B​razil ​F​ocus - Brazil Initiative

Transcrição

B​razil ​F​ocus - Brazil Initiative
 B​
razil ​
F​
ocus​
​
– ​
D​
avid ​
F​
leischer Phone/FAX:​
55­61­3327­8085 Cell:​
9218­2771 ​
e­mail: ​
[email protected] GLOSSARY
Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used in Brazil
th​
(Expanded and updated as of 10​
June 2015) ABA
ABACC
ABAG
ABAL
ABAR
ABB
AbbVie
­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Antropologia (Brazilian Anthropological Assoc.) ­ ​
Agência Brasileiro­Argentina de Contabilidade e Controle de Materiais Nucleares ​
(Brazilian­Argentine Agency for Accounting & Control of Nuclear Materials) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Aviação Geral (Brazilian Association of General Aviation) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Alumínio ​
(Brazilian Aluminum Assoc.) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira das Agências Reguladoras ​
(Brazilian Assoc. of Regulatory Agencies) ­ ​
Merger of ASEA (Sweden) and Brown, Boveri (Swiss) in 1988 ­​
Resulted from Division of Abbott Laboratories in 2011. Research­based biopharmaceutical manufacturer. 2 ABC
ABC
ABCP
ABDD
ABDI
ABERT
Abertis
ABI
ABIEC
ABIn
ABINNE
ABM
­​
Agência Brasileira de Cooperação ​
(Brazilian Cooperation Agency – part of MRE­ ​
Itamaraty​
) ­ ​
Região metropolitana de São Paulo (greater SP industrial region) ➔ Santo ​
A​
ndré, São ​
B​
ernardo do Campo & São ​
C​
aetano ​
ABCD – ​
Includes ​
D​
iadema ­ Associação Brasileira de Ciência Política (Brazilian Political Science Assoc.) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Defesa da Democracia (Brazilian Assoc. for the Defense of Democracy) ­ Agência Brasileira de DEsemvolvimento Industrial (Brazilian Agency of Industrial Development) ­​
Associação Brazileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (Brazilian Assoc. of Radio and TV Stations) ­ ​
Abertis Infraestructuras, SA – based in Barcelona (​
Purchased Brazilian high concessions from OHL) ­​
Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (Brazilian Press Association) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias Exportadoras de Carnes (Brazilian Association of Meat Exporting Industries) ­ ​
Agência Brasileira de Inteligência (Brazilian Intelligence Agency, succeeded SNI) ­​
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias Elétricas e Eletrônicas (Brazilian Assoc. of Electric and Electronic Industries) ­ Associação Brasileira de Municípios (Association of Brazilian towns and Cities) ABN AMRO ­ Large Dutch bank acquired Banco Real in 1998. In 2007, ABN AMRO was acquires by a consortium involving the Spanish Banco Santander that took over Banco Real. Santander had already acquired Banespa, and is now Brazil’s 3rd largest private bank after Itaú­Unibanco and BRADESCO. 3 ABNT
ABONG
ABPO
ABRA
ABRAS
ABRACE
ABRAP
ABRAVE
ABRIG
ABRINQ
AC
ACC
ACESITA
ACM
­ Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (Brazilian Assoc. of Technical Standards) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Organizações Não­Governamentais (Brazilian Association of NGOs) ­ ​
Assoc. Bras. do Papelão Ondulado ​
(Brazilian Assoc. of Cardboard Manufacturers) ­ Associação Brasileira de Reforma Agrária (Brazilian Assoc. for Agrarian Reform) ­ Associação Brasileira de Supermercados (Brazilian Association of Supermarkets) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Grandes Consumidores Industriais de Energia ​
(Brazilian Assoc. of Large Industrial Consumers of Electrical Energy) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Prefeitos (​
Brazilian Assoc. of Mayors) ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Revendadores Autorizados de Veículos (Brazilian Assoc. of Automobile Dealers) ­ Associação Brasileira de Relações Institucionais e Governamentais (professional assoc. of ​
lobbyists​
and those who conduct “legislative liaison” and government relations ­ ​
Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Brinquedos (Brazilian Assoc. of Toy Manufacturers) ­ State of Acre ­ ​
Adiantamento de Contrato de Câmbio ​
(bank credit operation, especially for exporters) ­ ​
Companhia de Aços Especiais de Itabira ​
(Special Steels Company of Itabira, MG) ­ ​
Senator Antônio Carlos Magalhães (DEM­BA) ➔​
​
political leader in Bahia since 1954 – state & federal deputy, Mayor of Salvador, Governor, Senator, Minister of Communications 4 ­ born 1927, died 20 July 2007 ACM
­ Associação Cristã de Moços (YMCA) ACSP
­ ​
Associação Comercial do Estado de São Paulo (SP Chamber of Commerce) ACT
ADA
ADA
Adbib
­ ​
African Coalition for Trade ­ ​
Americans for Democratic Action ­ ​
WTO Anti­Dumping Agreement ­ ​
Associação Brasileira de Infra­Estructura e Indústrias de Base (Brazilian Assoc. for Infrastructure and Capital Goods Industries) ADEMI
ADESG
ADIn
­ Associação dos Dirigentes de Empresas do Mercado Imobiliário (Assoc. of Directors of Real Estate Firms) ­ ​
Associação dos Diplomados da Escola Superior de Guerra (Assoc. of ESG Graduates) ­ Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (suit filed at STF by parties and other entities to challenge the constitutionality of acts, laws and decisions) ADM
­ ​
Archer Daniels Midland – leading corn➔ethanol producer in the US ­ top grain producer and trading firm in Brazil ADR
­ ​
American Depositary Receipts ​
(receipts in US$ for stocks or bonds of foreign firms, issued by a US depositary bank) AEB
AEB
­​
Agência Espacial Brasileira (Brazilian Space Agency) ­ Associação de Exportadores Brasileiros (Brazilian Exporters Assoc.) Aero​
Lula
­ nickname given to Brazil’s new A­320 Presidential jet Aero Vodochody​
– Czech aircraft manufacturer seeking to supply parts to Embraer 5 AFA
AGN
AGOA
AGU
AI­5
AIDS
AIEA
AIG
Akaer
AL AL
ALADI
ALALC
ALBA
ALCA
ALCAN
­ ​
Academia da Força Aérea (Brazilian Air Force Acedemy, in Pirassinunga, SP) ­ ​
New mining firm organized by Roger Agnelli (ex­CEO at Vale) ­ ​
African Growth and Opportunity Act – promotes Africa­US trade ­ Advocacia­Geral da União (Solicitor General for Federal Government) ­ Ato Institucional Número 5 th​
(5​
Institutional Act, December 1968) ­ ​
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SIDA) ­ ​
Agência International de Energia Atômica (IAEA­International Atomic Energy Agency, UN unit, HQ in Vienna) th​
­ American International Group – 18​
largest public company in the world ­ until the US financial ​
blowout​
, AIG was associated with Unibanco ­ ​
Engineering firm linked to Saab, manufacturer of the Grippen NG. Founded in São José dos Campos in 1992. ­ State of Alagoas ­ Assembléia Legislativa (State Legislature) ­ ​
Associação Latino­Americana de Integração (Latin American Integration Assoc.) ­ ​
Associação Latinoamericana de Livre Comércio ​
(Latin American Free Trade Assoc.­LAFTA) ­ Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra Américas ​
(Bolivarian Alternative for the Peoples of ​
our​
Americas) ➔ Hugo Chávez’s substitute for CASA ­ Acordo de Livre Comércio das Américas (FTAA­Free Trade Agreement of the Americas) ­ Canadian aluminum firm acquired by Rio Tinto for US$38 billion in 2007 6 ALCOA
Algar
ALL
ALSTOM
Altice
AM
AMAN
AMB
AMB
AMB
­ Aluminum Company of America – US aluminum giant ­ ​
Founded by Alexandrino Garcia in 1929. Operates in TIC, Agro, Services & Tourism sectors. ­ ​
América Latina Logística – Founded in 1997 with the privatization of Brazil’s Railroads, ALL operates 21,300 Km of rail links in south­central Brazil, as well as in Argentina ­ French manufacturer of hydro­electric generators and turbines ­ ​
Multinational cable & and telecommunications firm. ­ State of Amazonas ­ ​
Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (Army Military Academy in Agulhas Negras, RJ) ➔ the Brazilian West Point ­ Associação dos Magistrados Brasileiros (Assoc. of Brazilian Magistrates) ­ ​
Associação Médica Brasileira (Brazilian Medical Assoc.) ­ ​
Associação Municipalista do Brasil (Brazilian Municipal Assoc.) Amber Box ​
Subsidies – ​
30 WTO members have commitments to reduce their trade­distorting domestic supports in the ​
amber box [“yellow light, beware”] ➔ to reduce the “total aggregate measurement of support (AMS). Nations outside this 30­nation group have to keep within 5% of the value of production (10% limit in the case of developing nations. Ambriex
­ ​
Imports scientific instruments, offices in SP and BSB AmCham
­ ​
American Chamber of Congress (in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) AMCI
­ AMCI Australia Holdings PTY LTD (in March 2007, CVRD acquired this large coal mining firm) AMD
­ ​
Advanced Mirco Devices – large chip maker 7 AMERIPOL – ​
Comunidade de Polícias da América Latina e do Caribe (Community of Police Forces in Latin America and the Caribbean) AMR
­ The Controller of American Airlines AMS
­ ​
Aggregate Measure of Support ­ WTO term referring to level of subsidies ANA
­ ​
Agência Nacional de Águas (National Waters Regulatory Agency) ANAC
­ ​
Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (National Civil Aviation Regulatory Agency) ➔ replaced DAC ANAPA
­ ​
Associação Nacional dos Produtores de Álcool (National Alcohol Producers Assoc.) ANATEL
­ ​
Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (National Telecommunications Regulatory Agency) ANBID
­ Associação Nacional dos Bancos de Investimento (National Assoc. of Investment Banks) ANC
­ Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (National Constituent Assembly, 1987­1988) ANCA
­ Associação Nacional de Cooperação Agricola – linked to MST (National Assoc. of Agricultural Cooperation; “fiscal ​
front​
” organization Operated by the MST – like CONCRAB) ANCAP
­ Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcololes y Portland ​
(Uruguay’s national petrol firm, equivalent to Petrobrás) Ancine
­​
Agência Nacional de Cinema (National Film Regulatory Agency) ANDES
­ ​
Associação Nacional de Docentes do Nível Superior (National University Professores Assoc.) ANDI
­ Associação Nacional dos Direitos da Infância (National Association for Children’s Rights) 8 ANDIFES
ANDIMA
ANEEL
ANEFAC
ANFAVEA
Anginhos
Angra
ANL ANM
ANP
ANPEC
Antaq
ANTT
Anvisa
AOSIS
­ ​
Assoc. Nacional de Dirigentes de Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (​
National Assoc. of Rectors of Federal Universities) ­ Associação Nacional das Instituições de Mercado Aberto (National Assoc. of Open Market Institutions) ­ ​
Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (National Electrical Energy Regulatory Agency) ­ ​
Associação Nacional de Executivos de Finanças, Administração e Contabilidade ​
(National Assoc. of Executives in Finance, Administration & Accounting) ­ Assoc. Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (National Assoc. of Auto Makers) ­ “little angels” – nickname for first term deputies [​
Freshmen​
] ➔ never served in the Chamber before, “free from sin” ­ City on southern coast of RJ state. Angra­I and Angra­II are current nuclear power plants [electricity generation], Angra­III is planned. ­ Aliança Nacional Libertadora – Moscow line popular front (National Liberation Alliance, 1935) ­ Agência Nacional de Mineração – first discussed in 2001 ​
(National Regulatory Agency for Mining – contemplated in 2001) ­ Agência Nacional de Petróleo (National Petroleum Regulatory Agency) ­ Assoc. Nacional de Centros de Pós­Graduação em Economia (National Assoc. of Economics Graduate Programs) ­​
Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários ​
(National River Transportation Regulatory Agency) ­ ​
Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (National Land Transportation Regulatory Agency) ­ ​
Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária ​
(National Health & Drug Agency) ­ ​
Association of Small Insular States ​
(Associação dos Pequenos Estados Insulares) 9 AOL
AON
AOTS
AP AP
AP
APAE
APEC
­ America On Line, large US internet company ­ ​
British multinational that provides risk management, insurance and reinsurance brokerage; created in 1982, merger of Ran Insurance Group and Combined Insurance Co. of America - Assoc. for Overseas Technical Scholarship in Japan.
­ State of Amapá ­ ​
Ação Popular (Popular Action – student activist movement in the 1960s) ­ ​
Associate Press, news wire service ­​
Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais ­ Assoc. of Parents and Friends of Exceptional Persons ­ ​
Asian­Pacific Economic Cooperation – founded in 1989 (Cooperação Econômica da Ásia e do Pacífico) – 21 members in 2008 APM Terminals – ​
Container terminal group, began as AP Moller at Port of NY, now linked to Maresk Group. Operates terminals in Itjataí, SC & Pecém, CE Arapongas ­ Brazilian slang term for ​
spooks – clandestine investigators linked to the SNI (during the military period), the ABIn (currently), or “free­lance” ​
spooks ARENA
­ Aliança Renovadora Nacional (National Renovation Alliance, 1966­1979) ARKO Advice – ​
Government Relations [lobby] group – Murillo de Aragão, President ARPEL
­ Asociación Regional de Empresas de Petróleo y Gas Natural en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (Regional Association of Latin American and Caribbean Oil and Natural Gas Companies) ASA
­ ​
American Sugar Alliance ASA
­ ​
Africa – South America Summit, 49 African and 12 South American nations st​
­ 1​
meeting in November 2006 10 ASEAN
ASML
­ ​
Assoc. of Southeast Asian Nations – founded in 1967 (Assoc. de Nações do Sudeste Asiático) – 10 members in 2008 ­ ​
Manufacturer of computer chips/wafers ➔ Based in The Netherlands with branch in SP A.T. Kearney ­ ​
Andrew Thomas Kearney became partner in J.O McKinsey & Co. in 1929 and after several splits, A.T. Kearney was founded 1947 to become one of the top ten management consulting firms – with offices in SP. ATPDEA
­ ​
Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act AT&T
­ ​
American Telephone & Telegraph AUC
­ ​
Auto Defesas Unidas da Colombia (United Self­Defense Units in Colombia) Avibrás
­ Avibrás Indústria Aeroespacial – HQ in São José dos Campos, SP (Brazilian aero­apace industry, produces Astros II rocket launchers) AZTECA
­ retail store chain owned by Mexican billionaire Ricardo Salinas ​
­ installed first store in Brazil (​
Elektra do Brasil​
) in Recife, in March 2008 Azul
­ AZUL ­ Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras (new Brazilian airline) ­ founded by David Neeleman (founder of ​
JetBlue​
) ­ began flying with Embraer 190 jets in December 2008 B2W
­ ​
Business To Web BA
­ State of Bahia B&A
­ ​
B&A Mineração – new firm organized by André Esteves (BTG Pactual) & Roger Agnelli (AGN) BACEN
­ Banco Central [do Brasil], BC, BCB ​
(Brazil’s Central Bank) Banco del Sur​
– South American Development Bank – concept presented by Hugo Chávez with support from Argentine President Néstor Kirchner (replace World Bank) BAD
­ Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento (ADB­African Development Bank) Baidu
­ ​
Chinese language search engine (similar to Google) 11 Bain
­ ​
Bain & Co. founded in Boston (1973) by Bill Bain, a global management consulting firm. Took over SP office of Value Partners in 1997. Baixo Clero ­ “lower clerics”, some 400 little known, “invisible” federal deputies BAMERINDUS – ​
Banco Mercantil e Indústria, com sede em Curitiba, PR, BC declarou a falência deste banco em 1997 e vendeu para HSBC (Bank liquidated in 1997 and sold to HSBC) Bancada da Bala​
– “Pro­gun” caucus in the Brazilian Congress Bancada Ruralista​
– Rural Caucus in Brazilian Congress, very powerful BANERJ
­ Banco do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (bank owned by Rio de Janeiro state – privatized) BANESPA ­ ​
Banco do Estado de São Paulo – vendido a Santander (Bank of the State of SP ­ sold to Santander) BANESTADO – ​
Banco do Estado do Paraná – vendido ao Banco Itaú (Bank of the State of Paraná – sold to Banco Itaú) Bao Steel
­ ​
State­owned​
​
Shanghai Baosteel Group Corp. has joint venture with Usiminas BASA
­ Banco da Amazônia) (Amazonas Development Bank) BASF
­ Badische Anilin­und Soda­Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory) ­ German Chemical Co. – the largest chemical company in the world ­HQ in Ludwigshafen, Germany & Florham Park, NJ BATS
­ Better Alternative Trading System rd​
­ HQ in Kansas City, alternative (3​
largest) stock market in the US ​
­ associated with ​
Claritas​
BATS plans to establish an alternative stock market in Brazil to compete with BM&F Bovespa BB
­ Banco do Brasil (Bank of Brazil) BBC
­​
Bônus do Banco Central (Central Bank Bonds) 12 BBC
BBVA
BC
BCE
BCG
BEC
BEC
BES
BESC
­ British Broadcasting Corp. ­ ​
Banco Bilbao Viscaya (Spanish bank and international financial services group) ­ Banco Central (Brazilian Central Bank) ­ Banco Central Europeu (European Central Bank) ­ ​
Bacilo Calmette­Guérin (vaccine against crupe and tuberculosis) ­ ​
Batalhão de Engenharia de Construção (​
Brazilian Army Construction Battalion) ­ Banco do Estado do Ceará (bank owned by the state of Ceará) ­ ​
Banco Espírito Santo (Portuguese). Failed in 2014, replaced by Novo Banco. ­ ​
Banco do Estado de Santa Catarina (bank owned by state of SC, intervened by Central Bank, and acquired by the Banco do Brasil in 2007) BH
­ ​
Belo Horizonte, capital of Minas Gerais BHP Billiton ­ Anglo­Australian based mining firm BIB
­ ​
Banco de Investimentos do Brasil (Investment Bank of Brazil) BID
­ Banco Interamericano do Desenvolvimento (IADB­InterAmerican Development Bank) BioAgência ­ ​
Commercialization of sugar and ethanol BIRD
­ ​
Banco Internacional de Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (WB­World bank) BIS
­ Bank for International Settlements ­ Switzerland BlackRock ­​
The world’s largest asset management firm founded 1988 by former Bank Boston 13 employees. Blackstone Group – ​
US investment firm associated with Brazil’s ​
Patria Bloquinho
­ The “little bloc” of parties on the Left (75 deputies) ­ PSB, PCdoB, PDT, PMN & PRB Blue Box ​
Subsidies – ​
A WTO exemption from the general rule that all subsidies linked to production must be reduced or kept within defined minimal (​
de minimis​
) levels – covering payments directly linked to acreage or animal numbers BLUM
­ ​
Brazilian Land Use Model (Modelo Brasileiro de Use da Terra) ➔ used to show that ethanol is not responsible for Amazon deforestation BM&F
­ Bolsa de Mercadorias e Futuros (Brazilian Commodities & Futures Market) BMG
­ ​
Banco de Minas Gerais (private bank in MG, accused of involvement with “​
Mensalão​
” ➔ joint venture with Itaú Bradesco in July 2012 BNB
­ Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (Bank of the Northeast of Brazil) BNDES
­ ​
Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (ex­BNDE) (Brazilian Economic and Social Development Bank) BNH
­ ​
Banco Nacional de Habitação ​
(National Housing Bank, created by military regime in 1965) Bolsa Família​
– Monthly income supplement (allowance) for poor families Bombardier ­ Canadian aircraft manufacturer – competes with Embraer Bope
­ ​
Batalhão de Operações Especiais (PM Special Operations Battalion) BOVESPA ­ ​
Bolsa de Valores do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo Stock Exchange) Bourges
­ ​
French industrial/construction/real estate firm founded in 1952. rd​
BRA
­ BRA Transportes Aéreos (Brasil Rodo Aéreo) was Brazil’s 3​
largest passenger 14 th​
airline, began with charter flights and ended operations on 6​
November 2007 BRADESCO ­ Banco Brasileiro de Descontos (Brazil’s largest private bank) “Bradies”
­ “​
Brady Bonds” – issued after 1994 for emerging nations, at times called C­Bonds (created when Nicholas Brady was US Treasury Secretary) BRASA
­ ​
Brazilian Studies Association – HQ at Brown Univ. as of 2016 BRASCAN ­ The holding company that resulted from the nationalization of Canadian energy investments in Brazil [​
Light​
], became a major investment firm HQ in Rio. Brasiguaios ­ Brazilian farmers who migrated to Paraguay in the 1960s and 1970s in search of cheap land to plant soybeans, coffee, etc. Brasil Kirin ­ Japanese beverage firm founded in 1939, acquire Schincariol in 2011. BRASKEM ­ large petrochemical firm in Brazil Brazucas
­ Brazilian immigrants living in the US. BRB ­ Banco Regional de Brasília – owned by GDF (Regional Bank of Brasília) Brenco
­ Brazilian Renewable Energy Co. BRICs
­ ​
Brazil, Russia, India & China ­ a term coined by Goldman Sachs economists Jim O’Neill in 2001 BROU
­ ​
Banco de la Republica Oriental de Uruguay (Central Bank of Uruguay) BrT
­ ​
Brasil Tele Com (large telecommunications firm in Brazil) BSG
­ Banco Société Générale (large French bank) BTG
­ ​
BTG Factual investment bank founded by André Esteves BTN
­ ​
Bônus do Tesouro Nacional (no longer used) ​
(National Treasury Bonds, used to finance public debt) 15 BTUs
BVRJ
C­130
C&A
CAC
CACM
CACEX
Cade
CAE
CAF
CAF
CAFTA
CAGED
CAIC
CAINDR
­ ​
British Thermal Units ­ ​
Bolsa de Valores de Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange) ­ four­engine, turbo prop military transport plane (​
flying box car​
) ­ ​
Large international retail chain of clothing stores with European HQ in Belgium. ➔ Founded by ​
C​
lemens & ​
A​
ugust Bremminkmeijer in 1841 as a Dutch textile firm with 200 stores in Brazil (since 1976) ­ ​
Paris stock exchange index ­ Cewntral American Common Market ­ ​
Carteira do Comércio Exterior do Banco do Brasil (foreign trade unit at BB) ­ ​
Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (Brazilian Anti­Trust, pro­competition unit, at Finance Ministry) ­ Comissão de Assuntos Econômicos (Senate Committee on Economic Affairs) ­ ​
Corporación Andino de Desarrollo ​
(Andean Development Corporation) ­ ​
Charities Aid Foundation – produced World Giving Index ​
(Fundação de Ajuda Pilantrópica) ­ based in London ­ hub of charity donations online, founded in 1930s ­ ​
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA­DR included the Dominican Republic) ­ Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados (monthly survey of employment/unemployment, by Labor Ministry) ­ ​
Centro de Atenção Integrada à Criança (Center/School for Full Time Attention to Children) ­​
Comissão da Amazônia, Integração Nacional e Desenvolvimento (Chamber of Deputies Committee for the Amazon, National Integration & Development) 16 Caixa Dois
CALC
CAN
CAOA
CAPES
CAPADR
CARF
CARICOM
CAS
CASA
­ “off­the­books” campaign contributions (also, double set of books used by firms to avoid taxes) ­ Cúpula da América Latina e Caribe – met in Bahia 16­17 December 2008 (Summit of Latin American and Caribbean Nations) ­ with Cuba, without the US and Canada ­ Correio Aéreo Nacional – operated by FAB (national air mail service, began in 1931) ­ ​
Carlos Alberto Oliveira Andrade – mega­investor in auto dealerships ­ entered joint­venture with Hyundai to install a factory in Anápolis, GO ­ Comissão para o Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Educação Superior (Graduate studies training unit within MEC – fellowships) ­​
Comissão de Agricultura, Pecuária, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento ​
(Chamber Committee for Agriculture, Livestock, Supply & Development) ­ ​
Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais (Fiscal Resources Administrative Council) ­ The Caribbean Community – HQ in Georgetown, Guyana ➔ economic cooperation group began in 1973 ­ Comissão de Assuntos Sociais (Senate Committee on Social Affairs) ­ Communidade Sul­Americana de Nações (South American Community of Nations) ­ Brazil’s attempt to extend Mercosul to all of South America Casa Civil
­ President’s Chief of Staff – very powerful position Casa da Moeda ​
– the federal mint (in Rio de Janeiro) Cassado
­ loss of political rights – for 10 years during military regime (1964­1985) ­ ​
loss of political mandate (in the post­1985 period) CBA
­ ​
Código Brasileiro de Aeronáutica (Brazilian Aeronautical Code) CBA
­ ​
Companhia Brasileira de Aluminio (Brazilian Aluminum Co.) 17 CBE
­ ​
Cia. Brasiliana de Energia – Brazilian Energy Company ­ created in 2003 when BNDES renegotiated AES debts ­ BNDES now controls 53.80% of CBE CBERS
CBF
­ China­Brazil Earth­Resources Satellite (Satélite Sino­Brasileiro de Recursos Terrestres) ➔ began in 1988, launch 4 satellites by 2010 ­ Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (Brazilian Soccer Confederation) CBIA
CBIE
CBMM
CBN
CBPF
CBTU
CCBB
CCBC
CCC
CCEE
CCIR
­ ​
Centro Brasileiro de Infância e Adolescência (Brazilian Center for Infancy and Adolescence) ­ Centro Brasileiro de Infra Estrutura (Brazilian Center for Infrastructure) ­ ​
Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia & Mineração ​
(Brazilian Mining & Metalurgy – prodces Niobium) ­ Central Brasileiro de Notícias (​
Globo​
’s 24­hour news radio network) ­ ​
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (Brazilian Center for Physics Research – in Rio) ­ ​
Companhia Brasileira de Trens Urbanos (Brazilian State Firm for Urban Trains) ­ ​
Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil ​
(Banco do Brasil Cultural Center) ­ Brazil­Canada Chamber of Commerce ­ ​
Conta de Consumo de Combustíveis – created in 1970s, revised in 2009 ​
(Fuel Consumption Account) ­ ​
Câmara de Comércio de Energia Elétrica ​
(Chamber of Commerce for Electrical Energy) ­ ​
Certificação de Cadastro de Imóvel Rural (Certificate of Registry of Rural Property) 18 CCJC
CCP
CCPs
CCR
CCT
CCT
CCTCI
CD
CDB
CDB
CDC
CDC
CDE
­ Comissão de Constituição e Justiça (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Constitution, Justice & Citizenship) ➔ same symbol in the Senate ­ ​
Cyrela Commercial Properties – Brazilian Realty Firm ­ controlled by Elie Horn ­ ​
Counter­Cyclical Payments ­ introduced by the 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act ­ income support programs for US farmers
➔ some call this “subsidies” ­ ​
Companhia de Concessões Rodoviárias (Andrade Gutierrez, Camargo Correa & Soares Penido) – operates 11 toll roads in Brazil ➔ and won concession to operate Confins Airport in BH in November 2013 via the ​
Aero Brasil consortium together​
with Fluhafen Zurich AG (administers
​
the Munique and Zurich airports).
­ ​
Comissão de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação, Comunicação e Informática ­ ​
Senate Committee for Science, Technology, Innovation, Communication, and Informatics ­ ​
Conditional Cash Transfers – like ​
Bolsa Família ­ ​
Comissão de Ciência e Tecnologia, Comunição e Informática (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Science & Technology, Communication & Informatics) ­ Câmara dos Deputados ​
(Chamber of Deputies) ­ ​
Certificado de Depósito Bancário – bank time deposit (bank deposit certificate, term & rates subject to negotiation) ­ ​
Chinese Development Bank ­ ​
Comissão de Defesa do Consumidor ​
(Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Consumer Protection) ­ ​
Crédito Direto ao Consumidor (installment credit for consumers, usually “white line”) ­ ​
Conta de Desenvolvimento Energêtico (Energy Development Account – Eletrobrás – created on 26th April 2002) 19 CDEIC
CDES
CDI
CDH
CDHM
CDN
CDR
CDU
CE
CE
CEB
CEBs
CEBRAP
CEC
­ ​
Comissão de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Indústria e Comércio (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Economic Development, Industry & Commerce) ­ ​
Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social ​
(Council of Economic and Social Development) ­ linked to the office of Brazil’s President ­ ​
Certificado de Depósito Interbancário (time deposit, similar to CDB) ­ ​
Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Legislação Participativa ​
Senate Committee for Human Rights and Participatory Legislation ­ ​
Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Minorias (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Human Rights and Minorities) ­ Conselho de Defesa Nacional (National Defense Council) ­ Comissão de Desenvolvimento Regional e Turismo ­​
Senate Committed for Regional Development & Tourism ­ ​
Comissão de Desenvolvimento Urbano (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee for Urban Development) ­ State of Ceará ­ ​
Comissão de Educação (Senate Committee on Education) ­ ​
Companhia de Eeletricidade de Brasília (Electricity Company owned by Brasília government [GDF]) ­ ​
Comunidades Eclesias de Base ­ Community Nuclei for Lay Roman Catholics ➔ associated with the doctrine of “Liberation Theology” ­ ​
Centro Brasileiro de Análises e Planejamento (think tank organized by FH Cardoso & others in SP in 1970) ­ ​
Comissão de Educação e Cultura (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Education and Culture) 20 CEDEC
CEE
CEEE
CEF
CEG
CEGRAF
Cehab
CEI
­ ​
Centro de Estudos da Cultura Contemporânea (think tank organized by CEBRAP dissidents) ­ ​
Comunidade Econômica Europeia (EEC­European Economic Community) ­ ​
Companhia Estadual de Energia Elétrica (in Rio Grande do Sul) ➔ RS state owned electric distribution company ­ Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Savings/Social Bank) ­ ​
Companhia Estadual de Gás (Rio natural gas distribution company) ­ ​
Centro Gráfico do Senado Federal (Brazilian Senate printing office) ­ ​
Companhia Estadual de Habitação e Obras ­ state government unit for housing and public works ­ ​
Comissão Especial de Investigação (Special Investigating Committee) CELAC
­ ​
Comunidade dos Estados Latinoamericanos e Cabibenhos (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) CELAM
­ Conferência Episcopal da América­Latina e Caribe (Conference of Latin American Catholic Bishops; the 5th CELAM met in SP in November 2007) CEMAR
­ ​
Electric Company state of Maranhão CEME
­ ​
Central de Medicamentos (federal government medicine distribution unit) Cemig
­ Centrais Elétricas de Minas Gerais (MG state­owned electric company) Cenargen
­ Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia ​
(National Center for Genetic and Biotech Research, EMBRAPA) rd​
Cencosud SA ­ ​
Publicly traded multinational retail firm, largest in Chile and 3​
largest in 21 Latin America. CENDEC
CENINAR
Cenipa
Centrão
CEO
Cepal
CERA
CESP
CETIP
CFC
CFFC
CFEMEA
CFN
CFN
CFR
­ ​
Centro de Treinamento para o Desenvolvimento Econômico (Ministry of Planning Training Center) ­ Centro de Informações da Marinha (Navy Intelligence Center – very active during military regime) ­ ​
Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos ​
(Center for Investigation and Prevention of Aeronautical Accidents) ­ the “Big Center” (majority conservative coalition in the ANC) ­ ​
Chief Executive Officer ­ ​
Comissão Econômica das Nações Unidas para América Latina e Caribe ­ ECLA​
, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean – HQ in Santiago, Chile ­ Cambridge Energy Research Assoc. ­ ​
Centrais Eléctricas de São Paulo (State of SP electric company, privatization attempted in 2008) ­ ​
Central de Custódia e Liquidação de Títulos (over the counter fixed income & derivatives trading custody organization) ­ Comissão de Fiscalização e Controle (Senate Committee on Oversight & Control) ­ ​
Comissão de Fiscalização Financeira e Controle (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Financial Oversight & Control) ­ Centro Feminista de Estudos e Assessoria (Feminist Studies Center in Brasília) ­ ​
Companhia Ferroviário de Nordeste (Northeast Railroad Co. – controlled by CSN) ­ ​
Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais (Brazilian Marine Corps) ­ ​
Council on Foreign Relations – HQ in New York ​
­ publishes ​
Foreign Affairs 22 CFT
CFTC
CGD
CGD
CGU
CGT
CGTEE
­ ​
Comissão de Finanças e Tributação (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Finance and Taxation) ­ ​
US Commodity Futures Trading Commission ­ ​
Center for Global Development ­ ​
Caixa Geral de Depósitos – Portuguese Bank ­ Controladoria­Geral da União (Federal Controller General – internal control) ­ Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores (General Workers’ Confederation – labor union central in São Paulo) ­ ​
Companhia de Geração érmica de Energia Elétrica ­ Eletrobrás ​
(Thermal Electricity Generation Company) CHALACO ­ ​
Aluminum Corporation of China Changi
­ ​
Airport group that administered Shangai airport; partner in concession with Odebrecht to administer Galeão International Airport in Rio Chery ­ ​
Small size Chinese auto with new factory in Jacareí, SP CHESF
­ ​
Companhia Hidro­Elétrica do Vale do São Francisco (San Francisco Valley Hydro­Electric Firm) CHETA
­ ​
Certificado de Homologação de Empresa de Transporte Aéreo (ANAC certificate for an airline to operate in Brazil) CHS
­ ​
CHS International Trade – 3rd largest grain trader n the US ­ formed joint venture with Coopermibra in 2008 CI
­ ​
Comissão de Serviços de Infra­Estrutura (Senate Committee on Infrastructure) CIA
­ ​
Central Intelligence Agency (US) (​
Agência Central de Intelligência) CIA
­ ​
Centro de Inteligência da Aeronáutica (Air Force Intelligence Center) 23 CIC
CIDA
Cide
­ ​
Cadastro Individual do Contribuinte ➔ CPF (personal income tax ID number) ­ ​
Canadian International Decvelopment Agency ­ ​
Contribuição de Intervenção no Domínio Econômico ➔ motor fuels tax for maintenance and repair of federal highways Cielo
­ ​
Large credit card service in Brazil (Banco do Brasil & Bradesco) Ciências sem Fronteiras – ​
Federal governemnt program to send under­grad. and graduate students overseas for one year of studies ➔ Science without Borders CIEx
­ Centro de Informações do Exército (Army Intelligence Unit, very active during the military regime) CIMI
­ ​
Conselho Indigenista Missionário (Indian Missionary Council­Roman Catholic Church) CINDACTA ­ ​
Centro Integrado de Defesa Aérea e Controle de Trafego Aéreo ​
(the four centers for air traffic control, under FAB jurisdiction) CIR
­ ​
Conselho Indeginista de Roraima (Indian Counsel for State of Roraima) CL
­ Câmara Legislativa ​
(legislature in the Federal District – Brasília) Claro
­ Brazilian cell phone operator, owned by Telmex (Carlos Slim Helú) CLA
­ ​
Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara ​
(Alcântara Rocket Launching Center, in Maranhão) CLASCO
­ ​
Consejo Latinoamericano de las Ciencias Sociales (Latin American Social Science Council) CLAT
­ Central Latino­Americana dos Trabalhadores (Latin American Workers’ Central ­ in Caracas, Venezuela) CLDF
­ ​
Câmara Legislativa do Distrito Federal ­ ​
local legislature in the Federal District (Brasília) CLI
­ Composite Leading Indicators (used by OECD) 24 (ICA­Indicador Composto Avançado) CLP
CLT
CMA
CMA
CMADS
CMB
CMDA
CME
­​
Comissão de Legislação Participativa (Chamber and Senate Committees for Popular Initiative Legislation) ­ Consolidação da Legislação Trabalhista (Brazil’s complex labor legislation, CLT➔formal labor contract) ­ ​
Comissão de Meio Ambiente, Defesa do Consumer e Fiscalização e ​
Contrôle ­ ​
Senate Committee for Environment, Consumer Protection, and ​
Oversight ­ ​
Comando Militar da Amazônia (Amazon Region Military Command) ­​
Comissão de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Environment & Sustainable Development) ­ ​
Casa da Moeda do Brasil (Brazilian Mint, located in Rio de Janeiro) ­ ​
Code Division Multiple Access (cell phone system that voice & data into radio signals) ­​
Comissão de Minas e Energia (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Mines and Energy) CME
­ ​
Commodity Market Exchange (Chicago) CMMI­ ​
Capability Maturity Model Integration ­ developed by the Software Engineering Inst. at Carnegie Mellon Univ. CMN
­ ​
Conselho Monetário Nacional (National Monetary Council) CMO
­ Comissão Mista de Orçamento (Congressional Joint Budget Committee) CMSE
­ Comitê de Monitoramento do Sistema Elêtrico ​
(Committee for Monitoring the Electric System) ­ attached to MM&E, created in August 2004 25 CMSE
CMSE
CN
CNAE
CNA CNAA
CNB
CNBB
CNC
CNDI
CNDM
CNEN
CNI
CNJ
­ Comando Militar do Sudeste (Military Command of the Southeast Region) ­ Comité de Monitoramento do Setor Eléctrico – MM&E ​
(Committee for Monitoring the Electric Sector) ­ Congresso Nacional ​
(Brazil’s National Congress) ­ ​
Comissão Nacional de Atividades Espaciais (National Commission for Space Activities) ­ ​
Confederação Nacional de Agricultura (National Agriculture Federation) ­ Companhia Nacional de Açúcar e Álcol (private sector, National Sugar and Alcohol Co.) ­ ​
Comando Naval de Brasília (Brasília Naval Command – Marine Corps base) ­ ​
Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (National Conference of Brazilian [Roman Catholic] Bishops) ­ Confederação Nacional de Comércio (National Commerce Confederation) ­ ​
Centro Nacional de Desenvolvimento Industrial (National Council of Industrial Development) ­ ​
Conselho Nacional de Direitos da Mulher (National Council on Women’s Rights) ­ ​
Comissão Nacional de Enegria Nuclear (National Nuclear Eneergy Commission) ­ Confederação Nacional da Indústria (National Industry Confederation) ­ ​
Conselho Nacional do Judiciário (desde 2004) (National Council of the Judicial Branch) ➔ External Control body for the Judiciary created in 2004 26 CNM
­ ​
Comando Naval de Manaus (Manaus Naval Command) CNMP­ ​
Conselho Nacional do Ministério Públic (National Council for Public Prosecutors ➔ external control of prosecutors, similar to CNJ CNOOC
­ ​
Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation ➔ Joined Petrobras in concession for pre­salt exploration in 2013 CNPCP
­ ​
Conselho Nacional de Política Criminal e Penitenciária ­ MJ (National Council for Criminal and Prison Policy – Ministry of Justice) CNPE
­ Conselho Nacional de Política Energética (National Council for Energy Policy) CNPJ
­ ​
Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jurídica (corporate income tax ID number) CNPq
­ Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (National Research Council, within MCT) CNT
­ Confederação Nacional de Transportes (National Transportation Confederation) CNTC
­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores no Comércio ​
(National Confederation of Commercial Workers) CNTE
­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores em Educação (National Confederation of Workers in Education) CNTI
­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Indústria (National Confederation of Industrial Workers) CNTM
­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores Metalúrgicos ​
(National Confederation of Metal Workers) CNTS
­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Saúde ​
(National Confederation of Health Workers) COAF
­ ​
Conselho de Controle de Atividades Financeiras – at Finance Ministry (Council for Control of Financial Activities – anti­money laundering) Cob
­ ​
Close of business (either 5pm or 6 pm) in the USA 27 Cobra
Codevasf
Coelece
COFACE
COSIPAR
COMGÁS
Conab
CONAC
CONAMA
Conasp
­ ​
Computadores e Sistemas Brasileiros Brazilian Computers and Systems – now extinct) ­ ​
Companhia de Desenvolvimento dos Vales do São Francisco e Paraníba ​
(Company for the Development of the São Francisco & Parnaiba Valleys) ­ ​
Call center ­ Compagnie Française d’Assurande pour le Commerce Extérieur ­ French Insurance Group – insurable trading risks – HQ Paris ­ Coface university created in 2007 ­ Annual conferences held in January ­ ​
Companhia Siderúrgica do Pará (Iron & Steel Company of Pará State) ­ ​
Companhia Municipal de Gás in SP (SP municipal gas company, initial investment by British in 1872, then Light in 1912, nationalized in 1959, control to CESP in 1984, privatized ➔ BG Group and Shell in 1999. ­ Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (National Food Supply Company) ­ Conselho Nacional da Aviação Civil (National Civil Aviation Council) ­ ​
Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (National Environment Council) ­ ​
Conselho Nacional de Segurança Pública (MJ) National Council for Public Security – Ministry of Justice) CONCRAB ­ ​
Confederação das Cooperativas de Reforma Agrária do Brasil (“fiscal ​
front​
” organization operated by the MST in order to receive funds from Brazilian and foreign sources – like ANCA) Condor
­ ​
Operação Condor – joint intelligence surveillance of anti­military regime militants by Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil ➔ torture, murder, capture/”extradition”, “officially” established in 1975 CONFAZ
­ ​
Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária 28 (National Council for Tax Policy, state secretaries of finance) Confins
Confins
Constran
CONTAG
­ ​
Contribuição para Financiamento da Seguridade Social (“contribution” tax on gross incomes of private firms​
; reduce the social security deficit) ­ ​
International airport in Belo Horizonte, MG ­ ​
Holding of UTC Construction & Engineering. UTC was the leader of the cartel of firms involved in the Petrobras corruption/bribery scandal. ­ Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura ​
(National Confederation of Agricultural Workers) COOPERMIBRA – ​
Cooperativa Mixta Agropecuária do Brasil ​
(Brazilian Agro­Livestock Cooperative – joint venture with CHS in 2008) COPOM
­ Comitê de Política Econômica (at BC) – sets Selic basic interest rate (Central Bank Monetary Policy Committee) Coppe
­ ​
Coordenaçào de Programas de Pós­Graduação em Engenharia (UFRJ) (Graduate engineering research center at RJ Federal Univ.) Corregedor ­ “Ethics Magistrate” – investigates alleged “breaches of ethics” in Senate and Chamber of Deputies and prepares reports for the respective Ethics Councils that may recommend expulsion of the accused [​
cassação​
] Cosan
­ ​
founded in 1936 – production of sugar and alcohol. In 2008, acquired Esso (Exxon Mobil) in Brazil with 1,700 gas stations. In 2010, joint venture with Royal Dutch Shell. Cosban
­­ ​
Comissão Sino­Brasileira de Alto Nível de Concertação e Cooperação ​
(Chinese­ Brazilian High­Level Commission for Negotiation & Cooperation) CPA
­ ​
Conselho para Política Aduaneira – Min. Fazenda (Customs Policy Council – Finance Ministry) CPAIMIC
­ ​
Centro de Pesquisa e Assistência Integrada à Mulher e à Criança ​
(Center for Research and Integral Assistance to Women and Children) CPCM­ ​
Comissão Parlamentar Conjunto do Mercosul (​
Joint Parliamentary Commission for Mercosul) CPD
­ ​
Centro de Processamento de Dados 29 (Data Processing Center) CPF
CPFL
CPI
CPI
CPLP
CPMF
CPOR
CPqD
­ ​
Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (personal income tax ID number, used like SS# for ID in the US) ­ ​
Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz – Electricity generation & distribution in SP ­ founded in 1912, acquired by American & Foreign Power (GE) in 1927, and expropriated by Eletrobras in 1964, and privatized in 1997. ­ Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito) (Congressional Investigating Committee) ­ Corruption Perception Index (used by TI) (compiled yearly by Transparency International – HQ in Berlin) ­ ​
Comunidade de Países de Língua Portuguesa (community of Portuguese­speaking nations) ­ ​
Contribuição Provisório sobre Movimentação Financeira (“temporary tax” of financial transactions, began in 1992) ­ Centro de Preparação de Oficiais da Reserva (Reserve Officers Training Center) ­ Centro para Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Research and Development Center) CPRM­ ​
Companhia de Recursos Minerais (Mineral Resources Research Unit at MM&E) CPT
­ ​
Comissão Pastoral da Terra (Catholic Church Pastoral Land Reform Commission) CPTEC
­ ​
Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies Center) CRA
­ ​
Comissão de Agricultura e Reforma Agrária (​
Senate Committee for Agriculture and Agrarian Reform) CRE
­ ​
Comissão de Relações Exteriores e Defesa Nacional (Senate Committee on Foreign Relations & Defense) CREA
­ ​
Conselho Regional de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia (​
Regional Council for Engineering, Architecture & Agronomy) 30 CRECI
CREDN
CROs
CRUB
CRUSP
CSA
CSGF
CSIS
CSLL
CSN
CSN
CSPCCO
CSS
CSS
­ ​
Conselho Regonal de Corretores de Imóveis (Regional Council for Real Estate Agents) ­​
Comissão de Relações Exteriores e Defesa Nacional (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Foreign Relations & Defense) ­ Contract Research Organizations ­ ​
Conselho de Reitores das Universidades Brasileiras (​
Council of Brazilian University Rectors) ­ ​
Conselho de Reitores das Universidades de São Paulo (Council of SP University Rectors) ­ ​
Companhia Siderúrgica do Atlântico – steel mill in Septiba, RJ (Atlantic Steel Company) – joint­venture CSN & ThyssenKrupp ­ ​
Contribuição Social sobre Grandes Fortunas (Social Contribution [Tax] on Large Fortunes – exceeding R$10 million) ­ Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington­based think tank) ­ ​
Contribuição Social sobre o Lucro Líquido (federal tax levy on net corporate profits) ­ Conselho Nacional de Saúde – Ministério de Saúde ​
(National Health Council – Ministry of Health) ­ ​
Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional – in Volta Redonda ​
(National Iron & Steel Company – Brazil’s first steel mill built in the 1940s with US assistance, now privatized) ­​
Comissão de Segurança Pública e Combate ao Crime Organizado (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Public Security & Anti­ Organized Crime) ­ ​
Contribuição Social da Saúde (possible new tax on financial transactions to replace CPMF) ­ Copmanhia Sidedrúgica de Suape, PE. (Laminated steel firm in Pernambuco) 31 CSSF
CTA
CTASP
CTBC
CTC
CTNBio
CTD
CTEEE
CTEx
CTIP
CUPET
CUT
CVC
CVM
CVRD
CVT
­ ​
Comissão de Seguridade Social e Família (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Social Security & Family) ­ Centro Técnico Aeroespecial (aerospace technical center, FAB in S. José dos Campos, SP) ­​
Comissão de Trabalho and Public Administration (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Labor and Public Administration) ­ ​
Companhia Telefónica Brasil Central (Central Brazil Telephone Co., HQ in Uberlândia) ­ ​
Centro Tecnológico de Cana de Açucar – part of Petrobrás (Sugarcane Technology Center) ­ ​
Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança ((National Technical Commission for Bio­Security) ­ Comissão de Turismo e Desporto (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Tourism & Sports) ­ ​
Centro de Treinamento e Estudos em Energia (Center for Training and Studies on Energy) ­ ​
Centro Tecnológico do Exército (Army Tecnological Center – in Brasília) ­ ​
Combating Trafficking in Persons ­ ​
Cuba’s State Petroleum Enterprise ­ Central Única dos Trabalhadores – linked to PT (Workers’ Labor Union Central – HQ in São Paulo) ­ ​
Citigroup Venture Capital ­​
Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (Brazilian Securities Commission – like SEC in the US) ­ ​
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Brazil’s largest mining firm) ­​
Comissão de Viação e Transportes 32 (Chamber of Deputies’ Committee on Transportation) Cyrela
D2
DA
DAAD
DAC
DAS
Daslu
DASP
Daspu
­ ​
Cyrela Brazil Realty – has operated for 50 years in Brazil ­ 2% bio­diesel additive ­ ​
Diários Associados ­ powerful media chain (TV, radio & newspapers) established by Assis Chateaubriand in 1927. TUPI TV network annulled in 1980. ­ ​
Deutsche Akademie Austauschdienst Doktor (German Academic Exchange Service) ­ Dept. de Aviação Civil (Civil Aviation Authority – linked to FAB) ➔ replaced by ANAC ­ ​
Direção e Assessoramento Superior (1 to 6 classification for federal “confidence” appointments) ­ ​
Expensive upscale boutique in SP founded by Lúcia Tcranchesi in 1958. ➔ Was closed down for massive tax evasion in 2005 ­ ​
Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (federal unit to supervise federal public administration created in 1938, replaced by Planning Ministry in 1970) ­ ​
Clone of ​
Daslu​
organized by prostitutes in Rio ➔ Launched its own fashion line in 2005 Datafolha
­ Survey research unit at ​
Folha de São Paulo Datamar
­ ​
Collects and disseminates port shipping data for Brazilian ports. DATAMEC ­ ​
Empresa privada de processamento de dados (private data processing firm) DATAPREV – ​
Empresa de Processamento de Dados da Previdência Social (Data processing unit at Ministry of Social Security) DBRS
­ ​
Dominion Bond Rating Service (Canada) DCE
­ ​
Diretório Central dos Estudantes ​
(Central Student Organization at each university) 33 DCN
DCNS
DEA
Dealogic
DECEA
DEM
Dentsu
DF
DFQF
DGA
DHL
DI
Diageo
DIAP
DIEESE
DNER
DNIT
­ Diário do Congresso Nacional (daily record of the National Congress) ­ ​
Direction des Constructions Navales Services (French naval construction firm) ­ ​
US Drug Enforcement Administration – liaison with Brazil (Agência Americana de Repressão às Drogas) ­ ​
International financial software firm HQ in NY. First founded in the UK (1983) ­ ​
Departamento do Controle do Espaço Aéreo (Dept. for Air Space Control – part of FAB) ­ ​
Democratas (partido político) ➔ political party, replaced the PFL in March 2007 ­ ​
Japan­based, largest advertizing agency world wide. ­ Federal District (Brasília) ­ ​
Duty free, quota free – international trade access to markets ­ General Armament Delegation (part of French Defense Ministry) ­ ​
International private parcel service that operates in Brazil. ­ ​
Democracy Index, compiled every year by EIU ­ ​
World’s largest produced of spirits (also bear & wine) – HQ in London. ­ ​
Dept. Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar (top labor union lobbying operation in Brasília) ­​
Dept. Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socio­Econômicos) (Labor Unions’ Bureau for Statistics & Socio­economic Studies ­ in São Paulo) ­ Dept. Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem (National Highway Dept. – replaced by DNIT) ­ Dept. Nacional de Infra­estrutura de Transportes (Dept. of Transportation Infrastructure – replaced DNER) 34 DNOCS
­ Dept. Nacional de Obras contra a Seca (​
National Dept. of Public Works against the Drought) DNPM­ ​
Dept. Nacional de Produção Mineral – part of MM&E ​
(National Dept. of Minerals Production) DOC
­ Documento de Ordem de Crédito (deposit from one bank account to another) DOF
­ ​
Documento Original Florestal (Original Forest Document) DOHA
­ Doha Round of WTO trade talks DOI­CODI ­ ​
Departmento de Operações Internas­Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna (Detention & Torture Center in SP during Military Regime) Doleiro
­ unauthorized, illegal money changer – used for money laundering DOU
­ Diário Oficial da União (federal daily record) DPF
­ Dept. da Polícia Federal (Federal Police) DPHAN
­ Dept. de Património Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Dept. of Historical and Artistic Patrimony) ➔ at Ministry of Culture DRCI
­ ​
Dept. de Recuperação de Ativos e Cooperação Jurídica Internacional (Dept. for Recovery of Assets and International Cooperation, at MJ) DRT
­ Delegacia Regional do Trabalho (regional offices of Ministry of Labor) DRU
­ ​
Desvinculação de Receitas da União ­ waiver allowing the government to reallocate up to 20% of federal revenues out of “earmarked” constitutional revenue sharing; ​
initiated in 1994 in support of the Real Plan and extended every 4 ​
four years by PEC (Constitutional Amendment) DSB
­ ​
Dispute Settlement Body at the WTO DSL
­ ​
Worldwide Drilling Structure Specialists 35 DST
DST
DTN
Dungkuk
DVS
E & Y
EADS
EAU
EBAP
Ebba
EBC
EBCT
EBRD
EBX
EC
ECA
ECEMAR
­ ​
Doenças Sexualmente Transmisíveis (Sexual Transmissable Diseases) ­ ​
Daylight Savings Time (in the US) ➔ Horário de verão (Brazil) ­ ​
Delay­tolerant networking – technical issues in heterogeneous networks. ­ ​
Large South Korean Steel company, established in 1929 ­ ​
Destaque para Votação em Separado (line item voting) ­ ​
Ernst & Young, London based, one of the “big four” auditing firms. ­ ​
European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company ➔ manufactures the AirBus and military aircraft & weapons ­ ​
Emirados Arabes Unidos (United Arab Emirates) ­ ​
Escola Brasileira de Administação Pública (FGV­Rio) (Brazilian School of Public Administration at FGV­Rio) ­ ​
Empresa Brasileira de Bebidas e Alimentos ­ Manufacture of fruit juices and food lines ­​
Empresa Brasil de Comunicação ​
(Brazil’s new “public TV” system, nicknamed ​
“TV Lula​
”) ­ ​
Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos (replaced ECT) ​
(Brazilian Postal Service – state enterprise) ­ ​
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ­ Brazilian holding group founded by mega investor Eike Batista in 1983 ­ ​
European Community (Comunidade Europeia ➔ EU) ­ ​
Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente – approved in 1990 (Statute for [Protection of] Children & Adolescents) ­ Escola de Comando e Esrado­Maior da Aeronáutica 36 (Air Force Officers’ Training Program, Major➔Colonel) ECEME
ECFR
ECI
ECLAC
ECO­92
ECOSOC ECT
ED
EDF
EDP
EFI
EFSF
EGN
EGSA
EIU
Eletrobrás
­ ​
Escola de Comando e Estado Maior (do Exército) (Army Officers’ Training Program, Major➔Colonel) ­ ​
European Council on Foreign Relations ­ Economic Climate Index, complied by the German Inst. for Economic Research ­­ HQ in Munich ­ ​
Economic Commission for Latin America & the Caribbean (formally ECLA) (​
CEPAL­Comissão Econômica para América Latina e Caribe, UN) ­ ​
UN World Summit on the Environment, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992 ​
(also called Rio­92) ­ United Nations Economic and Social Council ­ Empresa dos Correios e Telégrafos (replaced by EBCT) (Federal Postal Service) ­ Esquerda Democrática ➔ PSB (leftist spinoff from UDN, 1946­1950; formed PSB in 1950) ­ ​
Environmental Defense Fund (1967), HQ New York ­ ​
Energias de Portugal – created with the nationalization of 13 electricity firms in Portugal in 1976, and privatized in 1997. Arrived in Brazil in 1996; operates in SP, ES, BA, TO, MA, MG, and CE. ­ ​
Economic Freedom Index, complied by the Heritage Foundation and ​
WSJ ­ ​
European Financial Stability Facility ­ ​
Escola de Guerra Naval (Navy War College, located in Rio de Janeiro) ­ ​
Environmental Goods and Services Agreement ­ being negotiated at the WTO Doha Round ­ [​
The​
] ​
Economist​
Intelligence Unit (London and New York) ­ Federal electrical holding firm 37 Eletronorte ­ Federal electrical holding firm in Northern Region Eletropaulo ­ ​
Eletricidade de São Paulo S.A. (São Paulo Electricity Distribution Company) Elog ­ ​
Creates and develops personal and common log books. EMAE
­ ​
Empresa Metropolitana de Águas e Energia SA. ­ linked to SP state government, controls level of Rio Pinheiros EMATER
­ ​
Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Rural Extension Service) EMBI+
­ Emerging Markets Bond Index (compiled daily by JP Morgan) EMBRAER ­ Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica (Brazilian Airplane Factory, located in São José dos Campos, SP) Embrapa
­ Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agro­Pecuária (Brazilian Agricultural Research Enterprise) Embratel
­ ​
Brazilian long distance and international telecommunications service (privatized to Telmex ➔ Carlos Slim Helú) Embratur
­ Indústria Brasileiro de Turismo (Federal Tourism Institute) EMFA
­ Estado Maior das Forças Armadas (Joint Chiefs of Staff, abolished in 1999) EN
­ ​
Escola Naval – in Rio de Janeiro (Brazilian Naval Academy) ENAP
­ Escola Nacional de Administração Pública (Fundação) ​
(national government training school – management specialists) ➔ ​
replaced FUNCEP ENARSA
­ ​
Energia Argentina S.A. (Argentine energy state enterprise created by the Kirchner government in 2004) th​
END
­ ​
Estratégia de Defesa Nacional – approved 15​
December 2008 ​
(National Defense Strategy) 38 Engesa
Engevix
Enel
Power ­ ​
Engenheiros Especializados S.A. (Specialized Engineering Firm – arms manufacturer) ­ ​
SP construction firm, involved in Petrobras corruption/bribe ​
Lava Jato ​
scheme ­ ​
Entity for Electricity, established by Italian government in 1962. Enel Green operates wind farms in Brazil. ENI
E.On
EPE
­ Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi S.p.A. (Italian petroleum firm) ­ ​
German firm based in Düsseldorf, distribution of natural gas & electricity ­ ​
Empresa de Pesquisas Energéticas (Federal Energy Research Unit – linked to MM&E) EPFR Global – ​
Emerging Portfolio Fund Research Inc. ­ based in Cambridge, MA EPL
­ ​
Empresa de Planejamento Logístico – created in 2012 ​
(State Enterprise for Logistical Planning) EPP
­ ​
Empresa de Pequeno Porte ​
​
(small size business) Época
­ weekly news magazine published by ​
Globo ES
­ State of Espírito Santo ESA
­ ​
European Space Agency (Agência Espacial Europeia) ESAF
­ Escola de Administração Fazendária (Ministry of Finance training school) ESAL
­​
Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lavras (MG) (became a federal university in 1994 ➔ UFLa) ESALQ
­ ​
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (agricultural university of state of SP in Piracicaba) ESAO
­ ​
Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais do Exército (Army Officers Training School) 39 ESG
ESNI
ETA
­ Escola Superior de Guerra (Superior War College) ­ ​
Escola do Serviço Nacional de Informação (former SNI training school) ­ ​
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Nation and Liberty – pro­independence guerrilla group) ETCO
­ Brazilian Institute for Ethics in Corporate Competition ETF
­ ​
Exchange Traded Fund EURO
­ ​
the new currency of the European Common Market nations Euromonitor ­ ​
Private, London­based market intelligence firm, has office in SP EXIMBANK – ​
US Export­Import Bank FAA
­ ​
US Federal Aviation Administration (Dept. of Transportation) FAAP
­ ​
Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado ​
(traditional private university in city of São Paulo) FAB
­ Força Aérea Brasileira (Brazilian Air Force) FAC
­ Fundo de Aplicação em Cotas (buys and sells quotas in other funds, the “fund of funds”) Facebook
­ ​
Online social networking service, HQ Menlo Park, CA, founded 2004. FAO
­ Food and Agriculture Organization ­ UN ​
(organização da ONU para agricultura e alimentaçào) FARC
­ Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (largest anti­government guerrilla movement in Colombia) Farroupilha​
Day – ​
20th September – state holiday in Rio Grande do Sul ­ marks the begining of the ​
Guerra dos Farrapos​
in 1835 FASB
­ US Financial Accounting Standards Board 40 FASE
FAT
FATCA
FATF
FDI
FEA
FEBEM
­​
Federação de Órgãos para Assistência Social e Educacional (Federation of Social Assistance and Educational Groups) ­ ​
Fundo de Amparo ao Trabalhador (Workers Assistance Fund) ­ ​
US ➔ Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (effective Jan. 1, 2013) ­ ​
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (​
GAFI­Grupo de Ação Financeira sobre Lavagem de Dinheiro) ­ ​
Foreign Direct Investment ​
(IED – Investimento Estrangeiro Direito) ­ ​
Faculdade de Economia e Administração (USP) (USP School of Economics and Administration) ­ ​
Fundação Estadual do Bem­Estar do Menor (SP foundation for juvenile offenders, now called CASA) FEBRABAN – ​
Federação Brasileira das Associações de Bancos (Brazilian Federation of Banks) FED
­​
US Federal Reserve Bank FELABAN ­ ​
Federação Latinoamericana de Bancos ​
(Loatin American Federation of Banks) FENABRAVE – ​
Federação Nacional da Distribuição de Veículos Automotores (National Assoc. of Automobile Dealerships) FENAJ
­​
Federação Nacional dos Jornalistas (National Journalists’ Federation) FENTAC
­ ​
Federação Nacional de Trabalhadores na Aviação Civil (National Federation of Civilian Airline Workers) FFIE
­ Fundo Fiscal de Investimento e Estabilização (Fiscal Investment and Stabilization Fund) – created for the FSB FGC
­ Fundo de Garantia de Crédito ​
(Bank Deposit Guarantee Fund; like the FDIC in the USA) Fibria ­ ​
Large cellulose producer in Brazil, result of merger of Aracruz Cellulose & Votorantim Cellulose in 2009. 41 FIES
­ ​
Fundo de Financiamento Estudantil – Student Financial Fund ­ For students at private universities FIFA
­ ​
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (International Soccer Federation – HQ in Zurich FGC
­ ​
Fundo Garantidor de Crédito (Federal Deposit Insurance Fund) FGTS
­ ​
Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço ​
(workers’ severance guarantee fund, 8% “contribution” per month by firms) FGV
­ Fundação Getúlio Vargas (Getúlio Vargas Foundation – HQ Rio de Janeiro) FHC
FIA
­ former president Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995­2002) ­ ​
Fundação Instituto de Administração – ligado à USP ​
(Foundation of the inst. of Administration – linked to USP) Ficha Suja
FIDENS
FIES
­ Persons with ​
dirty records ­ ​
criminal accusations – are allowed to run for office in Brazil; in 2008, the AMB publicized lists of candidates with ​
fichas sujas​
. In June 2010, Congress the ​
Ficha Limpa ​
law that prohibited persons with dirty criminal records from running form office. ­ ​
Construction firm located in Belo Horizonte ­ Financiamento do Estudante o Ensino Superior (federal educational fellowship program for private university students; ​
based on tax rebates to private univ. that grant these “fellowships”) FIESP
­ ​
Federação ds Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo ​
(Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo) FIEX
FIF
FIERJ
­ ​
Fundo de Investimentos no Exterior (domestic investment fund, up to 60% in Brazilian foreign debt) ­ ​
Fundo de Investimento Financeiro (several types of investment funds: fixed rate, DI, derivatives, etc.) ­ ​
Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Rio de Janeiro ​
(RJ state industrial federation) 42 FINAME
FINATEC
FINEP
Fiocruz
FIPE
­ ​
Agência Especial de Financiamento Industrial (special fund for industrial expansion) ­ ​
Fundação de Empreendimentos Científicos e Tecnológicos (Foundation for Scientific and Technological Projects) ➔ organized by Engineering School at UnB) ­​
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (federal agency that finances “large” research projects ­ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz ​
(federal bio­tech research center in Rio de Janeiro) ­ ​
Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (USP) (Foundation for Economic Research at USP) Fisiologismo​
­ ​
Distribuição de nomeações e verbas entre deputados e senadores (​
pork barrel​
distribution of “political goods” to politicians to guarantee their “consistent” voting in Congress) Fitch
­ Fitch Ratings – HQ in New York (sovereign risk ratings for 90 countries) FITVM
­ ​
Fundo de Investimento de Títulos e Valores Mobiliários (new category of fund with variable income) FIU
­ Financial Intelligence Unit FIU
­ ​
Florida International University (located in Miami) FLACSO
­ ​
Facultad Latino­Americana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American School for Social Science) Fluhafen Zurich AG​- (administers the Munique and Zurich airports).
➔​
won concession to operate Confins airport with CCR in 2013
FMI
­ Fundo Monetário Internacional (IMF­International Monetary Fund) FMII
­ ​
Fundo Mútuo de Investimento em Empresas Emergentes FNDE
­ ​
Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (National Foundation for Education Development) 43 FNS
Focus
­ Força Nacional de Segurança (National Security Force – recruited from police in the states and trained to be deployed to insure security and public safety in states and cities) ­ Central Bank survey of economic projections by financial institutions ­ published every Monday Força Sindical ​
– Labor Union central HQ in São Paulo Foro privilegiado​
­ “privileged forum” – president, ministers, senators, and deputies can only be prosecuted by the STF for criminal acts, was considered equivalent to “impunity” before 2007 Forum de São Paulo​
– Annual encounter of Left parties and groups in Latin America and elsewhere, promoted by the PT as of 1990 (Read: Prof. Marco Aurélio Garcia); includes some “insurrectional” groups like the FARC. FPE
­ ​
Fundo de Participação dos Estados (State Participation Fund – federal➔state revenue sharing) FPM
­​
Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (Municipal Participation Fund – federal➔local revenue sharing) FPSO ­ Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels (petroleum extraction) Fraport
­ ​
Administers the Frankfurt, Germany international Airport ➔ Part of consortium that bid on Galeão Airport concession, November 2013 Freescale
­ ​
US multinational semiconductor firm located in Austin, TX, first founded in 1948. ­ In March 2014, Freescale lost 20 employees aboard Malaysia Air flight 370. FRIDE
­ ​
Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior ​
(Foundation for International Relations and Foreign Dialogue) ­European think­tank HQ in Madrid, founded in 1999 FSB
­ ​
Fundo Soberano Brasil​
– established in December 2008 (Brazil’s Sovereign Wealth Fund) FSB
­ Financial Stability Board ­ a global group of regulators and central bankers FSB
­ ​
Communicação e Assessoria (fundado por Francisco Soares Brandão em 1981) (HQ in Brasília; advisory & public relations group for government 44 and private organizations – also has research unit) ➔ founded by Francisco Soares Brandão in 1981 FSP
­ Folha de São Paulo (Major newspaper in São Paulo) FSU
­ Former Soviet Union FTAA
­ Free Trade Agreement of the Americas – Miami 1994 (ALCA – Area de Livre Comércio das Américas) FTSE
­ London stock exchange index FUMIN
­ ​
Fundo Mutilateral de Investimentos Funai
­​
Fundação Nacional do Índio (National Indian Foundation) ➔ replaced SPI­Indian Protection Service Funarte
­ Fundação Nacional de Arte (National Foundation for the Arts) FUNCEF
­ ​
Retirement fund for CEF employees FUNCEP
­ ​
Fundação Centro de Formação do Servidor Público (federal public employee training center) ➔ replaced by ENAP FUNDEB
­ ​
Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (National Foundation for Development of Primary and Pre­School Education) – replaced FUNDEF FUNDEF
­ ​
Fundação Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação Fundamental (National Foundation for Primary School Development) ➔ replaced by FUNDEB Funpresp
­ ​
Fundo de Previdência Complementar do Servidor Público da União ​
(Complementary Pension Fund for Federal Employees) FUNRURAL –​
Fundo de Assistência ao Trabalhador Rural (social security fund for rural workers) Furnas
­ ​
Founded in 1957, a subsidiary of Eletrobras. Operates 12 hydro electric dams and two thermal­electric plants ➔ 12,523 MW installed capacity. 45 FX
FX­2
G­3
G­4
­ ​
Foreign Exchange ­ ​
FAB project to buy new 36­plane squadron of jet fighter planes ­ Grupo dos 3 – Group of Three (Brazil, South Africa & India) ­ Grupo dos 4 – Group of Four (Brazil, South Africa, India & Japan ➔ UN Security Council) G4S
­ The world’s largest security company ­ created in 2004 by a merger of Group 4 Falck (Denmark) + Securicor (UK) G­7
­ Grupo dos 7 – Group of Seven (7 most developed industrial nations) G­8
­ G­7 plus Russia G­20
­ Grupo dos 20 – Group of 20 (emerging nations led by Brazil and India ➔ WTO negotiations) G­20
­ ​
G­8 nations plus 12 emerging nations ➔ new international economic forum; after Sept./08 “blowout” GAAP
­ ​
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAFI
­ ​
Grupo de Ação Financeira sobre Lavagem de Dinheiro (FATF­Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering) Gafisa
­ ​
Large SP­based real estate firm Galeão
­ Rio de Janeiro’s International Airport (​
Aeroporto Tom Jobim) GALP
­ Portuguese petroleum firm GAPA
­ ​
Grupo de Apoio e Prevenção de AIDS (Support Group for AIDS Prevention) GATT
­ ​
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (replaced by WTO in 1995) Gávea
­ ​
Investment Group. Founded in 2003 by Armínio Fraga. HQ in Rio. 46 Gazprom
GB
GDF
GDF
GECF GEF
GEIPOT
GETAT
­ ​
Russian natural gas firm ­ ​
the state of Guanabara (created in 1960 from old DF; merged with RJ in 1975) ­ ​
Government of the Federal District – Brasília ­ Gaz de France (French gas company) ­ Gas Exporting Countries Forum (the Natural Gas OPEC) ​
➔ founded in 2001; approved its formal charter in 2008 ­ ​
Global Environmental Facility, began in 1991 ­ ​
Grupo de Estudos para a Integração da Políitca de Transportes (within MT) (Study Group for the Integration of Transportation Policies) – founded 1965 ­ transformed into Empresa Brasileira de Planejamento de Transportes (1973) ­ extinguished in May 2008 ­ ​
Grupo Executivo das Terras do Araguaia­Tocantins (Executive Group for Land in the Araguaia and Tocantins river basins) GFSR
­ ​
Global Financial Stability Report ­ published twice a year by the IMF since 2008 GFN
­ ​
Global Innovation Forum – an international think tank working to advance sustainability through use of the Ecological Footprint. GfK
­ ​
Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung [Society for Consumer Research), founded in 1934 in Nuremberg, Germany (one founding member was Ludwig Erhard). ➔ Began operations in Brazil in 1987 GFN
­ ​
Global Footprint Network GLP
­ ​
Gás Liquifeito de Petróleo (LPG­Liquefied Petroleum Gas) GM
­ ​
General Motors GM
­ Gazeta Mercantil (business­economics­finance newspaper published in São Paulo), closed in 2009. GMOs
­ Genetically Modified Organisms ( OGMs – Organismos Geneticamente Modificados) 47 GNL
GNV
GO
GOL
GPI
Gripen NG
GRU
GSI
GSM
GSP
GT
G­Tech
GTZ
GVT
HABITAT
­ ​
Gás Natural Liquifeito ​
(LNG­Liquified Natural Gas) ­ Gas Natural Veicular (natural gas fuel for autos, buses & trucks) ­ State of Goiás ­ ​
GOL­Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes, fundada em 2001 (no­frills airline founded in 2001, purchased Varig in 2007) ➔ modeled after Southwest Airlines in US ­​
Global Peace Index – incidence of violence, complied by rd​
EIU for 121 nations (Brazil ranked 83​
in 2007) ­ ​
Swedish fighter plane that competed for the FX­2 ­ ​
Guarulhos International Airport in São Paulo ­ Gabinete de Segurança Institutional (Office of Institucional Security – linked to the Presidency) ­ ​
Global System for Mobile (European cell phone system, uses chip) ­ Generalized System of Preferences [via USTR in the US] (Facilitates access of emerging nation exports to the US market) ­ ​
Grupo de Trabalho (working group, task force) ­ US firm (HQ Rhode Island) that administers lotteries, purchased Racimec in 1997 and “inherited” its contract with the CEF to operate its lotteries. G­Tech was accused of using “pressure techniques” on CEF to renew its contract in 2004. ­​
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German Technical Cooperation Agency) ­ ​
Global Village Telecom ­ telephone & broad band provider in Brasília ➔ owned by Vivendi (France) ­ ​
UN Conference of Human Habitations 48 HC
HDI
HDPE
Helibrás
HFA
­ Hospital das Clínicas (hospital with diverse clinics) ­ ​
Human Development Index (index complied by UNDP every year) ­ ​
High Density Polyethylene ­ Helicópteros do Brasil S.A. – former state­owned firm that manufactures helicopters as of 1978, HQ Itajubá, MG – now owned by Eurocopter (EADS) ­ Hospital das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Hospital in Brasília) HGPE
­ Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (Free Election Propaganda Hour, allocated by TSE) HIV
­ ​
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS) Hon Hai
­​
Trading Group for Foxxcom Technology Group (Taiwan) HR
­ US House of Representatives HRT
­ ​
Oil and gas exploration – Solimões River basin, and offshore in ES & RJ ➔ founded in 2009, IPO in 2010 HSBC
­ Hong­Kong Shangai Bank Corp. (acquired Bamerindus in 1999) Huawei
­ ​
Chinese smartphone manufacturer Hudson Institute – ​
“Research” Inst. founded by Herman Kahn ­ proposed grandiose development plan for the Amazon in 1970s IAA
­ ​
Instituto do Açucar e do Álcool (sugar and alcohol institute) IAB
­ ​
Instituto de Advogados do Brasil (Brazilian Institute of Lawyers) IAB
­ ​
Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil (Brazilian Institute of Architects) IADB
­ ​
Inter­American Development Bank (formerly “IDB”) 49 (BID – Banco Interamericano do Desenvolvimento) IAEA
IAF
IBAM
Ibama
IBASE
IBC
IBC­Br
IBES
IBGE
IBICT
Ibope
IBPT
­ ​
International Atomic Energy Agency – UN Agency, HQ in Vienna ​
(AIEA – Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica) ­ ​
Inter American Foundation (HQ Washington, DC, founded 1969) ­ ​
Instituto Brasileiro de Administração Municipal (private organization in Rio; research & training for local gov’t.) ­ Inst. Brasileira do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (Environmental Protection Inst.) ­​
Inst. Brasileiro de Análises Sociais e Econômicos (Brazilian Inst. for Socio­Economic Analyses – in Rio de Janeiro) ­ ​
Instituto Brasileiro do Café (Brazilian Coffee Institute, extinct in 1991) ­ ​
Central Bank Economic Activity Index ­ a monthly “preview” for GDP result ­ ​
Institutional Brokers Estimate System ­ Inst. Brasileira de Geografia e Estatística (National Statistics Bureau ➔ inflation indexes & census) ­​
Inst. Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia ​
(Brazilian Inst. for Science & Technology Information ­ MCT) ­ Inst. Brasileiro de Opinião Pública – in Rio de Janeiro (Survey Research Firm, does surveys for CNI) ­ ​
Instituto Brasileiro de Planejamento e Tributação ­ Brazilian Institute of Planning and Taxation IBR­Brasil RE – ​
Institute Brasileiro de Reseguros (Brazilian Reinsurance Inst. – state enterprise) IBRA
­ ​
Instituto Brasileiro da Reforma Agrária (​
Brazilian Inst. for Agrarian Reform) IBRAM
­ ​
Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração (Brazilian Mining Inst.) 50 IBSA
ICA
ICAO
ICAP
ICATU
ICBC
ICC
ICC
ICE
ICE
ICI
ICMS
ICONE
ICSID
ICV
IEA
IDEA
­ India, Brazil and South Africa ➔ IBSA Summit (G­3) (met in South Africa on 17th October 2007) ­ ​
Indicador Composto Avançado (used by OECD) (​
CLI­Composite Leading Indicators) ­ ​
International Civil Aviation Organization ➔ UN agency, HQ in Montreal, Canada ­ ​
Largest stockmarket & real estate broker worldwide; offices in Rio & SP ­ ​
Insurance & pension company in Brazil ­ ​
Industrial and Commerce Bank of China ­ ​
US – Interstate Commerce Commission ­ ​
International Criminal Court – The Hague, Netherlands ➔ TPI­Tribunal Penal International ­ ​
Indície de Clima Econômico (prepared by FGV ­ ECI ​
– Economic Climate Index ­ ​
US Immigration and Customs Enforcement ­ ​
Industrial Confidence Index, compiled monthly by FGV ­ ​
Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços (tax on goods and services, replaced ICM) ­ ​
Inst. de Estudos do Comércio e Negociações Internacionais (private research inst. for foreign trade issues – HQ in SP) ­ International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ­ World Bank’s dispute resolution forum, HQ in Washington, DC ­ Índice Custo de Vida (​
Consumer​
Cost of Living Index, compiled by Fipe) ­ International Energy Agency ­ ​
Inst. for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (UN organization ­ HQ in Stockholm) 51 IDEC
IEC
IED
IEDI
IEO
IFATCA
IFC
IFES
­ International Drug Enforcement Conference ­ International Electrotechnical Commission – HQ in Geneva ­ Investimento Estrangeiro Direto (FDI­Foreign Direct Investment) ­ ​
Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento Industrial (private organization to promote industrial development) ­ Independent Evaluation Office – “monitors” IMF ­ ​
International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers Assoc. ­ ​
International Finance Corporation – established 1956 (member of the World Bank Group) ­ Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (federal universities) IFES ​
­ International Foundation for Election Systems – HQ in Washington, DC IFR
­ ​
International Financing Review (published by Thomson Reuters) IFLAPA
­ International Federation of Airline Pilots’ Associations IGP
­ Índice Geral dos Preços (a wholesale price index) IGP­DI
­ Índice Geral dos Preços – Disponabilidade Interna ​
(general price index, excludes imported goods) IGP­M
­ Índice Geral dos Preços ­ Mercado ​
(general price index – market prices) IICA
­ Instituto Interamericano de Ciências Agrícolas (Inter­American Inst. for Agriculture training & research) ➔ HQ in Turrialba, Costa Rica IIPA
­ ​
International Intellectual Property Alliance (represents some 1,900 US companies) IIRSA
­ ​
Iniciativa para a Integração da Infra­estrutura Regional Sul­Americana 52 ​
(South American Regional Infrastructure Integration) ILO
ILS
Imazon
IMD
IME
IMF
IMG
IML
IN
INA
INB
INCA
INCC
­ International Labor Organization (UN unit in Geneva) (OIT­Organizão Internatioanl do Trabalho) ­ ​
Instrument Landing System ➔ ILS­3, the most advanced, sophisticaed version ­ pro­sustainable development NGO based in Belém, PA ­ International Institute for Management Development (Switzerland­based business school) ➔publishes WCY­World Competitiveness Yearbook ­ ​
Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Military Engineering Inst. – run by the Army) ➔ undergrad. & graduate programs, HQ in Rio ­ International Monetary Fund (FMI­Fundo Monetário Internacional) ­ International Management Group – sports & entertainment ­ acquired by Theodore Forstmann in 2004 ​
In Nov. 2010, IMG formed a joint venture (IMGX) with Eike Batista ­ ​
Instituto Medico Legal (state government “morgue” – completes autopsies of the dead & issues death certificates) ­ ​
Imprensa Nacional (Federal Government Printing Office, in Brasília) ­ ​
Índice de Nível de Atividade – level of industrial activity (used by Fiesp) ​
(Index of Level of [Industrial] Activity) ­ ​
Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil, S.A. (Brazilian Nuclear Industry) Instituto Nacional de Cancer (National Cancer Institute) ­ Índice de Preços da Construção Civil (Index for Construction Prices) 53 INCOR
INCRA
INEP
INESC
­ ​
Instituto do Coração (heart institute – hospital in SP) ­ ​
Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (National Inst. for Colonization & Agrarian Reform) ­ ​
Inst. Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (National Inst. for Educational Studies & Research ➔MEC) ­​
Instituto de Estudos Socio­Econômicos (​
Inst. for Socio­Economic Studies – pro­active NGO in Brasília) Inframerica ­ ​
Consortium that holds concession to administer JK Airport in Brasília Infraero
­ state enterprise that controls and administers Brazil’s airports Inmetro
­ Inst. Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (National Inst. of Standards, Norms & Industrial Quality) ➔ ​
similar to US National Bureau of Standards INPA
­ ​
Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas Amazônicas – HQ in Manaus ­ ​
National Inst. for Research on the Amazon Region INPC ­ Indíce Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor ​
(Consumer Price Index – up to 8 minimum wages) INPE
­ Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (National Space Research Inst., São José dos Campos, SP) INPI
­ ​
Inst. Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (Brazilian Patent Office) Insper
­ ​
Inst. de Ensino e Pesquisa de São Paulo ➔ graduate level training in Economics and Administration INSS
­ Inst. Nacional de Seguro Social (replaced INPS) ​
(National Social Security Inst. – for private sector) Invepar
­ ​
Association of pension funds that participates in the GRU concession Interpol
­ ​
Organização Internacional de Polícia Criminal ​
(International Criminal Police Organization) ➔ ​
congregates police from 182 nations 54 IOB
IOF
IP
IPA
IPAC
IPC
IPC
IPC­C1
IPCA
IPEA
IPHAN
IPI
IPP
IPR
IPRI
­ Informações Objetivas Publicações Jurídicas Ldta. (private firm, provides detailed technical business information) ­ ​
Imposto sobre Operações Financeiras ​
(tax on financial operations) ­​
Industrial Production ­ Índice de Preços por Atacado (wholesale price index) ­ ​
Instituto de Patrimônio Artístico e Cultural (Inst. of Artistic and Cultural Patrimony) ­ at Ministry of Culture ­ ​
Instituto de Previdência dos Congressistas (retirement fund for members of Congress) ­ Índice de Preços ao Consumidor (a consumer price index – up to 6 minimum wages) ­ ​
Consumer Price Index for the lowest income bracket ­ from 1 to 2.5 minimum wages ­ Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (Broad Consumer Price Index, up to 20 minimum wages) ­ ​
Inst. de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Inst. for Applied Economic Research – at MPOG) ­​
Inst. do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (National Inst. of Historic and Artistic Patrimony) ­ ​
Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados (tax on industrial products) ­ ​
Indíce de Preços ao Produtor (inflation index for producer prices) ­ Intellectual Property Rights ­ Institute de Pesquisas em Relações Internacionais 55 (International Relations Research Inst. – part of MRE) IPSA
IPTU
IPU
IR
IRB
IRBr
IRPF
IRPJ
ISA
ISI
ISO
ISO
ISPN
ISS
IstoÉ
ITA
­ ​
International Political Science Assoc. ­ ​
Imposto Territorial Urbano (local real estate tax) ­ ​
Inter­Parliamentary Union – HQ in Geneva, founded in 1889 ­ ​
Imposto de Renda (income tax; IRPF = personal income tax; IRPJ = corporate income tax) ­ Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil (Brazilian reinsurance Inst. – public autarky, to be privatized in 2008) ­ Inst. Rio Branco (diplomat training course at MRE) ­ Imposto de Renda de Pessoa Física (personal income tax) ­ Imposto de Renda de Pessoa Jurídica (corporate income tax) ­ ​
Instituto Socio­Ambiental, HQ em Brasília, fundado 1994 (Socio­Environmental Inst., HQ Brasília, founded 1994) ­ ​
Import­Substitution Industrialization ­ International Sugar Organization – HQ in London – since 1954 (OIA­Organização International do Açucar) ­ International Standardization Office – HQ in Geneva ­ ​
Instituto Sociedade População, População e Natureza, Brasília (Inst. Society, População & Nature, HQ Brasília, founded in 1990) ­ ​
Imposto sobre Serviços (municipal tax levied on services) ­ weekly news magazine ­ Inst. Tecnológico da Aeronáutica 56 (FAB engineering school, in São José dos Campos, SP) Itamaraty
Itaú
ITO
ITR
IUPERJ
IURD
IVA
JAC
Jazztel
JDA
Jai Bharat
Jango
JB
JBIC
JBS
JEC
­ nickname for MRE, Ministry of Foreign Relations rd​
­ Banco Itaú – Brazil’s 3​
largest private bank ­ ​
International Trade Organization ­ ​
Imposto Territorial Rural (tax on rural lands) ­ ​
Inst. Universitário de Pesquisas de Rio de Janeiro (private graduate research center in Rio, offers MA & Ph.D. in Political Science and Sociology) ­ Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus – Bishop Edir Macedo (Universal Church of the Kingdom of God) – TV ​
Record ­ ​
Imposto de Valor Agregado (VAT – Value Added Tax) ­ ​
Jianghuai Automobile Co. ­ Chinese auto manufacturer, exports to Brazil; has factory in Jundiaí, SP ­ ​
Spanish telecom (telephone, internet & TV) founded in 1998 & incorporated UK ­ ​
JDA Software Group Inc. – HQ Scottsdale, AZ. Founded by James D. Armstrong in 1978. HQ in São Paulo. ­ ​
Indian Gum & Chemical Company Ltd. founded in 1982 ­ nickname for Pres. João Goulart (1961­1964) ­ ​
Jornal do Brasil (Major newspaper in Rio de Janeiro) ­ Japan Bank for International Cooperation ­ ​
Friboi​
– large Brazilian meat packer and beef exporter, founded in 1953 ­ ​
Juventude Estudantil Católica (Catholic organizaiton for high­school age youth, repressed by military) 57 JETRO
JF
JICA
Jirau
JK
JOC
JQ
JUC
Jupiter
Jumia
KAS
­ ​
Japanese International Trade Organization ­ ​
Justiça Federal ​
(Federal Judiciary) ­ ​
Japan International Cooperation Agency ­ ​
New hydro­electric project on the Madeira River (Rondônia) ­ Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (former Brazilian President, 1956­1961) ­ ​
Juventude Operário Católica (Catholic workers’ organization, repressed by military after 1964) ­ Jânio Quadros (former Brazilian President, 7 months in 1961) ­ ​
Juventude Universitária Católica (Catholic organization for university students, harshly repressed by the military after 1964, many militants joined ​
AP​
and other anti­military organizations) ­ large deepwater, “pre­salt” oil field southeast of São Paulo ­ ​
Nigerian online retail sales firm ­ ​
Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (Konrad Adenauer Foundation, German Christian Democratic Party) th​
Kasato Maru ­ First ship carrying Japanese immigrants, docked at Santos on 18​
June 1908 Keidanren
­ Nippon Keidanren – confederation of Japanese industrial sector leaders KC­390
­ ​
New twin­engine jet cargo transport plane being developed by Embraer ­ ​
Will replace the “workhorse” C­130 (1950s vintage) cargo plane KfW
­ ​
Frankfurt­based​
​
development bank founded in 1948 under the Marshall Plan. KKR
­ Kohlberg­Kravis­Roberts – US private equity firm KPMG
­ ​
One of the “big four” international auditing firms worldwide ➔ operates in 21 Brazilian cities KWU
­ ​
Kraftwerk Union – ​
Kraftwerksgeschäft von Siemens 58 (German manufacturer of heavy equipment for nuclear power plants and other electricity generation facilities) Laranja
­ literally “an orange” [citrus fruit] ­ political slang for a “stand in, cover up, ​
eminence gris ­ a person used (some times involuntarily) to be the person legally ​
responsible for some entity, for tax evasion purposes LATAM
­ New holding [merger] between TAM and Lan Chile ­ announced in August 2010 LBA
­ ​
Legião Brasileira de Assistência (social assistance administered by Brazil’s First Ladies, began with Darcy Vargas in 1942 – abolished in 1995) LBV
­ ​
Legião de Boa Vontade, Pseudo­Religious Group Founded by Alziro Zarur in 1949 ­ ​
Legion of Good Will LCA
­ São Paulo­based consulting firm – founded in 1993 LCV
­ ​
Light commercial vehicle LDB
­ ​
Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (basic education law in Brazil) LDO
­ Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias ​
(Budget Guidelines Law) – finalized by Congress by 30th July every year LDPE
­ ​
Low Density Polyethylene Le Lis Blanc ­ Retail women’s clothing store ➔ Acquired Rosa Chá in July 2012 LG
­ LG Electronics, South Korean firm (previously ​
Goldstar​
until 1995) (“LG” symbol means – “The World”, “The Future”, “Youth”, “Humanism” and “Technology”) LIBOR
­ ​
London Interbank Offering Rate Lions Gate ­ ​
Entertainment Corp. (LGE), founded in Vancouver in 1993, 7th most profitable film company worldwide LLX
­ ​
A division of EBX (Eike Batista) devoted to “logistics” (ports, etc.) 59 LME
LNG
LOA
LogZ
LPI
LRF
LSE
LSN
LTF
LTN
­ London Metals Exchange ­ ​
Liquified Natural Gas ​
(GNL­Gás Natural Liquifeito) ­ Lei do Orçamento Anual (annual budget law) – transmitted to Congress on 1st August every year ­ ​
Logistics platform firm in Brazil, founded in 2010 ­ ​
Logistics Performance Index, compiled every year by World Bank ­ ​
Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (Fiscal Responsibility Law, penalizes deficit spending by state and municipal governments) ­ ​
London School of Economics and Political Science ­ ​
Lei de Segurança Nacional (National Security Law) ­ Letras Financeiras do Tesouro (national treasury bonds, fixed term, SELIC rate ­ ​
Letras do Tesouro Nacional ​
(fixed rate treasury bonds) Luz para Todos​
– “Electricity for Everyone” – Lula’s rural electrification program LVMH
­ Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy MA
­ ​
State of Maranhão MAB
­ Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (Movement of those Displaced by Power Dam Projects) MAer
­ ​
Ministério da Aeronaútica (Air Force Ministry, incorporated into Min. of Defense in 1999) Maersk
­ ​
A.P (Arnold Peter) Moller­Maersk Group. Danish shipping firm founded in 1904. The world’s largest container ship and supply vessel operator. MAg
­ Ministério de Agricultura e do Abastecimento 60 (Ministry of Agriculture) Makro
MAN
Mangels
Mão Santa
Mapfre
MARE
MC
MC
MCT
MD
MD
MDA
MDB
MDGs
­ ​
Amsterdam­based international warehouse “cash and carry” club, with 76 stores in Brazil. ­ MAN AG – Maschinenfabrik Augsburg­Nürnberg – HQ Munich (large German firm that manufucuters motors and trucks) ­ acquired VW truck and bus division in Brazil in January 2009 ­ ​
Industrial metals firm in SP, founded in SP in 1928 ­ nickname for Francisco de Assis de Moraes Souza (PMDB Senator and former governor of Piauí) ­ ​
Brazilian insurance company ­ ​
Ministério da Administração Federal e Reforma do Estado ​
(Ministry for Federal Administration & Reform of the State) ➔ abolished in 2003 ­ Ministério das Comunicações (Ministry of Communications) ­ ​
Ministério das Cidades (Ministry for the Cities) ­ Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (Ministry of Science & Technology) ­ Ministério da Defesa (Ministry of Defense, created in 1999) ­ ​
Mobilização Democrática (Democratic Mobilization, party merger attempted by PPS­PMN­PHS in early 2007 that did not materialize) ­ Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (Ministry of Agrarian Development) ­ Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (became PMDB in 1980) (Brazilian Democratic Movement, 1966­1979) ➔ opposition party ​
versus​
military regime ­ ​
Millenium Development Goals 61 MDIC
MDS
ME
ME
MEC
Mensalão
Mercosul
MEx
Merval
MF
MG
MGE
MI
MIC
MIDIF
­ Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio (Ministry of Development, Industry & Commerce) ­ ​
Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social (Ministry of Social Development ­ Ministério dos Esportes (Ministry of Sports) ­ ​
Micro Empresa (micro business) ­ Ministério da Educação (Ministry of Education) ­ a BIG “monthly allowance” allocated to deputies to “vote the right way”, in 2003 and 2004, funds from “suspect” sources, mostly “siphoned off” from public contracts and “laundered” via government propaganda contracts with advertising firms – scandal exploded in 2005. ­ Mercado Comum dos Países do Cone Sul ​
(South American Common Market) ­ ​
Ministério do Exército (Ministry of the Army, incorporated into Defense Min. in 1999) ­ Argentine stock market index ­ Ministério da Fazenda (Ministry of Finance) ­ State of Minas Gerais ­ Railroad equipment & service firm founded in 2001, acquired by Caterpillar’s “Progress Rail Services” in Latin America in June 2008. ­ Ministério da Integração Nacional (Ministry of National Integration) ­ Middle Income Country ­ Markets in Financial Instruments Directive ­ UK, replaced ISD (Investment Services Directive) in November 2007 62 Mig
MIGA
Minc
Minc
Minustah
Mittal
MJ
MJV
MLST
MM
MMA
MM&E
MMX
MODEC
­ Russian jet fighter plane “​
Mikoyan­Guernica​
” ­​
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (Agência Multilateral de Garantia de Investimentos) ­ Ministério da Cultura (Ministry of Culture) ­ ​
Carlos ​
Minc​
, Minister for the Environment (2008­2010) ­ UN Peace Keeping Mission in Haiti (commanded by a Brazilian officer, largest contingent of troops from Brazil) ­ India’s largest steel maker (Mittal family) – merged with Arcelor ­ Ministério da Justiça (Ministry of Justice) ­ ​
Technology and Innovation firm in Rio ­ ​
Movimento de Libertação dos Sem­Terra (Movement for the Liberation of the Landless ­ radical splinter from MST led by PT militant Bruno Maranhão ­ ​
Ministério da Marinha (Navy Ministry, incorporated into Defense Min. in 1999) ­​
Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Ministry of Environment) ­ Ministério de Minas e Energia (Ministry of Mines and Energy) ­ Mineração e Metálicos – firm owned by mega investor Eike Batista (​
Mining and Metals firm) ­ ​
Mitsui Ocean Development & Engineering Co. ­ a Tokyo­based provider of off­shore drilling equipment MoM
­ Month on Month Montoneros ­ The largest guerrilla movement in Argentina. 63 Moody’s
MP
MPAS
MPDFT
MPE
MPEs
MPF
MPM
MPOG
MPS
MPT
MPX
MRE
MRS
MRV
MS
­ Moody’s Investor Service – HQ in New York (sovereign risk ratings for different countries) ­ Medida Provisória (provisional measure, issued by president➔force of Law) ­ Ministério da Previdência e Assistência Social (Social Security Ministry) ­ Ministério Público do DF e Territórios, also MPF (Federal Prosecutors for the DF and federal territories) ­ ​
Ministério Público Estadual ​
(state government prosecutors) ­ ​
Micro e Pequenas Empresas ​
(small and micro businesses) ­ ​
Ministério Público Federal (vê PGR) (Federal Prosecutors, see PGR) ­ Ministério Público Militar (junto ao STM) ​
(Federal Prosecutors at STM­Superior Military Court) ­ Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (Ministry of Planning, Budget & Management) ­ Ministério da Previdência Social – replaced MTPS & MPAS (Ministry of Social Security) ­ Ministério Público do Trabalho (federal prosecutors assigned to labor courts) ­ ​
The electrical energy group linked to EBX – Mega­investor Eike Batista ­ Ministério de Relações Exteriores (Ministry of Foreign Relations, ​
Itamaraty​
) ­ ​
private railroad & logistics firm founded in 1996 ­ iron ore transportation from MG ­ ​
Large Brazilian Construction Firm ­ State of Mato Grosso do Sul 64 MS
MSCI
MSF
MST
MT
MT
MT
MTA
MTCR
MTE
MTPS
MTR
Mubadala
Municípios
MWM
NACC
­ Ministério de Saúde (Ministry of Health) ­ Morgan Stanley Capital International (stock market index, MSCI­Brazil) ­ ​
Médecins Sans Frontières ­ Doctors without Borders ­​
Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra (Landless Rural Workers’ Movement) ­ State of Mato Grosso ­ ​
Ministério do Turismo (Ministry of Tourism) ­ Ministério dos Transportes (Ministry of Transportation) ­ ​
Master Top Airlines – hired by ECT to carry air mail in Brazil ­ Involved in Erenice Guerra corruption scandal in 2010 ­ ​
Missile Technology Control Regime (created in 1997 in Canada) (RCTM­Regime de Controle de Tecnologia de Mísseis) ­ Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (Ministry of Labor & Jobs) ­ Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social ➔ divided into MTE & MPS (former Ministry of Labor & Social Security) ­ Movimento Trabalhista Renovador, 1960­1965 [Fernando Ferrari] ​
(Labor Renovation Movement, splinter party from PTB in 1960) ­ ​
Joint public stock company founded in 2002 in Abu Dhabi
­ Brazilian municipalities (5,569 towns and cities), within the federal system ­ ​
Motoren Werke Mannheim AG – founded in 1922, makes diesel truck engines ­ sold to Navistar in 2005; three plants in Brazil and one in Argentina ­ ​
Núcleo de Apoio à Criança com Cancer 65 NACC
NAE
NAFTA
NAMA
Nano
NASA
NASDAQ
NBCs
NCC
NCSL
NE
NEC
Net
Nextel
NFC
NFTC
NIKKEY
NME
NO
­ ​
National Assessment & Accreditation Council (in India) ­ Núcleo de Estudos Estratégicos (Strategic Studies Unit, within Sec. for Social Communication) ­ North American Free Trade Association (US, Canada & Mexico – in 1993) ­ ​
Non­Agricultural Market Access (WTO negotiating point in Doha Round) ­ Mini­automobile launched by Ratan Tata in India ­ ​
US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ­ ​
National Assoc. of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (launched in 1971, securities market for large technology firms, recently merged with AMEX) ­ Notas do Banco Central (minimum 3­month term, 6% p.a. + US$ fluctuation) ­ National Cotton Council ­ ​
National Conference of State Legislatures – HQ in Denver, CO ­ ​
Nordeste (Northeast region of Brazil) ­ ​
Nippon Electronics Company ­ ​
Internet/Cable TV/Phone company organized by Globo ➔ Acquired by Embratel (Carlos Slim) in 2010 ­ ​
Brazilian cell phone company ­ ​
Near Field Communication ­ ​
US National Foreign Trade Council ­ ​
Japanese Stock Market Index ­ ​
Non­market economy ­ ​
Norte (North) 66 Nossa Caixa ­ Bank owned by State of São Paulo, sold to the Banco do Brasil in 2008 Notam
­ ​
“Notice to Airmen” – Official communication to pilots NOVACAP ­ ​
Companhia Urbanizadora da Nova Capital do Brasil (state company that built and administers Brasília) Novartis
­ ​
Swiss pharmaceutical group founded in 1996 via merger of Ciba­Geigy and Sandoz – three divisions, Pharma, Consumer Health & Sandoz Novo Banco ­ ​
Created by Portugal’1 Central Bank in 2014 to “rescue” assets & liabilities of the Banco Espírito Santo (BES). NPT
­ ​
Nuclear Non­Proliferation Treaty (TNP­Tratado de Não Proliferação) NTBs
­ Non­tariff barriers (term in WTO negotiations) NTC
­ National Transitionary Council (ruled Libya in 2011) NTN
­ ​
Notas do Tesouro Nacional (variable rate Treasury notes) NuBank
­ ​
Operates MasterCard via smartphones in Brazil. Founded by David Vélez (former Sequoia) in 2014 Nuci
­ Nível de Utilização de Capacidade Instalada (level of use of installed industrial capacity, index complied by Fiesp) NYMEX
­ ​
New York Mercantil Exchange NYSE
­ ​
New York Stock Exchange OAB
­ Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (Brazilian Bar Association) OAS
­ ​
Organization of American States (OEA­Organização dos Estados Americanos) ➔ replaced Pan American Union in 1943 OAS
­ Construtura OAS Ltda., HQ Salvador, Bahia, major partner Cesar Mata Pires (son­in­law of ACM) 67 OBAN
OCB
OCDE
ODF
ODIC
ODS
OEA
OECD
OELAC
OEM
OESP
OGMs
OGU
OGX
­ ​
Operação Bandeirantes (SP “clandestine” police organization to surpress anti­military guerrilla organizations with private funding, 1968­1975) ­ ​
Organização das Cooperativas Brasileiras (Organization of Brazilian Cooperatives) ­ ​
Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico) ➔ ​
OECD – ​
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ­ Open Document Format ­ ​
Organização dos Indígenas da Cidade (Organization of Indian City Inhabitants) ­ Objetivos de Desenvolviemnto Sustentável – conceito usado no Rio+20 ➔ SDGs – ​
Sustainable Development Goals ­ Organização dos Estados Americanos (OAS­Organization of American States) ➔ replaced Pan American Union in 1943 ­ ​
Organisation for Economic Co­operation and Development (founded in 1948 as OEEC, membership extended to non­European states in 1961 ➔ OCDE – ​
Oganização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico) ­ ​
Organização dos Estados Latinoamericanos e Caribenhos – OAS do B (Organization of Latin American and Caribbean States) ­ proposed during 2008 CALC; with Cuba, without the US & Canada ­ Original Equipment Manufacturer ­ ​
O Estado de São Paulo (Major São Paulo newspaper) ­ Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (GMOs­Genetically Modified Organisms) ­ Orçamento Geral da União st​
(final version of federal budget) – approved by Congress before 31​
December ­ ​
OGX Petróleo e Gas Participações ­ Oil and gas firm owned by mega investor Eike Batista 68 OHL
Oi
OIC
OIE
OIT
OLADE
OMC
OMS
OMV
ONG
ONIP
ONS
ONU
OPA
OPAS
OPEC
­ ​
Obrascon Huarte Lain S/A (Spanish construction firm, won highway concessions in Brazil) ­ Brazilian cell phone operator owned by Telemar ­ ​
Organização International do Café (WCO­World Coffee Organization) ­ ​
Office International des Epizooties (World Organization fro Animal Health) ­ Organização International do Trabalho (ILO­International Labor Organization) ­ ​
Organização Latinoamericana de Energia (Latin American Energy Organization) ­ Organização Mundial do Comércio (WTO­World Trade Organization) ­ Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO­World Health Organization) ­ ​
Austrian oil and gas company – operates in Central Europe ­ ​
Organização Não­Governamental (NGO, Non­Governmental Organization) ­ ​
Organização Nacional da Indústria do Petróleo (National Organization of the Petroleum Industries) ­ ​
Operadora Nacional do Sistema Elétrica (coordinates the national electrical “grid”) ­ Oranização das Nações Unidas ​
(UN­United Nations) ­ ​
Operação Pan Americana​
– launched by Pres. Kubitschek in 1958 ​
(proposal for a massive assistance program, co­opted by ​
Alliance for Progress​
) ­ Organização Pan­Americana de Saúde – HQ Washington, DC (PAHO­PanAmerican Health Organization) ­ ​
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 69 (OPEP­Organização de Países Exportadores de Petróleo) ORTN
Oscip
OSX
OTC
OTCA
­ ​
Obrigações Reajustáveis to Tesouro Nacional (Inflation Adjusted Treasury Notes) ­ Organizações da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (Public Interest Civil Society Organizations – NGOs with legal status) ­ ​
Ship building firm – part of EBX (Eike Batista’s empire) ­ ​
Over the Counter (derivatives market) ­ ​
Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica (Organization of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty) OTF
­ ​
Organized trading facilities PA
­ State of Pará PAC
­ Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento – launched by Lula gov’t. in 2007 (Growth Acceleration Program, +5% GDP per year through 2010) Aliança do Pacífico – ​
New free trade pact ­ Chile, Peru, Colombia & Mexico in June 2012 PAEG
­ ​
Plano de Ação Econômica do Governo (Government Economic Action Plan – launched by Pres. Castelo Branco in 1964) PAHO
­ ​
Pan­American Health Organization (HQ in Washington, DC) (OPAS­Organização Panamericana de Saúde) PAISM
­ ​
Programa de Assistência Integral da Mulher (Complete Health Assistance Program for Women) PAN
­ ​
Partido Agrário Nacional ➔ PSP in 1947 (National Agrarian Party, 1945­1947) PAN
­ ​
Partido dos Aposentados da Nação ➔ absorbed by PTB in 2006) (Party of Retirees of the Nation, 1998­2006) PARLAMAZ – ​
Parlamento Amazônico (Amazon Region Parliament) PARLATINO – ​
Parlamento Latino­Americano (Latin American Parliament, HQ in São Paulo) 70 Pandora
PAS
Pasadena
PASEP
Patri
PB
PBK
PCB
PCRB
PCC
PCdoB
PCO
PDC
PDG
PDS
­ ​
A music streaming and automated music service, IPO in 2011. ­ Plano de Amazônia Sustentável – created in 2008 ​
(Sustainable Amazon Plan) ­ Refinery in Pasadena, TX acquired by Astra in 2004 for US$ 42.5 million & Petrobras paid US$ 820 million in 2009. Under investigation by the US DofJ and Brazilian prosecutors. ­ Programa de Formação do Patrimônio do Servidor Público, (supplement of lower income brackets of public servants, created by military regime in 1970) ­ “Consultancy” in Brasília (with a branch in Washington, DC), that conducts “institutional relations” and ​
lobby​
activities ­ State of Paraiba ­ ​
PBK Bank – HQ in Stanford, KY ­ Partido Comunista Brasileiro ➔ PPS in 1993 (Brazilian Communist Party, 1945­1947 & 1985­1993) ­ ​
Partido Comunista Revolucionário Brasileiro (Brazilian Revolutionary Communist Party, 1968­1975; militants then transferred to a PT “tendency”­​
Brasil Socialista​
and to the MLST) ­ Primeiro Comando da Capital (de São Paulo) (worst and best organized crime group in SP) ­ Partido Comunista do Brasil (Communist Party of Brazil, 1986­ ) ­ ​
Partido da Causa Operária (Party of the Workers’ Cause, 1997­ ) ­ ​
Partido Democrata Cristão (Christian Democratic Party, 1947­1965) ­ ​
Largest real estate company in Latin America ­ Partido Democrático Social ➔ PPR in 1991 (Social Democratic Party, 1980­1991) 71 PDT
PDVSA
PE
PEA
PEC
PED
PED
Pedágio
Pelé
PEMEX
PEN
PEPs
Pernod
Petrobrás
Petros
Pezco
­ Partido Democrático Trabalhista – Leonel Brizola’s party (Democratic Labor Party, 1980­ ) ­ ​
Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. (Venezuela’s petroleum state enterprise) ­ State of Pernambuco ­ ​
População Economicamente Ativa (economically active population, those working or looking for jobs) ­ ​
Proposta de Emenda Constitucional (Proposed Constitutional Amendment) ­ Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego (monthly survey of employment/unemployment by Dieese) ­ Processo de Eleição Direta (PT – direct election of state and national party officers) ­ Toll collected by highway concession holders. ­ Esdon Arantes do Nascimento, born Três Coraçoes, MG in 1940; became the “King” of Brazilian soccer – a national idol ­ ​
Petroleos Mexicanos (Mexican Petroleum State Enterprise) ­ Partido Ecológico Nacional – recognized by TSE in June 2012 ➔ National Ecological Party, organized by the Assembly of God Church ­ ​
Pessoas Expostas Políticamente (term used by COAF) ➔ Politically Exposed Persons ­ ​
Pernod Ricard, French firm produces distilled beverages, founded by Henri­Louis Pernod in 1797. ­ Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Brazil’s large petroleum state enterprise) ­ Retirement fund for Petrobrás employees. ­ ​
SP­based microanalysis firm. 72 PFL
PGBL
PGFN
PGO
PGR
Phenon
PHS
PI
PIB
PIIGS
PIL
PIM
PIS
PISA
PITCE
­ Partido da Frente Liberal ➔ ​
Democratas​
(DEM) em março 2007 (Liberal Front Party, 1985­2007) ­ ​
Plano Gerador de Benefício Livre ­ Private retirement fund in Brazil ­ Procuradoria­Geral da Fazenda Nacional (​
Chief Prosecutor at Finance Ministry) ­ ​
Plano Geral de Outorgas​
– revised by Pres. Lula in 2008 ​
(General Plan of [Telecom] Authorizations) ­ Procurador­Geral da República (Chief Federal Prosecutor) ­ ​
The Embraer corporate jet plane ­ ​
Partido Humanista da Solidariedade, 1997­ (former PSN) (Humanist Solidarity Party) ­ State of Piauí ­ Produto Interno Bruto (GDP – Gross Domestic Product) ­ ​
Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain ­ the five EU nations with the worse budget deficits ­ ​
Programa de Investimentos em Logística – launched on 9th June 2015 ­ Logistics Intestment Program – Ports, Railroads, Highways & Airports ­ ​
Polo Industrial de Manaus (Industrial Sector in the City of Manaus) ­ ​
Programa de Integração Social (Program of Social Integration) ­ ​
PISA Exam­Programme for International Student Assesment (compiled by OECD every year) ­ ​
Programa de Inovação Tecnológica e Comércio Exterior) (Program for Technological Innovation and Trade Policy) 73 PJ
PJEG
PL
PL
PL
PL
P/L
Planalto
PM
PMDB
PME
PMN
PMR
PNAD
PNUD
PNUMA
­ Partido da Juventude (1986­1989) ➔ PRN (Party of Youth, 1986­1989 ➔ PRN) ­ ​
Communist Party of Vietnam ­ ​
Partido Libertador (Liberator Party, 1945­1965) ­ Partido Liberal ➔ became PR in 2006 (Liberal Party, 1985­2006) ­ ​
Participação no Lucro (profit sharing) ­ ​
Projeto de Lei​
– a legislative bill under deliberation in Congress Índice Preço/Lucro (price/profit index, compares stock prices) ­ Palácio do Planalto (President’s office building on the Three Powers Square) ­ Polícia Militar (uniformed militarized police organization in states) ­ Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, 1980­ ) ­​
Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego (Monthly Employment Survey) ­ Partido da Mobilização Nacional ​
(National Mobilization Party, 1985 ­ ) ­ Partido Municipalista Renovador, succeeded by PRB in 2005 (Renovating Municipal Party, 2005) – linked to IURD ­ Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (IBGE national sample of residences) ­ Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento ​
➔ ​
UNDP​
­United Nations Development Programme ­ ​
Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente 74 ​
➔ UNEP­​
United Nations Evironment Programme Portobrás Posco
Postalis
PP
PP
PP
PP­G7
PPA
PPdoB
PPB
PPG­7
PPI
PPL
PPPs
PPR
­ ​
Empresa estatal para administrar os portos brasileiros (1975­1990) ​
(state firm for administration of Brazil’s ports, 1975­1990) ­ ​
South Korean steel company; has joint venture with CSS in Pernambuco ­ ​
Inst. de Seguridade Social da Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégragos
(Pension fund for EBCT) ­ Partido Popular (joined PMDB in 1982) (Popular Party, 1980­1982) ­ Partido Progressista ➔ became PPB in 1995 (Progressive Party, 1993­1995, result of PTR + PST merger in 1993) ­ Partido Progressista (former PPB) (Progressive Party, 2005 ­ ) ­ ​
Pilot Programme for the Protection of Brazil’s Tropical Forests (Programa Piloto para a Proteção das Florestas Tropicais Brasileira) ­ Plano Plurianual (Multiyear Plan) ­ ​
Partido Proletário do Brasil, transformed into PST in 1950 ­ Partido Progressista Brasileiro ➔ became PP in 2005 (Brazilian Progressive Party, 1995­2005) ­ Programa Piloto para Proteção das Florestas Tropicais do Brasil (Pilot Program for Tropical Forest Protection, G­7 funds via World Bank) ­ Projeto Piloto de Investimentos (pilot program for investments, that would be excluded from the primary surplus “target” (4.25% of GDP) – via IMF sanction ­ Partido da Pátria Livre (new party registered at TSE in Oct. 2011 (Party of the Free Nation) ­ Parcerias Público­Privadas (public­private partnerships, for infrastructure development) ­ Partido Progressista Republicano ➔ became PPB in 1995 75 (Progressive Republican Party, 1993­1995) PPS
PPS
PR
PR
PR
PR
PRB
PRBN
PRC
PRD
Preguin
Previ
PRF
PRN
PROBEN
­ Partido Popular Sindicalista ➔ joined PSP in 1947 (Popular Sindicalist Party, 1945­1947) ­ Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party, 1993 ­ ) – former PCB ­ State of Paraná ­ ​
Partido Republicano, 1945­1965 [Arthur Bernardes] (Republican Party, derived from the PRs in 1898­1930 period) ­ Partido da República, created by PL+Prona merger in 2007 (Party of the Republic, 2007 ­ ) ­ Proportional Representation (RP in Portuguese) (Brazil uses “open list PR”) ­ Partido Republicano Brasileiro [Vice­President José Alencar] (Brazilian Republican Party, 2005­ ), successor of PMR, linked to IURD ­ Partido da Revolução Bolivariana Nacional (National Bolivarian Revolution Party, registered in Rio de Janeiro by Hugo Chávez sympathizers in December 2006) ­ ​
Partido Revolucionário Comunista (PCB splinter during military regime0 (​
Revolutionary Communist Party) ­ Partido Republicano Democrático, became PRT in 1950 (Democratic Republican Party, 1945­1950) ­ Stock market quotations from Bloomberg News. ­ Retirement fund for Banco do Brasil employees ­ ​
Polícia Rodoviário Federal (Federal Highway Police – Ministry of Justice)) ­ Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (party created by Fernando Collor de Mello) (National Renovation Party, 1989­2003) ➔ became PTC ­ ​
Programa Brasileiro de Ecologia Nuclear (Brazilian Program for Nuclear Ecology) 76 PROCON
­​
Serviço de Proteção do Consumidor (consumer protection service) PRODECER – ​
Programa para o Desenvolvemento dos Cerrados (Program for the Development of the ​
Cerrado​
Region) PROER​
­ ​
Programa de Estímulo à Reestruturação e ao Fortalecimento do Sistema Financeiro Nacional (program to “recover” financial institutions in “difficulties – began in Nov. 1995) Profarma
­ ​
Brazilian distributor of pharmaceutical products Prona
­ Partido da Reedificação da Ordem Nacional ➔ Enéas Carneiro (Party for Rebuilding the National Order, 1989­2006) ➔ merged with PL to form PR in January 2007 PRONAF
­​
Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (program do strengthen the family farm) Pronasci
­ Programa Nacional de Segurança Pública com Cidadania (National Program for Public Safety with Citizenship) ➔ Lula’s anti­crime, anti­violence program in cooperation with state governments PROS
­ ​
Partido Republicano da Ordem Social​
– a new political party officially registered by the TSE in September 2013 PROUNI
­ Programa Universidade para Todos (federal scholarship program for poor students at private universities) PROVAP
­ ​
Programa de Valorização da Pequena Produção Rural (Program to Promote Small Farms) PRP
­ Partido Republicano Populista ➔ PSP in 1947 (Popular Republican Party, 1945­1947 – founded by Adhemar de Barros) PRP
­ Partido Representação Popular – party led by Plínio Salgado) (Popular Representation Party, 1947­1965) PRS
­ ​
Partido das Reformas Sociais, 1990­1991 (Party of Social Reforms, organized by Hélio Garcia in 1990) 77 PRT
PSB
PSC
PSD
PSD
PSDB
PSL
PSN
PSoL
PSP
PST
PSTU
PT
PTdoB
PTB
­ ​
Partido Rural Trabalhista, successor of PRD in 1950 (Rural Labor Party, 1950­1965 ­ Partido Socialista Brasileira (Brazilian Socialist party, 1947­1965 & 1985­ ) ­ ​
Partido Social Cristão (Social Christian Party, 1990­ ) ­ Partido Social Democrático (Democratic Social Party, 1945­1965) ­ Partido Social Democrático – new political party registered at TSE in Sept./2011 (​
Democratic Social Party, 2011­??) – splinter from DEM ­ Partido Social Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Social Democratic Party, 1988­ ) ­​
Partido Social Liberal, 1994 – (Social Liberal party founded in 1994) ­ ​
Partido da Solidariedade Nacional, became PHS in 1997 ​
(National Solidarity Party, 1991­1997) ­ Partido do Socialismo e Liberdade, organized by dissidentes (Socialism & Liberty Party, 2005­ ) ­ ​
Partido Social Progressista, fundado por Adhemar de Barros em 1947 (Social Progressive Party, 1947­1965 and 1989 ­ ) ­ Partido Social Trabalhista, successor of PPdoB in 1950) (Social Labor Party, 1950­1965 & 1989­1993) ­ Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado, splinter from PT in 1991 (​
Unified Socialist Workers Party, 1991­ ) ­ Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party, founded 1980) ­ Partido Trabalhista do Brasil, 1996­2006 (Labor Party of Brazil, merger with PL and Prona ➔ PR in 2006) ­ Partido dos Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labor Party, 1945­1965 & 1980­ ) 78 PTC
PTG
PTN
PTR
PTR
PTRB
PUC
PV
QE­2
Qualicorp
Quattor
QonQ
Radiobrás
Rafale
RBS
­ Partido Trabalhista Cristão, successor of PRN (Christian Labor Party, 1990­ ) ­ ​
PTG Capital Partners founded by in NY by Solomon Kinrich. In June 2015, the SEC sued PTG alleging it had been used by a Bulgarian group in a “fake” takeover attempt of Avon Products Inc. ­ Partido Trabalhista Nacional ​
(National Labor Party, 1947­1965) ­ Partido Trabalhista Ruralista (Ruralist Labor Party, 1947­1965) ­ ​
Partido Trabalhista Renovador, merged with PST ​
➔​
PP in 1993 ​
(Renovation Labor Party, organized by Joaquim Roriz in DF in 1989) ­​
Partido Trabalhista Renovador Brasileiro, 1997 ➔ ? (​
Brazilian Renovation Labor Party organized in 1997) ­ ​
Pontifícia Universidade Católica (Catholic university) ­ ​
Partido Verde (Green Party, 1993­ ) ­ Quantitative Expansion – the Fed buys back gov’t bonds from banks ­ ​
Health insurance plan in Brazil. ­ Joint venture (Petrobrás + Unipar) in petrochemicals formed in June 2008 ­ ​
Quarter on Quarter ­​
Empresa Brasileira de Comunicação ➔ EBC in 2007 (State TV and Radio Enterprise) ­ ​
French Dassault fighter plane that competed for the FX­2. ­ ​
Rede Brasil Sul de Comunicações (Southern Brazil media firm, TV, radio & press in RS and SC) ➔ owned by Sirotsky family 79 RBS RCTM
RDB
­ ​
Royal Bank of Scotland ­ ​
Regime de Controle de Tecnologia de Mísseis [created in 1997] (MTCR – Missle Technology Control Regime) ­ ​
Recibo de Depósito Bancário (fixed rate time deposit) RDS
­ ​
Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Sustainable Development Reserve) Real
Real
st​
­ ​
Brazil’s currency adopted on 1​
July 1994 (R$). ­ ​
Banco Real, private bank HQ in Minas Gerais, sold to ABN AMRO (largest Dutch bank) in 1999, which in turn was sold to a consortium including Banco Santander that took over Banco Real. REDD
­ ​
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ­ plan that will be discussed at the Copenhagen Summit in December 2009 Repsol
RESEX
Reuni
­ Spanish petroleum firm, operates in Brazil and Argentina ­ ​
Reservera Extrativista (Extractivist Reserve) ­ ​
Reforma Universitária – expansion program for federal universities, initiated in 2008 RFS
RG
­ ​
Renewable Fuel Standard, expanded by the US Congress in 2007. ­ ​
Registro Geral (ID number for national ID card system) RGE
­ Rio Grande Energia – serves northern part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (electricity distribution firm privatized in 1997 – part of CPFL Group RGR
­ ​
Reserva Global de Reversão (Fund for “reversal” or takeover of electric public services, or their expansion and/or improvement) RH
­ ​
Recursos Humanos ​
(Human Resources) RI
­ ​
Regimento de Infantaria 80 (Army infantry regiment) RIO­92
RIO + 20
RIO­2007
Rio Group
RJ
RLAM
RM
­ ​
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ➔ held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 [ECO­92] ­ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ➔ held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012 ­ Symbol of the Pan American Games held in Rio de Janeiro in July 2007. ­ GRIO, created in Rio de Janeiro in 1986, with the merger of the ​
Contadora Group (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and Panamá) and the ​
Support Group ​
(Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Peru) ➔ analyze and propose solutions for war­torn Central America ­ State of Rio de Janeiro ­ ​
Landolpho Alves refinery in Bahia ­ ​
Região Militar (Military Region, Brazilian Army organization term) RN
­ State of Rio Grande do Norte RO
­ State of Rondônia RODOANEL – ​
Anel Rodoviário Metropolitano de São Paulo (circumvention highway bypass around metro SP area) Rosatom
­ ​
Russian federation national nuclear corporation. RP
­ Representação Proporcional (Proportional Representation, Brazil uses “open list” PR) RPK
­ ​
the number of paying passengers times the number of kilometers they fly. RR
­ State of Roraima RS
­ State of Rio Grande do Sul RSF ­ ​
Reporters sans Frontiéres (Reporters without Boundaries) ­ Paris­based NGO that publicizes coercion against journalists worldwide & defends freedom of the press 81 RSS
RTL
RTP
S.A.
SAE
SAIS
SAL/MJ
­ ​
Raposa Serra do Sol​
– Indian reservation in the State of Roraima ­ ​
Radio Television Luxembourg, a European media group founded in 1924, owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann. ­ Rádio Televisão Portuguesa (Portuguese Radio and TV Network) ­ ​
Sociedade Anônima (firm with public share holders) ­ ​
Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos (secretariat for strategic affairs, replaced SNI in 1990) ­ ​
School of Advanced International Studies ­ Washington branch of the Johns Hopkins University ­ ​
Secretária para Assuntos Legislativos – no Min. da Justiça (Legislative Liaison section at Justice Ministry) Samarco
­​
Brazilian mining firm – HQ in Belo Horizonte Sanguessugas​
­ Deputados acusados de participar do “esquema” de distribuição de ambulâncias, escandalo explodiu em meados de 2006 ​
(literally ​
blood suckers​
, deputies accused of participation in the Ambulance distribution scandal in mid­2006 SBDC
­ ​
Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência (created on 2nd December 2011) (Brazilian System for Defense of Competition ➔ anti­trust) SBM
­ ​
SBM Offshore, Dutch firm, leader in supplying FPSO vessels. Convicted in corruption/bribe scheme with Petrobras by Dutch courts. SBPC
­ Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science) SBT
­ ​
Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão (Brazilian TV System, owned by Silvio Santos) SC
­ State of Santa Catarina SciELO
­ Scientific Eletronic Library Online ➔ Periodicals index used by CAPES in Brazil 82 SCPC
SCSIC
SDE
SDGs
SDS
SE
Seade
Sebrae
Sedex
Selic
Senac
Senai SENASP
Sensus
Sephan
­ ​
Serviço Central de Proteção de Crédito (bad check, non­payment, “dead beat” reference service) ­ Small Company Standards Improvement Council ­ ​
Secretaria de Direito Econômico ​
(Finance Ministry, Secretariat of Economic Rights, consumer rights watchdog, oversight on economic completion) ­ ​
Sustainable Development Goals – concept used at Rio+20 ➔ ​
ODS​
– Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável ­ Social Democracia Sindical ​
(labor union central linked to PSDB) ­ State of Sergipe ­ Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SP) (organizes, interprets, and publishes demographic and socio­economic data, collects and publishes unemployment data with DIESSE ­ ​
Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio äs Micro e Pequenas Empresas (similar to the US Small Business Administration­SBA) ­ Overnight express postal service (by ECT) ­ Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia (basic interest rate set by Copom, every 6 weeks) ­ ​
Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial ​
(national training service for retail sales) ­ ​
Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (National Industrial Arts Training Program) ­ Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Pública (at Justice Ministry) (Ministry of Justice, National Secretariat for Public Safety ­ Survey research firm in Belo Horizonte, MG ­ does polls for CNT ­ ​
Secretaria do Partrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (National Secretariat for Historical Preservation) 83 Seplan
Seppir
SERASA
Serpro
Sete Brasil
SF
SFH
SGP
SHV
SIAFI
SICA
SIDA
Sina
Sinduscon
­ ​
Secretaria de Planejamento ➔ MPOG ​
(Planning Secretariat) ­ ​
Secretaria Especial de Promoção das Políticas de Igualdade Racial (Special Secretariat for Promotion of Racial Equality Policies) ­ cabinet­level unit created by Pres. Lula in 2003 ­ Brazilian credit analysis service, acquired by Dublin­based Experian Group PLC in 2007 ­ ​
Serviço Federal de Processamento de Dados (Federal Data Processing Service) ­ ​
Founded in 2011, is now one of the largest firms supplying off­shore drilling platforms for Brazil’s pre­salt reserves. Involved in the Petrobras corruption/bribery scandal, Sete Brasil is trying to survive in 2015. ­ Senado Federal (Federal Senate) ­ ​
Sistema Financeiro de Habitação (início em 1964) (federal housing mortgage system, via CEF, began in 1964) ­ ​
Sistema Geral de Preferências (GSP­Generalized System of Preferences) ­ facilitates access of emerging market exports to developed nations - Steenkolen Handels-Vereeniging] Holdings N.V. was created in the Netherlands in
1896 via a merger of eight large coal trading family firms. In Brazil, SHV controls
Makro, Minasgás and Supergasbras. ­ Sistema Integrado de Administação Financeira (do Governo Federal) (Integrated System of Financial Administration (of he Federal Government) ­ ​
Sistema de Integração Centro­americano (Central American Integration System) ­ ​
Sindrome de Imunodeficiência Adquerida (AIDS) ­ ​
Chinese online media company [“New Wave”] ➔ Operates Sina Weibo, Sina Mobile, Sina Online and Sina.net ­ ​
Sindicato da Indústria de Construção Civil do Estado de São Paulo 84 (Assoc. of the Civil Construction Industry in the State of SP) SINE
Sinopec
SinoSure
SIPAN
Sisfron
Sisgaaz
SISU
SIVAN
SIVORAM
SKF
SLW
SND
SNEA
SNI
SLW
­ ​
Sistema Nacional de Emprego ​
(job placement service, Labor Ministry) ­ Chinese petroleum firm ­ ​
Established in 2001 by merger of PICC & China’s Exim Bank, member of Berne Union. Was hard hit in 2011 by insurance claims after the Libya uprising. ­ ​
Sistema de Proteção Amazônica ­ ​
Sistema Integrado de Monitoramento de Fonteiras ​
(Integrated System to Monitor Brazil’s Borders) ­ ​
Sistema de Gerenciamento da Amazônia Azul (Management System for the “Blue” Amazon) ­ ​
Sistema de Seleção Unificada – Unified Selection System ­ Used by MEC to select students for federal universities ­ ​
Sistema de Proteção Amazônica (radar surveillance system for the Amazon Region) ­ ​
Sistema de Vigilância Orinoco e Amazônico (radar surveillance system for Orinoco and Amazon rivers) ­ ​
manufacturer of roller bearings. Fonded in 1907 (Sweden) operates in 70 countries. ­ arrived in Brazil in 1943 ­ ​
Stock and real estate broker in Brazil – also foreign exchange ­ ​
Sistema Nacional de Debêntures (part of the CETIP system, registers all debentures in circulation) ­ ​
Sindicato Nacional de Empresas Aéreas (National Syndicate of Airline Firms) ­ Serviço Nacional de Informações (National Information Service, replaced by SAE and later by ABIn) ­ ​
Stock broker and foreign exchange dealer 85 SOA
Sobeet
SoftBank
SOMA
SPI
SPM
Spotify
SPX Corp.
SRF
SP
S&P
SPC
SSD
SSM
Statoil
STDF
­ ​
School of the Americas – located in the Panama Canal Zone ​
­ US military training school for Latin American officers ­ after 1999, the SOA was transferred to Fort Benning, GA and in 2001 renamed the Western Hemisphere Inst. for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) ­ ​
Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos de Empresas Transnacionais e da Globalização Econômica (Private group that studies the role of transnationals in globalization) ­ ​
Japanese multinational telecommunications and internet firm founded in 1981. ­ Sociedade Operadora de Mercado de Acesso ​
(over the counter stock market operators) ­ ​
Social Progress Initiative (compiled by Harvard Business School every year) ­ ​
Secretaria Especial para Políticas para Mulheres ­ foi transformado em ministério sem portfolio em 2011) (Special Secretariat for Women’s policies, upgraded to Ministry in 2011) ­ ​
Commercial music streaming, podcast & video service founded in Sweden (2008) ­ ​
Founded in 1911, now HQ in Charlotte, NC. Sealed power products for auto engines, now a multi­national engineering company ­ Secretaria da Receita Federal (Federal Tax Service) ­ State of São Paulo ­ ​
Standard & Poor’s – HQ in New York (stock market and sovereign risk evaluation agency) ­ ​
Serviço de Proteção de Crédito (credit protection service – for retail sales) ­ ​
Solidariedade ​
– a new political party organized by the ​
Força Sindical ➔ formally registered by the TSE in September 2013 ­ ​
Special safeguard mechanism (term in WTO negotiations) ­ ​
Norwegian petrol firm, operates off shore wells in Brazil ­ ​
Standards and Trade Development Facility (OECD) 86 STF
STJ
STM
STN
­ Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brazilian Supreme Court) ­ Superior Tribunal de Justiça (Highest Federal Appeals Court) ­ Superior Tribunal Militar (Superior Military Court) ­ Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (Federal Treasury) Stora Enso Oyj – ​
Swedish­Finnish paper pulp firm founded in 1928, reincorporated in 1998; Brazilian subsidiary (SEB) founded in 1998 STX
­ ​
Norwegian shipbuilding firm – has shipyard in Niteroi, RJ Suape
­ Modern port facility in Recife, PE Suata
­ ​
Logistics firm associated with Suape port facility Sucesu
­ Sociedade dos Usuários de Computadores e Equipamentos Subsidiários (private society for computer users) SUDAM
­ Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia (Development Agency for the Amazon Region) SUDENE
­ Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (Development Agency for the Northeast Region) SUDHEVEA ​
– Superintendência de Desenvolvimento da Borracha ​
(Federal program for development of rubber plantations) Suframa
­ Superintendência da Zona de Livre Comércio de Manaus (Amazon Free Trade Zone in Manaus) Sukhoi
­ Modern Russia jet fighter plane – ​
Sukhoi­​
35 Sumitomo
­ Began copper smelting in Japan (1590) and evolved in to a business conglomerate. Has been operating in Brazil since the 1970s. SUMOC
­ ​
Superintendência da Moeda e do Crédito (Banco Central em 1965) 87 (Superintendency for Money and Credit ➔ became Central Bank in 1965) Supar
Suplente
SUS
SUV
SVS
SWAp
­ Subchefia de Assuntos Parlamentares (President’s Congressional Relations Office) ­ alternate who [temporarily or permanently] assumes seat when Senator or Deputy ​
vacates office ­­ a Senator’s ​
suplente​
is elected on same ticket, a deputy’s ​
suplente​
is the next candidate on the PR open list ­ Sistema Único de Saúde ​
(Single, unified Health System) ­ Sport Utility Vehicle ­ ​
Secretaria de Vigilância de Saúde ­ MS (Secretariat for Health Surveillance – Min. of Health) ­ ​
Sector Wide Approach (Abordagem Setorial Ampla) SWF
­ ​
Sovereign Wealth Fund Symatec
­ ​
Founded in 1982, internet security, rival of McAfee Symetrix
­ US computer chip manufacturer Systrol
­ ​
Multi­national firm – engineering projects TABB Group – ​
Financial markets’research and strategic advisory firm focused on capital markets. Founded by Larry TABB in 2003. Takata
­ ​
Japanese airbag and seatbelt manufacturer. TAL
­ ​
Technical Assistance Loan (Empréstimo de Assistência Técnica) TAM
­ Transportes Aéreos Marília (one of Brazil’s leading airlines) TAP
­ ​
Transportes Aéreos Portugueses ​
(Portugal’s “flagship” airline) TBF
­​
Taxa Básica Financeira (basic financial rate, with no “reduction clause”, like the TR 88 TCA
TCEs
TCU
TDA
TDMA
TEC
Tectoy
TED
Telebrás
Telos
Temasek
Tencent
TEP
Tereos
Tesla
TI
­ ​
Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica (Amazon Cooperation Treaty) ­ ​
Tribunais de Contas Estaduais (state level accounting courts) ­ ​
Tribunal de Contas da União (federal accounting court, external control) ­ Títulos da Dívida Agrária (bonds used in land expropriations, considered “rotten paper” ­ ​
Time Division Multiple Access (cell phone system that permits multiple users) ­ Tarifa Externa Comun (common external tarrif) ­ Brazilian video game & electronics firm, founded in 1987. ­ ​
Technology, Entertainment & Design ­ Telecomunicações Brasileiras S.A. (former Brazilian telecommunications state enterprise) ➔ privatized in 1998 ­ Retirement fund for ​
Telebrás​
and telecommunications employees ­ ​
Singapore Sovereign Wealth Fund ­ China’s largest internet company, incorporated in the Caymans in 1998. ­ ​
Tribunal Electoral Paraguayo (Paraguay’s Election Court) ­ ​
HQ in Lille, France produces sugar starch­based products. Tereos International created in 2010 is based in SP and is the third largest sugar produced in the world. ­ ​
Tesla Motors (electric cars) – to be installed in Brazil in 2014 ­ ​
Croatian Nikola Tesla (1856­1943) – famous inventor ­ Transparency International – HQ in Berlin 89 TI
TIAR
TIFA
TIM
Tiradentes
TJ
TJLP
TNP
TO
Totvs
TPI
TR
Tractebel
­ ​
Tecnologia da Informaço ➔ Information Tecnhology ­ Tratado Interamericano de Assistência Recíproca ​
(Inter­American Mutual Assistance Treaty)
­​
Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (a trade pact which establishes a framework for expanding trade and resolving outstanding disputes) ­ ​
Telecom Italia Mobile (Brazilian cell phone operator, owned by Telecom Italia) ­ Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, martyr of Brazilian independence, (captured and executed by Portuguese colonial administration in 1792) ­ Tribunal de Justiça (State Supreme Court) ­ Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo (long­term interest rate, used by BNDES for development loans) Tratado de Não Proliferação (NPT­Non­Proliferation Treaty) ­ State of Tocantins ­ ​
Leader in software, services and technology in Brazil ­ ​
Tribunal Penal International – The Hague, Netherlands ➔ ICC­International Criminal Court ­ Taxa Referencial de Juros (created by the Collor Plan II in 1991, currently used as a monthly and daily rate for several types of investments) ­ ​
Tractebel Energia S.A. (Suez­Tractebel responsible for 20% of electricity generated in Brazil, HQ in Santa Catarina) Traffic Group – ​
Largest sports marketing agency in Latin America founded by José Hawilla – involved in the FIFA bribery/payoff scheme. Hawilla did plea bargaining with the FBI as of 2013. Transbrasil ­ Founded as ​
Sadia Transportes Aéreas​
in 1955, 90 ­ with an IPO in 1973 ➔ Transbrasil S.A. (major Brazilian airline, began in 1955, bankrupt in 2001) Transpetro
Trasteel
Transzero
TREs
TRF
Trips
Triunfo
TRT
TSE
TST
Tucano
Tucuruí
Tupi
TVT
UBES
UBS
­ ​
Oil tanker transportation branch of Petrobrás
­ ​
The New Steel Value Chain, HQ Lugano, Switzerland – steel trader ­ ​
Based in Taubaté, SP, one of the largest transportation firms in Latin America, noted for transportation/delivery of new cars. ­ Tribunal Regional Eleitoral (regional electoral courts in each state) ­ Tribunal Regional Federal (Regional Federal Court) ­ Trade­Related Aspects of Intellectural Property Rights (unit within the WTO) ­ ​
Participates in the concession that operates the Campinas airport ­ Tribunal Regional do Trabalho (Regional Labor Court) ­ Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (Superior Election Court) ­ Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (Superior Labor Court) ­ the toucan bird, symbol of the PSDB ­ large hydro electric installation on the Tocantins River in Pará ­ large deep­water, “pre­salt” oil field southeast of São Paulo ­ ​
TV dos Trabalhadores – TV operation organized by CUT (Workers’ TV station in Mogi das Cruzes, SP ­ ​
União Brasileira de Estudantes Secudários (National high­school student assoc.) UBS AG, Union of Swiss Banks, after merger with Swiss Bank Corp. in 1998. 91 UDN
UDR
UE
UERJ
­ ​
União Democrática Nacional ​
(National Democratic Union, political party, 1945­1965) ­ ​
União Democrática Ruralista (Democratic Ruralist Union – land owners who combat MST) ­ União Européia (European Union) ­ ​
Universidade Estadual de Rio de Janeiro (state university of RJ) UFABC
­ ​
Federal University of ABC (region), HQ in Santo André, SP UFAC
­ Federal University of Acre UFAL
­ Federal University of Alagoas UFAM­ Federal University of Amazonas UFAP
­ ​
Federal University of Amapá UFBA
­ Federal University of Bahia UFCE
­ Federal University of Ceará UFERSA
­ ​
Federal Rural University of Semi­Árida (Mossoró, RN) UFGD
­ Federal University of Greater Dourados (MS) UFGO
­ Federal University of Alagoas UFERSA
­ ​
Federal University of the Semi­Arid Region UFES
­ Federal University of Espírito Santo UFF
­ Federal University Fluminense (Niteroi) UFSS
­ ​
Federal University of the Southern Frontier (HQ Chapecó, SC) UFGO
­ ​
Federal University of Goiás UFJF
­ Federal University of Juiz de Fora( MG) UFLA
­ Federal University of Lavras (MG) UFMA­ Federal University of Maranhão UFMG
­ Federal University of Minas Gerais UFMS
­ Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul UFMT
­ Federal University of Mato Grosso UFOP
­ ​
Federal University of Ouro Preto (MG) UFOPA
­ ​
Federal University of Western Pará (HQ in Santarém) UFPA
­ Federal University of Pará UFPB
­ Federal University of Paraiba UFPE
­ Federal University of Pernambuco UFPel
­ Federal University of Pelotas (RS) UFPI
­ Federal University of Piauí UFPR
­ Federal University of Paraná UFRB
­ Federal University of the Recôncavo da Bahia (Feira de Santana, BA) UFRGS
­ Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul 92 UFRJ
­ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRRJ
­ ​
Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro UFRN
­ Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte UFRO
­ Federal University of Rondônia UFRPE
­ Federal Rural University of Pernambuco UFRR
­ Federal University of Roraima UFSC
­​
Federal University of Santa Catarina UFSCar
­ ​
Federal University of São Carlos (SP) UFSCPA
­ Federal Univeristy of Health Sciences in Porto Alegre (RS) UFSE
­ Federal University of Sergipe UFSM
­ Federal University of Santa Maria (RS) UFTO
­ Federal University of Tocantins UFTM
­ Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro (in Uberaba, MG) UFTPR
­ ​
Federal Technological Unifersity of Paraná (in 12 cities) UFU
­ Federal University of Uberlândia (MG) UFV
­ Federal University of Viçosa (MG) UFVJM
­ ​
Federal University Jequitinhonha & Mucuri Valleys (in 3 MG cities) UnB
­ University of Brasília UNEF
­​
State University Northern Rio de Janeiro (Campos, RJ) UNESP
­ University of the State of São Paulo Unicamp
­ University of Campinas (SP) UNIFAL
­ ​
Federal University of Alfenas (MG) UNIFAP ­ Federal University of Amapá Unifesp
­​
Federal University of São Paulo (former Escola Paulista de Medicina) Unila
­ Federal University of Latin American Integration (HQ Foz do Iguaçu, PR) UNILAB
­ ​
Federal University of Luso­African­Brazilian Integration (Redenção, Ceará) UNIPAMPA ​
­ Federal University of the Pampa (western Rio Grande do Sul, 5 cities) UNIR
­ ​
University of Rondônia Unisinos
­ ​
Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – São Leopoldo, RS (private univ.) Unifasf
­ Federal​
​
University of the São Francisco Vally USP
­ University of São Paulo UTFPR
­ Federal Technical University of Pará UIA
­​
Unión Industrial Argentina (Federation of Argentine Industrialists) UJS
­ ​
União da Juventude Socialista – linked to PDT (Union of Socialist Youth) Ultra Group ­ an industrial group founded in SP by Ernesto Igel with participation of the Monteiro Aranha Group. Includes ​
Ultragaz​
& ​
Brazilgás​
, plus ​
Ultracargo ​
& ​
Oxiteno​
. In 2007. acquired ​
Petróleo Ipiranga​
with Petrobrás and Braskem. In 2008, the Grupo Ultra acquired Texaco do Brasil. 93 UNASUL
UNCTAD
UNDP
UNE
UNEP
UNESCO
UNESP
Unica
Unicef
UNRISD
UNSC
UPI
UPS
URV
USAID
­ ​
União das Nações Sul­Americanas (Union of South American Nations) ­ ​
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Comércio e Desenvolvimento) ­ United Nations Development Programme ​
➔ PNUD ​
– Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento ­ ​
União Nacional dos Estudantes, repressed by military in 1964 (National Student União, repressed by military in 1964, resuscitated in 1979) ­ ​
United Nations Environment Programme ➔ ​
PNUMA – ​
Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente ­ ​
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ­ ​
Universidade do Estado de São Paulo (multi­campus SP state university system) ➔ USP and Unicamp are separate units ­ União das Indústrias de Cana de Açucar (Union of Sugar Cane Industries) ­ United Nations Children’s Fund ​
(Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância) ­ ​
UN Research Inst. for Social Development ­ ​
United Nations Security Council ­ ​
União Parlamentar Interestadual (União of State Legislatures) ­ ​
United Parcel Service – active in Brazil ­ ​
Unidade Real de Valor (daily currency index rate for prices and salaries used during st​
the pre­Real period, Feb.➔ 1​
July/94) ­ ​
US Agency for International Development 94 USI
USIMAR
­ ​
União Socialista Internacional (International Socialist Union) ­ ​
Usina Siderúrgica de Marabá (Marabá Steel Mill). USIMINAS ­​
Usinas Siderúgicas de Minas Gerais S.A. (steel mill complex in Ipatinga, MG) USTR
­ US Trade Representative UTC
­ ​
Engineering firm, joint venture investments in the industrial center in Bahia ­ Together with OAS, Odebrecht and Ask Capital ­ Was leader of “cartel” of construction firms in Petrobras corruption scheme UTE
­ ​
Unidade termo­elétrica (Thermal electric generating unit – combustion engine or via steam turbine) UTI
­ ​
Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (ICU­Intensive Care Unit) VASP
­ ​
Viação Aérea de São Paulo (major Brazilian airline, founded 1933, bankrupt in 2005 VARIG
­​
Viação Aérea Rio­Grandense S.A. (Brazil’s former “flagship” airline, purchased by GOL in 2007) VAT
­ Value Added Tax (IVA ­ Imposto de Valor Agregado) Vavá
­ Genival Ignácio da Silva (Pres. Lula’s oldest brother) VBI
­ ​
Real estate private equity fund and management firm – HQ in São Paulo VCP
­ ​
Votorantim Celulose e Papel (Votorantim’s Cellulose & Paper subsidiary) Veja
­ weekly news magazine published by the Abril Group Vereadores ­ city council members Verticalização ­ Verticalization – a concept imposed by the TSE in 2002 & 2006 elections. ­ presidential coalitions must be replicated (same parties) in state elections 95 Via Campesina​
– militant group of landless rural workers in Latin America Via Varejo ­ ​
A new retail slaes group formed by the Grupo Pão de Açúcar, Ponto Frio and Casas Bahia in November 2013 VimpelCom ­ ​
Netherlands­based holding telecommunications services in 14 nations. Viracopos
­ airport located in Campinas, SP Vivo
­ ​
Brazilian cell phone operator, jointly owned by Portugal Telecom and the Spanish Telefónica VGBL
­ ​
Vida Gerador de Benefício Livre ­ Private retirement fund in Brazil VLS
­ ​
Veículo Lançador de Satélites ­ Satellite Launching Vehicle (launch site in Alcântara, MA) Vox Populi ­ survey research firm in Belo Horizonte VS
­ Vertente Socialista, 1945­1950 (Socialist Vertent, merged with ED to form PSB in 1950) VSP Global ­ ​
Net work of optical services companies VTT
­ ​
Technical Research Centre of Finland founded in 1942 ➔ ​
V​
altion ​
T​
eknillinen ​
T​
utkimuskeeskus WCY
­ ​
World Competitiveness Yearbook (published by IMD) WFDSA
­ ​
World Federation of Direct Selling Associations WIPO
­­ ​
World Intellectual Property Organization – HQ in Geneva WHINSEC ­ Western Hemisphere Inst. for Security Cooperation – Ft. Benning, GA ­formerly the School of the Americas (SOA) located in the Panama Canal Zone Wincor ­ ​
Wincor Nixdorf, a German firm makes retail and retail banking hardware, software & service systems (ATMs). Founded in 1952, acquired by Siemens in 1990. WPP ­ World leader in marketing communications (UK) ­ CEO of São Paulo office, Francisco Carvalho 96 WSJ
WTC
WTI
WTO
Wuhan
WWF
Xinhua
XP
Xstrata
YPFB
YoY
ZAP
Zeca do PT
Zogby
Zumbi
­ ​
Wall Street Journal​
– recently acquired by Rupert Murdoch ­ ​
World Trade Center in New York (destroyed by terrorist attack on 9/11 2001) ­ ​
World Trade Indicators – published by the World Bank annually www.worldbank.org/wti2008 ­ ​
World Trade Organization ➔ OMC ­ Wuhan Iron & Steel Group [Chinese] ➔ joint venture with Eike Batista (perhaps?) ­ World Wildlife Fund (Fundo Mundial para a Natureza) ­ ​
Chinese news agency ­ ​
Brazilian investment, brokerage, money changing firm founded in Porto Alegre (2001) by Guilherme Benchimol & Marcelo Maisonnave. ­ Anglo­Swiss mining firm ­ ​
Yancimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (Bolivian State Petroleum Enterprise) ­ Year on Year ­ Largest online real estate broker in Brazil – rentals & sales. ­ José Orcírio Miranda dos Santos elected PT governor of Mato Grosso do Sul in 1998, 2002 and 2010 ­ US polling firm ­ leader of escaped slave community in Palmares, AL, killed by Portuguese th​
th​
slave owners on 20​
November 1695 ➔ 20​
November became the Day of Afro­Brazilian Consciousness