebis WuprebiT, moluskebiT, WiebiT, wylis mcenareulobiTa da Tevzebis
lifsitebiT. ruseTis CrdiloeT nawilsa da cimbirSi warmoadgens rewvis obieqts.
xelovnurad miRebulia idis yviTeli forma _ o r f a, romelsac amravleben
zogierT satbore meurneobaSi an iyeneben rogorc dekoratiul Tevzs akvariumebsa da
auzebSi.
S o r e u l i a R m o s a v l e T i s f a r f l _ w i T e l i, anu u g
a i
(L. brandti). misi sxeuli dafarulia wvrili qerclebiT (72-93 qercli gverdiT
xazSi). naxevradqveda piri aqvs. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT aziis sanapiroze. gamsvleli
Tevzia. binadrobs zRvaSi okeanuri marilianobisas. mravldeba mdinareebSi. ugai aRwevs
daaxloebiT 50 sm sigrZesa da 1,5 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi sxeulis
sigrZis 20 sm-is miRwevisas. nayofiereba Seadgens 10-15 aTas qviriTis marcvals. tofobs
ivnisSi mdinareebis zemo welSi qvian gruntze. tofobis Semdeg zrdasruli individebi da
mozardebi eSvebian zRvaSi, sadac gamtknarebul adgilebSi fskeris uxerxemloebiT
ikvebebian. sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
gvari farfl-wiTlebi (Scardinius). farfl-wiTlebis gvari moicavs or saxeobas.
farflebis kaSkaSa Seferilobis gamo farfl-wiTels xSirad ver arCeven nafotasagan.
magram es saxeobebi mniSvnelovnad ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. farfl-wiTels aqvs zeda
piri, dakbiluli saylapavi kbilebi orrigadaa ganlagebuli. zurgis farfli sagrZnoblad
ukan daweulia. muclis farflis miRma gaaCnia qerclebiT dafaruli qedi.
73
sur #106. farflwiTela
farflwiTela aRwevs sxeulis 31-36 sm sigrZesa da 400-500 g wonas. magram
gvxvdebian 2 kg-mde wonis egzemplarebi. gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel evropaSi.
gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania is Sav, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebSi Camdinare
mdinareebis qvemo dinebebSi. farflwiTelia amjobinebs mdore mdinareebs, gamdinare
tborebsa da tbebs wyalqveSa mcenareebis bardebiT, sadac poulobs uxv sakvebs mcenareebis
axalgazrda ylortebis, Zafisebri wyalmcenareebis, mwerebis Wuprebisa da moluskebis
qviriTis saxiT. izrdeba sakmaod nela. mwifdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi sxeulis sigrZis 12 sm-is
miRwevisas. tofobs mais-ivnisSi wylis 18-200C temperaturaze. qviriTs yris mcenareebze.
qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. nayofiereba Seadgens 96-aTasidan 232 aTasamde
qviriTis marcvals. sainkubacio periodi tolia 3-4 dRe-Ramis. Aaxal gamoCekili
lifsitebi gadian mosvenebis stadias, emagrebian ra mcenareebs. umetes wyalsatevebSi
farflwiTels gaaCnia adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba.
gvari Werexebi _ xaSamebi (Aspius) mtacebeli kobrisebri Tevzi mogrZo sxeuliT,
romelic dafarulia mWidrod Camjdari sakmaod wvrili qerclebiT (62-105 qercli
gverdiT xazSi), didi piriTa da odnav win gamoweulia xorkliani qveda ybiT, zeda ybaze
aqvs mcire zomis Wrili. muclis farflebis ukan gaaCnia qerclebiT dafaruli qedi
sur #107. Werexi
74
Cveulebrivi Werexi, anu xaSami (A.aspius) binadrobs Sua evropis wyalsatevebsa da
Savi, aralis, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi. aralis zRvasa da samxreT kaspiaSi
Werexi warmodgenilia naxevradgamsvleli formebiT. didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs
80 sm sigrZesa da 11-12 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 3-5 wlis asakSi. samxreT kaspiis Werexi
Sedis mdinareebSi jer kidev Semodgomaze da adis sakmaod maRla.
aralis Werexi Sedis mdinareebSi gazafxulze. tofoba sxvadasxva wyalsatevSi
grZeldeba martidan-maisis CaTvliT wylis 4,5-14,50C temperaturaze Cqari dinebisa da
qviani gruntis adgilebSi. sainkubacio periodi Seadgens 10-dan 17-mde dRe-Rames.
nayofiereba 58-483 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. dasawyisSi mozardebi ikvebebian
kibosnairebiT, fskeris uxerxemloebiT, haeris mwerebiTa da Tevzebis axalgamoCekili
lifsitebiT. zrdasruli Werexi tipuri mtacebelia, romelic Wams sxvadasva patar-patara
Tevzebs (nafotas, elecs, TaRliTas, aTerinasa da sxva).
saqarTveloSi Werexi gavrcelebulia paliastomis tbaSi, mdinare rionis qvemo
dinebasa da mdinareebSi sufsasa da engurSi.
sarewao mniSvneloba umetesad gaaCniaT Werexis naxevradgamsvlel formebs. maTi
xorci Zvirad fasobs. Werexi warmoadgens sportuli TevzWeris obieqts.
gvari loqoriebi - guwu (Tinca) gvarSi Sedis erTi saxeoba - T.tinca. is wylidan
amotanili swrafad icvlis Seferilobas. gavrcelebulia TiTqmis mTel evropaSi, agreTve
md. obsa da eniseis Sua dinebaSi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Savi zRvis sanapiros
mtknar mdinareebSi: sufsa, rioni, kodoris Zveli SesarTavi, agreTve paliastomis,
bebesirisa da jandaris tbebSi. misi msuqani, sakmaod maRali sxeuli dafarulia mWidrod
Camjdari patara qerclebiT. Zalian patara piris kuTxeebSi gaaCnia TiTo mokle ulvaSi.
xaxis kbilebi erTrigadaa gawyobili. loqorias zurgi Cveulebriv muqi mwvanea, oqrosferi
elferiT, gverdebi ki momwvano–wengosferi, magram bardebiT dafarul Crdilian wylebSi
loqoria mTlianad muqia. loqoria amjobinebs mdore, zomier, lamian wyalsatevebs rbili
wyalqveSa mcenareulobiT.
sur #108. Wanari
Zlier amtania wyalSi Jangbadis ukmarisobis mimarT da zogjer gvxvdebian
mcireJangbadian wyalsatevebSi. loqoria Cveulebriv marto ikvebeba patar-patara fskeris
uxerxemloebiT. izrdeba nela, magram sicocxlis xangrZlivobis meSveobiT aRwevs 60 sm
sigrZesa da 7,5 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 2-4 wlis asakSi. mamrebi mwifdebian mdedrebze
ufro adre, romelTaganc advilad gamoirCevian muclis farflSi gasqelebuli meore
sxiviT. tofobs ivnis-ivlisSi wylis 19-220C temperaturaze. qviriTs yris mcenareTa
75
Reroebze porciobiTY 12-14 dRis SualedebiT, romelic Wianurdeba 1,5-2 Tve. sainkubacio
periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 2-3 dRe-Rame. nayofiereba sakmaod maRalia da didi zomis
individebSi aRwevs 900 aTas qviriTis marcvals (Cveulebriv 300-400 aTas qviriTis
marcvals).
loqorias gaaCnia adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba. mas iWeren yvelgan, sadac ki
binadrobs. dasavleT evropis zog qveyanaSi (germania, CexeTi) warmatebiT amravleben
satbore meurneobebSi. saqarTvelos farglebSi sarewao mniSvneloba arsad ara aqvs.
gvari tobebi (Chondrostoma). obebis gvaridan yvelaze farTodaa gavrcelebuli C v
e u l e b r i v i tobi (Ch. nasus), romelic binadrobs evropis mdinareebSi. is ar
gvxdeba TeTri da barencis zRvebis auzebSi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia kolxuri
(md.Woroxi, Caqvi, kintriSi, natanebi, sufsa, rioni, xobi, enguri, besleTi, gumisTa,
Savwyala, bzifi da amtyelis tbaSi), mtkvris (mdinareebi: mtkvar, xrami, iori, alazani,
aragvi, qsani, liaxvi; jandaris tbaSi) da alaznis tobi (erTaderTi egzemplari
mopovebulia md. alazanSi). tobs qveda piri aqvs ganivi napralis saxiT da gamaxvilebuli
qveda tuCiT, romelic dafarulia rqovani SaliTiT. danismagvari saylapavi kbilebi
erTrigadaa gawyobili. muceli Savi aqvs.
sur #109.
tobi aRwevs daaxloebiT 40 sm sigrZesa da 1,6kg wonas. tobebi Cerdebian mcire
gundebad mdinareebis nawilebSi, sadac 1,5-1,7 m siRrmea, gansakuTrebiT im adgilebSi, sadac
qviani grunti dafarulia wyalmcenareebis xaliCiT, romelTac is fxeks qveda tuCiT.
wyalmcenareebis garda is ikvebeba detritiT, sxva Tevzebis qviriTiT, wvimis WiebiT. tobis
nawlavi 2-3-jer aRemateba sxeulis sigrZes. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 3-5 wlis asakSi
sxeulis 20 sm sigrZisas. tofobs april-maisSi wylis 60C temperaturaze mdinaris qvian
gruntze. nayofiereba tolia 1,5-12 aTasi qviriTis marcvlisa. tobis xorci gemrielia,
magram male fuWebadi. tobi samoxaliseo Weris Zvirfasi obieqtia.
gvari wvera (Barbus). wveras gvaris warmomadgenlebs aqvT qveda piri, ulvaSebis ori
wyvili (piris kuTxeebSi da dingis boloze), zurgisa da analuri mokle farflebi,
samrigad gawyobili saylapavi kbilebi da dakbiluli, zogjer gluvi sxivi zurgis
farflSi. am gvars miekuTvneba saxeobaTa didi raodenoba, romlebic ZiriTadad binadroben
afrikisa da aziis mtknar tropikul wylebsa da ufro naklebad evropis zomier wylebSi.
wveras cxra saxeoba, gvxvdeba baltiis, Savi, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis auzebSi. eseni
Cveulebriv mdinaris, naklebad tbisa da gamsvleli Tevzebi arian.
C v e u l e b r i v i w v e r a s, m i r o n i s, anu m a r e n a s (B.barbus)
sxeuli dafarulia sakmaod wvrili qerclebiT. gaaCnia zurgis farflis gasqelebuli
sxivi ukana kideze kargad ganviTarebuli qongurebiT.
76
sur #110. Ddnepris wvera
a)dnepris wvera, b) marinkas napobi
didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 85 sm sigrZesa da 4 kg wonas. wvera
gavrcelebulia Sua evropis mdinareebSi. dneprSi, bugsa da dnestrSi warmodgenilia
gansakuTrebuli qvesaxeobiT. wvera upiratesobas aniWebs mxolod Cqari dinebis adgilebs
qvian-kenWebian gruntze. ikvebeba fskeris uxerxemloebiT, qviriTiTa da patar-patara
TevzebiT, agreTve haeris mwerebiT. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 3-5 wlis asakSi. tofobs
mais-ivnisSi qvian Cqerebze. nayofiereba Seadgens 15-32 aTas qviriTis marcvals. wveras
qviriTi Sxamiania. misi sakvebad gamoyeneba iwvevs saWmlis momnelebeli traqtis Zlier
aSlilobas.
wveras gaaCnia mcire sarewao mniSvneloba. sportuli TevzWeris Zvirfasi obieqtia.
a r a l i s w v e r a (B.brachycephilus) aralis zRvis Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia,
romelic aRwevs 1 m sigrZesa da 20 kg wonas. misi xorcisagan ZiriTadad amzadeben
zurgiels. aralis wvera gamsvleli Tevzia. sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomamde binadrobs Ria
zRvaSi, sadac gaZlierebulad ikvebeba ZiriTadad moluskebiT. sqesobrivi simwifis
dadgomisas (5-6 wlis asakSi) wvera Sedis mdinareebSi amudariasa da sirdariaSi. satofod
mimavali wveras sxeuli gamoirCeva maRali cximianobiT. mdinareSi wvera TiTqmis ar
ikvebeba da mkveTrad mWlevdeba. adis sakmaod maRla (1000 km-ze) da tofobs mdinareSi
Sesvlidan 10-12 Tvis Semdeg. qviriTs yris magar gruntian adgilebze da Zalian Cqar
dinebaze 1-2 m siRrmeze. qviriTi pelagiuria, msxvilia, 4,6-6,8 mm diametris. wveras
nayofierebaa 193-54,7 aTasi qviriTis marcvali. tofobis Semdeg individebi eSvebian
zRvaSi. wveras mozardebi ZiriTadad mdinareSi erT welze mets ar Cerdebian, magram misi
nawili rCeba mdinareSi ufro xangrZlivi droiT, amasTan zogierTi mamri sqesobriv
simwifes aRwevs mdinareSi (juja formebi). aralis wveras iWeren wlis ganmavlobaSi,
rogorc zRvaSi, aseve mdinareebis SesarTavebis win.
77
Barbus-s gvaris 4 warmomadgeneli binadrobs saqarTvelos mtknar wylebSi: murwa,
Wanari, mtkvris wvera da kolxuri wvera.
gvari marinkebi (schizothorax). isini sxeulis formiT gvanan wverebs, romelTaganc
gamoirCevian ufro patara qerclebiTa da analuri xvrelisa da farflis garSemo rigi
gadidebuli qerclebis arsebobiT. gaaCniaT samrigad gawyobili saylapavi kbilebi da
ulvaSebis ori wyvili sasqeso jirkvlebi da Savi apki, romliTac gamofenilia muceli,
tofobis dros Sxamiania. ganayofierebuli qviriTis ganviTarebis mixedviT misi toqsikuri
Tvisebebi ikargeba. binadroben centraluri aziis maRalmTian wyalsatevebSi. sarewao
mniSvneloba maT gaaCniaT balxaSis tbaSi.
C v e u l e b r i v i m a r i n k a _ Sch. intermedius binadrobs Sua aziis mTian
wyalsatevebSi mdinareebis zemo welSi. aRwevs daaxloebiT 60 sm sigrZes, Cveulebrivnaklebs. tofoben mdinareebSi maisidan seqtembris CaTvliT kenWebian gruntze. ikvebebian
mwerebis (medReurebis, megazafxuleebis) larvebiT, patara TevzebiT, zog tbebSi _
kibosnairebiT. gaaCnia adgilobrivi sarewao mniSvneloba.
i l i s m a r i n k a binadrobs balxaSis, isik-yulisa da md. Cus auzebSi,
sadac warmoqmnis rig qvesaxeobebs.
yvelaze ufro Seswavlilia isik-yulis marinka, romelic aRwevs 1m sigrZesa da 12
kg wonas. is binadrobs vake mdinareebis kalapotsa da wyalmcenareebiT dausaxlebel
tbebSi. balxaSSi is gvxvdeba mxolod dasavleT nawilSi. isik-yulis mamrebi mwifdebian
sxeulis 17-18 sm-s, xolo mdedrebi _ 26-31 sm sigrZis miRwevisas. tofoba mimdinareobs
maisidan-ivlisis CaTvliT. nayofiereba aRwevs 13,5-27,9 aTas qviriTis marcvals. qviriTs
yrian qvian gruntze da Cqari dinebis adgilebSi. lifsitebi Cerdebian wynar yureebSi,
wyalmarCx adgilebSi da ikvebebian uxerxemloebiT: qironomidebis larvebiT, medReurebiT.
zrdasruli individebi tipuri mtaceblebi arian. sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
b a l x a S i s m a r i n k a (Sch. argentatus) sxva saxeobebisagan gamoirCeva
mcire zomebiT (Cveulebriv daaxloebiT 50 sm), ufro mokle ulvaSebiTa da layuCis
Cxirebis didi raodenobiT. is binadrobs tbebis balxaSisa da alakolis auzebSi. sqesmwife
xdeba oTxi wlis asakSi. tofobs mdinareebSi, amasTan, md. ilSi adis 500km-ze maRla.
qviriTs yris mkvriv gruntze 1-2 m siRrmeze. tofobs april-maisSi. saSualo nayofiereba
Seadgens 30 aTas qviriTis marcvals. ikvbeba fskeris uxerxemloebiTa da wylis
mcenareebiT. rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia.
gvari kaparWinebi (Abramis). kaparWinebis gvaris warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT maRali
sxeuli grZeli analuri farfliT. muclis farflebis ukan qerclebs moklebuli qedi
aqvT. saylapavi kbilebi erTrigadaa gawyobili.
78
sur #111. kaparWinas gvari
a)kaparWina, b) TeTrTvala, g) sineci
gvarSi
Sedis
oTxi
saxeoba.
yvelaze
farTodaa
gavrcelebuli
C v e u l e b r i v i k a p a r W i n a (A.brama), romelic binadrobs evropis
wyalsatevebSi. is gvxvdeba TeTri da barencis zRvebis auzebSi. bevri kaparWinaa Savi,
aralis, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi, sadac mkvidri formaa. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba
rionSi, sufsaSi, paliastomisa da bebexiris tbebSi, agreTve enguris SesarTavsa da mis
maxlobel tbebSi. mtknari wylis formebis garda, arseboben naxevradgamsvleli formebic.
aklimatizebulia cimbirisa da yazaxeTis rig tbebSi.
kaparWina sakmaod didi zomis Tevzia. misi Cveulebrivi sigrZea 30-35 sm, wona _
daaxloebiT 3-4 kg. Tumca gvxvdebian individebi 75sm sigrZiTa da 10 kg woniT. cocxlobs
20 wlamde.
sxeuli maRalia, gverdebidan _ Sebrtyelebuli. Tavi pataraa, piri
naxevradqveda, qerclebi msxvili (49-50 qercli gverdiT xazSi). analur farflSi 24-29
mravaltotiani sxivia. Seferiloba icvleba asakisa da garemosagan damokidebulebiT.
kaparWinas yoveli asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxvagvari Seferiloba, dawyebuli
nacrisfer-vercxlisferidan moyviTalo-oqrosferiT damTavrebuli. naxevradgamsvleli
formebi ikvebebian zRvaSi, xolo qviriTis dasayrelad adian mdinareebis qvemo welSi.
tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi kaparWina amjobinebs Rrma adgilebs lamian-qviSiani gruntiT.
ikvebeba ZiriTadad WiebiT, mwerebiTa da maTi larvebiT, agreTve qviriTiTa da Tevzebis
lifsitebiT. naxevradgamsvleli kaparWina izrdeba Cqara da sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis
asakSi sxeulis 30 sm sigrZis miRwevisas. kaparWina tofobas iwyebs wylis 12-160C
temperaturaze. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs dilis saaTebSi wyalmarCx adgilebSi wyalqveSa
mcenareulobaze, rasac Tan axlavs xmauriani Cqafuni. qviriTi webovania. mdedri yris
saSualod 100-150 aTas qviriTis marcvals, romelTaganac 3-6 dRis Semdeg iCekebian
lifsitebi.
pirveli ori dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi isini gadian uZraobis stadias da emagrebian
mcenareebs. Camoyalibebuli lifsitebi wyalsatevis Ria adgilebSi gadadian aqtiur kvebaze.
dasawyisSi isini ikvebebian zooplanqtoniT, magram sxeulis 3 sm sigrZis miRwevisas
gadadian benTosiT kvebaze.
tofobis Semdeg naxevradgamsvleli kaparWinas individebi da maTi mozardebi ar
Cerdebian
mdinareSi da swrafad eSvebian zRvaSi. kaparWinas raodenoba mniSvnelovnad
79
damokidebulia gamravlebis pirobebze, gansakuTrebiT wylis adidebis doneze. mdinareebis
daregulirebis gamo kaparWinas satofo farTobebi Zlier Semcirebulia, ramac gamoiwvia
misi Werilebis raodenobis dacema.
kaparWinas normaluri aRwarmoebis uzrunvelsayofad misi gavrcelebis raionebSi
xorcieldeba mozardebis masiuri gamozrda satofo-gamosazrdel meurneobebSi, aseve
bunebrivi satofo adgilebis melioracia da tivtiva satofoebis Seqmna. kaparWina ara
marto Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia, aramed Seucvleli obieqtic dablobis wyalsacavebisa da
tbebSi CasaxlebisaTvis. saqarTvelos mtknari wylebidan gvxvdeba rionSi, sufsaSi,
paliastomisa da bebesiris tbebSi, agreTve enguris SesarTavsa da mis maxlobel tbebSi.
a R m o s a v l u r i k a p a r W i n a (A.bramaoyientalis) saqarTvelos wylebSi
SemoiWra md. mtkvriT mingeCauris wyalsacavis agebis Semdeg da gavrcelda xramSi,
algeTSi, alazanSi, iorsa da jandaris tbaSi.
s i n e c i (A.balberus). mas gaaCnia molurjo feris sxeuli Ria momwvano
elferiT. sxva saxeobebisagan gamoirCeva grZeli analuri farfliT (34-44 mravaltotiani
sxivi), ufro mokle qercliTa da zeda piriT. Cveulebriv aRwevs 30 sm sigrZesa (iSviaTad
45 sm-s da 600 gr wonas). binadrobs baltiis, azovis, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi.
sineci tba-mdinaris Tevzia, zogjer Sedis momlaSo wylebSi. sqesmwife xdeba 4-6 wlis
asakSi sxeulis 18-20 sm-is sigrZis miRwevisas. tofobs aprilidan ivnisis CaTvliT
wyalmarCx mcenareulobiT dafarul adgilebSi. qviriTi webovani aqvs. nayofiereba Seadgens
2,7-dan 89,5 aTasamde qviriTis marcvals. tbebsa da wyalsatavebSi sineci ikvebeba
zooplanqtoniT, mdinareebSi _ fskeris fauniT.
mdinaris sineci izrdeba nela. wyalsacavebSi zooplanqtonis siuxvis gamo misi
zrdis tempi izrdeba, sxeulis cximianoba matulobs da is xdeba Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzi.
T e T r T v a l a (A.sapa) kaparWinasagan gansxvavdeba ufro grZeli analuri
farfliT (35-42 mravaltotiani sxivi), sinecisagan _ ufro msxvili qerclebiT, Tvalebis
didi zomiTa da naxevrad qveda piriT. aRwevs daaxloebiT 39 sm sigrZesa da 800 gr
wonas. TeTrTvala gavrcelebulia Savi, aralis, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi, sadac
warmoqmnis mkvidr da naxevradgamsvlel formebs. magram is kaparWinaze ufro SeTvisebulia
mtknar wyalTan da xSirad gvxvdeba mdinareSi. sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. sxeulis
sigrZis 14-15 sm-mde miRwevisas. tofobs mais-ivnisSi. mdinareebis adidebul nawilebSi,
wylis 8-90C temperaturaze. ikvebeba mwerebis WuprebiT, moluskebiTa da wyalmcenareebiT.
izrdeba kaparWinaze ufro nela. xorci naklebad gemrielia. mas gaaCnia garkveuli sarewao
mniSvneloba.
B b l i k a – kaparWa (Blicca bjoerkna) kaparWinas msgavsia, magram misgan
gansxvavdeba ormwkrivad gawyobili xaxis kbilebiT, ufro msxvili qerclebiTa da mokle
analuri farfliT (19-23 mravaltotiani sxivi). qveda piri aqvs, muclis farflebis ukan
gaaCnia qedi, romelic araa dafaruli qerclebiT.
80
sur #112. kaparWa blika
es mcire zomis nelamzardi Tevzia, romelic iSviaTad aRwevs 30 sm sigrZesa da
400 gr wonas. binadrobs evropis mdinareebsa da tbebSi, CrdiloeTis, baltiis, Savi,
azovisa da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi. saqarTveloSi binadrobs mdinareebSi: rioni, enguri,
kaparWa, tbebSi: paliastomi, bebesiri, nabada. amjobinebs mdore mdinareebs Tixiani fskeriT.
xSirad Cerdeba napirebTan axlos, warmoqmnis ra mWidro gundebs. gusterebi ikvebebian
WiebiT, mwerebis WuprebiT, kiboebiT, moluskebiT, wylis mcenareulobiTa da Tevzebis
qviriTiT. tofobs april-ivnisSi aranakleb 16-170C temperaturaze walekil mdeloebze.
nayofiereba Seadgens 11-109 aTas qviriTis marcvals. blikas sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
sakvebad mas iyeneben nedli, damarilebuli da gamxmari saxiT.
gvari vimbebi (Vimba). vimbebis gvari Seicavs erT saxeobas _ Vimba Vimba _
ramdenime geografiuli rasiT. vimbebi garegnulad gvanan kaparWinebs, romelTagan
gansxvavdebian ufro mokle analuri farfliT (15-22 mravaltotiani sxivi), naklebad
maRali sxeuliT, zurgis farflis miRma kargad gamoxatuli qerclebiT dafaruli qediTa
da qveda piriT
sur #113. vimba
vimbebi gavrcelebulia CrdiloeTis, baltiis, azovis, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis
auzebSi. baltiispireTSi vimbas eZaxian sirts, romelic sxva formebze ufro didi zomisaa.
aRwevs daaxloebiT 50 sm sigrZes. azov-Savi zRvis vimbas sigrZea 40, kaspiisa _ 30 sm.
ikvebebian vimbebi WiebiT, moluskebiT, wylis mwerebiTa da maTi WuprebiT,
mcenareebis TeslebiT. sqesmwife xdeba 3-5 wlis asakSi.
azov-Savi zRvis auzis vimbebi gamsvleli Tevzebia, sirti da kaspiis vimba naxevradgamsvlelebi. vimbebis gamsvleli formebi adian mdinareebSi maRla da tofoben
81
mais-ivnisSi wylis 18-190C temperaturaze. md. kubanSi tofoba mimdinareobs Sua dinebaSi
da qveda SenakadebSi 0,7-0,8 m/wm siCqaris adgilebSi qvebian-qviSian gruntze.
qviriTi mcirewebovania, viTardeba qvebsa da qviSas Soris. baltiis zRvis samxreTdasavleT nawilis mdinareebis adidebul nawilebSi da SesarTavebSi sirti qviriTs yris
mcenareebze, xolo kaspiis vimba - lerwmis gadarecxil fesurebze. maTi qviriTi ufro
webovania. qviriTis yra vimbebSi mimdinareobs porciobiT. nayofiereba meryeobs 25-dan 300
aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2-3 dRe-Rame. yviTris parkis
gawovis Semdeg patara lifsitebi eSvebian zRvaSi.
mdinareebze kaSxalebis mSeneblobebis Sedegad vimbebis bunebrivi tofobis pirobebi
garTulda, ramac uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT ricxobriobaze. maTi maragis dasacavad xdeba
TevzsaSen qarxnebSi lifsitebis gamozrda da mdinareebSi gaSveba.
zogierT satbore meurneobaSi vimbas zrdian sasaqonlo wonamde kobrTan da
SamaiasTan erTad. amasTan, tborebSi gamozrdili vimbebi mwifdebian 2-3 wlis asakSi.
vimbebi Zalian perspeqtiulebi arian mravalricxovan momlaSo zRvispira limanebSi
Casasaxleblad. maTi xorci Zalian gemrielia. didi popularobiT sargeblobs vimbebis
xorci Sebolili da gamxmari saxiT.
k a s p i i s
v i m b a binadrobs kaspiis zRvis auzSi, saidanac Semodis
mdinareebSi: mtkvarSi, alazanSi, xramSi da Tbilisis wyalsacavSic ki iWreba. Zvirfasi
sarewao Tevzia da wyalsacavebSi moSenebis karg obieqts warmoadgens. M m c i r e
v i m b a (Vimba tenella - Nordmann) binadrobs dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebSi: Woroxis
qvemo dinebaSi, baTumis mdinareebis mcire mdinareebSi, natanebSi, sufsaSi, raionSi, civSi,
engurSi, kodorSi, dampalaSi, besleTSi, gumisTaSi, SavwyalSi, bzifSi, fsouSi, agreTve
tbebSi: paliastomsa da SavnabadaSi. simciris gamo sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvs. SeiZleba
misi xelovnurad moSeneba-momravleba. gemrieli Tevzia. iyeneben nedli da damarilebulis
saxiT.
gvari Samaiebi (Chalcalburnus Bera). Samaiebis gvari moicavs gamsvleli, mtknari da
momlaSo wylebis ramdenime saxeobas, romlebic binadroben iranis wyalsatevebsa da
mdinareebis tigrosisa da evfratis auzebSi. Savi, azovis, aralisa da kaspiis zRvebis
auzebSi gvxvdeba erTi saxeobis Samaia (Ch. chalcoides) ramdenime geografiuli rasiT
(Trisa, elavi).
Samaiebi patara zomis (iSviaTad 40sm-mde sigrZis) mogrZo formis Tevzebia zeda
piriT. muclis farflebis ukan gaaCnia qedi, romelic ukana nawilSi araa qercliT
dafaruli. layuCis Cxirebi grZeli da xSiria. analur farflSi gaaCnia aranakleb 13
mravaltotiani sxivi.
sur #114. Samaia
azov-Savi zRvisa da kaspiis Samaiebi gamsvleli Tevzebi arian, romlebic nasuqoben
zRvaSi, xolo satofod Sedian mdinareebSi. ikvebebian planqtoniT, haeris mwerebiTa da
patara TevzebiT. sqesmwife xdebian 3-4 wlis asakSi. satofo mdinareebSi kubanSi, mtkvarsa
da TergSi svla iwyeba Semodgomaze. zamTars Samaia atarebs ormoebSi. gazafxulze adis
82
mdinareebSi kidev ufro maRla, Sedis SenakadebSi da Cqari dinebis Cqerebze (siCqare 1m/wm).
qviriTs yris qvebian da kenWebian gruntze. tofoba porciulia (2-3-jerad) mais-ivnisSi
aranakleb 180C wylis temperaturaze. qviriTi webovania, dinebis mier Seitaneba kenWebsa da
niJarebis qveS da iq viTardeba. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2-3 dRe-Rame.
tofobis Semdeg zrdasruli individebi mdinareSi ar Cerdebian da eSvebian zRvaSi.
mozardebis daSveba mdinaris qvemo welSi xorcieldeba TandaTanobiT. baTumis Samaia _
Trisa, elavi (Chalcalburnus clatcoides dezjugini - Berg) binadrobs dasavleT saqarTvelos Savi
zRvispireTis mtknar wylebSi. mdinareebSi: rioni, Woroxi, natanebi, sufsa, kelasuri,
kintriSi, degva, enguri, kodori, maWara, gvxvdeba agreTve besleTis, paliastomisa da
inkiis tbebSi.
ikvebeba benTosiTa da planqtoniT. mravldeba gazafxulze. qviriTs mdinaris qvaqviSian CqerebSi yris, romelic maSinve qvebze ewebeba. ganviTareba 5-6 dRe-Rame grZeldeba.
aralis Samaia zRvaSi ZiriTadad ikvebeba RortavebiTa da qironomidebis WuprebiT.
axorcielebs dRe-Ramur vertikalur migraciebs, RamiT Cerdeba wylis zeda fenebSi,
dRisiT eSveba siRrmeSi. tofobs sanapiro zolSi, ZiriTadad qvian, iSviaTad qviSian
gruntze. zogjer qviriTis marcvlebi ewebeba lerwmis mocurave fesvebze. misi xorci ar
aris iseTi cximiani da ZviradRirebuli, rogorc azov-Savi zRvis Samaiasi.
Samaias maragi Zalian kritikul mdgomareobaSia. SesaZlebelia rogorc vimbas, aseve
Samaias gamozrdac satbore meurneobebsa da momlaSo wyalsatevebSi. Samaias mkvidri
formebi (yirimis, baTumis, bavariis) binadroben mdinareebsa da tbebSi, izrdebian nela da
sarewao mniSvneloba TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT.
gvari TaRliTebi (Alburnus). TaRliTebis gvari Seicavs ramdenime saxeobas (7-mde),
romlebic binadroben evropis, mcire aziis, kaspiis, cimbirisa da CrdiloeT iranis mtknar
wyalsatevebSi. TaRliTebi gvanan Samaiebs, romelTaganac gansxvavdebian mucelze
sqelkaniani qediT, romelic qerclebiT ar aris dafaruli. xaxis kbilebi orrigadaa
gawyobili. TaRliTas sxeuli dafarulia SedarebiT msxvili da nazi, advilad cvenadi
vercxlisferi qerclebiT. yvelaze ufro mravalricxovani da farTod gavrcelebulia
C v e u l e b r i v i
T a R l i T a _ A. alburnus.
sur #115. TaRliTa
es patara 10-20 sm sigrZis gunduri Tevzia, romelic gvxvdeba mdinareebSi, tbebsa
da wyalsacavebSi TeTri zRvis auzidan kavkasiamde. saqarTveloSi binadrobs Semdeg
mdinareebSi: rioni, texura, enguri, Wuria, Tiqori, kelasurSi, maWara, besleTi, gumisTa.
amjobinebs wyalsatevebis Ria adgilebs damdgari da neli dinebis wyliT. ikvebeba
mravalferovani sakvebiT: wyalsacavebSi _ ZiriTadad planqtoniT, mdinareebSi _ larvebiTa
da zrdasruli mwerebiT, qviriTiTa da Tevzebis lifsitebiT, moluskebis larvebiTa da
yvavilebis mtveriT. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 3 wlis asakSi sxeulis sigrZis 7-8 sm-is
miRwevisas. tofoba mimdinareobs mais-ivnisSi wylis 18-210C temperaturaze. qviriTis yra
83
porciulia (3-dan 6-jer). yris maT mcenareebsa da fskeris sxva sagnebze. nayofiereba 3,010,5 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT erTi kvira.
zogierT tbasa da wyalsacavSi TaRliTa aRwevs maRal ricxobriobas da warmoadgens
mniSvnelovan sakvebs mtacebeli TevzebisaTvis (farga, Werexi da sxva). TaRliTas sarewao
mniSvneloba mcirea.
C r d i l o k a v k a s i u r i T e T r u l a (Alburnus charusini)
gavrcelebulia paliastomisa da bebesiris tbebsa da maTSi Camaval mdinareebSi.
a m i e r k a v k a s i u r i T a R l i T a (Al.ch. hohenackeri) gavrcelebulia
alazansa da iorSi, kus tbaSi.
sur #116.
m t k v r i s
T a R l i T a (A. filippii) amierkavkasiis endemuri formaa.
binadrobs mtkvris auzSi, jandaris tbaSi, Tbilisisa da sionis wyalsacavebSi. mravldeba
maisidan agvistomde. qviriTis raodenoba 1-10 aTasamdea. ikvebeba fskeris organizmebiT da
wyalmcenareebiT. sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs garda imisa, rom warmoadgens mtacebeli
Tevzebis sakvebs.
gvari
Cexonebi
(Pelecus).
Cexonebis
gvari
moicavs
erTaderT
saxeobas
C e x o n i (P.cultratus). misTvis damaxasiaTebelia gverdebidan Zlier Sebrtyelebuli
xmliseburi sxeuli. piri aqvs, zurgis farfli gatanilia ukan da mdebareobs analuris
zemoT. mkerdis farfli grZelia, aRwevs muclis farflebis fuZemde. gverdiTi xazi
mkerdis farflebis qvemoTaa da mkveTrad daklaknilia, aRwevs 50 sm sigrZesa da 500-600
g wonas (iSviaTad 2 kg-s). binadrobs baltiis, kaspiis, azovis, Savi da aralis zRvebis
auzebis mtknar da momlaSo wylebSi. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania azovisa da aralis
zRvebSi. pelagiuri Tevzia, Cerdeba wylis sizrqeSi, ikvebeba ZiriTadad uxerxemloebiT,
haeris mwerebiT, kibosnairebiTa da patar-patara TevzebiT.
naxevradgamsvleli Cexoni tofobisaTvis Sedis mdinareebSi. azovis zRvaSi ori
aseTi
mkafiod
gamoxatuli:
sagazafxulo
(tofobisaTvis)
da
saSemodgomo
(dasazamTreblad) Sesvla SeiniSneba.
aralis zRvaSi, sadac Cexoni tofobs momlaSo wyalSi, es movlenebi ar aRiniSneba.
sqesobriv simwifes Cexoni aRwevs 3-5 wlis asakSi. tofobs mais-ivnisSi wylis aranakleb
120C temperaturaze. tofoba mimdinareobs rogorc mtknar, ise momlaSo wyalSi. qviriTi
pelagiuria.
mdinareebSi qviriTi viTardeba dinebaze. ufro mkriv, momlaSo wyalSi is, rogorc
Cans, curavs. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 2-3 dRe. nayofiereba meryeobs
10-dan 58 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde.
Cexoni sarewao Tevzia. mas amzadeben damarilebuli, gamxmari da Sebolili saxiT.
84
gvari kobri (Cyprinus). kobris gvaris warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
mogrZo, msuqani sxeuli, romelic dafarulia mWidrod Camjdari msxvili muqi-oqrosferi
qerclebiT. zurgisa da analur farflebSi gaaCnia TiTo dakbiluli Zvlovani sxivi, piris
kuTxeebsa da zeda tuCz _ TiTo wyvili ulvaSi. gamosawevi qveda piri aqvs. xaxis kbilebi
kargad ganviTarebuli saReWi firfitiT gawyobilia sam rigad. zurgis farfli grZeli da,
odnav naWdeviania
sur #117.
a)Wanari, b)sarkisebri kobri, g)karCxana (goWa Tevzi, d)sqelSubla
kobris gvars miekuTvneba sami saxeoba, romelTagan ori binadrobs CineTis mtknar
wylebSi, xolo mesame saxeoba kobri (C. carpio) - gavrcelebulia Zalian farTod. is
binadrobs xmelTaSua, Savi, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis auzebis wylebSi, isikyulis tbaSi, wynari okeanis mdinareebis auzebSi md. amuridan birmamde. arealis farglebSi
warmoqmnis or qvesaxeobas: evropisa da aziis wylebSi mobinadre t i p u r
k o b r s da amuris auzsa da CineTis wyalsatevebSi mobinadre S o r e u l i a R m o
s a v l e T i s k o b r s. amJamad kobris kulturuli forma gavrcelebulia TiTqmis
mTel msoflioSi. Savi, aralis, kaspiisa da azovis zRvebis Senakadi mdinareebis qvemo
dinebebSi kobri mdinaris formebTan erTad warmoqmnis naxevradgamsvlel formebs,
romlebic nasuqoben zRvis SesarTavis sivrceebSi, xolo tofobisaTvis adian mdinareebSi.
kobri binadrobs saqarTvelos mdinareebSi: mtkvari, alazani, iori, Woroxi, sufsa, rioni,
xobi, dRamiSi, Wuria, Tiqori, enguri, kodori, oqumi, tbebSi: jandari, paliastomi,
Savnabada, bebesiris da saRamos. xelovnurad Seyvanilia xramis, Tbilisis, Saoris,
tyibulis tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul kobrTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania faravnis tbis
kobri, romelic advilad itans dabal temperaturas da maRalmTian civ wyalsatevebSi
maTi moSenebis saSualebas iZleva.
paliastomis tbis kobri qviriTs maisSi, umTavresad md. fiCorasa da kaparWaSi yris.
jandaris tbis kobris satofo adgilebi TiTqmis mTeli gaswvrivi sanapiros zolia.
85
Kkobri didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 1m sigrZesa da 20 kg wonas. magram
gvxvdebian 1,5 m sigrZisa da 45 kg wonis gigantebi. kobri sxvadasxva wyalsatevebSi
izrdeba sxvadasxvanairad. gansakuTrebiT Cqara izrdeba Cvens wyalsatevebSi. sqesobriv
simwifes aRwevs 3-5 wlis asakSi, xolo gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebis dros - ori
wlis asakSic. mamrebi mwifdebian mdedrebze ufro adre. kobri nayofieria, zomisa da
asakisagan damokidebulebiT mdedrma SeiZleba dayaros 1,5-2,0 mln. qviriTis marcvali.
tofoba xorcieldeba porciobiT, aprilis bolodan agvistos CaTvliT da ufro
intensiurad mimdinareobs wylis 18-200C temperaturaze. qviriTis yra xdeba wyalmarCx
adgilebSi an wylis axald CaZirul mcenareulobaze, romelsac Tan axlavs xmauriani
saqorwino TamaSebi. qviriTi viTardeba miwebebul mdgomareobaSi 15-200 C temperaturaze.
sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 3-5 dRe-Rame. gamoCekili 5 mm-mde sigrZis larvebi pirvel
dReebSi dakidebuli arian umoZraod, mimagrebuli arian substratze da ikvebebian yviTris
parkis maragiT. daaxloebiT 10 dRe-Ramis Semdeg lifsitebi gadadian aqtiur kvebaze.
kobris mozardebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ikvebebian mcire zomis zooplanqtonuri
organizmebiT (cibrutela Wiebi, kibosnairebi), magram Zalian Cqara, 18 mm sigrZis
miRwevisas, gadadian fskeris uxerxemloebiT kvebaze. zrdasruli Tevzebi ikvebebian
moluskebiT, mwerebis WuprebiT, xolo bardebiT dafarul wyalsatevebSi sakvebad iyeneben
mcenareebsac. kobri yvelaze intensiurad ikvebeba 25-290C wylis temperaturaze.
izamTrebs Rrma ormoebSi mdinaris SesarTavebsa da SesarTavis wina nawilebSi.
Kkobri mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzia. mas iWeren uZvelesi droidan. mdinareebis
daregulirebis gamo mkveTrad Semcirebulia kobris bunebrivi satofo adgilebi. Seqmnilia
satofo-gamosazrdeli meurneobebi. xdeba sasaqonlo kobrebis gamozrda. veluri kobridan
adamianma odiTganve gamoiyvana kulturuli jiSebi, maT Soris sarkiseburi kobri, romelic
saqarTveloSi satbore meurneobis mTavari obieqtia. iWeren mosasmeli badeebiTa da
nemskavebiT.
gvari karCxanebi _ goWa Tevzebi (Carassius) am Tevzebs gaaCniaT garegani msgavseba
kobrebTan, romelTagan gamoirCevian ufro maRali sxeuliT, erTrigad ganlagebuli xaxis
kbilebiTa da ulvaSebis ararsebobiT. rigs miekuTvneba ori saxeoba: oqrosferi da
vercxlisferi karCxana. C v e u l e b r i v i, anu o q r o s f e r i k a r C x a n a
(C. carassius) vercxlisferisagan gamoirCeva layuCis Cxirebis naklebi ricxviT pirvel
rkalze (23-33) da ufro muqi momwvano-oqrosferi SeferilobiT. aRwevs 45 sm sigrZesa da
3 kg wonas. gavrcelebulia evropis mtknar wylebSi, agreTve cimbirSi md. lenamde.
amjobinebs damdgar, Zlier dabardul wyalsatevebs. mdinareebSi gvxvdeba iSviaTad da
Cerdeba mdore dinebis adgilebze. karCxana amtani Tevzia da xSirad gvxvdeba iseT
wyalsatevebSi, sadac sxva Tevzebs Jangbadis ukmarisobis gamo cxovreba ar SeuZliaT.
zamTrobiT karCxanebi eflobian lamSi, rac xels uwyobs maT gadarCenas maSinac ki,
rodesac civ amindSi patara damdgari wyalsatevebi iyineba fskeramdec ki. maT SeuZliaT
Caeflon lamSi 70 sm siRrmeze. sakvebis mxriv araxelsayreli pirobebis mqone Zlier
daWaobebul wyalsatevebSi karCxnebi warmoqmnian dabaltanian didTava, nela mzard da adre
momwifebad juja formebs.
sqesmwife karCxana xdeba 4-5 wlis asakSi. tofoba jgufuria, mimdinareobs
porciobiT. iwyeba aranakleb 140C temperaturaze. qviriTi webovania, yrian wyalqveSa
mcenareebze. nayofiereba 300 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba
5-7 dRe. karCxanebis mozardebi ikvebebian planqtoniT. zrdasruli individebi sakvebad
iyeneben mcenareul da cxovelur organizmebs, agreTve detrits. gamorCeul sakvebs
warmoadgenen qironomidebis larvebi da medReurebi.
xelsayreli pirobebis mqone wyalsatevebSi karCxanebi izrdebian sakmaod Cqara.
warmoadgens Zvirfas obieqts tborebSi gamravlebisaTvis. karCxanas gaaCnia adgilobrivi
sarewao mniSvneloba.
v e r c x l i s f e r i
k a r C x a n a (C.auratus gibelio) gamoirCeva
oqrosferisagan layuCis Cxirebis didi raodenobiT (39-50 pirvel rkalze), vercxlisferi
86
SeferilobiTa da Savi feris mucliT. gavrcelebulia ufro farTod. evropaSi gvxvdeba
Cveulebriv karCxanasTan erTad. binadrobs wynari okeanis auzsa da aralis zRvaSi.
oqrosferTan SedarebiT vercxlisferi karCxana ufro gvxvdeba did tbebsa da didi
mdinareebis kalapotebSi (mag. md. amurSi). vercxlisferi karCxana izrdeba gacilebiT
Cqara, vidre Cveulebrivi. mis kvebaSi benTosTan erTad sakmaod did rols TamaSobs zoo
da fitoplanqtonebi.
vercxlisferi karCxanas gamravlebis biologiaSi SeiniSneba saintereso movlena,
rodesac zogierT wyalsatevSi TiTqmis ar arian mamrebi. mdedrebi aseTi erTsqesiani
populaciidan mravldebian sxva kobrisnairi Tevzebis (oqrosferi karCxana, Wanari, kobri)
mamrebis monawileobiT. STamomavlobaSi miiRebian mxolod mdedrebi, romlebic arafriT ar
gamoirCevian deda individebisagan. gamravlebis aseTi xerxi iwodeba g i n o g e n e z a d,
rac niSnavs mdedrebis dabadebas.
vercxlisferi karCxana rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. mas amravleben satbore
meurneobebSi.
o q r o s T e v z i _ gamoyvanili vercxlis karCxanadan gaxda erT-erTi yvelaze
ufro popularuli akvariumis Tevzi da saukeTeso masala seleqciuri samuSaosaTvis.
CineTsa da iaponiaSi seleqciis, hibridizaciis da agreTve sxvadasxva pirobebis Senaxvis
gziT miRebulia am SesaniSnavi Tevzis saukeTeso variaciebi. teleskopebi, kometebi da
sxvebi gaxdnen akvariumis saukeTeso Tevzebi.
kobrebis ojaxSi gancalkevebulad dganan sqelSublebi. sxva saxeobebisagan
gansxvavebiT layuCis apkebi ar aris mimagrebuli layuCSoris sivrceze. Tvalebi Zalian
dabla, ganlagebuli aqvs. piri zedaa. arCeven sqelSublebis or gvars, romelTagan
TiToeulSi Sedis TiTo saxeoba.
C v e u l e b r i v, anu T e T r s q e l S u b l a s (Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix) gaaCnia Zalian wvrili qerclebiT dafaruli (100 qerclze meti gverdiT xazSi)
sakmaod maRali sxeuli. Tavi farToa. erT mwkrivad ganlagebuli, gverdebidan Zlier
Sebrtyelebuli xaxis kbilebi mixazul-moxazuli saReWi zedapiriT kargad arian
Seguebuli planqtonuri wyalmcenareebis dawnexvas, romlebiTac es Tevzi ikvebebian.
erTmaneTTan Sezrdili mravalricxovani layuCis Cxirebi warmoqmnian Tavisebur filtrs.
nawlavis traqti TiTqmis 15-jer grZelia sxeulze.
sqelSubla didi zomis pelagiuri Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 1 m sigrZesa da 16 kg-ze
met wonas. binadroben aRmosavleT aziis mdinareebSi - amuridan samxreT CineTamde. is
aklimatizebulia ruseTis evropul nawilSi, dasavleT cimbirSi, Sua aziis qveynebSi da
sxv. miiRo farTo gavrceleba satbore meurneobaSi, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi.
aklimatizebulia jandaris, lisis, kumisis tbebSi da sxvagan. izrdeba sqelSubla Cqara da
misma erTwlianebma SeiZleba miaRwion 30 sm sigrZesa da 700-800 g. wonas. sqesobriv
simwifes CvenSi aRweven 2-3 wlis, ufro CrdiloeTiT da samSobloSi (md. amuri) _ 5-6
wlis asakSi. satofod sqelSubla adis mdinareebSi ramdenamde maRla da qviriTs yris
wylis sizrqeSi, Cveulebriv qviSian adgilebs miRma, dinebis nakadebis SeerTebaze. tofobs
ivnisidan-agvistos CaTvliT 26-300C temperaturaze, qviriTs yris porciobiT zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi 3-jer. nayofiereba 500 aTas qviriTis marcvalze metia. pelagiuri qviriTidan
gamoCekili larvebi yviTris parkis Sewovis Semdeg ramdenime xniT ikvebebian mxolod
planqtonuri wyalmcenareebiT. zrdasruli individebi wyalmcenareebTan erTad sakvebad
iyeneben didi raodenobiT detrits, gansakuTrebiT gazafxulze. nasuqobs sqelSubla
ZiriTadad tbebSi, xolo zamTarSi midis mdinareebis kalapotSi da iq eweva naklebad
moZrav cxovrebis nirs. Cerdeba gundebad. Zalian mSiSaraa: braxunis, Zravis xmauris,
Crdilis miaxloebis dros amoxteba wylidan.
sqelSublas xorci 29%-mde cximis SemcvlelobiT Zvirad fasobs da moixmareba
zurgielis dasamzadeblad. magram ufro xSirad mas iyeneben sakvebad nedl, damarilebul,
Sebolil da gamxmari saxiT.
87
sqelSubla mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzia. am Tevzs didi raodenobiT zrdian Cvens
satbore meurneobebSi.
W r e l i s q e l S u b l a, anu d i d T a v a (Aristichthys nobilis) axloa
CveulebrivTan, romlisganac gansxvavdeba didi TaviT, ufro grZeli mkerdis farflebiT,
mucelze qedis ararsebobiTa da ufro muqi SeferilobiT. es didi zomis siTbosmoyvaruli
Cqaramzardi Tevzia. zrdasruli individebis kvebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
zooplanqtoni (sakvebis 50%-mde). amis gamo Wreli sqelSublas nawlavi ufro moklea,
vidre TeTris, xolo grZeli da Txeli Cxirebi ar ezrdeba erTmaneTs. Wreli sqelSublas
xorci ufro gemrielia, vidre Cveulebrivisa. mas warmatebiT amravleben agreTve TevzsaSen
meurneobebSi. sqelSublas orive saxeoba advilad ejvareba erTmaneTs da iZleva
sameurneod Zvirfas hibridebs.
ojaxi CukuCanisebrni - Catostomidae
garegnulad gvanan kobrisnairebs. ojaxs miekuTvneba daxloebiT 70 saxeoba.
gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia iqTiobusis gvaris warmomadgenlebi (ctiobus): patara piriani,
cisferi, Savi da did piriani bufalo. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia d i d
p i r i a n i b u f a l o, romelic gvxvdeba kanadis samxreTidan meqsikamde. bufalos
yvela saxeoba gunduri Tevzia. ramdenadme ufro siTbos moyvarulebia, vidre kobrebi.
tofoben zafxulSi wylis 18-210C temperaturaze. sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 2-4 wlis
asakSi. qviriTis yra erTdroulia. patara zomis webovan qviriTs yrian mcenareulobaze.
mamrebs gaaCniaT saqorwino morTuloba ufro mkveTri Seferilobisa da Tavze
rqovani xorklebis saxiT. 17-190C wylis temperaturaze lifsitebi iCekebian xuTi, aTi
dRe-Ramis Semdeg. bufalos yvela saxeoba aramtacebeli, cxovelismWameli Tevzia, romelTa
kvebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs zooplanqtoni. tborebSi isini moixmaren xelovnur
kombinirebul sakvebs. izrdebian Cqara. ruseTSi Semoitanes aSS-dan. Seqmnilia sadede
jogebi, romlebidanac miRebulia STamomavloba.
bufalo perspeqtiulia im wyalsacavebis dasaTevzianeblad, sadac ar aris
zooplanqtonofagebi, agreTve tborebSi sxva TevzebTan erTad erToblivi gamozrdisaTvis.
didpiriani bufalo aRwevs 45 kg wonas, danarCeni saxeobebi _ naklebs.
rigi loqosnairni - Siluriformes
agebulebis zogierTi niSniT (veberis aparatis arseboba da sxv) loqosnairTa
warmomadgenlebi emsgavsebian kobrisnairebs. adre isini ganixilebodnen rogorc maTi
qverigi. magram am rigis warmomadgenlebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian sakuTriv
kobrebisagan. loqosnairebis sxeuli SiSvelia an dafarulia Zvlovani firfitebiT. piris
irgvliv gaaCnia ulvaSebis ramdenime wyvili. bevrs aqvs cximovani farfli. mkerdis, xolo
zogjer sxva farflebzec, loqoebs uviTardebaT Zlieri eklebi. loqosnairni Zalian
mravalferovanni arian woniT. maT Soris arian gigantebi, romlebic aRweven 300 kg wonas
(Cveulebrivi loqo) da orsantimetriani jujebi, mtaceblebi da aramtacebeli Tevzebi,
parazitebi, eleqtruli organoebis mqoneni, Waobebis da Woromiani mTiani mdinareebis
mkvidrni. eseni ZiriTadad mtknari wylis siTbosmoyvaruli Tevzebi arian. zRvaSi gvxvdeba
30-dan mxolod 2 ojaxis warmomadgenlebi. amJamad cnobilia loqoebis 1200-ze meti
saxeoba, romlebic upiratesad binadroben afrikis, aziis, agreTve samxreT da centraluri
amerikis tropikul da subtropikul wyalsatevebSi.
ojaxi Cveulebrivi, anu evraziis loqosebrni - Siluridae
88
loqosebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi mtknari wylis Tevzebi arian. gaaCniaT SiSveli
sxeuli, grZeli, analuri da Zalian mokle zurgis farflebi. layuCis apkebi ar aris
mimagrebuli layuCSoris sivrceze. gavrcelebuli arian evropasa da aziaSi.
gvari Cveulebrivi loqoebi (Silurus). es gvari moicavs or saxeobas: Cveulebrivi
loqo (S.glanis) da saldatovis loqo (S.soldatovi).
C v e u l e b r i v i l o q o _ Rlavi (Silurus glanis) _ didi zomis Tevzia,
romelic aRwevs 5 m sigrZesa da 300 kg wonas. binadrobs evropis wyalsatevebsa da Savi,
azovis, aralis da kaspiis zRvebis auzebSi. saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli da
binadrobs Semdeg mdinareebSi: mtkvari, alazani, iori, Woroxi, sufsa, rioni, xobi, enguri,
tbebSi: paliastomi, bebesiri, jandari, lisi. gaaCnia ulvaSebis sami wyvili, qveda ybis
wina ulvaSebi ufro moklea, vidre ukana. sxeuli mowengosfero-mwvanea, muceli – TeTri.
sur #118. Lloqo
binadrobs rogorc mdinareebis kalapotSi, aseve tbebSi. Savi, kaspiis, aralisa da
azovis zRvebSi, Sedis momlaSo wylebSi. izrdeba loqo sakmaod swrafad da sakvebis
siuxvisas 3 wlis asakSi SeiZleba miaRwios 3,5 kg wonas. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 4-5
wlis asakSi. tofoba mimdinareobs gazafxulze an zafxulis dasawyisSi wylis 18-200 C
temperaturaze sanapiro zolSi wyalqveSa mcenareebis bardebs Soris. loqo akeTebs
primitiul budes, romelic mcenareebis narCenebisagan aris damzadebuli. mwebavi 2-3 mm
diametris qviriTis marcvlebi ewebebian budis fskers da kedlebs. loqos nayofiereba
meryeobs 11-dan 480
aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. qviriTobas Tan axlavs saqorwino
TamaSobebi. mamri icavs qviriTs. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2,5-3,0 dRe-Rame. loqos
lifsitebi aqtiur kvebaze gadadian meSvide, an meaTe dRes da pirvelsave weliwads
sxeulis sigrZis 3-5 sm-is miRwevisas iwyeben mtaceblobas. zrdasruli loqos sakvebi
erTob mravalferovania: is ikvebeba sarevela TevzebiT, Tevzis damuSavebisas miRebuli
narCenebiT, bayayebiT, TavkombalebiT, wurblebiT, wylis mwerebiT, wyalze mcuravi
frinvelebiTa da sxva wylis cxovelebiT. zamTrobiT, temperatures mixedviT, ar ikvebeba
da wveba ormoebSi.
Savi, aralis, kaspiisa da azovis zRvebSi loqo warmoadgens Zvirfas sarewao
obieqts. xorci nazi da cximiani aqvs. sacurao buStisagan amzadeben SesaniSnav webos.
dasavleT evropis rig qveynebSi (bulgareTi, CexeTi, ungreTi da sxv) mas warmatebiT
amravleben satbore meurneobebSi.
s a l d a t o v i s l o q o Cveulebrivisagan gamoirCeva didi TaviT, ufro
mcire zomis TvalebiTa da qveda ybis mokle ulvaSebiT. is iSviaTad aRwevs 40 kg wonas,
Cveulebriv gacilebiT naklebs iwonis. mtacebelia. izrdeba Cqara da gamoirCeva gemrieli
xorciT. iSviaTobis gamo sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
89
Parasilurus-s gvars miekuTvneba saxeoba a m u r i s
l o q o (P.azotus). mas
mxolod ori wyvili ulvaSi gaaCnia: erTi qveda, meore _ zeda ybaze. mkerdis farflis
ekliani sxivi dakbilulia gareTa kididan. biologiiT emsgavseba Cveulebriv loqos, magram
zomiT masze mcirea. is aRwevs 1 m sigrZesa da 6-8 kg wonas. mtacebelia. msxvili 4,5 mm
diametris qviriTis marcvlebs yris mcenareebze.
amuris loqo budeebs ar aSenebs da mamrebi qviriTs ar icaven. warmoadgens Zvirfas
sarewao Tevzs md. amurSi. warmatebiT aklimatizebulia baikalis auzis tbebSi, saidanac
gavrcelda zog mdinareSi.
ojaxi kasatkisebrni - Bagridae
kasatkisebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba afrikisa da aziis mtknar wyalsatevebSi mobinadre
daaxloebiT 15 gvari. sxeuli _ SiSveli, zurgis farfls win ki Zlieri ekali aqvs.
Signidan dakbiluli eklebi gaaCnia mkerdis farflebsac. aqvs cximovani farfli da
ulvaSebis oTxi wyvili Tavis wina nawilze.
sur #119.kasatka braJnikovis
Soreuli aRmosavleTis wylebSi binadrobs oTxi saxeoba. md. amurSi yvelaze ufro
mravalricxovania k a s a t k a - s k r i p u n i (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco), romelic
sxva kasatkebisgan gamoirCeva imiT, rom mkerdis farflebis eklebi dakbilulia SigniTa
mxridanac. mkveTri Seferilobisac, zurgi - momwvano-Savi, gverdebi da muceli - yviTeli.
aRwevs 35 sm sigrZesa da 300g wonas. zafxulSi nasuqobisa da gamravlebis periodSi
Cerdeba patara wyalmarCx yureebsa an wynari dinebis totebSi, lamian an Tixian niadagze.
sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofoba xorcieldeba ivnis-ivlisSi
porciobiT. qviriTs mdedrebi yrian mamrebis mier momzadebul soroebSi, romelTac isini
CiCqnian gruntSi napirTan axlos. mamri icavs qviriTs da axalgamoCekil lifsitebs
aqtiur kvebaze gadasvlamde. nayofiereba daaxloebiT ori aTasi qviriTis marcvalia,
romelTa dimetria 2,55 mm. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba daaxloebiT 2 dRe-Rame.
ikvebeba fskeris sxvadasxva uxerxemloebiT, haeris mwerebiTa da TevzebiT. sarewao
mniSvneloba umniSvneloa, radgan Znelia maTi badidan gamoxsna ise, rom ar daiCxvlito
Sxamiani eklebiT.
k a s a t k a-p l e t i, anu
u s u r i i s
k a s a t k a
(Liocassis ussuriensis). misi mkerdis farflis eklebis gareTa kide ar aris dakbiluli.
aRwevs 1 m sigrZes. biologiiT axloa skripunTan. gaaCnia garkveuli sarewao mniSvneloba.
p a t a r a, anu l u r j i k a s a t k a (L. brashnikowi) patara zomis Tevzia,
daaxloebiT 20 sm sigrZisa da 100g woniT. sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
90
ojaxi katisebri loqoebi - Ictaluridae
ojaxis warmomadgenlebi Zalian axlos arian kasatkebTan, romelTaganac gamoirCevian
muclis farflze didi raodenobis sxivebis arsebobiTa da sasaze kbilebis ararsebobiT.
Crdilo amerikis wyalsatevebSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia g a m d i n a r i
w y l i s l o q o (Ictalurus punctatus), romelic aRwevs 40 kg-ze met wonas. es
siTbosmoyvaruli Tevzia. ufro intensiurad ikvebeba wylis 25-300C temperaturaze.
SedarebiT evrigaluri saxeobaa. gvxvdeba mtknar da momlaSo (12%0-mde marilianobis
mqone) wyalsatevebSi. gamdinari wylis loqo-polifagia ikvebeba mwerebiT, kiboebiT,
TevzebiTa da fskeris sxvadasxva organizmiT. tborebSi siamovnebiT Wams xelovnur sakvebs
(kvebis koeficienti 1-1,8). izrdeba Cqara. erT welSi misi wona matulobs 1,5 kg-iT.
sqesmwife xdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 5-6,5 aTasi 1,8-2,5 mm diametris mqone
qviriTis marcvalia mdedris 1 kg wonaze.
loqo meTevzeobis mniSvnelovani obieqtia amerikaSi, is Semoyvanil iqna ruseTSi,
sadac formirebulia sadede jogi. amerikuli loqo perspeqtiulia kobrTan, balaxismWamel
TevzebTan da bufalosTan erTad polikulturaSi gamosazrdelad.
ojaxi makrelisebri qariylapiebi - Scomberesocidae
ojaxi miekuTvneba sarganisnairTa rigs. misi warmomadgenlebi Ria okeanis
mravalricxovani planqtonuri organizmebiT mkvebavi Tevzebi arian. isini warmoadgenen
bevri mtacebeli cxovelis _ kalmarebis, Tevzebis, veSapebis da zRvis zogierTi
frinvelis sakvebs. gaaCniaT arsebiTi sarewao mniSvneloba. gavrcelebuli arian yvela
okeanis zomierad Tbil da subtropikul wylebSi. yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania saira
(Cololabis saira), romelic binadrobs wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi, saxalinis,
kuriliis kunZulebis, aRmosavleT kamCatkis sanapirosTan. sairas sxeuli dafarulia
patara advilad cvenadi qerclebiT. dingi wawvetebulia win gamoweuli qveda ybiT. zurgis
farfli miweulia ukan da ganlagebulia analuris zemoT. kudis Reroze gaaCnia damatebiTi
farflebi.
saira gunduri pelagiuri Tevzia. misi ganawileba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli wylis
hidrologiuri reJimTan. monasuqe Tevzi Cveulebriv Cerdeba Tbili kurosios da civi
oiasios wylebis SeerTebis adgilze wylis 14-180C temperaturaze. saxeldobr, aq,
`polaruli frontis~ zonaSi, poulobs is planqtonuri organizmebis (niCabfexiani
kiboebi, kalianusebi, hipereidebi da sxva kibosnairebi) siWarbes, romliTac is ikvebeba.
sqesobiv simwifes saira aRwevs 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofobs seqtembridan ivnisis
CaTvliT 17-190C temperaturaze. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. ovaluri qviriTis
marcvlebs erT-erT polusze gaaCniaT Zafebis kona, romelTa saSualebiTac isini emagrebian
mocurave sagnebs da erTmaneTsac. sairas nayofierebaa 9-23 aTasi qviriTis marcvali. saira
rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia Soreuli aRmosavleTis wylebSi. iWeren mas eleqtro
sinaTleze.
91
sur #120. makrelis qariylapia
makrelis qariylapia binadrobs atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi da samxreT
naxevarsferoSi, sadac gvxvdeba yvela okeaneSi. perspeqtiulia sarewaod.
rigi zRvis q a r i y l a p i a s n a i r n i - Beloniformes
Seicavs 4 ojaxs: aqedan Sav zRvaSi gvxvdeba erTi ojaxi zRvis qariylapiasebrni(Belonidae). am ojaxSi 6 gvari da 60-ze meti saxeobaa. isini gavrcelebuli arian
atlantis, indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis tropikul da nawilobriv zomier adgilebSi.
Sav zRvaSi mxolod erTi saxeobaa _ zRvis qariylapia (Belone belone euxini - Gunther),
sxeuli metad wagrZelebuli da cilindruli formisaa. gverdiTi xazi iwyeba yelidan da
kudis fuZemdea. zurgisa da analuri farflebi ganlagebulia sakmaod ukan, sxeulze
gasdevs SeferilobiT momwvano da Tanac sakmaod farTo gaswvrivi zoli, romelic Tavzec
vrceldeba. sigrZe 56-60-mdea, wona 222g-mde.
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gvxvdeba Savi
zRvis yvela sanapirosTan da azovis zRvaSic. zRvis binadari, pelagiuri, qaravnuli
Tevzia. tofobs maisidan agvistos Sua ricxvebamde. nayofiereba 1083-35369 qviriTamde
meryeobs. qviriTs 10-18 m siRrmeze yris. qviriTis marcvlebi aRWurvilia Zafiseburi
danamatebiT, romlebiTac isini wyalmcenareebsa Tu sxva sagnebze emagrebian, tofoben 12130C temperaturaze. ganviTareba grZeldeba 4-5 kvira.
zRvis qariylapias sakvebis 66%-s Tevzebi Seadgenen, aqedan qafSiaze modis 99,5%.
gaumaZRari Tevzia da tofobis drosac ikvebeba. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 5-6 wlis
asakSi. mdedrebi mamrebze ufro didebia. cocxlobs 14-18 weli. sarewao Tevzia. iWeren
Casadgmeli, mosasmeli da saTrevela badeebiT. iyeneben nedls, zogjer Sebolilsa da
damarilebuls. TeTri, mSrali da gemrieli xorci aqvs.
rigi virTevzsanairni - Gadiformes
virTevzasnairTa rigs miekuTvnebian Tevzebi, romelTac iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda
farflebSi ar gaaCniaT ekliani sxivebi. muclis farflebi ganlagebulia mkerdis
farflebis qveS an maT win. kudis farflis ConCxi simetriulia. virTevzasnairni zRvis,
ZiriTadad civi wylisa da fskeris Tevzebi arian. rigi moicavs 10-11 ojaxs 700 saxeobiT.
gaaCniaT didi sarewao mniSvneloba.
ojaxi virTevzasebrni - Gadidae
virTevzasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT erTidan samamde zurgis da erTi
an ori analuri farfli. muclis farflebi mkerdis farflebis winaa gawyobili. yvela
farfli ekliani sxivebis gareSea. nikapze aqvs ulvaSi. sxeuli dafarulia patar-patara
cikloiduri qerclebiT.
92
virTevzasebrni ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli arian Crdilo naxevarsferos zRvebSi,
gansakuTrebiT atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi (cnobili 53-dan 39 saxeoba),
gavrcelebulia agreTve barencis, TeTr da Soreuli aRmosavleTis zRvebSi. ori saxeoba
binadrobs Sav zRvasa da oTxi yinulovani okeanis cimbiris sanapiros gaswvriv.
umTavres sarewao saxeobebs warmoadgenen virTevza, mintai, pikSa, saida, navaga
putasu da mtknari wylebis Rlabuta
sur #121.
a)atlanturi virTevza, b)saida, g)piSka, d)navaga, e)mindai
v i r T e v z a (Gadus morhua) am ojaxis yvelaze mravalricxovani
warmomadgenelia. is farTodaa gavrcelebuli atlantis da wynari okeanis zomier olqebSi,
sadac warmoqmnis ramdenime qvesaxeobas da rasebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas. virTevza
moipoveba baltiisa da TeTr zRvebSic.
virTevzas gaaCnia zurgis sami da ori analuri farfli, msxvili Tavi, piris
naprali dingis wverozea, nikapze erTi ulvaSia. misi Seferiloba binadrobis adgilebTan
dakavSirebiT meryeobs momwvano-wengosferidan an moyviTalo-yavisfridan wablisferamde,
mravalricxovani yavisferi laqebiT. muceli moyviTalo an TeTria. Ria feris gverdiTi
xazi mkerdis farflebs zeviT warmoqmnis mcire klaknils. atlantis okeaneSi virTevza
gavrcelebulia kodis koncxidan da biskais yuridan grenlandiamde da axal miwamde. wynar
okeaneSi cnobilia beringis yuredan kaliforniasa da koreamde. yvelaze ufro
93
mravalricxovania a t l a n t u i r i v i r T e v z a (Gadus morhua morhua)
romelic warmoqmnis ramdenime rasas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuls malebis ricxviT, zrdis
tempiT, SeferilobiTa da sxva TaviseburebebiT. kerZod aris rasebi, romlebic yovelTvis
binadroben sanapiro zolSi da ar axasiaTebT Soreuli migraciebi da rasebi, romlebic
ewevian ufro moZrav cxovrebis nirs da migrireben tofobis adgilebidan nasuqobis
adgilebisaken da piriqiT.
ufro farTod gavcelebuli da Zlieria norvegia-barencis zRvis rasa, romelic am
zRvaSi traliT Weris obieqtia.
is didi zomis virTevza, romelic aRwevs 150-180 sm sigrZesa da 40 kg wonas.
Cveulebrivi sigrZea 40-80 sm. tofobes ZiriTadad CrdiloeT norvegiis napirebTan
lafotenis kunZulebis raionSi. tofoba mimdinareobs mart-aprilSi 4-60C wylis
temperaturaze 100m siRrmemde. pelagiuri Tevzia. qviriTis raodenoba meryeobs 2,5-dan 10
mln. calamde. ganayofierebuli qviriTis marcvlebi da maTgan gamoCekili lifsitebi
atlantis dinebiT gadaitaneba Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. sainkubacio periodis xangrZlivoba
damokidebulia temperaturaze da daaxloebiT erTi Tvea.
ivlis-agvistoSi 3-4 sm sigrZis axalmozardebi aRweven murmanskamde. warmoqmnian ra
jogebs da gadadian fskeruli cxovrebis nirze. migrireben sanapiro zolSi, sadac
intensiurad ikvebebian. sami wlis asakidan virTevza iwyebs SesamCnev migraciebs zafxulSiCrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT, zamTarSi - samxreTiT da dasavleTiT. asakTan erTad maTi
migraciis adgili farTovdeba barencis zRvis aRmosavleT raionebis xarjze. nasuqobaSi
myofi sxvadasxva asakis virTevzas jogebi Cerdebian erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebulad. 8-10
wlis asakSi barencis zRvis virTevzebi aRweven sqesobriv simwifes da grovdebian ufro
did jogebad, seqtember-oqtomberSi iwyeben svlas dasavleTiT satofo adgilebisaken,
tofobis Semdeg brundebian ukan.
atlantis okeanis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilis virTevzas ZiriTad sakvebs
warmoadgens patar-patar Tevzebi: qaSayi, moiva, saika. axalgazrda individebis sakvebSi
did rols asruleben kibosnairebi, gansakuTrebiT eufauziidebis ojaxis warmomadgenlebi.
yvelaze ufro intensiurad virTevza ikvebeba gazafxul-zafxulis periodSi. izrdeba
virTevza Cqara: 3 wliani individebi aRweven 35,8 sm sigrZes, 7 wlianebi _ 75,5 sm-s, 10
wlianebi _ 103 sm-s. cocxlobs virTevza 20-25 wels. virTevzas gansakuTrebuli saxeobebi
cxovroben baltiisa da TeTr zRvebSi. isini Seeguen am zRvebis ufro gamtknarebul
wylebs, ar axorcieleben Soreul migraciebs, gaaCniaT ufro momcro zomebi, sqesobriv
simwifes aRweven 3-4 wlis asakSi. wynari okeanis virTevzas, atlanturisagan gansxvavebiT,
aqvs mwebave, fskeruli qviriTi. Cerdeba erT adgilze, axorcielebs ra umniSvnelo
sezonur migraciebs zamTarSi napirebidan da zafxulSi napirebisaken 30-60 m siRrmeze.
atlanturi virTevza msoflio rewvis obieqtia. gansakuTrebiT fasobs misi file.
RviZlidan miRebuli cximi mdidaria A da D
vitaminebiT da warmoadgens Zvirfas
samedicino preparats.
virTevzas Werilis raodenoba didad meryeobs wliurad, rac dakavSirebulia
calkeuli Taobebis sxvadasxva mosavlianobasTan da rewvis maRal intensiurobasTan,
gansakuTrebiT satofo adgilebze.
p i k S a (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) virTevzasagan gansxvavdeba Savi feris gverdiTi
xaziTa da Savi laqiT mkerdis farflebze. ufro susti qveda piri aqvs, vidre virTevzas,
nikapze ulvaSiT.
pikSas gavrceleba virTevzas gavrcelebis msgavsia, magram ufro SezRudulia
CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, radganac is virTevzaze ramdenadme ufro
siTbosmoyvarulia. pikSa binadrobs
mxolod Crdilo atalntis okeaneSi evropisa da
amerikis sanapiroebTan.
pikSas
ZiriTadi
satofoebi
ganlagebulia
CrdiloeT
zRvaSi,
norvegiis
sanapiroebTan, agreTve islandiis napirebTan. pikSa tofobs ianvridan ivnisis CaTvliT 60C
wylis temperaturaze da 35%0 marilianobisas. nayofiereba meryeobs 100 aTasidan 2 mln.
94
qviriTis marcvlamde. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 4-5 wlis asakSi. qviriTis ganviTareba
grZeldeba 1-dan 3 kviramde. Tbili nordkapis dinebiT pikSsa mozardebi miitaneba barencis
zRvis samxreT nawilSi. pirvel TveebSi isini cxovroben wylis sizrqeSi, emalebian ra
mtaceblebs meduzebis gumbaTebis qveS. zafxulis bolos piSka gadadis fskeruli
cxovrebis nirze. pirvel or wels atarebs siRrmeSi, Semdeg mas ewyeba kvebiTi migraciebi,
romlebic ufro Soreuli xdeba asakTan erTad.
pikSa ZiriTadad ikvebeba fskeris uxerxemloebiT, nemskanianebiT, moluskebiT, WiebiT.
ikvebeba wvrili TevzebiTac, kerZod, moiviT. qaSayis tofobis dros didi raodenobiT
anadgurebs mis qviriTs. izrdeba virTevzaze ufro nela. pikSas Cveulebrivi sigrZea 60-70
sm, magram gvxvdeba 100-110 sm-mde individebic. rogorc sxva virTevzasebrebSi, cximi
ZiriTadad RviZlSi akumulirdeba, magram is ufro naklebia, vidre virTevzaSi. xorci
gemrielia. amzadeben files.
pikSa warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan obieqts, ikavebs ra mesame adgils virTevzasa
da mintais Semdeg. ZiriTadad iWeren traliT. pikSasaTvis Zalze damaxasiaTebelia maragis
Sevsebis mkveTri meryeobebi, romelic Zlier moqmedebs warmatebiT rewvaze.
s a i d a (Pollachius virens) didi zomis Tevzia, romelic aRwevs 120 sm sigrZes. misi
Cveulebrivi sigrZea 50-60sm. saidasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dingis wverze ganlagebuli
piri win gamoweuli qveda ybiT. ulvaSi qveda ybaze ganviTarebulia sustad. kudis farfli
Rrmad amokveTilia.
saida gavrcelebulia mxolod atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi biskais yuridan
murmanamde da kodis koncxidan wminda lavrentis yuremde. es gunduri pelagiuri Tevzia.
tofobs saida gazafxulze 6-100C wylis temperaturasa da daaxloebiT 35%0
marilianobisas. lifsitebi Cerdebian sanapiro raionebSi da barencis zRvaSi moitanebian
nordkapis dinebiT.
saida mtacebelia, ikvebeba qaSayis lifsitebiT, meqviSiebiTa da moivebiT. is
axorcielebs Soreul sezonur migraciebs gazafxulze CrdiloeTiT, xolo Semodgomaze samxreTiT. atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi saida warmoadgens rewvis mniSvnelovan
obieqts.
m e r l a n g i _ merlani (Odontogadus merlangus) gavrcelebulia atlantis
okeanisa da xmelTaSua zRvis evropis sanapiroebTan. qvesaxeoba binadrobs Sav zRvaSic.
atlantis okeanis merlangi aRwevs 55-68 sm sigrZes. Savi zRvis merlangi zomiT
ufro naklebia (Cveulebriv _ 25 sm, iSviaTad _ 50 sm-mde sigrZis), Seferiloba
moyviTalo-nacrisferia, nikapze aqvs patara ulvaSi da muqi laqa mkerdis farflebis
fuZesTan. Sav zRvaSi binadrobs wylis civ fenebSi 50-60 m siRrmeze. sqesobriv simwifes
aRwevs 2-3 wlis asakSi, tofobs wlis umetes dros. binadrobis mTel arealSi.
nayofiereba 100-280 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. ikvebeba kibosnairebiTa da wvrili
TevzebiT. merlangas didi raodenobiT iWeren CrdiloeTis zRvasa da Crdilo atlantis
okeanis bevr raionSi. Sav zRvaSi mas ar gaaCnia sarewao mniSvneloba da warmoadgens
sakvebs mtacebeli TevzebisaTvis. qerCis srutiT Sedis azovis zRvaSi. saqarTvelos
sanapiroebSi gvxvdeba yvelgan, aRniSnulia paliastomis tbaSic.
n a v a g a (Eleginus) CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis zRvebis sanapiro
sicivismoyvaruli Tevzia. navagasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia malebis amoberili ganivi morCebi,
sadac Sedis sacurao buStis gamonazardebi. CrdiloeTis navagas isini aqvs Zlieri da
iwyeba meeqvse malidan, xolo Soreuli aRmosavleTis navagas _ susti da iwyeba mecxre
malidan. navagebis zeda yba ramdenamde gamoweulia win, nikapze gaaCnia patara ulvaSi.
Navagebi fskeris Tevzebia, romlebic warmoqmnian erTmaneTisagan malebis ricxviTa
da zrdis tempiT gansxvavebul mravalricxovan adgilobriv jogebs.
arCeven navagebis or saxeobas _ CrdiloeTisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis navagas,
anu vaxnias.
C r d i l o e T i s
n a v a g a (E.navaga) gavrcelebulia kolis yuredan
dasavleTiT obis ubemde aRmosavleTiT. is mravalricxovania TeTr zRvaSic.
95
is sanapiro Tevzia, romelic ar axorcielebs Soreul migraciebs. gazafxulze
wylis daTbobasTan erTad gadis napirebidan, xolo saSemodgomo acivebasTan erTad
brundeba ukan da iwyebs gaZlierebul kvebas. zrdasruli navagebis sakvebs ZiriTadad
warmoadgenen fskeris uxerxemloebi, upiratesad Wiebi da kibosnairebi, agreTve virTevzas
lifsitebi, meqviSeebi, cqimurebi, moivebi da sxva Tevzebi.
navaga aRwevs 32 sm sigrZesa da 250 g wonas. misi sarewao sigrZe ar aRemateba 1523 sm-s. Cveulebriv, aseTi sigrZis 2-4 wlis navaga aRwevs sqesobriv simwifes. tofobis
wina periodSi navaga moqcevis dinebebiT midis napirebTan da zogan Sedis mdinareebis qvemo
welSi.
tofobis dawyebis win ki navaga tovebs gamtknarebul raionebs da dekember-ianvarSi
tofobs yinulis qveS 8-10 m siRrmeze kunZulebs Soris sruteebSi, Cqari dinebis
adgilebSi, qvian an qviSian gruntze. nayofiereba meryeobs 6-dan 63 aTas qviriTis
marcvlamde. qviriTi fskerulia, magram ara webovani. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 4
Tvemde. navaga gemrieli sarewao Tevzia. mas iWeren yinulis qveS napirebTan masobrivi
satofo svlis dros
S o r e u l i a R m o s a v l e T i s n a v a g a, a n u v a x n i a
(E.gracilis) gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilis rogorc aziis, ise amerikis
sanapiroebTan. binadrobs Cukotkis zRvaSic. Sedis mdinareebis SesarTavebsa da tbebSi.
vaxnia navagaze didi zomisaa. misi sigrZea 53 sm-mde, wona 1,1 kg.
vaxnia mudmivad Cerdeba sanapiro zolSi, zafxulSi wylis daTbobisas ki eSveba 3060 m siRrmeze. tofobs dekember-TebervalSi napirebTan axlos uaryofiT temperaturaze
(minus 1,6-1,80C). qviriTi fskerulia, sustad webovani. lifsitebi ewevian pelagiuri
cxovrebis nirs, xSirad Tavs afareben meduzebis zarxufebs. vaxnia ikvebeba kibosnairebiTa
da Tevzebis lifsitebiT.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis navaga sakmaod mravalricxovania da mas daaxloebiT 10-jer
mets iWeren CrdiloeTis navagasTan SedarebiT.
gvari putasu (Micromesistiu). gvari putasu moicavs or saxeobas C r d i l o e T
i s a
d a s a m x r e T i s p u t a s u s. isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
zomebiT. CrdiloeTis putasus zomebia 30-35, iSviaTad 47 sm, samxreTisa _ 50-55 sm, wona
_ 1,0-1,2 kg. putasus sxeuli dabali da mogrZoa, Seferilia mocisfro-monacrisfrod, aqvs
sami zurgis farfli, gayofili farTo SualedebiT. analuri farfli oria, amasTan
pirveli Zalian grZelia, piri naxevradzedaa, qveda yba gamoweulia win. nikapze ulvaSi ara
aqvs.
putasu gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT da samxreT-dasavleT
nawilebSi, 30-dan 800 m siRrmemde. es pelagiuri Tevzia. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 1-4
wlis asakSi sxeulis 17-dan 26 sm sigrZeze. tofobs 180-360 m siRrmeze 8-100C wylis
temperaturasa da 35%0 marilianobisas. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. ikvebeba
putasu kibosnairebiTa da Tevzebis lifsitebiT, izrdeba nela. RviZli Seicavs 50%-mde
vitaminebiT mdidar cxims. orive saxeoba rewvisaTvis sainteresoa.
m i n t a i (Theragra chalkogramma) gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis CrdiloeT
nawilis zRvebSi beringis srutidan koreasa da Crdilo kaliforniamde. binadrobs
ZiriTadad 500-700 m siRrmeze wylis 2-90C temperaturaze.
mintais sxeuli mogrZoa, gansakuTrebiT wagrZelebulia ukana nawilSi. nikapze
gaaCnia
sustad
ganviTarebuli
ulvaSi.
mintai
ikvebeba
ZiriTadad
pelagiuri
kibosanairebiTa da wvrili TevzebiT. man SeiZleba miaRwios 90 sm sigrZes (sarewao zomaa
50 sm). sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofobs napirebTan 50-100m siRrmis zeviT. aqvs
mcire zomis pelagiuri qviriTis marcvlebi. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT.
sainkubacio periodi 9-110C temperaturaze grZeldeba 7-9 dRe.
mintai yvelaze mravalricxovania wynari okeanis virTevzebidan da aqvs didi sarewao
mniSvneloba. ZviradRirebulia mintais A da D vitaminebiT mdidari RviZli. mintais meore
saxeoba binadrobs atlanti okeanis CrdiloeTSi, magram ar gaaCnia sarewao mniSvneloba.
96
s a i k a (Boreogadus saida) mcire zomis pelagiuri Tevzia. win gamoSverili qveda
ybiTa da Cangliseburi kudiT.
sur #123.
gavrcelebulia cirkumpolarulad. saika virTevzebidan erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
civi wylis moyvaruli Tevzia. Cveulebriv 50C temperaturis zeviT ar gvxvdeba. zafxulSi
Cerdeba yinulis kideebTan. saika ikvebeba fito _ da zooplanqtoniT, xolo TviTon
asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols mtacebeli Tevzebisa da sxva cxovelebis kvebaSi. saikas
rewvas ewevian TeTr zRvasa da barencis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi.
C v e u l e b r i v i
R l a b u t a (Lota lota) virTevzasebrTa ojaxis
erTaderTi warmomadgenelia, romelic Seguebulia mtknar wyalSi cxovrebas. mas gaaCnia
zurgis ori farfli, amasTan, erTi pataraa, xolo meore _ analuri. Tavi ramdenadme
gabrtyelebuli aqvs, zeda yba _ win gamoSverili. qveda ybaze gaaCnia kargad ganviTarebuli
ulvaSi. sxeuli dafarulia patar-patara cikloiduri qerclebiT. sxeulis Seferiloba
mniSvnelovnad meryeobs. Rlabuta-civi wylis binadari Tevzia.
sur #124. Rlabuta
is gvxvdeba mxolod Crdilo naxevarsferoSi, evropis, aziisa da amerikis mdinareebsa da
tbebSi. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania Rlabuta cimbiris mdinareebSi, sadac is rewvis
obieqtia. Rlabuta aRwevs 1m sigrZesa da 32 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi.
tofobs Rlabuta dekembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT. nayofiereba meryeobs 33 aTasidan 500
aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. Rlabutas qviriTi fskerulia, sustad webovani, cximovani
wveTiT. sainkubacio periodi temperaturis grZeldeba grZeldeba 1,5-2,5 Tve.
zrdasruli Rlabuta mtacebelia, ikvebeba cimorebiT, CiqviTa da sakuTari
lifsitebiTac, agreTve uxerxemloebiT, nakadulanebis larvebiT, qironomidebiTa da sxv.
97
gacilebiT intensiurad ikvebeba zamTarSi. zafxulSi wylis temperaturis 15-160C -mde
momatebisas Rlabuta miecema Zils da TiTqmis mTlianad wyvets kvebas. mas iWeren
xafangebiT satofo svlis dros. Zvirad fasobs Rlabutas RviZli, romelic warmoadgens
delikatesur produqts.
zRvis Rlabuta (Gaidzoprazus moditerraneus) binadrobs zRvis sanapiro zolSi qvebsa da
wyalmcenareTa Soris. tofobs seqtembridan martamde. nayofiereba 137-434 aTasi qviriTia.
qviriTi pelagiuria, viTardeba wylis sizrqeSi. gvxvdeba atlantis okeanis evropis
sanapiroebSi, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gvxvdeba yvelgan.
sameurneo mniSvnelobis Tevzia.
ojaxi merluzasebrni - Merluccisdae
merluzebi tipuri zRvis Tevzebi arian, romlebic binadroben wynari da atlantis
okeaneebis zomier da subtropikul wylebSi. Cveulebriv binadroben 150-300 m siRrmeze,
Tumca gvxvdebian 20-dan 1000m siRrmemde.
merluzasebrebs gaaCniaT ori zurgis da erTi analuri farfli. piri dingis wveroze aqvs, qveda yba win gamoSverili. nikapze ulvaSi ar gaaCnia. Yyvelaze ufro
mravalricxovania merluzebis gvari, romelic moicavs 15 saxeobas. gvaris yvela
warmomadgeneli sakmaod didi zomis Tevzebi arian, romlebic aRwevs 1,3 m sigrZesa da 10
kg masas. sarewao sigrZe ar aRemateba 30-40 sm-s.
yvela saxeobebs Soris sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs evropul, Ciles, samxreT afrikul
da Crdilo amerikul merluzas (vercxlisferi xeki).
sur #125.
a) merluza, b) markrurusi
TeTri merluza gavrcelebulia atlantis okeaneSi, xmelTaSua, adriatikis,
marmarilos, bosforisa da Sav zRvebSi, Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi _ baTumTan.
SeferilobiT movercxlisfro-nacrisferia, zurgze muqi nacrisferi gadakravs,
muceli TeTria. mkerdis farflis fuZesTan aqvs mcire zomis moSavo laqa. sigrZe 1,2 mmdea. zRvis Tevzia da umTavresad binadrobs fskeris lamian niadagze. sakvebis Zebnisas
eweva vertikaluri xasiaTis migracias, e.i. Cadis 840m-is siRrmeze. ikvebeba mcire zomis
TevzebiT, kibosnairebiTa da lokokinebiT.
98
sqesobrivad mamri mwifdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi (sxeulis sigrZe saSualod 27 sm),
mdedri 7-8 wlis asakSi (75-79sm). tofoba sxvadasxva zRvasa Tu okeaneSi sxvadasxva dros
xdeba. magaliTad, xmelTaSua zRvaSi TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. qviriTs
yris 9-100C temperaturisa da 35,2%0 marilianobisas. mdedrebi mamrebze didebia arian,
yvelaze dabali zrdis tempiT xasiaTdeba xmelTaSua zRvaSi. sameurneo mniSvnelobis
Tevzia.
ojaxi maxaTasebrni, eklianisebrni - GASTEROSTEIDAE
am ojaxSi cnobilia 5 gvari, romlebic gavrcelebulia Crdilo evropaSi, Sua aziasa
da Crdilo amerikis momlaSo da mtknar wyalsatevebSi. saqarTvelos farglebSi gvxvdeba
erTi gvari _ e k l i a n e b i (Gasterosteus Linne). am gvaridan Savi zRvis
saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi gavrcelebulia erTi saxeoba - samekala, s a m n e m s a
m a x a T a (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linne). binadrobs Sav zRvaSi da Sedis mdinareebis:
rionis, xobis, enguris SesarTavebSi, gvxvdeba paliastomis tbaSi, naxevradgamsvleli
Tevzia.
sameurneo mniSvneloba CvenSi ara aqvs, garda imisa, rom sxva sarewao Tevzebis sakvebs
Seadgens, sadac mravladaa (TeTri, baltiis, azovis zRvebi), misgan cxovelebis sakveb
fqvils amzadeben da adnoben samedicino daniSnulebis cxims. warmoadgens bevri Tevzis
sakvebs, magram Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzebis qviriTisa da lifsitebis ganadgurebiT
mavneblobac moaqvs.
rigi nemsTevzasnairni - SYNGNATHIFORMES
am rigis Tevzebs dingi maliseburi formis aqvT. sacurao buSti daxSuli. zurgis
pirveli farfli Tu aqvs, is aRWurvilia ekliani sxivebiT. muclis farflebi
ganlagebulia mucelze an mkerdis farflebis ukan da aRWurvilia 3-7 sxiviT. zurgis,
mkerdisa da analuri farflebis sxivebi dautotavia: muclisa da kudis farflebis nawili
_ datotvili. Ppiri Tavis wina boloze aqvs. neknebsSoris kunTebSi fxa ara aqvs. am
rigidan Sav zRvaSi gavrcelebulia erTi ojaxi – nemsTevzasebrni (Syngnatidae) sami gvariT:
1. gvelwvrila nemsTevzebi (Nerophics-rafinesque) ori qvesaxeobiT:
S a v i
z R v i s
m o k l e d i n g a n e m s T e v z a ( Nerophis ophidion teres Rathre) da
w v r i l d i n g a n e m T e v z a (Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathre). sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvT.
2. gvari zRvis nemsTevzebi (Syngnathus Linne) erTi saxeobiT _ S a v i z R v i s
n e m s T e v z a-Syngnathus nigrolineatus Eichwald. sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
3. gvari cxenTevzebi-Hippocampus Rafinesque erTi saxeobiT _
z R v i s
c x e n T e v z a (Hippocampus guttulatus microstephafus Slastenenro). sameurneo mniSvneloba
ara aqvs.
rigi kbilebiani kobrisnairni - CYPRINODONTIFORMES
am rigSi gaerTianebulia 8 ojaxi. saqarTveloSi aklimatizirebulia erTi ojaxi _
kbilebiani kobrisebrni (Poeceliidae). cocxalmSobi Tevzebi arian, romlebic binadroben
mtknar wylebSi. Tavi brtyeli da qercliT aqvT dafaruli. qercli didi zomisaa. am
ojaxidan
CvenSi
malariis
sawinaaRmdegod
aklimatizebulia
erTi
qvesaxeoba:
g a m b u z i a (Gambusia affinis holbroori Girard). didi raodenobiT anadgurebs malariis
gadamtan koRoebs, maT kvercxebs, matlebsa da Wuprebs. amasTan erTad, gambuzia
99
uaryofiTad moqmedebs sarewao Tevzebis gamravlebaze: anadgurebs maT qviriTs, larvebs,
lifsitebsa da sakvebs.
rigi mziurasnairni - ZEIFORMES
Seicavs
sam
ojaxs.
Aaqedan
Sav
zRvaSi
gavrcelebulia
erTi
ojaxi _ daxurulbuStiani. farflebi, Cveulebriv, rbili sxivebis garda, Seicaven
dautotav, eklian sxivebs. pirveli mala mtkicedaa Sesaxsrebuli malasTan. Sav zRvaSi
gavrcelebulia erTi ojaxi xaliani mziurasebrni (Zeidae) erTi saxeobiT _ x a l i a n i
m z i u r a (Zeus faber pungio Valenciennes). zRvis pelagiuri Tevzia. binadrobs mcire
jogebad. ikvebeba mcire zomis pelagiuri TevzebiT da uxerxemloebiT. qviriTs yris
ivnisidan agvistos bolomde. Ggazafxulze larvebic pelagiur cxovrebas ewevian.
Ggvxvdeba agreTve atlantis okeanis evropis sanapiroebis wylebSi. simciris gamo
sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
ojaxi makrurusisebrni - Macrouridae
makrurusisebrebs gaaCniaT mogrZo sxeuli. kudis farfli ara aqvT. zurgis farfli
oria. zurgis pirveli farflis win gaaCnia ori ekali. kargad ganviTarebuli muclis
farflebi ganlagebulia yelze, uSualod mkerdis farflebis fuZis qveS an maTgan
ramdenadme win. qveda ybaze aqvs grZeli ulvaSi.
maTi zomebi Cveulebriv ar aRemateba 40-60 sm-s, magram calkeuli saxeobebi aRweven
1 m-s da met sigrZes. sul iTvlian 300-mde saxeobas. isini farToda arian gavrcelebuli
wynar, atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebSi. gansakuTrebiT maravlricxovani arian wynar
okeaneSi. makrurusebis yvela saxeobis 95%-mde binadrobs 250-2500 m siRrmeze. zogierTi
gvxvdeba 4000 m siRrmezec.
mravalricxovani arian makrurusisebrni beringisa da oxotis zRvebSi. aq
gavrcelebulia patara Tvliani, Savi da ferflisferi saxeobebi.
barenciis zRvaSi sakmaod Cveulebrivia Macrourus berglax, naklebad gvxvdeba
M.rupestris. tofoben isini zamTarSi an adre gazafxulze. qviriTs yrian porciobiT,
qviriTi batipelagiuria, SedarebiT msxvili, daaxloebiT 1,8mm diametriT. nayofiereba 16
aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. ikvebebian makrurusebi kibosnairebiTa da wvrili TevzebiT. maT
iWeren tralebiT 700-1200m siRrmeze. makrurusebis xorci kargi gemosia, RviZli mdidaria
cximiTa da vitaminebiT.
rigi kefalisnairni - Mugiliformes
kefalisnairebs gaaCniaT didi SualediT gayofili ori mokle zurgis farfli. Tavi
da sxeuli dafarulia cikloiduri an qtenoiduri qerclebiT. muclis farflebi
ganlagebulia muclis Suagulis ramdenadme wina mxares. Cvens teritoriul wylebSi
iWeren ZiriTadad kefalisebrebs.
ojaxi kefalisebrni - Mugilidae
kefalsebrTa ojax aerTianebs erTmaneTTan Zalian msgavs daaxloebiT 100 saxeobas.
gaaCniaT vercxlisferi qerclebiT dafaruli mogrZo momrgvalebuli sxeuli. qerclebiT
dafarulia Tavi, gverdiTi xazi daumTavrebelia an saerTod ar aris. zurgis pirvel
farflSi Cveulebriv oTxi ekliani sxivia. piri patara da ganivia. zog saxeobas (lobanis,
anu didSublas) Tvalebze gaaCnia cximovani quTuTo. kefalebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
100
wynari, atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebis tropikul da subtropikuli sartylebis
sanapiro wylebSi.
kefalisebrTa bevr saxeobas gaaCnia SedarebiT mcire areali, magram lobani (Mugil
cephalus) praqtikulad gvxvdeba ojaxis gavrcelebis yvela adgilSi. kefalebi gvxvdebian
Soreul aRmosavleTSi, Savsa da kaspiis zRvebSi (kaspiaSi isini dasaxlebul iqnen 1930-34
ww)
kefalebi gansakuTrebulad evrigaluri Tevzebia, romlebic itanen sxvadasxva
marilianobas sruliad mtknari wylidan 38%0-mde. ZiriTadad zRvis Tevzebi arian, magaram
kubis, indoneziisa da filipinebis kunZulebis tbebSi binadroben mtknari wylis kefalebi.
Sav zRvaSi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs lobans (M.cephalus), sinRils (M. auratus),
maxvilcxviras (M.salienes), xolo iaponiis zRvaSi _ p i l e n g a s s (M.soiny), kaspiis
zRvaSi _ sinRilsa da cxvirmaxvilas.
sur #126. kefali
a)lobani, b)cxvirmaxvila, g) sinlili
kefalebis biologia Zalian msgavsia. Sav zRvaSi isini mravldebian ivnis-agvistoSi 16250C
wylis temperaturaze napirebidan ramdenadme moSorebiT. qviriTi, larvebi da
lifsitebi viTardebian wylis sizrqeSi, magram mozardebi Cqara brundebian wyalmarCx
adgilebSi. sanasuqod mozardebica da zrdasruli individebic Sedian yureebSi, limanebsa
da mdinareebis qvemo welSi, sadac ikvebebian Semodgomamde. xelsayreli pirobebis dros
101
izamTreben yureebSi an lagunebSi da ar gadian zRvaSi. kefalebis umravlesoba sqesobriv
simwifes aRwevs 3-4 wlis, xolo lobani 6-8 wlis asakSi. maTi nayofiereba didia da
meryeobs 157,7 aTasidan (singili) 7206 aTas (lobani) qviriTis marcvlamde.
kefalebis sakvebs Seadgens detriti, perifitoni da patar-patara uxerxemloebi.
yvelaze intensiurad kefalebi ikvebebian wlis Tbil sezonze, naklebad - dazamTrebis,
tofobisa da migraciebis dros. izrdebian kefalebi SedarebiT swrafad. gansakuTrebiT
xelsayreli pirobebisas lobanma SeiZleba miaRwios 1kg-ze met wonas. is ojaxis yvelaze
ufro didi zomis warmomadgenelia, aRwevs ra 90 sm sigrZesa da 6,7 kg wonas.
kefalebi tropikuli da subtropikuli wylebis mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzebi arian.
Zalze perspeqtiulia kefalebis gamozrda lagunebsa da limanebSi. am Tevzebis gamozrda
lagunebSi praqtikulad didi xania warmoebs. lagunuri meurneobebis produqtiulobam
SeiZleba Seadginos 50-100 kg/ha. xolo yvelaze ufro nayofier lagunebSi 300-350 kg/ha-c.
kefali SeiZleba gamoizardos tborebSi sxva TevzebTan erTad.
L l o b a n i s sxeuli wagrZelebulia, dafarulia msxvili qercliT, piri patara
da ganivi mdebareobisaa. kbilebi wvrilia. quTuToebi cximovani da ganieria. zeda tuCi
odnav gasqelebuli da borcvakebs moklebulia. qveda yba wvrili qercliTaa dafaruli.
zurgi nacrisferia. gverdebze 6-7 yomrali gaswvrivi zoli gasdevs. kenti farflebi
nawilobriv moyviTaloa. mkerdis farflebze muqi laqa aqvs. sigrZe 60-75 sm-mde, wona 3,5
kg-mde, iSviaTad 5-12 kg-s aRwevs.
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi da gamosakvebad Sedis mdinareebSi: WoroxSi,
sufsa, rioni, xobi, Wuria, enguri, kodori, bzifi, tbebSi: paliastomi, inkiTi, nuria da
sxv.
naxevradgamsvleli, qaravnuli, Zlier moZravi Tevzia, romelic ZiriTadad zRvis
mkvidria.
sqesobrivad mwifdeba sami wlis asakidan. sqesmwife mamris sigrZea 33,5 sm,
mdedris - 34,8-sm. nayofiereba 2-8 milion qviriTs aRwevs. gaunayofierebeli qviriTi
wylis zedapirze dacuravs da male iRupeba, ganayofierebuli ki fskerze ewebeba da iq
viTardeba.
ikvebeba mcenareuli detritiT, mwvane wyalmcenareebiTa da diatomebiT, xolo
lifsitebi - planqtoniT.
sameurneo mniSvneloba didia. paliastomis tbaSi martidan oqtombramde iWeren,
xolo md.malTayvaSi-wlis yovel dros. Weris iaraRebia: Casadgmeli bade, mcuravi Wilobi,
venteri, sasroli bade (mdinareSi). iyeneben nedls, Sebolils. amzadeben misgan konservebs.
o q r o s f e r i
k e f a l i ( sinRili), zurgis qerclebze aqvs Rarebi.
gverdze oqrosfer fonze gasdevs 6-7 moyviTalo zoli. layuCis saxuravis ukana nawilze
didi oqrosferi laqa aCnia. sigrZe 52 sm-mdea, wona _ 650 g-mde.
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi. mcire raodenobiT Sedis sakvebad mdinareebSi:
Woroi, sufsa, enguri, rioni, xobi, kodori, maWarai, besla, gumisTa, nuriisa da
paliastomis tbebSi.
mis ZiriTad sakvebs detriti da planqtonuri organizmebi warmoadgens. sqesobrivad
3-4 wlidan mwifdeba. Sav zRvaSi mravldeba ivnisidan oqtombramde, risTvisac etaneba
zRvis gaSlil sivrceebs. qviriTis raodenoba 149-4440 aTasamdea.
saqarTvelos wylebSi raodenobis simciris gamo sarewao mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
m a x v i l a c x v i ra (Mugil salins Riss). gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis,
afrikis da evropis (biskais yuremde) sanapiroebSi, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi, azovis
zRvaSic Sedis. saqarTveloSi mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba Sav zRvasa da Senakad
mdinareebSi: sufsaSi, rionSi, kodorSi, engurSi, bzifSi, agreTve paliastomis tbaSi. zRvis
qaravnuli Tevzia. kargad itans rogorc mtknar, ise mlaSe wyals. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 3
wlis asakSi. mravldeba ivlisidan agvistos bolomde. nayofierebaa 527-2143 aTasi
qviriTis marcvali. sameurneo mniSvnelobis Tevzia. iWeren sxva saxeobis kefalebTan erTad.
102
ojaxi aTerinasebrni - Atherinidae
TiTistarisebri sxeuli dafarulia cikloiduri, ufro iSviaTad ktenoiduri
qercliT. muceli momrgvalebuli da Tavi wagrZelebuli aqvs. gverdiTi xazis organo ara
aqvs. sxeulis gverdebze gaswvriv vercxlisferi zoli gasdevs, mcire zomis Tevzia.
qviriTis garsi Zafisebri danamatiT aris aRWurvili. am ojaxSi 14 gvaria gaerTianebuli.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mxolod erTi gvari _ aTerinebisa.
gvari aTerinebidan (Atherina) saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gavrcelebulia S a v i
z R v i s a T e r i n a (Atherina mochon pontica). zurgis meore farfli iribad
wakveTili aqvs, analuri - odnav amokveTili. kudis farfli amokveTilia. gverdebze
vercxlisferi zoli gasdevs. sigrZe 15 sm-mdea.Ggavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi.
zogjer mtknar wylebSic Sedis (bugi, dnepri). saqarTveloSi binadrobs mdinare enguris
SesarTavsa da mis maxloblad tbebSi, mdinare Tiqorisa da Wurias SesarTavSi, nuriis,
skurCisa da paliastomis tbebSi. zRvis mkvidri qaravnuli pelagiuri Tevzia, itans
marilianobis did meryeobebs.
sqesobrivad mwifdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi. mravldeba martidan seqtembramde zRvis
sanapiroebis fskerze, wyalmcenareebSi, romelsac emagreba Tavis ZafebiT. qviriTis
raodenoba 25-2063 calamdea 1,2-1,97 mm diametric mqone marcvliT. axalgamoCekili larva
5-5,5mm sigrZisaa.
sameurneo mniSvnelobiT azovis zRvaSi qafSiis Semdeg meore adgili ukavia. misgan
Tevzis sakveb fqvilsa da teqnikur zeTs amzadeben. iyeneben damarilebuls.
rigi qorWilasnairi - Perciformes
qorWilasnairni yvelaze mravalricxovani rigia amJamad mcxovrebi Zvliani
Tevzebidan. moicavs aranakleb 150 ojaxs da 6000-ze met saxeobas. binadroben Cveni
planetis erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebul wyalsatevebSi.
qorWilasnairTaTvis metad damaxasiaTebelia farflebSi eklebis arseboba. muclis
farflebi Cveulebriv ganlagebulia mkerdis farflebis fuZis qveS an maT win.
ojaxi seranisebrni, anu qvis qorWilebi - Serranidae
seranisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT erTi zurgis farfli kargad
gamoxatuli ekliani nawiliT, romelic zog saxeobaSi zogjer gamoyofilia calke
farflad. analur farflSi maT aqvT 3 ekali. saxuravsqveda Zvali mTavrdeba maxvili
dakbiluli kidiT.
ojaxi moicavs 400-ze meti saxeobis ZiriTadad zRvis Tevzebs, romlebic binadroben
atlantis, wynari da indoeTis okeaneebis suptropikul da tropikul olqebSi. zogierTi
(Cinuri qorWila) binadrobs mtknar wylebSi. qvis qorWilebi binadroben Soreul
AaRmosavleTSi, md. amursa da Sav zRvaSi.
qvis qorWilebi gamoirCevian
didi mravalferovnebiT. maT Soris gvxvdeba 100
gramiani individebic da 300 kg-ze meti wonis gigantebi. maTi sxeuli mkveTrad Seferilia,
rac qmnis karg pirobebs SeniRbvisaTvis. gaumaZRari mtaceblebia. isini TavianT msxverpls
esxmian safaridan.
Sav zRvaSi binadrobs l a v r a k i (Morone labrax Linne).
103
sur #127. lavraki (knipoviCis mixedviT 1923)
cxovrobs wylis sizrqeSi. es didi zomis 1 m-de sigrZisa da 12 kg wonis Tevzia.
lavraki mtacebelia, ikvebeba sardinebiT, qafSiiTa da krevetebiT. tofobs napirebTan
axlos maisidan agvistos CaTvliT. misi qviriTi pelagiuria cximovani wveTiT. lavrakis
xorci gemrielia, magram sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea, radganac is ar warmoqmnis did
dajgufebebs. gavrcelebulia evropis sanapiroebTan, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. binadrobs
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi (paliastomis tbaSi), qobuleTis sanapiroebTan md. kintriSSi.
Llavrakis xmelTaSua zRvis populaciis mozardebi Semotanili iyo baTumis
akvariumSi sadede masalis gamosazrdelad.
axlo saxeoba z o l i a n i q o r W i l a (Morone saxatilis) binadrobs
atlantis okeanis Crdilo amerikis sanapiroze, aklimatizebulia wynari okeanis
sanapiroebSic da ruseTSic (azovis zRvaSi). did zomis Tevzia, aRwevs 180 sm sigrZesa da
50 kg wonas. xorci gamoirCeva SesaniSnavi gemoTi. sqesobriv simwifes zoliani qorWila
aRwevs 3-4 wlis asakSi. tofobs martidan agvistos CaTvliT rogorc zRvis, ise mtknar
wyalSi. misi nayofiereba 500-dan 2500 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. sainkubacio periodi
grZeldeba 2 dRe-Rame. zrdasruli individebi ikvebebian patara TevzebiT, kibosnairebiTa
da moluskebiT. tboris pirobebSi ikvebeba xelovnuri sakvebiTa da iZleva karg namats.
saqarTveloSi aRniSnulia Savi zRvis aWarisa da afxazeTis sanapiroebSi.
sur #128. xalebiani merou
yvelaze kargadaa gavrcelebuli m e r o u s (gvari Epinephelus) sxvadasxva saxeoba,
romlebic binadroben yvela tropikulsa da suptropikul zRvaSi. didi zomis Tevzebi
arian.
104
Zalian xSirad dasavleT afrikis sanapiroebTan SeiniSneba g i g a n t u r i
m e r o u (Epinephelus gigas), romelic aRwevs 120 sm sigrZesa da 60 kg wonas.
gvaris yvelaze didi zomis warmomadgeneli _ t a u v i n a aRwevs 235 sm sigrZesa
da 136 kg wonas. bevri saxeoba, kerZod, S a v i
z R v i s
q v i s
q o r W i l a (Serranus scriba) hermafroditia. Tanac mamrisa da mdedris sasqeso
jirkvlebi mas uviTardeba erTroulad da aRiniSneba TviTganayofiereba.
sur #129. Qqvis qorWila
CineTisa da koreis mdinareebSi, agreTve amurSi binadrobs qvis qorWilasebrTa
ojaxis mtknari wylis warmomadgeneli C i n u r i q o r W i l a (Siniperca chuatsi). es
didi zomis Tevzia. 70 sm-mde sigrZiTa da 8 kg-mde woniT (Cveulebriv 1kg), mtaceblelia.
misi xorci Zalian gemrielia. Cinuri qorWilas rewvas ewevian md. amurSi.
ojaxi qorWilasebrni - Percidae
qorWilasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs, qvis qorWilasebrTagan gansxvavebiT analur
farflSi gaaCniaT ori ekali. zurgis farfli oria: pirveli Sedgeba ekliani sxivebisagan,
meoreSi Warbobs rbili mravaltotiani sxivebi. ojaxis zogierT warmomadgenelSi (Ciqvebi)
ekliani da datotvili nawilebi Sezrdilia erT zurgis farflad. maTi sxeuli
dafarulia qtenoiduri qerclebiT.
qorWilasebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba 100-ze meti saxeoba. isini gavrcelebuli arian
CrdiloeT naxevarsferos mtknarsa da momlaSo wylebSi.
yvelaze farTodaa gansaxlebuli qorWilebis gvari _ Perca - s warmomadgenlebi.
isini binadroben mTeli evropis wyalsatevebSi (pireneis naxevarkunZulis garda), Savi,
kaspiis da aralis zRvebis auzebSi, cimbirSi, aRmosavleTiT kolimamde. qorWilebs gaaCniaT
zurgis ori farfli da mTlianad qerclebiT dafaruli loyebi.
binadroben sxvadasxva tipis wyalsatevebSi: mdinareebSi, tbebSi, wyalsacavebSi,
momlaSo wyalsatevebsa da mTian tbebSi 1000 m simaRleze. gvars miekuTvneba sami saxeoba:
Cveulebrivi, yviTeli da balxaSis qorWilebi.
105
sur #130.
a)balxaSis, b)Cveulebrivi
yvelaze mravalricxovania C v e u l e b r i v i q o r W i l a. es mkveTrad
Seferili Tevzia muqi mwvane zurgiTa da momwvano-moyviTalo gverdebiT, aWrelebuli 5-9
muqi ganivi zoliT. wyvili farflebi yviTeli an wiTeli ferisaa. bevr wyalsatevSi
qorWila warmoqmnis ekologiur formebs, Seguebuls wyalsatevis sxvadasxva nawilTan:
erTi maTgani _ sanapiros wvrili qorWila, izrdeba nela da ikvebeba ZiriTadad
uxerxemloebiT; meore - fskeris qorWila, izrdeba Cqara, upiratesad eweva mtacebluri
cxovrebis nirs. rogorc gamonaklisi, qorWilebi aRweven 55 sm sigrZesa da 3 kg wonas.
sarewao zomebi mniSvnelovnad mcirea. sqesobriv simwifes qorWila aRwevs 1-3 wlis asakSi.
tofobs adre gazafxulze 7-8-dan 150C wylis temperaturaze. qviriTs yris grZeli
lentebis saxiT, ZiriTadad, wina wlis mcenareebze. nayofiereba meryeobs 12 aTasidan 300
aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. larvebi iCekebian meore - mesame kviras. yviTris parkis Sewovis
Semdeg lifsitebi ikvebebian zooplanqtoniT, magram sxeulis sigrZis 4 sm-mde miRwevisas
gadadian TevzebiT kvebaze.
Cveulebrivi qorWila adgilobrivi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia.
saqarTvelos mtknar wylebSi binadrobs m d i n a r i s
q o r W i l a
(Perca fluviatilis). misi maRali sxeuli gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia, dafarulia mcire
zomis qercliT, ybebze ramdenime rigad gawyobili wvrili kbilebi aqvs, loyebi qercliTaa
dafaruli, zurgis farfli ori aqvs, layuCis Cxirebi - 14-20. muclis farflebi mkerdis
farflebze cota grZelia.
sxeuli momwvano-yviTelia. gverdebze 7-8 gardigardmo Savi zolia. zurgis pirveli
farfli nacrisferia, meore - momwvano-yviTeli, mkerdis farflebi yviTelia, sigrZe - 52
sm-mdea, wona _ 5kg-mde.
binadrobs kolxeTis mdinareebSi: sufsa, rioni, xobi, Wuria, Tiqori, enguri da
tbebSi: paliastomi, nabada da bebesiri. Cveulebriv arCeven mdinaris qorWilas msxvil da
wvril (juja) rasas. ikvebeba mdinaris kiboebiT, meqviSia loqoebiT, patara TevzebiT.
sarewao Tevzia. iyeneben nedls, damarilebuls, Sebolils. amzadeben konservebsac.
iWeren sxvadasxva badiT.
b a l x a S i s q o r W i l a (P.schrenki) binadrobs tbebis balxaSisa da
alakolis auzebSi. Cveulebriv qorWilasagan gansxvavdeba ufro Ria SeferilobiTa da
106
zurgis dabali pirveli farfliT. aRwevs 35 sm sigrZes. mtacebelia. izrdeba nela.
balxaSis tbaSi arsebiTi sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
gvari fargebi (Lucioperca). fargebis sxeuli mogrZoa, muclis farflebi ufro
farTodaa gaSlili, vidre qorWilebSi. erTmaneTisagan fargebi Zlier gansxvavdebian.
Cveulebriv fargas gaaCnia eSvebi, zeda ybis Zvali Sedis Tvalis ukana kidis miRma, zurgis
meore farflSi aqvs 19-dan 23-mde mravaltotiani sxivi. zRvis fargasac gaaCnia eSvebi,
magram piri ramdenamde pataraa da zurgis meore farflSi Cveulebriv 15-18 mravaltotiani
sxivia. berSs ara aqvs eSvebi da zeda ybis Zvali aRwevs Tvalis mxolod Sua nawilamde.
qorWilebis ojaxis yvelaze ufro Zvirfasi da didi zomis warmomadgenelia C v e u
l e b r i v i f a r g a (Lucioperca lucioperca). is aRwevs 120 sm sigrZesa da 12 kg
wonas. fargas Cveulebrivi zomebia sigrZe _ 60-70 sm da wona _ 2-4 kg. gavrcelebulia
Savi, baltiis, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis auzebSi. amJamad is farTodaa
gansaxlebuli tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi. saqarTveloSi binadrobs mdinareebSi: rioni, xbi,
guria, Tiqori, enguri. tbebSi: paliastomi, inkiTi. Ggvxvdeba umTavresad SesarTavebSi.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mingeCauris wyalsacavidan SeaRwia md. alaznis qvemo welSi.
cxovrebis niris mixedviT. arCeven fargas or biologiur formas: mkvidrs da
naxevradgamsvlels.
mkvidri farga binadrobs mdinareebsa da sufTa, xelsayreli gazis reJimis mqone
tbebSi. Cerdeba wylis sizrqeSi sxvadasxva siRrmeze, ZiriTadad sakvebis gadaadgilebasTan,
Jangbadis Semcvelobasa da wylis temperaturasTan dakavSirebiT.
naxevradgamsvleli farga binadrobs Savi, aralis, kaspiisa da azovis zRvebis
momlaSo wylebSi, saidanac satofod Sedis mdinareebSi: Savi zRvidan dneprSi, azovis
zRvidan donsa da kubanSi, kaspiis zRvidan volgasa da uralSi. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs
3-4 wlis asakSi. mdinareebSi svla iwyeba mart-aprilSi. mdinareebSi maRla ar adis,
tofobs mdinareebis qvemo welSi wyalmarCx adgilebze. qviriTs yris specialur budeebSi,
romlebsac farga iSenebs lerwmis fesurebisagan. tofoben wyvilad. fargas nayofiereba
meryeobs 200 aTasidan 1000 aTas 1,0-1,5 mm diametris mqone qviriTis marcvlamde. qviriTi
ewebeba lerwmis fesvebze. sainkubacio periodi 18-220C temperaturaze grZeldeba 3-4
dRe-Rame. yviTris parkis Sewovis Semdeg lifsitebi ikvebebian zooplanqtoniT, magram ukve
meore Tves gadadian ufro didi zomis uxerxemloebiT da Tevzebis lifsitebiT kvebaze.
zrdasruli fargebi ikvebebian RorjoebiT, perkarinebiT, qarsalebiTa da sxva iaffasiani
TevzebiT. yvelaze ufro intensiurad ikvebeba zafxulsa da Semodgomaze. qviriTobis dros
ar ikvebeba.
farga
rewvis
Zvirfasi
obieqtia.
fargas
jogis
normaluri
Sevsebis
uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia TevzsaSen meurneobebSi mozardebis xelovnuri moSeneba,
bunebrivi satofo adgilebis melioracia da Weris mkacri reglamentireba.
b e r S i (L. volgensis) binadrobs mxolod mdinareebSi. is Cveulebriv fargaze
pataraa. sarewao mniSvneloba mcirea.
z R v i s f a r g a (L. marinus) gavrcelebulia Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi, Sua da samxreT kaspiaSi. rogorc wesi, mtknar wylebs gaurbis. aRwevs 60sm
sigrZes. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 2 wlis asakSi. tofobs gazafxulze qvian gruntze.
nayofiereba meryeobs 13 aTasidan 126 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. ikvebeba TevzebiT. sarewao
mniSvneloba mcirea.
107
sur #131. farga
gvari Ciqvebi (Acerina). Ciqvebis gvarSi Sedis sami saxeoba: Cveulebrivi da zoliani
Ciqvi da biriuCka. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Cveulebrivi Ciqvi.
sur #132. Ciqvi
es tbisa da mdinaris Tevzia. Cveulebriv, sigrZea 10-15 sm, wona 20-25 g. ikvebeba
fskeris uxerxemloebiT. amis garda is Wams sarewao Tevzebis qviriTs. Ciqvi Zalian
gaumaZRaria. is ar wyvets kvebas mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. izrdeba Zalian nela. adreuli
momwifeba (2 weli) da maRali nayofiereba uzrunvelyofs misi ricxobriobis swraf
momatebas wyalsatevSi, rac arasasurvelia, radganac is warmoadgens kaparWinas, kobrisa
da sxva Tevzebis konkurents sakvebSi.
Ciqvs iyeneben ZiriTadad nedli saxiT.
ojaxi lufarisebrni - Pomatomidae
lufarisebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba erTi saxeoba l u f a r i (Pomatomus), romelic
binadrobs atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebis tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi. aris Sav
zRvaSic. lufarebis sxeuli gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia. aqvs zurgis ori farfli:
pirveli (ekliani) farfli meoreze moklea da ikeceba RarSi zurgze. analur farflSi
aqvs sami ekali.
108
sur #133. Llufari
didi piri SeiaraRebulia kbilebiT. lufari jgufuri pelagiuri Tevzia, aRwevs 15
kg wonas. sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 2-4 wlis asakSi. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs
zafxulSi zRvis Ria adgilebSi. qviriTi pelagiuria. lufaris nayofiereba 112 aTasidan
195 aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. mozardebi adre gadadian TevzebiT kvebaze. lufari
Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. didi raodenobiT iWeren agreTve atlantis okeanis amerikis
sanapirosTan. iWeren Sav zRvaSi, maT Soris saqarTvelos sanapiro zonaSi. drodadro
Sedis paliastomis tbaSi.
ojaxi stavridasebrni - Carangidae
stavridasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs zurgis ori farfli aqvT. zurgis meore
da analuri farfli grZelia. zog saxeobaSi zurgis meore da analuri farflebis ukan
gaaCniaT TiTo an ramdenime damatebiTi farfli. analuri farflis win aqvT ori
gamocalkevebuli ekali. kudis Rero Txelia. gverdiTi xazis qerclebs aqvs
savarcxlisebri wanazardebi.
sur #134. Cveulebrivi stavrida.
stavridasebrTa ojaxi iTvlis zRvis pelagiuri Tevzebis 200-ze met saxeobas,
romlebic binadroben atlantis, indoeTis da wynari okeaneebis tropikul, subtropikul
da zomier wylebSi. bevri saxeoba zafxulSi axdens kvebiT migraciebs ufro CrdiloeT
ganedebSi, xolo wylis acivebasTan dakavSirebiT brundebian ukan.
stavridasebrTa umetesoba ikvebeba zooplanqtoniTa da patar-patara TevzebiT. didi
mniSvneloba gaaCniaT msoflio WeraSi.
109
gvari stavridebi (Trachurus). stavridebis gvaris erTi saxeoba _ Trachurus
mediterraneus Ponticus _ Savi zRvis stavrida binadrobs Sav zRvaSi, xolo ori _ Soreuli
aRmosavleTis wylebSi. Sav zRvaSi stavrida warmodgenilia ori formiT - msxvili da
wvrili. magram Savi zRvis msxvili stavridas zomebic ki ar aRemateba 40 sm-s. stavridebi
sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 2 wlis asakSi. tofobs maisidan agvistos CaTvliT. qviriTis
yra porciulia. 2-0,4mm diametris qviriTis marcvali pelagiuria. saSualo nayofiereba 67
aTas qviriTis marcvlamdea. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2-3 dRe. lifsitebi xSirad
meduzebis zarxufebis qveS afareben Tavs. stavridebi ikvebebian wvrili TevzebiTa da
kibosnairebiT. Sav zRvaSi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi
gavrcelebulia misi qvesaxeoba _ ponturi (Savi zRvis) stavrida.
atlantis, indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi
binadrobs s e r i o l e b i s (gvari-Seriola) daaxloebiT 10 saxeoba. eseni didi zomis
jgufuri pelagiuri sarewao mniSvnelobis Tevzebi arian.
sur #135. seriola
maTi sxeuli torpedoseburia. qerclebis savarcxlisebri gamonazardebi gverdiT
xazSi ara aqvT. kudis ReroSi gaaCnia Zvlovani gaswvrivi qedi. binadroben isini
kontinenturi Selfis raionSi, sadac warmoqmnian mWidro koncentraciebs. iaponiaSi
seriolebis lifsitebs warmatebiT zrdian zRvis gamijnul nawilebSi. seriolebis
calkeuli saxeobebi aRweven 2 m sigrZesa da 50 kg wonas.
gvari karanqsebi (Caranx). karanqsebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi binadroben atlantis,
indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis tropikul wylebSi. maTi mogrZo-ovaluri sxeuli
dafarulia wvrili qercliT. binadroben ara umetes 100m siRrmisa. isini ewevian
mtaceblur cxovrebas. did dajgufebebs ar warmoqmnian. zogierTebi aRweven 1m sigrZesa da
20 kg wonas. umetesobas gaaCnia sarewao mniSvneloba.
sur #136. karanqsi
110
ojaxi pomadazisebrni, anu buzRuna Tevzebi -PPomadasyidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT didi Tavi gamosawevi patara piriT, romelic
SeiaraRebulia wvrili basri kbilebiT. aqvs xaxis Zlieri kbilebi, romlebic buzRuna
Tevzebs saSualebas aZlevs daaqucmacon moluskebis niJarebi. zurgis farfli naWdeviT
gayofilia eklian da rbil nawilebad. dasaxeleba maT miiRes imis gamo, rom aqvT unari
gamoscen xmamaRali Rrutuna bgerebi. buzRuna Tevzebi binadroben Selfze, SeuZliaT
mtknar lagunebsa da yureebSi Sesvla. amjobineben adgilebs lamiani fskeriTa da mRvrie
wyliT. ZiriTadad ikvebebian fskeris uxerxemloebiT (Wiebi, moluskebi, kibosnairebi). bevr
maTgans gaaCnia sarewao mniSvneloba.
yvela okeanis tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi iWeren pristipomebsa da
parapristipomebs. Ppristipomebis xorci gemrielia da masze didi moTxovnilebaa.
sur #137.
ojaxi sparosisebrni, anu zRvis karCxanebi - Sparidae
karCxanasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT mogrZo an maRali, gverdebidan
Sebrtyelebuli sxeuli. zurgis farfli erTia. analuri farflis win ganlagebulia sami
Zlier ganviTarebuli ekali. ojaxs didi raodenobiT miekuTvneba ZiriTadad zRvis
tropikuli Tevzebi, gansakuTrebiT atlantis okeanis aRmosavleT nawilSi Warbad
warmodgenili saxeobebi. zRvis karCxanebi Selfis binadrebia. isini sruliad sxvadasxva
zomis Tevzebia 10-dan 150 sm-mde da meti. zRvis karCxanebs Soris gvxvdebian
balaxismWameli Tevzebi, planqtonofagebi, benTofagebi da mtaceblebi. sparisebrTa bevri
saxeoba hermafroditia: erTsa da imave individebSi sasqeso jirkvali jer funqcionirebs
rogorc saTesle, Semdeg ki - rogorc sakvercxe (SesaZlebelia funqcionirebis
Sebrunebuli rigic). qviriTi pelagiuria an fskeris. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs
porciobiT.
sparisebrni mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzebi arian.
gvari zRvis karCxanebi (Sparus Linne).
am gvarSi gaerTianebulia 10-ze meti
saxeoba. amaTgan Sav zRvaSi erTi saxeoba gvxvdeba _ o q r o s f e r i k a r C x a n a
(Sparus aurata - Linne) kudis fuZis sxivebTan ramdenime mcire zomis qercli aqvs. Tvalbudis
qveS layuCis sarqvelis wina saxuravamde qerclebis 6 mwkrivia. moepoveba 3-4 piroluri
danamati. ybebze 6-6 eSvi aqvs. sxva kbilebi saReWi tipisaa da gawyobilia sam mwkrivad.
111
SeferilobiT movercxlisfroa, qveda mxareze ufro naTelia, muceli TiTqmis TeTria.
mkerdis farflis fuZesaTan da layuCis saxuravze TiTo muqi laqa aqvs. sigrZe 25-35 smia, zogjer 50sm-mdec aRwevs.
binadrobs Savi zRvis soxumis sanapiroebTan. gvxvdeba agreTve Savi zRvis, kavkasiis,
bulgareTisa da rumineTis sanapiroebTan, atlantis okeanis, evropisa da afrikis
sanapiroebTan, xmelTaSua zRvaSi.
Bbinadrobs cicabo kldeebis nangrev sanapiroebTan. ikvebeba kiborCxalebiT,
lokokinebiTa da TevzebiT. hermafroditia. sameurneo mniSvneloba mcirea.
gvari puntazoebi (Puntazzo Bleeke). am gvarSi mxolod erTi saxeoba gvxvdeba
puntazo (Puntazzo puntazzo - Cetti). sxeuli aqvs zomierad wagrZelebuli, maRali, kuziani,
gverdebidan Sezneqili. Ppiri _ patara, ybebze mravalricxovani da sxvadasxva formis
kbilebiT. aqvs zurgis erTi grZeli farfli. Seferiloba monacrisfro-movercxloa.
gverdebze 5-8 viwro gaswvrivi zoli gasdevs. kudis Reroze orive mxridan didi Savi
laqa aqvs. sigrZe aRwevs 50 sm-mde.
gavrcelebulia atlantis okeaneSi, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. saqarTvelos
sanapiroebTan moipoveba gudauTasTan.
sasqeso jirkvali Seicavs rogorc mamrobiT, ise mdedrobiT Canasaxebs, magram aqedan
erT-erTi maTgani viTardeba. ikvebeba mcenareulobiT, balanusebiT, mcire zomis
kibosnairebiT, lokokinebiT. simciris gamo Sav zRvaSi sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
gvari zolebiani karCxanebi (Boops Cuvier). gvarSi gaerTianebulia ori saxeoba,
romlebic gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis aRmosavleTis subtropikul nawilebSi,
xmelTaSua da mosazRvre zRvebSi, orive saxeoba Sav zRvaSic gvxedeba. saqarTvelos
sanapiroebTan gavrcelebulia erTi saxeoba z o l i a n i k a r C x a n a (Boops salpa).
zoliani karCxanas sxeuli zomierad maRalia, gverdebidan _ Sebrtyelebuli, zurgi
nacrisferia, gverdebi da muceli movercxlisfro-TeTri. gverdebze mooqrosfronarinjisferi gaswvrivi zolebi gasdevs. mkerdis farflis fuZesaTan aqvs yomrali laqa.
sigrZe 45 sm-mde aRwevs.
gavrcelebulia Savi zRvis saqarTvelos, kavkasiis, bulgareTisa da rumineTis
sanapiroebTan, atlantis, okeanis, evropisa da afrikis sanapiroebTan, xmelTaSua da
marmarilos zRvebSi da bosforTan. hermafroditia. ikvebeba mcenareulobiT, magram
SeuZlia cxoveluri sakvebis gamoyenebac (Tevzebi, lokokinebi). sameurneo mniSvneloba
CvenSi ara aqvs.
z R v i s k a r C x a n a (Diplodus annularis - Linne). kudis farflis fuZis
sxivebze aqvs ramdenime mcire zomis gauxvreteli qercli. sxeuli wagrZelebulia. zurgis
farfli aqvs kenti. sxeuli muqia, ganivi zolebiT. zurgic muqia, oqrosferi elferiT,
gverdebi Ria yviTeli, movercxlisfro. kudis Reroze aqvs moSavo laqa. sigrZe 33 sm-mdea.
gavrcelebulia atlantis okeaneSi kanaris kunZulebamde, xmelTaSua, Sav da azovis
zRvebSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba Savi zRvis sanapiroebTan. eweva qaravnul cxovrebas.
etaneba wyalmcenareebiT mdidar adgilebs. ikvebeba wyalmcenareebiT (umTavresad
diatomitebiT), hidroidebiT, RrublebiT, kiborCxalebiT. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs
porciobiT saRamo Jams, ufro Tbil sanapiroebSi _ mravaljeradad.
mravldeba ivnisidan seqtembris pirvel naxevramde. qviriTi pelagiuria 0,8 mm
diametriT. lifsitebi fskerze binadroben. maTi sigrZe ivlisSi 9-11 mm-ia, agvistos
dasawyisSi _ 12-25 mm, seqtemberSi _ 20-40 mm, oqtomberSi _ 30-50 mm.
xmelTaSua zRvaSi tofobs TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. qviriTs yris 9-100C
temperaturasa da 35%0 marilianobisas. mdedrebi mamrebze swrafad izrdebian da ufro
met sidides aRweven. sameurneo mniSvnelobis Tevzia.
ojaxi gorbilisebrni (kuzianisebrni) - Sciaenidae
112
gorbilisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs aqvT zurgis erTi farfli Rrma naWdeviT
gayofil eklian da rbil nawilebad. analur farflSi erTi an ori ekalia. zog saxeobas
nikapze gaaCnia mokle msxvili ulvaSi. gorbilisebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba daaxloebiT 150
saxeoba. eseni ZiriTadad tropikuli da subtropikuli zRvebis napirTan axlos mobinadre
qaravnuli Tevzebi arian, romelTa umravlesoba did zomebs aRweven.
sur #139. Mmuqi kuzana
Gorbilisebrni fskeris Tevzebia, romlebic ikvebebian benTosiTa da wvrili
TevzebiT. maT didi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvT.
Sav zRvaSi binadrobs muqi gorbili (muqi kuzanula)- Sciaena umbra, Linne umbrina
(baci kuzanula)-Umbrina cirrhosa Linne da Savi gorbili-Corvina nigra. miuxedavad imisa,
rom maT aqvT gemrieli xorci, Sav zRvaSi maTi Werilebi umniSvneloa, radganac isini ar
warmoqmnian did dajgufebebs. iyeneben nedls, damarilebuls, kargia konservebisaTvis.
m u q i k u z a n u l a s sxeuli maRali da gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia,
zurgi maRali, mokle farfli dakavSirebulia zurgis meore farflTan. kudis farfli
boloze odnav momrgvalebulia. ulvaSi ybaze ara aqvs. zurgi iisferia, gverdebi
mooqrosfero-vercxlisferi, muceli TeTria. sigrZe aRwevs 70sm-s, wona _ 3-4 kg-s.
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi. saqarTvelos gareT _ atlantis okeanis
samxreT sanapiroebidan mwvane koncxamde, xmelTaSua, Sav da marmarilos zRvebSi.
qaravnuli Tevzia. tofoba Sav zRvaSi maisidan seqtembramde wylis 18-250C temperaturaze
xdeba. nayofiereba 6,2-5,14 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. qviriTi pelagiuria cximovani
wveTiT. diametri 1,2-1,3 mm-ia.
ikvebeba TevzebiT (stavrida, aTerina, qafSia da sxva) da zRvis kibosnairebiT.
sarewao mniSvnelobis Tevzia. aqvs TeTri, gemrieli xorci. iyeneben nedls, nawils
amarileben.
B b a c i k u z a n u l a s nikapze mokle da msxvili ulvaSi aqvs. sxeuli
maRali da gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia, baci Seferilobisaa, zurgi moyavisfroa da
dafarulia iribad ganlagebuli muqi zolebiT.
sigrZe aRwevs 1,5m-s, wona _ 32kg-s. fskeruli Tevzia. ikvebeba TevzebiT (qafSiaTi,
qarsalaTi, skumbriaTi, kefaliT, xonTqaraTi) da kiborCxalebiTa da uniJaro lokokinebiT.
tofobs mart-aprilSi zRvis sanapiroebis qvebis napralebSi. nayofiereba 2900 aTasi
qviriTia. zafxulobiT etaneba mlaSe ubnebs. aqvs sameurneo mniSvneloba.
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, gvxvdeba atlantis okeanis, evropisa da
afrikis sanapiroebTan, xmelTaSua zRvebSi. zogjer iWreba azovis da zogjer marmarilos
zRvaSi.
ojaxi xonTqarasebrni - Mullidae
113
xonTqarasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs aqvT zurgis ori, erTmaneTisagan kargad
gamocalkevebuli, farfli. Tavi wagrZelebuli da maRalia. qveda ybaze ori grZeli
ulvaSia. ybebze gaaCniaT jagrisebri mcire zomis kbilebi. ojaxs miekuTvneba 50-mde zRvis
saxeoba, romlebic binadroben atlantis, indoeTis da wynari okeaneebis auzebis
subtropikul da nawilobriv zomier zRvebSi.
Sav zRvaSi binadrobs xonTqarebis erTi saxeoba _ C v e u l e b r i v i
x o n T q a r a (Mullus barbatus), is aRwevs 30 sm, Cveulebriv ki _ 10-15sm sigrZes.
sxeuli wiTelia moyviTalo-movercxlisfro SeferilobiT. binadrobs ZiriTadad 15-30 m
siRrmeze. tipuri fskeris Tevzia, Cerdeba rbil, lamian, qviSian an niJarebian, iSviaTad
qvian niadagebze. sakvebs eZebs ulvaSebis meSvebiT da im adgilebSi, sadac is ikvebeba,
sakmaod
Zlierad amRvrevs grunts. amis gamo meTevzeebi iolad pouloben mis
dajgufebebs. gamorCeul sakvebs warmoadgenen poliqetebi.
sur #140. Cveulebrivi xonTqari
sqesobriv simwifes aRwevs 2 wlis asakSi. tofobs maisidan seqtembris CaTvliT 19temperaturaze. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT, erTidan ramdenime dRe-Ramis
intervaliT. qviriTis marcvlebi mcire zomisaa, 0,7mm diametris, viTardeba wylis
sizrqeSi. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 2 dRe-Rame. xonTqarebis 3,5-6,0 sm-mde sigrZis
mozardebi ewevian pelagiuri cxovrebis nirs, xolo Semdeg midian napirebTan da eSvebian
fskerze.
xonTqarisebrni Zvirfasi Tevzebi arian. maTi xorci Zalian gemrielia.
230C
ojaxi tuCianisebrni - Labridae
sxeuli wagrZelebulia da cikloiduri qercliTaa dafaruli. zurgis farfli
erTia. misi qicviani nawili kargad aris ganviTarebuli. analuri farfli 2-6 qicvian
sxivs Seicavs. muclis farflebi aqvs mkerdze. gverdiTi xazi mTliania an ukana nawilSi
wyvetili. TiToeul mxareze or-ori nestoa. gavrcelebulia tropikul da zomieri
zRvebis sanapiroebSi.
Sav zRvaSi tuCianisebrTa ojaxidan gavrcelebulia gvari mwvanulebi (Crenilabrus
Cuvier Oken) Semdegi saxeobebiT: x a l e b i a n i t u C i a n a _ lafSa (Crenilabrus
quinquemacubeirns - Bloch) da mwvanula _ tuCiani (Crenilabrus ocellatus). sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvT.
ojaxi zRvis drakonisebrni - Trachinidae
xasiaTdeba grZeli da gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli sxeuliTa da zurgis erTi
grZeli farfliT. Kkudis farfli wakveTilia. piri iribia. Tvalebi ganlagebulia zeviT.
114
zurgis erTi farfli moklea. qercli cikloiduria. sxeulze Sxamiani jirkvlebi aqvs,
romelTa sekreti xangrZliv da mwvave avadmyofobas iwvevs. ojaxSi erTi gvaria 4
saxeobiT.
Sav zRvaSi mxolod erTi saxeoba zRvis morielebia - drakonebi (Trachinus Linne)
erTaderTi saxeobiT _ z R v is m o r i e l i drakoni (Trachinus draco Linne), is mcire
sarewao mniSvnelobisaa. aqvs gemrieli xorci. misi Sxami saSiSia, amis gamo aWrian Sxamian
qicvebsa da sxivebs. gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis, evropisa da afrikis sanapiroebTan.
xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba soxumis sanapiroebTan.
ojaxi varskvlavTmricxvelisebrni - Uranoscopidae
zurgis meore da analuri farflebi mokle aqvs, Tavi _ didi. Tvalebi azis
TvalszemoT. Tavis sigrZe da sigane Tanabaria. piri iribad daqanebulia. mkerdis farflebi
didi zomisaa. ojaxSi 5 gvaria gaerTianebuli. gavrcelebulia indoeTis, atlantisa da
wynar okeaneebSi.
Sav zRvaSi mxolod erTi gvaria varskvlavTmrcxvelebi (Uranoscopus Linne)
erTaderTi saxeobiT v a r s k v l a v T m r i c x v e l i (Uranoscopus scaber Linne).
sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
ojaxi zRvis finiebisebrni - Blennidae
ojaxSi Sedis mcire zomis Tevzebi. sxeuli titveli aqvT. analuri farfli _
mokle, zurgis farflze sustad ganviTarebuli qicvebia. muclis farflebi xaxasTanaa
mibjenili. zeda yba ar iweva. ybebis kbilebi sustia. Gganlagebulia mWidrod da erT
rigad. Gavrcelebulia tropikul, subtropikul da zomier zRvebSi.
Sav zRvaSi ori gvari gvxvdeba: 1. zRvis finiebi (Blennius Linne) oTxi saxeobiT: z
R v i s f i n i a (Blennius Sanguinoleatus Pallas), zRvis g r Z e l s a c e c e b i a n
i f i n i a (Blennius tentacularis Brunnich), zRvis finia s f i n q s i (Blennius sphinx
valenciennes), z R v i s f i n i a (Blennius Zvonimiri kolom batovie) 2. gvari qoCorebiCoryphoblenius Norman erTi saxeobiT zRvis q o C o r a f i n i a (Coryphoblenius
galerita Linne).
ojaxi ofidionisebrni, nikapfarflianisebrni - Ophidiidae
sxeuli wagrZelebulia da dafarulia mcire zomis qerclebiT. Zurgisa da analuri
farflebi grZeli da Serwymulia kudis farflebTan. muclis farflebi qveda nikapzea
ganlagebuli.
ojaxSi Sedis ramdenime gvari, romlebic gavrcelebuli arian tropikul da zomier
zRvebSi.
Sav zRvaSi gvxvdeba gvari nikapfarflianebi (Ophidion Linne) erTi saxeobiT
ofidioni - nikapfarfla (Ophidion rachei Muller).
ojaxi meqviSiebisebrni - Ammodytidae
sxeuli wagrZelebuli mcire zomis qercliT dafaruli an titveli aqvT. kenti
farflebi qicvebs moklebulia. zurgisa da analuri farflebi dablaa ganlagebuli.
115
gvediTi xazi swori da uwyvetia. dingi grZelia da wawvetebulia. sacurao buSti ara
aqvs.
gavrcelebulia atlantisa da wynari okeaneebis Crdilo nawilebSi, indoeTis
okeaneSi.
Sav zRvaSi erTi gvaria meqviSiebi (Cymnammodytes Dunckeru Mohr) _ erTi
saxeobiT meqviSia, anu qviSaTxaria (Aymnammodytes cicerellus - Rafinesque). saqarTvelos
zRvispireTSi gvxvdeba gagris sanapiroebTan. sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
ojaxi zRvisTagvisebrni - Callionymidae
sxeuli titvelia. zurgis farflis ekliani nawili gamocalkevebulia da 3-4
sxivisagan Sedgeba. analuri farfli zurgis rbil farfls waagavs. aqvs gverdiTi xazi, Q
gabrtyelebuli da viwro qala. sacurao buSti ara aqvs.
Ggavrcelebuli arian zomiersa da tropikul zRvebSi.
Sav zRvaSi erTi gvaria, zRvis Tagvebi (Callionymus Linne) 3 saxeobiT: zRvis
m c i r e
z o m i s Tagvi (Callionymus belenus Risso), zRvis Tagvi,
m e q v i S i a
(Callionymus festius Pallas), zRvis Tagvi l i r a
(Callionymus lura Linne). sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvT.
ojaxi nototeniasebrni - Nototheniidae
nototeniasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs aqvT cxviris TiTo nesto Tavis orive
mxares. muclis farflebi mkerdis farflebis winaa. farflebi uekloa. sxeuli dafarulia
wvrili qerclebiT. xSirad gverdiTi xazi oria _ erTi zurgis gaswvriv, meore, mokle _
kudis Reroze.
nototenisebrTa ojaxi gamoirCeva didi mravalferovnebiT da moicavs zRvis,
ZiriTadad fskeris Tevzebis TiTqmis 50 saxeobas. farTod arian gavrcelebuli
antarqtikul da subantarqtikul wylebSi.
ojaxSi yvelaze mravalricxovania nototeniebis gvari (Notothenia), romelic moicavs
30-mde saxeobas.
gvari nototeniebi. gvaris yvelaze ufro didi zomis warmomadgenelia m a r m a r
i l o s e b r i n o t o t e n i a (Notothenia rossi), romelic aRwevs 90 sm sigrZesa
da 9 kg wonas. is gvxvdeba samxreT georgiisa da kergelenis kunZulebze, sadac 200-300 m
siRrmeze warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan dajgufebebs. arasqesmwife Tevzebi pirvel 4-5 wels
Cerdebian napirebTan axlos, magram 35-40sm sigrZis miRwevisas TandaTan gadainacvleben
siRrmeebisaken da Ria zRvaSi. tofoba mimdinareobs gvian Semodgomaze samxreT
naxevarsferoSi. qviriTi fskerulia. nayofiereba Seadgens 70-90 aTas qviriTis marcvals.
gamoCekili lifsitebi ewevian pelagiuri cxovrebis nirs, izrdebian Cqara da zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi aRweven 6-7 sm sigrZes. ikvebeba nototenia kriliT (Euphausia superba). misi
xorci Zvirad fasobs, gansakuTrebiT Sebolili saxiT.
gvari eSvianebi. antarqtidaSi yvelaze didi zomis Tevzebia eSvianebi (Dissostichus).
sxva nototeniebisagan gamoirCevian didi piriTa da eSviseburi kbilebiT, agreTve Zalian
mcire zomis qerclebiTa da didi zomebiT: aRweven 2 m sigrZesa da ramdenime aTeul kg
wonas. maT iWeren tralebiT samxreT georgiisa da kergelenis kunZulebTan. xorci Seicavs
30%-mde cxims. amzadeben zurgiels.
ojaxi TeTrsisxliani Tevzebi - Chaenichthyidae
116
sakmaod didi zomis Tevzebia 60-70 sm-mde sigrZis, SiSveli, naxevradgamWvirvale
sxeuliT, romelzedac gaaCniaT ori an sami gverdiTi xazi.
didi Tavi aqvT wagrZelebuli da Sebrtyelebuli dingiT, ybebze kargad
ganviTarebuli kbilebiT. ojaxs miekuTvneba daaxloebiT 15 saxeoba, romlebic ZiriTadad
gavrcelebulia antarqtidispireTis wylebSi. gvxvdeba 200-700 m siRrmeebamde. iSviaTad
Sedian meCxerwylian adgilebSi. sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 4 wlis asakSi.
antarqtiduli Semodgomis periodSi (marti-maisi) fskerze deben didi zomis 4-5 mm
diametris qviriTs. sxvadasxva saxeobaSi nayofiereba meryeobs 2-3-dan 20-25 aTas qviriTis
marcvlamde.
TeTrsisxliani Tevzebi ikvebebian wvrili TevzebiTa da kibosnairebiT. izrdebian
sakmaod Cqara. yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania n i a n g i s e b r i, anu y i n u l i s
T e T r s i s x l a, romelic mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzia gavrcelebis raionebSi.
ojaxi kbilianisebrni - Anarhichadidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mogrZo sxeuli da didi Tavi
damoklebuli ybebiT. piri SeiaraRebulia Zlieri eSvebiT winidan da mZlavri
damaqucmacebeli ukana kbilebiT qveda ybis gverdebze, sasasa da saxnisze. zurgisa da
analuri farflebi Zalian grZelia. muclis farflebi ar gaaCnia. mkerdis farflebi didi
da maraosmagvaria.
kbilianebi farTod arian gavrcelebuli atlantisa da wynari okeaneebis CrdiloeT
nawilebSi.
barencis
zRvaSi
binadrobs
kbilianebis
3
saxeoba:
zoliani,
anu
C v e u l e b r i v i (Anarhichas lupus), W r e l i (A.minor) da l u r j i
(A.latifrons), romlebic erTmaneTisagan umTavresad gamoirCevian sxeulis SeferilobiTa da
ukana kbilebis agebulebiT.
.
sur #141. (knipovizcis mixedviT, 1926)
117
a)Wreli, b)Cveulebrivi, g) lurji
mrgvali Tavisa da piridan gamoSverili eSvebis gamo maT uwodeben `zRvis katebs~.
maT arasworad miiCnevdnen mtaceblebad. eSvebs isini Cveulebriv iyeneben fskeridan
moluskebis, nemskanianebis amosaglejad, romelTa niJarebsa da javSnebs aqucmaceben an
glejen ukana kbilebiT. Tevzi maT kvebaSi umniSvnelo rols asrulebs. gamoirCevian Cqari
zrdis tempiT. ori wlis asakSi aRweven 45-47 sm sigrZes. sqesmwife xdebian 3 wlis
asakSi sxeulis 60sm sigrZis miRwevisas. didi zomis Tevzebi arian. zogierTi saxeoba
aRwevs 1,5 _ 2,5 m sigrZesa da 30-40 kg wonas. maTi sarewao zomebi naklebia.
kbilianebi noembridan Tebervlis CaTvliT tofoben. qviriTis marcvlebi didi
zomisaa, 5-7mm diametris, ewebebian burTismagvar wyobad da eSvebian fskerze. nayofiereba
daaxloebiT 40 aTasi qviriTis marcvalia. embrionuli ganviTareba grZeldeba ramdenime
Tve. gazafxulze gamoiCekebian didi zomisa (17-25 mm)larvebi. ramdenime xans isini
cxovroben wylis sizrqeSi da ikvebebian planqtoniT, magram 6-7sm sigrZis miRwevisas
gadadian fskeruli cxovrebis nirze.
CrdiloeT atlantis okeaneSi, gansakuTrebiT barencis zRvaSi, didi sarewao
mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. maT iWeren tralebiT. Zalian gemrieli xorci aqvT. tyavi gamZle da
lamazia, gamoiyeneba msubuqi fexsacmlis, CanTebis, wignebis ydebis da a.S. dasamzadeblad.
ojaxi gvelisTavianisebrni - Ophiocephalidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mogrZo, wina nawilSi TiTqmis
cilindruli da ukana nawilSi gverdebSi odnav Sebrtyelebuli sxeuli. zemodan
gabrtyelebuli Tavi dafarulia qerclebiT, romlebic waagavs gvelis farebs. piri didi
aqvT, zurgisa da analuri farflebi - grZeli. binadroben samxreT aziis, tropikuli
afrikis mtknar wylebsa da md. amuris auzSi. Cveulebriv cxovroben Zlier gamTbar
mcenareulobiT dafarul wyalsatevebSi, romlebSic xSirad aRiniSneba Jangbadis
ukmarisoba. layuCebis garda gaaCniaT speciluri layuCzeda organo atmosferuli haeriT
sunTqvisaTvis. gvelisTavianisebrTa lifsitebi ikvebebian uxerxemloebiT (kibosnairebiT da
mwerebiT). zrdasruli saxeobebi mtaceblebia, ikvebebian mxolod TevzebiTa da bayayebiT.
md. amuris auzSi mobinadre g v e l i s T a v a (Ophiocephalus argus) aRwevs 85 sm
sigrZesa da 7 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi, debs 50 aTasamde didi zomis
daaxloebiT 2mm diametris qviriTis Ria-yviTel marcvlebs cximovani wveTiT, qviriTs yris
mcenareulobisagan specialurad damzadebul mocurave budeebSi. sainkubacio periodi 23250C temperaturaze grZeldeba 2-3 dRe-Rame. mamri ori kviris ganmalobaSi darajobs
budes. warmatebiT amravleben CineTsa da uzbekeTSi.
sur #142. gvelTevza (nikolskis mixedviT, 1948)
118
ojaxi Rorjosebrni - Gobiidae
muclis farflebi misawovar diskos qmnis. maTi sxeuli mogrZoa, Tavi gasqelebuli.
zurgis meore farfli mdebareobs analuris zemoT da garegnulad Zalian waagavs mas.
RorjosebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba daaxloebiT 200 gvari saxeobebis didi
raodenobiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoirCevian Tavze lorwovani arxebis TvisebebiT da
gverdiT xazSi qerclebis raodenobiTa da sxva niSnebiT. farTod arian gavrcelebuli Sav,
azovisa da kaspiis zRvebSi, gvxvdebian mtknar wylebSic.
Rorjoebi ZiriTadad mcire zomis Tevzebia. maT Soris gvxvdebian amJamad mcxovrebi
xerxemliani cxovelebis yvelaze mcire zomis warmomadgenlebi:
R o r j o-p a n d a k a (Pandaka pygmaea) da m i s t i x t i s i (Mistichthys
luzonensis), romlebic zrdasrul mdgomareobaSi aRweven 7,5-dan 14 sm-mde sigrZes.
binadroben filipinis kunZulebis tbebsa da limanebSi. RorjosebrTa maqsimaluri sigrZe
ar aRemateba 50 sm-s. erT adgilze binadari Tevzebi arian, romlebic ar axorcieleben
Soreul migraciebs. Cveulebriv zafxulSi isini midian napirebTan axlos, xolo
zamTrisaTvis gadian ramdenadme Sors. bevrs axasiaTebs sqesobrivi dimorfizmi: mamrebi
mdedrebze didi zomisaa da gamoirCevian SeferilobiT. yvela Rorjo debs fskeris
qviriTs. Rorjoebis saxeobaTa mamrebis umravlesoba agebs budeebs da icavs maT.
qviriTis marcvlebi mWidrod emagreba satofo substratis qveda mxares (qvebi,
niJarebi da sxva sxeulebi). Rorjoebis mniSvnelovani nawili zrdasrul mdgomareobaSi
ikvebeba fskeris uxerxemloebiT: moluskebiT, kibosnairebiT, WiebiT. mozardebi da zogi
pelagiuri Rorjo ikvebeba zooplanqtoniT. SedarebiT didi zomisani sakvebad nawilobriv
moixmaren patara Tevzebs.
warmoadgenen ra masobriv formebs, Rorjoebi arsebiT rols asruleben
wyalsatevebis kvebiT jaWvebSi. magaliTad, azovis zRvaSi Rorjoebi ikvebebian benTosiT,
xolo TviTon fargas sakvebs warmoadgenen. azov-Savi zRvis auzSi isini mniSvnelovani
sarewao Tevzebia. aq iWeren krugliakebs, Sirmanebs, martovikebs.
sur #14. Rorjo meqviSia
Sav zRvaSi soxumis sanapiroebTan gvxvdeba R o r j o - n a m c e c a
(Aphya minutac - Risso). saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis
evropis sanapiroebTan, xmelTaSua, baltiis, marmarilosa da azovis zRvebSi.
zRvis mobinadre sanapiro pelagiuri Tevzia. adgilsamyoflad wylis mcenareebiT
uxv da wynar adgilebs irCevs. sqesobrivad momwifebulebi mais-ivnisSi gvxvdebian. qviriTs
mcenareulobaze yris. lifsitebi qviSaSi, niJarebsa da silaSi arian Cafluli. maTi sigrZe
119
ivnisSi 4-12 mm-ia, zamTarSi da gazafxulze _ 25 mm-mde. sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs
garda imisa, rom warmoadgens Tevzis sakvebs.
k n i p o v i C i s (g r Z e l k u d a) k a W k a W a R o r j o
(Knipowitschia longicandata - Kessler) gvxvdeba saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saidanac Sedis
mtknar wylebSi: md. kodoris SesarTavSi, nuriis tbaSi da sxv. saqarTvelos gareT
cnobilia Savi, azovisa da kaspiis zRvebis momlaSo adgilebSi, dnepris, bugis, donis,
yubanis SesarTavebSi, maniCis wyalsacavSi.
umTavresad zRvis binadaria, romelic naxevradgamsvlelia. fskerze ufro wylis
fenebs etaneba, binadrobs mdinareebis SesarTavebSi. Wams planqtonur organizmebs,
kibosnairebs da sxvadasxva mwers. sqesobrivad erTi wlis asakidan mwifdeba. tofobs
martidan oqtombramde. qviriTs orsagdulian lokokinas mantiis RruSi yris. nayofiereba
280-1100 qviriTis marcvalia. mwarmoeblebi tofobis Semdeg iRupebian. sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram warmoadgens zogierTi sarewao Tevzis sakvebs.
k a v k a s i u r i b u b i r i (Pomatoschistus caucasicus Kawraisky Berg)
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba inkiTisa da nuriis tbebSi. mtknari wylis binadaria. itans
momlaSo wylebsac. mravldeba aprilSi. sqesmwife mdedri 26 mm-is, mamri 24 mm sigrZisaa.
nayofiereba mcirea _ 185-360 qviriTs Seadgens. qviriTs yris sanapiro zolis mcenareebis
Reroebze, fesvebsa da qvebze. is webovania. sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
m d e v a r i
R o r j o (Gobius gimnotrachelus Kesslfer) sxeuli
TiTistariseburia. sacurao buSti ara aqvs. tuCebi xorcovania. muclis farflebi analur
xvrelamdea. Seferiloba moyviTalo-nacrisferia. gverdebi muqi laqebiTaa dafaruli. Tavsa
da gverdebze daklaknili muqi zolebi aqvs. muclisa da analuri farflebi muqi
nacrisferia. sigrZe 62 mm-s aRwevs.
moipoveba dunaiSi, bugSi, dneprSi, dnestrSi,
donecskSi.
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saidanac Sedis zogierTi mdinaris qvemo
welSi: engurSi, sufsaSi, rionSi. gvxvdeba paliastomis tbaSi. biologia naklebadaa
Seswavlili. ikvebeba fskeris organizmebiT. sameurneo mniSvneloba CvenSi simciris gamo
ara aqvs.
g v e l a n a R o r j o (Gobius gobitis Pallas). sxeuli cilindruli aqvs da
wagrZelebuli. zrdasrulebs sacurao buSti ara aqvT. Txemi, kefa, zurgi, yeli da muceli
cikloiduri qerclebiTaa dafaruli, Tavi muTaqiseburi aqvs. sxeuli Ria-moyviTalo
patara xalebiTaa dafaruli da muqi ferisaa, farflebi - Wreli. sigrZe 24sm-mdea.
gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis zogierT nawilSi, marmarilos, Sav da xmelTaSua
zRvebSi. saqarTveloSi binadrobs soxumis sanapiroebTan. zRvis formaa da gaurbis
momlaSo da mtknar wylebs. didi zomis qviriTi gaaCnia. larvebi pelagiuria, siRrmeebs ar
etaneba. gamravleba aprilSi xdeba. miuxedavad sididisa, sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
S a v i m r g v a l i, S a v p i r a R o r j o (Gobius melanostomus Pallas).
sxeuli wagrZelebuli aqvs da saSualo zomis qerclebiTaa dafaruli, Subli _ odnav
gamozneqilia. zeda tuCi _ viwro. Txemi, kefa, yeli, layuCis saxuravebi, zurgi, mkerdisa
da muclis farflebis Reroebi qercliTaa dafaruli. zurgis ori farfli aqvs,
romelTagan pirveli ekliani sxvivebiTaa aRWurvili. sacurao buSti ara aqvs. muclis
farflebi TiTqmis swvdebian analur xvrels.
sxeuli moyavisfro-ruxi an Ria wablisferia, gverdebze didi zomis muqi
wablisferi laqebi aqvs. Tavi sxeulTan SedarebiT muqia. farflebi muqi-nacrisferia.
mamrebi gamravlebisas Savdebian, garda kenti farflebis kideebisa. sigrZe _ 215-220 mm,
wona 113 g-ia. binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saidanac Sedis dasavleT saqarTvelos
mdinareebSi (Woroxi, sufsai, rioni, xobi, Wuriai, Tiqori, enguri, kodori, gumisTa,
paliastomisa da nuriis tbebSi). gavrcelebulia agreTve marmarilos zRvasa da Savi zRvis
mdinareebSi: dnestri, bugi, dnepri, doni, doneci.
zRvis sanapiros momlaSo wylis fskeruli Tevzia. jogebi xSirad an mxolod
mamrebisagan an mdedrebisagan Sedgeba. binadroben qva-qviSian, silian, SlamiT da riyiT
120
dafarul fskerze. ikvebebian lokokinebiT, WiebiT, kibosnairebiT, TevzebiTa da sxv. mamri
gamravlebis periodSi ar ikvebeba, xdeba da maTi umetesoba iRupeba. sqesobrivad mwifdeba
2 wlis asakSi. qviriTs qvis qveda mxareze (awebebs) yris an kldis napralSi, CaZirul
sagnebze. erT budeSi qviriTs ramdenime mdedri (2-3) yris. mamri darajobs budes. igi
asufTavebs budes da anaxlebs wyals, qviriTs yris orjer. nayofiereba 200-6150
qviriTamdea. qviriTis diametria 2,5-5mm. axalgamoCekili larvebi 7-8mm-mdea. sainkubacio
periodi 13-16 dRe-Rames grZeldeba.
ikvebeba mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebiT. sameurneo mniSvneloba didia. misgan
maRali xarisxis konservebs amzadeben. iyeneben Sebolili da nedli saxiT. CvenSi sarewao
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
R o r j o r o t a n i (Gobius ratan Nordman). misi zurgis meore farfli
yvelaze ufro maRalia, kudis Rero _ mokle. Txemi, kefa, layuCTa saxuravebis zeda
ganyofileba, yeli, muceli da mkerdis farflis fuZe cikloiduri qercliTaa dafaruli.
Tavi gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia. muclis farflis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZis 18-23%-s
Seadgens. mura Seferilobisaa. farflis kideze yviTeli an narinjisferi zolebi da sami
gardigardmo muqi laqa aqvs. mamrebs analur da muclis farflebze Ria zolebi aqvT.
sigrZe 200 mm-mdea.
gavrcelebulia azovisa da Sav zRvaSi, qerCis sruteSi, gvxvdeba baTumis
sanapiroebTan qvian adgilebSi. mravldeba mais-ivnisSi. etaneba zRvis yures. sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
W y o r a R o r j o (Gobius cephalarges Pallas). kudis Rero mokle aqvs. Txemi,
kefa, layuCis saxuravis zeda ganyofileba, yeli, muceli da mkerdis farflis fuZe
cikloiduri qercliTaa dafaruli. Tavi Sebrtyelebulia. zeda tuCi zogjer farToa.
qveda yba ramdenadme winaa wamoweuli. sxeuli dafarulia Jangisferi, mura laqebiT.
loyebze 1-2 gaswvrivi mokle Savi zoli gasdevs. zolebi farflebzec aqvs. sigrZe 240 mmmdea.
gavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi. saqarTvelos zRvispireTidan Sedis sanapiro
tbebsa da mdinareebis kodoris, engurisa da Tiqoris SesarTavebSi.
binadrobs qva-kldian, gamtknarebul adgilebsa da mdinareebis SesarTavebSi.
sqesobriv simwifes 2 wlis asakidan aRwevs, mravldeba mart-aprilSi. sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
k a v k a s i u r i m d i n a r i s R o r j o (Gobius cephalarges Constructor
Nordman). sxeuli TiTistariseburi aqvs, Tavi momrgvalebuli, Subli - viwro, tuCebi
Txeli. Txemi, kefa, mkerdis farflebis Reroebi da yelis ukana are saSualo zomis
qercliTaa dafaruli. mozrdilebs sacurao buSti ara aqvT. sxeuli muqi moyviTaloa.
gverdebze, zurgisa da kudis farflebze muqi laqebi aqvs. mamri gamravlebis dros Savi
xdeba. sigrZe _ 150 mm, wona 35g-mdea.
saqarTvelos gareT gavrcelebulia azerbaijanis, daRestnis wylebSi, kaspiis zRvis
samxreT sanapiros mdinareebSi. saqarTvelos mdinareebSi gvxdeba TiTqmis yvelgan da
zogierT tbasa da wyalsacavSi.
Cqari mdinareebis qva-qviSiani adgilebis mkvidri binadaria. ikvebeba mcire zomis
TevzebiT, benTosuri organizmebiT, xmeleTis mwerebiTa da wyalmcenareebiT. sqesobriv
simwifes aRwevs 2-3 wlidan. mravldeba mais-ivnisSi. nayofiereba 300-980 qviriTamdea,
diametri 2-2,5mm-ia. mas yris qvis qveda zedapirze ramdenime mwkrivad da awebebs
garkveuli wesiT.
T a v d i d a R o r j o (Gobius Kessler Gunther). Tavis sisqe simaRleze metia.
Tavis sigrZe sxeulis mTliani sigrZis 1/11-mdia. zeda tuCi piris kuTxeebSi odnav
gafarToebulia. layuCis saxuravis 1/3 nawili qercliTaa dafaruli. mkerdis farflebis
fuZesa da yelis ukana ares wvrili qercli faravs.
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sxeuli monacrisfro-mura an mowiTalo-mura winwklebiTaa dafaruli. Tavze didi
zomis Ria laqebi aqvs, mkerdis farflis fuZesTan ki _ mura zolebi. farflebze Savi
winwklebis mwkrivebia. sigrZe 22 sm-mdea.
gavrcelebulia Savi zRvidan CineTis sanapiroebamde, kaspiis zRvaSi, maTSi Camaval
mdinareebsa da zogierT tbaSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba foTis narionalSi. sameurneo
mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
m e q v i S i a, m e S l a m i a R o r j o (Gobius fluviatilis Pallas), Tavis sisqe
da simaRle Tanabaria. qercli faravs ara marto kefas, aramed Txemsac da Tvalbudeebis
Soriseul areSic vrceldeba. sigrZe 20 sm-mdea. SeferilobiT naxevrad mura nacrisferi
an moyviTalo-nacrisferia. gverdebze 8-12 gaswvrivi mura laqa aqvs, Tavze ki daklaknili mura zolebi. zurgisa da kudis farflebi muqi winwklebiTaa dafaruli.
danarCeni farflebi ki nacrisferia. kudis farflis wveri TeTri zoliTaa
garSemovlebuli. sxeulsa da farflebze odnav gamoxatuli laqebia. mamri tofobis dros
sruliad Savi xdeba, farflebi Zlier udiddeba.
gavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi Camaval mdinareebSi. binadrobs saqarTvelos
zRvispireTSi, rionSi, engurSi, kodorSi, bzifsa da paliastomis tbaSi.
momlaSo wylebis fskeruli Tevzia da irCevs sanapiroebis qviSian, gamdinare
adgilebs. qviSaSi efloba ise, rom mxolod Tvalebi da dingi mouCans. tofobs aprilidan
Sua ivnisamde. qvebis qveS mamri CiCqnis ormos da qviSis nawilakebs xvaSiT awebebs. mamri
budeSi erT-or an ramdenime mdedrs gaiyoliebs, romlebic budis Werze qviriTs yrian da
awebeben swor rigebad. qviriTis yra erTjeradia. mamri anayofierebs qviriTs da
gamoCekamde rCeba mis dasacavad. is devnis mtrebs. nayofiereba 0,7-2,5 aTasi qviriTis
marcvalia, diametriT 1,4-1,8 mm. axalgamoCekili larvebi 5-7mm sigrZisaa. Sav zRvaSi
sqesobrivad mwifdeba sicocxlis meore wels. am droisaTvis igi aRwevs 9-12 sm sigrZes.
ikvebeba ZiriTadad benTosiT.
m a r m a r i l o s e b r i R o r j o (Proterorhinus marmoratus - Pallas). Tavis
sigrZe sxeulis simaRles Warbobs. zeda yba odnav metia qvedaze. layuCis saxuravi,
mkerdis farflebis fuZe da yeli qercliTaa dafaruli.
sxeuli SeferilobiT muqi-moyviTaloa. gverdebze ramdenime vertikaluri laqa aqvs.
dingze, Tvalebis win, grZeli da farTo muqi laqebia. kudis farflis fuZesTan muqi
laqaa. sigrZe 115sm-mdea.
gavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvaSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba paliastomis da
bebesiris tbebSi, baTumis sanapirosTan, md. kodorSi, WoroxSi.
ojaxi xmalTevzebi - Trichiuridae
xmalTevzebis ojaxs miekuTvneba daaxloebiT 20 saxeobis Tevzi, romlebic
xasiaTdebian sigrZeSi Zlier gagrZelebuli da gverdebidan Sebrtyelebuli sxeuliT,
romelic moklebulia qerclebs. zurgis grZeli farfli gaWimulia Tavidan kudis
Reromde.
122
sur #144. xmalTevza
gansxvavebuli sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCniaT xmalTevzebis or saxeobas _ Trichiurus
lepthurus da T. japonicus. maTi sxeuli xmliseburia, kudis farflis gareSe. aqvT gamoweuli
qveda yba, piri SeiaraRebulia msxvili kbilebiT. xmalTevzebi ikvebebian eufauziidebiTa da
sxvadasxva TevziT. tofobis wina periodSi ar ikvebebian. izrdebian sakmaod Cqara, aRweven
2 m sigrZisa da 8 kg wonas. sarewao zomebia 110-135sm, wona _ 0,9-2,0kg. sqesobriv
simwifes aRweven 80-120 sm sigrZis individebi. tofoben 150C temperaturaze, 100-300m
siRrmeze. qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. qviriTis marcvlebi pelagiuria, didi
zomis. jgufuri moZravi Tevzebi arian, romlebic axorcieleben dReRamur vertikalur
migraciebs. xmalTevzas xorci gamoirCeva kargi gemoTi. maT iWeren atlantis okeanis
aRmosavleT nawilsa da iaponiis zRvaSi.
ojaxi skumbriasebrni - Scombridae
skumbriasebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi xasiaTdebian mogrZo TiTistariseburi
sxeuliT, Txeli kudiTa da damatebiTi farflebis arsebobiT zurgis meore da analuri
farflebis miRma. isini zRvis pelagiuri Tevzebi arian, miekuTvnebian Cqara mcuravi
Tevzebis ricxvs. pelamidisebrTa da TinusisebrTa didma msgavsebam skumbriasebrebTan
SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi gaerTianeba erT skumbriasebrTa ojaxSi, romelic pirobiTad
dayofilia jgufebad.
skumbriasebrTa jgufs miekuTvneba 2 gvari _ namdvili da tropikuli skumbriebi,
romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs sam-sam saxeobas. yvela skumbrias gaaCnia zurgis ori
farfli, romlebic gayofilia farTo SualediT da kudis Reroze ar gaaCnia qedi.
sur #145. Cveulebrivi skumbria
123
skumbriebi sanapiro pelagialis SedarebiT mcire zomis (ara umetes 60 sm sigrZisa)
planqtonismWameli Tevzebi arian.
gvari tropikuli skumbriebi (Rastrelliger) indoeTis tropikuli zonis da wynari
okeanis dasavleT nawilis binadrebi arian. namdvili skumbriebisagan gamoirCevian SedarebiT
maRali, gverdebidan ramdenadme SekumSuli sxeuliT. yvelaze ufro Cveulebrivi saxeoba k a n a g u r t a rewvis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadgens pakistanSi, indoeTSi, indoneziasa
da sxva qveynebSi.
gvari namdvili skumbriebi (Scomber). am gvaris warmomadgenlebi yvelaze metad
damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli da zomierad Tbili wylebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT farTodaa
gavrcelebuli i a p o n u r i s k u m b r i a (S. japonicus), romlis gancalkevebuli
populaciebi gvxvdebian yvela okeaneSi. iaponuri skumbria binadrobs sanapiro raionebSi 818-dan 20-240C temperaturaze. zafxulobiT ufro CrdiloeT raionebSi migraciebTan
dakavSirebiT misi gavrcelebis arealebi farTovdeba. calkeul wlebSi iaponuri skumbrias
erTeuli gundebi gamoCndnen samxreT - aRmosavleT kamCatkasa da oxotTan. skumbrias
kvebis xasiaTi icvleba sezonurad: gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze is ZiriTadad ikvebeba
zooplanqtoniT, zafxulSi-TevziT. izrdeba skumbria sakmaod Cqara, gansakuTrebiT pirvel
sam wels. am periodis bolosaTvis is xdeba sqesmwife. nayofiereba mdedris zomebis
mixedviT meryeobs 350-dan 2600 aTas qviriTis marcvlamde. skumbria tofobs mais-ivnisSi.
qviriTis yra porciulia. Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia, gamoirCeva nazi, cximiani xorciT.
C v e u l e b r i v i s k u m b r i a s (S.scomber). iaponurisagan gansxvavebiT
ar gaaCnia sacurao buSti. is gavrcelebulia atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi,
evropis sanapiroze TeTri zRvidan (sadac Sedis gansakuTrebiT Tbil wlebSi) Sav zRvamde
napovnia soxumisa da baTumis yureebTan), Crdilo amerikis sanapiroze labradoridan
gaterasis koncxamde.
gunduri pelagiuri Tevzia, romelic axorcielebs Soreul sezonur migraciebs
amerikisa da evropis sanapiroebis gaswvriv, agreTve marmarilosa da Sav zRvebs Soris.
magaliTad, Savi zRvis skumbria izamTrebs da mravldeba marmarilos zRvaSi.
gazafxulze tofobis Semdeg migrirebs CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiroebis
gaswvriv. svlas aboloebs `Cirusad~ wodebuli wvrili arasqesmwife skumbria.
skumbrias nasuqobis ZiriTadi adgilebi mdebareobs Savi zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT
nawilSi. oqtomber-noemberSi, roca wylis temperatura ecema 100C-mde, skumbria miemarTeba
samxreTisaken. misi ukusvla marmarilos zRvaSi mTavrdeba dekember-TebervalSi, magram
jogis umniSvnelo nawili dasazamTreblad rCeba TurqeTisa da kavkasiis sanapiroebTan.
sqesobriv simwifes skumbria aRwevs 3 wlis asakSi. nayofiereba 200-450 aTasi
qviriTis marcvalia. skumbria tofobs mart-aprilSi. pelagiuri qviriTi patara zomisaa
cximovani wveTiT. sainkubacio periodi moklea. rogorc iaponur skumbrias, Cveulebriv
skumbriasac kvebaSi axasiaTebs sezonuroba. zamTrobiT da tofobis periodSi skumbria
TiTqmis ar ikvebeba.
Cveulebrivi skumbria rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia. iWeren mas Weris sxavdasxva
iaraRiT. misi xorci Zvirad Rirebulia. skumbrias mniSvneloba msoflio TevzWeraSi Zalian
didia.
pelamidebis jgufs miekuTvneba oTxi gvari, romelTac axasiaTebT miaxloebuli
zurgis farflebi da kargad ganviTarebuli qedi kudis Reroze.
gvari pelamidebi (Sarda). pelamidebis gvarSi Sedis oTxi saxeoba, romlebic
gavrcelebuli arian yvela okeanis Tbil wylebSi. agreTve binadroben Sav zRvasa da
Soreul aRmosavleTis samxreTiT. Sav zRvaSi gvxvdeba saqarTvelos sanapiroebTan.
C v e u l e b r i v i p e l a m i d a (Sarda sarda) binadrobs CrdiloeT
atlantis okeanis wylebSi inglisamde da samxreT norvegiamde. sakmaod mravalricxovania
rogorc evropis, aseve amerikis sanapiroebze. calkeul wlebSi didi raodenobiT
gvxvdeboda Sav zRvaSic. zogjer ki TiTqmis saerTod ar aris. pelamida aRwevs 85 sm
sigrZesa da 7 kg wonas. sarewao zomebi naklebia: 60-65sm, wona _ 3-4kg.
124
pelamida sanasuqod da satofod xmelTaSua zRvidan gazafxulze Sedis Sav zRvaSi.
qviriTis yra mimdinareobs ivnisis pirvel naxevarSi. didi zomis individebSi nayofiereba
aRwevs 4 mln. qviriTis marcvals. ZiriTadi satofo adgilebi ganlagebulia Savi zRvis
Crdilo-dasavleT, centralur da Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilebSi. tofobis Semdeg
Cerdebian gameCxrebulad da intensiurad ikvebebian. zrdasruli individebi tipuri
mtaceblebia, romlebic ikvebebian sxvadasxva TevziT. pelamidebis lifsitebi Tavdapirvelad
ikvebebian zooplanqtoniT, magram Zalian Cqara gadadian TevziT kvebaze. izrdeba pelamida
Cqara. sami Tvis asakSi aRwevs 400-500 g wonas. sami wlis asakSi, rodesac is xdeba
sqesmwife, wona 2,5-3 kg-s utoldeba. Semodgomaze (oqtomber-noemberSi) igi ZiriTadad
tovebs Sav zRvas (maT Soris wlevandelebic). Tumca individebis nawili rCeba
dasazamTreblad samxreT-aRmosavleT raionSi baTumsa da trapizons Soris. pelamidas
Sesvla marmarilodan Sav zRvaSi ganicdis mniSvnelovan meryeobebs da Cans dakavSirebulia
xmelTaSua da marmarilos zRvebSi misi ricxobriobis cvlilebebTan.
Cveulebrivi pelamida da misi axlo saxeobebi C i l e s p e l a m i d a
(S. chilensis) da
a R m o s a v l e T i s p e l a m i d a (S. orientalis) mniSvnelovani
sarewao Tevzebi arian.
skumbriasebrTa ojaxis yvelaze ufro saintereso jgufia T i n u s e b i.
agebulebiT isini Zalian axlos arian pelamidebTan, magram maTgan ganirCevian kargad
ganviTarebuli kanqveSa sisxlZarRvovani sistemiT, romelic dakavSirebulia gverdiT
kunTebSi arsebul sisxlZarRvovan wnulebTan. rogorc Cans, es sistema warmoadgens raRac
Semgueblobas TermoregulaciasTan, radganac Tinusebs intensiuri moZraobisas sxeulis
temperatura SeiZleba hqondeT garemo temperaturaze 90C-iT maRali. kanqveSa
sisxlZarRvovani sistema uzrunvelyofs Jangbadis miwodebas im kunTebTan, romlebic
asruleben samuSaos udides moculobas. Tinusebis Zvlovani qsovili sakmaod forebiania.
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia gverdiTi xazis axlos ganviTarebuli qerclovani safarvlis
mniSvnelovani reduqcia.
sur #147. Tinusis sisxlZarRvovani sistema
Tinusebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli msoflio okeanis tropikul, subtropikul da
zomier wylebSi. gvxvdeba agreTve Sav zRvasa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis zRvebSi. yvela
Tbili zRvis sanapiro wylebSi yvelaze mcire zomis Tinusebidan sakmaod Cveulebrivia m a
k r e l i s T i n u s i (Auxis thazard), romelic TinusebSi evelaze mcire zomisaa. misi
sigrZe ar aRemateba 30-40sm-s, wona _ 2,5-5,0kg-s. markelis Tinusi ikvebeba planqtoniT da
wvril-wvrili TevzebiT.
zomiT SedarebiT mcire zomisaa z o l i a n i T i n u s i (Katuwonis pelamis).
misi sigrZe daaxloebiT 1 m-ia, wona _ 25 kg. is sxva Tinusebisagan gamoirCeva sxeulze
4-5 gaswvrivi zolis arsebobiT, agreTve imiTac, rom mas ar gaaCnia sacurao buSti.
farTodaa
gavrcelebuli
tropikul
da
subtropikul
wylebSi,
gansakuTrebiT
125
mravalricxovania wynar okeaneSi, sadac xSirad warmoqmnis WerisaTvis mosaxerxebel
mWidro dajgufebebs. Tinusebs WerilebSi mesame adgili ukavia.
gvari namdvili Tinusebi (Thunnus). namdvili Tinusebis gvars, romelic aerTianebs
skumbriebis ojaxis yvelaze ufro didi zomis warmomadgenlebs, miekuTvneba 6 saxeoba.
maTgan saqarTveloSi moipiveba erTi saxeoba baTumidan biWvinTamde, isic Zalze iSviaTad.
ZiriTadad subtropikul, ufro naklebad ki yvela okeanis zomierad Tbil da
tropikul wylebSi binadrobs l u r j i, anu C v e u l e b r i v i T i n u s i.
gansakuTrebiT Tbil wlebSi aRmosavleT atlantis okeanis tropikuli raionebidan is
SeiZleba Sevides barencis zRvaSi. zafxulis TveebSi lurji Tinusi gvxvdeba Soreuli
aRmosavleTis wylebSi. zogjer didi raodenobiT Sedis Sav zRvaSi. lurji Tinusi didi
zomis gunduri Tevzia, romelic zogjer 3 m sigrZesa da 375 kg-mde wonas aRwevs
izrdeba Zalian Cqara da 3 wlis asakSi aRwevs 1 m sigrZes. mis sakvebs Seadgens sxvadasxva
uxerxemlo cxoveli da Tevzi. tofoben sanapiro zonaSi. lurji Tinusis qviriTs
sxvadasxva raionSi naxuloben mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. pelagiuri qviriTi cximovani
wveTiT patara zomisaa 0,8-1,2 mm diametriT. didi individebis nayofierebam SeiZleba
miaRwios 10 mln. qviriTis marcvals. sainkubacio periodis xangrZlivoba 2 dRe-Ramea.
yvelgan, sadac ki binadrobs lurji Tinusi, axorcielebs sakmaod mniSvnelovan sezonur
migraciebs. floridis napirebTan niSandebul individebs iWeren biskais yureSi. lurji
Tinusi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtia.
Tbil da zomierad Tbil wylebSi binadrobs agreTve g r Z e l f a r f l i a n i
T i n u s i, anu a l b a k o r i (Th. alalunga), romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zalian
grZeli mkerdis farflebi. aRwevs 1,5 m sigrZesa da 45 kg wonas (Cveulebriv 6-7kg-s).
xorci ZviradRirebulia. Tinusebis rewvaSi mas meore adgili ukavia.
tipur okeanur Tevzebs, romlebic TiTqmis ar Sedian sanapiro wylebSi, miekuTvneba
d i d T v a l a T i n u s i (Fh. obesus). misi maqsimaluri sigrZea 236 sm da
wona - 197 kg. did dajgufebebs ar warmoqmnian.
msoflio okeanis tropikuli raionebis pelagialisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia y v i T e
l f a r f l i a n i T i n u s i (Th. albacares), romelic ase iwodeba zurgisa da
analuri farflebis narinjisfer-yviTeli feris gamo. es sakmaod didi zomis Tinusia,
romelic aRwevs 3 m sigrZesa da 200 kg. wonas. is ufro Tbili wylis moyvaruli Tevzia,
vidre lurji Tinusi da dabali 180C-temperaturis wylebSi ar gvxvdeba. ikvebeba
sxvadasxva TevziTa da uxerxemlo cxovelebiT. izrdeba Cqara. Zalian Zvirfasi sarewao
Tevzia. WerilSi pirvel adgils ikavebs Tinusebs Soris (mTeli Werilis daaxloebiT
20%-s).
Tinusebs aqvT didi sarewao mniSvneloba. rewvis mniSvnelovani wili modis iaponiasa
da aSS-ze. iWeren maT sxvadasxva iaraRiT: ramdenime aTeul kilometriani, pelagiuri
iarusebiT, napirebTan xafangebiT, traliT, ankesiT cocxali satyuarebis (anCousi an
patara qaSayebi) meSveobiT. Tinusebis xorci Zalian gemrielia da gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad
konservebis saxiT. iSviaTad amarileben. amzadeben axalgayinulsac.
Tinusebis maragi imyofeba kritikul mdgomareobaSi.
ojaxi xmalasebrni - Xiphiidae
xmalasebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba erTi saxeoba c x v i r S u b i a n i – xmala
(Xiphias gladius Linne). Zlier wagrZelebuli zeda ybiT, romelic formiT waagavs xmals.
torbedoseburi sxeuli moklebulia qerclebs da kudis nawilze gaaCnia mZlavri gverdiTi
qedebi. zurgisa da analuri farflebi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia wina nawilSi, kudis
farflebi ki Zalian pataraa. muclis farflebi ar gaaCnia. naxevradmTavriseburi kudi
miuTiTebs xmalas swrafi moZraobis unarze. xmala farTodaa gavrcelebuli yvela okeanis
126
tropikuli da subtropikuli raionebis Ria wylebSi. atalantis okeaneSi kvebiTi
migraciebis dros SeiZleba miaRwios islandiisa da CrdiloeT norvegiis napirebamde.
xmelTaSua zRvidan zogjer Sedis Savsa da azovis zRvebSic.
sur #148. cxvirSubiani (xmala) Tevzi SamSeri
xmala aRwevs 4,0-4,5 m sigrZesa da 400 kg wonas. sqesmwife xdeba 5-6 wlis asakSi
sxeulis sigrZis 140-170 sm-mde miRwevisas. nayofiereba Zalian maRalia. 8kg wonis mdedris
nayofiereba aRwevs 16 mln. qviriTis marcvals. 1,5-1,8 mm diametris qviriTis marcvlebi
cximovani wveTiT viTardeba pelagialSi. lifsitebsa da axalSobilebs sxeulze gaaCniaT
qicvovani qerclebi da zurgisa da analuri erTiani farflebi, ybebze _ namdvili kbilebi.
xmala sxeulis 1 m sigrZisas ukve gadadis patara zomis TevzebiT kvebaze.
xmala swrafi da aqtiuri mcuravia, romelic aviTarebs 130 km/sT-mde siCqares.
ikvebeba sxvadasxva TevziTa da sxva cxoveliT. warmoadgens rewvis Zvirfas obieqts.
ojaxi ialqnisebrni - Istiophoridae
ialqnisebrTa ojaxs miekuTvneba didi zomis pelagiuri Tevzebi Subiseburad
wamaxvilebuli mogrZo zeda ybiT. mcire zomis wagrZelebuli qerclebi, romlebiTac
dafarulia sxeuli, mTlianad Camalulia kanSi. muclis farflebi Seicavs erTidan samamade
sxivs. zurgisa da analuri farflebi gayofilia or nawilad. kudis Reros gverdebze
gaaCnia ori kunTovani qedi. ybis kbilebi ganviTarebulia sustad. aqtiuri mtacebelia,
wyalSi aviTarebs 100-130km/sT-mde siCqares.
gavrcelebuli arian yvela okeanis tropikul da subtropikul wylebSi.
ialqnisebrTa ojaxSi arCeven sam gvars: ialqnianebi, Subianebi da marlinebi.
sur #149.
127
gvari ialqnianebi (Istiophorus) sxva gvaris warmomadgenlebisagan gamoirCevian maRali
ialqniseburi formis mqone zurgiT da grZeli muclis farflebiT, romlebic Cqari
curvisas lagdeba specialur WrilebSi zurgsa da mucelze. ikvebebian gunduri TevzebiTa
da Tavfexiani moluskebiT. aRweven 3,3 m sigrZesa da 100 kg wonas (Cveulebriv, ara
umetes 20-25 kg-isa.)
gvari Subianebi (Tetrapturus). maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT dabali zurgis
farfli. muclis farflebSi gaaCniaT mxolod TiTo sxivi.
gvari marlinebi (Makaira). marlinebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dabali zurgis
farfli. isini Zvliani Tevzebis yvelaze ufro didi zomis warmomadgenlebi arian.
magaliTad, l u r j i m a r l i n i (M.nigricans) aRwevs 5 m-ze met sigrZesa da 726
kg wonas (sarewao wonaa ara umetes 100kg-isa). yvela ialqnisebrs aqvs gemrieli da
Zvirfasi xorci da warmoadgens intensiuri TevzWeris obieqts.
rigi morielisnairni - Scorpaeniformes
morielisnairTa rigis warmomadgenlebi axlos arian qorWilasnairebTan. farflebSi
gaaCniaT ekliani sxivebi. muclis farflebi ganlagebuli aris mkerdis farflebis qveS.
morielisnairTa zogierT warmomadgenels Tavze aqvs qicvi. rigi moicavs ramdenime ojaxs.
ojaxi morielisebrni - Scorpaenidae
ojaxi morielisebrni moicavs formiT Zalian gansxvavebul ramdenime aseul fskeris
Tevzs. maTi zurgis farflis wina nawili Sedgeba ekliani sxivebisagan. analuri farflis
sami (iSviaTad ori) wina da muclis farflebis gareTa sxivebi gardaqmnilia mZlavr
eklebad. Tavze gaaCniaT magari qicvebi.
morielisebrni binadroben tropikuli da subtropikuli zRvebis sanapiro wylebSi.
magram zogierTi maTgani amjobinebs zomieri zonis zRvebs. Bbinadroben agreTve barencis
zRvasa da Soreul aRmosavleTSi.
gvari zRvis qorWilebi (Sebastes). ojaxis yvelaze mravalricxovani gvaria. iTvlian
90-mde saxeobas, romelTagan oTxi binadrobs atlantis okeanis CrdiloeTis wylebSi,
yvela danarCeni _ wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi. maTi zomebi meryeobs 20-dan 100 smmde. Rrma wyalSi mcxovrebTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxeulis vardisferi an mkveTri wiTeli
feri da uzarmazari Tvalebi. sanapiro saxeobebs (isini bevria wynari okeanis qorWilebs
Soris) Tvalebi Cveulebriv patara zomis aqvT, sxeulis Seferiloba muqia, laqebiT an
zolebiT.
zRvis qorWilebi cocxalmSobi Tevzebi arian. sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 10-11
wlis asakSi, amasTan, didi zomis individebi iZlevian 2 mln-mde 4-6 mm sigrZis larvebs.
zogjer mdedrebi mamrebs ewyvilebian larvebis dayramde ramdenime TviT adre. embrionebis
ganviTareba mimdinareobs Cqara. larvebis dayra Cveulebriv xdeba zamTarSi an gazafxulze
(zogierT saxeobebSi zafxulSi an Semodgomaze). lifsitebi Cerdebian wylis zedapirul
fenebSi,
asakis
momatebasTan
erTad
eSvebian
siRrmeSi,
amasTan,
axalgazrdebi
adgilsamyofels irCeven ufro mcire siRrmeebSi, vidre asakovnebi.
Rrma wylebis mcxovrebia n i s k a r t d i n g i a n i q o r W i l a
(Sebastes mentella) ufro mkveTri SeferilobiTa da Zlieri Zvlovani gamonazadiT qveda ybis
boloze. is gansxvavdeba oqrosferi qorWilasagan (S. marinus). zRvis qorWilebi ikvebebian
wvrili TevzebiT, didi zomis kibosnairebiTa da sxva uxerxemloebiT. zRvis qorWilebi
izrdebian nela: 7 wlis asakSi niskartdingiani da oqrosferi qorWilebi aRweven mxolod
22-24 sm sigrZes.
128
niskartdingiani da oqrosferi zRvis qorWilebi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtebi
arian CrdiloeT atlanis okeaneSi. zRvis qorWilebis bevr saxeobas iWeren tralebiT
wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSic. zRvis qorWilebis xorci Zvirad fasobs rogorc
nedli, ise Sebolili saxiT.
sur #150. zRvis qorWila
gvari m o r i e l e b i, anu zRvis C i q v e b i (Scorpaena) mcire zomis
tropikuli da subtropikuli zRvebis sanapiros Tevzebi arian. Sav zRvaSi binadrobs
zRvis C i q v i _ m o r i e l i (Scorpaena porcus Linne).
sur #151. zRvis Ciqvi, anu skorpena
is ZiriTadad ikvebeba TevzebiT, romelTac udarajebs samalavidan. etaneba mxolod
cocxal msxverpls, romelsac aRmoaCens ZiriTadad gverdiTi xazis organoebis meSveobiT,
romelic yvelaze metad ganviTarebulia Tavze. amitom warmatebiT nadirobs RamiTac. zRvis
Ciqvi mters xvdeba eklebiT, romelTac fuZeSi gaaCnia Sxamiani jirkvlebi. lorwo,
romelic xvdeba WrilobaSi farflis sxiviT Cxvletisas, iwvevs Zalian mtkivneul
SegrZnebebs. morielebs gaaCniaT saintereso Tviseba _ 28 dRis Semdeg (zogjer TveSi
orjer) isini iSoreben kanis zeda fenas da icvlian mas axliT. mravldeba gazafxulze.
qviriTis yra mimdinareobs porciobiT. qviriTi pelagiuria. Ciqvebs iWeren mcire
raodenobiT sxva TevzebTan erTad. maTi xorci Zalian gemrielia.
129
gavrcelebulia atlantis okeaneSi evropidan amerikamde, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi,
maT Soris saqarTvelos zRvispireTSic.
ojaxi zRvis mamlisebrni (Triglidae)
gaaCniaT qtenoiduri qerclebiT an Zvlovani firfitebiT dafaruli mogrZo
sxeulis. agreTve qicvebiani Zvlovani firfitebiTaa dafarulia mTeli Tavi. mkerdis did
farflebze gaaCniaT sami gamokerZoebuli sxivi, romlebic nawilobriv emsaxureba miwaze
gadaadgilebas, asrulebs agreTve grZnobisa da gemovnebis organoebis rols sakvebis
mopovebisas. maTi bevri saxeoba mkveTrad Seferilia wiTlad, lurjad, yviTlad da
iisfrad.
sur #152. zRvis mamali (knipoviCis mixedviT, 1923)
zRvis mamlebi gavrcelebuli arian yvela okeanis zomier da subtropikul wylebSi.
dasavleT evropis sanapiroebTan, Crdilo yinulovan okeaneSi, baltiis, xmelTaSua da Sav
zRvaSi. Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiroebTan mcire raodenobiT aRwevs erTi saxeoba
C v e u l e b r i v i z R v i s m a m a l (Trigla gurnardus Linne).
Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzebi arian, romelTac gaaCniaT gemrieli xorci. zogierTebi 90
sm sigrZesa da 5 kg-ze met wonasac aRweven. sqesmwife xdebian 3-4 wlis asakSi.
Cveulebriv, tofoba grZeldeba mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. nayofiereba saSualod 200300 aTasi qviriTis marcvlis tolia. pelagiuri wvrili qviriTi mowiTalo feris
cximovani wveTiTaa. larvebi iCekebian mexuTe, meeqvse dRes 150C -temperaturaze.
pirvel xanebSi axalmozardebi ikvebebian pelagiuri kibosnairebiT, zrdasrulebi _
TevzebiTa da fskeris uxerxemloebiT. arsebiTi sarewao mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT.
ojaxi terpugisebrni - Hexagrammidae
terpugisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi binadroben wynari okeanis CrdiloeT
nawilsa da maTTan mimdebare zRvebSi. calkeuli saxeobebi aRweven CrdiloeT CineTis
samxreTamde da kunZul xokaidomde aziuri sanapiroTi da samxreT kaliforniamde amerikis
sanapiroTi.
ojaxs miekuTvneba 13 saxeoba. yvela zRvis Tevzia, romlebic binadroben zRvebis
sanapiro adgilebSi. zogierT saxeobas SeuZlia cxovrebis umetesi nawili gaataros wylis
sizrqeSi.
130
damaxasiaTebelia mogrZo sxeuli mTliani an amokveTili zurgis farfliT. farflis
wina nawili (amokveTilis win) Sedgeba ekliani, xolo ukana nawili rbili sxivebisagan.
zogierTi saxeobis gamoklebiT, sxeulis orive mxares gaaCniaT xuTi gverdiTi xazi.
kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli mxolod wina nestoebi.
iapiniis, oxotisa da beringis zRvebSi binadroben m u r a l a q e b i a n i, k u
r i l i i s a da e r T f a r f l i a n i t e r p u g e b i s ori saxeoba.
gvari erTfarfliani terpugebi (Pleurogrammus). am gvaris warmomadgenlebs gaCniaT
udidesi sarewao mniSvneloba. fskeris pelagiuri Tevzebi arian. zafxulis bolosa da
Semodgomaze satofod midian napirebTan. tofoba mimdinareobs ivnisidan oqtombris
CaTvliT 3-8 m siRrmeze, 7-170C -temperaturaze.
sur #153. erTfarfliani terbugi
gamWvirvale momwvano-yavisfer qviriTs yrian msxvil gundebad qvian an kldovan
niadagebze Zlieri mimoqvecis dinebian adgilebze. qviriTs yrian porciobiT 5-7 dRis
intervaliT. qviriTs icavs mamri. sainkubacio periodi grZeldeba 30-35 dRe 30C temperaturaze. gamoCekili larvebi (10 mm) Cerdebian wylis zeda fenebSi da gamoCekvis
adgilebidan dinebebiT Sors gaitanebian. axalmozardebi ikvebebian ZiriTadad niCabfexiani
kibosnairebiT. zrdasTan erTad, isini uaxlovdebian napirebs. zrdasruli saxeobebi
ikvebebian TevzebiT, kibosnairebiTa da WiebiT. 3 wlis asakSi rodesac maTi sxeuli 29-30
sm sigrZes miaRwevs, xdebian sqesmwifeni. yvelaze didi zomis individebi iSviaTad aRweven
45-46 sm sigrZesa da 1,5-1,8 kg wonas.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis wylebSi rewvis mniSvnelovani obieqtebia. TeTri, cximiani
xorci (10%-mde cximi) gamoirCeva kargi kvebiTi TvisebebiT.
sur #154
131
rigi kambalasnairni - PLEURONECTIFORMES
kambalasnairTa rigs miekuTvneba daaxloebiT 500 saxeoba. yvela maTgans zrdasrul
mdgomareobaSi gaaCnia simetriuli, gverdebidan ZlierSebrtyelebuli maRali sxeuli.
orive Tvali gawyobilia sxeulis erT mxareze: zogs _ marjvniv, zogs _ marcxniv.
sxeulis gverdebi Cveulebriv gansxvavdebian feriT, qerclebisa da gverdiTi xazis
TvisebebiT.
kambalisnairebs grZeli zurgisa da analuri farflebi aqvT, muclis farflebi
ganlagebulia mkerdis farflebis win. ekliani sxivebi farflebSi Cveulebriv ar gaaCniaT.
kambalebis umetesoba binadrobs subtropikul da tropikul wylebSi, mcire nawil _
zomier wylebSi, sakmaod mcire nawili ki Sedis arqtikul zRvebSic. kambalisebrTa fauna
yvelaze ufro mdidari da mravalferovania wynar okeaneSi.
kambalisebrni zRvis sanapiros Tevzebi arian, romlebic ar axdenen Soreul
migraciebs, axasiaTebT gamosazamTreblad napirebidan mxolod umniSvnelo sezonuri
gadaadgilebebi, xolo gazafxulze brundebian napirTan satofod da sanasuqod. zogierTi
saxeoba (mdinaris kambala) Sedis mdinareebSi, mcire nawili binadrobs did siRrmeebze da
ewevian fskeruli cxovrebis nirs.
kambalebi
ikvebebian
TevzebiTa
da
fskeris
uxerxemloebiT-kibosnairebiT,
moluskebiT, WiebiTa da sxv. maTi zomebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. mcire zomis saxeobebi
aRweven mxolod 6-7 sm sigrZesa da ramdenime gramamde wonas, xolo yvelaze didi zomis
individebi 470 sm sigrZesa da 337 kg wonas. zogierT saxeobaSi gamoxatulia sqesobrivi
dimorfizmi: mamrebi mdedrebisagan gamoirCevian mcire zomebiT, Tvalebs Soris didi
daSorebiT, zurgisa da mkerdis farflebis pirveli sxivebis ufro didi sigrZiT.
kambalebi mravldebian ZiriTadad gazafxulsa da zafxulSi, xolo zogierTi
CrdiloeTis _ saxeoba Semodgomasa da zamTarSic. TiTqmis yvela saxeoba yris pelagiur,
xolo zogierTebi _ fskeris qviriTs. didi zomis saxeobebSi nayofiereba aRwevs 13 mln.
qviriTis marcvals. tropikuli da subtropikuli saxeobebi yrian mcire zomis 1-1,5 mm
diametris mqone qviriTis marcvlebs TiTo an ramdenime cximovani wveTiT. zomier da
CrdiloeTis wylebSi mobinadre kambalisebrTa umravlesoba yris didi zomis qviriTis
marcvlebs cximovani wveTebis gareSe. tropikuli saxeobebis mcire zomis qviriTis
marcvlebi viTardeba 1-2 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi, xolo CrdiloeTis saxeobebis didi
zomis marcvlebi _ ramdenime kviris an Tvis ganmavlobaSic ki. kambalisebrTa larvebi
simetriulebia, Tvalebi maT ganlagebuli aqvT Tavis orive mxares. ramdenime xans isini
cxovroben wylis sizrqeSi da ikvebebian zooplanqtoniT. zrdasa da ganviTarebasTan erTad
larvebi eSvebian fskerze. am dros ganicdian rTul gardaqmnebs (metamorfozi), romelTa
procesSic ikargeba sxeulis ormxrivi simetria.
rigi Seicavs ramdenime ojaxs, romelTagan yvelaze mravalricxovania r o m b i s e
b r n i, anu k a l k a n i s e b r n i, k a m b a l i s e b r n i da z R v i s e n
i s e b r n i.
ojaxi rombisebrni, anu kalkanisebrni - Bothidae
kalkanisebrTa ojaxi gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania da iTvlis daaxloebiT 200
saxeobas. Tvalebi gawyobilia marcxena mxares. didi piri aqvT, gamoweuli qveda ybiT.
muclis farflebi asimetriulia. qviriTi pelagiuria erTi cximovani wveTiT.
Kkalkanisebrni subtropikuli da tropikuli wylebis binadrebi arian, iSviaTad gvxvdebian
132
zomier wylebSi. Savsa da azovis zRvebSi binadrobs k a l k a n i (Scophthalmus
maeoticus). zogjer is Sedis dneprisa da dnestris SenakadebSic. Savi zRvis kalkanis
sxeuli Zalian maRalia da misi sigrZis 80%-s utoldeba. sxeulze mimofantulia
Zvlovani konusuri xorklebi. Savi zRvis kalkani aRwevs 85 sm sigrZesa da 15 kg wonas.
mamrebi sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 5-8 wlis, xolo mdedrebi _ 6-11 wlis asakSi. tofoba
grZeldeba martidan ivlisis CaTvliT. kalkanebi yrian 2,5-dan 13 mln-mde qviriTis
marcvals.
sur #155. Kkalkani
zrdasruli kalkani ikvebeba ZiriTadad TevzebiT (xonTqara, qafSia, Sproti,
merlangi). Mmozardebi _ kibosnairebiT.
Savi zRvis kalkani mniSvnelovani sarewao Tevzia. misi xorci gemrielia. iWeren
Casadgmeli badeebiTa da iarusebiT. amJamad mecnierebi muSaoben kalkanis xelovnur
gamravlebaze.
ojaxi kambalisebrni - Pleuronectidae
kambalisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebis umravlesobas Tvalebi ganlagebuli aqvT
sxeulis marjvena mxares. muclis farflebi simetriulia. qviriTi pelagiuria cximovani
wveTis gareSe.
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili gavrcelebulia atlantisa da
gansakuTrebiT wynari okeaneebis CrdiloeT nawilebSi. maTgan 30 saxeoba gvxvdeba Soreuli
aRmosavleTis zRvebSi, gacilebiT naklebia isini barencis, baltiisa da Sav zRvebSi.
artikul zRvebSi gavrcelebulia mxolod erTi saxeoba p o l a r u l i
k a m b a l a (Liopsetta glacialis).
udidesi sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCniaT zogierT paltusebs, farflyviTel, zRvis
atlantur, mucelyviTel, mdinarisa da polarul kambalebs.
133
sur #156. Kkambalebi (knipoviCis mixedviT, 1926)
a)zRvis, b)mdinaris, g)polaruli
C v e u l e b r i v i p a l t u s (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) yvelaze didi
zomisaa kambalisebrTa Soris. is aRwevs 470 sm sigrZesa da 337 kg wonas. (misi sarewao
zomebi gacilebiT naklebia). Zvirfasi sarewao Tevzia. wynar da atlantis okeaneebis
CrdiloeT nawilebSi iWeren S a v p a l t u s s (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides). is ufro
mcire zomisaa: sigrZe 120 sm-mde, wona 44,5 kg-mde. gamoirCevian nazi TeTri da gemrieli
xorciT.
wynari okenis kambalebs Soris erT-erTi saukeTeso da farTod gavrcelebuli
Tevzia f a r f l y v i T e l i k a m b a l a (Limanda aspera). misi sxeuli
dafarulia qtenoiduri qerclebiT. gverdiTi xazi daklaknilia mkerdis farflebs zemoT.
zurgisa da analuri farflebi qvemodan yviTelia. aRwevs 40 sm sigrZesa (saSualo sigrZea
25 sm) da 720 g wonas.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis wylebSi mniSvnelobiT meore adgilzea m u c e l y v i T e
l i k a m b a l a (Preuronectes quadrituberculatus), romelsac Tavze aqvs 4-6 Zvlovani
borcvi. aRwevs 60 sm sigrZesa (saSualod 34-47 sm) da 3 kg wonas.
evropis sanapiroebze portugaliidan TeTr zRvamde gavrcelebulia a t l a n t u
r i
z R v i s
k a m b a l a (Pl. platessa), romelic aRwevs 90-100sm sigrZes
(Cveulebriv, 25-50 sm-s) da 7 kg wonas. zog qveyanaSi is warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
sarewao obieqts. inglisSi mas amravleben xelovnurad.
gvari
mdinaris
kambalebi
(Platichthys).
Soreuli
aRmosavleTis
wylebSi
gavrcelebulia v a r s k l a v i s e b r i k a m b a l a (Pl. stellatus). mdinaris
kambalebi binadrobisaTvis amjobineben sanapiro adgilebs, xSirad Sedian mtknar wylebSi,
mdinareebSi sakmaod maRla adian, magram tofoben yovelTvis zRvaSi.
saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi gavrcelebulia m d i n a r i s k a m b a l a
(Pl. flesus Pallas). misi sxeuli, garda kudis Rerosi, mcire raodenobis fareklebiTaa
dafaruli. mamrebs zurgsa da analuri farflebis sxivebze mcire zomis qicvebi aqvT,
mdedrebi qicvebs moklebuli arian. sxeulis orive mxare dafarulia cikloiduri
qerclebiT.
sxeuli monacrisfro-mwvane varskvlaviseburi laqebiTaa dafaruli. kent farflebze
mravali muqi laqa aqvs, zogjer mura feris individebic gvxvdebian xolme. sigrZe 2529sm-mde aRwevs.
134
binadrobs saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, saidanac Sedis mdinareebis SesarTavebSi: md.
rionSi, xobSi, WuriaSi, TiqorSi, paliastomis tbaSi.
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT
gavrcelebulia Sav da azovis zRvebSi, maT yureebsa da masSi Camaval mdinareebsa (bugsa,
dnestrsa, yubansa) da tbebSi.
binadrobs qviSian fskerze. itans marilianobis meryeobas. ikvebeba qironomidebiT,
mravaljagriani WiebiT, kibosnairebiT, lokokinebiT, mwerebis WuprebiTa da mcire zomis
TevzebiT. tofobs ianvar-martSi. qviriTs yris 4-50 metris siRrmeze, sadac wylis 2-3,50C
-temperaturis dros misi nayofiereba 400 aTasidan 2750 aTas qviriTamde aRwevs. qviriTs
yris porciobiT. pelagiuri qviriTis diametria 0,78-2,08 mm. axalgamoCekili larvebis
sigrZea 2,2-4 mm. 10 mm sigrZis larvebi eSvebian fskerze da asimetriuli xdebian. mdinaris
kambala cocxlobs 16 wels. misi sigrZe 20-30 sm-ia, iSviaTad _ 45 sm.
simciris gamo CvenSi sameurneo mniSvneloba ara aqvs. iWeren sxvadasxva badiTa da
CanglebiT. iyeneben nedls, Sebolils da damarilebuli saxiT.
ojaxi zRvis enasebrni - Soleidae
mravalricxovani ojaxia, romelic moicavs 30-mde gvars. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
mogrZo sxeuli, marjvena mxareze gawyobili TvalebiT
sur #157. zRvis ena
maTi sigrZea ara umetes 30sm-isa (iSviaTad 60 sm).
zRvis enasebrni binadroben tropikulsa da subtropikul wylebSi. zogierTi
saxeoba aRwevs borealur
olqSi sakmaod Sors. mravldebian zafxulobiT. qviriTi
pelagiuria, ramdenime cximovani wveTiT. xorci Zvirad fasobs da yvelgan, sadac ki isini
binadroben, warmoadgenen rewvis obieqts.
Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiroebTan binadrobs z R v i s e n a (Solea lascaris
nasuta - Pallas). igi 20-60 metris siRrmeze gvxvdeba. tofobs ivlisidan seqtembris
bolomde; wylis 19-24,70C temperaturis dros. pelagiuri qviriTis diametria 1,3-1,5 mm
da mravali cximovani wveTi aqvs. gamoCekis periodi wylis 9-200C temperaturaze
grZeldeba 10 dRe. zRvis enis sigrZea 61 sm.
zrdasrulebi naxevradCaflulebi arian qviSian fskerze da maTi feric qviSisas
Seexameba. ikvebebian nela moZravi fskeruli organizmebiT, ZiriTadad mravaljagriani
WiebiT, mcire zomis lokokinebiT, fskeris mcire zomis kibosnairebiT da fskerze
mobinadre Tevzebis lifsitebiT.
sameurneo mniSvneloba simciris gamo ara aqvs.
kambalisebrni asruleben mniSvnelovan rols msoflio rewvaSi. ZiriTadad iWeren
wynar okeaneSi. maragi imyofeba kritikul mdgomareobaSi.
135
ojaxi zurgrqianisebrni - Balistidae
ojaxSi gaerTianebulia 13 gvari, romlebic gavrcelebuli arian atlantis,
indoeTis, wynari okeaneebis da maT mosazRvre zRvebis tropikul mxareebSi.
Sav zRvaSi erTi gvari gvxvdeba - zurgrqianebi (Balistes Linne) da erTi saxeoba _
z u r g r q i a n i (Balistes capriscus Gmelin). misi sxeuli maRali, ovaluri da
gverdebidan Sebrtyelebulia, kudis Rero mokle aqvs. qerclebis gardigardmo mwkrivebi
56-64 gverdiTi xazi srulia. cxviris patara nesto Tvalis axlosaa. zurgis meore da
analuri farflebi dasawyisSi maRaliaKkudis farflis zeda da qveda sxivebi _
wagrZelebuli. sxeuli ruxi ferisaa, zogjer yviTeli da moyavisfro laqebi aqvs.
Ggavrcelbulia atlantis okeaneSi, xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebSi. saqarTveloSi
mopovebul iqna soxumTan.
ojaxi zRvis Wukisebrni - Gobiesocidae
muclis farflebi misawovari tipisaa. zurgisa da analuri farflebi TiTo-TiToa.
Tavze gverdiTi xazis forebia ganlagebuli. zrdadasrulebulebs sacurao buSti ara aqvT.
tropikul, subtropikul da zomier zRvebSi gavrcelebulia 33 gvari da 93
saxeoba. evropis sanapiroebsa da Sav zRvaSi ori gvaria.
gvari
mikrulebi
(Lepadogaster Gouan)
ori
saxeobiTaa
warmodgenili:
m i k r u l a (miwebebuli)- Lepadogaster lepeietogaster lepaedogaster Bonnaterre da m i k r
u l a, W u k i- Lepadogaster decandollei Risso
gvari Wukanebi, anu mimwovebi (Dipleocogaster Fraser-Brunner) erTi saxeobiTaa
warmodgenili m i k r u l a, x a l i a n i m i m w o v i (juja Rorjo)- Diplecogaster
bimaculatus bimaculatus (Bonnaterre)
ojaxi meankeseebisebrni - Lophiidae
am ojaxis warmomadgenlebs aqvs didi piri mravalricxovani kbilebiT, qveda yba win
wamoweulia. Tavi didi da farTo, zemodan brtyelia. sxeuli SiSvelia.
Ggavrcelebulia CrdiloeTis zomier da tropikul zRvebsa da okeaneebSi.
Sav zRvaSi erTi gvaria _ m e a n k e s e e b i (Lophius Linne) erTi saxeobiT _
z R v i s e S m a k i (Lophius piscatorius Linne). Ggavrcelebulia atlantis okeaneSi,
evropisa da afrikis sanapiroebTan. CrdiloeTis, baltiis, xmelTaSua, marmarilos,
bosforisa da Sav zRvebSi. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi binadrobs sanapiroebTan 20-40
metris siRrmeze. misi kuWqveSa jirkvlidan amzadeben, diabetis samkurnalo preparats _
insulins.
Tevzebis geografiuli gavrceleba
yvela
cxoveli,
rogorc
xmeleTis,
aseve
wylis,
nawildeba
calkeuli
zoogeografiuli olqebis mixedviT, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofian qveolqebad, zogjer
iyeneben ufro danawevrebul dayofas da gamoyofen provinciebs, mxareebs.
dedamiwis sferos zRvebsa da kontinentalur wyalsatevebSi Tevzebis Tanamedrove
ganawilebas gansazRvravs, rogorc maTi cxovrebis Tanamedrove pirobebi, aseve maTi
istoriac. Tevzebis calkeuli saxeobis, gvarebisa da ojaxebis gavrceleba damokidebulia
mraval mizezze. ZiriTad faqtorebs warmoadgens garemo pirobebi, romlebic aucilebelia
calkeuli saxeobebis arsebobisaTvis. garemos Secvla warsul geologiur epoqebSi iwvevda
136
im calkeuli saxeobebis gaqrobas, romlebic ver eguebodnen Secvlil pirobebs. sxva
saxeobebi icvlebodnen, warmoqmnidnen axal saxeobebs, gvarebsa da ojaxebs.
saxeoba iswrafvis gaafarToos binadrobis areali. rac ufro asakovania saxeoba, miT
ufro didia misi gavrcelebis areali.
Tevzebi, pirvel rigSi, ikaveben im adgilebs, romelTa pirobebsac isini ukeT arian
Seguebuli. erTni SeaRweven ra axal saarsebo garemoSi, icvlebian, sxvebi ver eguebian
axal pirobebs da iRupebian.
dedamiwis zedapiri aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamudmebiT icvleboda. mimdinareobda
Zireuli geologiuri cvlilebebi. xmeleTis nawili ifareboda wyliT, xolo wyliani _
gardaiqmneboda xmeleTad. icvleboda klimati, civi wylebi xdebodnen Tbili da piriqiT.
yvela es gardaqmna apirobebda Tevzebis rogorc Zveli saxeobebis gaqrobasa da axlebis
warmoSobas, aseve maT gansaxlebas Cveni planetis wylebSi.
Tevzebs gaaCniaT Semgueblobis SesaniSnavi unari. dedamiwis sferoze TiTqmis ar aris
adgili, sadac ar binadrobdes Tevzebis romelime saxeoba, isini gvxvdebian msoflio
okeaneSi did siRrmeebze uzarmazari wnevis qveS, bnel gamoqvabulebSi, arteziul WebSi,
cxel wyaroebSi, sadac wylis temperatura aRwevs 400C da uaryofiT temperaturaze
arqtikul wylebSi.
Tevzebi erT-erTi uZvelesi cxovelebi arian. isini warmoiSvnen mravali milioni
wlis winaT. Tevzebis saxeobrivi mravalferovneba
gacilebiT metia, vidre danarCeni
xerxemlianebisa. xerxemlianebis 40-41-aTasi saxeobidan 20,5 aTasi Tevzebis saxeobebia.
Cveni planetis zedapiris daaxloebiT 3/4 ukavia zRvebsa da mtknar wyalsatevebs,
romlebSic binadroben Tevzebi. maTi cxovrebis pirobebi gansxvavdeba siRrmeebis, ganaTebis,
gazis reJimisa da sxvaTa mixedviT. Zvliani Tevzebis 20 aTasi saxeobidan 8,3 aTasi
mtknari wylis binadaria, 11,6 aTasi _ zRvis, danarCeni _ gamsvleli. TiToeuli saxeoba
egueba arsebobis garkveul pirobebs, TiToeuli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
temperaturis, marilianobisa da sxva garkveuli parametrebi.
garemo pirobebi (fizikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri) warmoadgens Tevzebis Tanamedrove
gavrcelebis ganmsazRvrel mTavar mizezebs. kontinentebze arsebiTi mniSvneloba
gansakuTrebiT aqvs meqanikur winaaRmdegobebs _ mTis jaWvebs, udabnoebs, wyalsatevebs
Soris xmeleTis ganfenilobebs da sxv. okeaneebSi materikuli winaaRmdegobebis
arsebobasTan erTad Tevzebis gansaxlebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
ekologiur pirobebs: temperaturas, marilianobas, siRrmeebs da sxv. amitom zRvisa da
mtknari wylis binadrebs Soris Tevzebisa da sxva wylis organizmebis zoogeografiuli
ganawileba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.
Tevzebis zonaluri ganawilebis kanonzomiereba dakavSirebulia wyalsatevebis
sxvadasxva simaRleze mdebareobasTan. rogorc wesi, maRal ganedebSi fauna ufro Raribia,
vidre dabalSi. magaliTad, TeTr zRvaSi iTvlian Tevzebis 57 saxeobas, baltiis zRvis
fineTis yureSi _ 60, Sav zRvaSi _ 180 saxeobas. sxvadasxva ganedis binadari Tevzebis
faunisturi kompleqsebi gansxvavebulia biologiiTac, maRalganedebSi ganlagebul
wyalsatevebSi ar aris mcenarismWameli Tevzebi. kvebis sezonuroba kargadaa gamoxatuli
mxolod zomier wylebSi mobinadre TevzebSi. nayofiereba TevzebSi matulobs maRalidan
dabali ganedisaken. maTi gamravlebis vadebi maRal ganedebSi ufro moklea.
maRali ganedebis TevzebSi parazitebi naklebad gvxvdeba vidre dabali ganedebis
TevzebSi. mtknari wylis
da zRvis auzebis iqTiofaunaze am bolo dros adamianis
mizanmimarTuli moqmedebis masStabebi izrdeba
da arsebiT gavlenas axdens Tevzebis
geografiul gavrcelebaze. magaliTad, wynari okeanis oragulebi gaxdnen axali zelandiis
mdinareebisa
da
kolis
naxevarkunZulis
binadrebi;
atlantis
qaSayma
Seqmna
mravalricxovani populacia wynar okeaneSi; azovis kefali warmatebiT Seegua kaspiis
zRvas. amuris mcenarismWameli Tevzebi farTod gavrceldnen Cvens wylebSi da a.S.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania sarewao zemoqmedeba bevri sarewao Tevzis gavrcelebis
adgilsa da raodenobaze. mkveTrad Seamcirda perus anCousis atlantisa da wynari okeanis
137
qaSayebis, kambalebis bevri saxeobisa da sxvaTa raodenoba daSeviwrovda maTi gavrcelebis
areali.
amgvarad, adamians Tavisi sarewao saqmianobiT
SeuZlia arsebiTi koreqtireba
moaxdinos Tevzebis geografiuli gavrcelebis bunebriv sazRvrebze.
Tevzebis ganawileba zRvebsa da okeaneebSi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tevzebis cxovrebis pirobebi sanapiro zonebSi, did
siRrmeebsa Tu zRvis Ria nawilebSi pelagiali arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, maSin maTi
ganawilebis ganxilva unda moxdes binadrobis adgilebtan damokidebulebiT. siRrmisa da
reliefis mixedviT okeanebisa da zRvebis fskeri
iyofa: Selfad _ 200m siRrmemde,
baTilad 200-dan 3000m-mde; okeanis kalapoti, ki iyofa abisalad (3000-dan 6000 m-mde)
da ultraabisalad (11 m-mde).
zRvebisa da okeaneebis akvatorias yofen sanapiro, anu neritiul da okeanur zonebad.
vertikalis mixedviT okeane iyofa epipelagialad (zeda fena 150-200m siRrmemde),
mezopelagialad (200-1000m), batipelagialad (1000-3000m), abisopelagialad (3000-6000m)
da ultraabisalad (6000m-s zemoT).
materikuli marCxobis farTobi Seadgens msoflio okeanis akvatoriis 7,4%-s. magram
masze modis msoflio Werilis 80%. aq da okeanis periferiuli zonis mimdebare
nawilebSi, anu misi saerTo farTobis 20-25%-is farglebSi xdeba fito _ da
zooplanqtonis umetesi nawilis, agreTve benTosis Tevzebis umravlesobisaTvis ZioriTadi
sakvebis proceduroba.
maRali produqtiulobis zonebi Cveulebriv ganTavsebulia im raionebSi, sadac
biogenuri elementebis-azotis SenaerTebis, kremniumis, fosforis maRali koncentraciaa.
Rrma fenebidan, sadac Warbi raodenobiTaa biogenuri elementebis Semcveloba, isini
Cveulebriv miitanebian zedapirul horizontebSi _ aqtiuri fotosinTezis adgilebSi. es
damaxasiaTebelia Selfis, okeanis kalapotis raionebisaTvis, agreTve sxvadasxva
warmoSobis wylis masebis urTierTSexebis adgilebisaTvis.
zRvis cxovrebis geografiuli, anu ganeduri zonaloba, pirvel rigSi dakavSirebulia
maRali da dabali ganedebis klimatur gansxvavebulobasTan. amJamad miRebulia Semdegnairi
ganeduri dayofa: civi wylebis olqebi: arqtikuli da antarqtikuli; zomieri wylebis
olqebi: borealuri (zomierad Tbilwyliani CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi) da notaluri
(zomierad Tbilwyliani samxreT naxevarsferoSi); tropikuli (da subtropikuli) wylebis
olqi.
Tevzebis bipolaruli da amfiborealuri gavrceleba.
xSirad Tevzebis erTi da igive an monaTesave saxeoba, magaliTad qaSayebi, virTevza,
navaga, keTilSobili oraguli, paltusi da sxva, binadroben atlantur da wynar
okeaneebSi, magram ar arian Crdilo yinulovan okeaneSi. Tevzebis aseTi gavrceleba iwodeba
wyvetilad, anu amfiborealurad.
varaudoben, rom ufro Tbil geologiur periodebSi am Tevzebs gaaCndaT gavrcelebis
erTiani raioni, e.i. binadrobdnen arqtikaSic, magram SemdgomSi erTi auzidan SeaRwies
meoreSi.
bevr saxeobasa da qvesaxeobas Seesabamebian CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi mobinadre
formebi, magaliTad miqsinebi, zRvis qorWilebi, qaSayebi, qaSayismagvari zvigenebi da sxv.
aseTma movlenam miiRo saxelwodeba `bipolaruloba~.
138
zogierT Tevz-kosmopolits gaaCnia farTo gavrceleba. is gvxvdeba yvela okeaneSi.
magaliTad, zvigeni _ katrani (Squalus acanthias L). amave dros bevri endemuri forma
binadrobs mxolod gansazRvrul wyalsatevebSi.
arqtikuli olqi. arqtikuli olqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis Zalian dabali
temperaturebi (Cveulebriv 2-dan +60C-is farglebSi) endemurebi ar arseboben. arasarewao
Tevzebidan gvxvdebian: oTxrqiani Rorjo (Myoxocephalus quadricornis L); ramdenime saxeoba
beldugisebrTa-Zoarcidae-s ojaxidan, magaliTad-Lycodes pallidus Collet. da Gymnelis viridis
Fabr; zogierTi warmomadgeneli ojaxidan-Liparidae-Liparis punctulatus Parr da meliasebrTa
Agonidae-s ojaxidan- Aspidophoroides olrikii lutken.
sarewao Tevzebidan tipiurebs warmoadgenen: polaruli kambala _ Liopsetta glacialis
(Pall) polaruli virTevza-saika _ Boreogadus saida, moiva-Mallotus villosus Mull, navagaEleginus navaga (Pall).
arqtikuli Selfuri zonis farglebsa da gansakuTrebiT SesarTavebis midamoebSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli oragulisnairebi da cqimurasnairebi: goWala (gvelana)-Salvelinus
alpinus(L), omuli-Coregonus autumnalis (Pallas), kbilebiani cqimura-Osmerus eperlanus dentex
Steind, zuTxisnairebi cimbiris zuTxi-Aeipenser baeri Brandt.
barencis zRvis aRmosavleTi da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilebi miekuTvneba arqtikul
olqebs. misi dasavleTi raionebi golfstrimis dinebis Tbili nakadebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad borealuri tipisaa. barencis zRvaSi borealuri saxeobis Tevzebis ricxvi
TandaTan izrdeba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT maSin, rodesac aRmosavleT arqtikul nawilSi
bevria civi wylis binadrebi: navagebi, saikebi, polaruli kambalebi. barenciis zRvaSi
binadrobs Tevzebis 114 saxeoba, maTgan 97 _ zRvis (arqtikuli 19,6%). saxeobaTa
raodenobiT gamoirCeva virTevzasnairebi 12 saxeobaa, svia _ 13, kambalisnairebi _ 11.
sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCnia 20 saxeobas. amasTan, Werilis udidesi nawili modis
virTevzaze, pikSaze, zRvis qorWilaze, saikaze, qaSayze.
TeTri zRva miekuTvneba arqtikul olqs. masSi binadrobs daaxloebiT 57 saxeobis
Tevzi. arqtikul formebTan (oTxrqiani Rorjo, navaga, polaruli kambala da sxva) erTad
masSi binadroben borealuri, ufro siTbosmoyvaruli Tevzebi (TeTri zRvis virTevza,
TeTri zRvis qaSayi, meqviSia da sxva).
antarqtikuli olqi. es farTo okeanuri olqi akravs yinulovan antarqtikul
materikas da ar gaaCnia gamsvleli da naxevradgamsvleli Tevzebi. specifikuri zRvis
iqTiofauna ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Nototheniidae-s ojaxis warmomadgenlebiT, romelTa
110 saxeobidan naxevari (50) antarqtikuli endemebia, agreTve ojaxebiT Bathydraconidae,
Chaenichthyidae, Zoorcidae, liparidae, Cottidae.
borealuri olqi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis temperaturis mniSvnelovani
sezonuri meryeobebi: Cveulebriv, 0-5-dan 120C-mde atlantis okeanesa da 0-1,7-dan 80C-mde
- wynar okeaneSi. tropikulTan SedarebiT, borealuri iqTiofaunis Zalian Rarib saxeobriv
SemadgenlobasTan
erTad,
zogierTi
saxeobis
populaciis
ricxobrioba
erTob
mniSvnelovania. aq binadroben da rewvis safuZvels warmoadgenen Tevzebi, romlebic
axorcieleben xangrZliv migraciebs (qaSayebi, virTevzebi, pikSebi, saidebi, makrelebi) an
warmoqmnian mWidro dajgufebebs (zRvis qorWilebi, kambalebi, moivebi da sxva).
wynari okeanis borealuri olqis iqTiofauna ufro mravalferovania, vidre
atlantisa okeanisa. magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis wynari okeanis sanapirosTan axlos is
Tevzebis saxeobrivi SemadgenlobiT 6-jer ufro mdidaria, vidre atlantis okeanis
sanapirosTan. wynar okeaneSi binadrobs 620 saxeoba, atlantisaSi _ daaxloebiT 100-110.
am or okeaneSi 25-30 saxeoba saerToa. atlantis okeaneSi ar aris arc erTi endemuri
ojaxi, maSin rodesac wynar okeaneSi isini bevria. wynari okeanis borealur olqSi
binadroben
ojaxebi:
meliasebrni,
terpugisebrni,
meqviSiasebrni,
kambalisebrni,
morielisebrni. bevri mecnieri wynari okeanis iqTiofaunas ganixilavs rogorc ufro Zvels
da Tvlis, rom atlantis okeanis iqTiofaunis Sevseba ZiriTadad wynari okeanidan
mimdinareobda.
139
borealuri olqis samxreT nawilSi Cndebian sxva binadrebi da qrebian ufro
CrdiloeTis
formebi.
magaliTad,
kambalisnairebi
icvlebian
kalkanisnairebiT,
virTevzasnairebi - gorbilisnairebiT. qaSayebSi gvari Clupea icvleba Sprattus gvariT.
Cndeba ojaxebi: anCousisebrni, skumbriasebrni, stavridasebrni. aq SedarebiT metia
pelagiuri da gamsvleli Tevzebi maSin, rodesac CrdiloeTSi metia fskeris da
fskerispira Tevzebi.
b a l t i i s z R v a miekuTvneba borealur olqs. is SedarebiT Caketili da
gamtknarebulia. Dmisi iqTiofauna moicavs zRvis da mtknari wylis borealur formebs.
baltiis zRvis dasavleTiT, ufro marilian nawilSi, binadroben zRvis kambala,
limanda da zRvis sxva Tevzebi, romlebic mezobeli CrdiloeTis zRvisaTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. zRvis Tevzebis ricxobrioba swrafad klebulobs dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTisaken: kategatSi _ 75, baltiis zRvis dasavleT nawilSi _ 30, mis
centralur nawilSi _ 26, botniasa da fineTis yureebSi _ 20.
baltiis zRvis umTavres sarewao Tevzebis ricxvs, pirvel rigSi miakuTvneben:
salakas, baltiis virTevzasa da baltiis kilkas (Sprots), romlebic Seadgenen saerTo
Werilis 90%-ze mets da agreTve oraguls, gvelTevzasa da mdinaris kambalas.
yvelaze metad gamtknarebul fineTis yureSi gvxvdeba Tevzebis 69 saxeoba, maTgan
30 zRvisaa, 10 _ gamsvleli, 27 - mtknari wylis binadari da 2 _ yvelanair wyalSi
mcxovrebi.
arqtikul reliqts, romelic SemorCa baltiis civi wylis iqTiofaunidan,
warmoadgens oTxrqiani Rorjo-meqviSia. endemurebia iseTi qvesaxeobebi, rogorebicaa:
salaka, baltiis virTevza, baltiuri mdinaris kambala.
S a v s a da a z o v i s z R v e b S i binadrobs daaxloebiT 180 saxeoba da
qvesaxeoba. Sav zRvaSi aRiniSneba xmelTaSua zRvidan Casaxlebuli 112 saxeoba: anCousebi
(qafSia), kefalebi, skumbriebi, stavridebi, pelamidebi, kambalebi da sxva, maSin rodesac
reliqturebs miekuTvneba 31 saxeoba (qvesaxeoba), romelTa Soris arian qaSayebi Alosa-s
gvaridan, Rorjoebi da sxv. iTvlian mtknari wylis Tevzebis 37 saxeobasa da qvesaxeobas,
romlebic binadroben mdinareebis SesarTavebis midamoebSi. gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovania
mtknari wylis binadrebi naklebmarilian azovis zRvaSi.
k a s p i i s a da
a r a l i s zRvebi gancalkavdnen Savi zRvisagan am
ukanasknelis xmelTaSua zRvasTan SeerTebamde. warsulSi maTi gamtknarebisa da
gamarilianebis monacvleobam gamoiwvia iqTiofaunis mniSvnelovani gaRaribeba, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi kaspiis zRvaSi Sedis daaxloebiT 100 saxeoba, aralis zRvaSi ki _ 20.
kaspiis zRvis ZiriTad sarewao Tevzebs miekuTvneba kaspiis kilka (Weris 80%-ze
meti), nafota, kaparWina, kutumi, farga, svia, zuTxi, taraRana. aralis zRvaSi yvelaze
meti sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCniaT kaparWinas, sazans, nafotasa da Werexs.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis borealuri olqi. b e r i n g i s z R v a, romelic
mdebareobs wynari okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi, beringis viwro srutiT uerTdeba Crdilo
yinulovani okeanis auzs da farTo urTierTSexebaSia wynari okeanis wylebTan aleutis
kunZulebis Rrma sruteebiT. iqTiofauna warmodgenilia 297 saxeobiTa da 11 qvesaxeobiT
da mniSvnelovnad Raribia (60 saxeoba) CrdiloeT nawilSi. damaxasiaTebelia iseTi Tevzebi,
rogorebicaa: terpugebi, kambalebi, zRvis qorWilebi, paltusebi da sxv. gvxvdebian
Cukotkis zRvidan gamosuli arqtikuli saxeobebi, polaruli virTevza, oTxrqiani
labradoris Rorjo.
udidesi sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCniaT mintaebs, kambalebs, zRvis qorWilebs,
virTevzebs, vaxniebs, terpugebs.
o x o t i s z R v a S i binadrobs Tevzebis 276 saxeoba, maTgan Rrma wylis 50
binadari ZiriTadad endemurebi arian. msgavsi formebi gaaCnia bevr saxeobas iaponiisa (124
saxeoba) da beringis (112 saxeoba) zRvebSi. gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa warmodgenili
meqviSiebis (50 saxeoba), pinagorebis, beldiugebis, kambalebis ojaxebi.
140
ZiriTad sarewao Tevzebs warmoadgenen mintaebi, qaSayebi, kambalebi, oragulebi da
virTevzebi.
i a p o n i i s z R v a warmoSobilia dedamiwis qerqis Caqcevis Sedegad da
gamoyofilia okeanuri auzisagan wyalmarCxi sruteebiT, riTac aixsneba Rrma wylis erTob
Raribi fauna. iqTiofauna ZiriTadad borealuri xasiaTisaa, magram samxreT raionebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia subtropikuli faunis warmomadgenlebi (mfrinavi Tevzi, ialqniani Tevzi,
TavCaquCa Tevzi). cnobilia daaxloebiT 600 saxeoba, romlebic Sedian zRvis Zvliani
Tevzebis TiTqmis yvela rigSi. temperaturis mniSvnelovani sezonuri ganfenilobiT
aisaxeba iqTiofaunis SemadgenlobaSi rogorc sicivismoyvaruli (qaSayebi, mintai, navaga da
sxv), aseve siTbosmoyvaruli (sardina-ivasi, xmalTevza, Tinusi da sxv) formebis arseboba.
notaluri olqi. samxreT naxevarsferos zomieri wylebis am olqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia wlis ganmavlobaSi kargad gamoxatuli sezonebis cvla. aq saxeobrivi
mravalferovneba Raribia, vidre borealur olqSi. Selfis mcire farTobis, ganfenilobis
da saarsebo pirobebis naklebi mravalferovnebis gamo zRvis Ria raionebis siWarbe
SedarebiTi xels uwyobs Rrma wylis binadari formebis did mravalferovnebas. ZiriTadi
da
yvela
zemetad
mravalferovani
ojaxebia:
Nototheniidae,
Zoarcidae,
Cottidae,liparidae,Agonidae, Gadidae, Thunnidae. yvelaze meti sarewao mniSvneloba gaaCnia
perus anCouss-Engraulis ringens jenyns.
tropikuli da subtropikuli olqi. is moicavs ekvatorul da subtropikul
qveolqebs da gamoirCeva wylis maRali da SedarebiT mudmivi temperaturebiT, romlebic
meryeobs 20-dan 280C-mde. marilianoba _ 34-36 %0. sakmaod arsebiTi gansxvavebaa
(temperaturuli da simkvrivis) wylis zedapirul da zedapirisqveda fenebs Soris.
dinebebs, Cveulebriv, gaaCniaT ganeduri mimarTuleba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken.
tropikuli olqi xasiaTdeba iqTiofaunis, agreTve misi Semadgeneli saxeobebis
formebisa da Seferilobis gansakuTrebiT didi mravalferovnebiT. aq, umTavresad
indoeTisa da wynari okeaneebis farglebSi, SenarCunebulia uZvelesi iqTiofaunis
warmomadgenlebi, upirvelesad zvigenebi da skarosebi. gansakuTrebiT ganumeorebeli,
lamazi da mkveTri SeferilobiTa da mravalferovani saxeobebis raodenobiT gamoirCeva
marjnis
kunZulebis
qorWilasnairebi.
litoralur
zonaSi
mravalricxovania
Rorjosnairebi, Taviseburi oTxTvalianebi, romelTac aqvT xmeleTze gamosvlis unari.
farTod arian warmodgenili mfrinavi Tevzebi, gvelTevzasebrni (daaxloebiT 20 ojaxi) da
bevri pelagiuri Tevzi: qaSayisnairebi, anCousisnairebi, stavridasnairebi, skumbriasnairebi.
ar gvxvdeba Cottidae Zoarcidae ojaxebi da TiTqmis ar aris Gadidae _s ojaxis
warmomadgenlebi.
zRvis bevri forma Seegua mtknar wyalSi binadrobas da maT Soris mdinaris
kudmCxvletia zvigenebi amazonkaSi, zvigenebi tigrossa da evfratSi. tropikul Tevzebs
Soris yvelaze metad gvxdebian Sxamianebi.
Rrma wylis iqTiofauna.
Rrma wylis Tevzebi, anu 200 m-ze Rrmad mobinadreni, warmodgenelia daaxloebiT 2
aTasze meti saxeobiT, romlebic miekuTvebian 80 ojaxs (495-dan). yofen or jgufad:
uZvelesi, anu namdvili Rrma wylis binadrebi da meoreuli, anu Selfis Rrma wylis
binadrebi.
141
uZvelesi Rrma wylis binadrebi xasiaTdebian siRrmeze cxovrebasTan specialuri
SemguebulobiT _ manaTobeli organoebiT, Zlier ganviTarebuli gverdiTi xazis
organoebiT, mxedvelobis teleskopuri (anu reducirebuli) organoTi. Seferiloba
ZiriTadad Savi an muqiyavisferia. zogjer sxeuli saerTod ar aris pigmentirebuli.
ConCxis Zvlebi Raribia kalciumis marilebiT. mkveTradaa gamoxatuli sqesobrivi
dimorfizmi. uZvelesi Rrma wylis binadari Tevzebi gvxvdebian qaSayisnairebs,
gvelTevzasnairebsa da virTevzasnairebs Soris.
Mmeoreuli Rrma wylis formebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli maRali specializacia
siRrmeebze cxovrebisaTvis, xolo Tavisi warmoSobiT isini warmoadgenen sanapiro
Selfuri formebis ganStoebebs. gvxvdebian ZiriTadad Selfis kalTis farglebSi,
siRrmeebze ki ar eSvebian. meoreuli Rrma wylis formebi cnobili arian qorWilasnairebsa
da kambalasnairebSi. maT miekuTvnebian ojaxebi: Liparidae, Moridae, Brotulidae.
did siRrmeebze cxovrebis pirobebi Taviseburia da xasiaTdeba sinaTlis ar arsebobiT, wylis neli moZraobiT, didi wneviT, wylis dabali naklebadcvalebadi
temperaturiT, mdgradi marilianobiTa da gazis reJimiT da a.S. Rrma wylis binadari
faunis Seswavla teqnikurad rTulia. misi istoria iTvlis daaxloebiT 100 wels da misi
Seswavlis xarisxi jerjerobiT dabalia.
Rrma wylis iqTiofauna sakmaod mravalferovania da Sedgeba planqtofagebis,
mtacebeli
da
benTosismWameli
Tevzebisagan.
planqtofagebs
Soris
yvelaze
mravalricxovania RrmamanaTobeli anCousebi-Myctophidae, Bathylagidae. xvlikisTavianairebisSynodontidae ojaxis warmomadgenlebi ewevian fskeruli cxovrebis nirs. benTosismWamel
Rrma wylis Tevzebs miekuTvneba grZelkudianisnairebis-Macrouridae ojaxi, xolo Rrma
wylis mtaceblebs-alepizavri-Alepisaurus sp, didpira-Eurypharynx pelecanoides ValSaccopharyngiformes-s rigidan.
mtknari wylis binadari Tevzebis gavrceleba
l. bergisa da f. darlingtonis mixedviT, arsebobs mtknari wylis binadari Tevzebis
gavrcelebis Semdegi zoogeografiuli olqebi.
palearqtikuli (evrazia), neoarqtikuli (CrdiloeT amerika), amuris, Cinur-induri,
afrikuli (eTiopuri), avstraliuri, samxreT-amerikuli.
palearqtikuli olqi. masSi Sedis yofili ssrk teritoria. is dayofilia 4
qveolqad; cirkumpolaruli, baikalis, xmelTaSua zRvis, mTiani aziis. palearqtikuli
olqi moicavs mTel evropas, CrdiloeT amerikis mcire nawils, azias CrdiloeTisaken
himalaidan da amuridan. mTeli olqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi endemuri formebiojaxebi:
oragulisnairebi-Salmonidae,
xariusisnairebi-Thymalidae
qariylapiasnairniEsocidae, qorWilasnairni-Percidae, zuTxisnairni-Acipenseridae; gvarebi: niCabcxvirianebiScaphirhynchus-Cottus, gamsvleli mdinaris salamurebi-Lampetra, zRvis salamurebiPetromyzon; saxeobebi: nalimi-.Lota lota (L)
c i r k u m p o l a r u l i q v e o l q i dayofilia or provinciad:
yinulovani zRvis da wynari okeanis. yinulovani zRvis provincia moicavs
Sotlandias, samxreT norvegias, islandias, grelandias, yofil ssrk-s evropuli nawilis
CrdiloeTs, cimbiris mniSvnelovan sivrceebs. wynari okeanis provincia warmodgenilia
anadiriT, oxotis raioniT (xmeleTiT) da kamCatkiT.
142
cirkumpolaruli qveolqi Raribia endemuri formebiT. arsebobs mxolod erTi
endemuri forma _ Savi Tevzi (Dallia pectoralis Bean), romelic binadrobs Cukotkasa da
aliaskaSi. qveolqis gansxvavebuli Taviseburebaa oragulisnairTa ojaxis Tevzebisa da
gansakuTrebiT sigebis gvaris warmomadgenlebis siWarbe, romelTac gaaCniaT didi sarewao
mniSvneloba.
cirkumpolarul olqSi naklebadaa kobrisnairTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi da savsebiT
ar aris loqosnairebi. oragulis gvaris warmomadgenlebi binadroben qveolqis evropulsa
da Soreuli aRmosavleTis (kamCatka) nawilebSi, magram ar aRiniSnebian cimbirSi (cimbiris
olqi).
b a i k a l i s q v e o l q i. moicavs baikalis tbas. qveolqis teritoria
pataraa, magram Zalian Taviseburia iqTiofaunis Semadgenlobis mixedviT. msoflioSi
yvelaze ufro Rrma tba SemorCa mesameuli periodidan. iqTiofauna ZiriTadad Sedgeba
endemuri formebisagan. baikalSi binadrobs mxolod am tbisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tevzebis
40 saxeoba, romelTagan naxevarze meti endemurebia. endemuria ori ojaxi: Comephoridae-1
gvariT da yviTelfarflianebi, anu Subldidebi, farTo-Cottocomephoridae-8 gvariT. sarewao
Tevzebidan endemuria saxeoba baikalis omuli-Coregonus autumnalis migratorius Georgi,
romelsac gaaCnia arsebiTi sarewao mniSvneloba.
x m e l T a S u a
z R v i s
q v e o l q i. moicavs mTel evropas
cirkumpolaruli qveolqis samxreTiT, afrikis CrdiloeT nawils, TurqeTisa da iranis
mniSvnelovan nawils, Savi, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis mdinareebis auzebs. am
qveolqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kobrisnairTa siWarbe. oragulisnairni gvxvdebian mcire
raodenobiT, rac am qveolqs ganasxvavebs cirkumpolarulisagan. mravlad arian endemuri
gvarebi (32 gvari), magaliTad kaspia-Savi zRvis qaSayi (CAlosa-Clupeonella), Werexi
(Aspius), Cexoni (Pelecus), podusti (Chondrostoma)da sxvebi.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos xmelTaSua zRvisa da CrdiloeT amerikis, misisipis qveolqis
maTTvis damaxasiaTebelis niSnebi. magaliTad, dunais, volgisa da misisipis auzebs gaaCniaT
saerTo saxeobebi: qariylapia, qorWila, nalimi. aralis zRvis auzis cruniCabcxvirianebisPseudoscaphirhynchus-3 saxeoba axlosa md. misisipis-Scaphirhynhus niCabcxvirianebis gvarTan.
xmelTaSua zRvis qveolqi dayofilia 6, maT Soris baltiisa da ponto-kaspia-aralis
provinciebad. baltiis provinciaSi Sedis baltiis zRvis auzis mdinareebi da iqTiofaunis
SemadgenlobiT gardamavalia cirkumpolarulidan xmelTaSua zRvis qveolqisaken. am
provinciis fauna Raribia. warmodgenilia oragulisnarni (sigebi, paliebi), kobrisnairni
(kaparWina, Werexi, wvera, nafota), qariylapiasnairni, xariusisnairni, ponto-kaspia-aralis
provincia moicavs Savi, azovis, kaspiisa da aralis zRvebis mdinareebis auzebs. masSi
bevria (13) endemuri gvarebi da maT Soris-Clupeonella, perkarinebi-Percarina, RorjoebiBentophilus. Aq farTod arian warmodgenilni zuTxebi, bevria nafotebi (nafota, tarani),
fargebi, Rorjoebi.
yinulovanma epoqam am provinciis samxreTiT daaxevina rig saxeobebs, romlebic
daiRupnen CrdiloeT raionebSi (cruniCabcxvirianebi, umbra, xlakuna) am provinciis Savi
zRvis mxareSi binadroben endemuri saxeobebi-dunais oraguli, Ciqvi-cxvinja, Copi. kaspiis
olqSi endemuria gvari _ kaspiis salamurebi. sxva mxareebTan SedarebiT aq
mravalricxovania zuTxebi, qaSayebi-Alosa-s gvaridan.
aralis olqSi, rogorc zRvaSi, iseve mdinareebis SesarTavebSi, warmodgeniliakaspiis
zRvis gaRaribebuli fauna. ZiriTadi sarewao Tevzebia: kaparWina, sazani, nafota, Samaia,
wvera, aralis zRvaSi ar binadroben Rorjoebi, zRvis nems-Tevzebi, qaSayisnairebi.
m T i a n i a z i i s q v e o l q i. moicavs centraluri aziis Siga auzebsa da
didi mdinareebis: amudariis, sirdariis, indis, gangis da sxva saTaveebs. iqTiofauna
Raribia. damaxasiaTebelia marinkebis-Schizothorax, osmanebis-Diptychus arseboba, goWalebis
(gvelanebis)- Nemachilus gvaris saxeobebis siWarbe.
sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs balxaSis provincias ende\muri saxeobebiT: balxaSis
marinka-Schizthorax argentatus Kessl. balxaSis qorWila-Perca schrenki Kessl. mravalricxovania
143
sazani (SeaRwia SemTxveviT XX s. dasawyisSi). warmatebiT aklimatizirebulia farga da
loqo.
neoarqtikuli olqi. moicavs CrdiloeT amerikis teritorias iyofa qveolqebad:
misisipisa da kolorados. am olqebSi binadrobs daaxloebiT 700 saxeoba. palearqtikul
olqTan saerTo ojaxebia: Cuku _ Catostomidae, kobrisnarni-Cyprinidae, qariylapiasnairniEsocidae, qorWilasnairni-Percidae, zuTxisnairni-Acipenseridae. am olqSi bevria endemuri
ojaxebi: javSniani qariylapiasnairni-Lepidosteidae, lamis Tevzebi-Amiidae,Percopsidae, P
gamoqvabulis-Amblyopsidae-Hiodontidae.
amuris olqi. dunais SemadgenlobiT mas ukavia gardamavali mdgomareoba
palearqtikulsa da CineT-indoeTis olqebs Soris. masSi Sedis amurisa da mis axlomdebare
mdinareebis auzi, agreTve korea, saxalini da iaponia. iqTiofaunasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
cimbirisa da samxreTis formebis SeTavseba. amurSi binadrobs Tevzebis 85 saxeoba.
CrdiloeTis formebidan gvxvdeba wynari okeanis oraguli, zogierTi sigi, xariusi, nalimi,
samxreTis formebidan-gvelisTava, sqelSubla, CineTis qorWila, amuri. endemuri
saxeobebidan amurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kaluga, amuris zuTxi, amuris qariylapia,
saldatovis loqo.
CineT-indoeTis olqi. is moicavs samxreT aziis, CineTs, indoeTs, ceilons,
indoCineTs, malais arqipelagiis kunZulebs. SemadgenlobiT iqTiofauna axlosaa afrikis
olqTan. damaxasiaTebelia loqosnairTa da kobrisnairTa saxeobebis simdidre. bevria
endemurebi: loqoebi, kobrebi. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia kobrisnairTa ojaxi.
afrikis (eTiopiis) olqi. is moicavs mTel afrikas, CrdiloeT nawilis garda
afrikis fauna mdidaria, Seicavs 2510 saxeobas. bevria endemuri ojaxi (46 ojaxidan 16
endemuria). endemuri ojaxebis umravlesobisaTvis Mormyridae-s ojaxis gamoklebiT,
damaxasiaTebelia saxeobebis mcire raodenoba. yvelaze mravalricxovani ojaxebia: Cichlidae,
Characinidae, Cyprinidae, Bagridae, Mormyridae da sxv. afrikis mtknar wylebSi gvxdebian
zRvis formebi: kudmCxvletia skarosi, zRvis ena. olqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
endemurebi, rogorebicaa ormagadmsunTqavebi-Protopterus, mravalfarflianebi-Polypterus da
Calamoichtys, eleqtruli loqo.
avstraliis olqi. is moicavs avstralias, axal zelandias, tasmanias. Zalian cotaa
mtknari wylis Tevzebi. olqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mtknari wylis ormagadmsunTqavebiNeoceratodus forsteri krifft da Zvlian enianebi-Scleropages qaSayisebrTa rigidan. danarCeni
Tevzebi Tavisi warmoSobiT dakavSirebuli arian zRvasTan: ojaxebi Melanotaeniidae,
Alabetidae, Plotisidae. mravalferovania Galaxiidae-s ojaxis fauna.
samxreT amerikis olqi. is moicavs samxreT amerikis mtknar wyalsatevebs. iqTiofauna
mdidari da Taviseburia. mravalricxovanni arian loqosnairebi-Siluridae, ZvlianenianebiOsteoglossidae, xaracinis-Characinidae, kbilebiani kobrisebrni-Cyprinodontidae, eleqtruli
loqosebrni-Gymnotidae, orgvaradmsunTqavebi-Lepidosirenidae da sxv. samxreT amerikaSi
iseve rogorc avstraliaSi ar binadroben kobrisnairebi.
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