Trophic State Index (TSI) applied in the assessment of anthropic

WFL Publisher
Science and Technology
Meri-Rastilantie 3 B, FI-00980
Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: [email protected]
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.12 (3&4): 400-404. 2014
www.world-food.net
Trophic State Index (TSI) applied in the assessment of anthropic impacts on the
surface water of a watershed
Adir Otto Schmidt *, Sílvio Cesar Sampaio, Ralpho Rinaldo dos Reis, Camila Jussara Schmidt,
Edison Barbosa da Cunha and Lisdefferson Hamann Andrade
Western Paraná State University, UNIOESTE/CCET/PGEAGRI /RHESA, Rua Universitária, 2069 – CEP 85819-110, Cascavel,
PR, Brazil. *e-mail: [email protected]
Received 18 July 2014, accepted 28 September 2014.
Abstract
The consolidation of the urbanization process in the cities and the intensification of agriculture and breeding in rural areas have caused impacts on
water resources, particularly the eutrophication of rivers. In order to contribute to the monitoring and preservation of water quality, this study aimed
to employ the Trophic State Index (TSI) to assess impacts of human actions on the surface water of a watershed of São Francisco Verdadeiro river.
In the period from 2011 to 2013, 52 monitoring campaigns were performed at intervals of 15 days. Water samples were collected from nine strategic
locations of the watershed and from a control location. The collection sites were defined by taking into account the possibility of different impacts
from each activity developed along the watershed. Discharge readings and analyses of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations were
performed in order to calculate the TSI. Based on the results obtained, the trophic classification was mesotrophic in six locations, and eutrophic,
supereutrophic and hypereutrophic in one location each. It was concluded that different forms of use and occupation cause impact on the eutrophication
process, which varied in space and time. The highest concentrations of total phosphorus for sites with influence of urban activities occurred during
periods of low discharge, whereas for places with influence of agricultural activities they occurred in high discharge events. Sites with influence of
urban activities presented higher trophic classification than those influenced by agricultural activities. TSI, TSI(Chl), and TSI(TP) classifications may
vary for a same location, depending on environmental conditions and activities developed on site.
Key words: Water pollution, eutrophication, monitoring of water quality.
Introduction
Human activities are developed from natural resources and exert
influence on these resources by modifying the environment, which
affects such activities in a way that in some cases it is not possible
for people to inhabit those locations anymore. In China, the
eutrophication threatens water quality with indirect impact on
economic development and social stability 1.
The occupation and land use for agricultural activities and the
process of urbanization alter the physical, chemical and biological
processes of natural ecosystems with direct impact on water
quality 2-5. Chemical parameters of water bodies are modified due
to the supply of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen,
which induce the process of eutrophication in rivers and lakes
and a consequent inadequate utilization for domestic, industrial,
agriculture and livestock consumption. The eutrophication of
rivers and lakes is worsening in tropical regions, which offer more
favourable environmental conditions for the growth of algae and
macrophytes. Apart from natural factors, the introduction of
elements derived from the use and occupation of land by man in
their watershed enhances the process of eutrophication. Studies
in western Paraná indicate increased level of nutrients in high
rainfall events that occurred during the plantation of corn and
soybean, respectively 6-8.
The Trophic State Index (TSI) evaluates water quality regarding
nutrient enrichment. Its effect is related to excessive algal growth
or increased infestation of aquatic weeds. The TSI has been
consolidated as an indicator of eutrophication in aquatic
400
environments based on the quantification of total phosphorus
and chlorophyll-a. The result for the TSI-phosphorus is a measure
of the potential for eutrophication. The result for the TSIchlorophyll-a is considered as a measure of response of the water
body to the agent. Thus, the average index comprises the cause
and effect of the process 9.
The characterization of this process occurs by monitoring water
quality and is one of the main instruments to sustain a policy of
planning and management of water resources 10. The objective of
this study was to apply the trophic state index for the assessment
of human impacts on the rivers in the watershed of São Francisco
Verdadeiro, as well as to identify the impact of different human
activities on the eutrophication process.
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in the watershed of São Francisco
Verdadeiro river, located at the western end of the Paraná state, in
southern Brazil, with systematic monitoring every two weeks
between July 2011 and June 2013, totalling 52 samples for each
studied site. Monitoring was conducted in nine monitoring sites
and one control site, totaling 520 samples throughout the study.
Characterization of the studied area: The watershed of São
Francisco Verdadeiro river is located on the third plateau of Paraná,
formed in the upper Jurassic and lower Cretaceous with
predominant soil classified as clayey oxisol. It presents drainage
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.12 (3&4), July-October 2014
area of 2,219.1 km2, with an average discharge of 46.9 m3 s-1, which
is the result of average rainfall of 1,800 mm yr-1, and altitude
between 729 and 221 m. The predominant activity is agriculture
with 69% occupancy in relation to the total area 11.
The definition of the sampling sites (Fig. 1) was performed in
order that the prevalence of different existing human actions and
their impact on water quality could be separately characterized.
Strategically, the nine sampling sites were defined in sections
of São Francisco Verdadeiro river and its major tributaries that
divided the watershed into nine subwatersheds that have
characteristic use and occupation. This division, whose
characteristics are presented in Table 1, allowed a study of the
influence of different human activities on the watershed
eutrophication process.
In general, the watershed can be divided into four important
human actions that contribute in different ways to the process of
eutrophication, namely: urban activity (sediment from construction
of buildings and nutrients from industrial and domestic sewage);
agricultural activity (surface runoff with presence of fertilizers);
extensive cattle ranching (surface runoff originating from
pastures); and poultry and swine intensive activity (application
and disposal of animal waste). The sub-watersheds in the
riverhead influence the following sub-watersheds according to
the diagram shown in Fig. 2.
Collection and preservation of samples: In each of the nine
monitoring sites, a limnimetric scale was installed in order to obtain
values for the hydrological regime of the river at the time of
sampling. Water sampling was performed with the aid of a glass
container with a manual bar sampler. The volume collected formed
an independent composite sample for each of the nine sites
studied. The containers with the samples were prepared so that
the content did not receive light and were placed in an isothermal
box with ice in order to be cooled at a temperature that could not
exceed 4°C until arrival at the laboratory. All analyses were initiated
on the same day of collection so that there was no need for sample
preservation longer than the time required for transportation.
Discharge determination: For the control site, the discharge rate
was calculated for each sample based on the record of the time
required for filling a container of a known volume. At least seven
discharge measurements were performed at each site at all nine
monitoring sites, noting that each one was in a different regime
from the other, and discharge rating curves were built. Discharge
measurements were performed with a propeller
flowmeter, a coupled pulse counter and happened
on different days from those of sample collections.
Figure 1. Watershed location, urban perimeters, control site and collection sites along São
Francisco Verdadeiro river and its tributaries.
Evaluated parameters: For each location studied
in each campaign, water regime record for
discharge estimate and water collection for
analysis of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus
concentrations were performed. The determination
of chlorophyll-a concentratrions was carried out
according to technical standard L5306 12 with 90%
acetone extraction after filtration on cellulose
acetate membrane with a porosity of 0.45 µm. Total
phosphorus was determined by means of ascorbic
acid applied to the samples subjected to
autoclaving with potassium persulfate in acid
media (H2SO4), in accordance with methods
4500PB and 4500PE 13.
Table 1. Location and characterization of the control site and the nine collection sites along São Francisco Verdadeiro river
and its tributaries.
Site
C00
River
Geographic Coordinates
Fonte dos Mosaicos
S 24°57’; W 53°28’
S02
São Francisco Verdadeiro
after the urban perimeter
São Francisco Verdadeiro/Lopeí
S 24°47’; W 53°43’
S03
Lopeí (river mouth)
S 24°47’; W 53°43’
S04
São Francisco Verdadeiro/Toledo
S 24°45’; W 53°47’
S05
Toledo (river mouth)
S 24°45’; W 53°47’
S06
São Francisco Verdadeiro/ Santa Quitéria
S 24°46’; W 54°04’
S07
Santa Quitéria (river mouth)
S 24°46’; W 54° 04’
S08
São Francisco Verdadeiro (river mouth)
S 24°44’; W 54°07’
S09
Marrecos (river mouth)
S 24°41’; W 54°09’
S01
S 24°55; W 53°30’
Characteristics
One of the several springs of São Francisco Verdadeiro river
in the urban perimeters of Cascavel.
After the urban perimeter of Cascavel and discharge of a
sewage treatment station.
Rural area.
Tributary of a rural area, tanks for fish farming and intensive
swine production.
Rural area with influence on the urban perimeter of Toledo.
Tributary of a rural area that receives domestic and industrial
sewage from the urban perimeter of Toledo.
Area with higher land declivity (building of a small
hydropower plant) with agriculture and pastures.
Tributary of an area with extensive production of cattle.
Close to the reservoir of Itaipu hydropower plant: rural area
and pastures with higher land declivity.
Close to the reservoir of Itaipu hydropower plant: rural area,
with intensive production of swine and poultry.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.12 (3&4), July-October 2014
401
sub-watershed, since phosphorus concentrations
do not justify the difference in relation to other
places. Low concentrations of chlorophyll-a could
be due to environmental conditions that are
unsuitable for the development of phytoplankton
or to phosphorus restriction, for its adsorption to
clay, what makes it unavailable in the water
column 14. Mean values of chlorophyll-a below
5.0 mg L-1, considering all sampling points from
the source to the mouth, were found in a study in
Pariquera-Açu river, with higher concentrations
recorded just below the release of the effluent
treatment station 15.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the control site and collection sites in the watershed of
Values below the minimum detection limit (0.01
São Francisco Verdadeiro river and their influences. A - Area of contribution of the
mg L-1) were obtained for the concentrations of
watershed (km2); A’ - Area of total contribution (km2); C – contributory subwatersheds.
total phosphorus in C00. S01 and S05 stood out
Trophic State Index – TSI: The TSI for rivers consists of the for presenting concentrations approximately 6 times higher than
trophic state index for phosphorus – TSI(TP), shown in Equation the average concentrations of other sites. The concentrations of
1, and the trophic state index for chlorophyll-a – TSI(Chl-a), in total phosphorus showed discrepant values (outliers) for the nine
studied sites. Reduction in phosphorus concentrations with
Equation 2 14.
increasing rainfall in places subject to the presence of domestic
sewage were found in rivers of São Paulo state 16. The high
TSI(TP) = 10 × (6 – ((0.42 – 0.36 × (lnTP)) / ln2)) – 20
(1)
concentration of phosphorus in rivers can be attributed to the
release of untreated sewage and fertilizers used in agriculture 17.
TSI(Chl-a) = 10 × (6 – ((-0.7 – 0.6 × lnChl-a)) / ln2)) – 20
(2)
In places subject to the release of manure, there may be a
in which TP – Total phosphorus concentration, in mg L-1; Chl-a – decrease of total phosphorus and orthophosphate in the rainy
season due to the dilution effect 18. Higher phosphorus levels are
chlorophyll-a concentration, in µg L-1.
To calculate the TSI, the geometric means of the results of the common in rivers in rural areas, in a period of higher rainfall 16. A
concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a from each study on the components present in the water of a micro-watershed
collection site within the study period were used. The final index of Piracicaba river - São Paulo found average phosphate
was the result of simple arithmetic means of the indices for total concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.49 mg L-1. The conclusion is
phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. To interpret the results, the points that phosphorus concentrations showed significant changes
were classified according to the results obtained for the TSI, using between dry and wet periods 19. The phosphorus present in the
surface runoff is an important component of diffuse pollution
the categories of trophic state, shown in Table 2 9.
sources in rural watersheds 2.
Table 2. Trophic State Index classification for rivers, according to
Higher concentrations of phosphorus in rainy periods, possibly
modified Carlson’s index 14.
due to sediment load in also higher suspension under those
conditions, have been recorded in Tietê and Pinheiros rivers in
Chlorophyll-a
Total phosphorus
Classification
Range
(µg.m-1)
(mg.L-1)
São Paulo state 20. A research conducted in 35 sampling sites in
Ultraoligotrophic (U)
TSI≤47
P≤0.013
Chl-a≤0.74
rivers in the São Paulo state found 64% of the average
Oligotrophic (O)
47<TSI≤52
0.013<P≤0.035
0.74<Chl-a≤1.31
concentrations of total phosphorus above 0.1 mg L-1, with 24 of
Mesotrophic (M)
52<TSI≤59
0.035<P≤0.137
1.31<Chl-a≤2.96
Eutrophic (E)
59<TSI≤63
0.137<P≤0.296
2.96<Chl-a≤4.70
the 35 areas surveyed being located in watersheds with population
Supereutrophic (S)
63<TSI≤67
0.296<P≤0.640
4.70<Chl-a≤7.46
density greater than 100 inhabitants km-2 14. Another study
Hypereutrophic (H)
TSI>67
0.640<P
7.46<Chl-a
reported average concentrations of total phosphorus above 0.15
TSI = Trophic State Index; P = Total Phosphorus; Chl-a = Chlorophyll-a.
mg L-1 for all points assessed in Queimados river, with results that
were three times greater for the stretch after the city limits of
Results and Discussion
Table 3 shows average values of each parameter assessed at all Concórdia - Santa Catarina state 21.
The TSI found for each site studied is presented in Table 4 and
nine collection sites and at the control site. S01 stands out from
the other sites for presenting concentrations of chlorophyll-a allows the division of points researched into five different
above average, possibly due to the presence of stabilization ponds categories. C00, where there is no eutrophication, is a protected
in the wastewater treatment station that is upstream of the spring in the urban perimeter of the city of Cascavel.
S01 is classified as hypereutrophic and located downstream of
collection site. The chlorophyll-a found in S03 is possibly
originating from the establishment of fish tanks present in the the release of effluents from the sewage treatment station of
Cascavel city. Facultative treatment ponds
Table 3. Average values found for the parameters assessed at the control site and all have high concentrations of nutrients and
nine collection sites.
favour algae development. The release in a
water body with little dilution capacity
Parameters
C00 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08 S09
Chlorophyll-a (µg L-1)
0.0
73.9
3.3
8.6
3.5
5.3
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.9
explains the TSI found at this point. TSI
Total Phosphorus (mg L-1) 0.001 0.764 0.147 0.129 0.138 0.819 0.121 0.071 0.108 0.135 results are associated with pollution along
3 -1
Discharge (m s )
402
0.001
0.56
8.95
2.78
13.28
3.05
26.75 19.80 49.85
9.80
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.12 (3&4), July-October 2014
Table 4. Trophic state indices and trophic state classification for the
control treatment and nine collection sites.
watershed discharges with such turbulence that its strength
disaggregates and carries particles of soil with nutrients and
pollutants that accumulate on the inside of rivers, lakes and
TSI
TSI
Site Chl-a TSI(a) TP TSI(b)
TSI(c)
TSI(d) TSI TSI(e)
(Chl-a)
(TP)
reservoirs. Low discharges, caused by lack of water storage in
C00 0.01
U
0.00
U
10.24
U
10.02
U
10.13
U
the system, decrease the dilution capacity for releases of
S01 63.44
H
0.69
H
86.02
H
67.92
H
76.97
H
pollutant loads that have no other place to deposit 24. Areas
S02 2.44
M 0.12 M
57.81
M 58.73 M 58.27 M
occupied by forests promote the reduction of the intensity of
S03 7.91
H
0.10 M
68.00
H
58.00 M 63.00
E
S04 2.80
M 0.11 M
59.01
E
58.53 M 58.77 M
surface runoff and also contribute to the improvement of water
S05 4.04
E
0.77
H
62.19
E
68.45
H
65.32
S
quality by promoting the settlement of discharge because of
S06 2.15
M 0.12 M
56.72
M 58.63 M 57.67 M
increased coverage, stability and water infiltration into the
S07 1.82
M 0.04 M
55.27
M 53.47 M 54.37 M
soil 25. Overall, inhabited areas (urban and rural residences),
S08 1.96
M 0.09 M
55.93
M 57.55 M 56.74 M
S09 2.15
M 0.10 M
56.72
M 58.09 M 57.40 M
farmed areas (perennial and annual crops) and degraded forests
Chl-a (µg.m ) – Chlorophyll-a; TSI – Trophic state classification (Chl-a); TP (mg.L ) – Total phosphorus;
contribute to the reduction of the regularity of discharge and
TSI – Trophic state classification (TP); TSI(Chl-a) - Trophic state index for chlorophyll-a; TSI – Trophic
state classification (TSI(Chl-a)); TSI(TP) - Trophic state index for total phosphorus; TSI – Trophic state
water quality due to temporary changes in the intensity of
classification (TSI(TP)); TSI - Trophic state index (average) ; TSI(e) – Trophic state classification (TSI); U
runoff.
– Ultraoligotrophic; M – Mesotrophic; E – Eutrophic; S – Supereutrophic; H - Hypereutrophic.
Each river is influenced by the characteristics of its
the watershed, due to land use in riverside properties 23.
surroundings and has capacity to recycle nutrients that increase
S03, classified as eutrophic by the TSI, results from the mean of with distance. An overload leads the problem to be transferred
a high TSI(Chl-a) and a low TSI(TP), what can be explained by the downstream. If there are new overloads downstream then loss of
absence of urban activities and a large number of fish tanks, which water quality occurs. The growth of population, urbanization
are conducive environments to algae growth, because their waters process and intensification of agriculture and animal farming lead
are free of turbulence, exposed to the sun and also enriched by to increased demand for water for domestic, agricultural and
phosphorus present in the feed given to fish.
industrial uses and create increasing pressure on the water quality
S05, classified as supereutrophic by the TSI, results from the of rivers. Therefore, there is a need for greater control in the origin
mean of a low TSI(Chl-a) and a high TSI(TP) and is located of nutrients and improvement of ecosystem management 3.
downstream of the release of effluent from sewage treatment plants
of Toledo city, which do not have stabilization ponds. The release
Conclusions
of treated effluent water enriches the water body with phosphorus; Considering the result of 52 campaigns performed during 24
however, the environmental conditions are unfavourable to the months in nine different locations and a control site along the
development of algae.
watershed of São Francisco Verdadeiro river, one can conclude
S02, S04, S06, S07, S08 and S09, all classified as mesotrophic by that the presence of total phosphorus impacts on water quality,
the TSI, are sites with discharges that provide them large dilution increasing its TSI. Different forms of land use and occupation
capacity or are located far from point sources, thus potential caused impact on the eutrophication process that varied in time
impacts are mitigated by their natural ability of self-purification. and space. The highest concentrations of total phosphorus for
Due to the self-purification process and the influx of rivers with sites with influence of urban activities occurred in periods of low
better conditions, downstream sites can provide improvements in discharge. In contrast, the highest concentrations in sites with
water quality 22.
influence of agricultural activities occurred in high discharge
The TSI of Queimados river in the Santa Catarina state recorded events.
a sharp rise in the stretch where the river has urban influence,
Sites with urban influence and do not have an environment,
which declines as it receives other tributaries of rural origin and which is favourable for the development of algae prior to discharge
approaches the mouth 21. A study conducted in the watershed of into the water body, were classified into different classes by the
upper Uruguay river in western Santa Catarina state concludes TSI(Chl-a) and the TSI(TP). Sites with agricultural influence and
that for most rivers, from source to mouth, there is a gradual present an environment, which is favourable for algae
increase of phosphorus, especially the rivers flowing through development prior to discharge into the water body, were also
urban areas, where there is a deviation from this pattern, caused classified into different classes by the TSI(Chl-a) and the TSI(TP).
by high input of organic material 23.
Sites with influence of urban activities showed trophic state
S01 and S05, strongly influenced by urban activities, have classification rating higher than those found in sites influenced
increased concentrations of phosphorus with decreasing by agricultural activities.
discharge. S07, mouth of a sub-watershed with predominantly
extensive production of cattle and agricultural, has high
Acknowledgements
concentrations of total phosphorus at higher discharge events. The authors would like to thank Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao
Its lower concentrations occurred at times of lower discharges. In Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná [Araucária
S02, S03, S04, S06, S08 and S09 there is junction of urban and Foundation in Support of the Scientific and Technological
agricultural impacts, what resulted in total phosphorus Development of Paraná] for financially supporting this research.
concentrations above 0.1 mg L-1 at the extremes of high and low
discharge.
References
High discharges have impact due to the contribution of 1
Wang, H. J. and Wang, H.Z. 2009. Mitigation of lake eutrophication:
pollutants originating from surface runoff. In rainy periods, flood
Loosen nitrogen control and focus on phosphorus abatement. Prog.
events occur, in which the water that should be stored within the
Nat. Sci. 19:1445-1451.
-1
(a)
-1
(b)
(c)
(d)
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.12 (3&4), July-October 2014
403
Bittencout, S. and Gobbi, E. F. 2006. Carga máxima de fósforo admissível
ao reservatório Piraquara II, uma aplicação do processo TDML. Rev.
Bras. Cien. Solo. 30:595-603 (in Portuguese).
3
Withers, P. J. A. and Jarvie, H. P. 2008. Delivery and cycling of
phosphorus in rivers: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 400:379-395.
4
Moura, L. H. A., Boaventura, G. R. and Pinelli, M. P. 2010. A qualidade
de água como indicador de uso e ocupação do solo: bacia do Gama Distrito Federal. Quim Nova. 33:97-103 (in Portuguese).
5
Liu, W., Zhang, Q. and Liu, G. 2011. Effects of watershed land use and
lake morphometry on the trophic state of Chinese lakes: Implications
for eutrophication control. Clean: Soil Air Water 1:35-42.
6
Angst, F. 2008. Estudos hidrossedimentológicos e de qualidade de água
no rio Piquiri. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola),
Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, UNIOESTE, 55 p. (in
Portuguese).
7
Lost, C. 2008. Influência do uso do solo na produção de sedimento e
qualidade de uma microbacia hidrográfica rural. Dissertação (Mestrado
em Engenharia Agrícola), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná ,
UNIOESTE, 74 p. (in Portuguese).
8
Baltokoski, V., Tavares, M. H. F., Machado, R. E. and Oliveira, M. P.
2010. Calibração de modelo para a simulação de vazão e de fósforo
total nas sub-bacias dos Rios Conrado e Pinheiro - Pato Branco (PR).
Rev. Bras. Cien. Solo. 34:253-261 (in Portuguese).
9
CETESB - Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado
de São Paulo 2007. Anexo III da série relatórios – Qualidade das águas
interiores no Estado de São Paulo: índices de qualidade das águas. São
Paulo, 537 p. (in Portuguese).
10
Guedes, H. A. S., Silva, D. D., Elesbon, A. A. A., Ribeiro, C. B. M.,
Matos, A. T. and Soares, J. H. P. 2012. Aplicação da análise estatística
multivariada no estudo da qualidade da água do Rio Pomba, MG. Rev.
Bras. Eng. Agric. Ambient. 16:558–563 (in Portuguese).
11
CIH - Centro Internacional de Hidroinformática 2009. Bacia Hidrográfica
São Francisco Verdadeiro Paraná – Brasil. http://
saofrancisco.hidroinformatica.org/br/ arquivos (setembro 2009). (in
Portuguese).
12
CETESB - Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do
Estado de São Paulo 1990. Norma Técnica L5.306: Determinação de
pigmentos fotossintetizantes - clorofila-A, B e C e feoftina-A - método
de ensaio. São Paulo, 14 p. (in Portuguese).
13
APHA – American Public Health Association 1998. Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th edn. American
Public Health Association, Washington D.C., USA, 1220 p.
14
Lamparelli, M. C. 2004. Grau de trofia em corpos d’água do Estado de
São Paulo: Avaliação dos métodos de monitoramento. Tese (Doutorado
em Ecologia ), Universidade de São Paulo, USP, 235 p. (in Portuguese).
15
Cunha, D. G. F. and Calijuri, M. C. 2010. Análise probabilística de
ocorrência de incompatibilidade da qualidade da água com o
enquadramento legal de sistemas aquáticos – estudo de caso do rio
Pariquera-Açu (SP). Eng. Sanit Ambient. 15:337-346.
16
Campanha, M. B., Melo, C. A., Moreira, A. B., Ferrarese, R. F. M. S.,
Tadini, A. M., Garbin, E. V., Bisinoti, M. C. and Pereira Filho, E. R.
2010. Variabilidade espacial e temporal de parâmetros físico-químicos
nos rios Turvo, Preto e Grande no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Quim
Nova. 33:1831-1836 (in Portuguese).
17
Blume, K. K., Macedo, J. C., Meneguzzi, J. C., Silva, L. B., Quevedo,
D. M. and Rodrigues, M. A. S. 2010. Water quality assessment of the
Sinos river, Southern Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 70:1185-1193.
18
Zanini, H. L. H. T. 2009. Caracterização limnológica e microbiológica
do córrego rico que abastece Jaboticabal (SP). Tese (Doutorado em
Microbiologia Agropecuária), Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP,
(in Portuguese).
19
Lucas, A. A. T., Folegatti, M. V. and Duarte, S. 2010. Qualidade da água
em uma microbacia hidrográfica Rio Piracicaba, SP. Rev. Bras. Eng.
Agric. Ambient. 14:937-943 (in Portuguese).
20
Cunha, D. G. F., Grull, D., Damato, M., Blum, J. R. C., Eiger, S., Lutti,
J. E. I. and Mancuso, P. C. S. 2011. Contiguous urban rivers should
2
404
not be necessarily submitted to the same management plan: the case of
Tietê and Pinheiros rivers (São Paulo-Brazil). Anais da Academia
Brasileira de Ciências. 83:1465-1480 (in Portuguese).
21
Andrioni, C. C., Sandre, C. L. H. and Stolberg, J. 2009. Estado trófico
da água do rio dos Queimados – SC. Ágora: Revista de Divulgação
Científica 16:692-701 (in Portuguese).
22
Zanini, H. L. H. T., Amaral, L. A., Zanini, J. R. and Tavares, L. H. S.
2010. Caracterização da água da microbacia do córrego rico avaliada
pelo índice de qualidade de água e de estado trófico. Eng. Agric. 30:732741 (in Portuguese).
23
Ternus, R. Z., Souza-Franco, G. M., Anselmini, M. E. K., Mocellin, D.
J. C. and Dal Magro, J. 2011. Influence of urbanisation on water
quality in the basin of the upper Uruguay river in western Santa
Catarina, Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras. 23:189-199.
24
Cunha, D. G. F., Calijuri, M. C. and Mendiondo, E. M. 2012. Integração
entre curvas de permanência de quantidade e qualidade da água como
uma ferramenta para a gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos. Eng.
Sanit Ambient. 17:369-376 (in Portuguese).
25
Vanzela, L. S., Hernandez, F. B. T. and Franco, R. A. M. 2010. Influência
do uso e ocupação de solo fazer nos recursos hídricos do córrego Três
Barras, Marinópolis. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agric. Ambient. 14:55-64 (in
Portuguese).
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.12 (3&4), July-October 2014