Julho 2010 - Revista Espírito Livre

Transcrição

HQWUHYLVWDV
MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ/
Phjd#QÃr
Dqd#Dphold#Phqqd#Eduuhwr/
Hvshfldolvwd#hp#gluhlwr#h#WL
Vdeulqd#Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d/
Hvshfldolvwd#hp#Gluhlwr#SÚeolfr
kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj##&349##Mxokr#5343
Lpsdfwr#HfrqÔplfr#gr#Rshq#Vrxufh#0#SÁj#58
Surmhwr#Vdkdqd#0#SÁj#<<
Uorjlq#0#SÁj#:<
DqlpdÇÃr#Gljlwdo#0#SÁj#435
Dedqgrqzduh#0#SÁj#;8
Vruwhlrv#h#SurprÇÕhv#0#SÁj#45
FRP#OLFHQ§D
Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh##Mxokr#5343##kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj
35
HGLWRULDO#2#H[SHGLHQWH
Vruuld111
%Vruuld/#yrfÊ#hvwÁ#vhqgr#ilopdgr111%#Hvwd#iudvh#É#
vhpsuh# olgd# hp# glyhuvrv# orfdlv# txh# ylvlwdprv/# frpr#
edqfrv/# vxshuphufdgrv/# vkrsslqj# fhqwhu/# hwf1# H# qd#
lqwhuqhwB#Frpr#É#dwxdophqwh#rx#frpr#ghyhuld#vhuB#©#
xpd#sroÊplfd#txh#jlud#hp#wruqr#gh#glyhuvrv#dvshfwrv#
mxuÍglfrv/# frqvwlwxflrqdlv/# sdvvdqgr# shod# rslqlÃr#
sÚeolfd/# shgrilold# h# wdqwrv# rxwurv# dvvxqwrv# txh# vh#
hqyroyhp# qrv# qrwlflÁulrv1# Ilfd# dÍ# d# shujxqwd=# Dr#
qdyhjdu#shod#Lqwhuqhw/#hvwrx#uhdophqwh#vhjxurB#Hvwrx#
vhjxur# gh# txhpB# Grv# edqglgrv# rx# grv# ÓujÃrv#
uhjxodgruhvB# Txhvwlrqdphqwrv# frpr# hvwhv# vÃr# sru# glyhuvdv# yh}hv# flwdgrv#
qdv# pdwÉuldv# ghvwd# hglÇÃr/# txh# irl# frqfhelgd# hp# whpsr# uhfrugh/# dilqdo/# vh#
sdvvdudp#srxfr#pdlv#gh#48#gldv#gr#odqÇdphqwr#gd#hglÇÃr#gh#qÚphur#481
Wlyhprv# d# rsruwxqlgdgh# gh# wud}hu# 6# frqkhfhgruhv# gr# dvvxqwr# sulqflsdo#
derugdgr#qhvwd#hglÇÃr1#MrÃr#FduleÉ#É#frqkhflgr#sru#whu#gdgr#r#srqwdsÉ#lqlfldo#
qr# Phjd# QÃr/# h# frpr# rv# ohlwruhv# shufhehuÃr/# FduleÉ# É# edvwdqwh# hqiÁwlfr# qr#
dvvxqwr1# Wurx{hprv# dlqgd# gxdv# surihvvrudv# gd# Áuhd# mxuÍglfd# sdud# ghedwhuhp#
dvvxqwrv#txh#wdpeÉp#qrv#gl}hp#uhvshlwr=#Dqd#Dphold#Phqqd#Eduuhwr#idod#grv#
qryrv# sdudgljpdv# gd# sursdjdqgd# hohlwrudo# qd# Lqwhuqhw/# hqtxdqwr# Vdeulqd#
Ihol}}rod# Vrx}d# derugd# rv# glohpdv# mxuÍglfrv# gd# sulydflgdgh# qd# Lqwhuqhw1#DoÉp#
grv#hqwuhylvwdgrv/#yÁulrv#rxwurv#froderudgruhv#gd#frpxqlgdgh#hp#jhudo#irudp#
frqylgdgrv# d# sduwlflsdu/# fdgd# xp# frp# vxd# h{shulÊqfld# h# hvshfldolgdgh/# r# txh#
uhvxowrx#hp#xpd#hglÇÃr#Úqlfd1#Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw/#txh#É#mruqdolvwd#gd#hglwruld#gh#
PÍgldv# Vrfldlv# gr# Whuud# Qhwzrunv# Eudvlo# idod# gr# frqwuroh/# yljlodqwlvpr# h#
uhvlvwÊqfldv# qdv# uhghv# vrfldlv1#Doh{dqguh# Erued/# txh# mÁ# É# %gd# fdvd%/# wdpeÉp#
wulokd#sru#hvvh#fdplqkr1#R#Ghsxwdgr#Sdxor#Whl{hlud/#txh#wdpeÉp#É#dwlylvwd#gd#
olehugdgh# qd# uhgh# h# ghihqvru# gr# vriwzduh# olyuh/# ghihqgh# xpd# uhgh# vhp#
yljloÂqfld1#Dudfhoh# Wruuhv# idod# gd# frqvwuxÇÃr# gr# flgdgÃr# qrupdwl}dgr/# d# sduwlu#
gd# yljloÂqfld# qd# uhgh/# hqtxdqwr# Sdxor# UhqÁ# idod# gh# rihqvdv# shod# Lqwhuqhw=#
txdwur# dvshfwrv# mxuÍglfrv# lpsruwdqwhv1# Shufheh0vh# txh# d# hglÇÃr# hvwÁ# frp# xp#
dowr#whru#gh#ghedwh#h#glvfxvvÃr/#dojr#qdwxudo#txdqgr#É#wudwdgr#xp#dvvxqwr#gh#
lqwhuhvvh#sÚeolfr#h#edvwdqwh#frphqwdgr#dwxdophqwh1
YÁulrv# rxwurv# froderudgruhv# mÁ# frqkhflgrv# grv# ohlwruhv# sru# hvwduhp#
frqrvfr# d# pxlwdv# hglÇÕhv# wdpeÉp# ghudp# vxdv# rslqlÕhv# h# dsrqwdudp# qd#
gluhÇÃr# gr# whpd# hp# txhvwÃr/# r# ohlwru# srghuÁ# shufhehu1# Pdv# qhp# vÓ# gr# whpd#
sulqflsdo# d# hglÇÃr# irl# ihlwd1# Ehqmdplq# Jrhv/# uhvsrqvÁyho# shor# Xexqwx# Frqwuro#
Fhqwhu/# qrv# dsuhvhqwd# d# ihuudphqwd/# hqtxdqwr# RwÁylr# JrqÇdoyhv# idod# vreuh#
Mdyd1# R# duwlvwd# Ulfdugr# JudÇd# frphÇd# xpd# vÉulh# gh# duwljrv# vreuh# surgxÇÃr#
ylvxdo# xwlol}dqgr# sxur# vriwzduh# olyuh# h# Fohlwrq# Ihuuhlud# derugd# uhghv/# pdlv#
hvshflilfdphqwh#r#uorjlq1#H#pxlwr#pdlv111
Rv# ohlwruhv# txh# jrvwdp# gh# surprÇÕhv/# iltxhp# dwhqwrv=# Qrydv#
surprÇÕhv# irudp# lqfoxÍgdv# h# rxwudv# hvwÃr# d# fdplqkr1# DolÁv/# jrvwduld# gh#
frpsduwlokdu# frp# yrfÊv# r# phx# ghvhmr# gh# id}hu/# qd# Odwlqrzduh# 5343/# r# qrvvr#
sulphlur# hqfrqwur# gh# ohlwruhv# h# froderudgruhv# gd# Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh/# r# txh#
vhuld# pdlv# xpd# Ówlpd# rsruwxqlgdgh# gr# ohlwru# hvwdu# dol/# fdud# d# fdud# frp# txhp#
hvfuhyh# h# surgx}# d# sxeolfdÇÃr1# Ydprv# frqyhuvdqgr# vreuh# r# dvvxqwr111# Txhp#
vdeh#ylud#uhdolgdgh/#txh#wdoB$#Pdqghp#vxdv#vxjhvwÕhv$
DjudghÇr# d# wrgrv# shor# hpshqkr# hp# whqwdu# id}hu# xpd#
hglÇÃr#gh#txdolgdgh#h#txh#irvvh#uhihuÊqfld#qr#dvvxqwr1#Qrv#
yhprv# qd# hglÇÃr# 4:/# h# fxlgdgr/# yrfÊ# srgh# hvwdu# vhqgr#
ilopdgr111
MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru
Hglwru
H[SHGLHQWH
Gluhwru#Jhudo
###MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru
Hglwru
UhylvÃr
###DÉflr#Sluhv
###Doh{dqguh#D1#Erued
###Iholsh#Exdutxh#gh#Txhlur}
###Iudqflvfr#Dgulydjqhu#Gdqwdv
WudgxÇÃr
###Sdxor#gh#Vrx}d#Olpd
Duwh#h#GldjudpdÇÃr
###MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru##
###Ljru#Prujdgr#
###
Mruqdolvwd#UhvsrqvÁyho
###Odulvvd#Yhqwrulp#Frvwd
###HV33;9:0MS
#
Fdsd
###Fduorv#Hgxdugr#Pdwwrv#gd#Fux}
Frqwulexludp#qhvwd#hglÇÃr
###Doh{dqguh#D1#Erued
###Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
###Dqd#Dphold#Phqqd#Eduuhwr
###DqguÉ#Qrho
###Dudfhoh#Wruuhv
###Ehqmdplq#Jrhv
###FÁuolvvrq#Jdoglqr
###Fduorv#Hgxdugr#Pdwwrv#gd#Fux}
###Fh}du#Wdxulrq
###Fohlwrq#Ihuuhlud
###Gdljr#Dvxnd
###Ilolsh#Vdudlyd
###Kdlowrq#Gdylg#Ohprv
###Ljru#Prujdgr
###MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ
###Mrpdu#Vloyd
###MrvÉ#Mdphv#Iljxhlud#Whl{hlud
###Nhoo|dqh#Slqkhlur
###Nul{#DsrolqÁulr
###Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
###RwÁylr#JrqÇdoyhv
###Sdxor#gh#Vrx}d#Olpd
###Sdxor#UhqÁ
###Sdxor#Whl{hlud
###Ulfdugr#JudÇd
###Urehuwr#Vdorprq
###Vdeulqd#Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d
###Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
###Zdowhu#Fdsdqhpd##
###\xul#Dophlgd
##
#########
Frqwdwr
###uhylvwdChvslulwrolyuh1ruj
R#frqwhÚgr#dvvlqdgr#h#dv#lpdjhqv#txh#r#lqwhjudp/#vÃr#
gh#lqwhlud#uhvsrqvdelolgdgh#gh#vhxv#uhvshfwlyrv#dxwruhv/#
qÃr#uhsuhvhqwdqgr#qhfhvvduldphqwh#d#rslqlÃr#gd#
Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#h#gh#vhxv#uhvsrqvÁyhlv1#Wrgrv#rv#
gluhlwrv#vreuh#dv#lpdjhqv#vÃr#uhvhuydgrv#d#vhxv#
uhvshfwlyrv#sursulhwÁulrv1
36
HGL§£R#349
VXP¡ULR
FDSD
7;
Uhghv#Vrfldlv=
86
D#vdod#gh#frqwuroh
8;
Sru#xpd#uhgh
Frqwuroh/#yljlodqwlvpr#h#uhvlvwÊqfld
Rqgh#wxgr#dfrqwhfh$
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#MrÃr#
Fduorv#FduleÉ
S¡J1#66
vhp#yljloÂqfld111
94
YljloÂqfld#qd#uhgh=
98
Prqlwrudphqwr#gdv#dwlylgdghv
9<
D#odq#h#d#ohl
:6
Qrvvd#sulydflgdgh
:8
Yljlodqwlvpr
::
Rihqvdv#shod#Lqwhuqhw
Frqwulexlqgr#xp#vhu#qrupdwl}dgr
gr#xvxÁulr#shor#suryhgru
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#Dqd#
Dphold#Phqqd#Eduuhwr
S¡J1#73
FrqkhÇd#d#glvsxwd111
VhuÁ#txh#ydprv#shugÊ0odB
qdv#uhghv#vrfldlv
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#
Vdeulqd#Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d
S¡J1#76
Dvshfwrv#ohjdlv
43;#DJHQGD
39#QRWFLDV
FROXQDV
47
Plwrorjld#juhjd#7
55
Zduqlqj#]rqh
58
Lpsdfwr#hfrqÔplfr
Xp#wrtxh#gh#Plgdv
<9
Mdyd
Sdud#ohljrv
HslvÓglr#43
gr#Rshq#Vrxufh
5<
Gh#phld0qrlwh#Àv#vhlv
64
Eorj#wÉfqlfr
SURMHWR
<<
Surmhwr#Vdkdqd
FrqkhÇd#hvwh#lqwhuhvvdqwh#surmhwr
R#txh#yrfÊ#id}#qhvvh#kruÁulrB$
Txdlv#vxdv#ydqwdjhqv
GHVNWRS
435
UHGHV
:<
SURJUDPD§£R
Xexqwx#Frqwuro#Fhqwhu
Frqiljxudqgr#vhx#Xexqwx
Uorjlq
Frqkhfhqgr#r#vhuylÇr#gh#orjlq#uhprwr
JU¡ILFRV
437
IRUXP
;5
FdgÊ#r#phx#erwÃr#LqlflduB
;8
Dedqgrqzduh
;;
Olehugdgh
<3
Vriwzduh#Olyuh
Rqgh#É#txh#hoh#hvwÁB$
Rqgh#yrfÊ#hvwlyhu/#qÃr#vh#hvtxhÇd#gh#plp
DqlpdÇÃr#Gljlwdo
Surfhvvr#gh#surgxÇÃr
HYHQWRV
439
VHFRS#5343
Iruwdoh}d2FH
Rqgh#hod#hvwÁB
Frpr#dowhuqdwlyd#gh#vxfhvvr
TXDGULQKRV
43:
DwulexlÇÃr#gh#Ydoru
Ghsduwdphqwr#WÉfqlfr
HQWUH#DVSDV
3<#OHLWRU
43;
45#SURPR§µHV
FlwdÇÃr#gh#NÁw|d#Sxmdov#Fkdppd
QRWFLDV
QRWFLDV
Sru#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru
Pr}lood#Iluhir{#7#ehwd#glvsrqÍyho
D# Pr}lood# dqxqflrx# qd# Úowl0
pd# whuÇd0ihlud# d# olehudÇÃr#
gd# sulphlud# yhuvÃr# ehwd# gr#
Iluhir{#71#R#Iluhir{#7#Ehwd#4#
whp# xp# qryr# jhuhqfldgru#
gh#dgg0rqv/#vxsruwd#r#irupd0
wr# ZheP# gr# Jrrjoh# h# fruul0
jh# idokdv# hp# dojxqv#
sdguÕhv# zhe# txh# srghuldp# h{sru# r# klvwÓulfr# gh#
vlwhv# dfhvvdgrv# shorv# xvxÁulrv1# Edl{h# mÁ=#
kwws=22zzz1pr}lood1frp2hq0XV2iluhir{2ehwd21
OdqÇdgr#Dsdfkh#Wrpfdw#:13
D# ixqgdÇÃr# Dsdfkh# dfd0
ed# gh# olehudu# d# yhuvÃr#
:1313#gr#vhuylgru#gh#dsolfd0
ÇÕhv#Wrpfdw1#Hqwuh#dv#qr0
ylgdghv# hvwÃr# r# vxsruwh#
sdud# dv# hvshflilfdÇÕhv#
Vhuyohw#613/#MVS#515#h#HO#515/#qxphurvdv#phokrul0
dv# sdud# ghwhfwdu# h# suhyhqlu# %yd}dphqwr# gh# ph0
pÓuld%# qdv# dsolfdÇÕhv# zhe/# hqwuh# rxwurv1# Vdled#
pdlv#hp=#kwws=22wrpfdw1dsdfkh1ruj1
DssLqyhqwru#0#Fulh#dv#vxdv#Dssv#Dqgurlg
YrfÊ#whp#xpd#lghld#ohjdo#sd0
ud# xpd# Dss# Dqgurlg/# pdv#
qÃr#vdeh#frpr#wruqÁ0od#uhdol0
gdghB# FrqkhÇd# r# DssLqyhq0
wru$# Gluhflrqdgr# dr# sÚeolfr#
pdlv# mryhp# rx# sdud# txhp#
qÃr# whp# txdotxhu# frqkhfl0
phqwr#gh#surjudpdÇÃr/#r#Ds0
sLqyhqwru# shuplwh# d# fuldÇÃr# gh#Dssv#Dqgurlg# gh#
irupd# iÁflo/# oljdqgr# %eorfrv%# dr# hvwlor# gh# ohjrv1#
Pdv#qÃr#vh#hqjdqh#shod#vxd#vlpsolflgdgh1#Frp#
hvwh# DssLqyhqwru# É# srvvÍyho# id}hu# sudwlfdphqwh#
wxgr$# Vdled# pdlv=# kwws=22dsslqyhqwru1jrrjoh0
odev1frp2derxw21
Vsrwli|#fkhjd#rilfldophqwh#dr#Olqx{
Erd#qrwÍfld#sdud#txhp#djxdu0
gdyd# shor# vhuylÇr# Vsrwli|# sd0
ud# r# vlvwhpd# gr# slqjxlp1#
Vsrwli|# djrud# whp# yhuvÃr# ril0
fldo# sdud# JQX2Olqx{1# R# folhq0
wh#
qdwlyr#
srgh#
vhu#
ghvfduuhjdgr#
dtxl=#
kwws=22zzz1vsrwli|1frp2iu2grzqordg2suhylhzv1#
Sru# hqtxdqwr/# h{lvwh# dshqdv# sdfrwhv# sud# Ghel0
dq#Vtxhh}h2Xexqwx#431371#MÁ#É#xp#frphÇr$
8#Hqfrqwur#Qdflrqdo#gr#Xexqwx#Eudvlo
DqguÉ# Qrho/# froderudgru# gd# Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Ol0
yuh/#id}#xp#frqylwh#drv#ohlwr0
uhv=# %Xexqwhurv# gr# pxqgr/#
xql0yrv$# Ydl# dfrqwhfhu/# gx0
udqwh# r# ILVO# 44/# hp# Sruwr#
Dohjuh2UV/# r# 8# Hqfrqwur#
Qdflrqdo# gr# Xexqwx# Eudvlo1#
R# kruÁulr# dlqgd# qÃr# hvwÁ#
frqilupdgr/# pdv# vh# yrfÊ#
ydl# dr# ILVO# qÃr# shufd# hvvh# hqfrqwur$# Ydprv#
xexqwdu#r#ILVO#h#pdufdu#qrvvd#suhvhqÇd#qd#pdl0
ru#ihvwd#gh#vriwzduh#olyuh#qdflrqdo1%
OdqÇdgr#Pdqgulyd#Olqx{#5343#Vsulqj
Ghsrlv# gh# xp# fhuwr# dwudvr/#
d# Pdqgulyd# odqÇrx# d# pdlv#
uhfhqwh#yhuvÃr#gd#vxd#glvwul0
exlÇÃr#Olqx{/#r#Pdqgulyd#Ol0
qx{# 5343# Vsulqj1# Edvhdgd#
qr# nhuqho# Olqx{# 51916617/# r#
Pdqgulyd#
Olqx{#
5343#
Vsulqj# lqfoxl# frpr# lqwhuidfh#
juÁilfd# r# NGH# VF# 71716# +rx# r# JQRPH/# frqiru0
ph#ghvhmdu,/#dvvlp#frpr#d#vxlwh#gh#surgxwlylgd0
gh# RshqRiilfh1ruj# 615/# r# Iluhir{# 61919# h# pxlwr#
pdlv1# Vdled# pdlv# hp=# kwws=22zzz51pdqgul0
yd1frp2eu2grzqordgv21
39
QRWFLDV
RshqVrodulv#odqÇd#xowlpdwr#À#Rudfoh
Frpr# srgh# vhu# olgr#
qr# eorj# gh# Ehq#
Urfnzrrg/# r# Rshq0
Vrodulv#Jryhuqlqj#Erdug#+RJE,/#rx#vhmd/#d#pÁ{l0
pd# hqwlgdgh# dgplqlvwudwlyd# gd# frpxqlgdgh#
RshqVrodulv/#odqÇrx#xp#xowlpdwr#À#Rudfoh=#rx#hq0
yldp# xp# uhsuhvhqwdqwh# gd# frpsdqkld# sdud# wud0
wdu# gr# ixwxur# gd# frpxqlgdgh# h# gr#
ghvhqyroylphqwr#gr#RshqVrodulv#dqwhv#gr#49#gh#
djrvwr#rx#d#RJE#vh#dxwrglvvroyhuÁ#h#ghyroyhuÁ#
d# jhvwÃr# gd# frpxqlgdgh# À# Rudfoh/# dojr# txh# vh0
uld#r#htxlydohqwh#d#ghfuhwdu#vxd#pruwh1#Pdlv#lqiru0
pdÇÕhv=# kwws=22zzz1fxggohwhfk1frp2eorj2slyrw2#
hqwu|1sksBlg@44671
Frqfxuvr# WX[# OLEUDV# qr# ILVO44=# Vrx# Olyuh#
frp#Oleudv$
YrfÊ# frqkhfh# OleudvB# MÁ#
rxylx#idoduB#D#sulphlud#oÍq0
jxd# +oÍqjxd# qdwxudo,# grv#
vxugrv# qr# Eudvlo# É# d# OÍq0
jxd# Eudvlohlud# gh# Vlqdlv#
+Oleudv,# h# d# oÍqjxd# sruwx0
jxhvd# É# vxd# 5# oÍqjxd1# D#
sursrvwd# ghvwh# frqfxuvr#
É# suhpldu# r# phokru# Wx{#
Oleudv$#D#olfhqÇd#srgh#vhu#JSO#rx#Fuhdwlyh#Frp0
prqv1# Rv# wuÊv# sulphlurv# oxjduhv# vhuÃr# hvfrokl0
grv# shorv# ylvlwdqwhv# gr# Vwdqg# gr# Wh{wr# Olyuh#
gxudqwh# r# ILVO44/# hp# Sruwr# Dohjuh/# h# wdpeÉp#
srghp#vhu#yrwdgrv#rqolqh/#hp#vlwh#d#vhu#glyxojd0
gr# hp# euhyh1# Sdud# vh# lqvfuhyhu/# hqylh# vhx# Wx{#
+hp# vyj# h# sqj,# h# vhxv# gdgrv# +qrph# frpsohwr/#
hqghuhÇr# sdud# hqylr# grv# suÊplrv/# h0pdlo# h# whoh0
irqh# sdud# frqwdwr,# sdud# wh{wrolyuhCoh0
wudv1xipj1eu# h# qÃr# hvtxhÇd# gh# lqirupdu# txdo# d#
sdodyud#txh#r#Wx{#hvwÁ#gl}hqgr1#
Olqx{i{#odqÇd#Olqx{i{RV7#hp#wuÊv#hglÇÕhv
D# Olqx{i{# dfded# gh# odqÇdu# d# yhuvÃr# hvwÁyho# gr#
vhx# vlvwhpd# gh# surgxÇÃr/# r# Olqx{i{RV# 71# VÃr#
wuÊv#hglÇÕhv#glvsrqÍyhlv=#Plqlpdo/#Ixoo#h#Jdphv1#
D# yhuvÃr# plqlpdo# whp# 9<<# PE# h# fdeh# hp# xp#
FG/#ghvhqyroylgd#lqlfldophqwh#sdud#txhp#whp#gl0
ilfxogdghv# hp# id}hu# r# grzqordg# rx# sdud# txhp#
txhu#xp#vlvwhpd#vlpsohv#h#gh#errw#pdlv#uÁslgr/# Xexqwx#43143#whuÁ#xp#qryr#lqvwdodgru
R# Xexqwx# 43143# frglqr0
sdud# qdyhjdu# rx# xwlol}du# qr# hvfulwÓulr1# Vdled#
ph# Pdyhulfn# Phhundw/#
pdlv#hp=#kwws=22zzz1olqx{i{1ruj1
suÓ{lpr# odqÇdphqwr# ghv0
wd# srsxodu# glvwulexlÇÃr#
Fxuvr#gh#S|wkrq#Judwxlwr#qr#Xqghu0Olqx{#
olqx{/#frqwduÁ#frp#xp#qr0
Vh# yrfÊ# whp# lqwhuhvvh# hp#
yr#lqvwdodgru1#Hp#xpd#hq0
dsuhqghu# S|wkrq/# qÃr# shufd#
wuhylvwd/# Hydq# Gdqguhd/#
whpsr$# R# sruwdo# Xqghu0#
Hqjhqkhlur# gh# Vriwzduh#
Olqx{# dqxqfld# txh# whuÁ# xp#
gd# Fdqrqlfdo# h# fuldgru# gd#
fxuvr#judwxlwr#gh#S|wkrq/#pl0
qlvwudgr# shor# xvxÁulr# Pdj0 ihuudphqwd# Pljudwlrq# Dvvlvwdqw# qr# lqvwdodgru# gr#
qxq1# R# fxuvr# lqwhlur# hvwÁ# Xexqwx# +Xeltxlw|,/# gl}# txh# r# lqvwdodgru# phokrud0
vhqgr#frqvwuxÍgr#h#h{sdqgl0 gr# wruqduÁ# dlqgd# pdlv# iÁflo# sdud# rv# xvxÁulrv/#
gr# gluhwdphqwh# hp# vhx# Eorj/# ghqwur# gr# Xqghu0# phvpr# rv# qrydwrv# gr# Olqx{/# lqvwdodu# d# glvwulexl0
Olqx{1ruj1# Qhoh/# r# doxqr# srgh# dfrpsdqkdu# rv# ÇÃr# srsxodu# hp# vhxv# vlvwhpdv1# Hperud# qÃr# vh0
srvwv/#hihwxdu#rv#h{hufÍflrv#h/#vhpsuh#txh#suhfl0 md# xpd# uhhvfulwd# frpsohwd/# r# suÓ{lpr# lqvwdodgru#
vdu/#wludu#gÚylgdv#frp#r#Dxwru#dwudyÉv#grv#frphq0 gr# Xexqwx# 43143# luÁ# dsuhvhqwdu# xp# judqgh# qÚ0
wÁulrv# gh# fdgd# srvw2dxod1# R# fxuvr# gh# S|wkrq# phur# gh# dowhudÇÕhv# ylvÍyhlv1# D# yhuvÃr# ilqdo# gr#
dlqgd# hvwÁ# hp# fuldÇÃr# pdv# mÁ# frqwd# frp# pdlv# Xexqwx#Pdyhulfn#Phhundw#hvwÁ#surjudpdgd#sdud#
gh# 63# dxodv1# Vdled# pdlv=# kwws=22xqghu0olqx{1ruj2# vhu# odqÇdgr# hp# 43# gh# rxwxeur# gh# 5343#
+43243243,1
eorjv2pdjqxq21
3:
QRWFLDV
Yxoqhudelolgdgh# qr# Jhuhqfldphqwr# gh# PhpÓ0
uld#gr#IuhhEVG
Xpd# yxoqhudelolgdgh# ghwhfwd0
gd# qr# jhuhqfldphqwr# gh# ph0
pÓuld# gr# vxevlvwhpd# gh# uhgh#
gr# IuhhEVG/# shuplwh# txh#
xvxÁulrv# dxwhqwlfdgrv# srv0
vdp# hglwdu# dutxlyrv# sdud# rv#
txdlv# hohv# vÓ# whuldp# sulyloÉjl0
rv# gh# ohlwxud1# R# sureohpd# hp# txhvwÃr# dihwd# r#
IuhhEVG# qd# yhuvÃr# :1{# rx# yhuvÃr# srvwhulru1# Rv#
ghvhqyroyhgruhv# uhfrphqgdp# txh# rv# xvxÁulrv#
dwxdol}hp#sdud#d#yhuvÃr#gh#surgxÇÃr#:0VWDEOH#
rx# ;0VWDEOH1# Dv# yhuvÕhv# UHOHQJb;b4/# UH0
OHQJb;b3/#UHOHQJb:b6#h#UHOHQJb:b4#mÁ#ir0
udp# dwxdol}dgdv# shorv# ghvhqyroyhgruhv1#
Ghwdokhv#hp=#kwws=22plxg1lq2;<[1
furvriw# hvwdyd# ihfkdqgr# frp# r# HvfulwÓulr# Ihgh0
udo# VxÍÇr# sdud# FrqvwuxÇÕhv# h# OrjÍvwlfd/# txh#
rihuhfhuld#olfhqfldphqwr#hvwhqglgr#grv#surgxwrv#
gd# hpsuhvd# gh# Uhgprqg/# doÉp# gh# pdqxwhqÇÃr#
h# vxsruwh1# R# frqwudwr# lqfoxluld# dlqgd# d# dtxlvlÇÃr#
gh#431833#frpsxwdgruhv#ghvnwrsv#h#4:1833#ods0
wrsv1#D# fruwh# vlpsohvphqwh# qhjrx# rxylu# d# uhfod0
pdÇÃr/# pdv# d# vhqwhqÇd# dlqgd# srgh# vhu#
frqwhvwdgd#qd#Fruwh#Ihghudo#gd#VxÍÇd1#Txhu#vd0
ehu#pdlvB#Ylvlwh=#kwws=22plxg1lq2;<Z1
Wkh#Sludwh#Ed|#É#doyr#gh#lqydvÃr#
Xp# fudfnhu# dujhqwlqr# gh# 56#
dqrv# gh# lgdgh/# frqkhflgr#
frpr# %Fk# Uxvvr%/# frqwdqgr#
frp# d# dmxgd# gh# pdlv# grlv#
frpsduvdv/# frqvhjxlx# lqyd0
glu#r#edqfr#gh#gdgrv#shuwhq0
fhqwh# dr# srsxodu# vlwh# gh#
frpsduwlokdphqwr# gh# dutxl0
yrv#Wkh#Sludwh#Ed|1#D#dÇÃr#irl#frqfuhwl}dgd#xwlol0
}dqgr# xpd# lqmhÇÃr# gh# VTO/# txh/# dsuryhl0#
wdqgr0vh# gh# xpd# yxoqhudelolgdgh/# ih}# frp# txh#
rv# lqydvruhv# wlyhvvhp# dfhvvr# Àv# lqirupdÇÕhv#
gh# pdlv# gh# txdwur# plokÕhv# gh# xvxÁulrv1# Frqiru0
ph#dojxpdv#ghfodudÇÕhv#suhvwdgdv#shod#hpsuh0
vd#gh#vhjxudqÇd#Nuhev#Rq#Vhfxulw|/#rv#fudfnhuv#
qÃr#il}hudp#qhqkxpd#dowhudÇÃr#qr#edqfr#gh#gd0
grv/# h# wrgdv# dv# lqirupdÇÕhv# Àv# txdlv# hohv# wlyh0
udp# dfhvvr# qÃr# irudp# uhsdvvdgdv# À# whufhlurv1#
Ghwdokhv#qr#vlwh=#kwws=22nuhevrqvhfxulw|1frp21
OdqÇdgr#]hqFdih#515
Qr#Úowlpr#gld#45#irl#odqÇdgd#d#yhuvÃr#515#gr#]hq0
Fdih1# ]hqfdih# É# xpd# glvwulexlÇÃr# Olqx{# ruljlqÁ0
uld#gd#¡vld/#frqvwuxÍgd#frp#edvhv#qr#wudglflrqdo#
h#srwhqwh#Vodfnzduh#h#qr#]hqzdon1#Hoh#É#surmhwd0
gr# sdud# vhu# xwlol}dgr# hp# F|ehu# FdiÉv/# h# srgh#
vhu# idflophqwh# rshudgr# dwÉ# phvpr# sru# xvxÁulrv#
txh# whqkdp# srxfr# frqkhflphqwr# hp# Olqx{1# Hv0
wd#yhuvÃr#odqÇdgd#wud}#r#nhuqho#51916617/#d#vxÍwh#
RshqRiilfh1ruj# qd# yhuvÃr# 61514/# r# qdyhjdgru#
Pr}lood# Iluhir{/# h# rv# phqvdjhlurv# lqvwdqwÂqhrv#
Slgjlq# h# J|dfkl1#DoÉp# grv# uhfxuvrv# txh# r# frp0
sÕhp/# hoh# dsuhvhqwd# xp# surfhvvr# gh# lqvwdodÇÃr#
vlpsohv# h# suÁwlfr/# xpd# lqwhuidfh# dpljÁyho/# dwd0
okrv# sdud# r# whfodgr# h# rxwudv# dsolfdÇÕhv# dglflr0 7Olqx{#%fdÇd%#erdv#lghldv#qr#ILVO44
qdlv1#
Vdled#
pdlv#
hp=# YrfÊ#whp#dojxpd#lghld#mÁ#frphÇdgd#sdud#vhu#fr0
kwws=22zzz1}hqfdih1zhe1lg2uhohdvh0}hqfdih05521
orfdgd# hp# surgxÇÃr# edvhdgd# hp# vriwzduhv# ol0
yuhvB# MÁ# whp# dojxp# vriwzduh# hp# surgxÇÃr# pdv#
Iruqhfhgruhv# gh# vriwzduh# gh# fÓgljr# dehuwr# txh# suhflvd# hyroxlu# sdud# vhu# xp# yhugdghlur# vx0
shughp#surfhvvr
fhvvrB#Dojxp# vriwzduh# glvsrqÍyho# hp# dojxp# uh0
Rv# iruqhfhgruhv# gh# vriwzd0 srvlwÓulr# frpr/# sru# h{hpsor/# VrxufhIrujhB# D#
uh# gh# fÓgljr# dehuwr# qd# VxÍ0 7Olqx{# txhu# vhu# vÓfld# ghvvd# lghld2surgxwr# h# lq0
Çd# dfdedp# gh# shughu# xp# yhvwlu# U'# 5331333/33# pdlv# uhfxuvrv# kxpdqrv#
fdvr# frqwud# d# Plfurvriw# qr# wÉfqlfrv# gd# suÓsuld# 7Olqx{1# Vdled# pdlv=#
Wulexqdo#Ihghudo#Dgplqlvwudwl0 kwws=22zzz17olqx{1frp1eu2UhjudvbLghld1
yr# gdtxhoh# sdÍv1# R# prwlyrB#
Xp#frqwudwr#gh#WL#txh#d#Pl0
3;
FROXQD#GR#OHLWRU
HPDLOV/#
VXJHVWµHV#H#
FRPHQW¡ULRV
D|kdq#\LOGL]#0#v{f1kx
Hvwd#vhÇÃr#É#vxd#ohlwru$#Frortxh#d#erfd#qr#wurp0
erqh$# QÃr# iltxh# frp# yhujrqkd=# gljd0qrv# r# txh#
dfkrx#gd#Úowlpd#hglÇÃr#rx#gdv#Úowlpdv#pdwÉuldv$#
Dojr#qÃr#ilfrx#ohjdoB#Dojxpd#pdwÉuld#okh#dmxgrx#
pxlwrB#Ilfrx#vdwlvihlwr#sru#whu#hqfrqwudgr#r#txh#
surfxudydB# HqwÃr# pdqlihvwh0vh# h# prvwuh# d# qÓv#
h# drv# ghpdlv# ohlwruhv# r# txÃr# lpsruwdqwh# É# whu# r#
%hvsÍulwr#olyuh%1#Dedl{r#olvwdprv#dojxqv#frphqwÁul0
rv#txh#uhfhehprv#qrv#Úowlprv#gldv=
Hglwruldo# irupdgru# gh# rslqlÃr# txh# prwlyd# rv# gh0
vhqyroyhgruhv# d# fuldu# h# frpsduwlokdu111# Lqfoxvlyh#
qrv#prwlyrx#qd#Suhihlwxud#d#ghvhqyroyhu#hp#sdu0
fhuld#id}hqgr#xvr#gd#frrshudÇÃr#wÉfqlfd1
Dulrydogr#Vhudilp#MÚqlru#0#PrqjdjxÁ2VS
Xpd# Ówlpd# lqlfldwlyd# gh# ghyh# vhu# vhpsuh# dsrld0
gd#sru#wrgrv#rv#dpdqwhv#gh#vriwzduh#olyuh#h#fr0
qkhflphqwr#olyuh$
Urguljr#Fduydokr#Vloyd#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
gr#hp#uhghv#vrfldlv#yluwxdlv#rx#qÃr1
Pdufhor#gh#Rolyhlud#0#VÃr#Sdxor2VS
³wlpd# uhylvwd# gh# frqwhÚgr# vxshu# lpsruwdqwh# sd0
ud# d# frpxqlgdgh# gr# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Wud}# dvvxq0
wrv# dwxdlv# qrv# ohydqgr# vhpsuh# d# hvwdu#
dwxdol}dgrv# h# sduwlflsdqwhv# gr# txh# kÁ# gh# pdlv#
qryr1# ³wlprv# froxqlvwdv# h# rv# dvvxqwrv# derugd0
grv#vÃr#vhpsuh#rv#phokruhv1#
Wkldjr#Iudqfr#Vloyd#0#Plqhlurv2JR
MÁ#ol#glyhuvdv#hglÇÕhv#gd#uhylvwd/#r#txh#pdlv#ph#
dwudl# qd# Uhylvwd# É# r# vhx# frqwhÚgr# shgdjÓjlfr/#
dfkr#d#uhylvwd#idqwÁvwlfd1
Udidho#DqwÔqlr#Phqghv#gd#Vloyd#0#Fxulwled2SU
Hvvd#uhylvwd#idyruhfh#r#iruwdohflphqwr#gd#frpx0
qlgdgh#gh#vriwzduh#olyuh#r#txh#id}#dxphqwdu#dlq0
gd# pdlv# qrv# vhxv# ohlwruhv# r# vhqwlphqwr# gh#
hvsÍulwr# olyuh# pdqwhqgr# h# frqvwuxlqgr# h# surpr0
yhqgr/#d#wrgr#prphqwr/#d#yhugdghlud#olehugdgh1#
Xpd# Ówlpd# uhylvwd/# frp# frqwhÚgrv# txh# deudq0
jhp# glyhuvrv# dvvxqwrv# gh# lqwhuhvvh# gd# frpxql0 Gdqlho#F1gr#Qdvflphqwr#0#Vdoydgru2ED
gdgh# gr# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Vhpsuh# dfrpsdqkr# h#
D# Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh# uhiohwh# r# txh# d# pdlru#
uhsdvvr#hod#sdud#phxv#dpljrv1
sduwh#grv#erqv#surilvvlrqdlv#exvfdp/#txh#vÃr#r#
Jhuvrq#Gdpnh#0#Vdqwd#Pduld2UV
frqkhflphqwr#h#d#wurfd#gh#h{shulÊqfldv#gh#xpd#
Pdlv#xp#Ówlpd#sxolfdÇÃr#txh#hvwd#oljdgd#frp#r# irupd#iÁflo#h#dr#dofdqfh#gh#wrgrv1
pxqgr# gr# vriwzduh# olyuh1# SdudeÉqv# d# wrgd# htxl0 Dolqh#Pdlud#Zlww#Prvhqd#0#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV
sh#hglwruldo/#frqwlqxhp#id}hqgr#hvvh#Ówlpr#wuded0
HvsÍulwr# Olyuh# hv# xqd# uhihuhqfld# lpsuhvflqgleoh#
okr1
sdud#frqrfhu#fdgd#phv#odv#whqghqfldv/#qryhgd0
Zhoolqjwrq#Doyhv#Fdeudo#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
ghv#|#glvfxvlrqhv#dfwxdohv#vreuh#ho#ghvduuroor#|#
Txhur#hvfuhyhu#wdpeÉp$$$#Jrvwr#pxlwr1#Dfuhglwr# ho#xvr#gho#vriwzduh#oleuh1
txh#srghprv#pxowlsolfdu#r#dfhvvr#frpsduwlokdq0 Urgroir#Orxuwhw#0#Prqwhylghr2Xuxjxd|
3<
FROXQD#GR#OHLWRU
gr# xp# fuhvflphqwr# hqruph/# derugdqgr#
dvvxqwrv# ehp# lqwhuhvdqwhv/# xwlol}dqgr# gh# xpd#
irupd# surixqgd# h# gh# idflo# hqwhqglphqwr# sdud#
derugdu# rv# dvvxqwrv/# id}hqgr# dvvlp# txdotxhu#
shvvrd# +whqgr# rx# qÃr# dojxp# frqkhflphqwr# qd#
Áuhd,#frpsuhhqghu#rv#whpdv1#Whp#irfr#d#whfqr0
orjld# h# fxowxud/# pdlv# ylvd# vhpsuh# r# vriwzduh# ol0
D#uhylvwd#É#wÃr#edfdqd#txh#suhwhqgr#sdudu#gh#hq0 yuh# wruqdqgr# dvvlp# dfhvvlyho# d# wrgrv1# Vhqgr#
urodu# r# MrÃr# Ihuqdqgr# h# hvfuhyhu# xp# duwljr# sd0 judwxlwd#h#hp#SGI#idflolwdqgr#d#vxd#sursdjdÇÃr#
ud# frqwulexlu/# uv$# =G# Jrvwr# grv# wh{wrv# h/# shor# pdlru# phlr# gh# frpxqlÇÃr# dwxdophqwh# h{lv0
sulqflsdophqwh/# gd# srvwxud# hglwruldo# gd# uhylvwd# h# whqwh1#Ohlr#h#uhfrphqgr/#fdgd#yh}#phokru1
gh#vxd#htxlsh/#txh#whqwdp#derugdu#whpdv#frqwur0 Iholsh#Dwdpdqf}xn#0#Fdqrlqkdv2VF
yhuwlgrv#h#lqwhuhvvdqwhv#vre#Ówlfdv#glyhuvdv/#uhv0
shlwdqgr# rslqlÕhv# h# srvvlelolwdqgr# d# wurfd# gh# Xpd# judqgh# uhylvwd# uhsdvvdqgr# lqirupdÇÕhv# gd#
lqirupdÇÕhv/#ehp#frpr#glixqglqgr#r#vriwzduh#ol0 irupd# vlpsohv# h# hilflhqwh# h# frpr# r# qrph# phv0
yuh# h# r# frqkhflphqwr1# QÃr# ixl# pxlwr# ruljlqdo/# pr#gl}=#OLYUH$$$
pdv#ixl#vlqfhud111#Reuljdgd#sru#vh#hviruÇduhp#sd0 Grxjodv#Urguljxhv#0#JudydwdÍ2UV
ud#surgx}lu#xp#erp#pdwhuldo#gh#irupd#dfhvvÍyho#
Xpd# Ówlpd# Uhylvwd/# wlyh# dfhvvr# sru# phlr# gr#
d#wrgrv$#=,#DeudÇÃr#gd#mdsd$
Juxsr# gh# Vriwzduh# Olyuh# gr# Hvwdgr# gh# JrlÁv1#
Fhflold#Wdqdnd#0#VÃr#Sdxor2VS
SdudeÉqv# d# wrgd# htxlsh# gd# Uhylvwd# Hvslulwr# Ol0
Hvwrx#frphÇdqgr#d#frqkhfhu#d#uhylvwd#h#r#pxq0 yuh$
gr# gr# vriwzduh# olyuh# frp# pdlru# dvvlgxlgdgh# h# Sdxor#O1#Vhl{dv#0#Dsduhflgd#gh#Jrldqld2Jrldv
dwudyÉv# ghod# whqkr# yÁulrv# plwrv# ghvplvwlilfdgrv#
h# d# fdgd# gld# ph# wruqr# pdlv# lqwhuhvvdgr# shor# ³wlpd/# sru# vhpsuh# pdqwhu# r# irfr# hp# whfqrorjl0
pxqgr# olyuh# h# vhxv# dilqv1# Vhl# txh# hvwd# glvfxv0 dv/# qÃr# hvtxhfhqgr# gh# wudwdu# frp# d# ghylgd# lp0
vÃr# vhuÁ# xpd# glvfxvvÃr# hwhuqd# rqgh# fdgd# odgr# sruwÂqfld#rv#Vriwzduhv#Olyuhv$
whp#vhxv#suÓv#h#frqwudv#pdv#dfuhglwr#qd#olehugd0 Zhoolqjwrq#I1#JrqÇdoyhv#0#Euhmr#Vdqwr2FH
gh# gh# hvfrokd# h# wrgrv# ghyhprv# whu# d# qrÇÃr# gr#
txh#h{lvwh#sdud#srghuprv#rswdu#shor#r#txh#É#ph0 Hx# dgrur# r# irupdwr# gd# uhylvwd1# Sru# vhu# hohwuÔql0
fd# srgh# vhu# olgd# hp# txdotxhu# oxjdu1#Dv# lqirupd0
okru#sdud#fdgd#vlwxdÇÃr2shvvrd1#
ÇÕhv# txh# fduuhjd# vÃr# gdv# pdlv# yduldgdv# h#
Fduorv#Khqultxh#Fruuhd#0#Uhvhqgh2UM
vhpsuh#lqwhuvvdqwhv1#SdudeÉqv$
©#xpd#h{fhohqwh#uhylvwd/#vhpsuh#dwxdol}dgd/#sdv0 Vxh#Uxjjhul#Frqv#0#Fd{ldv#gr#Vxo2UV
vdqgr# lqirupdÇÕhv# lpsruwdqwhv# sdud# wrgr# ohlwru#
Xpd# gdv# phokruhv# sxeolfdÇÕhv# vreuh# vriwzduh#
txh#ylyh#qr#pxqgr#gd#lqirupÁwlfd1
olyuh#gr#Eudvlo1#D#pxlwr#whpsr#qÃr#wÍqkdprv#xpd#
Urguljr#Orpedugl#Prudlv#0#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV
uhylvwd#wÃr#frpsohwd#h#frp#whpdv#dwxdlv1
Pxlwr#lqwhuhvvdqwh#h#txh#yhp#frqwulexlqgr#fdgd# Sdvfrdo#Doh{dqguh#0#Uhfdqwr#gdv#Hpdv2GI
yh}# pdlv# frp# r# fuhvflphqwr# h# glyxojdÇÃr# gr#
©#xpd#uhylvwd#pxlwr#erd#sdud#d#judqgh#sduwh#gh#
Vriwzduh#Olyuh1
shvvrdv# txh# vh# lqwhuhvvdp# shor# vriwzduh# olyuh/#
MrvÉ#Dulvwlghv#P1#Ilokr#0#Eduud#Pdqvd2UM
derugdqgr#dvvxqwrv#pxlwr#lqwhuhvvdqwhv1
D#uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh/#wudwd#gh#dvvxqwrv#uhodflr0 Euhqgrq#Sudgr#gh#Dqgudgh#0#Doyrudgd2UV
qdgrv#qd#Áuhd#gh#WL#d#txdo#dwxdophqwh#yhhp#whq0
Hvwd#uhylvwd#É#Ówlpd1#Vhpsuh#qrv#dwxdol}dqgr#vr0
euh#r#txh#d#gh#lqrydgru#h#qrylgdgh#qd#whfqror0
jld# qr# vriwzduh# olyuh/# frpsohwdqgr# xp# dqr# gh#
h{lvwÊqfld# h# frqfhuwh}d# ydl# frpsohwdu# pxlwrv# h#
pxlwrv#dqrv#qr#phufdgr1
Qhudogr#U1#grv#Vdqwrv#Qhwr#0#Sruwr#dohjuh2UV
43
FROXQD#GR#OHLWRU
©#lqfulyhophqwh#xp#hvslulwr#olyuh1#Srghprv#yhu#r#
txh# kÁ# gh# phokru# pdlv# dwxdo# qd# uhgh# hp# uhod0
ÇÃr#dr#vriwzduh#olyuh#dohp#gh#ghedwhv#h#hqwuhylv0
wdv# frp# rv# pdlv# uhqrpdgrv# dwlylvwdv# gr#
vriwzduh#olyuh#gr#eudvlo#h#gr#pxqgr1
Glhjr#Zh|pdu#grv#Vdqwrv#0#Shorwdv2UV
hglÇÃr# 47# h# jrvwhl# pxlwr$# Dgruhl# d# froxqd# %Xp#
gld#fdopr#qd#ylgd#gh#xpd#V|vDgplq%1
Fduorv#Dxjxvwr#V1#gd#Vloyd#0#Fdfkrhlulqkd2UV
©# xpd# uhylvwd# Ówlpd1# ©# xpd# irqwh# frqilÁyho# gh#
lqirupdÇÃr/#irqwh#gh#shvtxlvd#gh#qrydv#whfqror0
jldv/# irl# xpd# Ówlpd# lqlfldwlyd# sdud# glvvhplqdÇÃr#
D#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#É#d#pdlru#irqwh#gh#lqiru0 gh#frqkhflphqwr$$$#SdudeÉqv#d#wrgrv1
pdÇÃr# hp# irupd# gh# uhylvwd# vreuh# vriwzduh# olyuh# Lydqd#V1#gr#Qdvflphqwr#0#Vdoydgru2ED
hp# jhudo1# H{fhohqwh# pdwhuldo1# QÃr# ghl{r# gh# ohu#
D# uhylvwd# É# frpsohwd/# h# iruqhfh# d# qÓv# ohlwruhv/#
qhqkxpd1
xpd#judqgh#rsruwxqlgdgh#gh#frqkhflphqwr/#dwul0
Khufxohv#Ohpnh#Phuvfkhu#0#Fduldflfd2HV
exÍgrv#drv#duwljrv1
D# Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh# sdud# plp# wud}# d# phokru# Ihuqdqgr#N1#Drnl#Ul}}dwwr#0#Yrwxsrudqjd2VS
lqirupdÇÃr# grv# Vriwzduhv# Olyuhv/# srlv# whp# frq0
Xp#ehor#yhÍfxor#gh#frpsduwlokdphqwr#gh#frqkh0
frugÂqfld#dwÉ#qrv#qrphv1
flphqwr# txh# uhÚqh# hp# fdgd# sxeolfdÇÃr# dv# frq0
Urguljr#gh#Doyduhqjd#J1#Shuh}#0#EudvÍold2GI
wulexlÇÕhv# gh# txhp# mÁ# frqwulexl# edvwdqwh# frp# d#
D#uhylvwd#mÁ#frphÇd#frp#qrwd#pÁ{lpd#shod#fuldwl0 lqirupdÇÃr# h# r# Vriwzduh# Olyuh1# Vhp# gÚylgd# d#
ylgdgh# gr# qrph/# h# qÃr# kÁ# frpr# uhwludu# srqwrv# phokru#uhylvwd#gh#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#gr#Eudvlo1
Udidho#Prqwhlur#Udsrvr#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
shor#frqwhÚgr1
UÔpxor#Uhlv#gh#Rolyhlud#0#Sdvvr#Ixqgr2UV
D# uhylvwd# Hvslulwr# Vdqwr# É# pxlwr# erd/# srlv/# qÓv#
©# xp# erp# phlr# gh# lqirupdÇÃr# sdud# rv# ohlwruhv# gÁ# xpd# ylvÃr# gr# Xqlyhuvr# gr# Vriwzduh# Olyuh#
h# xvxÁulrv# olqx{/# srlv# dtxl# qÓv# hqfrqwudprv# wr0 txh#qhqkxpd#rxwud#prvwud1
gdv# dv# lqirupdÇÕhv# qhfhvvÁuldv# sdud# vdehuprv# SdudeÉqv$
vreuh# dv# qrylgdghv# qr# pxqgr# wÃr# h{sdqvlyr# Dguldqr#Khqultxh#Uh}hqgh#0#PdulqjÁ2SU
txh#É#d#lqirupÁwlfd1
Hvslulwr#Olyuh#É#sud#plp#d#Úqlfd#txh#qrv#wud}#rv#
FoÁxglr#DulnlsÁ#0#VÃr#Oxlv2PD
shqvdphqwrv# h# qrylgdghv# gr# Vriwzduh# Olyuh# gr#
Dfkr# txh# É# d# pdqhlud# shuihlwd# gh# glyxojdu# r# pxqgr1
vriwzduh# olyuh# d# wrgdv# shvvrdv/# txh# hvwÁ# pdlv# Holvhx#Od}}dulq#0#Pdufholqr#Udprv2UV
suhvhqwh#hp#qrvvdv#ylgdv#pdlv#gr#txh#lpdjlqd0
prv1
Mhdq#Grxjodv#Frqwh#0#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV
Ph#hqfdqwduld#uhflelu#d#pl#gluhfflrq1
Pljxho#Edxp#0#Dvxqflrq2Sdudjxd|
©#pdudylokrvr#vdehu#txh#srgh0vh#ohu#xp#frqwhÚ0
gr# gh# txdolgdgh/# lpsdufldo# h# frp# dvvxqwrv# txh#
srghp#vhu#hvfroklgrv#shorv#suÓslrv#ohlwruhv1
Hgxdugr#Orshv#gh#Vrxvd#0#VÃr#Sdxor2VS
FrphqwÁulrv/#vxjhvwÕhv#h#
frqwulexlÇÕhv=
DwÉ# hqwÃr# qÃr# frqkhfld# d# uhylvwd/# pdv# edl{hl# d#
uhylvwdChvslulwrolyuh1ruj
44
SURPR§µHV##UHOD§£R#GH#JDQKDGRUHV#H#QRYDV#SURPR§µHV
#SURPR§µHV
Udidho#Khuqdqgh}#hp#sdufhuld#frp#d#
Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#hvwduÁ#vruwhdqgr#
eulqghv#hqwuh#rv#ohlwruhv1#Edvwd#vh#
lqvfuhyhu#qhvwh#olqn#h#frphÇdu#d#wrufhu$
D#WuhlqdOlqx{#hp#sdufhuld#frp#d#Uhylvwd#
HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#hvwduÁ#vruwhdqgr#nlwv#gh#
GYGv#hqwuh#rv#ohlwruhv1#Edvwd#vh#
lqvfuhyhu#qhvwh#olqn#h#frphÇdu#d#wrufhu$
QÃr#jdqkrxB#YrfÊ#dlqgd#whp#fkdqfh$#R#
Foxeh#gr#Kdfnhu#hp#sdufhuld#frp#d#Uhylvwd#
HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#vruwhduÁ#dvvrfldÇÕhv#sdud#r#
foxeh1#Lqvfuhyd0vh#qr#olqn#h#fux}h#rv#ghgrv$
45
SURPR§µHV##UHOD§£R#GH#JDQKDGRUHV#H#QRYDV#SURPR§µHV
UhodÇÃr#gh#jdqkdgruhv#gh#vruwhlrv#dqwhulruhv=
Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#WuhlqdOlqx{=
41#Hyhudogr#Vdqwrv#gh#Rolyhlud#0#Vdoydgru2ED
51#Oxfldqd#Phor#gh#Odfhugd#0#Qdwdo2UQ
Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#Foxeh#gr#Kdfnhu=
41#IÁelr#Khurog#0#Fdqhod2UV
51#Mrvw#Gd|dq#gh#Vrx}d#Phor#0#Dwledld2VS
61#Gdqlor#Ydoglu#Urguljxhv#0#Dudxfduld2SU
Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#Yluwxdoolqn=
41#Mhyhuvrq#gh#Vrxvd#Eduervd#Olpd#0#Sdopdv2WR
51#Hgxdugr#Gruqhohv#gh#Dpdgru#0#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV
61#Ehuqdugr#Vhsxoyh#gh#Fdvwur#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
71#Dohvvdqgur#Wxeldqd#0#Fdsdqhpd2SU
81#Oxfldqr#Vrduhv#0#Pdqdxv2DP
Jdqkdgruhv#gd#SurprÇÃr#SKSkhghudo=
41#Fduorv#Uhqdwr#Fdqwdulqkr#0#Wdjxdwlqjd2GI
51#Euxqr#Eduervd#Ehuqdugr#gd#Vloyd#0#EudvÍold2GI
61#Skloolsh#Vplwk#Fduydokr#gd#Vloyd#0#Qryr#Jdpd2JR
71#Dguldqr#Fduydokr#Edwlvwd#0#Vdqwd#Pduld#Vxo2GI
81#VÉujlr#Pdufrq|#Sdxor#h#Vloyd#0#FhloÂqgld2GI
Jdqkdgruhv#gd#SurprÇÃr#ilvo44=
41#Sdvfrdo#Doh{dqguh#0#Uhfdqwr#gdv#Hpdv2GI
51#Iholsh#Dwdpdqf}xn#0#Fdqrlqkdv2VF
61#Urgroir#Orxuwhw0#Prqwhylghr2Xuxjxd|
71#Wkldjr#Iudqfr#Vloyd#0#Plqhlurv2JR
81#Dulrydogr#Vhudilp#gh#Dophlgd#MÚqlru#0#PrqjdjxÁ2VS
91#Zhoolqjwrq#Doyhv#Fdeudo#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
46
Qrylwdv#0#v{f1kx
FROXQD##DOH[DQGUH#ROLYD
Plwrorjld#Juhjd#7=
Xp#Wrtxh#gh#Plgdv
Sru#Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
D#hqfduqdÇÃr#pdlv#frqkhflgd#gr#hvsÍulwr#ol0
yuh#txh#uhfhehprv#qhvwd#hglÇÃr#irl#d#gh#xp#uhl#
gh#Shvvlqxv#txh#ylyhx#kÁ#5;#vÉfxorv1##Plgdv#wl0
qkd# judqgh# dsuhÇr# shod# flÊqfld/# shod# hfrqrpld/#
shor# rxur/# shod# duwh# h# shod# mxvwlÇd1# Phvpr# gh0
srlv# gh# ghvhqfduqdu/# frqwlqxrx# dfrpsdqkdqgr#
d# hyroxÇÃr# gd# fxowxud# h# gdv# flÊqfldv# hfrqÔpl0
fdv# h# mxuÍglfdv# grv# phurv# pruwdlv1# # Frpsduwl0
okdqgr# vhxv# srqwrv# gh# ylvwd# sulylohjldgrv/# txh#
dvvrpeudp# surprwruhv# gh# gluhlwr# dxwrudo# h# gh#
sdwhqwhv/#frqfhghx#hvwd#hqwuhylvwd/#drv#ylyrv/#À#
Fhqwudo#Jkrvw#gh#Sdudmruqdolvpr/#svlfrgdwlorjud0
idgd# shod# pÉglxp# Rgd# Pdh# Eurzq/# hqfduqdÇÃr#
suhpldgd#gh#Zkrrsl#Jrogehuj1
-#Ydohx#dÍ/#Pdmhvwrvr/#sru#ohydu#hvvh#sd0
sr# frpljr1# WÔ# pÓ# hprflrqdgd$# Erwr# iÉ# txh#
d# jdohud# wÁ# sru# ghqwur# gdtxhoh# sdsr# gh# wxgr#
yludu# rxur# qd# vxd# pÃr/# pdv# gÁ# sud# h{solfdu#
txh#txh#whp#lvvr#d#yhu#frp#duwhB
VhuÁ# xp# sud}hu/# Vuwd# Eurzq1# Vhpsuh# wlyh#
judqgh# idvfÍqlr# shodv# duwhv/# hvshfldophqwh# shod#
pÚvlfd1#Phvpr#suhvr#d#xp#frusr/#hx#ph#uhjr}l0
47
D#lghld#gh#txh#r#wudedokr#gr#dxwru#h#gr#lq0
yhqwru#okhv#frqihuh#gluhlwr#d#uhpxqhudÇÃr#É#xpd#
idoÁfld# pxlwr# ehp# vxfhglgd1# # Shor# phvpr# dujx0
phqwr/# txhp# yhqgh# fÓsldv# gh# reudv/# %ruljlqdlv%#
rx# qÃr/# iduld# mxv# d# uhpxqhudÇÃr# sru# vhx# wuded0
okr/# h# txhp# yhqgh# qr# ghvfrqiruwr# h# shuljr# gd#
uxd# phuhfhuld# pdlv# txh# txhp# yhqgh# qd# ormd# fol0
pdwl}dgd# h# vhjxud# gr# fhqwur# frphufldo1# Grlv# lq0
yhqwruhv# lqghshqghqwhv# gh# xpd# wÉfqlfd#
lqgxvwuldo# phuhfhuldp# uhpxqhudÇÃr# sursruflrqdo#
dr#wudedokr#txh#wlyhudp/#vhp#lpsruwdu#txdo#fkh0
-# ShudÍ/# Pdmhvwrvr/# hohv# qÃr# phuhfhp# jrx# pdlv# fhgr# dr# hvfulwÓulr# gh# sdwhqwhv# rx# dr#
vhu#sdjrv#shor#vhx#wudedokrB
phufdgr/# vhp# glylvÃr1# QÃr# É# dvvlp# txh# ixqflr0
Hvvd# É# xpd# shujxqwd# ehp# frpsoh{d1# Yd0 qd1
prv#sru#sduwhv1
Gh# idwr/# qhp# dxwru# suhflvd# gh# gluhlwr# dxwr0
udo#
qhp#
lqyhqwru# suhflvd# gh# sdwhqwh# sdud# whqwdu#
Sulphlur/# vh# dojxÉp# ghflgh# txh# ydl# wuded0
okdu# wrfdqgr# pÚvlfd# qxpd# hvwdÇÃr# gh# phwuÔ# rx# rewhu# uhpxqhudÇÃr# sru# vhx# wudedokr# lqwhohfwxdo1#
surihulqgr# glvfxuvrv# hp# sudÇd# sÚeolfd/# sdvvd# d# Hohv# mÁ# ghwÊp# prqrsÓolrv# qdwxudlv# vreuh# r# txh#
vhu# reuljdÇÃr# gh# dojxÉp# uhpxqhudu# hvvh# vhuyl0 surgx}hp/# qÃr# suhflvdp# gh# prqrsÓolrv# duwlilfl0
ÇrB#Xpd#wudqvdÇÃr#frphufldo#rfruuh#txdqgr#gx0 dlv1# # Dperv# srghp# glvsru# frpr# ehp# hqwhqgh0
dv# rx# pdlv# sduwhv# txh# wÊp# dojr# d# rihuhfhu# uhp#gr#iuxwr#gh#vhx#wudedokr1#Dvvlp#frpr#Proo|/#
dfhlwdp# r# txh# dv# ghpdlv# rihuhfhp# hp# wurfd/# srghp# shglu# r# suhÇr# txh# txlvhuhp# hp# wurfd# gr#
sru#h{hpsor/#xpd#rihuhfh#xp#ehp#rx#vhuylÇr#h# surgxwr#duwhvdqdo#rx#gd#wÉfqlfd#lqgxvwuldo1
d#rxwud#rihuhfh#r#sdjdphqwr#txh#d#sulphlud#sh0
glx1#
-#XÉ/#hqwÃr#sud#txh#vhuyhp#gluhlwr#dxwr0
Yhmd# r# h{hpsor# gd# vxd# dpljd# Proo|/# dtxh0 udo#h#sdwhqwhvB
od# fhudplvwd# fxmr# qdprudgr# Vdp# irl# dvvdvvlqd0
Sdwhqwhv# vxujludp# frpr# irupd# gh# dfhohudu#
gr# h# shglx# vxd# dmxgd# sdud# dylvÁ0od# gh# txh# hod#
wdpeÉp# fruuld# shuljr1# Frpr# pxlwrv# duwlvwdv/# hod# r# surjuhvvr# gd# flÊqfld# h# gd# whfqrorjld/# lqfhqwl0
id}# reudv# gh# duwh# h# dv# sÕh# À# yhqgd1# Srgh# shglu# ydqgr# d# sxeolfdÇÃr# gh# wÉfqlfdv# lqgxvwuldlv=# xp#
sru#hodv#r#suhÇr#txh#ehp#hqwhqghu1#Vh#qÃr#dsd0 prqrsÓolr# duwlilfldo# whpsruÁulr# h# olplwdgr# frqfh0
uhfhu# dojxÉp# glvsrvwr# d# sdjdu# hvvh# suhÇr/# ydl# glgr# shod# vrflhgdgh# ghprfuÁwlfd/# rihuhflgr# fr0
whu# gh# uhgx}l0or# dwÉ# hqfrqwudu# frpsudgru/# rx# du0 pr# dowhuqdwlyd# dr# prqrsÓolr# qdwxudo# hp# txh# d#
fdu#frp#r#suhmxÍ}r>#vh#lvvr#vh#prvwudu#hfrqrpl0 lqyhqÇÃr#É#pdqwlgd#lqghilqlgdphqwh#vhfuhwd1
Gluhlwr# dxwrudo# qdvfhx# frpr# phfdqlvpr#
fdphqwh# lqylÁyho/# surydyhophqwh# ydl# whu# gh#
gh# surpryhu# d# hgxfdÇÃr/# d# flÊqfld# h# d# fxowxud/#
surfxudu#rxwud#irupd#gh#vxvwhqwr1
Frp#lvvr#ilfd#fodur#txh#qÃr#É#r#idwr#gh#do0 lqfhqwlydqgr# d# sxeolfdÇÃr# gh# reudv# olwhuÁuldv#
jxÉp#id}hu#xp#hviruÇr#gh#wudedokr#txh#okh#frqih0 dwudyÉv# gh# prqrsÓolrv# duwlilfldlv# frqfhglgrv# sh0
uh# gluhlwr# d# uhpxqhudÇÃr=# É# suhflvr# txh# kdmd# od# vrflhgdgh# drv# dxwruhv/# sdud# txh# frqvhjxlv0
rxwurv#sdud#txhp#r#uhvxowdgr#ghvvh#hviruÇr#vh0 vhp# rihuwdv# phqrv# ghvidyruÁyhlv# mxqwr# dr#
md# vxilflhqwhphqwh# ydolrvr# sdud# txh# vh# glvsr0 roljrsÓolr# hglwruldo# txh# qd# Ésrfd# frqwurodyd# wr0
gdv# dv# fduÍvvlpdv# suhqvdv# wlsrjuÁilfdv/# h# dvvlp#
qkdp#d#uhpxqhuÁ0or1
phqrv# reudv# shupdqhfhvvhp# lqdfhvvÍyhlv# dr#
sÚeolfr1
mdyd#h#vhqwld#r#hvsÍulwr#hohydgr#dr#rxylu#dv#ehoÍv0
vlpdv# phorgldv# txh# hpdqdydp# gd# iodxwd# gh# SÃ#
h/#yÁ#oÁ/#wdpeÉp#gd#olud#gh#Dsror1#D#h{suhvvÃr#du0
wÍvwlfd#dophmd#r#sud}hu#hvwÉwlfr/#pdv#qrv#Úowlprv#
whpsrv#pxlwrv#pÚvlfrv#wÊp#vh#ghl{dgr#ohydu#sh0
od#phqwdolgdgh#phvtxlqkd#gh#txh#wxgr#txh#hohv#
wrfdp# yluh# rxur1# H# qÃr# vÃr# vÓ# pÚvlfrv=# pxlwrv#
duwlvwdv#h#lqyhqwruhv#wÊp#vlgr#hqjdqdgrv#sru#hv0
vh#plwr1
48
######Sdwhqwhv#vxujludp#
frpr#irupd#gh#dfhohudu#
r#surjuhvvr#gd#flÊqfld#h#
gd#whfqrorjld/#
lqfhqwlydqgr#d#sxeolfdÇÃr#
gh#wÉfqlfdv#lqgxvwuldlv=#
xp#prqrsÓolr#duwlilfldo#
whpsruÁulr#h#olplwdgr#
frqfhglgr#shod#vrflhgdgh#
ghprfuÁwlfd/#rihuhflgr#
frpr#dowhuqdwlyd#dr#
prqrsÓolr#qdwxudo#hp
txh#d#lqyhqÇÃr#É
pdqwlgd#lqghilqlgdphqwh#
vhfuhwd1
Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
Hperud#hvvhv#sulyloÉjlrv#whqkdp#vlgr#lqwur0
gx}lgrv# kÁ# srxfr# whpsr/# frp# remhwlyrv# idyruÁ0
yhlv# Àv# vrflhgdghv# ghprfuÁwlfdv# txh# rv#
lqvwlwxÍudp/#gh#xp#sdu#gh#vÉfxorv#ghsrlv#dwÉ#kr0
mh# hp# gld# wÊp# vlgr# glvwruflgdv# d# srqwr# gh# vhuyl0
uhp# edvlfdphqwh# sdud# hqiudtxhfhu/# glylglu# h#
frqtxlvwdu#hvvdv#phvpdv#vrflhgdghv1
QÃr/# fodur# txh# qÃr$# # Qr# phx# whpsr# gh# yl0
gd/# h# qrv# txdvh# 5:# vÉfxorv# txh# vh# vhjxludp/#
qhp# vh# frjlwdyd# fkdpdu# hvvhv# sulyloÉjlrv# gh#
sursulhgdgh1# Gh# idwr/# hp# 58# ghvvhv# vÉfxorv#
qhp# vhtxhu# h{lvwldp# gluhlwr# dxwrudo/# h# sdwhqwhv#
vreuh#wÉfqlfdv#lqgxvwuldlv#vÃr#dlqgd#pdlv#uhfhq0
whv1#
Ydoh# ohpeudu# d# iudvh# idprvd# gdtxhoh# vh0
qkru/#Dqwrlqh#Odxudqw#Odyrlvlhu/#%qdgd#vh#fuld/#wx0
gr#vh#wudqvirupd%#vh####frsld1###Wrgdv###dv##reudv#
dxwrudlv# h# wrgdv# dv# lqyhqÇÕhv# vÃr# iuxwrv# gr# wud0
edokr#fuldwlyr#gh#dojxÉp/#pdv#wdpeÉp#iuxwr/#hp#
sursruÇÃr# pxlwr# pdlru/# gd# vrflhgdgh# txh# okhv#
ghx#hgxfdÇÃr/#frqwh{wr#h#prwlydÇÃr#sdud#dtxh0
oh#wudedokr1#Frpr#gl}ld#dtxhoh#rxwur#vhqkru/#Lvd0
df# Qhzwrq/# %frqvljr# yhu# pdlv# orqjh# srutxh#
hvwrx# vreuh# rv# rpeurv# gh# jljdqwhv%1# Sru# lvvr/#
dshvdu#gr#prqrsÓolr#qdwxudo/#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#h#sd0
whqwhv#vÃr#frqfhvvÕhv#gd#vrflhgdgh1
D# whqgÊqfld# gh# fkdpÁ0orv# gh# sursulhgdgh#
É# uhfhqwh1# Qdgd# pdlv# É# txh# xpd# whqwdwlyd# gh#
frqixqglu#sulyloÉjlrv#duwlilfldlv#h#gluhlwrv#qdwxudlv/#
sdud#lqgx}lu#d#jhqhudol}dÇÕhv#h#dqdorjldv#lqdgh0
txdgdv1# Sursulhgdgh# qÃr# whp# sud}r# sdud# fdlu#
hp#grpÍqlr#sÚeolfr1#Sursulhgdgh#qÃr#vh#olplwd#À#
h{foxvlylgdgh# qr# txh# gl}# uhvshlwr# d# dshqdv# do0
jxqv# xvrv# gr# ehp1# Gluhlwr# dxwrudo# h# sdwhqwhv#
vÃr#sulyloÉjlrv/#qÃr#sursulhgdgh1
-#WÁ/#pdv#qÃr#É#pdlv#iÁflo#vh#uhihulu#drv#
grlv# frp# xp# vÓ# whupr/# mÁ# txh# vÃr# txdvh# d#
phvpd#frlvdB
QÃr#vÃr$#QÃr#vÃr#qhp#sduhflgrv1#D#frqix0
vÃr# txh# h{lvwh# krmh# É# iuxwr# mxvwdphqwh# ghvvdv#
jhqhudol}dÇÕhv#lqdghtxdgdv1
Gluhlwr#dxwrudo#É#r#srghu#gh#vh#rsru/#gxudq0
wh# dv# pxlwdv# gÉfdgdv# gh# yljÊqfld# ghvvh# srghu#
gh# h{foxvÃr/# d# judqgh# sduwh# gdv# srvvlelolgdghv#
-# Frpr# dvvlpB# # Dxwruhv# h# lqyhqwruhv#
gh# fÓsld/# prglilfdÇÃr/# glvwulexlÇÃr/# sxeolfdÇÃr/#
qÃr#irudp#vhpsuh#grqrv111
wudqvplvvÃr#h#h{hfxÇÃr#sÚeolfd#gh#xpd#h{suhv0
vÃr#hvshfÍilfd#gh#xpd#lghld/#sÚeolfd#rx#qÃr/#uh0
jlvwudgd#rx#qÃr1#H{lelu#h#dsuhfldu#sulydgdphqwh/#
49
lqfoxvlyh#hp#eleolrwhfdv>#frsldu#h#flwdu#shtxhqrv#
wuhfkrv># suhvhqwhdu# h# uhyhqghu# vÃr# dwlylgdghv#
shuplwlgdv># id}hu# sduÓgldv# h# glyhuvrv# rxwurv#
xvrv/# ghshqghqgr# gd# mxulvglÇÃr/# h{ljhp# rx# qÃr#
shuplvvÃr#gr#wlwxodu#gr#gluhlwr#dxwrudo1
Xpd#sdwhqwh#É#dojr#frpsohwdphqwh#glihuhq0
wh=#É#r#srghu#gh#vh#rsru/#gxudqwh#dv#gxdv#gÉfd0
gdv# gh# yljÊqfld# ghvvh# srghu# gh# h{foxvÃr/# À#
suÁwlfd#gh#xpd#wÉfqlfd#lqgxvwuldo#uhjlvwudgd#h#sx0
eolfdgd># À# pdqxidwxud/# dr# frpÉuflr# h# À# xwlol}d0
ÇÃr# gh# ehqv# txh# d# sudwltxhp1# Xvrv# hp#
shvtxlvd/# hqvlqr# h# rxwurv# xvrv# qÃr# lqgxvwuldlv#
vÃr#shuplwlgrv/#dvvlp#frpr#r#sdwhqwhdphqwr#gh#
yduldÇÕhv#h#h{whqvÕhv1
D#h{lvwÊqfld#rx#qÃr#gh#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#h#sd0
whqwhv/#dvvlp#frpr#vhxv#olplwhv/#qÃr#txhuhp#gl0
}hu#txh#dxwruhv#h#lqyhqwruhv#qÃr#srvvdp#glvsru#
gh# vxdv# reudv# h# lqyhqÇÕhv# frpr# ehp# hqwhqgh0
uhp1# Srghp/# srlv# srvvxhp# r# prqrsÓolr# qdwxudo#
dgylqgr#gh#whuhp#dfhvvr#À#reud#rx#lqyhqÇÃr#hq0
txdqwr#qlqjxÉp#pdlv#whp1#D#txhvwÃr#lpsruwdqwh#
É# vh# id}hp# mxv# dr# srghu# gh# olplwdu# rx# h{foxlu#
xvrv#txh#rxwurv#srvvdp#id}hu#ghodv/#xpd#yh}#sx0
eolfdgdv#rx#yhqglgdv1
######Gluhlwr#dxwrudo
É#r#srghu#gh#vh#rsru/#
gxudqwh#dv#pxlwdv#
gÉfdgdv#gh#yljÊqfld#
ghvvh#srghu#gh#h{foxvÃr/#
d#judqgh#sduwh#gdv#
srvvlelolgdghv#gh#fÓsld/#
prglilfdÇÃr/#glvwulexlÇÃr/#
sxeolfdÇÃr/#wudqvplvvÃr#h#
h{hfxÇÃr#sÚeolfd#gh#xpd#
h{suhvvÃr#hvshfÍilfd#gh#
xpd#lghld1
Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
-# Pdv/# vhp# hvvh# srghu/# txhp# ld# txhuhu#
wudedokdu#qlvvrB
Qr#phx#whpsr/#dxwruhv/#duwhvÃrv#h#lqyhqwr0
uhv# dgdswdydp# olyuhphqwh# dv# reudv# h# wÉfqlfdv#
gh#surgxÇÃr#xqv#grv#rxwurv/#frpr#vh#id}#dwÉ#kr0
mh#hp#phufdgrv#gh#idwxudphqwr#pxlwr#pdlru#txh#
rv#gh#flqhpd#h#pÚvlfd/#vhmd#gh#ehqv#hvvhqfldlv#
frpr#dolphqwrv/#vhmd#gh#ehqv#pdlv#vxsÉuioxrv#fr0
pr#prgd/#vhmd#gh#vhuylÇrv#frpr#rv#mxuÍglfrv1
Vh#yrfÊ#frpsud#xp#vdqgxÍfkh/#txhp#r#suh0
sdurx#qÃr#srgh#lpshgl0or#gh#dglflrqdu#rv#whpsh0
urv#txh#ehp#hqwhqghu/#frpsduwlokÁ0or#frp#txhp#
txlvhu/#ehehu#r#txh#txlvhu#hqtxdqwr#r#frph/#rx#
phvpr# gh# id}hu# rxwur# vdqgxÍfkh# frp# rv# phv0
prv# lqjuhglhqwhv# hp# fdvd# rx# sdud# yhqghu# qrx0
wur# orfdo1# Phvpr# dvvlp/# qÃr# idowdp# erwhfrv/#
odqfkrqhwhv/#uhvwdxudqwhv#h#fduulqkrv#gh#fdfkru0
ur#txhqwh1
Xpd# yh}# txh# vh# frpsuh# xp# whuuhqr/# xpd#
fdvd/# xp# dxwrpÓyho/# xp# frpsxwdgru/# qÃr# id}#
vhqwlgr# r# dqwljr# grqr# vh# rsru# À# frqvwuxÇÃr# gh#
xp#lpÓyho/#À#slqwxud#gdv#sduhghv/#À#vxevwlwxlÇÃr#
grv#sqhxv#rx#À#lqvwdodÇÃr#gh#xp#surjudpd#dowhu0
qdwlyr1# WdpeÉp# qÃr# id}# vhqwlgr# r# dqwljr# grqr#
h{ljlu/# dsÓv# d# yhqgd/# xpd# iudÇÃr# gr# suhÇr# gh#
yhqgd#grv#dsduwdphqwrv#frqvwuxÍgrv#vreuh#r#whu0
uhqr/#gr#ydoru#gr#doxjxho#gd#fdvd/#gd#uhqgd#grv#
vhuylÇrv#suhvwdgrv#frp#r#dxwrpÓyho#h#r#frpsx0
wdgru/# rx# gl}hu# txh# qÃr# dwhqghu# hvvdv# h{ljÊqfl0
dv# devxugdv# vhuld# urxer1# Rud/# qhp# r# suryhgru#
gh#vhuylÇr#gh#Lqwhuqhw#qhp#r#edqfr#txh#rihuhfh#
hpsuÉvwlpr# h{ljh/# doÉp# gr# suhÇr# hvwdehohflgr#
shorv# vhuylÇrv/# xpd# iudÇÃr# gd# uhqgd# dofdqÇdgd#
dwudyÉv#gh#vhx#xvr1
4:
Pdv#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#h#sdwhqwhv#fuldp#prqr0
sÓolrv# txh# qÃr# dshqdv# olplwdp# rv# xvrv# txh# rv#
frpsudgruhv#srghp#id}hu#gr#txh#frpsudp/#fr0
pr#dlqgd#shuplwhp#d#yhqgd/#frp#h{foxvlylgdgh/#
gr#phvpr#vhuylÇr#dxwrudo#rx#lqyhqwlyr#lqÚphudv#
yh}hv/#vhp##txdotxhu##wudedokr##surgxwlyr##dglflr0
qdo#txh#sxghvvh#vhu#phulwÓulr#gh#qryd#uhpxqhud0
ÇÃr1# Hvvhv# prqrsÓolrv# vÃr# frp# iuhtxÊqfld#
wdpeÉp# xwlol}dgrv# sdud# fuldu# rx# pdqwhu# rxwurv#
prqrsÓolrv/# wud}hqgr# judyhv# frqvhtxÊqfldv#
hfrqÔplfdv#h#vrfldlv1
prqlwrul}dÇÃr# h# lpsrvlÇÃr# gh# uhvwulÇÕhv# exvfd0
gdv#shod#idfÇÃr#pdlv#revrohwd#pdv#pdlv#srghur0
vd# gd# lqgÚvwuld# hglwruldo/# gdv# lqgÚvwuld# gh#
phglfdphqwrv# h# gh# vhphqwhv/# h{whuqdol}dgrv# À#
srsxodÇÃr#hp#jhudo/#h#rv#fxvwrv#gh#oree|lqj/#sd0
ud# dsurydu# wdlv# uhvwulÇÕhv/# h# mxuÍglfrv/# sdud# dsol0
fÁ0odv1# Hvvhv# fxvwrv# vÃr# vhjxudphqwh#
uhsdvvdgrv#drv#flgdgÃrv#h#vxewudÍgrv#grv#dxwr0
uhv#h#lqyhqwruhv1
Vhjxqgr/#dwÉ#phvpr#qr#txh#gl}#uhvshlwr#d#
reudv#dxwrudlv/#d#surgxÇÃr#hfrqÔplfd#suryhqlhq0
wh# gh# xvrv# txh# lqghshqghp# gh# dxwrul}dÇÃr# É#
pxlwr#pdlru#txh###d###surgxÇÃr###hfrqÔplfd#vxmhl0
wd#Àv#uhvwulÇÕhv#grv#gluhlwrv#dxwrudlv1#H#lvvr#vhp#
frqwdu# d# hqruph# txdqwlgdgh# gh# reudv# txh# md0
pdlv#vÃr#fuldgdv/#judydgdv#rx#sxeolfdgdv/#mxvwd0
phqwh# sru# fdxvd# gh# uhvwulÇÕhv# uhdlv# rx#
dsduhqwhv1# ©# xp# lphqvr# fxvwr# gh# rsruwxqlgdgh#
sdud#d#vrflhgdgh#frpr#xp#wrgr1
fdgr/#lqfoxvlyh#qrv#phfdqlvprv#txh#dv#vrflhgd0
ghv# fdslwdolvwdv# ghprfuÁwlfdv# txh# r# ydorul}dp#
hvwdehohfhp# sdud# frqwurodu# r# dexvr# h# dwÉ# d# iru0
pdÇÃr# gh# prqrsÓolrv/# mxvwdphqwh# srutxh# vÃr#
dqwdjÔqlfrv# dr# olyuh# phufdgr# h# suhmxglfldlv# À#
hfrqrpld#h#À#vrflhgdgh1
D# vrflhgdgh# shugh# dlqgd# pdlv# srutxh# sd0
whqwhv#h#gluhlwrv#dxwrudlv#lqgx}hp#d#suÁwlfdv#frq0
wuÁuldv#Àv#pdlv#ehqÉilfdv/#xvdgdv#ghvgh#whpsrv#
lphpruldlv1# Hperud# whqkdp# dqgdgr# hvtxhflgrv#
-#Sru#h{hpsorB
sru# xp# rx# grlv# vÉfxorv/# yÊp# vhqgr# uhwrpdgrv#
Sulphludphqwh/# prwlydgruhv# h{wuÍqvhfrv/# frp#pxlwd#iruÇd#r#frpsduwlokdphqwr#h#d#frqvwux0
frpr# d# h{shfwdwlyd# gh# uhpxqhudÇÃr# ilqdqfhlud/# ÇÃr#froderudwlyd#gh#frqkhflphqwr#hp#frpxqlgd0
vÃr#suhmxglfldlv#À#fuldwlylgdgh1####Dr#lqyÉv#gh#prwl0 ghv#frp#lqwhuhvvhv#frpxqv1#
ydu/# ghvprwlydp1# D# vxsrvlÇÃr# gh# txh# irvvhp#
xp# erp# phfdqlvpr# gh# lqfhqwlyr/# txdqgr# gh#
-# Lk/# mÁ# yl# wxgr$# # R# Pdmhvwrvr# É# pdlv# xp#
vxd# lqwurgxÇÃr/# É# qhjdgd# sru# glyhuvrv# hvwxgrv#
uhfhqwhv/# frpr# vxpdul}d# hvvh# jdurwr# Gdqlho# frpxqlvwd$
Slqn1
Pxlwr# shor# frqwuÁulr$#Dfuhglwr# qr# olyuh# phu0
PrqrsÓolrv#txheudp#dv#hqjuhqdjhqv#gr#ol0
yuh# phufdgr/# ohydqgr# À# lqhilflÊqfld1# Xp# prqr0
srolvwd# srgh# vh# dfrprgdu# hp# vhx# phufdgr# h#
hylwdu# r# vxujlphqwr# gh# frqfruuÊqfld1# Srgh# xvdu#
Sdwhqwhv#uhsuhvhqwdp#xp#iuhlr#vhphokdqwh# vhx# srghu# gh# phufdgr# sdud# prqrsrol}du# rxwurv#
qr#txh#gl}#uhvshlwr#Àv#wÉfqlfdv#lqgxvwuldlv/#ghvd0 phufdgrv1#Frp#lvvr/#frqvhjxh#yhqghu#surgxwrv#
fhohudqgr# r# dydqÇr# flhqwÍilfr# h# whfqroÓjlfr# qd# d#xp#suhÇr#duelwuÁulr/#dr#lqyÉv#gh#vhjxlu#r#sulqfÍ0
phglgd##hp##txh###lqyldelol}dp#rv#dshuihlÇrdphq0 slr# hfrqÔplfr# gr# olyuh# phufdgr/# hp# txh# r# suh0
wrv#lqfuhphqwdlv###gh####wÉfqlfdv###prqrsrol}dgdv# Çr#whqgh#dr#fxvwr#pdujlqdo#gh#surgxÇÃr1
sru# frqfruuhqwhv1# Frqwdu# sdwhqwhv# sdud# phglu# d#
Fxulrvr#É#yhu#hpsuhvdv#txh#vh#dxwr0surfod0
yhorflgdgh# gr# surjuhvvr# flhqwÍilfr# h# whfqroÓjlfr# pdp# fdslwdolvwdv# h{ljlqgr# pdlv# h# pdlv# lqwhuyhq0
É# wÃr# loÓjlfr# txdqwr# phglu# d# yhorflgdgh# gh# xp# ÇÃr# hvwdwdo# qd# hfrqrpld# sdud# suhvhuydu# vhxv#
fduur#dwudyÉv#gd#txdqwlgdgh#gh#iuhlrv#qhoh#lqvwd0 prghorv# gh# qhjÓflr# dqwltxdgrv# h# idolgrv/# d# ilp#
odgrv1
gh# vrfldol}du# rv# fxvwrv# gh# lpsrvlÇÃr# gdv# uhvwul0
Vrphp0vh#d#lvvr#rv#fxvwrv#gh#shugd#gh#sul0 ÇÕhv#fdgd#yh}#pdlv#devxugdv#txh#whqwdp#lpsru#
ydflgdgh# h# rv# fxvwrv# whfqroÓjlfrv# gd# frqvwdqwh# dwudyÉv# gh# dfrugrv# dqwl0ghprfuÁwlfrv1# H# dvvlp#
4;
######Qr#ilqdo#gdv#
frqwdv/#d#vrflhgdgh#vh#
glylgh#iuhqwh#d#
prqrsÓolrv/#dr#lqyÉv#gh#
frqvhjxlu#suhÇr#h#
surgxwr#phokru#xvdqgr/#
xqlgd/#vhx#srghu#gh#
edujdqkd#gh#
prqrsvÔqlr1
Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
ÇÃr1# Qhvvh# fhqÁulr/# r# dxwru# qÃr# whp# d# txhp#
pdlv# yhqghu=# d# vrflhgdgh# É# xp# prqrsvÔqlr1#
Kdyhqgr#dshqdv#xp#yhqghgru#h#xp#frpsudgru/#
d#qhjrfldÇÃr#dwlqjluÁ#+rx#qÃr,#xp#srqwr#gh#htxl0
oÍeulr#txh#dwhqgd#gd#phokru#pdqhlud#drv#lqwhuhv0
vhv#gh#dperv1#
Qrxwur# fhqÁulr/# h{lvwh# gluhlwr# dxwrudo/# h# r#
dxwru# ghwÉp# qÃr# vÓ# r# prqrsÓolr# qdwxudo/# pdv# r#
duwlilfldo/# txh# okh# frqihuh# srghu# sdud# uhvwulqjlu# r#
txh# frpsudgruhv# srghp# id}hu# frp# d# reud1# Dr#
frqwuÁulr#gh#lqfhqwlydu#d#vrflhgdgh#d#xqlu#iruÇdv/#
lqgx}#fdgd#xp#djlu#gh#pdqhlud#lqghshqghqwh/#id0
}hqgr#frp#txh#fdgd#qhjrfldÇÃr#whqgd#d#idyruh0
fhu# r# prqrsÓolr1# JudÇdv# Àv# uhvwulÇÕhv/# phvpr#
ghsrlv# gh# dofdqÇdu# r# suhÇr# txh# shgluld# dr# pr0
qrsvÔqlr/#srghuÁ#frqwlqxdu#yhqghqgr#d#reud#vx0
mhlwd#d#uhvwulÇÕhv1
Rx# vhmd/# hp# uhjlph# gh# gluhlwr# dxwrudo# rx#
gh#sdwhqwhv/#d#vrpd#gr#txh#d#vrflhgdgh#sdjd#É#
pdlru/#h#r#txh#hod#uhfheh#É#phqru/#sru#vhu#pdlv#
uhvwulwr1#©#xpd#sÉvvlpd#edujdqkd1
Slru=#frqiruph#d#whruld#grv#mrjrv/##r#yhqgh0
gru#xvduÁ#r#srghu#txh#okh#irl#frqihulgr#sdud#pd0
{lpl}du# vhx# uhvxowdgr1#WhphuÁ# txh# frqfruuhqwhv#
xvhp# vhxv# srghuhv# gh# h{foxvÃr# frqwud# vl# phv0
pr/#h#sru#lvvr#xvduÁ#vhx#srghu#frqwud#hohv/#qxp#
fhqÁulr# gh# wudlÇÃr# sru# idowd# gh# frrshudÇÃr# txh#
ohpeud#r#glohpd#grv#sulvlrqhlurv1###Rv#frpsudgr0
uhv/# sru# vxd# yh}/# lqgx}lgrv# d# rshudu# gh# irupd#
ghvfrrughqdgd/#wdpeÉp#dwlqjluÃr#r#slru#uhvxowd0
Qr# ilp# gdv# frqwdv/# d# vrflhgdgh# vh# glylgh# gr1#
iuhqwh# d# prqrsÓolrv/# dr# lqyÉv# gh# frqvhjxlu# suh0
Çr# h# surgxwr# phokru# xvdqgr/# xqlgd/# vhx# srghu#
-#Frpr#É#txh#qÃr#yludp#lvvr#dqwhvB
gh#edujdqkd#gh#prqrsvÔqlr1
DwÉ# yludp/# pdv# kÁ# uhvlvwÊqfld# h# lqioxÊqfld#
pxlwr#iruwhv#gdtxhohv#txh#vh#ehqhilfldp#ghvvhv#
-# [ll$# # QÃr# hqwhqgl/# gÁ# sud# h{solfdu# vhp# sulyloÉjlrv1#WdpeÉp#qÃr#id}#wdqwr#whpsr#txh#hv0
idodu#juhjrB
vhv# sulyloÉjlrv# h{lvwhp/# pxlwr# phqrv# gd# irupd#
Lpdjlqh# txh# qÃr# h{lvwd# gluhlwr# dxwrudo1# Xp# frpr# h{lvwhp# krmh=# yÁulrv# idwruhv# pxgdudp/# dr#
dxwru# ghwÉp# r# prqrsÓolr# qdwxudo# gd# reud/# srlv# orqjr# gr# Úowlpr# vÉfxor/# ghl{dqgr0rv# dlqgd# slr0
vÓ# hoh# d# srvvxl1#D# vrflhgdgh# srgh# frqwudedodq0 uhv1
exvfdp#fdgd#yh}#pdlv#frqwuroh#h#uhvwulÇÕhv/#dsh0
vdu# grv# judqghv# dxphqwrv# gh# idwxudphqwr# txh#
uhvxowdp# gd# pdlru# h{srvlÇÃr# dofdqÇdgd# dwudyÉv#
gd#olyuh#glvwulexlÇÃr#gdv#reudv/#frqiruph#frpsur0
ydgr# sru# shtxhqrv# h# judqghv# hglwruhv/# h# wdqwr#
pdlru#txdqwr#pdlv#rv#prghorv#gh#qhjÓflr#vh#dol0
qkdp# drv# lqwhuhvvhv# gd# vrflhgdgh/# dr# lqyÉv# gh#
ixwlophqwh#frpedwÊ0orv1
Çdu# hvvh# prqrsÓolr# hohjhqgr# xp# uhsuhvhqwdqwh#
Gluhlwr# dxwrudo# whp# vh# h{sdqglgr# qr# whpsr#
h{foxvlyr# sdud# qhjrfldu# d# frpsud# gd# reud# mxqwr# h#qr#srghu#gh#uhvwulÇÃr/#dwudyÉv#gh#pxgdqÇdv#oh0
dr# dxwru/# sdud# sxeolfdÇÃr# vhp# txdotxhu# uhvwul0 jlvodwlydv1# Sdwhqwhv# wÊp# vh# h{sdqglgr# d# Áuhdv#
4<
hp# txh# qÃr# vh# dsolfdydp/# qÃr# sru# pxgdqÇdv#
hp#ohlv/#pdv#sru#uhghilqlÇÃr#gh#whuprv#h#fuldwlyl0
gdgh#hp#lqwhusuhwdÇÃr#mxuÍglfd1
Dglflrqdophqwh/#vhqgr#r#surjuhvvr#flhqwÍil0
fr#h#whfqroÓjlfr#h{srqhqfldo/#r#suhmxÍ}r#jhqhudol0
}dgr# ghfruuhqwh# gh# xpd# sdwhqwh# krmh# É# pxlwr#
pdlru#txh#qr#sdvvdgr1
Vrph0vh# d# lvvr# txh# xp# grv# dydqÇrv# pdlv#
lpsruwdqwhv# É# d# srvvlelolgdgh# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr/#
froderudÇÃr# h# frrshudÇÃr# lqvwdqwÂqhd# d# qÍyho#
joredo/#srvvlelolwdqgr#qÃr#vÓ#d#sxeolfdÇÃr#lphgld0
wd/#sudwlfdphqwh#vhp#fxvwrv/#frpr#wdpeÉp#d#qh0
jrfldÇÃr/# gh# irupd# frrughqdgd/# gd# frpsud# gh#
ehqv#sdud#d#vrflhgdgh1
D# wudqvlÇÃr# gh# yÁuldv# irupdv# gh# h{suhvvÃr#
fxowxudo# h# duwÍvwlfd# d# phlrv# # gljlwdlv# krmh# wulyldo0
phqwh#gxsolfÁyhlv#srwhqfldol}d#dv#shugdv#gd#vrfl0
hgdgh# ghfruuhqwhv# ghvvhv# sulyloÉjlrv# wlgrv#
frpr#phfdqlvprv#gh#lqfhqwlyr#txh/#doÉp#gh#suh0
mxglfduhp#d#fuldwlylgdgh/#vhtxhu#uhpxqhudp#ud}r0
dyhophqwh# dxwruhv# h# lqyhqwruhv/# ghl{dqgr# d#
pdlru#sduwh#gr#idwxudphqwr##qdv#pÃrv#gd#sdohroÍ0
wlfd#lqgÚvwuld#hglwruldo#+ilophv/#pÚvlfd/#olyurv#gljl0
wdlv,#h#gh#wuroov#gh#sdwhqwhv1
######Frpr#whprv#
ylvwr#hp#ohlv#gh#ghihvd#
gh#frqvxplgruhv#h#qdv#
yÁuldv#uhjxodphqwdÇÕhv#
gh#sruwdelolgdgh#hqwuh#
suhvwdgruhv#gh#vhuylÇrv/#
É#srvvÍyho$
Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
plvvr># gh# sulrul}du/# dr# orqjr# gh# xp# shuÍrgr# gh#
glvwulexlÇÃr# judgxdo/# txhp# sdjrx# pdlv># gh# il{du#
xp#sud}r#pÁ{lpr#sdud#frqfuhwl}dÇÃr#gd#yhqgd>#
gh#hvwdehohfhu#phfdqlvprv#gh#suÉ0dydoldÇÃr#gr#
pdwhuldo#h#gh#uhsxwdÇÃr#gh#dxwruhv#h#lqyhqwruhv/#
hylwdqgr# dlqgd# d# idovlgdgh# lghroÓjlfd# qd# dwulexl0
ÇÃr1#
-#Txdo#d#vroxÇÃrB
Phvpr#dvvlp/#ilfd#fodur#txh#qÃr#kÁ#qhfhv0
Dv# srvvlelolgdghv# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr# krmh# vlgdgh#gh#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#qhp#sdwhqwh#sdud#uhpx0
gÃr#hvsdÇr#d#lqÚphudv#irupdv#gh#ilqdqfldu#h#pr0 qhudu# r# dxwru# rx# r# lqyhqwru# sru# vhx# vhuylÇr#
qhwl}du#vhuylÇrv#fuldwlyrv1
fuldwlyr1#LqÚphurv#rxwurv#prghorv#srghp#vhu#h{0
Xp# h{hpsor# vlpsohv# É# d# yhqgd# gluhwd# gh# shulphqwdgrv/#vhp#ghshqghu#gh#phfdqlvprv#mx0
reudv#À#vrflhgdgh1#Lpdjlqh#xp#vÍwlr#qd#Lqwhuqhw/# uÍglfrv# gh# ehqhiÍflr# qr# pÍqlpr# glvfxwÍyho=# d#
dr# txdo# dxwru# rx# lqyhqwru# vreh# xpd# reud# rx# fuldwlylgdgh# É# r# olplwh/# h# hvwdprv# idodqgr# mxvwd0
xpd#lqyhqÇÃr#h#hvwdehohfh#vhx#suhÇr#gh#yhqgd1# phqwh#gh#vhuylÇrv#fuldwlyrv1
Ylvlwdqwhv# gr# vÍwlr/# srvvlyhophqwh# gluhflrqdgrv#
sru#dqÚqflrv#gr#dxwru/#lqyhqwru#rx#gh#vhxv#uhsuh0
-# HqwÃr/# d# vxjhvwÃr# É# derolu# gluhlwrv# dx0
vhqwdqwhv/# srghp# dol# uhjlvwudu# vhx# frpsurplvvr#
wrudlv#h#sdwhqwhvB
gh# sdjdu# xp# fhuwr# ydoru# sdud# vxd# olehudÇÃr1#
Vlp/#pdv#qÃr#edvwd1#Gluhlwrv#dxwrudlv#h#sd0
Xpd#yh}#txh#d#vrpd#grv#frpsurplvvrv#dwlqmd#r#
ydoru# hvwlsxodgr/# r# pdwhuldo# É# sxeolfdgr/# vhp# whqwhv# qÃr# vÃr# dv# Úqlfdv# pdqhludv# glvsrqÍyhlv#
krmh#sdud#irupdu#prqrsÓolrv#suhmxglfldlv#À#vrflh0
txdotxhu#uhvwulÇÃr1#
gdgh# uhodflrqdgrv# d# reudv# fxowxudlv# h# lqyhq0
Ghwdokhv# srghp# vhu# h{shulphqwdgrv/# fr0
ÇÕhv1#R#Prylphqwr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh/###lqlfldgr#sru#
pr#d#srvvlelolgdgh#gh#dowhudu#r#suhÇr#h#r#frpsur0
hvvh#udsd}lqkr/#Ulfkdug#Vwdoopdq/#whp#fkdpdgr#
53
Qrxwudv# sdodyudv/# jdudqwlu# r# olyuh# phufdgr/#
vhp#prqrsÓolrv/#sdud#txh#d#hfrqrpld#ixqflrqh#
gd# phokru# irupd# srvvlyho/# frqiruph# sursÔv# r#
hfrqrplvwd# Dgdp# Vplwk/# frpsohphqwdgr# shor#
mryhp# Mrkq# Qdvk># ghihqghu/# dwudyÉv# gh# ohlv# fr0
pr# dv# gh# sruwdelolgdgh/# dv# olehugdghv# ghihqgl0
gdv# dwudyÉv# gh# gluhlwr# dxwrudo# shor# frs|ohiw/#
sursrvwr# shor# phvpr# Vwdoopdq# gr# Vriwzduh# Ol0
Ghqwur#gr#uhjlph#gh#gluhlwr#dxwrudo/#d#vrox0 yuh1#DolÁv/#idÇr#plqkdv#dv#sdodyudv#gr#uhqrpdgr#
ÇÃr# sursrvwd# shor# Prylphqwr# Vriwzduh# Olyuh/# flhqwlvwd# gd# frpsxwdÇÃr# Grqdog# Nqxwk=#
dgrwdgd# wdpeÉp# sru# prylphqwrv# gh# fxowxud# ol0 %Vwdoopdq#É#xp#gh#phxv#khuÓlv%1
Txdqwr#drv#lqwhuphglÁulrv/#dxwruhv#h#lqyhq0
yuh/# É# r# frs|ohiw/# xpd# wÉfqlfd# gh# olfhqfldphqwr#
txh# frqvlvwh# hp# rihuhfhu# shuplvvÕhv# vxilflhq0 wruhv# txh# krmh# fodpdp# sru# srghuhv# fdgd# yh}#
whv###sdud###uhvshlwdu#rv#gluhlwrv#kxpdqrv#gh#frsl0 pdlruhv111#MÁ#hvwÁ#pdlv#txh#qd#krud#gh#dsuhqgh0
du/# dgdswdu/# phokrudu# h# glvwulexlu# xpd# reud# gh# uhp/# frpr# hx# dsuhqgl# hp# ylgd/# txh# wudqvirupdu#
pdqhludv# txh# suhvhuyhp# hvvdv# shuplvvÕhv/# wxgr# txh# wrfdp# hp# rxur# É# xpd# pdoglÇÃr1# Srgh#
vhp#sruÉp#dqxodu#dv#uhvwulÇÕhv#lpsrvwdv#shor#gl0 sduhfhu#ydqwdmrvr#h#whqwdgru/#pdv#r#txh#vh#shu0
uhlwr# dxwrudo# txh# lpshghp# d# glvwulexlÇÃr# gh# iru0 gh#sru#fdxvd#ghvvhv#srghuhv#É#pxlwÍvvlpr#pdlv#
txh#r#txh#vh#jdqkd1#
pdv#txh#qhjdvvhp#hvvhv#gluhlwrv1
dwhqÇÃr# d# yÁuldv# rxwudv# irupdv# gh# frqwuroh/# wdlv#
frpr#frqwudwrv#+QGDv/#HXODv,#dlqgd#pdlv#uhvwul0
wlyrv# txh# dv# ohlv/# phglgdv# wÉfqlfdv# frpr# d# Jh0
uÊqfld# Gljlwdo# gh# UhvwulÇÕhv# +GUP,# h# d#
sxeolfdÇÃr# gh# reudv# vrphqwh# hp# irupdv# rsd0
fdv/# txh# glilfxowdp# rx# lqyldelol}dp# fÓsld# +irupd0
wrv# %surwhjlgrv%,# rx# prglilfdÇÃr# +vhp# %fÓgljr#
irqwh%,1
R# frs|ohiw# lqyldelol}d# d# irupdÇÃr# gh# prqr0
sÓolrv#vreuh#dv##reudv/#sruÉp#ixqflrqd#vrphqwh#
vre#uhjlph#gh#gluhlwr#dxwrudo1########Derolgrv#rv#sr0
ghuhv#prqrsroÍvwlfrv#gr#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#h#gdv#sd0
whqwhv/# holplqdu0vh0ldp# dv# ghihvdv# gr# frs|ohiw#
frqwud#prqrsÓolrv#irupdgrv#sru#frqwudwrv#uhvwulwl0
yrv#h#phglgdv#wÉfqlfdv1
Sru# lvvr/# d# vxjhvwÃr# qÃr# É# vlpsohvphqwh#
derolu#r#gluhlwr#dxwrudo#h#dv#sdwhqwhv/#pdv#vxevwl0
wxÍ0orv#sru#ohlv#txh#frqwurohp#prqrsÓolrv#lqwhohf0
wxdlv/###frpr#####hp###txdotxhu#fdslwdolvpr#ghpr0#
fuÁwlfr#txh#vh#suh}h/#hylwdqgr#vxd#irupdÇÃr1#
D#lghld#É#txh#wrgd#d#vrflhgdgh#srvvd#vh#eh0
qhilfldu# gh# reudv# h# lqyhqÇÕhv/# xpd# yh}# txh#
vhxv#dxwruhv#h#lqyhqwruhv#whqkdp#uhfhelgr#d#uh0
pxqhudÇÃr# txh# vrolflwdudp# sdud# sxeolfÁ0odv/#
frp# phfdqlvprv# txh# lpshÇdp# txh# hodv# vhmdp#
prqrsrol}dgdv=# surlelqgr# uhvwulÇÕhv# mxuÍglfdv# h#
wÉfqlfdv#h#h{ljlqgr#d#rihuwd#gh#%fÓgljr#irqwh%1
Frs|uljkw#5343#Doh{dqguh#Rolyd
FÓsld#olwhudo/#glvwulexlÇÃr#h#sxeolfdÇÃr#gd#Íqwhjud#ghvwh#duwljr#
vÃr#shuplwlgdv#hp#txdotxhu#phlr/#hp#wrgr#r#pxqgr/#ghvgh#txh#
vhmdp#suhvhuydgdv#d#qrwd#gh#frs|uljkw/#d#XUO#rilfldo#gr#grfx0
phqwr#h#hvwd#qrwd#gh#shuplvvÃr1
kwws=22zzz1iviod1ruj2vyqzlnl2eorjv2o{r2sxe2wrtxh0gh0plgdv
DOH[DQGUH#ROLYD##É#frqvhokhlur#gd#
IxqgdÇÃr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#DpÉulfd#Odwlqd/#
pdqwhqhgru#gr#Olqx{0oleuh/#hydqjhol}dgru#
gr#Prylphqwr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#h#hqjhqkhlur#
gh#frpslodgruhv#qd#Uhg#Kdw#Eudvlo1#
Judgxdgr#qd#Xqlfdps#hp#Hqjhqkduld#gh#
FrpsxwdÇÃr#h#Phvwudgr#hp#FlÊqfldv#gd#
FrpsxwdÇÃr1
54
FROXQD##F¡UOLVVRQ#JDOGLQR
Sru##Fduolvvrq#Jdoglqr
HslvÓglr#43
Fruulgd#Àv#Dupdv
Flgdgh# gh# Vwulqjwrzq1# Xpd# phwuÓsroh# edkldqd#
frqkhflgd# lqwhuqdflrqdophqwh1# Ghylgr# d# xp#
judyh# dflghqwh# frp# xp# yÍuxv# elroÓjlfr/# rv#
ixqflrqÁulrv# gd# V|vdwrp# whuplqdp# jdqkdqgr#
vxshu0srghuhv1#R#juxsr#vh#glylgh1#Gh#xp#odgr/#r#
fdvdo# Gduuho# h# Sdqgrud1# Gr# rxwur/# rv# txdwur#
ixqflrqÁulrv# uhvwdqwhv1# Gduuho# h# Sdqgrud# whqwdp#
uhvjdwdu# Orxlvh/# pdv# hod# qÃr# ghprqvwud#
lqwhuhvvh# hp# vh# mxqwdu# drv# grlv1# Hohv# sduwhp1# R#
juxsr# gh# Rolyhu/# djrud# txh# uhvroyhx# pxgdu# vhx#
qrph# sdud# WxqjvwÊqlr/# ghvwuÓl# d# edvh# gd#
ideulfdqwh# gh# sodfdv0pÃh# Plolkdvk1# Gduuho#
dfrpsdqkd#
uhsruwdjhp#
shod#
whohylvÃr/#
hqtxdqwr# Sdqgrud# grupld1# Dr# okh# frqwdu# rv#
idwrv# qr# gld# vhjxlqwh/# Gduuho# txdvh# É# pruwr# sru#
Sdqgrud/# txdqgr# hohv# ghvfreuhp# txh# hod# whp#
dojxp#wlsr#gh#srghu#hoÉwulfr1
55
txdvh1# Whp# xpdv# fuldqÇdv# mrjdqgr# erod#
ghvfdoÇdv# dol# dr# orqjh/# pdv# É# xpd# Áuhd# judqgh#
Gduuho=# Dlqgd# qÃr# vhl/# pdv# d# jhqwh# suhflvd# vh# vhp#qlqjxÉp1
srvlflrqdu# vreuh# lvvr# wxgr1# QlqjxÉp# sduhfh#
vdehu# gd# V|vdwrp# h# Rolyhu# hvwÁ# lqgr# orqjh# Sdqgrud=# Gduuho$# YrfÊ# ph# pdwd$# Frpr# yrfÊ# id}#
lvvrB$#H#sru#txh#d#jhqwh#wÁ#qhvvh#fdqwr#yd}lrB$
ghpdlv1
Sdqgrud=#H#r#txh#É#txh#d#jhqwh#id}/#EhpB
Sdqgrud=# Pdv# d# jhqwh# qÃr# gÁ# frqwd# gdtxhohv# Gduuho=# Fdopd/# Sdqgrud1# ©# txh# mÁ# dvvlvwl# Ghdwk#
Qrwh111
jljdqwhv#oÁ111
Gduuho=# Suhflvdprv# gh# surwhÇÃr1# Frohwhv/# dupdv# Sdqgrud=# Dtxhoh# ghvhqkr# ehvwd# mdsrqÊvB# Txh#
whpB
gh#ixpdÇd/#vsud|#gh#slphqwd111
Sdqgrud=# YrfÊ# wÁ# grlgr/# DpruB# Rqgh# txh# d# Gduuho=#YrfÊ#whp#xp#srghu#vreuh#r#txdo#d#jhqwh#
qÃr# vdeh# qdgd1# Ydprv# id}hu# frpr# r# Nlud/#
jhqwh#ydl#frqvhjxlu#lvvr#wxgrB
txdqgr# hqfrqwurx# r# olyur1# Ydprv# whvwdu# vhx#
Gduuho=# Whprv# txh# gdu# xp# mhlwr1# Dfkr# txh# yrx# srghu/# sud# jhqwh# frqkhfhu# wrgrv# rv# olplwhv# h#
srvvlelolgdghv1
surylghqfldu#xpd#yhqgd#lqyroxqwÁuld1
Sdqgrud=#Frpr#dvvlp/#EhpB
Sdqgrud=# Yl{h/# txh# vh# yÊ# lvvr# hp# ghvhqkrB#
Pdv#h#vh#hx#wh#pdwdu#gh#qryrB
Gduuho=# Yrx# surfxudu# dojxp# fdqwr# txh# whqkd#
Gduuho=#Hx#qÃr#yrx#hvwdu#dtxl1
dupdphqwr#h#wudjr/#ghl{dqgr#glqkhlur#qr#oxjdu1
Sdqgrud=# XÉ/# h# rqgh# txh# yhqghp# dupdphqwrB# Sdqgrud=# Txhu# gl}hu# txh# ydl# ph# ghl{du# vr}lqkd#
h#dedqgrqdgdB
©#vÓ#dvvlp/#ÉB#Fkhjdu#h#frpsuduB
Gduuho=#
Yrowr#
orjr1#
Suhflvr#
surfxudu#
htxlsdphqwr1#Txhur#txh#yrfÊ#ghvfxeud#dojxpdv#
frlvdv1# Sulphlur1# Whqwh# vrowdu# r# udlr# gh# qryr1#
Sdqgrud=#Hvwrx/#qÉB#Sud#txÊB
Vhjxqgr1# Yhmd# vh# frqvhjxh# frqwurodu# d# gluhÇÃr#
gr# udlr1# Whufhlur/# yhmd# vh# frqvhjxh# frqwurodu# d#
Gh# uhshqwh/# Sdqgrud# yÊ# txh# qÃr# hvwÁ# pdlv# qr# txdqwlgdgh# gh# hohwulflgdgh# txh# yrfÊ# vrowd1#
krwho1# HvwÃr# qxp# whuuhqr# dedqgrqdgr1# 111rx# Txduwr/# yÊ# vh# frqvhjxh# suhsdudu# r# udlr# h#
Gduuho=#Hx#grx#xp#mhlwr1#HvwÁ#surqwdB
56
fdqfhodu1
grplqdu# r# pxqgr/# whprv# txh# hvwdu# suhsdudgrv/#
rud$
Sdqgrud=#Lvvr#wxgr/#EhpB#WÁ111
Vhdprqnh|=#Lglrwd111
Gduuho=# Yrowr# mÁ/# plqkd# olqgd1# Vh# fxlgd1# H# erd#
vruwh1
WxqjvwÊqlr=# Ydprv1# Whprv# txh# fruuhu1#
Kppp111#©#lpsruwdqwh#vhpsuh#ilfdu#dojxÉp#dtxl#
Gduuho# ehlmd# Sdqgrud/# txh# dlqgd# hvwÁ# dwrugrdgd# phvpr1# Suhflvr# gh# xp# gdgr# sud# vruwhdu# txhp#
frp# lvvr# wxgr1# Orjr# hp# vhjxlgd/# Gduuho# qÃr# vh# ilfd#gh#rxwud#yh}1
hqfrqwud#pdlv#dol1
Sdwlqkdv=#Hl/#fkhih$#Hx#mrjdyd#USJ$#Wlqkdv#xqv#
Sdqgrud=# Sud# yrfÊ# wdpeÉp111# Dl111# WÁ/# vh# hx# gdgrv# pdvvd# oÁ$# Xp# gh# txdwur# odgrv# gdyd#
ohpeudu#wxgr#lvvr111
fhuwlqkr#sud#jhqwh$
Hqtxdqwr#lvvr/#qd#V|vdwrp#Whfkqrorj|111
WxqjvwÊqlr=# Xp# gh# vhlv# odgrv# vhuyh1# Hx# É# txh#
ghflgluhl# vh# hx# phvpr# yrx# rx# qÃr1# R# gdgr#
vhuyluld#vÓ#sud#yrfÊv#wuÊv1
WxqjvwÊqlr=#Ydprv#wrgrv1
Sdwlqkdv=#Dk/#wrx#oljdgr111
Sdwlqkdv=#FkhihB#³111#Hud#erp#ilfdu#dojxÉp#sur#
fdvr#gh#lqydgluhp#d#jhqwh#gh#qryr/#qÉB
WxqjvwÊqlr=#Ghsrlv#d#jhqwh#yÊ#vh#duuxpd#xp111#
Ydprv#qhvvd$
WxqjvwÊqlr=#Yhugdgh1#YrfÊ#ilfd/#Sdwlqkdv1
Vhdprqnh|=# QÃr# vhl# sud# txÊ# d# jhqwh# suhflvd#
gh#dupdv1
Prqwdqkd=# Vh# irvvh# vÓ# lvvr/# hvwdyd# erp1# YrfÊ#
qxqfd#vdeh#É#gh#qdgd/#pxokhu#exuud$#Vh#ydprv#
FDUOLVVRQ#JDOGLQR#É#Edfkduho#hp#
FlÊqfld#gd#FrpsxwdÇÃr#h#sÓv0judgxdgr#
hp#SurgxÇÃr#gh#Vriwzduh#frp#ªqidvh#hp#
Vriwzduh#Olyuh1#MÁ#pdqwhyh#surmhwrv#frpr#
LdudMV/#HqflforsÉgld#Rphjd#h#Orvdqjr1#
Krmh#pdqwÉp#shtxhqrv#surmhwrv#hp#vhx#
eorj#F|dqhxv1#Phpeur#gd#Dfdghpld#
Dudsludtxhqvh#gh#Ohwudv#h#Duwhv/#É#dxwru#
gr#Frugho#gr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#h#gr#Frugho#
gr#EuRiilfh1
57
Vylohq#P
R#lpsdfwr#hfrqÔplfr
gr#Rshq#Vrxufh
lohy#0#v{f1
kx
FROXQD##FH]DU#WDXULRQ
Sru#Fh}du#Wdxulrq
Xp# dvvxqwr# txh# phuhfh#
qrvvd#dwhqÇÃr#h#txh#qhp#vhp0
suh#É#ghedwlgr#frp#surixqglgd0
gh# qrv# hyhqwrv# h# duwljrv#
hvshfÍilfrv# vreuh# Rshq# Vrxu0
fh#É#r#vhx#lpsdfwr#hfrqÔplfr1#
Hqwuhwdqwr/# h{lvwh# xp# hvwxgr#
pxlwr# lqwhuhvvdqwh# h# ehp# ghwd0
okdgr/#hvfulwr#hp#5339/#pdv#dlq0
gd# ehp# dwxdo/# txh# É# r# uhodwÓulr#
%Hfrqrplf# Lpsdfw# ri# IORVV#
rq# lqqrydwlrq# dqg# frpshwlwlyh0
qhvv# ri# wkh# HX# LFW# vhfwru%/#
txh# srgh# vhu# dfhvvdgr# hp#
kwws=22hf1hxursd1hx2hqwhusulvh2#
lfw2srolf|2grf253390440530iorvv#
lpsdfw1sgi1# ©# xp# fdokdpdÇr#
gh# pdlv# gh# 5;3# sÁjlqdv/# pdv#
txh# wrgr# lqwhuhvvdgr# hp# dqdol0
vdu# Rshq# Vrxufh# vre# r# srqwr#
gh#ylvwd#gh#vhx#lpsdfwr#qd#hfr0
qrpld#h#qd#lqgÚvwuld#gh#vriwzd0
uh#ghyh#ohu1#
Rshq# Vrxufh# É# xp# pryl0
phqwr# txh# ghyh# vhu# hvwxgdgr#
surixqgdphqwh1# QÃr# srgh# vhu#
frqvlghudgr# dshqdv# gh# irupd#
vlpsolvwd/# frpr# xp# prylphqwr#
lghroÓjlfr#gh#kdfnhuv1#Whp#sur0
ixqgrv# lpsdfwrv# qd# lqgÚvwuld#
gh#vriwzduh1#DolÁv/#srgh#h#mÁ#hv0
wÁ# wudqvirupdqgr# wrgd# d# lqgÚv0
wuld#gh#vriwzduh1#
Dojxqv# gdgrv# h{wudÍgrv#
ghvwh# uhodwÓulr/# txh# prvwud# gh#
58
hp# ;33# plokÕhv# gh# hxurv# sru#
dqr1#
#######Rshq#Vrxufh#É#xp#
prylphqwr#txh#ghyh#vhu#hvwxgdgr#
surixqgdphqwh1#QÃr#srgh#vhu#
frqvlghudgr#dshqdv#gh#irupd#
vlpsolvwd/#frpr#xp#prylphqwr#
lghroÓjlfr#gh#kdfnhuv1
Fh}du#Wdxulrq
irupd# fodud# r# lpsdfwr# gr# Rshq#
Vrxufh# qd# hfrqrpld# h# lqgÚv0
wuld# gh# vriwzduh# qd# Hxursd# h#
qr#pxqgr=
d,Hp# pdunhw# vkduh# hvwÁ#
fodur#txh#Rshq#Vrxufh#hvwÁ#vh#
glvvhplqdqgr#pxlwr#udslgdphq0
wh#shor#pxqgr#wrgr1#Hp#dojxqv#
vhwruhv#É#olghu#rx#hvwÁ#hqwuh#rv#
wuÊv#rx#txdwur#sulphlurv#vriwzd0
uhv#hp#whuprv#gh#xwlol}dÇÃr/#fr0
pr# vlvwhpdv# rshudflrqdlv#
+Olqx{,/# zhe# vhuyhuv# +Dsdfkh,/#
eurzvhuv# +Iluhir{,/# gdwdedvhv#
+P|VTO# h# SrvwjuhVTO,/# vxlwhv#
gh# hvfulwÓulr# +RshqRiilfh1ruj,/#
olqjxdjhqv# gh# surjudpdÇÃr#
+Shuo/#SKS111,1
h,R# hvwxgr# wdpeÉp# hvwl0
pd# txh# hp# ilqv# ghvwh# dqr# gh#
5343/# r# hfrvvlvwhpd# Rshq#
Vrxufh# ydl# dofdqÇdu# fhufd# gh#
7(#gr#SLE#hxurshx$
i,R# hvwxgr# wdpeÉp# prv0
wurx# r# srwhqfldo# gd# lqirupdwl}d0
ÇÃr#
sru#
hpsuhvdv#
h#
dgplqlvwudÇÕhv# jryhuqdphq0
wdlv# gh# shtxhqr# sruwh# +frpr#
suhihlwxudv,/# txh# qÃr# wÊp# fdsl0
wdo# sdud# pdlruhv# lqyhvwlphqwrv#
hp# dtxlvlÇÕhv# gh# vriwzduh1#
Frp#Rshq#Vrxufh#dv#eduuhludv#
gh# hqwudgd# fdhp# vljqlilfdwlyd0
phqwh/#deulqgr#pdlruhv#rsruwx0
sruwdqwhv# gldorjd# hp# lqjoÊv1# qlgdghv# sdud# hvwdv# hpsuhvdv#
Qd#¡vld/##Lqgld#h#Fklqd#vh#ghv0 vh#lqirupdwl}duhp1
wdfdp1# R# Eudvlo# dsduhfh# frp#
j,R# uhodwÓulr# dsrqwd# fr0
ghvwdtxh#qr#xvr#gr#Rshq#Vrxu0 pr# xp# hihlwr# srvlwlyr# gr# Rshq#
fh#hp#ÓujÃrv#jryhuqdphqwdlv1
Vrxufh# qd# Hxursd/# r# srwhqfldo#
f,Idodqgr# hp# lpsdfwrv# gh#jhudÇÃr#gh#hpsuhjrv#h#fuld0
hfrqÔplfrv/# r# hvwxgr# gd# edvh# ÇÃr# gh# shtxhqdv# hpsuhvdv# gh#
lqvwdodgd# gh# Rshq# Vrxufh# whuld# vriwzduh# h# vhuylÇrv/# sulqflsdo0
fxvwdgr# Àv# hpsuhvdv# hxursÉl0 phqwh# srutxh# qd# XH# qÃr# h{lv0
dv/# vh# irvvh# ghvhqyroylgr# qrv# wh# wdqwr# YF# +yhqwxuh# fdslwdo,#
proghv# wudglflrqdlv/# fhufd# gh# glvsrqÍyho/# qhp# xpd# fxowxud#
45# elokÕhv# gh# hxurv1# Hvvh# yd0 gh#ulvfr#frpr#h{lvwh#qrv#HXD1#
oru#irl#fdofxodgr#À#Ésrfd#h#ghyh0
k,Xp# dvshfwr# ghvwdfdgr#
prv# ohpeudu# txh# r# yroxph# gh# shor# hvwxgr# É# d# rsruwxqlgdgh#
fÓgljr# dehuwr# hvwÁ# greudqgr# d# gh#
ghvhqyroylphqwr#
gh#
fdgd#4;257#phvhv1
kdelolgdghv/# txh# lqfoxhp# doÉp#
g,Hvwlpd0vh# txh# r# hviru0 gd# Óeyld# kdelolgdgh# gh# surjud0
Çr#gh#ghvhqyroylphqwr#h#pdqx0 pdÇÃr/# frqkhflphqwrv# glilflo0
whqÇÃr# gr# Rshq# Vrxufh# +rv# phqwh# dsuhqglgrv# qrv# fxuvrv#
e,Hxursd#h#HXD#vÃr#dv#uh0 judqghv# surmhwrv# gh# vriwzduh# irupdlv#gh#flÊqfld#gd#frpsxwd0
jlÕhv# txh# frqfhqwudp# d# pdlru# whp#fhufd#gh#83(#gh#vhx#fÓgl0 ÇÃr#frpr#dvshfwrv#mxuÍglfrv#+ol0
sduwh#grv#ghvhqyroyhgruhv1#Sur0 jr#edvh#vxevwlwxÍgr#d#fdgd#flq0 fhqÇdv# h# sdwhqwhv2frs|uljkwv#
ydyhophqwh#¡vld#h#DpÉulfd#Odwl0 fr# dqrv,# htxlydoh# d# xpd# iruÇd# gh#vriwzduh,/#wudedokr#froderud0
qd# hqiuhqwdp# r# sureohpd# gd# wduhid# gh# 4641333# surilvvlr0 wlyr# hp# htxlshv# h# frrughqd0
olqjxd/#srlv#d#pdlruld#gdv#frpx0 qdlv2dqr1# R# hvwxgr# dydold# hvwd# ÇÃr# gh# frpxqlgdghv1# Xpd# gdv#
qlgdghv#grv#vriwzduhv#pdlv#lp0 frqwulexlÇÃr# gd# frpxqlgdgh# shvtxlvdv# gr# hvwxgr# prvwurx#
59
txh# :;(# grv# ghvhqyroyhgruhv#
vh# mxqwdydp# À# frpxqlgdghv#
Rshq# Vrxufh# sdud# dsuhqghu# h#
ghvhqyroyhu#qrydv#kdelolgdghv1
l,R# hvwxgr# wdpeÉp# prv0
wud#r#srwhqfldo#gr#Rshq#Vrxufh#
hp#lqfhqwlydu#lqrydÇÃr#+ghvwuxl0
ÇÃr# fuldwlyd,/# dsrqwdqgr# r# idwr#
txh#d#lqgÚvwuld#gh#vriwzduh#wud0
glflrqdo# whqgh# pxlwdv# yh}hv# d#
lqrydu# gh# irupd# lqfuhphqwdo/#
qÃr# glvuxswlyd1# Hvwlpd# txh# sh0
or# phqrv# 69(# gh# lqyhvwlphq0
wrv# hp# S)G# gh# vriwzduh#
srghuldp# vhu# hfrqrpl}dgrv#
frp# xpd# pdlru# vlqhujld# hqwuh#
d# lqgÚvwuld# h# dv# frpxqlgdghv#
Rshq#Vrxufh1#
m,Xp# lpsruwdqwh# dvshfwr#
ghvwdfdgr# shor# uhodwÓulr# irl#
fuhvfhqwh# xvr# gr# Rshq# Vrxufh#
qd# fuldÇÃr# gh# surgxwrv# h# vhuyl0
Çrv# rqgh# vriwzduh# É# hpedufd0
gr/#
frpr#
htxlsdphqwrv#
pÉglfrv/#hohwurhohwuÔqlfrv/#fhox0
oduhv/# dxwrprwlyrv# h# rxwurv1#
Qhvvhv# surgxwrv# r# vriwzduh# É#
phlr/# h# qÃr# ilp/# h# r# xvr# gh#
Rshq# Vrxufh# frpr# r# vlvwhpd#
rshudflrqdo# Olqx{# uhgx}# r# vhx#
fxvwr# gh# ghvhqyroylphqwr# h#
dfhohud#d#vxd#hqwudgd#qr#phufd0
gr1# R# hvwxgr# prvwurx# frpr# d#
Qrnld# jdqkrx# whpsr# frp# vxd#
sodwdirupd# Pdhpr/# edvhdgd#
qd# glvwulexlÇÃr# Gheldq1# Dqdol0
vdqgr# xp# uhohvdvh# hvshflilfr/#
ghqrplqdgr# Plvwudo/# olehudgr#
hp#djrvwr#gh#5339#sdud#r#sur0
mhwr# h{shulphqwdo# Wdeohw# ::3/#
hohv# yludp# txh# d# Qrnld# suhfl0
vrx#
ghvhqyroyhu#
dshqdv#
5331333# olqkdv# gh# fÓgljr#
+4/8(# gdv# pdlv# gh# 48# plokÕhv#
gh# olqkdv# gd# sodwdirupd# Pdh0
######Vrphqwh#qr#dqr#
sdvvdgr#irudp#fuldgrv#pdlv#gh#
4<1333#surmhwrv#Rshq#Vrxufh1#Vh#
vrpduprv#r#ydoru#gh#wrgdv#dv#
fhqwhqdv#gh#plokduhv#gh#surmhwrv#
Rshq#Vrxufh#txh#h{lvwhp#krmh#hp#
gld#frp#vhxv#elokÕhv#gh#olqkdv#gh#
fÓgljr/#fkhjduÍdprv#dr#
hvwrqwhdqwh#ydoru#gh#733#elokÕhv#gh#
gÓoduhv1
Fh}du#Wdxulrq
pr,/# jdqkdqgr# frp# lvvr# whp0
sr# h# srxsdqgr# lqyhvwlphqwrv#
txh# sxghudp# vhu# dsolfdgrv# hp#
qryrv# ghvhqyroylphqwrv1# Fdvr#
wlyhvvh# txh# ghvhqyroyhu# wxgr#
gr# }hur# d# Qrnld# suhflvduld# dor0
fdu# 451333# ghvhqyroyhgr0
uhv2dqr# h# pdlv# gh# ;:3# plokÕhv#
gh#hxurv1
wh# ydoru# gh# 733# elokÕhv# gh#
gÓoduhv1#
R#txh#hvwhv#qxphurv##gh0
prqvwudp# fodudphqwh# É# txh#
Rshq# Vrxufh# qÃr# ghyh# vhu# hq0
fdudgr# gh# irupd# vlpsolvwd# fr0
pr# xp# prylphqwr# uhvwulwr# d#
glvfxvvÕhv# lghroÓjlfdv/# rqgh# d#
DoÉp#grv#gdgrv#ghvwh#hv0 ghflvÃr# gh# lu# sdud# Rshq# Vrxu0
wxgr# rxwurv# qÚphurv# qrv# fkd0 fh# É# dshqdv# srutxh# É# Rshq#
pdp# d# dwhqÇÃr1# Vrphqwh# qr# Vrxufh/#pdv#frpr#xp#phlr#hil0
dqr# sdvvdgr# irudp# fuldgrv# fd}#gh#sursruflrqdu#ghvhqyroyl0
pdlv# gh# 4<1333# surmhwrv# Rshq# phqwr#hfrqÔplfr1
Vrxufh1# Vh# vrpduprv# r# ydoru#
DolÁv/# r# prghor# Rshq#
gh#wrgdv#dv#fhqwhqdv#gh#plokd0 Vrxufh# frphÇd# d# vh# hvsdokdu#
uhv# gh# surmhwrv# Rshq# Vrxufh# sru# rxwurv# vhwruhv# hfrqÔpl0
txh# h{lvwhp# krmh# hp# gld/# # frp# frv1# Uhfhqwhphqwh# d# Jod{rV0
vhxv# elokÕhv# gh# olqkdv# gh# fÓgl0 plwkNolqh#
SOF#
deulx#
À#
jr/# fkhjduÍdprv# dr# hvwrqwhdq0 frpxqlgdgh# shvtxlvdgrud# rv#
5:
gh# shvtxlvd# h# lqyhvwlphqwrv#
sdud# vh# wudqvirupdu# hp# xp# uh0
pÉglr#frqwud#d#pdoÁuld1
########D#h{shfwdwlyd#gd#Jud{r#É#
txh#r#frpsduwlokdphqwr#gh#
lqirupdÇÕhv#+frqfhlwr#Rshq#
Vrxufh,/#txh#ghudp#fhuwr#qr#vhwru#
gh#vriwzduh#ohyhp#rv#flhqwlvwdv#d#
ghvfreulu#xpd#gurjd#pdlv#
udslgdphqwh#txh#vh#wudedokdvvhp#
lvrodgdphqwh1
Fh}du#Wdxulrq
prghorv# gh# 461833# frpsrqhq0
whv# txÍplfrv/# txh# vhjxqgr# hod/#
vhuldp#fdsd}hv#gh#lqlelu#r#sdud0
vlwd# txh# fdxvd# d# pdoÁuld1#D# h{0
shfwdwlyd# gd# Jod{r# É# txh# r#
frpsduwlokdphqwr# gh# lqirupd0
ÇÕhv# h# d# shvtxlvd# frqmxqwd#
+frqfhlwr# Rshq# Vrxufh,/# txh#
ghudp#fhuwr#qr#vhwru#gh#vriwzd0
uh# ohyhp# rv# flhqwlvwdv# d# ghvfr0
eulu#
xpd#
gurjd#
pdlv#
udslgdphqwh# txh# vh# wudedokdv0
vhp# lvrodgdphqwh1# ©# xpd# txh0
eud# gh# sdudgljpdv/# srlv# d#
lqgÚvwuld# idupdfÊxwlfd# jxdugd#
frpr#vhjuhgr#gh#hvwdgr#dv#iÓu0
pxodv# gh# vhxv# uhpÉglrv/# dv0
vlp# frpr# d# lqgÚvwuld# gh#
vriwzduh#vhpsuh#pdqwhyh#d#vh0
wh# fkdyhv# r# fÓgljr# irqwh# gh#
vhxv#surgxwrv1
hqÇdv/#frpr#d#pdoÁuld/#txh#diol0
jhp# srsxodÇÕhv# sreuhv# h# txh#
rv# uhpÉglrv# %sursulhwÁulrv%# gh0
vhqyroylgrv# sdud# wudwÁ0odv# qÃr#
surphwhp# uhwruqrv# pxlwr# dowrv1#
R# ghvhqyroylphqwr# gh# xp# uh0
pÉglr##É#xp#surfhvvr#fdur/#gh#
huur#h#dfhuwr/#txh#hqyroyh#lghq0
wlilfdu#txdlv#frpsrqhqwhv#txÍpl0
frv# surgx}hp# fhuwrv# hihlwrv#
qxp# ghwhuplqdgr# doyr# elroÓjl0
fr1# Qr# dqr# sdvvdgr# d# Jod{r#
whvwrx#grlv#plokÕhv#gh#frpsrv0
wrv/#vhohflrqdqgr#dv#461833#pr0
oÉfxodv/# txh# vhjxqgr# hod/#
srwhqfldophqwh# dsuhvhqwdp# do0
jxp# hihlwr1# Pdv/# uhgx}lu# d# olvwd#
gh# frpsrvwrv# d# xp# qÚphur#
ehp#pdlv#olplwdgr#gh#lwhqv#txh#
srvvdp# ohydu# dr# ghvhqyroyl0
phqwr#gh#xp#uhpÉglr#É#xp#sur0
D# lqlfldwlyd# É# sudjpÁwlfd/# fhvvr# fdur# h# frpsoh{r1#
srlv# deuh# dv# iÓupxodv# sdud# gr0 Txdotxhu# frpsrqhqwh# txh# vh#
suryh# surplvvru# ohyduÁ# dqrv#
D# sursrvwd# Rshq# Vrxufh#
gd#Jod{r#vlqdol}d#txh#d#hpsuh0
vd# qÃr# sdwhqwhduÁ# txdotxhu# uh0
pÉglr# frqwud# d# pdoÁuld# txh#
srvvd#d#vhu#ghvfrehuwr#d#sduwlu#
ghvwhv# frpsrqhqwhv# h# hvshud#
txh# rxwurv# shvtxlvdgruhv# gr0
hp# vxd# sursulhgdgh# lqwhohfwxdo#
sdud#xp#srro#gh#sdwhqwhv#yrowd0
gr# d# grhqÇdv# qhjoljhqfldgdv/#
frpr#d#pdoÁuld1
Sdud#pdlv#lqirupdÇÕhv=
Vlwh#Rshq#Vrxufh#Lqlwldwlyh#
kwws=22zzz1rshqvrxufh1ruj
Duwljr#vreuh#Rshq#Vrxufh#qd#
ZlnlsÉgld
kwws=22sw1zlnlshgld1ruj2zlnl2Rshq#
vrxufh
Duwljr#Hfrqrplf#Lpsdfw#ri#IORVV#
rq#lqqrydwlrq#dqg#
frpshwlwlyhqhvv#ri#wkh#HX#LFW#
vhfwru#+hp#lqjoÊv,
kwws=22hf1hxursd1hx2hqwhusulvh2lfw2#
srolf|2grf253390440530iorvvlpsdfw1sgi
Vlwh#Jod{rVplwkNolqh
kwws=22zzz1jvn1frp
FH]DU#WDXULRQ#É#
Jhuhqwh#gh#Qrydv#
Whfqrorjldv#gd#LEP#
Eudvlo1#
Vhx#eorj#hvwÁ#
glvsrqÍyho#hp
zzz1lep1frp2ghyhor
shuzrunv2eorjv2sdjh2
fwdxulrq
5;
FROXQD##UREHUWR#VDORPRQ
Gh#phld0qrlwh
Àv#vhlv
Sru#Urehuwr#Vdorprq
Lydq#Suroh#0#v{f1kx
Ilfr# vhpsuh# lpsuhvvlrqdgr# frp# d# idflolgd0
gh#frp#txh#dojxpdv#shvvrdv#frqvhjxhp#jhuhq0
fldu# r# whpsr1# Htxloleudp# vhp# pdlruhv#
suhrfxsdÇÕhv#rx#hviruÇrv#dsduhqwhv#vxdv#ylgdv#
surilvvlrqdlv# h# shvvrdlv# doÉp# gh# dlqgd# vreudu#
whpsr#sdud#dojxp#kree|#txh/#yld#gh#uhjud/#frq0
vrph#xp#whpsr#hqruph1#Hx#idÇr#sduwh#gd#wxupd#
txh#vh#hviruÇd/#pdv#txh#dfded#ghl{dqgr#d#ylgd#
h#rv#surmhwrv#shvvrdlv#sdud#dtxhod#krud#pÁjlfd#
hqwuh#phld0qrlwh#h#vhlv#gd#pdqkÃ1
R# pdlv# lpsuhvvlrqdqwh# É# txh# vÃr# hvvdv#
shvvrdv# txh/# doÉp# gdv# vxdv# dwulexlÇÕhv# glÁuldv/#
frqvhjxhp# jhulu# surmhwrv# gh# Vriwzduh# Olyuh# lp0
sruwdqwhv1
Txhp#dlqgd#qÃr#whyh#d#h{shulÊqfld#gh#sdu0
wlflsdu#gd#frrughqdÇÃr#gh#dojxp#surmhwr#qÃr#id}#
lghld# gr# yroxph# gh# phqvdjhqv# txh# flufxodp#
qdv# olvwdv# gh# dgplqlvwudÇÃr1# VÃr# glvfxvvÕhv# h#
ghflvÕhv#gdv#pdlv#yduldgdv#txh#yÃr#ghvgh#ghfl0
vÕhv#wÉfqlfdv#dwÉ#r#gld#d#gld#gd#rujdql}dÇÃr#gr#
surmhwr1#D# judqgh# pdlruld# ghvwdv# ghflvÕhv/# dsh0
vdu# gh# frohjldgdv/# h{ljhp# d# sduwlflsdÇÃr# gr# fr0
rughqdgru1
5<
FROXQD##UREHUWR#VDORPRQ
#Pxlwr#gr#vxfhvvr#
grv#sulqflsdlv#surmhwrv#vh#
ghyh#À#ghglfdÇÃr#grv#
frrughqdgruhv1#VÃr#hohv#
rv#Úowlprv#uhvsrqvÁyhlv#
shod#pdqxwhqÇÃr#gr#
lqwhuhvvh#gd#frpxqlgdgh#
shor#surgxwr#h#shor#
suÓsulr#surmhwr1
gh# hvfulwÓulr# É# srxfr# vh{|1# Wrgr# ghvhqyroyhgru#
txhu# sduwlflsdu# gh# frlvdv# pdlv# vxfxohqwdv# frpr#
r# nhuqho# gr# Olqx{# rx# hqjhqkr# gr# SrvwjuhVTO1#
Phvpr# dvvlp/# r# surmhwr# EuRiilfh1ruj# frqvhjxlx#
pdqwhu# xpd# frpxqlgdgh# hqjdmdgd# h# dwlyd# txh#
dgrwrx# fdxvdv# frpr# r# RGI# doÉp# gd# surprÇÃr#
h#xwlol}dÇÃr#gr#surgxwr1
Vhuld# ohyldqr# whqwdu# flwdu# wrgrv# rv# qrphv#
txh# pdqwÉp# hvvd# yleudqwh# frpxqlgdgh# dwlyd# h#
hqjdmdgd1# Frqvlghuhp0vh# wrgrv# ghylgdphqwh#
fxpsulphqwdgrv# h# ohpeudgrv# qdv# iljxudv# gr#
Fodxglr#h#gr#Ixuxvkr1
Xpd# judqgh# ydqwdjhp# gdv# frpxqlgdghv#
gh# Vriwzduh# Olyuh# É# r# idwr# txh# dv# olghudqÇdv# vh#
uhyh}dp1#Qryrv#qrphv#vxujhp#d#fdgd#gld#h#wud0
}hp# vxd# frqwulexlÇÃr# lqhvwlpÁyho# sdud# rv# surmh0
wrv#qrv#txdlv#sduwlflsdp1
Qr#ilqdo#gdv#frqwdv/#r#gld#É#r#phvpr#sdud#
wrgrv/# pdv# dojxqv# frqvhjxhp# id}hu# xp# srxfr#
pdlv/#glvwulexlqgr#r#whpsr#hqwuh#rv#surmhwrv#grv#
txdlv# sduwlflsdp# h# dlqgd# sru# flpd# hqfrqwudp#
H# fkhjd# d# Ésrfd# gr# ILVO1#DoÉp# gh# wxgr# r#
whpsr# sdud# gruplu# xp# srxfr1# Qhp# txh# vhmd# gh#
txh# dfrqwhfh# qrupdophqwh# r# sreuh# frrughqd0
phld0qrlwh#Àv#vhlv1
gru# dlqgd# whp# txh# suhsdudu# sdohvwudv/# hqwuhylv0
wdv/# dsuhvhqwdÇÕhv/# pdufdu# sdvvdjhp/# uhvhuydu#
krwho1#H#dlqgd#whp#txh#vreudu#whpsr#sdud#r#vrfl0
do1
Eorj#gr#Urehuwr#Vdorprq=
Urehuwr#Vdorprq
Pxlwr# gr# vxfhvvr# grv# sulqflsdlv# surmhwrv#
vh# ghyh# À# ghglfdÇÃr# grv# frrughqdgruhv1# VÃr#
hohv# rv# Úowlprv# uhvsrqvÁyhlv# shod# pdqxwhqÇÃr#
gr#lqwhuhvvh#gd#frpxqlgdgh#shor#surgxwr#h#shor#
suÓsulr#surmhwr1#H#lvvr/#sru#frqwd#suÓsuld/#É#xpd#
wduhid#pxlwdv#yh}hv#lqjoÓuld1
kwws=22uivdorprq1eorjvsrw1frp
UREHUWR#VDORPRQ#É#dutxlwhwr#gh#
vriwzduh#qd#LEP#h#yroxqwÁulr#gr#surmhwr#
EuRiilfh1ruj1
Txdqgr# dmxghl# pdlv# dwlydphqwh# qr# EuRiil0
fh1ruj/#frvwxpdyd#gl}hu#txh#xp#surmhwr#gh#vxlwh#
Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh##Mxqkr#5343##kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj
63
Vylohq#Plohy#0#v{f1kx
FROXQD##NUL[#DSROLQ¡ULR
Txdlv#dv#ydqwdjhqv#gh#vh
whu#xp#eorj#wÉfqlfrB
Sru#Nul{#DsrolqÁulr
ghwhuplqdgr# dvvxqwr# pxlwr#
txh# hvwÁ# hp# exvfd# gh# pdlv#
frqkhflphqwr# h# wdpeÉp# d#
txhp# hvfuhyh# txh# dojxpdv#
yh}hv# r# r# frqwhÚgr# gr# suÓsulr#
eorj# fkhjd# d# vhuylu# frpr# xp#
eorfr# gh# dqrwdÇÕhv/# r# txdo# vh#
Qrupdophqwh/# eorjv# pdlv# uhfruuh#sdud#dmxgdu#d#uhohpeudu#
wÉfqlfrv# qdvfhp# sru# xp# vreuh# xp# dvvxqwr# txh#
prwlyr=# Txhuhu# frpsduwlokdu# vlpsohvphqwh#*ghx#eudqfr*1
Frqwxgr# hvvhv# eorjv# qÃr#
frqkhflphqwrv/# ghvfrehuwdv/#
sureohpdv# h2rx# gÚylgdv# gdv# vhuyhp# vrphqwh# sdud# ghl{du#
txdlv# frqvhjxlx# uhvroyhu# frp# frqwhÚgr# h# srqwr# ilqdo/# qÃr# É#
rxwudv#
shvvrdv/#
hqilp/# frpr# xp# olyur# txh# shjdprv#
shvvrdv# txh# txhuhp# uhsdvvdu# qd# eleolrwhfd# h# ydprv# hp#
lqirupdÇÕhv#frp#rxwudv#h#hvvd# exvfd# gr# fdsÍwxor# r# txdo# qrv#
ohprv#
h#
glyxojdÇÃr#
vreuh#
xp# lqwhuhvvd/#
Dr# frqwuÁulr# gr# txh#
pxlwdv#
shvvrdv#
shqvdp#
pdqwhu# xp# eorj# qÃr# É# wduhid#
qdgd# vlpsohv/# lvvr# fodur/# vh#
yrfÊ# txhu# whu# dojxp# wlsr# gh#
uhfrqkhflphqwr#
h#
qÃr#
vrphqwh#ohydu#qd#*eulqfdghlud*1
64
FROXQD##NUL[#DSROLQ¡ULR
ghyrophprv/# qÃr# É# dvvlp/# hp#
eorjv#
srghprv#
wurfdu#
lqirupdÇÕhv# frp# r# dxwru# gh#
irupd# uÁslgd/# dojxpdv# yh}hv#
frpsohphqwdqgr/#
rxwudv#
uhwlilfdqgr/#
horjldqgr/#
fulwlfdqgr#h#ghvvh#prgr#frp#r#
sdvvdu# gdv# sxeolfdÇÕhv/# h#
fodur/#
ghshqghqgr#
gd#
txdolgdgh# gdv# srvwdjhqv/# ydl#
kdyhqgr# xpd# glyxojdÇÃr/# xp#
fuhvfhqwh# qÚphur# gh# dfhvvrv/#
h# dvvlp# pdlv# shvvrdv# sdvvdp#
d# ohu# h# frphqwdu# r# frqwhÚgr#
gdv# srvwdjhqv# h# dvvlp#
sdvvdvvh# d# frqkhfhu# shvvrdv/#
shvvrdv# Àv# txdlv# srghp# vhu#
wruqdu# dpljdv/# kdyhqgr# doÉp#
gd# wurfd# gh# lqirupdÇÕhv#
wÉfqlfdv/# wurfd# gh# h{shulÊqfldv#
gh# ylgd# h# rxwudv# yh}hv# r#
frqwhÚgr# fkdpd# d# dwhqÇÃr# gh#
xpd# hpsuhvd/# rqgh# srgh#
kdyhu# xpd# sdufhuld# rx# dwÉ#
phvpr# xpd# sursrvwd# gh#
hpsuhjr1
ilqdqfhlur#
dwudyÉv#
gh#
sursdjdqgdv/# txh# qÃr# É#
vhpsuh# txh# rfruuh# h# pxlwdv#
yh}hv#
rv#
ydoruhv#
vÃr#
shtxhqrv/# pdv# txh# dmxgdp/#
lqfoxvlyh# d# pdqwhu# r# eorj# h#
dojxqv# rxwurv# fdvrv# hvvh#
uhwruqr# wruqd0vh# xpd# uhqgd#
h{wud/# h# É# mxvwr# txdqgr# r#
frqwhÚgr# É# erp# h# h{lvwh# xpd#
uhvsrqvdelolgdgh# gr# dxwru# sdud#
frp#r#eorj1
Ydoh# ohpeudu# wdpeÉp# txh#
sdud# r# dxwru# hvfuhyhu# srvwv#
frp# dvvxqwrv# lqwhuhvvdqwhv#
hoh# whp# txh# ohu# pxlwr/# hvwxgdu#
h# exvfdu# frqkhflphqwr# sdud#
uhsdvvdu#
h#
lvvr#
É#
ghilqlwlydphqwh#
pxlwr#
lpsruwdqwh# sdud# r# fuhvflphqwr#
gr# eorj# h# sulqflsdophqwh# gh#
txhp#hvfuhyh/#dilqdo#hoh#dfded#
whqgr# d# qhfhvvlgdgh/# h# d#
yrqwdgh/# gh# frqkhfhu# pdlv#
frlvdv/# vh# dsurixqgdu# hp#
dojxqv# whpdv# h# sdvvd# d# ohu#
H{lvwh# wdpeÉp# r# uhwruqr# frp#pxlwr#pdlv#iuhtxÊqfld1
Whu# xp# eorj# wÉfqlfr# ydoh#
pxlwr# d# shqd/# dv# ydqwdjhqv#
vÃr# pxlwdv# h# Ówlpdv/# pdv# sdud#
txh# hodv# h{lvwdp# É# qhfhvvÁulr#
txh#
kdmd#
ghglfdÇÃr/#
uhvsrqvdelolgdgh# frp# hoh/# vh#
qÃr# hoh# vh# wruqduÁ# dshqdv#
pdlv# xp# eorj# hqwuh# wdqwrv#
rxwurv# txh# qdvfhp# qd#
eorjrvihud1#
NUL[#DSROLQ¡ULR#
É#judgxdgd#hp#
Lqwhuqhw#h#Uhghv#gh#
Frpsxwdgruhv#h#
dwxd#frpr#
Dgplqlvwudgrud#gh#
Vlvwhpdv#Xql{2Olqx{#
gr#F1H1V1D1U1
65
FDSD##HQWUHYLVWD#FRP#MR£R#FDUORV#FDULE©
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#
MrÃr#Fduorv#
FduleÉ
Sru#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru
Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh=# RoÁ# MrÃr# FduleÉ1#
Vh#dsuhvhqwh#drv#ohlwruhv#gd#uhylvwd1#Txhp#É#
MrÃr# FduleÉ# h# r# txh# id}# qr# vhx# gld# d# gldB#
Wudedokd#frp#r#txh#h#rqgh#prudB
MrÃr# Fduorv# FduleÉ=# Phx# qrph# É# MrÃr#
Fduorv# Uhehoor# FduleÉ/# fdulrfd/# qdvflgr# qr# dqr#
gr# jrosh# plolwdu/# qr# hqwÃr# hvwdgr# gd# Jxdqded0
ud/# rqgh# uhvlgr# dwÉ# krmh1# Ilokr# gr# edkldqr# Fdu0
orv# Fduorv# h# gd# pdudqkhqvh# Pduld# L}deho1# Vrx#
sxeolflwÁulr/#flehudwlylvwd#h#xp#lghdolvwd#lqfxuÁyho#
shod#olehugdgh#qd#uhgh1#Dwxdophqwh#vrx#frrugh0
qdgru# gh# pÍgldv# vrfldlv# gr# Dohvvdqgur# Prorq#
gr#SW/#txh#É#fdqglgdwr#d#Ghsxwdgr#Ihghudo#sh0
or#Ulr#gh#mdqhlur#+kwws=22prorq46461frp1eu,1#
UHO=#R#txh#É#r#Phjd#QÃr#h#srutxh#fulÁ0
orB# Srutxh# hvvh# qrph=# Phjd# QÃrB# Hp# txh#
vlwxdÇÃr#vxujlx#d#fuldÇÃr#gr#prylphqwrB
MFF=#Qd#yhugdgh#r#prylphqwr#h{lvwld#pxl0
wr# dqwhv# gr# qrph1# R# prylphqwr# shod# olehugdgh#
qd# uhgh# h# frqwud# r# DL8# gljlwdo# h{lvwh# kÁ# pxlwr#
66
whpsr1#Hx#ph#hqjdmhl#qhoh#hp#5339/#pdv#pxlwd#
jhqwh#erd#mÁ#hvwdyd#hqjdmdgd1#R#wh{wr#wudplwdyd#
qr#Vhqdgr#h#suhflvÁydprv#id}hu#dojr#uhdophqwh#
uhohydqwh1# Irl# txdqgr# ph# lqglfdudp# r# wh{wr# gr#
VÉujlr#Dpdghx#h#gr#DqguÉ#Ohprv/#txh#krmh#dlq0
gd#É#r#wh{wr#gd#shwlÇÃr#rqolqh#frqwud#r#SO#gh#Fl0
ehufulphv#
txh#
hx#
sxeoltxhl#
+kwws=22zzz1shwlwlrqrqolqh1frp2yhwr533;2shwlwl0
rq1kwpo,1#Rpdu#Ndplqvnl/#Jloehuwr#Sdyrql/#Khulq0
txh# Dqwrxq/# Udtxho# Uhfxhur# h# fhqwhqdv# gh#
rxwurv# irupdgruhv# gh# rslqlÃr# wdpeÉp# hvwdydp#
hqjdmdgrv#qd#fdxvd1#D#shwlÇÃr#uhfhehx#6333#dv0
vlqdwxudv#qd#sulphlud#vhpdqd/#h#hud#dqwh0yÉvsh0
ud#gh#uhfhvvr#sduodphqwdu#h#qÃr#kdyld#qhqkxpd#
lqglfdÇÃr# gh# r# DL8# gljlwdo# vhuld# yrwdgr1# Phvpr#
dvvlp#ghflglprv#pdqgdu#sdud#dojxqv#vhqdgruhv#
dv#6333#dvvlqdwxudv#h#r#wh{wr#gd#shwlÇÃr1#Hqyld0
prv# lqfldophqwh# dr# Phufdqgdqwh# h# ghsrlv# sdud#
wrgrv# rv# rxwurv# vhqdgruhv1# Qr# gld# vhjxlqwh# Àv#
56=63k/# hvwdyd# frqyhuvdqgr# frp# r# Rpdu# shor#
jwdon# txdqgr# frphfrx# d# vxujlu# uxpruhv# gh# txh#
r#DL8#gljlwdo#hvwdyd#vhqgr#yrwdgr/#h#r#slru#É#txh#
hud#yhugdgh$#R#D}huhgr#%hqilrx%#r#DL8#gljlwdo#sd0
ud#yrwdÇÃr#h{wud0sdxwd/#Àv#56k#mxqwr#frp#r#surmh0
wr# gd# FSL# gd# shgrilold/# h# r# ih}# vhu# yrwdgr# vre#
hvwh# dujxphqwr/# h# hoh# sdvvrx# qr# Vhqdgr# sdud#
qrvvr# ghvhvshur1#D# vruwh# É# txh# r# surmhwr# dlqgd#
whuld# gh# vhu# yrwdgr# qd# FÂpdud# qrydphqwh# sru0
txh#vxujlx#oÁ#h#irud#prglilfdgr#qr#Vhqdgr1#Orjr#
ghsrlv# gr# uhfhvvr/# r# Ghsxwdgr# MÚolr# Vhphjklql#
shglx#txh#dr#SO;72<<#+R#DL8#gljlwdo,#wlyhvvh#wud0
plwdÇÃr#gh#xujÊqfld/#pdv#qhvwh#prphqwr#d#shwl0
ÇÃr# mÁ# wlqkd# pdlv# gh# <3# plo# dvvlqdwxudv1# Irudp#
<3#plo#vÓ#qr#sulphlur#pÊv$#R#fuhvflphqwr#uÁslgr#
gd# shwlÇÃr# fkdprx# d# dwhqÇÃr# grv# ghsxwdgrv/#
gh# txh# kdyld# xp# prylphqwr# gd# vrflhgdgh# flylo#
frqwud#r#SO;72<<#h#txh#hvwh#prylphqwr#dsuhvhq0
wdyd# dujxphqwrv# frqvlvwhqwhv1# Iuhqwh# d# lvwr/# r#
Ghsxwdgr# Sdxor# Whl{hlud# hqwurx# frp# xp# shglgr#
qd#FÂpdud#sdud#r#SO;72<<#vhu#dsuhfldgr#qdv#fr0
plvvÕhv#gd#fdvd1#
vlo# h# qr# h{whulru# shod# pÍgld# dowhuqdwlyd/# mÁ# txh# d#
pÍgld#wudglflrqdo#vhpsuh#irl#yhodgdphqwh#d#idyru#
gr#DL8#gljlwdo/#srlv#d#Lqwhuqhw#olyuh#sdud#hohv#sduh0
fh#vhu#xpd#judqgh#dphdÇd1#Frp#lvwr/#suhflvÁyd0
prv# id}hu# xp# prylphqwr# Phjd/# dojr# txh#
fkdpdvvh#d#dwhqÇÃr#gh#yhugdgh#h#dÍ#wlyh#d#lghld#
gr#qrph#Phjd#QÃr/#pdv#qÃr#wlqkd#xpd#hvwudwÉ0
jld# gh# dÇÃr# ghilqlgd# dlqgd1# TxhuÍdprv# dwlqjlu#
xpd# pdvvd# judqgh1# Frqyhuvdqgr# frp# r# Gdqlho#
SÁgxd/# hoh# idorx# txh# hvwdydp# rujdql}dqgr# xp#
dwr#sÚeolfr#hp#VÃr#Sdxor#frqwud#r#DL8#gljlwdo/#h#
dÍ#vxujlx#d#lghld#lqlfldo#ghvwh#dwr#sÚeolfr#vhu#r#wdo#
Phjd#QÃr1#Hx#h#r#Gdqlho#frvwxudprv#xpd#vÉulh#
gh# hyhqwrv# txh# srghuldp# vhu# ihlwrv# sdud# txh# r#
Phjd#QÃr#irvvh#uhdophqwh#phjd1#R#sodqr#wlqkd#
eorjdjhqv# frohwlydv# +txh# dfrqwhfhx,/# iodvkprev#
shodv#fdslwdlv#h#dÇÕhv#glyhuvdv#rq#h#riiolqh1#Qhv0
wh#phlr#whpsr/#txhuld#ohydu#r#Phjd#QÃr#sdud#dv#
fodvvhv# F# h# G/# h# surfxuhl# PÁulr# EudqgÃr/# suhvl0
ghqwh# gd#DEFLG1# R# pdlv# fxulrvr# irl# txh# ghsrlv#
gd#uhxqlÃr#txh#wlyhprv#frp#hoh/#txh#irl#srvlwlyd#
sdud# r# Phjd# QÃr/# dfdedprv# deudÇdqgr# d# fdx0
vd#gdv#Odq#Krxvhv#h#gd#LqfoxvÃr#gljlwdo/#pdv#lv0
wr# É# rxwur# sdsr1# R# Phjd# QÃr# vhuld# xpd# uhgh#
vrfldo/#pdv#qd#qhfhvvlgdgh#gh#odqÇdu#orjr#r#pr0
ylphqwr# ghflgl# odqÇdu# r# eorj# dwxdo/# frp# d# lghld#
gh# txh# hoh# vhuld# xp# Phwd# pdqlihvwr/# mÁ# txh# qr0
yrv# dwrv# sÚeolfrv# irudp# dqxqfldgrv/# r# txh# px0
grx# qrvvd# lghld# lqlfldo1# Ghvwd# irupd/#
hvwuxwxudprv# r# eorj# +kwws=22phjdqdr1zrug0
suhvv1frp,#frp#dqÚqflrv#gh#hyhqwrv#oljdgrv#dr#
prylphqwr/# frp# dsrlrv/# h# sulqflsdophqwh# frp#
xpd#hqruph#eleolrjudild#frp#prwlyrv#sdud#uhsx0
glduprv# r# DL8# gljlwdo1# R# qrph# Phjd# QÃr# ilfrx#
wÃr#iruwh#txh#dfderx#vhqgr#r#qrph#gr#prylphq0
wr#txh#frphfdud#dqrv#dqwhv#ghoh1
UHO=#Txdo#r#sulqflsdo#srqwr#d#vhu#dwlqjl0
gr#frp#dv#fdpsdqkdv#gr#Phjd#QÃrB#Txdo#d#
h{shfwdwlyd# uhdo# d# uhvshlwrB# DÇÕhv# qdvflgdv#
qd# Lqwhuqhw# wÊp# iruÇd# vxilflhqwh# sdud# dowhudu#
ohlv#h#gluhflrqdu#sroÍwlfdvB
KdyÍdprv#frqvhjxlgr#r#txh#pxlwrv#shqvd0
ydp#vhu#lpsrvvÍyho=#d#vrflhgdgh#rujdql}dgd#frq0
MFF=#R#Phjd#QÃr#É#xp#phjd#qÃr#dr#yljl0
vhjxlx# sdflilfdphqwh# sdudolvdu# xp# surmhwr# gh# ohl#
odqwlvpr#h#dr#frqwuroh1#Hvwh#É#r#srvlflrqdphqwr#
uxlp#sdud#d#Lqwhuqhw1#R#fdvr#irl#qrwlfldgr#qr#Eud0
gr# prylphqwr/# r# txh# doldv# É# lqwhuhvvdqwh# sru0
67
txh#É#xp#prylphqwr#vhp#olghudqÇdv#h#wrwdophq0
wh#krul}rqwdo/#txdotxhu#xp#srgh#vh#dsursuldu#gh0
oh/# ghqwur# gr# irfr# gr# srvlflrqdphqwr/# h# xvÁ0or1#
Whp# vlgr# dvvlp/# h# whprv# deudÇdgr# dv# fdxvdv#
txh# vxujhp# ghvwd# irupd1# D# h{shfwdwlyd# É# txh#
hoh#jdqkh#frusr#h#sdvvh#d#vhu#xpd#rujdql}dÇÃr#
uhsuhvhqwdwlyd#qr#Eudvlo#shod#olehugdgh#h#sulydfl0
gdgh# qd# uhgh# frpr# É# d# HII# qrv# Hvwdgrv# Xql0
grv/# xpd# yh}# txh# qÃr# whprv# qdgd#
hvshflilfdphqwh#dvvlp#dlqgd#sru#dtxl1#Xpd#rujd0
ql}dÇÃr# vhpsuh# whp# r# srghu# gd# lqvwlwxflrqdolgd0
gh# h# srgh# lu# doÉp# gh# xpd# vrflhgdgh# flylo#
rujdql}dgd1#Whqkr#devroxwd#fhuwh}d#txh#r#dwlylv0
pr#qd#lqwhuqhw/#r#flehudwlylvpr/#É#pxlwr#pdlv#hil0
flhqwh# txh# r# dwlylvpr# wudglflrqdo/# dshvdu# grv#
frqvhuydgruhv#xvduhp#r#whupr#shmrudwlyr#gh#dwl0
ylvpr#gh#vriÁ/#frpr#irupd#gh#ghvphuhfhu#r#pr0
ylphqwr1#QÃr#suhflvr#gl}hu#pxlwd#frlvd#srlv#frp#
r#flehudwlylvpr#frqvhjxlprv#duuhjlphqwdu#sduod0
phqwduhv# txh# rujdql}dudp# dwrv# sÚeolfrv# frpr#
r#Sdxor#Whl{hlud#hp#VÃr#Sdxor/#r#Dohvvdqgur#Pr0
orq#qr#Ulr/#d#Pdqrhod#G*Dylod#qr#Ulr#Judqgh#gr#
##############R#Phjd#QÃr#É#
xp#phjd#qÃr#dr#
yljlodqwlvpr#h#dr#frqwuroh/#
hvwh#É#r#srvlflrqdphqwr#
gr#prylphqwr/#r#txh#É#
dolÁv#É#lqwhuhvvdqwh#srutxh#
É#xp#prylphqwr#vhp#
olghudqÇdv#h#wrwdophqwh#
krul}rqwdo111
MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ
Vxo/# doÉp# gh# dwrv# sÚeolfrv# hp# YlwÓuld# h# Plqdv#
Jhudlv1# R# flehudwlylvpr/# frp# vxd# frpxqlfdÇÃr#
hp#uhgh/#shuplwh#sdylphqwdu#vÓolgd#h#udslgdphq0
wh#xpd#sodwdirupd#txh#idyruhfh#hvwhv#dwrv1#Yhmd#
txh# d# frlvd# qÃr# sdurx# sru# dÍ=# r# Pdufr# Flylo/# d#
Uhirupd#gd#Ohl#gh#Gluhlwrv#Dxwrudlv/#r#Sodqr#Qd0
flrqdo# gh# Edqgd# Odujd# h# r# hGhprfudfld# vÃr#
h{hpsorv# fodurv# gh# txh# dv# dÇÕhv# qdvflgdv# qd#
Lqwhuqhw#wÊp#iruÇd/#pxlwd#iruÇd/#srlv#vÃr#plokÕhv#
gh#%Gdylgv%#mxqwrv#hqiuhqwdqgr#rv#%Jroldv%1#Hvwd#
hohlÇÃr/#sru#h{hpsor/#whp#wxgr#sdud#vhu#glihuhq0
wh/#pdv#d#vrflhgdgh#h#dwÉ#phvpr#rv#flehudwlylv0
wdv#dlqgd#qÃr#vh#wrfdudp#gh#txh#É#xpd#judqgh#
rsruwxqlgdgh# sdud# pxgduprv# r# fhqÁulr# sduod0
phqwdu1# Whprv# d# iruÇd# gd# frpxqlfdÇÃr# hp# uh0
gh/# srghprv# frorfdu# h# wludu# txhp# ghvhmduprv#
qhvwdv# hohlÇÕhv/# vÓ# txh# sduhfh# txh# dlqgd# qÃr#
qrv#wrfdprv#glvwr/#vhqÃr#hvwduÍdprv#djlwdqgr#d#
Lqwhuqhw# qr# oxjdu# grv# fdqglgdwrv# h# vhxv# pdunh0
whlurv/# hvwduÍdprv# qrv# grdqgr# d# idyru# gh# txhp#
ghvhmdprv# h# frqwud# dtxhohv# txh# vÃr# shuvrqdv#
qÃr# judwd1# Yhmd# dl# sru# h{hpsor# r# Hohlwru# 5343#
+kwws=22zzz1hohlwru53431frp1eu,# txh# ghyhuld# hv0
wdu#%erpedqgr%#h#qÃr#hvwÁ1
UHO=# Txhp# mÁ# dghulx# dr# Phjd# QÃrB#
Txdo#d#prwlydÇÃr#ghohvB
MFF=# Pxlwd# jhqwh/# pxlwdv# rujdql}dÇÕhv# h#
sduodphqwduhv# mÁ# flwdgrv# dghuludp# dr# Phjd#
QÃr1# Whp# xpd# olvwd# dtxl# kwws=22phjdqdr1zrug0
suhvv1frp2r0phjd0qdr2txhp0hvwd0sduwlflsdq0
gr2/# pdv# É# lqfrpsohwd1# Qd# yhugdgh# d# prwlydÇÃr#
ghohv# É# d# phvpd# gr# prylphqwr=# d# olehugdgh# h#
sulydflgdgh# qd# uhgh1# Vdeh# srutxh# ghihqghprv#
d# olehugdgh# h# sulydflgdgh# qd# uhghB# HqwÃr# ghl{d#
hx# frqwdu# xpd# klvwÓuld# txh# r# VÉujlr# Dpdghx#
frqwrx=#R#Eloo#Jdwhv#É#krmh#r#%wulokdugÁulr%#txh#É#
srutxh# vlpsohvphqwh# xvrx# xpd# sodwdirupd# gh#
kdugzduh#olyuh/#r#LEP#SF#sdud#djuhjdu/#h##r#vlv0
whpd#rshudflrqdo#ghoh1#D#Lqwhuqhw#olyuh#h#qhxwud#É#
hvwd#sodwdirupd/#suhflvdprv#ghod#dvvlp#sdud#ful0
duprv# d# frpsduwlokduprv1#Whprv# xp# grv# sryrv#
pdlv#fuldwlyrv#gr#pxqgr/#shufhehprv#txh#d#fd0
gd#gld#txh#vh#sdvvd#hvwh#prylphqwr#gd#vrflhgd0
68
gh#frqhfwdgd#h#gr#frpsduwlokdphqwr#qrv#ydl#oh0
0#VdÚgh=#R#DFWD#luÁ#dphdÇdu#r#dfhvvr#jor0
ydqgr#sdud#xp#qryr#prghor#vÓflr/#hfrqrplfr#h# edo#d#phglfdphqwrv#pdlv#edudwrv/#rqhudqgr#dlq0
fxowxudo/# h# srutxh# qÃr# srgh# sduwlu# gh# Eudvlohlurv# gd#pdlv#r#fxvwr#gd#vdÚgh1
hvwd#lqrydÇÃrB#
0# Gluhlwr# dxwrudo=# R# DFWD# luÁ# glvwrufhu# r#
htxloÍeulr#hqwuh#rv#lqwhuhvvhv#gh#wlwxoduhv#gh#gluhl0
UHO=#H#r#DFWD/#srutxh#hoh#É#wÃr#sroÊpl0 wrv#h#lqwhuhvvhv#gh#xvxÁulr1
0# FrpÉuflr# Lqwhuqdflrqdo=# R# DFWD# huljluÁ#
MFF=# R#DFWD# É# r# slru# gh# qrvvrv# shvdgh0 eduuhludv/# ghvsursruflrqdophqwh# suhmxglfdqgr#
orv/#srlv#hoh#É#xp#dfrugr#gr#J;#txh#yhlr#vhqgr# sdÍvhv#hp#ghvhqyroylphqwr#ghshqghqwhv#gh#lp0
frqgx}lgr# hp# vhjuhgr# sru# dqrv1# Hoh# frphfrx# sruwdÇÕhv#h#h{sruwdÇÕhv#gh#ehqv#hvvhqfldlv1
shod#txhvwÃr#gd#surwhÇÃr#gdv#sdwhqwhv/#pdv#kr0
0# Gluhlwrv# h# lqvwlwxlÇÕhv# lqwhuqdflrqdlv# 0# R#
mh# É# r# pdlru# shvdghor/# srlv# r# suryhgru# {hulih/# r# DFWD# hvwÁ/# gluhwd# rx# lqgluhwdphqwh/# hp# frqiolwr#
6# vwulnhv# +kdgrsl,# h# rxwudv# dehuudÇÕhv# gr# jÊqh0 frp# xp# judqgh# qÚphur# gh# ohlv# h# surfhvvrv# lq0
ur#frqvwdp#qhoh1#R#slru#É#txh#r#DFWD#whp#judq0 whuqdflrqdlv1
gh#fkdqfh#gh#dghvÃr#dr#WULSV#h#srgh#qrv#vhu#
0# Surfhvvr# GhprfuÁwlfr=# R# DFWD# dowhud# r#
hqildgr#jrhod#dedl{r#yld#RPF/#ljqrudqgr#lqfoxvl0 wudglflrqdo# h# frqvwlwxflrqdophqwh# ghwhuplqdgr#
yh#r#suÓsulr#Sduodphqwr#Eudvlohlur1#Xp#juxsr#gh# surfhvvr#gh#surgxÇÃr#gdv#qrupdv#gh#sursulhgd0
hvwxglrvrv# h# shvtxlvdgruhv# gr# pxqgr# lqwhlur# il0 gh#lqwhohfwxdo1
}hudp#xp#pdqlihvwr#frqwud#r#DFWD#+kwws=22gluhlwr0
Uhfrphqgr# yhhphqwh# d# ohlwxud# gr# wh{wr#
ulr1ijy1eu2qrgh2434;,# gr# txdo# vrx# vljqdwÁulr/# h#
frpsohwr/#srlv#hoh#mÁ#É#xp#uhvxpr=#kwws=22gluhlwr0
ghoh# ghvwdfdprv# rv# sureohpd# txh# r# DFWD# luÁ#
ulr1ijy1eu2qrgh2434;1
fdxvdu=
fr#h#É#xp#diurqwd#Àv#olehugdghvB
0#Lqwhuqhw
-#Lqfhqwlydu#rv#suryhgruhv#gh#Lqwhuqhw#d#srol0
flduhp#dv#dwlylgdghv#grv#xvxÁulrv#gh#Lqwhuqhw/#lq0
foxlqgr# d# ghvfrqh{Ãr# gh# xvxÁulrv# gd# Lqwhuqhw/#
dr#frqvlghudu#rv#suryhgruhv#uhvsrqvÁyhlv#shodv#
dÇÕhv# gh# vhxv# dvvlqdqwhv/# frqglflrqdqgr# lvhq0
ÇÃr# gh# uhvsrqvdelolgdgh# drv# suryhgruhv# À# dgr0
ÇÃr# gh# sroÍwlfdv# gh# prqlwrudphqwr/# h# h{ljlqgr#
txh# dv# sduwhv# lqfhqwlyhp# frrshudÇÃr# hqwuh# sur0
yhgruhv#h#ghwhqwruhv#gh#gluhlwrv>
-# Lqfhqwlydu# wdo# prqlwrudphqwr# vhp# d# dgh0
txdgd#vxshuylvÃr#mxglfldo#rx#ghylgr#surfhvvr#oh0
jdo>
-# Joredol}du# glvsrvlwlyrv# frqwud# d# ylrodÇÃr#
gh# phglgdv# wÉfqlfdv# gh# surwhÇÃr# +%dqwl0flufxq0
yhqwlrq# surylvlrqv%,# txh# dphdÇdp# d# lqrydÇÃr/#
frpshwlÇÃr/# vriwzduh# olyuh/# prghorv# gh# qhjÓflr#
edvhdgrv# hp# vriwzduh# olyuh/# lqwhurshudelolgdgh/#
r# jr}r# gh# gluhlwrv# grv# xvxÁulrv/# h# dv# hvfrokdv#
grv#xvxÁulrv1
UHO=#R#txh#gl}hu#vreuh#d#olehugdgh#hohl0
wrudo#qd#uhghB#R#txh#olehudu#h#r#txh#surleluB
MFF=# Lqlfldophqwh# dwÉ# il}hprv# xp# pryl0
phqwr# frqwud# d# ohl# hohlwrudo/# sursrqgr# dehuwd0
phqwh# xpd# judqgh# ghvrehglÊqfld# flylo/# É# r# txh#
luld# dfrqwhfhu# gh# idwr1# Pdv# krxyh# xpd# judqgh#
ioh{lelol}dÇÃr#qd#sursrvlÇÃr#gd#ohl#hohlwrudo#qd#Lq0
whuqhw/# mÁ# suhyhqgr# txh# r# hohlwru# whp# r# gluhlwr# À#
vh# pdqlihvwdu# olyuhphqwh# h# lqfoxvlyh# ghfodudu#
dehuwdphqwh#vhx#dsrlr#gd#irupd#txh#okh#iru#frq0
yhqlhqwh1# Phvpr# dvvlp/# dlqgd# yhprv# shuvhjxl0
ÇÕhv# lqixqgdgdv# frpr# dv# frqwud# rv# eorjv# %Rv#
dpljrv# gr# Suhvlghqwh# Oxod%# h# r# %Eorj# gd# Glopd%#
+r# qÃr# rilfldo,/# txh# srvvxhp# uhsuhvhqwdÇÕhv# qr#
PSI# h# qr# WVH# frpsohwdphqwh# lqixqgdgdv# sur0
srvwdv#shod#rsrvlÇÃr1#Dfkr#txh#dlqgd#idowd#pxl0
wr# sdud# whuprv# xp# surfhvvr# uhdophqwh#
ghprfuÁwlfr1#Whp#pxlwd#frlvd#txh#suhflvd#vhu#ol0
ehudgd1# Whprv# gh# ohydu# hp# frqwd# txh# r# hohlwru#
hvwÁ# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# dwlylvwd# h# hoh# suhflvd# gh# hv0
69
sdÇr#sdud#h{hufhu#r#vhx#gluhlwr#frqvwlwxflrqdo#gh#
olyuh#h{suhvvÃr1
UHO=# D# wudqvsduÊqfld# qd# uhgh# É# xp# dwr#
frqwuÁulr#dr#yljlodqwlvprB
MFF=# H{lvwh# xp# olyur# gr# WÚolr# Yldqqd/# fxmr#
wÍwxor#uhsuhvhqwd#ehp#r#txh#É#r#lghdo=#%Wudqvsd0
uÊqfld# sÚeolfd# h# rsdflgdgh# sulydgd%1# Txdqwr#
pdlv# wudqvsduhqwh# iru# d# suhvwdÇÃr# gh# frqwdv# gd#
jhvwÃr# sÚeolfd/# pdlru# d# ghprfudfld# h# phqru# d#
fruuxsÇÃr1# Yhmd# sru# h{hpsor# txh# qr# vlwh# gd# Id0
}hqgd#gr#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur/#frqvwd#txh#r#Hvwdgr#du0
uhfdgrx# U'# 4/8# elokÕhv# dqr# sdvvdgr# gh# LSYD/#
pdv#É#lpsrvvlyho#vdehu#rqgh#h#gh#txh#irupd#hv0
wh# glqkhlur# irl# dsolfdgr/# lvwr# vhp# idodu# qdv# pxo0
wdv# txh# vÃr# dsolfdgdv# txh# qÃr# h{lvwh# qhqkxpd#
suhvwdÇÃr# gh# frqwdv# irupdo# ghvwh# glqkhlur1# QÃr#
yhmr# pxlwd# uhodÇÃr# gd# wudqvsduÊqfld# qd# uhgh# vhu#
frqwuÁuld#dr#yljlodqwlvpr/#d#qÃr#vhu#shor#dvshfwr#
gh#txh#d#yljloÂqfld#dÍ#pxgd#gh#pÃr1#
##############Whqkr#devroxwd#
fhuwh}d#txh#r#dwlylvpr#qd#
lqwhuqhw/#r#flehudwlylvpr#É#
pxlwr#pdlv#hilflhqwh#txh#r#
dwlylvpr#wudglflrqdo/#
dshvdu#grv#frqvhuydgruhv#
xvduhp#r#whupr#shmrudwlyr#
gh#dwlylvpr#gh#vriÁ/#frpr#
irupd#gh#ghvphuhfhu#r#
prylphqwr1
MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ
UHO=# YrfÊ# dfuhglwd# txh# r# yljlodqwlvpr# É#
xp# doldgr# qr# frpedwh# drv# fulphv# yluwxdlvB#
gr#vhtxhvwur#sru#whohirqh1#Pdv#lqihol}phqwh#pxl0
H{lvwh# dojxpd# irupd# gh# frlelu# wdlv# fulphv#
wrv# dlqgd# flwdp# rv# pdqwudv1# Uhfhqwhphqwh# d#
vhp#d#sroÊplfd#yljloÂqfldB
fdqwrud# FoÁxgld# Ohlwh# irl# ylwlpd# gh# xvr# lqghylgr#
MFF=# Idod0vh# h# hqwhqgh0vh# d# yljloÂqfld# qd# gh#vxdv#irwrv#hp#xp#vlwh#gh#survwlwxlÇÃr#h#idorx=#
uhgh#frpr#vh#irvvh#d#frlvd#pdlv#qdwxudo#gr#pxq0 D# Lqwhuqhw# É# xpd# whuud# vhp# ohl/# xp# grv# pdqwudv#
gr/# dilqdo# d# pÍgld# frqvwuÓl# xp# plwr# txh# É# xp# pdlv# lglrwdv# uhshwlgrv1# Hod# wrprx# frqkhflphqwr#
pdqwud# uhshwlgr# shod# vrflhgdgh/# r# txh# fkdpr# gr# idwr# srutxh# dv# irwrv# hvwdydp# qd# lqwhuqhw/# h#
gh# pdqwudv# gd# luudflrqdolgdgh# +kwws=22hqwursld1# txdqwr#dr#xvr#gh#irwrv#hp#fdwdorjrv#lpsuhvvrv/#
eorj1eu2533<2342432pdqwudv0gd0luudflrqdolgdgh2,1# ghyh#h{lvwlu#h#hod#qxqfd#luÁ#vdehu1#D#lqwhuqhw#idfl0
Lpdjlqh# d# vhjxlqwh# vlwxdÇÃr=# sdud# frpedwhu# rv# olwd# d# glvvhplqdÇÃr/# pdv# idflolwd# d# lqyhvwljdÇÃr1#
fulphv# xuedqrv# reuljd0vh# txh# yrfÊ# gljlwh# vhx# Doh{dqghu# Jdoorzd|/# xp# shvtxlvdgru# gh# Kdu0
FSI# dr# vdlu# gh# fdvd/# dr# xvdu# r# ruhokÃr/# dr# hq0 ydug/#fkhjrx#d#frqfoxvÃr#gh#txh#d#Lqwhuqhw#É#qd#
wudu#h#vdlu#gh#wudqvsruwh#frohwlyr/#dr#hqwudu#h#vdlu# yhugdgh#xpd#uhgh#gh#frqwuroh/#whvh#hvwd#txh#jh0
gh# xp# hvwdehohflphqwr# frphufldo1# Devxugr# qÃr# urx#r#olyur#Surwrfro1#Hvshfldolvwdv#hp#gluhlwr#gljl0
ÉB# Pdv# É# r# txh# r# yljlodqwlvpr# sursÕh# sdud# r# wdo# frpr# Rpdu# Ndplqvnl# h# Dpdur# Prudhv# h#
frpedwh# drv# flehufulphv# h# mÁ# vh# vdeh# txh# qÃr# Vloyd#dilupdp#lqfoxvlyh#txh#d#Lqwhuqhw#qÃr#suhfl0
ixqflrqd1#Ohpeud#gr#fdvr#gd#reuljdwrulhgdgh#gh# vd#gh#ohlv/#dshqdv#gh#erd#yrqwdgh#mxuÍglfd1#
uhjlvwur# gh# xp# FSI# sdud# fdgd# fhoxodu# suÉ0sdjr#
Xpd#vlpsohv#dwlwxgh#frpr#xpd#%doidehwl}d0
sdud# frpedwhu# r# xvr# gh# fhoxoduhv# qrv# suhvÍgl0
ÇÃr#gljlwdo%#srgh#uhgx}lu#gudvwlfdphqwh#rv#flehu0
rvB#R#txh#qÃr#ixqflrqrx/#srlv#uhfhqwhphqwh#r#yl0
fulphv1# Hx# frvwxpr# fkdpdu# rv# qhÓilwrv# gh#
fh# suhvlghqwh# gd# UhsÚeolfd# irl# yÍwlpd# gr# jrosh#
6:
flehu0pdwxwrv#hp#doxvÃr#dtxhoh#pdwxwr#txh#fkh0
jd# hp# xpd# urgrylduld# gh# xpd# phwuÓsroh# h# fdl#
hp#wrgrv#rv#jroshv#srvvÍyhlv#h#lpdjlqÁulrv1#Jro0
shv# ererv/# lqfoxvlyh1# Hvwd# fdsdflwdÇÃr# vlpsohv/#
srgh#vhu#ihlwd#gh#irupd#hihwlyd/#frp#suÁwlfdv#froh0
wlydv# frpr# sursrv# Mrpdu# VLoyd/# r# prylphqwr#
%QÃr# vhmd# pdqÉ# qd# uhgh%/# txh# whp# xpd# shjdgd#
h#xpd#lghld#erd/#iÁflo#gh#dghulu/#gh#fuldu#hvwhuhÓwl0
srv1#Pdv#qÃr#srghprv#lu#sru#fdplqkrv#%hvwudp0
eÓolfrv%# gr# ghsxwdgr# txh# hvwdyd# sursrqgr# xpd#
kdelolwdÇÃr#sdud#xvdu#d#Lqwhuqhw1
R# remhwlyr# gr# yljlodqwlvpr# qÃr# É# frpedwhu#
rv# flehufulphv# h# vlp# frqwurodu# dv# shvvrdv/# shq0
vh#qlvvr1#Phx#ilokr#gh#48#dqrv#ih}#xpd#uhgdÇÃr#
vreuh# r# whpd# fÂphudv# gh# yljloÂqfld# h# ihfkrx#
frp# d# iudvh=# %Vh# yrfÊ# qÃr# whp# qdgd# frqwud# dv#
fÂphudv# gh# yljloÂqfld# É# srutxh# yrfÊ# qxqfd# sd0
urx# sdud# shqvdu# vreuh# txhp# srvvd# hvwdu# dwuÁv#
ghodv1%#
UHO=# D# sroÍwlfd# h# d# vrflhgdgh# eudvlohlud#
idyruhfh#r#yljlodqwlvprB
MFF=# Qrvvd# vrflhgdgh# É# klsÓfulwd/# sulqfl0
sdophqwh#dv#jhudÇÕhv#suÉ0lqwhuqhw/#txh#frqvwuxl0
udp# vxdv# rslqlÕhv# vreuh# xpd# irqwh# gh#
lqirupdÇÃr#txh#krmh#vh#ghvfreulx#whqghqflrvd#h#
pdqlsxodgrud/# wdqwr# txh# xvd0vh# r# whupr# SLJ#
+Sduwlgr# gd# Lpsuhqvd# Jroslvwd,# sdud# ghqrplqÁ0
od1# Hvwd# jhudÇÃr/# rqgh# vlwxdp0vh# xpd# sdufhod#
vljqlilfdwlyd# gr# mxglflÁulr# h# gr# hpsuhvduldgr/# É#
h{wuhpdphqwh# suhfrqfhlwxrvd# frp# d# Lqwhuqhw1#
Hohv# qÃr# hqwhqghp# d# Lqwhuqhw/# qÃr# hqwhqghp# d#
frpxqlfdÇÃr#hp#uhgh#h#qhp#xpd#hvwuxwxud#rsh0
udflrqdo# vhp# klhudutxld/# h# qxqfd# hqwhqghuÃr1#
Hvwd# sdufhod# gd# vrflhgdgh# idyruhfh# r# yljlodqwlv0
pr# qÃr# shor# yljlodqwlvpr# pdv# sdud# %sru# rughp%#
qhvwd# wdo# gh# Lqwhuqhw# txh# hohv# frqvlghudp# xpd#
%whuud#vhp#ohl%1#Dlqgd#ehp#txh#whp#rxwud#sdufhod#
gd# vrflhgdgh# txh# É# pdmrulwÁuld# h# txh# hvwÁ# px0
gdqgr#hvwh#fhqÁulr1
UHO=#Qd#vxd#rslqlÃr/#r#eudvlohlur#hp#hv0
shfldo/# fxowxudophqwh# idodqgr/# hvwÁ# suhsdudgr#
UHO=#YrfÊ#dfkd#txh#dv#uhfhqwhv#ghqÚq0
sdud#qdyhjdu#vhp#qhqkxp#wlsr#gh#yljloÂqfldB fldv# vreuh# shgrilold# idflolwdp# r# fdplqkr# ux0
MFF=#Dfkdu# txh# r# eudvlohlur# qÃr# vdeh# olgdu# pr# d# xp# hvwdgr# gh# yljloÂqfld# devroxwd# h#
frp#d#olehugdgh#É#pdlv#xp#pdqwud#luudflrqdo#sur0 shupdqhqwhB
sdodgr#shod#vrflhgdgh1#D#yhugdgh#É#rxwud1#Hvwd0
prv# ylyhqgr# hp# xpd# vrflhgdgh# fdgd# yh}# pdlv#
frqvxplvwd/# wudedokdprv# sdud# frqvxplu/# frqvx0
plprv#sdud#wudedokdu/#hvwdprv#qxp#flfor#sdudqÓl0
fr# txh# qrv# id}# vxeyhuwhu# d# ud}Ãr# shod# txdo#
wudedokdprv/# h# qrv# yhprv# ylyhqgr# sdud# wuded0
okdu# h# qÃr# wudedokdu# sdud# ylyhu1# Frp# lvwr# ghl{d0
prv# qrvvrv# ilokrv# sdud# vhuhp# %hgxfdgrv%# shod#
WY/#h#frp#xpd#mdqhod#gr#pxqgr#dehuwd#qr#txdu0
wr#ghohv1#©#reylr#txh#hohv#srghp#vhu#ylwlpdv#gh#
jroshv# h# fulphv# hohwuÔqlfrv/# pdv# d# fxosd# qÃr# É#
gd#Lqwhuqhw1#©#grv#sdlv$#
MFF=#Xpd#gdv#hvwudwÉjldv#sdud#ghl{du#d#vr0
flhgdgh# pdlv# shuplvvlyd# É# frqvwuxlu# xp# pdql0
txhÍvpr#vreuh#dv#frlvdv#txh#hod#pdlv#whph1#Qr#
khplviÉulr# qruwh# É# r# whuurulvpr/# qr# Eudvlo/# d# sh0
grilold1#VÃr#qd#yhugdgh#whpdv#xvdgrv#sdud#dujx0
phqwdu# dv# whqwdwlydv# gh# dxphqwdu# r# yljlodqwlvpr#
hp# xpd# %erd# fdxvd%1# D# txhvwÃr# gr# pdqltxhÍv0
pr# É# mxvwdphqwh# fuldu# r# suhfrqfhlwr=# rx# yrfÊ# É#
frqwud#r#frpedwh#À#shgrilold#rx#hqwÃr#É#shgrilor1#
D#frlvd#ilfd#wÃr#luudflrqdo#txh#wruqd0vh#lqdglplv0
vlyho# À# vrflhgdgh# txh# dojxÉp# txh# vh# frortxh#
frqwud# d# irupd# gh# frpedwh# À# shgrilold# qÃr# vhmd#
GdÍ/# fuhwlqdphqwh/# hvwhv# phvprv# sdlv# fr0 urwxodgr# gh# shgÓilor1# Txdqwr# pdlv# lqfrqwhvwÁyho#
eudp#gr#jryhuqr#dojxpd#surylgÊqfld#sdud#frlelu# iru# r# dujxphqwr# pdlv# idflo# d# lpsodqwdÇÃr# gh# xp#
lvwr#h#hqfreulu#xpd#idokd#ghohv#phvprv1#©##xpd# hvwdgr#yljlodqwlvwd1##
frqvhtxÊqfld# gd# fxowxud# sdwhuqdolvwd# gr# odwlqr0
Frpr# vh# qÃr# edvwdvvh# wxgr# lvwr/# h{lvwh#
dphulfdqr1#
xpd#fuhwlqd#glvfuhsÂqfld#hqwuh#rv#qÚphurv#glyxo0
jdgrv# shod# pÍgld# h# rv# qÚphurv# uhdlv1# Yhmd# txh#
6;
qd# pÍgld# vh# idodp# hp# ghqÚqfldv/# hp# xp# duwljr#
gr# Urguljr# Yhohgd/# qr# [Ô# Fhqvxud/# hod# prvwud#
+kwws=22{rfhqvxud1zrugsuhvv1frp2533<2342482djr0
ud0h0frpsurydgr0shgrilold0qdr0sdvvd0gh0xpd0
fruwlqd0gh0ixpdfd2,# txh# dshqdv# 3/97(# gdv# gh0
qÚqfldv#vÃr#gh#idwrv#fdvrv1#D#frlvd#qÃr#sÁud#dl1#
Hx# wdpeÉp# il}# xp# duwljr# +kwws=22{rfhqvxud1zrug0
suhvv1frp2533;23<24<2fdgh0rv0qxphurv0uhodwl0
yrv0grv0flehufulphv2,#
#
ghvprqwdqgr#
r#
dujxphqwr# gd# pÍgld/# srlv# hod# hp# jhudo# dqxqfld#
qÚphurv# devroxwrv/# h# irud# gh# frqwh{wr# srghp#
dwÉ# sduhfhu# judqghv/# pdv# txdqgr# vh# frorfd# qr#
frqwh{wr# hohv# ilfdp# lqvljqlilfdqwhv1# Sru# ilp/# xp#
hvwxgr# gh# Kduydug/# ihlwr# À# shglgr# gh# xp# juxsr#
gh# ghvhpedujdgruhv# dphulfdqrv/# prvwud# txh# d#
shgrilold#qd#Lqwhuqhw#É#lqvljqlilfdqwh#+kwws=22{rfhq0
vxud1zrugsuhvv1frp2533<2352472pdqwudv0gd0luud0
flrqdolgdgh0shgrilold0qd0lqwhuqhw2,/# h# txh# dv#
srxfdv# ylwlpdv# mÁ# hudp# surshqvdv# d# vhuhp# ylwl0
pdv#rx#mÁ#r#irudp#qr#pxqgr#uhdo1#Dlqgd/#vhjxq0
gr# r# hvwxgr/# r# pdlru# sureohpd# uhdo# É# r#
f|ehuexoolqj/#txh#djrud#hvwdprv#yhqgr#d#frqvwux0
ÇÃr#gr#plwr#qr#Eudvlo/#frpr#vhqgr#pdlv#xp#sur0
eohpd# hqyroyhqgr# d# lqiÂqfld# h# d# mxyhqwxgh#
frqhfwdgd/#h#qÃr#pdlru#sureohpd#frpr#hoh#gh#id0
wr#É1#Sru#lvwr#txh/#txdqgr#ph#shujxqwdp/#hx#gl0
jr=#Shgrilold#qd#Lqwhuqhw#qÃr#h{lvwh$
}hu# hvwh# wudedokr# gh# hoxflgdÇÃr# gh# irupd# frq0
wÍqxd1#
UHO=# Dv# phglgdv# gh# yljloÂqfld# qd# uhgh#
srghp#xowudsdvvdu#dv#iurqwhludv#gljlwdlv/#dwlq0
jlqgr#rv#flgdgÃrv#txh#qÃr#vÃr#xvxÁulrv#gluh0
wrv#gd#LqwhuqhwB
MFF=# Qxqfd# kdyld# sdudgr# sdud# id}hu# hvwd#
dqÁolvh/# pdv# vh# ohyduprv# hp# frqwd# txh# d# Lqwhu0
qhw# yhp# xowudsdvvdqgr# dv# suÓsuldv# iurqwhludv#
frp# r# dgyhqwr# gd# xeltxlgdgh# grv# glvsrvlwlyrv/#
krmh# frp# dv# idflolgdghv# whfqroÓjlfdv# h# frp# rv#
jdgjhwv#fdgd#yh}#pdlv#frqhfwdgrv/#sudwlfdphq0
wh#qÃr#vdlprv#ghod1#D#frqyhujÊqfld#wdpeÉp#qrv#
ohyd# d# hvwd# frqfoxvÃr/# dilqdo# d# yljloÂqfld# grv#
phlrv#gljlwdlv#srgh#dihwdu#d#wrgrv1#DolÁv#mÁ#dphd0
Çdp#dihwdu/#yhmd#r#VLQDY/#txh#É#d#lqvwdodÇÃr#gh#
UILG# qrv# fduurv1# Hvwh# glvsrvlwlyr# É# udvwuhÁyho# h#
vh# xwlol}dgr# srgh# lqvwdodu# xp# qÍyho# gh# yljloÂqfld#
qxqfd#ylvwr=#lpdjlqh#dojxÉp#vdehu#r#vhx#wudmhwr/#
d# iuhtxªqfld# ghoh/# frp# suhflvÃr# gh# gldv# h# kr0
udv1# QÃr# srghprv# hvtxhfhu# txh# r# UILG# É# xp#
glvsrvlwlyr#gh#uhgh1
UHO=# Ghl{h# dojxpdv# sdodyudv# ilqdlv# sd0
ud#rv#ohlwruhv#gd#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh1
MFF=#Whprv#gh#dsuhqghu#d#uhshqvdu#r#txh#
mÁ#irl#shqvdgr/#d#txheudu#yhokrv#sdudgljpdv#h#d#
dfhlwdu# r# qryr# frpr# xpd# hyroxÇÃr1# ©# suhflvr#
hvwxgdu# r# txh# md# h{lvwh# gh# frqfuhwr/# h# hp# whu0
MFF=#D# qrvvd# pdlru# dupd# É# d# lqirupdÇÃr/# prv#gh#fxowxud#gljlwdo#d#fxowxud#gr#vriwzduh#olyuh#
h# xp# erp# frphÇr# É# frqkhfhu# r# Phjd# QÃr# $# É#r#txh#whprv#gh#pdlv#frqfuhwr#sdud#dsuhqghu0
+kwws=22phjdqdr1zrugsuhvv1frp2,1# OÁ# whp# r# ixq0 prv1#QÃr#srghprv#ghl{du#gh#dfuhglwdu#qrv#qrv0
gdphqwr#h#rv#hvwxgrv#txh#srvvxhp#xpd#erd#ed0 vrv#lghldlv/#h#qxqfd/#pdv#qxqfd#phvpr/#ghvlvwlu#
vh#gh#lqirupdÇÃr#sdud#wrgrv#rv#qÍyhlv1#Xpd#yh}# gh#oxwdu#sru#hohv1#
lqirupdgr/#É#sduwlu#sdud#lqirupdu#dv#shvvrdv#h#id0
UHO=#Frpr#rv#lqwhuqdxwdv#h#rxwudv#hqwl0
gdghv#srghp#sduwlflsdu#frpr#doldgrv#qd#fdp0
sdqkd#gr#Phjd#QÃrB
6<
FDSD##HQWUHYLVWD#FRP#DQD#DPHOLD#PHQQD#EDUUHWR
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#d#
Suri#Dqd#Dphold#
Phqqd#Eduuhwr
Sru#Zdowhu#Fdsdqhpd
D#Sursdjdqgd#
Hohlwrudo#qd#Lqwhuqhw=#
qryrv#sdudgljpdv
R#dqr#gh#5343#qrv#uhvhuyd#xpd#lpsruwdq0
wh# hohlÇÃr/# frqihulqgr# d# Lqwhuqhw# xp# lpsruwdqwh#
sdsho# sdud# d# glyxojdÇÃr# gh# lgÉldv# h# uhdol}dÇÃr#
gh#ghedwhv1
Qhvvh# sdqrudpd# gh# qrylgdghv/# É# ixqgd0
phqwdo#dwhqwdu0vh#sdud#d#ylvÃr#gh#xpd#hvshfld0
olvwd# hp# gluhlwr# hohlwrudo/# frpr# d# Surid1# Dqd#
Dphold#Phqqd#Eduuhwr/#sdud#prvwudu#frpr#d#oh0
jlvodÇÃr#h#d#mxulvsuxgÊqfld#hvwÃr#vh#srvlflrqdq0
gr#vreuh#d#sursdjdqgd#qd#lqwhuqhw1#
Dqd# É# dgyrjdgd# hvshfldolvwd# hp# Gluhlwr# h#
Whfqrorjld# gd# LqirupdÇÃr/# gr# hvfulwÓulr# Eduurv#
Ulehlur#Dgyrjdgrv#Dvvrfldgrv1#©#suhvlghqwh#gd#
FrplvvÃr# gh# Gluhlwr# h# Whfqrorjld# gd#
LqirupdÇÃr# gd# RDE2UM1# Srvvxl# r# eorj#
%Sursdjdqgd#
Hohlwrudo#
qd#
Lqwhuqhw%#
+kwws=22sursdjdqgdhohlwrudo1eorj1whuud1frp1eu2,/#
73
rqgh# prqlwrud# h# frphqwd# dv# qrylgdghv# gr#
UHO=# Irl# surlelgd# d# sursdjdqgd# sdjd#
Gluhlwr#Hohlwrudo#qd#Lqwhuqhw1
qd# lqwhuqhwB# Srutxh# hvvd# glvfulplqdÇÃr# hp#
uhodÇÃr#À#sursdjdqgd#qd#LqwhuqhwB
DD=# Irl# surlelgd# d# yhlfxodÇÃr# gh# txdotxhu#
Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh=# Txdlv# dv# sulqfl0
sdlv#qrylgdghv#txh#whuhprv#frp#d#qryd#ohjlv0 wlsr#gh#sursdjdqgd#sdjd#qd#lqwhuqhw#hp#vlwhv#gh#
odÇÃr# hohlwrudoB# R# txh# pxgrx# hp# uhodÇÃr# À# shvvrdv#mxuÍglfdv#0#frp#rx#vhp#ilqv#oxfudwlyrv#0/#
vlwhv#rilfldlv#rx#krvshgdgrv#sru#ÓujÃrv#gd#Dgpl0
sursdjdqgd#hohlwrudo#qd#LqwhuqhwB
qlvwudÇÃr# SÚeolfd1# Frqvlghur# lqdfhlwÁyho# hvvd#
Dqd#Dphold=#DwÉ#dv#hohlÇÕhv#sdvvdgdv#d#dx0 glvfulplqdÇÃr#hp#uhodÇÃr#À#lqwhuqhw/#srlv#lqh{lv0
vÊqfld#gh#qrupd#ohjdo#txdqwr#Àv#suÁwlfdv#shuplwl0 wh# judwxlgdgh# qr# fkdpdgr# kruÁulr# hohlwrudo# jud0
gdv# h# yhgdgdv# frorfdyd# d# fodvvh# sroÍwlfd# hp# wxlwr1#
judyh# vlwxdÇÃr# gh# lqvhjxudqÇd# mxuÍglfd1# D# Ohl#
Frpr# dv# hplvvrudv# wÊp# gluhlwr# À# frpshq0
4513672533<#olehurx#r#xvr#gdv#pÍgldv#gljlwdlv#dsol0
fdgdv# d# sursdjdqgd# hohlwrudo# qd# lqwhuqhw1# # Wudwd0 vdÇÃr# ilvfdo# shod# fhvvÃr# gr# kruÁulrv/# rfruuh#
vh# gh# xpd# uhjxodphqwdÇÃr# pÍqlpd/# txh# sdvvrx# xpd# uhpxqhudÇÃr# lqgluhwd1# Lqhylwdyhophqwh# hv0
vh#whpd#qhfhvvlwd#vhu#uhdsuhfldgr#shor#Frqjuhv0
d#suhyhu#phfdqlvprv#ohjdlv#sdud#hylwdu#dexvr1#
vr#Qdflrqdo1#
UHO=# Txdlv# vÃr# dv# irupdv# dxwrul}dgdv#
gh#sursdjdqgd#hohlwrudo#qd#lqwhuqhwB
DD=# Rv# fdqglgdwrv# h# sduwlgrv# sroÍwlfrv# sr0
ghp# id}hu# xvr# gh# vlwh/# eorj/# wrgdv# dv# uhghv# vrfl0
dlv/# srvwdu# yÍghrv# h# irwrv# h# hqyldu# h0pdlo# sdud#
vhxv# hohlwruhv1# ©# qhfhvvÁulr# frpxqlfdu# d# MxvwlÇd#
Hohlwrudo#r#hqghuhÇr#zhe#gd#sÁjlqd#rilfldo#gh#fdp0
sdqkd/# txh# reuljdwruldphqwh# ghyh# vhu# uhjlvwudgd#
qr#Eudvlo/#rx#vhmd/#vre#r#srqwr#eu1#
UHO=#Txdlv#dv#hvsÉflhv#gh#sursdjdqgd#lu0
uhjxodu# qd# LqwhuqhwB# R# txh# srgh# vhu# ihlwr# sdud#
uhwluÁ0od#gd#uhghB
UHO=#H{lvwh#dojxpd#ohjlvodÇÃr#txh#lpsh0
Çd#r#hqylr#gh#vsdp#hohlwrudoB
DD=# Vlp1# D# ohjlvodÇÃr# hohlwrudo# dxwrul}d# d#
suÁwlfd# gr# h0pdlo# pdunhwlqj# gh# shuplvvÃr/# qr#
txdo#r#fdqglgdwr#vrphqwh#srgh#id}hu#xvr#gh#hq0
ghuhÇrv# iruqhflgrv# hvsrqwdqhdphqwh# shorv#
xvxÁulrv2hohlwruhv1# Irl# yhgdgd# d# yhqgd/# grdÇÃr#
rx# fhvvÃr# gh# fdgdvwur# gh# hqghuhÇrv# hohwuÔql0
frv/#dwlylgdgh#txh#vh#vxmhlwd#À#dsolfdÇÃr#gh#pxo0
wd1#
UHO=#D#ohl#suhyÊ#d#uhvsrqvdelol}dÇÃr#sh0
od# fuldÇÃr# gh# shuilv# idnhv# hp# uhghv# vrfldlv/#
frp# r# lqwxlwr# gh# dwdfdu# dgyhuvÁulrv# sroÍwlfrv#
rx#yhlfxodu#qrwÍfldv#idovdB
DD=#Frqvlghud0vh#sursdjdqgd#luuhjxodu#r#hq0
ylr#gh#phqvdjhp#hohwuÔqlfd#d#xvxÁulrv#qÃr#fdgdv0
wudgrv/# d# dwulexlÇÃr# lqghylgd# gh# dxwruld/# d#
DD=# ©# surlelgr# r# dqrqlpdwr# qd# fdpsdqkd#
glyxojdÇÃr#gh#idwrv#lqyhuÍglfrv/#dvvlp#frpr#fdoxql0
qd#uhgh/#dvvlp#frpr#d#dwulexlÇÃr#lqghylgd#gh#dx0
du/#glidpdu#h#lqmxuldu#dojxÉp#qd#sursdjdqgd#hohlwr0
wruld#d#whufhlur1#D#frqgxwd#vh#vxmhlwd#d#dsolfdÇÃr#
udo1#
gh#pxowd#gh#U'#8#plo/#lqghshqghqwhphqwh#gh#rx0
Fdeh# À# MxvwlÇd# Hohlwrudo# ghwhuplqdu# d# uhwlud0 wudv#vdqÇÕhv#ohjdlv/#lqfoxvlyh#fulplqdlv1#
gd#gr#frqwhÚgr#h#d#vxvshqvÃr#gr#vlwh#txh#ghl{du#
gh#fxpsulu#dv#ghwhuplqdÇÕhv#ohjdlv1#HvwÁ#dvvhjx0
UHO=#VhuÁ#srvvÍyho#d#uhdol}dÇÃr#gh#ghed0
udgr#r#gluhlwr#gh#uhvsrvwd#dr#rihqglgr/#ghyhqgr#d#
phqvdjhp#vhu#sxeolfdgd#qr#phvpr#vlwh#h#shor#gr0 whv# hohlwrudlv# shod# LqwhuqhwB# Txdo# r# surfhgl0
eur#gr#whpsr#hp#txh#ilfrx#glvsrqÍyho#r#wh{wr#frq0 phqwrB
vlghudgr#rihqvlyr1##
74
Eorj#gd#Sursdjdqgd#Hohlwrudo#qd#Lqwhuqhw
kwws=22sursdjdqgdhohlwrudo1eorj1whuud1frp1eu
Duwljr#Sursdjdqgd#qd#lqwhuqhw#whp#uhjudv#suÓsuldv
kwws=22plxg1lq2;3r
Iljxud#4#0#SÁjlqd#lqlfldo#gr#Eorj#gd#Sursdjdqgd#Hohlwrudo#qd#Lqwhuqhw
DD=# HvwÁ# dxwrul}dgd# d# uhdol}dÇÃr# gh# ghed0
whv#rqolqh/#txh#qÃr#vh#vxmhlwdp#Àv#uhvwulÇÕhv#oh0
jdlv# lpsrvwdv# dv# hplvvrudv# gh# WY/# uÁglr# h# dv#
hpsuhvdv#gh#frpxqlfdÇÃr#vrfldo#txh#pdqwÊp#vl0
whv#qd#lqwhuqhw/#txdqwr#À#qhfhvvlgdgh#gh#vh#frq0
ylgdu# frqfrplwdqwhphqwh# wrgrv# rv# fdqglgdwrv#
txh#glvsxwdp#xp#phvpr#fdujr#hohwlyr1#Gh#txdo0
txhu#irupd#ghyh0vh#dwhqwdu#dr#wudwdphqwr#lvrqÔ0
plfr# txh# ghyh# vhu# glvshqvdgr# d# wrgrv# rv#
fdqglgdwrv1#
UHO=# Glyhuvrv# eorjxhlurv# eudvlohlurv# ir0
udp# fhqvxudgrv# shod# MxvwlÇd1# Hvvd# fhqvxud#
whp#dpsdur#ohjdoB
DD=# Qr# shuÍrgr# suÉ0hohlwrudo# É# suhflvr# qÃr#
frqixqglu#fhqvxud#frp#ylrodÇÃr#À#ohjlvodÇÃr#hohl0
wrudo1#Vhqgr#surlelgd#d#yhlfxodÇÃr#gh#txdotxhu#wl0
sr# gh# sursdjdqgd# hohlwrudo# dqwhv# gr# gld# 9# gh#
mxokr/#fdvr#r#eorjxhlur#glyxojxh#rslqlÃr#uhvvdowdq0
gr#dv#txdolgdghv#rx#surpryhqgr#r#fdqglgdwr/#dv0
vlp# frpr# h{dowh# dvshfwrv# frqvlghudgrv#
qhjdwlyrv/# vh# frqiljxud# d# sursdjdqgd# dqwhflsd0
gd1#
Dv# jdudqwldv# frqvwlwxflrqdlv# gd# olehugdgh#
gh# h{suhvvÃr/# gr# shqvdphqwr# h# gd# frpxqlfd0
ÇÃr#dwlqjhp#vxd#sohqlwxgh#dsÓv#lqlfldgr#r#shuÍr0
gr# hohlwrudo# h# ghyhp# vhu# lqwudqvljhqwhphqwh#
surwhjlgdv1#
75
FDSD##HQWUHYLVWD#FRP#VDEULQD#IHOL]]ROD#VRX]D
Hqwuhylvwd#frp#d#
Suri#Vdeulqd#
Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d
Sru#Zdowhu#Fdsdqhpd
Rv#glohpdv#mxuÍglfrv#
gd#sulydflgdgh#qd#
Lqwhuqhw
D# Lqwhuqhw# uhodwlyl}rx# d# lghld# gh# sulydflgd0
gh=# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# dv# shvvrdv# h{sÕhp/# frqvfl0
hqwhphqwh/# d# vxd# lqwlplgdgh# rx# d# gh# whufhlurv/#
pxlwdv#yh}hv#vhp#lpdjlqdu#r#wdpdqkr#gd#uhshu0
fxvvÃr#txh#srghuÁ#vxujlu1
Pdv# r# txh# É# lqwlplgdghB# Txdo# r# vhx# olpl0
whB# Txdlv# dv# phglgdv# mxuÍglfdv# txh# srghp# vhu#
wrpdgdv# shod# yÍwlpd/# txh# whyh# vxdv# lqirupd0
ÇÕhv#shvvrdlv#lqghylgdphqwh#glyxojdgdvB
Sdud# uhvsrqghu# hvvdv# h# rxwudv# shujxqwdv/#
hqyroyhqgr# rv# dvshfwrv# mxuÍglfrv# gd# sulydflgd0
gh# qd# Lqwhuqhw/# hqwuhylvwdprv# d# Surid1# Vdeulqd#
Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d/#hvshfldolvwd#hp#Gluhlwr#SÚeolfr#
h# lqwhjudqwh# gd# GlylvÃr# DfdgÊplfd# gd# Hvfrod#
gd# Pdjlvwudwxud# gr# Hvwdgr# gr# Ulr# gh# Mdqhlur# 0#
HPHUM1
76
Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh=# H{lvwh# surwhÇÃr# lqglyÍgxr#d#xpd#idovd#shufhsÇÃr#gr#sÚeolfr#+ido0
sdud#d#lqwlplgdgh#qd#ohjlvodÇÃr#eudvlohludB#
vh#oljkw,/#h#dsursuldÇÃr#gh#vhx#qrph#h#lpdjhp/#
Vdeulqd#Ihol}}rod#Vrx}d=#D#FrqvwlwxlÇÃr#gd# vreuhwxgr#sdud#ilqv#frphufldlv1
UhsÚeolfd# wxwhod# h{suhvvdphqwh# hp# vhx# duw1# 8/#
[/#d#lqwlplgdgh/#d#ylgd#sulydgd/#d#krqud#h#d#lpd0
jhp#gdv#shvvrdv1#Wdlv#gluhlwrv/#hohydgrv#À#fdwh0
jruld# gh# gluhlwrv# ixqgdphqwdlv# h# frqvlghudgrv#
hpdqdÇÕhv# gd# suÓsuld# gljqlgdgh# gd# shvvrd# kx0
pdqd/# surwhjhp# d# lqglylgxdolgdgh# h# r# gluhlwr# gh#
hvwdu#vÓ1
GdÍ# d# qhfhvvlgdgh# gh# olplwhv# sdud# r# txh#
srgh#vhu#glyxojdgr#h#h{srvwr#qd#Lqwhuqhw/#vreuh0
wxgr/#hp#xp#sodqhwd#qhjdwlydphqwh#joredol}dgr/#
hp# txh/# vhjxqgr# ]|jpxqw# Edxpdq/# %fdgd# lqgl0
yÍgxr#É#dedqgrqdgr#À#suÓsuld#vruwh/#hqtxdqwr#d#
pdlruld# gdv# shvvrdv# ixqflrqd# frpr# ihuudphqwd#
sdud#d#surprÇÃr#gh#whufhlurv%1#
Ydoh# phqflrqdu/# dlqgd/# rxwurv# glvsrvlwlyrv#
frqvwlwxflrqdlv#txh#frqihuhp#surwhÇÃr#À#lqwlplgd0
gh=#duw1#8/#[L/#vreuh#lqylrodelolgdgh#gr#grplfÍolr>#
[LL/#vreuh#d#lqylrodelolgdgh#gr#vljlor#gd#fruuhvsrq0
gÊqfld# h# gdv# frpxqlfdÇÕhv# whohjuÁilfdv/# gh# gd0
grv# h# whohiÔqlfdv># OYL/# vreuh# d# lqdgplvvlelolgdgh#
gh# surydv# rewlgdv# sru# phlrv# loÍflwrv/# d# h{hpsor#
gh# judydÇÕhv# fodqghvwlqdv# gh# frqyhuvdv# sulyd0
gdv>#O[/#txh#lpsÕh#r#vhjuhgr#gh#mxvwlÇd#sdud#dv#
dÇÕhv#txh#ylvhp#suhvhuydu#d#lqwlplgdgh#h#r#lqwh0
uhvvh#vrfldo1
Gldqwh# gr# idwr# gh# qÃr# vh# uhfrqkhfhu# ydoru#
devroxwr# d# txdotxhu# gluhlwr# rx# olehugdgh/# yhulil0
fdp0vh#uhvwulÇÕhv#h{suhvvdphqwh#hohqfdgdv#sh0
od# FrqvwlwxlÇÃr/# uhvwulÇÕhv# h{suhvvdphqwh#
dxwrul}dgdv# shod# FrqvwlwxlÇÃr# h# uhvwulÇÕhv# lpsol0
flwdphqwh#dxwrul}dgdv#shod#FrqvwlwxlÇÃr1
Sru#vxd#yh}/#r#FÓgljr#Flylo#dsuhvhqwd#fdsÍ0
wxor# ghqrplqdgr# %grv# gluhlwrv# gd# shuvrqdolgd0
gh%/# txh# dpsdud# hp# vhxv# duwv1# 44# d# 54/# doÉp#
grv#gluhlwrv#À#lqwhjulgdgh#iÍvlfd/#wdpeÉp#rv#gluhl0
wrv#À#lqwhjulgdgh#prudo/#ydoh#gl}hu/#r#gluhlwr#À#yl0
gd# sulydgd/# À# lqwlplgdgh/# À# krqud# h# À# lpdjhp/#
wrgrv#gluhlwrv#shuvrqdoÍvvlprv/#uhfrqkhflgrv#fr0
pr#gluhlwrv#dxwÔqrprv1
Rxwurvvlp/# ghyh0vh# dwhqwdu# sdud# r# sulqfÍ0
slr#gd#frqfrugÂqfld#suÁwlfd#rx#kduprql}dÇÃr/#r#
uhvshlwr#dr#qÚfohr2frqwhÚgr#hvvhqfldo#h#d#uhjud#
gd#sursruflrqdolgdgh/#txdqgr#gd#frolvÃr#hqwuh#ol0
ehugdgh# gh# h{suhvvÃr2frpxqlfdÇÃr# h# r# gluhlwr#
À# krqud/# À# lqwlplgdgh/# À# ylgd# sulydgd# h# À# lpd0
jhp1
OxÍv#Urehuwr#Eduurvr#hqxphud#dojxqv#sduÂ0
phwurv# frqvwlwxflrqdlv# sdud# d# srqghudÇÃr# qd# kl0
sÓwhvh#gh#frolvÃr=#41#Yhudflgdgh#gr#idwr#+yhugdgh#
vxemhwlyd,>#51#Olflwxgh#gr#phlr#hpsuhjdgr#qd#re0
whqÇÃr# gd# lqirupdÇÃr># 61# Shuvrqdolgdgh# sÚeolfd#
rx#hvwulwdphqwh#sulydgd#gd#shvvrd#remhwr#gd#qrwÍ0
fld>#71#Orfdo#gr#idwr#+sÚeolfr#rx#sulydgr,>#81#Qdwx0
UHO=# H{lvwh# dojxp# olplwh# sdud# r# txh# sr0 uh}d# gr# idwr># 91# H{lvwÊqfld# gh# lqwhuhvvh# sÚeolfr#
qd# glyxojdÇÃr# hp# whvh/# r# txh# qÃr# vh# frqixqgh#
gh#vhu#glyxojdgr#h#h{srvwr#qd#LqwhuqhwB
frp#lqwhuhvvh#gr#sÚeolfr>#:1#H{lvwÊqfld#gh#lqwhuhv0
VIV=#D# frpxqlfdÇÃr# qd# Lqwhuqhw/# vlqjxodul0 vh# sÚeolfr# qd# glyxojdÇÃr# gh# idwrv# uhodflrqdgrv#
}dgd#shod#ghvfhqwudol}dÇÃr#gh#uhghv#lqwhufrqhf0 frp#d#dwxdÇÃr#gh#ÓujÃrv#sÚeolfrv>#;1#suhihuÊqfld#
wdgdv/# qÃr# vh# uhdol}d# dshqdv# gh# xp# Úqlfr# sru# vdqÇÕhv# d# srvwhulrul/# txh# qÃr# hqyroydp# d#
hplvvru# rx# juxsr# olplwdgr# gh# hplvvruhv# sdud# r# surlelÇÃr#suÉyld#gd#glyxojdÇÃr1
sÚeolfr# jhudo/# pdv/# vlp/# gr# sÚeolfr# jhudo# sdud# r#
sÚeolfr#jhudo/#ydoh#gl}hu/#r#frqwhÚgr#gd#uhgh#É#jh0
udgr/#hp#judqgh#sduwh/#sru#vhx#suÓsulr#sÚeolfr1
UHO=# R# whqlvwd# Urjhu# Ihghuhu/# orjr# dsÓv#
D# yxoqhudeolgdgh# gd# sulydflgdgh# dwhvwd0vh/# r# qdvflphqwr# grv# vhxv# ilokrv# jÊphrv/# glyxo0
vhjxqgr# Zlooldp# Survvhu/# txdqgr# gd# lqwurplv0 jrx# xpd# irwr# ghohv# qr# Idfherrn1# Srgh0vh#
vÃr#qd#uhfoxvÃr#rx#vrolgÃr#gr#lqglyÍgxr>#h{srvl0 deulu# pÃr# gd# lqwlplgdghB# Vhuld# xp# gluhlwr# de0
ÇÃr# sÚeolfd# gh# idwrv# sulydgrv># h{srvlÇÃr# gr# vroxwrB
77
Qr#fdvr#gr#whqlvwd#idprvr#txh#glyxojd#d#ir0
wr# grv# suÓsulrv# ilokrv# qr# idfherrn/# hp# fhoheud0
ÇÃr# gr# qdvflphqwr# ghohv/# qÃr# yhulilfr# txdotxhu#
rihqvd# drv# gluhlwrv# gd# shuvrqdolgdgh/# vreuhwx0
gr/#sru#vhu#r#hplvvru#gd#lqirupdÇÃr#r#suÓsulr#lq0
whuhvvdgr# qd# suhvhuydÇÃr# gd# lqwlplgdgh# gh# vxd#
idpÍold# h/# dlqgd/# shodv# lpdjhqv# qÃr# ylroduhp/#
Txdqgr# gd# dqÁolvh# gdv# fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv# grv# dsduhqwhphqwh/# d# lqwhjulgdgh# prudo# gdv# fuldq0
gluhlwrv#gd#shuvrqdolgdgh/#ghqwuh#hohv#r#gluhlwr#À# Çdv#h#shod#flufxqvwÂqfld#gh#mÁ#vhu#sÚeolfr#r#idwr#
lqwlplgdgh/# ghvwdfd0vh# r# vhx# fduÁwhu# devroxwr/# glyxojdgr1
Djrud/# vh# d# uhsurgxÇÃr# ghvvd# phvpd# irwr#
qr#vhqwlgr#gh#vxd#rsrqlelolgdgh#hujd#rpqhv/#rx#
vhmd/#lpsrvlÇÃr#d#wrgrv#gh#xp#ghyhu#gh#devwhq0 wlyhvvh# rfruulgr# vhp# d# dxwrul}dÇÃr# grv# uhsuh0
ÇÃr/# gh# uhvshlwr/# r# txh# qÃr# vh# frqixqgh# frp# d# vhqwdqwhv# ohjdlv# grv# phqruhv# rx/# slru/# irvvh#
srvvlelolgdgh# gh# vhu# srqghudgr# frp# rxwur# gluhl0 frqwuÁuld#d#yrqwdgh#ghohv/#hqwÃr/#phvpr#txh#vh#
wr#ixqgdphqwdo/#vh#qhfhvvÁulr/#qr#fdvr#frqfuhwr1 didvwdvvh#d#dohjdÇÃr#gh#rihqvd#À#krqud#rx#À#lq0
Hp# ud}Ãr# gr# vhx# frqwhÚgr# gh# gljqlgdgh/# wlplgdgh/# lvvr# qÃr# lqwhuihululd# qr# srvvÍyho# uhfr0
rv# gluhlwrv# gd# shuvrqdolgdgh# vÃr# lqwudqvplvvÍ0 qkhflphqwr# gd# ylrodÇÃr# dr# gluhlwr# À# lpdjhp/#
yhlv#h#luuhqxqflÁyhlv/#r#txh#dfduuhwd#d#vxd#lqglv0 gluhlwr# dxwÔqrpr/# djuhglgr# fdgd# yh}# txh# rfru0
srqlelolgdgh1# Frqwxgr/# dojxqv# dwulexwrv# gd# uhvvhp# qrydv# glyxojdÇÕhv# gd# phvpd# uhsurgx0
shuvrqdolgdgh#dgplwhp#d#fhvvÃr#gh#vhx#xvr/#fr0 ÇÃr1
VIV=# Frpr# irl# glwr# dqwhulruphqwh/# qÃr# vh#
uhfrqkhfh#ydoru#devroxwr#d#txdotxhu#gluhlwr#rx#ol0
ehugdgh/# gh# prgr# txh# r# frqiolwr# dsduhqwh# hqwuh#
gluhlwrv#ixqgdphqwdlv/#wdlv#frpr=#gluhlwr#À#lqwlpl0
gdgh#yhuvxv#gluhlwr#À#olehugdgh#gh#lqirupdÇÃr/#uh0
vroyh0vh# sru# phlr# gh# xpd# srqghudÇÃr# gh#
lqwhuhvvhv1
pr#r#gluhlwr#À#lpdjhp1
##############D#h{srvlÇÃr#
yroxqwÁuld#gd#lqwlplgdgh#rx#
gh#dvshfwrv#gd#ylgd#
sulydgd/#txdqgr#uhdol}dgd#
shod#suÓsuld#fhoheulgdgh/#
pxlwdv#yh}hv/#É#ghfruuhqwh#
gd#qhfhvvlgdgh#gh#dxwr0
h{srvlÇÃr#rx#gh#surprÇÃr#
shvvrdo1
Vdeulqd#I1#Vrx}d
UHO=# R# txh# yrfÊ# dfkd# ghvvd# h{srvlÇÃr#
txh# dv# fhoheulgdghv# id}hp# shor# WzlwwhuB# D#
Suhwd#Jlo#diluprx#txh#rv#sdssdud}}l#dfrpsd0
qkdydp# r# vhx# Wzlwwhu# sdud# vdehu# rqgh# hod#
luld1
VIV=# D# h{srvlÇÃr# yroxqwÁuld# gd# lqwlplgdgh#
rx#gh#dvshfwrv#gd#ylgd#sulydgd/#txdqgr#uhdol}d0
gd#shod#suÓsuld#fhoheulgdgh/#pxlwdv#yh}hv/#É#gh0
fruuhqwh# gd# qhfhvvlgdgh# gh# dxwr0h{srvlÇÃr# rx#
gh# surprÇÃr# shvvrdo1# Lvvr# srutxh/# qÃr# udur/# d#
orqjhylgdgh# gh# vxd# ylgd# surilvvlrqdo# rx# gr# lqwh0
uhvvh#gr#sÚeolfr#qr#txh#vh#uhihuh#d#vxd#shvvrd#
vÃr# frqglflrqdgrv# À# uhshwlÇÃr# h# dr# lpsdfwr# gh#
vxdv#dsdulÇÕhv1
Sru#frqwd#glvvr/#r#gluhlwr#À#sulydflgdgh#hp#
txhvwÃr##vxmhlwd0vh#d#sduÂphwurv#gh#dihulÇÃr#ph0
qrv# uÍjlgrv/# fruurerudgrv# shor# judx# gh# h{srvl0
ÇÃr#sÚeolfd#gd#shvvrd1#
Dvvlp/# vh# dv# lqirupdÇÕhv# hplwlgdv# shorv#
sdssdud}}l# dwlqjluhp/# h{foxvlydphqwh/# r# gluhlwr#
À#sulydflgdgh#gd#fhoheulgdgh#txh#vh#dxwr0h{sÔv/#
vhp# txdotxhu# phqÇÃr# d# frqwhÚgr# gh# lqwhuhvvh#
78
sÚeolfr/#d#yhulilfdÇÃr#gd#rfruuÊqfld#gh#dojxpd#yl0
rodÇÃr#À#vxd#lqwhjulgdgh#prudo#gdu0vh0Á#sru#frq0
wuroh# phqrv# uÍjlgr/# r# txh# qÃr# vljqlilfd#
lqh{lvwÊqfld#gh#frqwuroh1
UHO=# Xpd# ghwhuplqdgd# fhoheulgdgh# eud0
vlohlud/# irl# ilopdgd# pdqwhqgr# uhodÇÕhv# vh{x0
dlv# hp# xpd# sudld# qd# Hxursd1# Hvvh# yÍghr# irl#
dpsodphqwh#glyxojdgr#qd#Lqwhuqhw1#YrfÊ#dfuh0
glwd#txh#hvvd#frqgxwd#irl#ohjdoB
VIV=# D# glyxojdÇÃr# gr# phqflrqdgr# yÍghr#
qd#Lqwhuqhw/#vhp#d#dxwrul}dÇÃr#gh#vhxv#surwdjr0
qlvwdv/# dshvdu# gh# hqfhqdgr# hp# orfdo# sÚeolfr# h#
sru#shvvrdv#sÚeolfdv/#djulgh#d#hvihud#gd#lqwlplgd0
gh# gr# fdvdo# sru# phlr# gh# lpdjhp# txh# suryrfd#
surixqgr#ghvjdvwh#hprflrqdo#qrv#uhwudwdgrv/#sx0
qlgrv# shod# olehuwlqdjhp# gh# vhx# frpsruwdphqwr/#
txh/# hp# yhugdgh/# hqfrqwud0vh# ghvslgr# gh# txdo0
txhu# lqwhuhvvh# sÚeolfr# +glvwlqÇÃr# hqwuh# lqwhuhvvh#
sÚeolfr#h#lqwhuhvvh#gr#sÚeolfr,1#
Phvpr#txh#vh#lqgdjxh#vreuh#hyhqwxdo#frq0
vhqwlphqwr#wÁflwr#qd#glyxojdÇÃr#gd#lpdjhp/#r#id0
wr#É#txh#d#vxd#pdqxwhqÇÃr/#gh#prgr#lqghilqlgr#
qd# Lqwhuqhw/# hqfduqd# r# vdfuliÍflr# ghvsursruflrqdo#
gd#lqwhjulgdgh#prudo#gr#fdvdo#hp#uhodÇÃr#À#olfhq0
flrvlgdgh#gh#vxd#frqgxwd1
##############Ydoh#qrwdu#txh#d#
whqwdwlyd#gh#lpshglu#d#
glyxojdÇÃr#gd#lpdjhp/#sru#
yh}hv/#fxoplqd#hp#hihlwr#
frqwuÁulr/#txdo#vhmd/#d#
judqgh#uhshufxvvÃr#gd#
lpdjhp1#Wdo#hihlwr#É#
frqkhflgr#frpr#%vwuhlvdqg#
hiihfw%1
Vdeulqd#I1#Vrx}d
qdgd#gljdp#uhvshlwr#À#hod/#frqiljxudqgr0vh#lqgh0
ylgd#fhqvxud#suÉyld#dr#frqwhÚgr#ixwxur#gr#\rxwx0
eh#h#ihulqgr#gh#pruwh#d#olehugdgh#gh#lqirupdÇÃr#
gr#vlwh1
Dghpdlv/# d# sxeolfdÇÃr# gh# lpdjhp# rx# uh0
wudqvplvvÃr# gh# yÍghr/# vhp# d# dxwrul}dÇÃr# gr# uh0
wudwdgr/# qÃr# srgh# vhu# xwlol}dgd# frp# ilqv#
frphufldlv/# # gh# dfrugr# frp# r# VWM/# qr# Uhvs#
43575:92UQ/# gh# 4:23<23</# gd# Uhodwruld# gd# Plq1#
Qdqf|#Dqguljkl1
Phvpr#txh#vh#srvwxoh#xp#%gluhlwr#dr#hvtxh0
flphqwr%/# ydoh# gl}hu/# idfxogdgh# gd# shvvrd# qÃr#
vhu# prohvwdgd# sru# sdvvdgr# ghvslgr# gh# lqwhuhvvh#
sÚeolfr/#r#hyhqwxdo#dfroklphqwr#gr#shglgr#gh#fru0
wh# gd# frqh{Ãr# gr# vlwh# frp# r# Eudvlo# ghverugduld#
gr#vhjxqgr#sulvpd#gd#sursruflrqdolgdgh/#txdo#vh0
md/#d#qhfhvvlgdgh/#txh#wudgx}#lpshudwlyr#gh#hvfr0
okd#gr#phlr#hilfd}#txh#lpsrqkd#phqru#uhvwulÇÃr1
UHO=# Hvvd# phvpd# fhoheulgdgh/# dr# yhu#
txh# hvvhv# yÍghrv# irudp# srvwdgrv# qr# \rxwx0
eh/# uhtxhuhx# mxglfldophqwh# txh# d# frqh{Ãr#
ghvvh# vlwh# frp# r# Eudvlo# irvvh# fruwdgd1# Sdud#
yrfÊ/#d#phglgd#irl#pxlwr#judyrvdB
Ydoh#qrwdu#txh#d#whqwdwlyd#gh#lpshglu#d#glyxo0
jdÇÃr# gd# lpdjhp/# sru# yh}hv/# fxoplqd# hp# hihlwr#
frqwuÁulr/# txdo# vhmd/# d# judqgh# uhshufxvvÃr# gd#
lpdjhp1# Wdo# hihlwr# wdpeÉp# É# frqkhflgr# frpr#
%vwuhlvdqg#hiihfw%1
VIV=#D#phglgd#uhtxhulgd#uhyhod0vh#ghvsur0
sruflrqdo/# srutxh# qÃr# vÓ# lqwhuglwduld# d# glyxojd0
UHO=#R#txh#yrfÊ#dfkd#gd#yhgdÇÃr#frqv0
ÇÃr# gr# yÍghr# surwdjrql}dgr# shod# fhoheulgdgh/# wlwxflrqdo# dr# dqrqlpdwrB# Srghuld# vhu# dgplwlu#
frpr# wdpeÉp# gh# txdlvtxhu# rxwurv# yÍghrv# txh# dojxpd#h{fhÇÃrB
79
VIV=# R# sulqfÍslr# gd# yhgdÇÃr# dr# dqrqlpd0
wr/#glvsrvwr#qr#duw1#8/#LY/#gd#FU2;;#qÃr#vh#frq0
ixqgh# frp# r# vljlor# gd# irqwh/# dvvhjxudgr# qr# duw1#
8/#[LY/#gd#FU2;;/#lvvr#srutxh#r#vljlor#É#gluljlgr#
À#irqwh#gd#qrwÍfld/#ydoh#gl}hu/#txhp#suhvwd#d#lqiru0
pdÇÃr#h#qÃr#À#lghqwlgdgh#gr#frpxqlfdgru/#ydoh#
gl}hu/#r#dxwru#rx#uhvsrqvÁyho#shod#glyxojdÇÃr#gd#
lqirupdÇÃr1
ilqkdphqwr#gd#vrolgdulhgdgh/#wrgrv#rv#sulqflsdlv#
sureohpdv/# lqfoxvlyh/# d# ylrodÇÃr# À# sulydflgdgh/#
vÃr# sureohpdv# joredlv/# txh# qÃr# dgplwhp# vrox0
ÇÕhv#orfdlv1
Shor# idwr# gd# Lqwhuqhw# srvvxlu# d# fdudfwhuÍvwl0
fd# gh# hwhuql}du# dv# vxdv# lqirupdÇÕhv/# glvfxwh0vh#
vreuh# xp# %gluhlwr# dr# hvtxhflphqwr%/# d# ilp# gh#
txh# txdotxhu# shvvrd# srvvd# shglu# d# uhwludgd# gh#
Dr# frqwuÁulr# gr# dqrqlpdwr/# txh# frqvlvwh# lqirupdÇÕhv# dqwljdv# d# vhx# uhvshlwr/# dlqgd# suh0
qd#rfxowdÇÃr#pdolflrvd#gr#suÓsulr#qrph#sdud#ix0 vhqwhv#qd#Lqwhuqhw1#Vh#huudu#É#kxpdqr/#hvtxhfhu#
jlu#À#uhvsrqvdelolgdgh#shod#glyxojdÇÃr#gh#pdwÉul0 dvvlp#wdpeÉp#sduhfh#vhu/#r#txh#uhwrpd#d#frqv0
dv# txh# srghp# fdxvdu# suhmxÍ}rv# d# whufhlurv/# r# wdwdÇÃr# gh# Qlhw}fkh/# vhjxqgr# d# txdo=# %vhp# hv0
vljlor#gd#irqwh#fdudfwhul}d0vh#frpr#pdlv#xp#lqv0 txhflphqwr#qÃr#kÁ#iholflgdgh%1
wuxphqwr#mxuÍglfr#sdud#uhiruÇdu#d#glyxojdÇÃr#dp0
Hp# uhjud/# txdqgr# vh# wudwd# gh# ylrodÇÃr# À#
sod# gh# qrwÍfldv/# vre# shqd# gh# yÁulrv# idwrv# krqud# h# À# lpdjhp/# srgh0vh# dofdqÇdu# xpd# uhsd0
uhohydqwhv# vhuhp# rplwlgrv# fdvr# qÃr# vh# jdudqwd# udÇÃr# vdwlvidwÓuld1# Frqwxgr/# txdqgr# vh# wudwd# gh#
wdo#vljlor1#H{1#glvtxh#ghqÚqfld1
ylrodÇÃr#À#lqwlplgdgh#h#À#ylgd#sulydgd/#d#vlpsohv#
glyxojdÇÃr# srgh# fdxvdu# pdo# luuhsduÁyho/# uhfux0
UHO=#Txdqgr#d#sulydflgdgh#gh#xpd#shv0 ghvflgr#shor#dofdqfh#h#hihlwr#pxowlsolfdgru#jhud0
vrd# É# ylrodgd/# h# vÃr# glyxojdgdv# lqirupdÇÕhv# gr#shod#Lqwhuqhw1
vhqvÍyhlv#qd#Lqwhuqhw/#É#sudwlfdphqwh#lpsrvvÍ0
yho#uhwludu#hvvhv#gdgrv#gd#uhgh1#YrfÊ#frqfru0
UHO=# R# txh# srgh# vhu# ihlwr# txdqgr# kÁ# d#
gduld# txh# d# ylrodÇÃr# gd# sulydflgdgh# qd# glyxojdÇÃr#gh#gdgrv#shvvrdlv#qd#LqwhuqhwB#©#
Lqwhuqhw#É#lpsrvvÍyho#gh#vh#frqwurodu#wrwdophq0 srvvÍyho#dojxpd#dÇÃr#mxglfldoB
whB
VIV=#D# ghshqghu# gr# fdvr# frqfuhwr/# É# srv0
VIV=#Qd#hud#gd#sÓv0prghuqlgdgh/#wdpeÉp# vÍyho#shglu/#mxglfldophqwh/#r#vhjxlqwh=#uhwlilfdÇÃr/#
fkdpdgd#gh#prghuqlgdgh#oÍtxlgd/#d#lghld#gh#frq0 uhwudwdÇÃr/# gluhlwr# gh# uhvsrvwd/# uhvsrqvdelol}d0
wuroh# wrwdo# qÃr# sduhfh# vhu# srvvÍyho/# dlqgd# pdlv# ÇÃr/# flylo# h2rx# shqdo/# h# d# lqwhuglÇÃr# gd# glyxojd0
qr#Âpelwr#gd#Lqwhuqhw/#rqgh#vxujhp#vhpsuh#ph0 ÇÃr/# pdv# hvwd# Úowlpd# xwlol}dgd# dshqdv# hp#
fdqlvprv#qryrv#sdud#exuodu#d#vhjxudqÇd#frqihul0 klsÓwhvhv#h{wuhpdv1
gd#prphqwdqhdphqwh1#
DoÉp#glvvr/#qxp#sodqhwd#qhjdwlydphqwh#jor0
edol}dgr/# qr# txdo# vh# yhulilfd/# vhjxqgr# Edxpdq/#
r#hqiudtxhflphqwr#grv#yÍqfxorv#kxpdqrv#h#r#gh0
7:
FDSD##UHGHV#VRFLDLV=#FRQWUROH/#YLJLODQWLVPR#H#UHVLVWªQFLD
UHGHV#VRFLDLV=#FRQWUROH/
YLJLODQWLVPR#H#UHVLVWªQFLD
Sru#Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
Duplq#Kdqlvfk#0#v{f1kx
KÁ# pxlwr# hvvdv# sdodyudv#
ylqkdp# vh# dfxpxodqgr# hp#
plp#h#r#frqylwh#ihlwr#shod#uhylv0
wd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh# vxujh# frpr#
xp# eudgr# gh# doÍylr1# Glylgluhl#
qdv# suÓ{lpdv# olqkdv# xp# srqwr#
gh# ylvwd# vreuh# dv# uhghv# vrfldlv#
h# r# surilvvlrqdo# uhvsrqvÁyho#
sru#vhx#jhuhqfldphqwr#qdv#hp0
suhvdv/#r#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍgldv#vr0
fldlv/# d# ilp# gh# ohydqwdu# dojxpd#
glvfxvvÃr#hp#wruqr#wdqwr#gd#dwl0
ylgdgh# ghvvh# vxmhlwr# txdqwr#
gdv# fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv# lqhuhqwhv#
dr#phlr1
txdo# d# uhodÇÃr# hqwuh# dv# uhghv#
vrfldlv#h#r#yljlodqwlvpr#gd#vrfl0
hgdgh# gh# frqwurohB# Rudv/# dtxl#
fdehuld# xpd# udvwhlud# uhylvÃr#
vreuh# r# frqfhlwr# gh# vrflhgdgh#
gh# frqwuroh/# pdv# sdud# qÃr# ph#
surorqjdu# doÉp# gd# phglgd/# ph#
dsrlduhl# sulrulwduldphqwh# vreuh#
qrvvr#remhwr#d#sduwlu#gh#xp#wh{0
wr#txh#hx#phvpr#kdyld#sxeolfd0
gr# dqwhulruphqwh# hp# phx# eorj#
shvvrdo41
Uhghv#vrfldlv#h#yljloÂq0
fld
Hp#sulphlur#oxjdu#ph#gluh0
Ohydqwdyd#r#uhjlph#gh#h{0
flrqr# À# txhvwÃr# sulphlud# sur0 srvlÇÃr#vxvflwdgr#shor#Idfher0
srvwd# shor# phx# lqwhuorfxwru=#
7;
rn# dsrldgr# hp# xpd# hqwuhylvwd#
gr# surihvvru# gh# Gluhlwr# gd# Xql0
yhuvlgdgh# gh# Froxpeld/# Hehq#
Prjohq/# qd# txdo# É# ghihqglgr# r#
srqwr# gh# ylvwd# gdv# uhghv# vrfl0
dlv#frpr#%sroÍfld#vhfuhwd#gr#vÉ0
fxor# 54%1# Srgh# sduhfhu# xpd#
lgÉld# devxugd# d# sulqfÍslr/# pdv#
wdo#dilupdÇÃr#vh#edvhld#hp#wuÊv#
dujxphqwrv=# hp# sulphlur# oxjdu#
xpd#wudqvirupdÇÃr#gr#fdslwdolv0
pr# gr# qrvvr# vÉfxor# ^ # d# pdwÉ0
uld0sulpd# sdvvd# d# vhu# d#
lqirupdÇÃr># hp# vhjxqgr# oxjdu/#
d#Lqwhuqhw#É#xp#phlr#txh#wuded0
okd# qd# oÓjlfd# gd# h{srvlÇÃr# sru#
h{fhoÊqfld# ^ # whu# suhvhqÇd# rqol0
qh# uhtxhu# dwxdÇÃr# +fuldÇÃr# gh#
shuilv/#sxeolfdÇÃr#gh#duwljrv/#ir0
wrv#h#hwf,>#h#ilqdophqwh#r#whufhl0
ur# h# pdlv# lpsruwdqwh# srqwr=# dv#
uhghv# vrfldlv# frqvwlwxÍudp# xp#
qhjÓflr#qr#txdo#vh#jdqkd#dfhv0
Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
vr# d# ylgd# sulydgd# hp# wurfd# gh#
sÁjlqdv# h# dsolfdwlyrv# judwxlwrv#
+idq#sdjh/#suriloh/#Idupylooh/#er0 pxp/# Prjohq# uhdjh=# %Vlp/# É#
wÃr#%fxuwlu%#h#dvvlp#sru#gldqwh,1# xp# Ówlpr# dujxphqwr1# ©# sru# lv0
vr#txh#d#*sroÍfld#vhfuhwd#gr#vÉ0
Hvvh# hvfdper# yluwxdo/# qr#
fxor# 54*# qÃr# wruwxud# qhp#
txdo# qÃr# vh# wurfd# hvshokrv# sru#
h{hfxwd/# h# vlp# rihuhfh# *grfhv*1#
pdghlud/# pdv# qr# txdo# rihuhfh0
Qrv#hqvlqdp#d#jrvwdu#glvvr%1
prv# dojr# h{wuhpdphqwh# ydolr0
Sduhfh# kdyhu# dtxl# xp# lp0
vr# vhp# whu# d# fodud# shufhsÇÃr#
glvvr/# É# hqfdudgr# sru# Prjohq# eulfdphqwr#frp#r#idprvr#hvwx0
frpr# %xpd# sÉvvlpd# wurfd# sdud# gr# gh# Plfkho# Irxfdxow# vreuh# d#
r#xvxÁulr%#h#frpsohwd=#%ghjhqh0 wudqvlÇÃr#gdv#vrflhgdghv#gh#vr0
ud# d# lqwhjulgdgh# gd# shvvrd# kx0 ehudqld#sdud#dv#gh#glvflsolqd#h/#
pdqd1# ©# frpr# ylyhu# qxp# srvwhulruphqwh#sursrvwd#sru#Jlo0
uhjlph# wrwdolwÁulr%1# Sru# rxwur# od0 ohv# Ghohx}h/# sdud# dv# vrflhgd0
gr/# r# xvxÁulr# frqvlghud# xpd# ghv# gh# frqwuroh1#D# pÁ{lpd# txh#
ydqwdmrvd# wurfd/# srlv# vhjxqgr# vh# dsolfd# Àv# vrflhgdghv# gh# vr0
r# suÓsulr# Idfherrn/# dv# shvvr0 ehudqld# É# %ghl{du# ylyhu/# id}hu#
dv# mÁ# txhuhp# frpsduwlokdu# vx0 pruuhu%#0#d#pruwh#h{hufh#xp#sd0
dv# ylgdv# h# dv# uhghv# vrfldlv# vÓ# sho# gh# frqwuroh# vrfldo1# Dr# frq0
qdv#
vrflhgdghv#
idflolwdp#lvvr1#Hp#uhvsrvwd#d#hv0 wuÁulr/#
vd# dujxphqwdÇÃr# oxjdu0fr0 glvflsolqduhv/# kÁ# d# suhrfxsd0
#######Vhjxqgr#Ghohx}h/#d#
vrflhgdgh#gh#frqwuroh#rshud#sru#
prgxodÇÃr=#qÃr#vh#sdvvd#pdlv#gd#
idpÍold#À#hvfrod#sdud#
srvwhulruphqwh#lu#À#iÁeulfd#h#
rfdvlrqdophqwh#dr#krvslwdo#rx#
sulvÃr1#Dtxl#kÁ#irupdÇÃr#frqwÍqxd1#
R#surilvvlrqdo#qxqfd#hvwÁ#surqwr#h#
É#suhflvr#dshuihlÇrdu0vh#r#whpsr#
lqwhlur1
ÇÃr# gh# jhulu# d# ylgd# h/# sruwdqwr/#
É# suhflvr# %id}hu# ylyhu/# ghl{du#
pruuhu%# 0# xpd# Ésrfd# pdufdgd#
sru# frqwurohv# vrfldlv# gh# vdÚgh#
sÚeolfd/# qdwdolgdgh/# vh{xdolgd0
gh# d# ilp# gh# qruqdol}du# h# grflol0
}du#r#frusr#vrfldo1#
Vhjxqgr# Ghohx}h/# d# vrfl0
hgdgh# gh# frqwuroh# rshud# sru#
prgxodÇÃr=# qÃr# vh# sdvvd# pdlv#
gd# idpÍold# À# hvfrod# sdud# srvwh0
ulruphqwh# lu# À# iÁeulfd# h# rfdvlr0
qdophqwh#dr#krvslwdo#rx#sulvÃr1#
Dtxl# kÁ# irupdÇÃr# frqwÍqxd1# R#
surilvvlrqdo# qxqfd# hvwÁ# surqwr#
h# É# suhflvr# dshuihlÇrdu0vh# r#
whpsr# lqwhlur1# Dr# sdvvr# txh# d#
glvflsolqd# srvvxl# r# sdqÓswlfr#
+wruuh#fhqwudo#gh#yljÍold#hp#xpd#
sulvÃr,# sdud# yljldu# h# sxqlu/# qd#
vrflhgdgh# gh# frqwuroh# fdgd# lq0
7<
#R#srghu#+qxpd#ghilqlÇÃr#
irxfdxowldqd,#qrv#dofdqÇd#dwudyÉv#
gh#qrvvrv#sduhv1#Id}hqgr#xp#
sdudohor#frp#r#iloph#Pdwul{/#qr#txdo#
Pruskhxv#+dtxhoh#txh#ghvshuwd#rv#
dgruphflgrv,#dohuwd#Qhr#+r#hvfrokl0
gr#sdud#vdoydu#d#kxpdqlgdgh,=#
wrgrv#vÃr#srwhqfldophqwh#djhqwhv#
gr#srghu#sru#pdlv#txh#qÃr#r#
vdledp1
Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
glyÍgxr# É# xp# sdqÓswlfr# hp# sr0
whqfldo1#GdÍ#d#lpsruwÂqfld#sroÍwl0
fd# gd# ydolrvd# lqirupdÇÃr# txh#
gdprv#Àv#uhghv#vrfldlv#hp#wur0
fd# gh# sÁjlqdv# h# dsolfdwlyrv1# R#
srghu#+qxpd#ghilqlÇÃr#irxfdxowl0
dqd,# qrv# dofdqÇd# dwudyÉv# gh#
qrvvrv# sduhv1# Id}hqgr# xp# sd0
udohor# frp# r# iloph# Pdwul{/# qr#
txdo#Pruskhxv#+dtxhoh#txh#ghv0
shuwd# rv# dgruphflgrv,# dohuwd#
Qhr# +r# hvfroklgr# sdud# vdoydu# d#
kxpdqlgdgh,=# wrgrv# vÃr# srwhq0
fldlv# djhqwhv# gr# srghu# sru#
pdlv#txh#qÃr#r#vdledp1
R#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍgldv#vrfl0
dlv
Gldqwh# ghvvh# fhqÁulr# yl0
prv#r#ghvhqyroylphqwr#gdv#uh0
ghv# vrfldlv# qÃr# vÓ# frpr# xpd#
hvihud# qd# txdo# dv# shvvrdv# vh#
uhodflrqdp#hp#wurfd#gh#lqirupd0
ÇÕhv#gd#ylgd#sulydgd/#pdv#wdp0
eÉp# gh# xp# phufdgr# txh#
dedufd#fdgd#yh}#pdlv#surilvvlr0
qdlv# h# deuh# xpd# qryd# ixqÇÃr#
qdv#hpsuhvdv=#r#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍ0
gldv# vrfldlv1# Txhp# É# hvvh# sur0
ilvvlrqdo# h# txdo# vxd# ixqÇÃrB#
Sdud# uhvsrqghu# d# hvvd# lqgdjd0
ÇÃr# uhfruuhuhprv# d# srvwv# gh#
surilvvlrqdlv#dwxdqwhv#qd#Áuhd1#
fldlv# %É# d# shvvrd# uhvsrqvÁyho#
sru#dsuryhlwdu#dr#pÁ{lpr#r#sr0
whqfldo# ghvvdv# uhghv/# txh# vÃr#
hvsdÇrv# qrv# txdlv# dv# shvvrdv#
exvfdp#vh#djuxsdu#sru#lqwhuhv0
vh# h# vhjphqwdp# fdgd# yh}#
pdlv# vxdv# hvfrokdv# ^ # r# txh/#
sdud#dv#hpsuhvdv/#rv#wruqd#lgh0
dlv# sdud# dwlqjlu# frqvxplgr0
uhv%51# KÉolr# Edvvr/# gluhwru# gh#
dwhqglphqwr#gd#Lghld#v2d#DjÊq0
fld# gh# PÍgldv# Vrfldlv/# h{solfd#
hp# rxwudv# sdodyudv# txh# %r# sd0
sho# frpr# surilvvlrqdo# gh# pÍgl0
dv# vrfldlv# vh# gduÁ# qd# fuldÇÃr#
gh# vroxÇÕhv/# lqghshqghqwh0
phqwh# gr# phlr/# txh# shuplwdp#
txh# dv# pdufdv# grplqhp# vhxv#
vhjphqwrv# gh# dwxdÇÃr/# fuldq0
gr# glihuhqfldo# frpshwlwlyr/#
dwudlqgr# plfurqlfkrv# sdud# iru0
pdu#qrydv#uhghv#gh#lqwhuhvvh%61
Yhprv/# sruwdqwr/# txh# r#
surilvvlrqdo# gh# pÍgldv# vrfldlv#
vxujh#qr#lqwxlwr#gh#h{wudlu#rxwur#
ydoru# gdv# uhghv# vrfldlv=# doÉp#
gd# lqirupdÇÃr# gd# ylgd# sulydgd/#
mÁ# dpsodphqwh# h{sorudgd# sh0
odv# hpsuhvdv# jhvwrudv# gdv# uh0
ghv/# r# dqdolvwd# gh# pÍgld# vrfldo#
exvfd# lqioxhqfldu# qr# iox{r# gh#
dwhqÇÃr# ghvvhv# hvsdÇrv1# Vxd#
whqwdwlyd# É# frqyhujlu# d# dwhqÇÃr#
glvshuvd# qhvvhv# phlrv# sdud#
xp#srqwr#hvshfÍilfr1#Frp#d#gl0
ihuhqÇd# gd# dwxdÇÃr# hp# qlfkrv#
vhjphqwdgrv/#d#pdufd#vh#lqvh0
uh# hp# xp# phlr# exvfdqgr# fdx0
vdu# xpd# lpsuhvvÃr# srvlwlyd#
pdvvlyd#hqwuh#vhxv#xvxÁulrv1
Vhjxqgr# Hgqh|# Vrx}d/#
Rudv/# hvvd# klvwÓuld# ph#
lghdol}dgru# gr# sruwdo# Lqwhuqh|# h#
ohpeud#pxlwr#xpd#qrÇÃr#gr#vr0
vÓflr# gd# SÓoyrud$/# djÊqfld# hv0
flÓorjr#Slhuuh#Erxuglhx1#Glvvhu0
shfldol}dgd# hp# frpxqlfdÇÃr#
wdqgr# vreuh# d# whohylvÃr/#
rqolqh/#r#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍgldv#vr0
Erxuglhx# dsrqwd=# %txdqwr# pdlv#
83
xp# ÓujÃr# gh# lpsuhqvd# rx# xp#
phlr# gh# h{suhvvÃr# txdotxhu#
suhwhqgh# dwlqjlu# xp# sÚeolfr# h{0
whqvr/#pdlv#hoh#ghyh#shughu#vx0
dv# dvshuh}dv/# wxgr# r# txh# srgh#
glylglu/# h{foxlu/# pdlv# hoh# ghyh#
dsolfdu0vh# hp# qÃr# *fkrfdu# qlq0
jxÉp*/# frpr# vh# gl}/# hp# mdpdlv#
ohydqwdu# sureohpdv# rx# dshqdv#
sureohpdv# vhp# klvwÓuld%1# QÃr#
hvwduld/# hqwÃr/# r# surilvvlrqdo#
gh# pÍgldv# vrfldlv# id}hqgr# frp#
txh#d#uhgh#shufd#vxd#wÃr#suhflr0
vd# dvshuh}dB# Rx# dlqgd=# hvwd0
uld# r# dqdolvwd# gh# pÍgldv# vrfldlv#
hvwhulol}dqgr# dv# uhghv# vrfldlvB#
VÃr# dlqgd# shujxqwdv# vhp# uhv0
srvwdv/# pdv# d# sduwlu# ghodv# luhl#
sursru#xp#srqwr#gh#ylvwd#dlqgd#
pdlv#dxgdflrvr#sdud#ohydqwdu#do0
jxp#ghedwh1
R#%idnh%#h#dv#uhghv#vrfl0
dlv
Hvwdprv/# srlv/# gldqwh# gh#
xp#qryr#fhqÁulr#vÓflr0hfrqÔpl0
fr#qr#txdo#d#lqirupdÇÃr#É#d#pd0
wÉuld0sulpd# gr# fdslwdolvpr# h# d#
dwhqÇÃr#É#r#rxur#txh#dv#hpsuh0
vdv# wdqwr# exvfdp# sdud# vh# vr0
euhvvdÍuhp#
hp#
vhxv#
phufdgrv1#QÃr#srghuÍdprv/#hq0
wÃr/# mxqwdu# frur# d# yr}# gh# Gd0
qdk# Er|g# h# gl}hu# txh# hvwdprv#
yhqgr# vxujlu# xpd# qryd# jhud0
ÇÃr# gh# kdfnhuvB# Kdfnhuv# txh#
qÃr# pdlv# txheudp# fÓgljrv/#
pdv# exuodp# r# uhjlph# gd# dwhq0
ÇÃr#h#id}hp#vxujlu#iox{rv#gh#lq0
irupdÇÃr#
lqhvshudgrv71#
Glihuhqwh# gh# vhxv# dqwhfhvvr0
uhv/# phvwuhv# hp# surjudpdÇÃr/#
hvvhv# qryrv# kdfnhuv# vÃr# dlq0
gd#jdurwrv/#pdv#txh#hqwhqghp#
pxlwr# phokru# frpr# hvsdokdu#
xp#idovr#erdwr#gr#txh#frpr#lq0
########QÃr#srghuÍdprv/#hqwÃr/#
mxqwdu#frur#d#yr}#gh#Gdqdk#Er|g#h#
gl}hu#txh#hvwdprv#yhqgr#vxujlu#
xpd#qryd#jhudÇÃr#gh#kdfnhuvB#
Kdfnhuv#txh#qÃr#pdlv#txheudp#
fÓgljrv/#pdv#exuodp#r#uhjlph#gd#
dwhqÇÃr#h#id}hp#vxujlu#iox{rv#gh#
lqirupdÇÃr#lqhvshudgrv111
ydglu# xp# vlvwhpd1# Qd# yhugdgh/#
r# vlvwhpd# txh# hohv# lqydghp# É#
vlpeÓolfr# h# hvwÁ# qr# lpdjlqÁulr#
gdv# shvvrdv1# VÃr# kdfnhuv# txh#
wudedokdp# frp# r# txh# Ulfkdug#
Gdznlqv# fkdpd# gh# phph=#
xpd# xqlgdgh# pÍqlpd# fxowxudo1#
Xpd# fdpsdqkd# &idlo# hvwduld#
qhvvh# kdoo1# Xpd# idovd# qrwÍfld#
sodqwdgd# sru# shvvrdv# dqÔql0
pdv#wdpeÉp1#Idnhv#gr#Wzlwwhu/#
lghp1
D# Uhylvwd# ©srfd# sxeolfrx#
xpd# pdwÉuld8# hqwuhylvwdqgr# do0
jxqv# grv# pdlv# edgdodgrv# id0
nhv# gr# Eudvlo=# CPxvvxpDolyh/#
CFoh|fldqqh/# CWlrGlqr# h#
CRFuldgru1# VÃr# shvvrdv# txh#
uhvroyhudp# xvdu# r# Wzlwwhu# sdud#
wludu# vduur# gh# vlwxdÇÕhv# frwlgld0
qdv# edqdlv/# pdv# vh# hvfrqghp#
sru# wuÁv# gh# xp# svhxgÔqlpr1#
Yhprv# dtxl# pdlv# xpd# vhph0
okdqÇd# frp# d# dqwljd# jhudÇÃr#
kdfnhu=# r# dqrqlpdwr1# Gh# dojx0
pd# irupd# hvvdv# shvvrdv# frq0
vhjxhp# frqyhujlu# sdud# vl# xp#
iox{r# gh# dwhqÇÃr# txh# d# pdlruld#
gdv# hpsuhvdv# qÃr# frqvhjxh1#
R# Úowlpr# flwdgr/# CRFuldgru/#
fkhjd#d#whu#pdlv#gh#633#plo#vh0
jxlgruhv1
Frqwxgr#qÃr#É#dshqdv#gh#
sldgd#txh#ylyhp#rv#qryrv#kdf0
nhuv1#Idnhv#frpr#Cplplplgld0
vrfldo/# CFdodderfdudprq# h#
CRFohehuPdfkdgr/#pxlwdv#yh0
}hv#dfxvdgrv#frpr#wuroov9/#vxu0
jhp# sdud# ohydqwdu# dojxp# wlsr#
gh# fuÍwlfd# txh# vhuld# pdo# uhfhel0
gd# shod# wdoyh}# mÁ# hvwhulol}dgd#
pÍgld#vrfldo1
Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
84
#####################QÃr#hvwduld/#hqwÃr/#
r#surilvvlrqdo#gh#pÍgldv#vrfldlv#
id}hqgr#frp#txh#d#uhgh#shufd#vxd#
wÃr#suhflrvd#dvshuh}dB#Rx#dlqgd=#
hvwduld#r#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍgldv#vrfldlv#
hvwhulol}dqgr#dv#uhghv#vrfldlvB#
VÃr#dlqgd#shujxqwdv#vhp#
uhvsrvwdv111
Wkdoohv#Zdlfkhuw
Frqwuroh/#srghu#h#uhvlv0
wÊqfld
Jrvwduld# gh# qhvvh# ghvih0
fkr# uhwrpdu# d# sdodyud# frp# Jlo0
ohv# Ghohx}h# hp# vhx# dohuwd#
vreuh# d# vrflhgdgh# gh# frqwuroh=#
%Pxlwrv#mryhqv#shghp#hvwudqkd0
phqwh# sdud# vhuhp# *prwlydgrv*/#
h#vrolflwdp#qryrv#hvwÁjlrv#h#iru0
pdÇÃr# shupdqhqwh># fdeh# d#
hohv#ghvfreulu#d#txh#hvwÃr#vhq0
gr# ohydgrv# d# vhuylu/# dvvlp# fr0
pr#
vhxv#
dqwhfhvvruhv#
ghvfreuludp/#qÃr#vhp#gru/#d#il0
qdolgdgh# gdv# glvflsolqdv%1# Fd0
eh0qrv/# sruwdqwr/# h{huflwdu# xp#
srqwr#gh#ylvwd#pdlv#fuÍwlfr#gldq0
wh# gr# fkdpdgr# gr# Pdunhwlqj# h#
gd# suhvvd# sru# uhvxowdgrv1# Dlq0
gd# Ghohx}h=# %qÃr# qrv# fdeh# wh0
phu# rx# hvshudu/# pdv# exvfdu#
qrydv#dupdv%1#
71#%iru#wkh#oro}%=#7fkdq#lv#kdfnlqj#
wkh#dwwhqwlrq#hfrqrp|1#GlvsrqÍyho#
qd#Lqwhuqhw=#
kwws=22zzz1}hskruld1ruj2wkrxjkwv2dufk
lyhv253432392452iru0wkh0oro}07fkdq0lv0
kdfnlqj0wkh0dwwhqwlrq0hfrqrp|1kwpo1#
Dfhvvdgr#hp#7#gh#Mxokr#gh#53431
81#Txhp#vÃr#rv#sldglvwdv#gr#
Wzlwwhu1#GlvsrqÍyho#qd#Lqwhuqhw=#
kwws=22uhylvwdhsrfd1jorer1frp2Uhylvwd
2Hsrfd23//HPL4788;7048553/330
TXHP.VDR.RV.SLDGLVWDV.GR.W
ZLWWHU1kwpo1#Dfhvvdgr#hp#7#gh#
Mxokr#gh#53431
91#Shvvrdv#txh#exvfdp#dshqdv#
djuhglu#vhp#qhqkxpd#ud}Ãr#
dsduhqwh1
41#YljloÂqfld#h#frqwuroh#qd#zhe#5131#
GlvsrqÍyho#qd#Lqwhuqhw=#
kwws=22wkdoohv1eorj1eu253432392yljlodqfl
d0h0frqwuroh0qd0zhe050321#Dfhvvdgr#
hp#7#gh#mxokr#gh#53431
51#R#ghwhwlyh#gdv#pÍgldv#vrfldlv1#
GlvsrqÍyho#qd#Lqwhuqhw=#
kwws=22lqir1deulo1frp1eu2qrwlfldv2fduuhlu
d2r0ghwhwlyh0gdv0plgldv0vrfldlv0
3:3;533<0451vko1#Dfhvvdgr#hp#7#
gh#Mxokr#gh#53431
61#R#dqdolvwd#gh#pÍgldv#vrfldlv#txh#
r#phufdgr#surfxud1#GlvsrqÍyho#qd#
Lqwhuqhw=#
kwws=22zhelqvlghu1xro1frp1eu2534323823
52r0dqdolvwd0gh0plgldv0vrfldlv0txh0r0
phufdgr0surfxud21#Dfhvvdgr#hp#37#
gh#mxokr#gh#53431
WKDOOHV#
ZDLFKHUW#
+Cwkdoohvz,#É#
mruqdolvwd#gd#hglwruld#
gh#PÍgldv#Vrfldlv#gr#
Whuud#Qhwzrunv#
Eudvlo1
85
FDSD##D#VDOD#GH#FRQWUROH
D#VDOD#GH#FRQWUROH
Sru#Mrpdu#Vloyd
Dodd#Kdphg#0#v{f1kx
Irl# xp# vrqkr# hvwudqkr/# h# whp# pdlv# eudvlohlurv# sru# dtxl/#
dwÉ#djrud#qÃr#vhl#ehp#r#txh#id0 pdv# sru# txh# ixl# r# Úqlfr# frqyl0
gdgrB
}hu#frp#r#txh#yl#qhoh1
Wxgr# ld# ehp/# dwÉ# txh# qr#
phlr# gr# frtxhwho/# ghsrlv# gh#
xp# glvfxuvr# lqiodpdgr# gh# xp#
grv#h{hfxwlyrv#gd#hpsuhvd/#uh0
vroyhudp#qrv#ohydu#sdud#frqkh0
fhu#
dv#
%lqhvtxhfÍyhlv#
lqvwdodÇÕhv%# +txdqwd# suhsrwÊq0
fld/# shqvhl# hx,1# GhyÍdprv# hv0
wdu# hp# xp# juxsr# uhgx}lgr/# gh#
gh}# rx# txlq}h# frqylgdgrv# h# oÁ#
irprv# qÓv/# frqkhfhu# dv# %lqhv0
Ohpeur0ph# txh# qr# vrqkr# txhfÍyhlv# lqvwdodÇÕhv%# gd# wdo#
hx# shqvdyd=# Sru# txh# ixl# frqyl0 hpsuhvd1# Wxgr# pxlwr# erqlwr/#
gdgr#sdud#hvvh#frtxhwhoB#H{lv0 pxlwr# prghuqr# h# frp# xp# du#
jhhn# txh# gduld# lqyhmd# d# txdo0
Ghyhuld# whu# vlgr# vÓ# pdlv#
xpd# yldjhp/# ljxdo# d# wdqwdv# rx0
wudv# txh# hx# mÁ# il}# sdud# sduwlfl0
sdu# gh# hyhqwrv# lqwhuqdflrqdlv1#
D# glihuhqÇd# qhvvd# hud# xp# fr0
txhwho/#txh#vhuld#rihuhflgr#d#do0
jxqv# sdohvwudqwhv# gr# hyhqwr#
qd#vhgh#gdtxhod#hpsuhvd#idpr0
vd/#txh#hqwuh#rxwudv#frlvdv#srv0
vxl# xp# vlvwhpd# rshudflrqdo#
sdud#vpduwskrqhv1
86
txhu# qhug# txh# frqkhÇrl # dsh0
vdu# gh# wdqwd# ehoh}d/# hud# pdlv#
gr#phvpr=#hvfulwÓulrv#frp#frp0
sxwdgruhv# gh# gdu# lqyhmd/# ph0
vdv# uhsohwdv# gh# erqhfrv# h#
jdgjhwv# jhhnv# sdud# wrgrv# rv#
jrvwrv# h# sduhghv# uhfkhdgdv#
gh#iljxudv#glyhuwlgdv1#Wxgr#hvwd0
yd# uhodwlydphqwh# qrupdo/# dwÉ#
txh# fkhjdprv# qr# ilqdo# gh# xp#
fruuhgru/# h# qrv# ghsdudprv#
frp# gxdv# shvdgdv# sruwdv# gh#
phwdo/# txh# sduhfld# xp# hohyd0
gru/# pdv# gdgd# d# odujxud# gdv#
sruwdv/# hx# gxylgdyd# txh# irvvh#
lvvr#phvpr1
qÃr#srvvxÍd#erwÃr#dojxp#h#wÃr#
orjr# hqwudprv# wrgrv/# d# sruwd#
vh#ihfkrx#txdvh#txh#qxp#sdv0
vh# gh# pÁjlfd1# Frp# d# sruwd# ih0
fkdgd/# vhqwl# txh# hvwÁydprv#
ghvfhqgr# h# irl# dÍ# txh# shufhel#
xpd#glvfuhwd#fÂphud#sdqruÂpl0
fd# qr# whwr# gr# hohydgrul # ghyh#
whu# dojxÉp# frqwurodqgr# lvvr# gh#
dojxp#oxjdu1
QÃr#vhl#vh#hud#shod#dqvlh0
gdgh# rx# qÃr/# pdv# r# hohydgru#
qÃr# fkhjdyd# qxqfd1# QÃr# idÇr#
lghld# gd# glvwÂqfld# txh# ghvfh0
prv/#pdv#vhl#txh#ghprurx#edv0
wdqwh1# Txdqgr# fkhjdprv# dr#
Ph#ohpeur#gh#whu#frphqwd0 qrvvr#ghvwlqr/#dv#sruwdv#vh#deul0
gr# frp# xp# grv# ylvlwdqwhv# txh# udp# h# sxghprv# wrgrv# hqwudu#
hvwdyd#dr#phx#odgr/#txh#dol#gh0 hp# xpd# dqwh0vdod/# txh# srv0
yld# vhu# d# hqwudgd# gr# gdwd# fhq0 vxÍd#xpd#Úqlfd#+h#jljdqwh,#sru0
whu# ghohv/# h# txdo# qÃr# irl# qrvvd# wd/# frp# r# phvpr# frqwuroh# gh#
vxusuhvd# txdqgr# d# shvvrd# txh# dfhvvr# gr# hohydgru1# Ph# ohp0
qrv#jxldyd#dqxqflrx=#YrfÊv#ir0 eur#txh#shqvhl=#%VhuÁ#txh#É#rx0
udp#hvfroklgrv#d#ghgr/#srlv#wh0 wur#hohydgruB%1
prv# r# sud}hu# gh# prvwudu# d#
Qrvvr# jxld# sdvvrx# qryd0
yrfÊv#dojr#txh#whprv#h#txh#yr0 phqwh# sru# wrgr# r# vhx# ulwxdo# gh#
fÊv# qxqfd# hvtxhfhuÃrl # Mxur#
txh# shqvhl# txh# ld# yhu# xp# vx0
shu#phjd#gdwd#fhqwhul
Dv#sruwdv#vh#deuludp#h#sx0
gh# frqilupdu# plqkd# vxvshlwd#
gh# txh# dtxlor# hud# phvpr# xp#
hohydgru/# h# hud# r# pdlru# txh# mÁ#
yl# qd# ylgd/# srlv# wrgrv# qÓv# hp0
edufdprv# gh# xpd# vÓ# yh}1# Ph#
vxusuhhqgl# dr# yhu# r# phfdqlv0
pr# gh# vhjxudqÇd# xvdgr# sdud#
deulu# d# sruwd# gr# hohydgru=# xp#
vfdqqhu# gd# sdopd# gd# pÃr/# xp#
vfdqqhu# gh# uhwlqd/# uhfrqkhfl0
phqwr# gh# yr}# h# gljlwdÇÃr# gh#
xpd# vhqkd# hp# xp# whfodgr# wr0
gr# pdoxfrl # dowd# vhjxudqÇd#
phvpr/#shqvhl#hx1
lghqwlilfdÇÃr# dwÉ# txh# ilqdophq0
wh# rxylprv# xp# surixqgr# h# jud0
yh# %fohfn%# h# d# sruwd# vh# deulx1#
Sxghprv# yhu# xp# h{whqvr# fru0
uhgru# hp# qrvvd# iuhqwhl # Vl0
jdp0qrv# sru# idyru/# irl# r# txh#
glvvh#qrvvr#jxld/#h#dvvlp#oÁ#ir0
prv# qÓv/# fdplqkdqgr# shor# h{0
whqvr# h# loxplqdgr# fruuhgru1#
Ilqdophqwh# qr# ilqdo# ghoh# h{lvwld#
xpd# sruwd# gh# ylgur# pxlwr# jurv0
vr#h#mdwhdgr/#txh#vh#deulx#dxwr0
pdwlfdphqwh#
txdqgr#
fkhjdprv# shuwr# ghoh1# Yl# qryd0
phqwh# xpd# rxwud# fÂphud# gh#
vhjxudqÇd# qr# whwrl # vhmd# r#
txh#iru#txh#ydprv#yhu/#É#vhjx0
ur#phvpr$
Ilqdophqwh# fkhjdprv# d#
xpd# vdod/# rx# phokru# gl}hqgr# d#
dojxpd#frlvd#sduhflgd#frp#xp#
plql#dxglwÓulr/#frp#xpd#whod#jl0
jdqwhvfd# frpsrvwd# sru# glyhu0
vrv# prqlwruhv# OFG/# gh# gdu#
lqyhmd# d# pxlwr# flqhpd# txh# fr0
qkhÇr1# H{lvwldp# dlqgd# xpdv#
########Ph#vxusuhhqgl#dr#yhu#r#
phfdqlvpr#gh#vhjxudqÇd#xvdgr#
sdud#deulu#d#sruwd#gr#hohydgru=#
xp#vfdqqhu#gd#sdopd#gd#pÃr/#xp#
vfdqqhu#gh#uhwlqd/#uhfrqkhflphqwr#
gh#yr}#h#gljlwdÇÃr#gh#xpd#vhqkd#hp#
xp#whfodgr#wrgr#pdoxfr111
Mrpdu#Vloyd
R# hohydgru# jljdqwhvfr#
87
txdwur# ilohludv# gh# frqvrohv# h#
frpsxwdgruhv/# frp# xpdv# 53#
shvvrdv# wudedokdqgr# qhohvl #
dtxhod# vdod# gh# prqlwrudphqwr#
ph#ohpeurx#d#vdod#gh#prqlwrud0
phqwr# gdv# plvvÕhv# hvsdfldlv#
gd# QDVD/# txh# xp# gld# yl# qxp#
grfxphqwÁulrl # shqvhl# txh# hv0
wÁydprv# qd# vdod# gh# prqlwrud0
phqwr# gdv# frqh{Õhv# gh# uhghv#
ghohv/# h# shor# sruwh# gd# hpsuh0
vd/# xpd# vdod# frpr# dtxhodv#
hud#r#pÍqlpr#txh#hx#hvshudyd1
Dfkhl# hvtxlvlwr# ghpdlv#
dv#lpdjhqv#surmhwdgdv#qrv#pr0
qlwruhv=# dojxqv# pdsdv# 6G# gr#
jorer# whuuhvwuh# frp# plokduhv#
gh# srqwrv# pdufdgrv# qhohv# +h# d#
pdlruld#ghvvhv#srqwrv#vh#pryl0
phqwdyd# gh# irupd# pxlwr# ohqwd,/#
hqtxdqwr# rxwudv# whodv# prvwud0
ydp# dojxqv# yÍghrvl # qÃr# vhl#
sru# txh# dtxhod# fhqd# ph# ghx#
xp# fdodiulr/# srlv# qÃr# frqvh0
jxld# hqwhqghu# r# txh# hohv# hvwd0
ydp# prqlwrudqgr1# Irl# dÍ# txh#
qrvvr#jxld#frphÇrx#d#idodu1
prv# dlqgd# frpelqdu# hvwdv#
lqirupdÇÕhv# h# vdehu# txdqgr#
xp# ghwhuplqdgr# juxsr# gh# shv0
vrdv#hvwÁ#uhxqlgr/#h#dr#gl}hu#lv0
Hoh#glvvh#txh#irprv#hvfr0 vr/# dsrqwrx# sdud# xp# juxsr# gh#
oklgrv#sdud#frqkhfhu#dtxhod#vd0 srqwlqkrv# hp# xpd# gdv# whodv1#
od/# srlv# dtxhod# hpsuhvd# vdeld# Irl# gdgr# xp# }rrp# qr# juxsr#
txh# srghuld# frqildu# hp# qrvvr# dsrqwdgr#sru#qrvvr#jxld/#h#sx0
vljlor/#xpd#yh}#txh#qrvvr#vloÊq0 gh#yhu#txh#dtxhodv#shvvrdv#hv0
flr# mÁ# kdyld# vlgr# frpsurydgr# wdydp# hp# dojxp# hgliÍflr# txh#
qr# sdvvdgrl # rv# fdodiulrv# dx0 vh#sduhflgd#frp#xp#uhvwdxudq0
wh1
phqwdudp1
Hvwd#É#qrvvd#vdod#gh#frq0
wuroh/# gl}ld# qrvvr# jxld1# DwudyÉv#
ghod/# whprv# dfhvvr# d# judqgh#
sduwh# gd# srsxodÇÃr# kxpdqd/# h#
frqvhjxlprv#prqlwrudu#vxdv#dwl0
ylgdghv1# Rv# vpduwskrqhv# txh#
xwlol}dp#qrvvr#vlvwhpd#rshudflr0
qdo# qrv# hqyldp# hp# whpsr# uhdo#
d# orfdol}dÇÃr# grv# xvxÁulrv# h#
frp# lvvr/# srghprv# vdehu# drq0
gh# hvwÁ# fdgd# shvvrd1# Srgh0
###########Hvwd#h#qrvvd#vdod#gh#
frqwuroh/#gl}ld#qrvvr#jxld1#DwudyÉv#
ghod/#whprv#dfhvvr#d#judqgh#sduwh#gd#
srsxodÇÃr#kxpdqd/#h#frqvhjxlprv#
prqlwrudu#vxdv#dwlylgdghv1#Rv#
vpduwskrqhv#txh#xwlol}dp#qrvvr#
vlvwhpd#rshudflrqdo#qrv#hqyldp#hp#
whpsr#uhdo#d#orfdol}dÇÃr#grv#
xvxÁulrv111
Mrpdu#Vloyd
Dshqdv# sdud# ghprqvwudu#
qrvvd# whfqrorjld/# qrv# glvvh#
qrvvr# jxld/# ydprv# rxylu# r# txh#
hvwdv# shvvrdv# hvwÃr# frqyhu0
vdqgr1# Frp# dshqdv# dojxqv# fol0
txhv/#xpd#qryd#whod#vh#deulx#h#
sdvvdprv# d# uhfhehu# wrgr# r#
vrp# dpelhqwh# gd# vdod# rqgh# dv#
shvvrdv# vh# hqfrqwudydpl # ph#
ohpeur# gh# whu# gxylgdgr# gh# txh#
dtxlor# hvwdyd# phvpr# dfrqwh0
fhqgr/# txdqgr# qrvvr# jxld# qrv#
glvvh# txh# dtxhoh# juxsr# hvwdyd#
dol#uhxqlgr#sdud#ghedwhu#xp#gh0
whuplqdgr# whpd/# h# txh# vdeldp#
glvvr# srlv# wlqkdp# dfhvvr# drv#
h0pdlov# wurfdgrv# hqwuh# hohv# sd0
ud# djhqgdu# r# hqfrqwur1#DÍ# wxgr#
ih}# vhqwlgr=# r# vrp# txh# hvwÁyd0
prv# rxylqgr# qÃr# ylqkd# gh# qh0
qkxpd# hvfxwd# dpelhqwh/# pdv#
grv# plfurirqhv# grv# vpduswkr0
qhv# gdtxhodv# shvvrdv/# frqwur0
odgrv#
uhprwdphqwh#
shod#
hpsuhvdl # r# fdodiulr# dxphq0
wrx#dlqgd#pdlv1
Txh# devxugr$# Surwhvwrx#
dojxÉpl # Txhp# jdudqwh# txh#
hvwdv# shvvrdv# vÃr# hodv# phv0
pdv$# Glvvh# xp# rxwurl # Qrvvr#
jxld/# qd# vxd# iulh}d# gh# vhpsuh#
dshqdv#uhvsrqghx#frp#xp#vru0
ulvr=#H#yrfÊv#dfkdp#txh#dv#wh0
88
odv#wrxfkvfuhhq#irudp#Á#wrdB#Do0
jxÉp# dÍ# dfuhglwd# txh# r# fxvwr#
ghodv# É# dvvlp# wÃr# edl{r# d# srq0
wr# gh# htxlsdu# wrgrv# rv#
vpduwskrqhv# frp# qrvvr# vlvwh0
pdB
Dr#yhu#txh#wrgrv#qÓv#hvwÁ0
ydprv#shusoh{rv#frp#wxgr#dtxl0
or/# qrvvr# jxld# dlqgd# eulqfrx=#
Yrx#dwlydu#dojxpdv#fÂphudv#sd0
ud# txh# yrfÊv# srvvd# yhu# r# txh#
srghprv#id}hu/#h#irl#dvvlp#txh#
lpdjhqv# hp# yÍghr# sdvvdudp# d#
vhu# dsuhvhqwdgdv# qrv# prqlwr0
uhv# OFG1#D# pdlruld# ghodv# hvwd0
yd# pxlwr# +rx# wrwdophqwh,#
hvfxud/# h# qrvvr# jxld# dylvrx#
txh# qhvwhv# fdvrv# rv# whohirqhv#
ghyldp# hvwdu# qr# erovr# rx# vre#
d#phvd/#h#hvwd#vxvshlwd#irl#frq0
ilupdgd# dr# frqvhjxlu# xpd# lpd0
jhp# txh# prvwudyd# dojxpdv#
oÂpsdgdv1# ´ed/# glvvh# r# jxld/#
hvwdprv# frp# vruwh/# srlv# xp#
grv# fhoxoduhv# wlqkd# gxdv# fÂph0
udv/#vhqgr#xpd#ghodv#iurqwdo1
Ph# ohpeur# txh# hx# vhqwld#
xp# plvwr# gh# dgpludÇÃr# h# udl0
yd/#srlv#d#whfqrorjld#dol#h{lelgd#
hud# vlpsohvphqwh# idqwÁvwlfd/#
pdv# d# xwlol}dÇÃr# gh# wdo# whfqror0
jld# sdud# hvslrqdu# shvvrdv# hud#
vlpsohvphqwh# lqdfhlwÁyho1# Xp#
grv#phxv#frohjdv#surwhvwrx/#gl0
}hqgr# txh# d# hpsuhvd# qÃr# wl0
qkd# r# gluhlwr# gh# id}hu# dtxlor/# h#
xp#rxwur#ixqflrqÁulr#gd#hpsuh0
vd# txh# hvwdyd# fdodgr# dwÉ# hq0
wÃr# hqwurx# hp# xpd# glvfxvvÃr#
gdv#pdlv#lqvdqdv#txh#mÁ#suhvhq0
flhl1
Gl}ld#hoh#txh#d#hpsuhvd#wl0
qkd#gluhlwr#vlp#gh#xwlol}du#dtxh0
odv# lqirupdÇÕhv# h# gh# id}hu#
wxgr# dtxlor# txh# hvwdyd# id}hq0
gr/#h#txh#wxgr#lvvr#ylvdyd#d#jd0
udqwld#
gd#
vhjxudqÇd#
lqwhuqdflrqdol # qrydphqwh# d#
erd#h#yhokd#ghvfxosd#sdud#d#elv0
elokrwdjhp# ghvodydgd1# Xp# rx0
wur# frohjd# surwhvwrx# gh# irupd#
pdlv#yhhphqwh/#h#irl#dÍ#txh#fr0
phÇdudp# d# qrv# frqwdu# dojx0
pdv# klvwÓuldv# lqwhuhvvdqwhv#
vreuh#dwhqwdgrv#txh#kdyldp#vl0
gr# lpshglgrv# sru# frqwd# ghvwd#
whfqrorjld/#fulplqrvrv#txh#kdyl0
dp# vlgr# orfdol}dgrv# h# ghwlgrv/#
txdgulokdv# ghvpdqwhodgdv# h#
xpd# vÉulh# gh# rxwurv# fdvrv# rq0
gh# d# whfqrorjld# dsduhqwhphqwh#
kdyld#vlgr#xwlol}dgd#sdud#frlvdv#
erdvl # irl# dÍ# txh# hx# uhvroyl#
okhv# shujxqwdu# vh# d# whfqrorjld#
qÃr# kdyld# wdpeÉp# vlgr# xwlol}d0
gd#sdud#frlvdv#qÃr#wÃr#erdv#dv0
vlp/# frpr# rewhqÇÃr# gh#
lqirupdÇÃr# sulylohjldgd# gh# jr0
yhuqrv# h# vhjuhgrv# lqgxvwul0
dlvl # d# jdujdokdgd# sru# sduwh#
ghohv# irl# dvvxvwdgrud/# h# yhlr#
hp# vhjxlgd# d# uhvsrvwd=# %©# hyl0
ghqwh#txh#vlpl %1
Ghprqvwudqgr#pxlwd#luulwd0
ÇÃr/# xp# rxwur# frohjdv# hqwÃr#
dohuwrx=# %Lvvr# qÃr# ydl# ilfdu# dv0
vlp/#yrx#ghqxqfldu#hvwd#suÁwlfd#
dr#pxqgr#wrgrl %1#Pdlv#jdujd0
okdgdv# hfrdudp# shod# vdod/# h#
xp#vrqrur#%yrfÊ#ydl#ilfdu#gh#el0
fr# ehp# ihfkdgr/# srlv# wdpeÉp#
srghprv# wh# prqlwrudu# h# vh# yr0
fÊ# qÃr# vh# frpsruwdu# gh# irupd#
dghtxdgd/# ydl# vhu# iÁflo# wh# hq0
frqwudu# h# ihfkdu# vxd# erfd# gh#
xpd#yh}#sru#wrgdv$%1
Shujxqwhl# hqwÃr# d# hohv# r#
prwlyr# shor# txdo# hvwdydp# qrv#
prvwudqgr# dtxlor# wxgr/# srlv#
hud# xp# ghvsursÓvlwr# jljdqwhv0
frl #Ghvwd#yh}#d#uhvsrvwd#yhlr#
dfrpsdqkdgd# gh# xp# vruulvr#
luÔqlfr=# %©# ehp# iÁflo# gh# hqwhq0
ghu=# yrfÊv# irudp# prqlwrudgrv#
sru#qÓv#gxudqwh#rv#Úowlprv#ph0
########Ph#ohpeur#txh#hx#
vhqwld#xp#plvwr#gh#dgpludÇÃr#h#
udlyd/#srlv#d#whfqrorjld#dol#h{lelgd#
hud#vlpsohvphqwh#idqwÁvwlfd/#pdv#d#
xwlol}dÇÃr#gh#wdo#whfqrorjld#sdud#
hvslrqdu#shvvrdv#hud#vlpsohvphqwh#
lqdfhlwÁyho1
Mrpdu#Vloyd
89
########Prqlwrudprv#fdgd#
oljdÇÃr#ihlwd#sru#yrfÊv/#vdehprv#
frp#txhp#yrfÊv#vh#uhodflrqdp/#
txdlv#lqirupdÇÕhv#wurfdp#frp#
hvwdv#shvvrdv#h#udvwuhdprv#h#
prqlwrudprv#d#ylgd#gh#yrfÊv#57kv#
sru#gld111
gr/# xvdqgr# djrud# hvwd# srghur0
vd# ihuudphqwd/# rx# wrpduhprv#
dv# surylgÊqfldv# sdud# txh# qÃr#
iltxhp#gh#odgr#dojxpl #qd#yhu0
gdgh#yÃr#ilfdu#gh#xp#odgr#vlp=#
r# odgr# gh# ghqwur# gh# xpd# fryd#
udvd%l # R# ghvhvshur# edwhx#
ehp# iruwh# h# irl# dÍ# txh# hx# dfru0
ghll
Ph# ohpeur# gh# whu# vdÍgr#
gd# fdpd# h# duudqfdgr# d# edwhuld#
grv# phxv# vpduwskrqhv/# h# ghv0
gh# hqwÃr/# qÃr# yhmr# pdlv# hvwhv#
htxlsdphqwrv# frp# rv# phvprv#
rokrvl
Mrpdu#Vloyd
vhv/# h# ghvfreulprv# txh# vhp0
suh#il}hudp#wxgr#dtxlor#txh#jrv0
wduÍdprv# txh# il}hvvhp/# phvpr#
txdqgr# qÃr# hvwdydp# qd# qrvvd#
suhvhqÇd1#Prqlwrudprv#fdgd#ol0
jdÇÃr# ihlwd# sru# yrfÊv/# vdeh0
prv# frp# txhp# yrfÊv# vh#
uhodflrqdp/# txdlv# lqirupdÇÕhv#
wurfdp# frp# hvwdv# shvvrdv# h#
udvwuhdprv#h#prqlwrudprv#d#yl0
gd#gh#yrfÊv#57kv#sru#gld/#sdud#
qrv# fhuwlilfdu# gh# txh# vÃr# uhdo0
phqwh# frqilÁyhlv1# Hvwdprv#
dsuhvhqwdqgr# lvvr# d# yrfÊv/#
srlv# qrv# Úowlprv# phvhv# yrfÊv#
whp# hqiuhqwdgr# dojxqv# sureoh0
pdv# h# whp# wlgr# glilfxogdgh# sd0
ud# qrv# dmxgdu# d# uhvroyhu#
qrvvrv# sureohpdv# gh# irupd#
pdlv#uÁslgd#h#hilflhqwh1#QÃr#wh0
prv# gÚylgd# txh# dsrldgrv# sru#
xpd#ihuudphqwd#frpr#hvwd/#yr0
fÊv#srghuÃr#uhvroyhu#frp#h{wuh0
pd# udslgh}# rv# sureohpdv# txh#
wÊp#qrv#lqfrprgdgr%l
Ph# ohpeur# gh# whu# ilfdgr#
pxlwr# luulwdgr# frp# dtxhod# sur0
srvwd# devxugd/# pdv# hp# vhjxl0
gd# yhlr# dojr# dlqgd# slru=# %©#
hylghqwh# txh# yrfÊv# srghp# vh#
qhjdu# d# frqwlqxdu# frrshudqgr#
frqrvfr/#pdv#ghsrlv#gh#whu#fr0
qkhflgr# qrvvd# vdod# gh# frqwur0
oh/# okhv# uhvwdp# srxfdv# rsÇÕhv#
0# rx# shupdqhfhp# gr# qrvvr# od0
MRPDU#VLOYD#É#hq0
jhqkhlur#hohwuÔqlfr#h#
Gluhwru#Jhudo#gd#RGI#
Dooldqfh#Odwlq#Dphul0
fd1#©#wdpeÉp#frru0
ghqdgru#gr#juxsr#gh#
wudedokr#qd#DEQW#
uhvsrqvÁyho#shod#
dgrÇÃr#gr#RGI#fr0
pr#qrupd#eudvlohlud#
h#phpeur#gr#RDVLV#
RGI#WF/#r#frplwÊ#lq0
whuqdflrqdo#txh#gh0
vhqyroyh#r#sdguÃr#
RGI#+Rshq#Grfx0
phqw#Irupdw,1
8:
FDSD##SRU#XPD#UHGH#VHP#YLJLO¢QFLD
Sru#xpd#uhgh#vhp#yljloÂqfld
Sru#Sdxor#Whl{hlud
Nlulo#Kdyh}ry#0#v{f1kx
©# qrwÁyho# txh# d# vrflhgdgh# whp# sdvvdgr#
sru# surixqgdv# wudqvirupdÇÕhv# suryrfdgdv# shod#
lqwhuqhw1#D#lqwhudwlylgdgh#qdv#frpxqlfdÇÕhv#yhp#
ghprfudwl}dqgr# r# dfhvvr# dr# frqkhflphqwr# h/#
frqvhtxhqwhphqwh/# hylghqfldqgr# rv# pdohiÍflrv#
grv#prqrsÓolrv#txh#whqwdp#lpshglu#d#olyuh#flufx0
odÇÃr# gh# lqirupdÇÃr/# frqkhflphqwr# h# glyhuvlgd0
gh#gh#rslqlÕhv1
Sru# lvvr/# qrv# Úowlprv# whpsrv/# jryhuqrv#
sdxwdgrv# shod# lqgÚvwuld# fxowxudo# h# gr# frs|uljkw#
wÊp#wudedokdgr#sdud#fuldu#phfdqlvprv#sdud#frq0
wurodu#h#yljldu#d#lqwhuqhw1#Qhvwh#fdvr/#qÃr#ph#uhil0
ur# dr# frqwuroh# wÉfqlfr/# pdv# vlp# dr# frqwuroh#
sroÍwlfr/# txh# É# vlqÔqlpr# gh# glwdgxudv# h# uhjlphv#
ihfkdgrv/# qrv# txdlv# vh# exvfd# yljldu# d# wxgr# h# d#
wrgrv1# H# É# fodur# txh# txhp# frqwurod# r# frqkhfl0
phqwr#h#d#lqirupdÇÃr#whp#pdlv#srghu1
8;
Sru#ghprfudwl}du#r#dfhvvr#À#lqirupdÇÃr/#d#
lqwhuqhw#wruqd#fdgd#xpd#h#fdgd#xp#gh#qÓv#vxmhl0
wrv# pdlv# fuÍwlfrv1#Whprv# pdlv# idflolgdgh# gh# frq0
vxowdu# gdgrv/# ohydqwdu# surfhvvrv1# Wxgr# ilfrx#
pdlv# glqÂplfr# sru# frqwd# gd# glyhuvlgdgh# gh#
eorjv#h#gh#uhghv#vrfldlv1#
jlwdo/#wdpeÉp#frqvhjxlprv#ghpdqgdu#xp#surmh0
wr#sdud#gholplwdu#rv#gluhlwrv#flylv#gd#lqwhuqhw1#Sru#
phlr# gh# frqvxowd# sÚeolfd/# rxylx0vh# d# vrflhgdgh#
frpr#xp#wrgr/#h#r#PlqlvwÉulr#gd#MxvwlÇd#luÁ#dsuh0
vhqwdu# r# uhvxowdgr# ghvvd# frqvxowd# qrydphqwh#
sdud#d#vrflhgdgh#h1#Ghsrlv#glvvr/#hvvh#suÉ0sur0
Qrvvr# sdÍv# sdvvrx# sru# prphqwrv# gholfd0 mhwr# luÁ# sdud# r# frqjuhvvr1# Pdlv# xpd# yh}/# srgh0
grv#qr#shuÍrgr#gd#glwdgxud#plolwdu/#frp#d#lpsrvl0 prv# whu# Ê{lwr# vh# frqvhjxluprv# dsurydu# qr#
ÇÃr# grv# Dwrv# Lqvwlwxflrqdlv# 0# h# r# DL8# irl# r# slru# Frqjuhvvr#r#surmhwr#grv#gluhlwrv#qd#uhgh1
ghohv1# Phvpr# txh# dlqgd# uhvwhp# vhtxhodv/# ihol}0
Pdv/#qr#Eudvlo/#shufhehprv#txh#dlqgd#h{lv0
phqwh# r# uhjlph# fdlx/# lpsxovlrqdgr# shor# pryl0 whp# pxlwrv# phgrv# txdqwr# À# lqwhuqhw1# Ghvgh# ih0
phqwr# shod# uhghprfudwl}dÇÃr# h# shod# fdpsdqkd# yhuhlur# ghvwh# dqr/# suhvlgr# d# FrplvvÃr# Hvshfldo#
shodv#Gluhwdv#MÁ1#D#qhfhvvlgdgh#gd#exvfd#gh#lq0 gdv# Odq# Krxvhv# qd# FÂpdud# grv# Ghsxwdgrv#
irupdÇÕhv/# ehp# frpr# gd# olehugdgh# gd# srsxod0 +kwws=22zzz51fdpdud1jry1eu2dwlylgdgh0ohjlvodwlyd#
ÇÃr# h# gd# lpsuhqvd/# dwÉ# hqwÃr# yljldgdv# h# 2frplvvrhv2frplvvrhv0whpsruduldv2hvshfldlv2#
frqwurodgdv/# uhshufxwlx# hp# pdwÉuldv/# srhvldv/# 86d0ohjlvodwxud0hqfhuudgdv2so7694372phpeurv,1#
pÚvlfdv/#ilophv#h#shÇdv#gh#whdwur1#
Qrvvr# wudedokr# whp# vlgr# rxylu# d# vrflhgdgh# vr0
Ghsrlv#glvvr/#d#lpsuhqvd#wruqrx0vh#r#txdu0 euh# r# whpd/# sdud# txh# srvvdprv# fuldu# xpd# ohl#
wr# srghu# h/# sru# pxlwr# whpsr/# wlyhprv# gh# frqyl0
yhu# frp# d# glwdgxud# gd# lqirupdÇÃr/# hp# txh#
shtxhqrv# juxsrv# frusrudwlyrv# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr#
ghwhuplqdydp# txdo# hud# d# yhugdgh/# txdlv# pÚvl0
fdv# ghyhuÍdprv# hvfxwdu/# h# txdlv# ilophv# ghyhuÍd0
prv#yhu1
Frp# d# fkhjdgd# gd# lqwhuqhw/# pxlwdv# frlvdv#
dqwhv# rfxowdv# djrud# dsduhfhp1# PrqrsÓolrv# hq0
wudp#hp#ghfoÍqlr#0#vxujhp#rxwurv#wdpeÉp/#É#yhu0
gdgh# 0/# pdv# r# phgr# gdtxhohv# txh# txhuhp#
frqwurodu#sru#phlr#gr#phufdgr/#gr#prqrsÓolr#pl0
glÁwlfr# rx# gdv# lqvwlwxlÇÕhv# gh# jryhuqrv# dxphq0
wrx/# h# qrwdprv# txh# hohv# txhuhp# frqwurodu# d#
uhgh#gh#txdotxhu#irupd1
Dvvlp/# uhfhqwhphqwh/# wlyhprv# gh# hqiuhqwdu#
r#surmhwr#fkdpdgr#gh#DL80gljlwdo1#D#sursrvwd#wud0
plwrx# qr# frqjuhvvr# sru# dojxqv# dqrv# h/# txdqgr#
d#vrflhgdgh#vh#ghx#frqwd/#hvwdyd#sdud#vhu#dsur0
ydgd#shod#vhjxqgd#yh}#qd#FÂphud#grv#Ghsxwd0
grv1# Hx/# frpr# ghsxwdgr# ihghudo/# dr# odgr# gh#
rxwurv# frpsdqkhlurv# hp# EudvÍold/# qrv# mxqwdprv#
d#glyhuvrv#prylphqwrv#hphujhqwhv#qd#suÓsuld#uh0
gh/#frpr#r#gr#vriwzduh#olyuh#h#r#PÚvlfd#Sdud#Edl0
{du# sdud# fulduprv# r# &PhjdQÃr# dr# surmhwr# gh#
frqwuroh#gd#lqwhuqhw1#
111uhfhqwhphqwh/#
wlyhprv#gh#hqiuhqwdu#r#
surmhwr#fkdpdgr#gh#DL80
gljlwdo1#D#sursrvwd#
wudplwrx#qr#frqjuhvvr#
sru#dojxqv#dqrv#h/#
txdqgr#d#vrflhgdgh#vh#
ghx#frqwd/#hvwdyd#sdud#
vhu#dsurydgd#shod#
vhjxqgd#yh}#qd#FÂpdud#
grv#Ghsxwdgrv1
Sdxor#Whl{hlud
DoÉp#gh#eduudu#r#surmhwr#D}huhgr/#rx#DL80Gl0
8<
txh# dwhqgd# d# wrgrv=# srsxodÇÃr# h# grqrv# gh# odq#
Dr# frqwuÁulr# gh# frqwurodu/# ghyhprv# ohjdol0
krxvhv1
}du# qd# lqwhuqhw# d# fÓsld# h# d# glvsrqlelol}dÇÃr# gh#
Shor# phqrv# ;# surmhwrv# wudwdp# gd# txhvwÃr# frqwhÚgrv/# vhmdp# hohv# fxowxudlv2duwÍvwlfrv# rx#
odq# krxvhv1#Dqdolvdqgr# fdgd# xp# ghohv/# yhulilfd0 qÃr/# sdud# ilqv# qÃr# frphufldlv/# phvpr# txh# wh0
prv# pxlwrv# lqwhuhvvhv# devxugrv/# frpr/# sru# h{0 qkdprv# d# qhfhvvlgdgh# gh# uhglvfxwlu# dfrugrv# lq0
hpsor=#surlelu#d#shupdqÊqfld#gh#phqruhv#gh#49# whuqdflrqdlv# mÁ# ilupdgrv1# Qhvvh# prphqwr/# hohv#
dqrv#hp#odq#krxvhv>#h{ljlu#r#fdgdvwur#Úqlfr#grv# qrv# lpshghp# gh# id}hu# xpd# ohl# gh# dfrugr# frp#
xvxÁulrv#gh#odq#krxvhv#h#surlelu#d#lqvwdodÇÃr#gh# dv#qhfhvvlgdghv#grv#lqwhuqdxwdv1#QÃr#shuplwlu#r#
dfhvvr# d# frqwhÚgrv# qd# uhgh# É# surpryhu# r# frq0
odq#krxvhv#qdv#sur{lplgdghv#gh#hvfrodv1#
wuroh1
Qhvwh# prphqwr/# hvwdprv# hp# surfhvvr# gh#
Sru# lvvr/# hvwrx# À# glvsrvlÇÃr# gd# vrflhgdgh#
frqvxowd# sÚeolfd# vreuh# d# ohjlvodÇÃr# dxwrudo1# MÁ#
vh#srghp#qrwdu#dv#uhdÇÕhv#hqixuhflgdv#gd#lqgÚv0 sdud# ohydu# dr# Frqjuhvvr# dv# ghpdqgdv# d# ilp# gh#
wuld# fxowxudo/# txh# ghihqgh# r# frqwuroh# gd# uhgh# sd0 frqvwuxluprv# xpd# lqwhuqhw# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# olyuh/#
ud# pdqwhu# vhxv# prqrsÓolrv/# lpshglqgr# pdlru# txh#hvwhmd#d#vhuylÇr#gd#glyhuvlgdgh#fxowxudo#h#gd#
hgxfdÇÃr1# ©# ghvvd# irupd# txh# luhprv# frqvwuxlu#
glyhuvlgdgh#gh#dfhvvr#drv#ehqv#fxowxudlv1
xp#Eudvlo#fdgd#yh}#pdlv#ghprfuÁwlfr1
Qd# uhgh/# h{lvwhp# frlvdv# erdv# h# uxlqv/# dv0
vlp# frpr# hp# wxgr# qd# vrflhgdgh1# Hp# fhuwr# pr0
phqwr# gh# qrvvd# klvwÓuld/# d# fduwd# hud# r# phlr# gh#
frpxqlfdÇÃr#ixqgdphqwdo#h/#sdud#pxlwdv#shvvr0
UhihuÊqfldv=
dv/# dlqgd# É1# Phvpr# txh# dojxÉp# whqkd# xwlol}dgr#
rv# fruuhlrv# sdud# frphwhu# fulphv# 0# frpr# hqyldq0 FrplvvÃr#Hvshfldo#gdv#Odq#Krxvhv#qd#FÂpdud#grv#
gr# dphdÇdv# rx# surgxwrv# lohjdlv# 0/# qÃr# fkhjd0 Ghsxwdgrv=
prv# dr# srqwr# gh# lghqwlilfdu# txhp# srvwdyd# dv# kwws=22plxg1lq2;4V
fduwdv/#h#txdlv#frqwhÚgrv#hudp#hqyldgrv1
Duwljr#qd#ZlnlsÉgld#vreuh#r#DL08=
R#phvpr#ydoh#sdud#r#whohirqh#txh/#lqfoxvl0 kwws=22plxg1lq2;4Z
yh/#É#xvdgr#frqvwdqwhphqwh#shor#fulph#rujdql}d0
gr1# Qhp# sru# lvvr/# r# xvr# gh# whohirqhv# sÚeolfrv#
reuljd# r# fdgdvwur# rx# d# judydÇÃr# gh# wxgr# r# txh#
oÁ#vh#wudqvplwh1#
SDXOR#WHL[HLUD#É#dwlylvwd#gd#olehugdgh#qd#
DolÁv/#vhuÁ#txh#r#idwr#gh#h{lvwlu#whohirqhv#sÚ0
eolfrv#rx#fduwdv#glilfxowrx#dv#lqyhvwljdÇÕhv#srolfl0
dlvB# HqwÃr/# srutxh# wdqwr# lqwhuhvvh# hp# frqwurodu#
d#lqwhuqhwB
uhgh/#ghihqgh#r#vriwzduh#olyuh#h#d#
ghprfudwl}dÇÃr#gd#frpxqlfdÇÃr1#©#
Ghsxwdgr#Ihghudo#shor#SW0VS1
93
FDSD##YLJLO¢QFLD#QD#UHGH=#D#FULD§£R#GR#FLGDG£R#QRUPDWL]DGR
YljloÂqfld#qd#uhgh=#d#frqvwuxÇÃr
gr#flgdgÃr#qrupdwl}dgr
Sru#Dudfhoh#Wruuhv
Sdxo#Edunhu#0#v{f1kx
Mxokr# gh# 533;=# ©# dsurydgr# qr# Eudvlo# shor#
Vhqdgr# xp# surmhwr# txh# wlslilfd# flehufulphv/# r#
Surmhwr# gh# Ohl# ;<25336# gr# Vhqdgru# Hgxdugr#
D}huhgr# +SVGE0PJ,/# pdlv# frqkhflgr# frpr# SO#
D}huhgr#rx#Ohl#D}huhgr1#R#surmhwr#fdxvrx#+fdx0
vd# dlqgd,# pxlwd# sroÊplfd# hqwuh# rv# lqwhuqdxwdv#
txh# dohjdp# wudwdu0vh# gh# xp# DL08# gljlwdo/# qxpd#
fodud#uhihuÊqfld#dr#ghfuhwr#hplwlgr#hp#4<9;#sh0
od# glwdgxud# plolwdu# eudvlohlud# txh# vxvshqgld# yÁul0
rv# gluhlwrv# frqvwlwxflrqdlv1# D# uhihuÊqfld# vh#
h{solfd# sru# yÁulrv# srqwrv# gr# surmhwr# txh# srvvx0
hp# xp# fduÁwhu# gh# yljlodqwlvpr# h# txh# lqioljhp# r#
gluhlwr# gr# flgdgÃr# À# olehugdgh# h# À# sulydflgdgh1#
Ghqwuh# hvwhv# srqwrv# pdlv# sroÊplfrv# hqfrqwud0
vh#r#txh#gl}#uhvshlwr#À#lghqwlilfdÇÃr#h#dupd}hqd0
phqwr# gh# gdgrv# grv# lqwhuqdxwdv# shorv# suryhgr0
uhv1# Vhjxqgr# r# surmhwr/# rv# suryhgruhv# vhuldp#
reuljdgrv# d# dupd}hqdu# sru# wuÊv# dqrv# rv# gdgrv#
txh#gl}hp#uhvshlwr#À#ruljhp/#krud#h#gdwd#gd#fr0
qh{Ãr/# ghyhqgr# uhsdvvdu# hvwhv# gdgrv# À# srolfld#
94
txdqgr# rfruuhuhp# ghqÚqfldv# vreuh# rv# frqwhÚ0
grv#sxeolfdgrv1#R#surmhwr#dlqgd#wudplwd#qd#FÂpd0
ud#rqgh#suhflvd#wdpeÉp#vhu#dsurydgr1
PduÇr# gh# 533<=# R# jryhuqr# eulwÂqlfr# dqxq0
fld# d# srvvlelolgdgh# gh# prqlwrudu# vlwhv# gh# uhghv#
vrfldlv# mxvwlilfdqgr# txh# dvvlp# srghuld# frpedwhu#
r#whuurulvpr#wdpeÉp#qd#uhgh1#Gh#dfrugr#frp#hv0
vd# lghld/# dv# uhghv# vrfldlv# frpr# Idfherrn/# sru#
h{hpsor/#ghyhuldp#wudqvplwlu#dr#jryhuqr#lqirupd0
ÇÕhv#vreuh#rv#dpljrv#h#frqwdwrv#gh#xp#xvxÁulr1#
Hperud/# r# jryhuqr# whqkd# lqirupdgr# txh# d# lghld#
qÃr# hud# fuldu# xp# edqfr# gh# gdgrv# frp# hpdlov/#
phqvdjhqv# gh# wh{wr/# frqyhuvdÇÕhv# rx# lqirupd0
ÇÕhv#frqwlgdv#qhvvhv#vlwhv/#dv#fulwlfdv#d#uhvshlwr#
gd# ylrodÇÃr# gh# sulydflgdgh# irudp# pxlwdv1# Sdud#
vhu# frqfuhwl}dgd/# sruÉp/# hvwd# lghld# dlqgd# ghyh0
uld#sdvvdu#sru#xp#surfhvvr#gh#frqvxowd#sÚeolfd1
Rxwxeur# gh# 533<=# ©# dsurydgr# qr# Vhqdgr#
xp#surmhwr#gh#ohl#txh#reuljd#dv#odq#krxvhv#h#rv#
f|ehufdiÉv# d# pdqwhuhp# xp# edqfr# gh# gdgrv#
frp#r#fdgdvwur#gh#vhxv#xvxÁulrv1#R#fdgdvwur#gh0
yhuld# frqwhu# r# qrph# gr# xvxÁulr/# r# qÚphur# gr#
vhx#grfxphqwr#gh#lghqwlgdgh/#d#lghqwlilfdÇÃr#gr#
frpsxwdgru# h# r# shuÍrgr# hp# txh# hoh# irl# xvdgr/#
frp# gdwd# h# kruÁulr# gh# lqÍflr# h# wÉuplqr# gd# frqh0
{Ãr1#Rv#gdgrv#ghyhuldp#ilfdu#jxdugdgrv#sru#xp#
shuÍrgr#pÍqlpr#gh#6#dqrv/#shupdqhfhqgr#vljlor0
vrv/#srghqgr#vhu#glyxojdgrv#dshqdv#sru#ghwhupl0
qdÇÃr#mxglfldo1#D#mxvwlilfdwlyd#sdud#wdo#sursrvwd#irl#
d#gh#dpsoldu#d#hilfÁfld#qr#frpedwh#drv#fulphv#fl0
ehuqÉwlfrv/# qd# phglgd# hp# txh# dv# odq# krxvhv# h#
f|ehufdiÉv#uhsuhvhqwdp#euhfkdv#Àv#txdlv#rv#ful0
plqrvrv# uhfruuhp1# R# surmhwr# wudplwd# qd# FÂpdud#
rqgh#dlqgd#suhflvd#vhu#dsurydgr1
Mxqkr#gh#5343=#D#Rl#Lqwhuqhw#dgrwd#xp#vhu0
ylÇr#gh#udvwuhdphqwr#gh#gdgrv#grv#vhxv#xvxÁul0
rv/#r#vlvwhpd#gh#xpd#hpsuhvd#lqjohvd#fkdpdgd#
Skrup/#lqfoxvlyh#mÁ#edqlgr#qd#Hxursd#sru#uhsuh0
vhqwdu# xpd# dphdÇd# À# sulydflgdgh# grv# lqwhuqdx0
wdv1# R# surjudpd# ghqrplqdgr# EW# Zhezlvh# vhuÁ#
xvdgr# dtxl# qr# Eudvlo# frp# r# qrph# gh# %Qdyhjd0
gru%# h# mÁ# hvwÁ# vhqgr# whvwdgr# frp# rv# folhqwhv# gh#
edqgd# odujd# gd# Rl# qr# Ulr# gh# Mdqhlur1# Hoh# É# fd0
sd}#gh#udvwuhdu#wrgrv#sdvvrv#gr#xvxÁulr#qd#lqwhu0
qhw# h# wrgr# frqwhÚgr# dfhvvdgr# sru# hoh/# frp#
h{fhÇÃr#gh#sÁjlqdv#fulswrjudidgdv1#mÁ#yhp#lqvwd0
odgr# h# dwlydgr# qr# suryhgru# h# d# hpsuhvd# dilupd#
txh#r#xvxÁulr#É#txhp#hvfrokh#txdqgr#txhu#sduwl0
flsdu1#Dojxpdv#shuvrqdolgdghv#gr#pxqgr#gd#whf0
qrorjld# frpr# Mlpp|# Zdohv# h# Wlp# Ehuqhuv# Ohh#
mÁ#vh#pdqlihvwdudp#d#uhvshlwr#gd#dphdÇd#txh#d#
Skrup# uhsuhvhqwd# sud# qrvvd# sulydflgdgh1# Zd0
ohv/# sru# h{hpsor/# eortxhrx# d# Skrup# sdud# rv#
xvxÁulrv#gd#ZlnlsÉgld#srlv#d#phvpd#dgplwlx#hp#
533;#whu#dgxowhudgr#r#yhuehwh#gd#hpsuhvd#qd#Zl0
nlsÉgld# sdud# dsdjdu# frphqwÁulrv# qhjdwlyrv# vr0
euh#hod1#
Wrgrv# hvwhv# hslvÓglrv# frpsÕhp# r# fhqÁulr#
gh#yljloÂqfld#irupdgr#frp#d#hphujÊqfld#gr#fleh0
uhvsdÇr# h# vxd# frqvwlwxlÇÃr# hqtxdqwr# hvsdÇr# gh#
dfrqwhflphqwr# gd# ylgd# frqwhpsruÂqhd# h# ihuud0
phqwd# gh# wudqvirupdÇÃr# vrfldo1# Hvwh# fhqÁulr#
Wrgrv#hvvhv#
hslvÓglrv#frpsÕhp#r#
fhqÁulr#gh#yljloÂqfld#
irupdgr#frp#d#
hphujÊqfld#gr#
flehuhvsdÇr#h#vxd#
frqvwlwxlÇÃr#hqtxdqwr#
hvsdÇr#gh#dfrqwhflphqwr#
gd#ylgd#frpwhpsruÂqhd
h#ihuudphqwd#gh#
wudqirupdÇÃr#
vrfldo1
Dudfhoh#Wruuhv
95
dshvdu# gh# frqiljxudu0vh# frpr# qryr/# É# irupdgr#
sru#suÁwlfdv#dqwljdv#gh#yljloÂqfld#h#frqwuroh/#suÁwl0
fdv# txh# uhprqwdp/# shor# phqrv/# dr# vÉfxor# [YL1#
QÃr# É# gh# krmh# txh# rv# jryhuqrv# h# dv# hpsuhvdv#
whqwdp#h{hufhu#xp#frqwuroh#vreuh#r#txh#dv#shv0
vrdv# id}hp/# jrvwdp/# frqvrphp1# %Ghvgh# r# whp0
sr# grv# dqwljrv# dvvÍulrv/# vhqÃr# dqwhv/# rv#
jryhuqrv#hvwlyhudp#lqwhuhvvdgrv#hp#frohwdu#h#du0
pd}hqdu#lqirupdÇÕhv#vreuh#rv#sryrv#txh#frqwur0
odydp%/#h{solfd#r#klvwruldgru#Shwhu#Exunh1#R#txh#
pxgd# krmh# É# edvlfdphqwh# r# whuuhqr# rqgh# hvvh#
frqwuroh# É# h{huflgr# rx# suhwhqgh# vhu# h{huflgr# h#
dv#hvwudwÉjldv#hpsuhjdgdv#sdud#hvwh#ilp1#
D#lqwhuqhw#jhurx#sureohpdv#frpr#hvvhv#sdud#rv#
jryhuqrv# h# sdud# dv# hpsuhvdv1# H# É# sud# uhvroyhu#
hvvhv#h#rxwurv#lpsdvvhv#txh#phfdqlvprv#frpr#
d# SO#D}huhgr# h# r# surjudpd# gd# Skrup# xwlol}dgr#
shod#Rl#hvwÃr#vhqgr#ghvhqyroylgrv1#
Dr# phvpr# whpsr# hp# txh# r# flehuhvsdÇr#
shuplwh#d#frohwd#gh#xp#pdlru#qÚphur#gh#lqirupd0
ÇÕhv#vreuh#rv#lqglyÍgxrv/#hoh#shuplwh#wdpeÉp/#h#
dlqgd/# txh# dv# shvvrdv# srvvdp# wudqvlwdu# sru# hoh#
whqgr#r#gluhlwr#dr#dqrqlpdwr1#H#r#dqrqlpdwr/#vd0
ehprv/# É# lqlpljr# gd# vrflhgdgh# gr# frqwuroh# qd#
txdo#hvwdprv#lqvhulgrv1#©#xpd#shgud#hp#vhx#vd0
sdwr1# Frpr# yljldu# h# sxqlu# txhp# qÃr# whp# urvwrB#
Frpr#fodvvlilfdu#xp#frusr#txh#qÃr#vh#frqkhfhB#
©# wdpeÉp# sud# whqwdu# frqwhu# dtxlor# txh# rv#
lqyhqwruhv# gd# lqwhuqhw# qÃr# frqvhjxludp1# ©# sud#
whqwdu# frqwhu# rv# frqvxprv# h# rv# ghvylrv# hpsuh0
hqglgrv# shorv# xvxÁulrv/# frqwhu# dtxlor# txh# r# klv0
wruldgru# Plfkho# gh# Fhuwhdx# fkdpd# gh# pdqhludv#
gh# id}hu1# Rv# lqwhuqdxwdv/# vxsrvwdphqwh# hqwuh0
jxhv# À# sdvvlylgdgh/# qd# yhugdgh# vh# dsursuldp#
rx#vh#uhdsursuldp#grv#surgxwrv#fxowxudlv#glvsrv0
wrv#sru#xpd#rughp#grplqdqwh#h#ideulfdp#d#sdu0
wlu# ghvwhv# r# vhx# suÓsulr# surgxwr/# id}hqgr#
eulfrodjhqv/# vhjxlqgr# vhxv# lqwhuhvvhv# suÓsulrv#
h#vxdv#uhjudv1#Irl#ghvvd#irupd#txh#djludp#rv#fl0
hqwlvwdv# txh# gxudqwh# d# gÉfdgd# gh# :3# frphÇd0
udp# d# xvdu# d# lqwhuqhw# sdud# vxd# suÓsuld#
frpxqlfdÇÃr/#sdud#frqyhuvdv#shvvrdlv/#dwulexlq0
gr#d#uhgh#xpd#ixqÇÃr#glihuhqwh#gdtxhod#lpdjlqd0
gd#shorv#vhxv#lqyhqwruhv1
######Frpr#yljldu#h#
sxqlu#txhp#qÃr#whp#
urvwrB#Frpr#fodvvlilfdu#
xp#frusr#txh#qÃr#vh#
frqkhfhB#D#lqwhuqhw#
jhurx#sureohpdv
frpr#hvvhv#sdud#rv#
jryhuqrv#h#sdud#dv#
hpsuhvdv1
D# lqwhuqhw/# sdud# txhp# qÃr# vdeh/# irl# fuldgd#
qd# gÉfdgd# gh# 93/# hp# phlr# dr# shuÍrgr# klvwÓulfr#
txh# vh# frqyhqflrqrx# fkdpdu# gh# Jxhuud# Iuld1#
Irl#iuxwr#gh#xpd#hvwudwÉjld#plolwdu#qruwh0dphulfd0
qd#h#wlqkd#frpr#ixqÇÃr#sulphlud#d#ghihvd#gr#vlv0
whpd# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr# grv# HXD# frqwud# dwdtxhv#
qxfohduhv# grv# vhxv# lqlpljrv1#D# uhvsrqvÁyho# sru#
vxd#frqvwuxÇÃr#irl#d#DjÊqfld#gh#Surmhwrv#gh#Shv0
txlvd# DydqÇdgd# +DUSD,# gr# Ghsduwdphqwr# gh#
Ghihvd1#D# lghld# gd#DUSD# hud# frqvwuxlu# xp# vlvwh0
pd#gh#frpxqlfdÇÃr#dowhuqdwlyr#txh#sxghvvh#vhu#
xvdgr# hp# fdvr# gh# dwdtxhv# txh# ghvwuxÍvvhp# rv#
phlrv# frqyhqflrqdlv# gh# whohfrpxqlfdÇÕhv/# rx#
vhmd/# xp# vlvwhpd# ghvwlqdgr# dr# xvr# plolwdu1# Ghv0
vd# irupd/# qdvfhx# hp# 4<9<# d#DUSDQHW/# frqvwl0
wxÍgd# sru# plokduhv# gh# uhghv# gh# frpsxwdgruhv#
dxwÔqrprv#frp#lqÚphudv#irupdv#gh#frqh{Ãr1#H#
sru#xpd#dutxlwhwxud#gh#uhgh#txh/#dvvlp#frpr#irl#
lpdjlqdgd#sru#vhxv#ghvhqyroyhgruhv/#qÃr#srgld#
vhu#frqwurodgd#d#sduwlu#gh#qhqkxp#fhqwur1#
Dudfhoh#Wruuhv
H# lvvr# gh# wdpeÉp# qÃr# srghu# vhu# frqwurod0
gr#sru#qhqkxp#fhqwur#id}#gd#lqwhuqhw#xpd#dphd0
Çd# sdud# rv# yljlodqwhv1# ©# xp# sureohpÃr1# Frpr#
96
olgdu# frp# xpd# ihuudphqwd# txh# irl# ruljlqdophqwh#
fuldgd#sdud#ixqflrqdu#frpr#xp#hvsdÇr#frpxqlfd0
flrqdo#dqÁutxlfrB#Frpr#frqwurodu#xpd#uhgh#txh#
srvvxl#lqÚphudv#irupdv#gh#frqh{ÃrB#Hvvdv#vÃr#
shujxqwdv#txh/#frp#fhuwh}d/#ghyhp#wludu#r#vrqr#
gh#pxlwrv#D}huhgrv#pxqgr#dirud1#
yroyhqgr# dwudyÉv# gd# frqvwuxÇÃr# dehuwd# h#
frohwlyd#gr#Pdufr#Flylo#sdud#d#lqwhuqhw#qr#Eudvlo1#
Xp# pdufr# uhjxodwÓulr# txh# gh# lqlflr# mÁ# uhsuhvhq0
wd# d# iruÇd# gr# prylphqwr# txh# ghihqgh# d# olehugd0
gh#h#qhxwudolgdgh#qd#uhgh/#h#txh#srgh#vljqlilfdu#
xp# iuhlr# sdud# pxlwdv# ghvwdv# phglgdv# dexvlydv#
gh# fhufhdphqwr# gd# qrvvd# olehugdgh1# R# ixqgd0
phqwdo#É#txh#hvvh#pdufr#uhjxodwÓulr#vhmd#dsuryd0
gr#frp#xp#frqmxqwr#eÁvlfr#gh#ohlv#txh#jdudqwd#d#
wrgrv# rv# lqwhuqdxwdv# r# gluhlwr# À# sulydflgdgh# h# d#
qhxwudolgdgh# qd# uhgh/# vhp# euhfkdv# txh# srvvlelol0
whp#d#mxvwlÇd#d#frqwlqxdu#qrv#wudwdqgr#frpr#fulpl0
qrvrv/# dwhqwdqgr# frqwud# qrvvrv# gluhlwrv/# qrv#
lpshglqgr# gh# xvxiuxlu# gdtxlor# txh# d# lqwhuqhw# whp#
gh#pdlv#fdur/#r#gluhlwr#dr#dqrqlpdwr1#
Pdv# wrgdv# hvvdv# irupdv# gh# yljloÂqfld# hv0
wÃr# wdpeÉp# uhodflrqdgdv# d# gxdv# txhvwÕhv# eÁvl0
fdv# h# lpsruwdqwÍvvlpdv1# D# sulphlud/# mÁ#
dqxqfldgd/# gl}# uhvshlwr# dr# lqwhuhvvh# uhfruuhqwh#
grv#jryhuqrv#hp#frqwurodu#h#fodvvlilfdu#rv#lqglyÍ0
gxrv1#Lvvr#gr#srqwr#gh#ylvwd#gr#mrjr#gh#srghu#vh#
frqvwlwxl#frpr#xpd#qhfhvvlgdgh/#mÁ#txh#frqkhfl0
phqwr#vljqlilfd#srghu/#h#frqkhfhu#r#lqglyÍgxr#vlj0
qlilfd# sdud# r# Hvwdgr# h{hufhu# vreuh# vxd# ylgd# xp#
frqwuroh# pdlru1# Frqwuroh# vreuh# r# txh# hoh# frqvr0
ph/# vreuh# r# txh# hoh# dsuhqgh/# vreuh# vxdv# uhod0
UhihuÊqfldv=
ÇÕhv#vrfldlv/#vreuh#r#txh#hoh#id}#sud#vh#glyhuwlu1#
D#lghld#É#progdu#xp#flgdgÃr#h{hpsodu#h#qrupdwl0 EXUNH/#Shwhu1#Xpd#klvwÓuld#vrfldo#gr#frqkhflphqwr
}dgr# fdsd}# gh# vhjxlu# r# sdguÃr# frpsruwdphqwdo#
ghwhuplqdgr#shor#srghu#+fdgd#yh}#pdlv#vxwlo#h#fd0 FHUWHDX/#Plfkho#gh1#D#lqyhqÇÃr#gr#frwlgldqr
pxiodgr,#gd#rughp#grplqdqwh1
Flehupxqgl=
D#vhjxqgd#txhvwÃr#gl}#uhvshlwr#d#txÃr#dphdÇd0
grud#d#lqwhuqhw#É#À#sursulhgdgh#lqwhohfwxdo1#D#whq0
wdwlyd# gh# frqwuroh# gdv# dÇÕhv# grv# lqwhuqdxwdv#
wdpeÉp# uhiohwh# lvvr/# uhsuhvhqwd# r# phgr# gh# txh#
hvwd# ihuudphqwd# srvvd# dwlqjlu# hp# fkhlr# dtxlor#
txh# r# vlvwhpd# hfrqÔplfr# yljhqwh# whp# gh# pdlv#
suhflrvr/# r# oxfur1# R# phgr# gh# txh# d# fxowxud# gr#
frpprqv# h# gr# uhpl{/# gd# frqvwuxÇÃr# frohwlyd/#
grv# grzqordgv# h# S5S# srvvd# frpsurphwhu# r# ox0
fur#jhudgr#shod#frphufldol}dÇÃr#gr#frqkhflphq0
wr2fxowxud/# id}# frp# txh# hslvÓglrv# frpr# rv#
flwdgrv#qr#lqlflr#ghvwh#wh{wr#dfrqwhÇdp#h#vh#uhsl0
wdp# frqvwdqwhphqwh# hp# yÁuldv# sduwhv# gr# pxq0
gr1#Ghvvd#irupd#d#sulphlud#txhvwÃr#hqfrqwud0vh#
oljdgd#d#hvwd#vhjxqgd#qd#phglgd#hp#txh#irupdu#
xp#flgdgÃr#qrupdwl}dgr#vljqlilfd#irupdu#xp#lqgl0
ylgxr#fdsd}#gh#uhvshlwdu#dv#uhjudv#gr#vlvwhpd#vr0
flrhfrqÔplfr# dwxdo/# dfdwdu# r# vhx# vlvwhpd# gh#
sursulhgdgh1#
Pdv#gldqwh#ghvvh#frqwh{wr#gh#frqwuroh#h#yl0
jloÂqfld# vdehprv# txh# pxlwdv# pdqhludv# gh# id}hu#
vh# ghvhqkdp# +h# srghp# vh# ghvhqkdu,# frpr# iru0
pd# gh# uhvlvwÊqfld1# Xpd# ghodv# mÁ# hvwÁ# vh# ghvhq0
kwws=22flehupxqgl1zrugsuhvv1frp
Olehugdgh#qd#iurqwhlud=
kwws=22olehugdghqdiurqwhlud1eorjvsrw1frp2
Uhpl{wxuhv=
kwws=22uhpl{wxuhv1frp2
SÁjlqd#gr#Pdufr#Flylo=
kwws=22fxowxudgljlwdo1eu2pdufrflylo
Wuh}hqwrv=
kwws=22zzz1wuh}hqwrv1eorj1eu2
DUDFHOH#WRUUHV#É#judgxdgd#hp#KlvwÓuld#
shod#Xqlyhuvlgdgh#Ihghudo#gr#Sldxl1#©#
shvtxlvdgrud#gh#flehufxowxud#h#dwxdophqwh#
shvtxlvd#vreuh#d#surgxÇÃr#h#glvwulexlÇÃr#gr#
frqkhflphqwr#qr#frqwh{wr#gdv#whfqrorjldv#
gljlwdlv1#©#phpeur#gd#DvvrfldÇÃr#Sldxlhqvh#
gh#Vriwzduh#Olyuh/#gr#Surmhwr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#
SldxÍ#h#gd#Frpxqlgdgh#NGH#Eudvlo1#
97
FDSD##R#PRQLWRUDPHQWR#GDV#DWLYLGDGHV#GR#XVX¡ULR#SHOR#SURYHGRU
Sdxo#Edunhu#0#v{f1kx
R#prqlwrudphqwr#gdv#dwlylgdghv#
gr#xvxÁulr#shor#suryhgru
Sru#Zdowhu#Dudqkd#Fdsdqhpd
LqwurgxÇÃr=
Hperud# r# Eudvlo# whqkd# fuldgr# xpd#
lpsruwdqwh# ohjlvodÇÃr# txh# surwhmd# h# jdudqwd# rv#
gluhlwrv# gr# frqvxplgru# +Ohl# ;13:;2<3,/# É# vdelgr#
txh# d# prghuql}dÇÃr/# hvshfldophqwh# d#
srsxodul}dÇÃr#gd#Lqwhuqhw/#fulrx#qrydv#vlwxdÇÕhv#
mxuÍglfdv/# txh# qÃr# srghuldp# whu# vlgr# suhylvwdv#
shor#ohjlvodgru1
Phuhfh# ghvwdtxh# d# dwxdÇÃr# grv#
suryhgruhv# gh# Lqwhuqhw/# qr# vhqwlgr# gh#
prqlwruduhp# dv# dwlylgdghv# grv# vhxv# xvxÁulrv/#
uhvwulqjlqgr# h# frqwurodqgr# r# dfhvvr# d#
ghwhuplqdgrv# vhuylÇrv# h# dwÉ# phvpr# d#
yhorflgdgh#
gd#
frqh{Ãr/#
dwudyÉv#
gr#
surfhglphqwr#ghqrplqdgr#wudiilf#vkdslqj1
DoÉp# glvvr/# irl# qrwlfldgr# shod# Uhylvwd#
©srfd# txh# xpd# hpsuhvd# eulwÂqlfd# fulrx# sdud#
xp# suryhgru# eudvlohlur# xp# surjudpd# fkdpdgr#
%Qdyhjdgru%/# txh# vhuld# xwlol}dgr# sdud# udvwuhdu#
98
uhprwdphqwh# dv# dwlylgdghv# h# suhihuÊqfldv# gr# txdotxhu# rxwud/# hvwdehohfh/# hp# vhx# duw1# 8/# [/# d#
surwhÇÃr# gd# sulydflgdgh# h# gd# lqwlplgdgh# gr#
xvxÁulr41
Suhwhqgh0vh/# qhvvh# duwljr/# dqdolvdu# d# lqglyÍgxr=
%VÃr# lqylroÁyhlv# d# lqwlplgdgh/# d# ylgd#
ohjdolgdgh# gd# dwxdÇÃr# ghvvdv# hpsuhvdv# h#
dsrqwdu#txdlv#glvsrvlwlyrv#ohjdlv#irudp#ylrodgrv/# sulydgd/# d# krqud# h# d# lpdjhp# gdv# shvvrdv/#
dvvhjxudgr# r# gluhlwr# d# lqghql}dÇÃr# shor# gdqr#
ohydqgr0vh#hp#frqwd#gxdv#suhplvvdv=
0# Txh# d# FrqvwlwxlÇÃr# Ihghudo# surwhjh# d# pdwhuldo#rx#prudo#ghfruuhqwh#gh#vxd#ylrodÇÃr%1
D# grxwulqd# frvwxpd# glihuhqfldu# hqwuh#
sulydflgdgh#
0# txh# wudwd# gr# uhodflrqdphqwr#
0# Txh# r# FÓgljr# gh# Ghihvd# gr# Frqvxplgru#
srgh# vhu# dsolfdgr# sdud# surwhjhu# r# frqvxplgru# shvvrdo# hp# jhudo/# gdv# uhodÇÕhv# frphufldlv# h#
surilvvlrqdlv# txh# r# lqglyÍgxr# qÃr# txhu# wruqdu#
qd#Lqwhuqhw1
sÚeolfdv# h# d# lqwlplgdgh# 0# frqfhuqhqwh# Àv#
uhodÇÕhv# dihwlydv# h# Íqwlpdv1# Qrwd0vh# txh# dperv#
hvwÃr#surwhjlgrv#shor#vxsudflwdgr#duwljr1
L1#R#gluhlwr#À#sulydflgdgh=
sulydflgdgh>
Wrgdyld/# hvvh# gluhlwr# À# sulydflgdgh# qÃr# É#
D# FrqvwlwxlÇÃr# Ihghudo/# txh# É# d# qrvvd# ohl#
pÁ{lpd/# h# txh# qÃr# srgh# vhu# frqwuduldgd# sru# devroxwr/# h# d# suÓsuld# FrqvwlwxlÇÃr# r# h{fhsflrqd#
hp# dojxqv# fdvrv/# frpr/# sru# h{hpsor/# sdud#
lqwhufhswdÇÃr# whohiÔqlfd# h# gh# gdgrv/# sdud#
frqvwdu# hp# lqtxÉulwr# srolfldo# rx# hp# dÇÃr# shqdo/#
frqiruph#ghwhuplqd#r#duw1#8/#[LL51
######D#grxwulqd#
frvwxpd#glihuhqfldu#
hqwuh#sulydflgdgh#0#txh#
wudwd#gr#uhodflrqdphqwr#
shvvrdo#hp#jhudo/#
gdv#uhodÇÕhv#frphufldlv#
h#surilvvlrqdlv#txh
r#lqglyÍgxr#qÃr#txhu#
wruqdu#sÚeolfdv#h#d#
lqwlplgdgh#0#frqfhuqhqwh#
Àv#uhodÇÕhv#dihwlydv#h#
Íqwlpdv1
Zdowhu#Fdsdqhpd
Kdyhqgr# d# ylrodÇÃr# ghvvh# suhfhlwr/# É#
frqihulgr# dr# ohvdgr# r# gluhlwr# gh# sursru# dÇÃr#
mxglfldo# gh# lqghql}dÇÃr# sru# gdqrv# prudlv# h2rx#
pdwhuldlv# frqwud# r# dxwru# gr# dwr# gdqrvr/#
revhuydqgr0vh#dv#qrupdv#gr#FÓgljr#Flylo#vreuh#
uhvsrqvdelol}dÇÃr#+duwv1#<5:#h#vhjxlqwhv,1
LL1# R# FÓgljr# gh# Ghihvd# gr#
Frqvxplgru#+FGF,=
D# Ohl# ;13:;2<3# vhuÁ# dsolfÁyho# vhpsuh# txh#
vh# wlyhu# xpd# uhodÇÃr# mxuÍglfd# hp# txh# iruhp#
sduwhv# xp# frqvxplgru/# frqfhlwxdgr# frpr# d#
%wrgd# shvvrd# iÍvlfd# rx# mxuÍglfd# txh# dgtxluh# rx#
xwlol}d# surgxwr# rx# vhuylÇr# frpr# ghvwlqdwÁulr#
ilqdo%# +duw1# 5,# h# xp# iruqhfhgru/# txh# É# %wrgd#
shvvrd# iÍvlfd# rx# mxuÍglfd/# sÚeolfd# rx# sulydgd/#
qdflrqdo# rx# hvwudqjhlud/# ehp# frpr# rv# hqwhv#
ghvshuvrqdol}dgrv/# txh# ghvhqyroyhp# dwlylgdgh#
gh# surgxÇÃr/# prqwdjhp/# fuldÇÃr/# frqvwuxÇÃr/#
wudqvirupdÇÃr/#
lpsruwdÇÃr/#
h{sruwdÇÃr/#
glvwulexlÇÃr# rx# frphufldol}dÇÃr# gh# surgxwrv# rx#
suhvwdÇÃr#gh#vhuylÇrv%#+duw1#6,1
Dgrwrx0vh# d# lgÉld# gh# txh# vh# ghyhuld#
99
frqihulu# pdlv# gluhlwrv# dr# frqvxplgru# hp# uhodÇÃr# fulswrjudild# ghvvhv# sdfrwhv# sdud# d# rewhqÇÃr# gh#
À# hpsuhvd# iruqhfhgrud/# srlv# É# d# sduwh# frp# xpd#frqh{Ãr#uÁslgd1
phqrv# frqkhflphqwr# whfqroÓjlfr# h/# pxlwdv#
yh}hv/# vh# hqfrqwud# hp# hvwdgr# gh#
e,#R#prqlwrudphqwr#gh#gdgrv=
klsrvvxilflÊqfld#hfrqÔplfd#h#mxuÍglfd1
R# prqlwrudphqwr# gh# gdgrv# gr# xvxÁulr#
HvwÃr# surlelgdv/# sru# h{hpsor/# suÁwlfdv# h#
pÉwrgrv# frphufldlv# ghvohdlv# rx# frhuflwlyrv# +duw1# shor# suryhgru/# vhmd# uhprwdphqwh/# rx# shod#
9/# LY,# h# d# fuldÇÃr# gh# edqfrv# gh# gdgrv# hp# d# lqvwdodÇÃr# gh# xp# surjudpd# vs|zduh# qr#
frpsxwdgru#gr#xvxÁulr#+r#txh#frvwxpd#vhu#ihlwr#
flÊqfld#gr#frqvxplgru#+duw1#76/#5,1
vhp# dylvr,/# frqiljxud# xp# loÍflwr# flylo/# hp# fodud#
Uhvvdowh0vh# txh# d# uhodÇÃr# gr# xvxÁulr# frp# ylrodÇÃr#dr#glvsrvwr#qr#duw1#8/#[/#FI1
r# vhx# suryhgru# gh# dfhvvr# À# Lqwhuqhw# vriuh#
Dlqgd# txh# r# ixqgdphqwr# dsuhvhqwdgr# vhmd#
lqflgÊqfld/# vhp# vrpeud# gh# gÚylgd/# gdv# qrupdv#
gr# FÓgljr# gh# Ghihvd# gr# Frqvxplgru/# frqiruph# r# gh# %frqkhfhu# phokru# r# vhx# frqvxplgru# h# dv#
vxdv# suhihuÊqfldv%/# hvvd# frqgxwd# É# lohjdo# h#
mÁ#sdflilfdgr#shod#mxulvsuxgÊqfld61
h{wuhpdphqwh#ohvlyd/#srlv#shuplwh#txh#rv#gdgrv#
shvvrdlv/# frphufldlv# h# edqfÁulrv# gh# xp#
LLL1# Gdv# frqgxwdv# gh#
vkdslqj#h#gh#prqlwrudphqwr=
wudiilf#
d,#Wudiilf#vkdslqj=
©# frpxp# d# suÁwlfd/# shorv# suryhgruhv#
eudvlohlurv/# gr# ghqrplqdgr# wudiilf# vkdslqj/# txh#
frqvlvwh# qr# frqwuroh# gd# yhorflgdgh# gd# frqh{Ãr/#
hvshfldophqwh# gh# edqgd# odujd/# dwudyÉv# gd#
surlelÇÃr# h# olplwdÇÃr# gh# dfhvvr# d# ghwhuplqdgrv#
vhuylÇrv1
QÃr# É# sru# rxwud# ud}Ãr# txh# r# xvxÁulr/# dr#
whqwdu# edl{du# xp# ghwhuplqdgr# surjudpd# shor#
surwrfror# Elwwruuhqw/# frqvhjxh# dshqdv# xpd#
edl{d# yhorflgdgh/# dshvdu# gd# vxd# frqh{Ãr# vhu#
uÁslgd# h# gh# h{lvwluhp# pxlwrv# rxwurv# xvxÁulrv#
frpsduwlokdqgr#r#dutxlyr#edl{dgr#+vhhghuv,1
Hvvd# frqgxwd# É# fodudphqwh# lohjdo/# srlv#
ylrod#r#suÓsulr#frqwudwr#sdfwxdgr#hqwuh#r#xvxÁulr#
h# r# suryhgru1# Vh# d# frqh{Ãr# frqwudwdgd#
srvvlelolwd# dr# xvxÁulr# vh# frqhfwdu# d# 63# nesv/#
qÃr# srgh# d# hpsuhvd# olplwdu# rx# surlelu# hvvh#
dfhvvr1# Lpshgh/# dvvlp/# txh# r# xvxÁulr# xwlol}h# r#
vhuylÇr#frp#sohqd#olehugdgh1
DoÉp# glvvr/# kÁ# d# ylrodÇÃr# gd# sulydflgdgh#
gr# xvxÁulr/# srlv/# sdud# uhdol}du# r# wudiilf# vkdslqj/#
r# suryhgru# qhfhvvlwd# dqdolvdu# rv# sdfrwhv# gh#
gdgrv# hplwlgrv# shor# frpsxwdgru# gr# xvxÁulr/# r#
txh# h{ljh/# grv# xvxÁulrv# gh# Elwwruuhqw/# d#
©#frpxp#d#
suÁwlfd/#shorv#suryhgruhv#
eudvlohlurv/#gr#
ghqrplqdgr#wudiilf#
vkdslqj/#txh#frqvlvwh#qr#
frqwuroh#gd#yhorflgdgh#
gd#frqh{Ãr/#
hvshfldophqwh#gh#edqgd#
odujd/#dwudyÉv#gd#
surlelÇÃr#h#olplwdÇÃr#gh#
dfhvvr#d#ghwhuplqdgrv#
vhuylÇrv1
Zdowhu#Fdsdqhpd
9:
lqglyÍgxr# vhmdp# lqghylgdphqwh# ghydvvdgrv# shor# 51#R#surfhglphqwr#gd#lqwhufhswdÇÃr#whohiÔqlfd#hvwÁ#
suhylvwr#qd#Ohl#<15<92<91#
suryhgru1
Whqgr# hp# ylvwd# txh# hvvh# dwr# gh#
prqlwrudphqwr# frqvwlwxl# hp# fdswdÇÃr# gd#
frpxqlfdÇÃr#gh#gdgrv#uhdol}dgd#hqwuh#r#xvxÁulr#
h# rxwurv# frpsxwdgruhv/# srghuÁ# hvvd# frqgxwd#
frqvwlwxlu# r# fulph# gh# lqwhufhswdÇÃr# lohjdo# gh#
gdgrv/# suhylvwr# qr# duw1# 43# gd# Ohl# <15<92<9# h#
sxqlgr# frp# d# shqd# gh# uhfoxvÃr/# gh# grlv# d#
txdwur#dqrv/#h#pxowd=
%Frqvwlwxl# fulph# uhdol}du# lqwhufhswdÇÃr# gh#
frpxqlfdÇÕhv# whohiÔqlfdv/# gh# lqirupÁwlfd# rx#
whohpÁwlfd/# rx# txheudu# vhjuhgr# gd# MxvwlÇd/# vhp#
dxwrul}dÇÃr# mxglfldo# rx# frp# remhwlyrv# qÃr#
dxwrul}dgrv#hp#ohl%1
Ghvvd# irupd/# vh# yhulilfdgr# shor# xvxÁulr# d#
suÁwlfd# gh# prqlwrudphqwr# shor# vhx# suryhgru# gh#
vhuylÇrv/# srghuÁ# vh# gluljlu# d# xpd# ghohjdfld# gh#
sroÍfld# h# uhdol}du# xp# erohwlp# rx# # uhjlvwur# gh#
rfruuÊqfld1
61#Qhvvh#vhqwlgr/#r#mxojdgr#gr#Wulexqdo#gh#MxvwlÇd#gr#
Hvwdgr#gr#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur=#%DSHOD§£R#FYHO1#
UHOD§£R#GH#FRQVXPR1#FRQWUDWD§£R#GH#
VHUYL§R#GH#LQWHUQHW1##XWLOL]D§£R#GH#SURYHGRU#
Q£R#FDGDVWUDGR1#DXVªQFLD#GH#LQIRUPD§£R#DR#
FRQVXPLGRU1#LQWHUUXS§£R#GR#IRUQHFLPHQWR#
GH#VHUYL§R#HVVHQFLDO1#GDQR#PRUDO#
FRPSURYDGR1#R#ghpdqgdqwh#frqwudwrx#rv#vhuylÇrv#gd#
uÉ/#rv#txdlv#frqvlvwldp#hp#Lqwhuqhw#glvfdgd#dwudyÉv#gh#
suryhgru1#Qhvwhv#whuprv/#d#suhvwdgrud#gr#vhuylÇr#ghyhuld#
whu#ghprqvwudgr#txh#suhvwrx#dr#dxwru#wrgdv#dv#
lqirupdÇÕhv#qhfhvvÁuldv#sdud#xwlol}dÇÃr#gr#vhuylÇr1#Rx#
vhmd/#frpshwld#dr#ghpdqgdgr#ghprqvwudu#txh#r#
ghpdqgdqwh#irl#flhqwlilfdgr#grv#suryhgruhv#frqyhqldgrv/#
sulqflsdophqwh#gldqwh#gd#lqyhuvÃr#gr#Ôqxv#gd#suryd#
ghihulgd1#D#vlwxdÇÃr#hp#frqfuhwr#É#fdsd}#gh#lpsru#d#
lqghql}dÇÃr#prudo#hp#ud}Ãr#gh#vhx#dvshfwr#sxqlwlyr/#
frpr#irupd#gh#phokruld#h#dghtxdÇÃr#grv#vhuylÇrv#txh#
suhvwd#d#hpsuhvd#uÉ/#doÉp#gh#vh#wudwdu#gh#vhuylÇr#
hvvhqfldo#À#ylgd#prghuqd%#+Surfhvvr#q#333:97:0
5<1533<1;14<13334#0#Ghv1#Ihuglqdogr#gr#Qdvflphqwr#0#
Mxojdphqwr=#3423925343#0#GÉflpd#Qrqd#FÂpdud#FÍyho1
FrqfoxvÃr=
D# dwxdÇÃr# grv# suryhgruhv# qÃr# srgh# vh#
sdxwdu# hp# frqgxwdv# dexvlydv# h# txh/# hp# pxlwrv#
fdvrv/# frqvwlwxhp# fulphv# judyhv1# Fdeh# À#
vrflhgdgh# h# rv# ÓujÃrv# sÚeolfrv# frpshwhqwhv#
dwxdu# hp# frqmxqwr# sdud# ghqxqfldu# h# exvfdu# d#
sxqlÇÃr#ghvvhv#lqiudwruhv1
UhihuÊqfldv=
41#©SRFD1#Xp#hvslÃr#hp#vhx#frpsxwdgru1
GlvsrqÍyho#hp=#
?kwws=22uhylvwdhsrfd1jorer1frp2Uhylvwd2Hsrfd23//HUW4788
;:04855704788;:06<67/331kwpoA1#Dfhvvr#hp=#9#mxo1#53431#
D#sdufhuld#hqwuh#d#Rl#h#d#Skrup#hvwÁ#vre#dqÁolvh#gr#
Frqvhokr#Dgplqlvwudwlyr#gh#Ghihvd#HfrqÔplfd#^ #FDGH/#
vre#r#ixqgdphqwr#gh#txh#vh#dgplwlud#d#ylrodÇÃr#gd#
sulydflgdgh#gr#xvxÁulr1#GXDUWH/#SdwuÍfld>#URVD/#Euxqr1#
Sdufhuld#hqwuh#Rl#h#Skrup#qd#plud#gr#Fdgh#h#gd#MxvwlÇd#
sru#fdxvd#gh#ihuudphqwd#txh#lghqwlilfd#suhihuÊqfld#gh#
xvxÁulrv1##GlvsrqÍyho#hp=#
?kwws=22rjorer1jorer1frp2hfrqrpld2pdw2534323923:2sdufhu
ld0hqwuh0rl0skrup0qd0plud0gr0fdgh0gd0mxvwlfd0sru0fdxvd0
gh0ihuudphqwd0txh0lghqwlilfd0suhihuhqfld0gh0xvxdulrv0
<49;43:961dvsA1#Dfhvvr#hp=#9#mxo1#53431
ZDOWHU#FDSDQHPD#É#surihvvru#gd#
Hvfrod#gd#Pdjlvwudwxud#gr#Hvwdgr#gr#Ulr#gh#
Mdqhlur#^ #HPHUM#+Eudvlo,1#Irupdgr#shod#
Xqlyhuvlgdgh#Vdqwd#ºuvxod#0#XVX1#Dgyrjdgr#
qr#Hvwdgr#gr#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur1#Hpdlo=#
zdowhufdsdqhpdCjorer1frp#h#vlwh=#
zzz1zdowhufdsdqhpd1frp1eu
9;
IRUXP##D#OHL#H#D#ODQ
Nrvw|d#Nlvoh|nr#0#v{f1kx
D#OHL#H#D#ODQ
Yhuhdgruhv#dsurydp#Ohl#txh#lqvwdod#yljloÂqfld#h#lqydgh#
sulydflgdgh#hp#odq#krxvhv#hp#Odxur#gh#Iuhlwdv2ED
Sru#\xul#Dophlgd
Qr#pÊv#gh#pdlr/#d#FÂpd0
ud# gh# Yhuhdgruhv# gh# Odxur# gh#
Iuhlwdv# dsuryrx# xpd# ohl# dqwl0
frqvwlwxflrqdo#txh#uhjxod#dv#dwl0
ylgdghv# hp# Odq# Krxvh# h2rx#
F|ehu# FdiÉv1# D# Ohl# Pxqlflsdo#
q1#4169<#+sdjv#:#h#;,#irl#vdqflr0
qdgd# shod# Suhihlwxud# gh# Odxur#
gh#Iuhlwdv/#flgdgh#yl}lqkd#d#fd0
slwdo# edldqd1# Ghqwuh# dv# lqfrq0
juxÊqfldv# gd# Ohl# ghvwdfd0vh# r#
hvwdgr# gh# yljloÂqfld/# lqydvÃr#
gd# sulydflgdgh# h# fulplqdol}d0
ÇÃr# gdv# odq# krxvh/# lpshglqgr#
r#vhx#xvr#hgxfdflrqdo#h#frpx0
qlwÁulr/# sru# sulqflsdophqwh/# dv#
fodvvhv#pdlv#sreuhv#gr#pxqlfÍ0
slr1# # Rv# yhuhdgruhv# dsurydudp#
xpd# ohl# ghvfrqhfwdgd# gd# uhdol0
gdgh/# txh# shqdol}d# rv# mryhqv#
sreuhv# h# grqrv# gh# odq# krxvh/#
sru# wrwdo# lqfrpsuhhqvÃr# gr#
txh# uhsuhvhqwd# r# hvwdehohfl0
phqwr#hp#xpd#frpxqlgdgh1
Hp# vhx# duwljr# 7/# d# Ohl# q1#
4169<# suhyÊ# r# fdgdvwur# reuljd0
wÓulr# sdud# txh# rv# xvxÁulrv# wh0
qkdp#
dfhvvr#
drv#
hvwdehohflphqwrv1#
Duw1#7#©#reuljdwÓuld#d#fuldÇÃr#
gh#xp#fdgdvwur#gh#iuhtxhqwd0
gruhv#h#xvxÁulrv
grv#hvwdehohflphqwrv#uhihulgrv#
qhvwd#Ohl/#gr#txdo#ghyh#frqvwdu=
L#0#qrph#frpsohwr/#gdwd#gh#qdv0
flphqwr#h#iloldÇÃr>
LL#0#hqghuhÇr#frpsohwr#h#qÚph0
ur#gh#whohirqh#gr#xvxÁulr>
LLL# 0# qrph/# hqghuhÇr# h# whohirqh#
9<
sdud#frqwdwr>
LY#0#hvfrod#h#wxuqr#hp#txh#hvwx0
gd/#vh#iru#r#fdvr>
Y# 0# qÚphur# gh# grfxphqwr# gh#
lghqwlilfdÇÃr>
YL# 0# uhjlvwur# gh# iuhtxhqfld/#
frp# gdwd# h# kruÁulr# gh# hqwudgd#
h#vdÍgd#rx#gr#lqÍflr#h#gr#wÉupl0
qr#gr#xvr#gr#htxlsdphqwr#h#kr0
uÁulr1
Dwxdophqwh/# r# Plqlv0
wÉulr# gd# MxvwlÇd# fulrx# xp#
dpsor# ghedwh# vreuh# r#
pdufr# flylo# gd# Lqwhuqhw# qr#
Eudvlo# h# qr# duwljr# <# gd#
sursrvwd# vreuh# d# ohl# txh#
ydl# uhjxodu# d# Zhe/# gl}#
txh# rv# suryhgruhv# gh#
frqwhÚgr# ghyhp# jxdugdu#
rv# uhjlvwurv# gh# frqh{Ãr#
+r# whuplqdo/# orfdo/# LS# gd#
pÁtxlqd# txh# vh# frqhfwd,#
h# qÃr# rv# uhjlvwurv# gh#
dfhvvr# +r# txh# d# shvvrd#
id}#qd#Lqwhuqhw,
oÂqfld# h# lqydvÃr# À# sulydflgdgh#
gr# flgdgÃr1# Frp# hvvd# phglgd/#
dshqdv# dv# fodvvhv# pdlv# sr0
euhv#ilfduldp#vxephwlgdv#d#yljl0
oÂqfld# pdlv# vhyhud# sru# sduwh#
gr# Hvwdgr/# xpd# yh}# txh# vÃr#
dv# judqghv# xvxÁuldv# gr# vhuyl0
Çr1#Ydoh#uhvvdowdu/#txh#gh#dfru0
gr# frp# rv# suÓsulrv# gdgrv#
srolfldlv# gh# fulphv# qd# Lqwhuqhw/#
r# xvxÁulr# xwlol}h# gdgrv# yhugd0
ghlurv1# Sdud# rv# fulplqrvrv# É#
pxlwr# iÁflo# frokhu# gdgrv# shvvr0
dlv# h# xwlol}du# gxudqwh# r# fdgdv0
wur# hp# xpd# odq# krxvh1# D# Ohl#
qÃr#idod#frpr#ghyhp#vhu#dupd0
}hqdgr# hvvhv# gdgrv/# d# # vhjx0
udqÇd# txh# rv# dpelhqwhv#
suhflvdp# ghvhqyroyhu1# Ph# suh0
rfxsd#wdpeÉp#frpr#vhuÁ#d#ilv0
fdol}dÇÃr# gd# ohl1# Edvwdu#
gdu# xpd# rokdgd# qrv# ed0
uhv/# sru# h{hpsor/# sdud# yhu#
fuldqÇdv# h# dgrohvfhqwhv#
+idugdgrv#lqfoxvlyh,#frqvx0
plqgr# gurjdv1# Vh# qhp# lv0
vr# frqvhjxhp# ilvfdol}du#
vhuÁ# txh# yÃr# gdu# frqwd# gh#
rokdu#fdgd#odq#krxvhB
##############KlvwÓulfdphqwh/#
irprv#yÍwlpdv#gh#
shuvhjxlÇÕhv#srolfldlv#
h#sroÍwlfdv#sru#
srvvxluprv#lghrorjldv#
glihuhqwhv1#Qd#Edkld#
hvvh#surfhvvr#irl#dlqgd#
pdlv#euxwdo1
MÁ# qr# duwljr# 7/# lqfl0
vr# LY/# %frqh{Ãr# À# Lqwhu0
qhw%# É# d# %dxwhqwlfdÇÃr# gh# \xul#Dophlgd
xp# whuplqdo# sdud# hqylr# h#
uhfhelphqwr# gh# sdfrwhv#
gh# gdgrv# shod# Lqwhuqhw/#
d# pdlruld# grv# fulphv# qÃr# vÃr#
phgldqwh#d#dwulexlÇÃr#gh#xp#qÚ0 frphwlgrv# hp# odq# krxvh# +fr0
phur# LS%1# Ghvvh# prgr/# xpd# pr# sruqrjudild# lqidqwlo/# lqyd0
odq#krxvh#qÃr#srgh#vhu#hqtxd0 vÃr# gh# vlvwhpdv,/# pdv# ghqwur#
gudgd# qr# duwljr# </# srlv# xvd# rv# gh#fdvd1#
vhuylÇrv#gh#xp#vhuylgru#+Yhor{/#
Klvwrulfdphqwh/#irprv#yÍwl0
JYW/#hqwuh#rxwurv,#h#qÃr#dwulex0
hp#xp#qÚphur#gh#LS#d#xp#whu0 pdv# gh# shuvhjxlÇÕhv# srolfldlv#
h#sroÍwlfdv#sru#srvvxluprv#lghr0
plqdo1
orjldv#glihuhqwhv1##Qd#Edkld#hv0
Glwr# lvvr# ghihqgr# d# whvh# vh# surfhvvr# irl# dlqgd# pdlv#
gh# txh# qÃr# ghyh# vhu# reuljdwÓ0 euxwdo1#Whpr#txh#d#Ohl/#gh#dojx0
ulr# ylqfxodu# d# lghqwlgdgh# flylo# d# pd# irupd# uhvjdwh# hvvd# wludqld1#
xp# whuplqdo# +pÁtxlqd,/# rx# vh0 DoÉp# glvvr/# qdgd# jdudqwh# txh#
md/# d# lghqwlilfdÇÃr# vljqlilfd# yljl0
Dlqgd#qr#duwljr#7/#sd0
uÁjudir#4/##gl}#txh#r#dfhv0
vr# dr# fdgdvwur# srghuÁ# vhu#
ihlwr# sru# sdlv# h# dxwrulgd0
ghv# frpshwhqwhv# +r# wh{wr#
qÃr# gl}# gh# txhp# vh# wudwd#
hvvd# dxwrulgdgh,# vhp# d#
qhfhvvlgdgh# gh# pdqgdgr#
mxglfldo1#
# 4# R# dfhvvr# gdv# dxwrul0
gdghv# frpshwhqwhv# h# gh#
sdlv/# drv# gdgrv# gr# vlvwh0
pd
lqirupdwl}dgr# gh# lqirupdÇÕhv#
vreuh#xvxÁulrv#phqruhv#gh#gh0
}rlwr#dqrv/#vhuÁ
ihlwr# vhp# d# qhfhvvlgdgh# gh#
pdqgdgr# mxglfldo# rx# gh# dylvr#
suÉylr#irupdo1
Lvvr# É# lohjdo/# É# dqwlfrqvwl0
wxflrqdo/# srlv# qlqjxÉp# whp#
dfhvvr# drv# vhxv# gdgrv# vhp#
pdqgdgr# mxglfldo/# wdqwr# sdud#
txheud# gh# vljlor# edqfÁulr# fr0
pr# sdud# hqwudu# hp# vxd# fdvd1#
:3
wdehohflphqwrv# sru# hod# phqflr0
qdgrv# vÃr# sdud# xwlol}dÇÃr#
txdqgr#gd#uhdol}dÇÃr#gh#wuded0
okrv# hvfroduhv/# txdo# r# ixqgd0
phqwr# iÁwlfr# h2rx# mxuÍglfr# txh#
mxvwliltxh#hvvd#olplwdÇÃr#hvsdfl0
doB# Txdo# É# phvpr# d# ilqdolgdgh#
gd# ohlB# Rud/# frpr# vh# idodu# hp#
surslfldu# lqfoxvÃr# txdqgr# d#
suÓsuld#ohl#sxjqd#shod#h{foxvÃr#
Qr# duwljr# 4/# sduÁjudir# 4# dr# hvwdehohfhu# hvvd# glvwÂqfld#
gl}# txh# rv# hvwdehohflphqwrv# gdv#xqlgdghv#gh#hqvlqrB##
R# judqgh# sureohpd# gd# lq0
phqflrqdgrv#qr#fdsxw#ghvwh#du0
wljr# qÃr# srghuÃr# vhu# lqvwdod0 whusuhwdÇÃr# gd# Ohl# Pxqlflsdo# É#
grv# qxp# udlr# pÍqlpr# gh# 533p# txh#hod#wudwd#d#odq#krxvh#frpr#
+gx}hqwrv# phwurv,# gh# txdotxhu# %fdvd# gh# mrjrv%# h# qÃr# É1#D# odq#
hvwdehohflphqwr# gh# hqvlqr1# R# krxvh# É# pdlv# gr# txh# %mrjrv#
fxulrvr# É# txh# d# ohl# uhfrqkhfh# frpsxwdgrul}dgrv%1# Frpr# gl}#
txh# rv# hvwdehohflphqwrv# sr0 r# surihvvru# Qhovrq# Suhwwr/# %É#
ghp# vhu# xwlol}dgrv# sdud# wuded0 pdlv# iÁflo# wudqvirupdu# xpd# odq#
okrv# hvfroduhv1# Rud/# vh# d# krxvh#hp#hvfrod#gr#txh#wudqv0
suÓsuld#ohl#uhfrqkhfh#txh#rv#hv0 irupdu# xpd# hvfrod# hp# hvfrod%/#
Sdvvrx# djrud# d# Ohl# RuglqÁuld# txh# d# Ohl# shgh# xp# grfxphqwr#
Pxqlflsdo# d# ydohu# pdlv# txh# d# gh# lghqwlilfdÇÃr1# Vh# iru# r# phx#
FSI/# sru# h{hpsor/# srghp# id0
suÓsuld#Ohl#PdlruB##
D# Ohl# fuld# xpd# fxowxud# gh# }hu# xpd# gÍylgd# hp# phx# qrph1#
phgr# qd# flgdgh1# Vh# hx# fuldu# D# Suhihlwxud/# lqyroxqwduldphqwh#
xp#eorj/#sru#h{hpsor/#txh#fulwl0 fulrx# xp# sureohpd# sdud# hod/#
txh#d#sroÍfld#hohv#yÃr#whu#dfhv0 srlv# rv# flgdgÃrv# ohvdgrv# yÃr#
vr# drv# phxv# gdgrv# h# vdeh0vh# surfhvvdu#rv#grqrv#gh#odq#krx0
oÁ#r#txh#srghp#id}hu#frp#hohv# vh/# txh# hvwÃr# dpsdudgrv# sru#
h# frpljr1#D# Ohl# qÃr# hvwÁ# suhr0 xpd#ohl#pxqlflsdo1#
fxsdgd#frp#r#ehp#hvwdu#gd#vr0
flhgdgh/# r# txh# txhuhp# É#
lqvwdodu# xpd# hvsÉflh# gh# Elj#
Eurwkhu# qdv# odq# krxvhv/# r# txh#
É# lqghylgr1# DoÉp# glvvr# wudqvih0
uh# sdud# d# hvihud# sulydgd# +gr0
qrv# gh# odq# krxvh,# xpd#
reuljdÇÃr# txh# É# sÚeolfd# +}hodu#
shod#vrflhgdgh,1
# 9# R# fdgdvwur# ghyhuÁ# vhu#
pdqwlgr# hp# dutxlyr# shor# sud}r#
gh# flqfr# dqrv# h# qÃr# srghuÁ#
vhu#glyxojdgr/#vdoyr#txdqgr#uh0
txhulgr#shorv#sdlv#rx#uhvsrqvÁ0
yhlv/# qr# fdvr# gh# phqruhv# gh#
txlq}h# dqrv/# Frqvhokr# Wxwhodu#
h# ghpdlv# dxwrulgdghv# frpsh0
whqwhv#sdud#wdo1
Rxwur# huur# gd# Ohl# É# r# sud0
}r# gh# dutxlydphqwr/# gh# flqfr#
dqrv/# hqtxdqwr# dv# rulhqwdÇÕhv#
lqwhuqdflrqdlv# vÃr# gh# qr# pÁ{l0
pr# grlv# dqrv1# Qr# pdufr# flylo/#
sursrvwr# shor# suÓsulr# PlqlvwÉ0
ulr# gd# MxvwlÇd# gr# Eudvlo/# idod0vh#
gh# dshqdv# vhlv# phvhv1# D# Ohl#
Pxqlflsdo# wdpeÉp# qÃr# gl}# gh#
txh# irupd# hvvhv# gdgrv# vhuÃr#
jxdugdgrv/#rx#vhmd/#srghp#urx0
edu# xpd# odq# krxvh# h# ohydu# rv#
gdgrv# gh# plokduhv# gh# xvxÁul0
rv1# Txhp# vh# uhvsrqvdelol}d#
hp# fdvr# ghvvhvB# Ydoh# ohpeudu#
####################Rxwur#huur#gd#Ohl#É#r#
sud}r#gh#dutxlydphqwr/#gh#flqfr#
dqrv/#hqtxdqwr#dv#rulhqwdÇÕhv#
lqwhuqdflrqdlv#vÃr#gh#qr#pÁ{lpr#
grlv#dqrv1#Qr#pdufr#flylo/#sursrvwr#
shor#suÓsulr#PlqlvwÉulr#gd#MxvwlÇd#gr#
Eudvlo/#idod0vh#gh#dshqdv#vhlv#phvhv1#
D#Ohl#Pxqlflsdo#wdpeÉp#qÃr#gl}#gh#
txh#irupd#hvvhv#gdgrv#vhuÃr#
jxdugdgrv111
\xul#Dophlgd
:4
#########################Dv#dxwrulgdghv#
ghyhuldp#uhiohwlu#phokru=#vh#r#
hvwxgdqwh#ghl{d#gh#lu#sdud#d#hvfrod#
sdud#lu#hp#xpd#odq#krxvh#É#srutxh#
d#hvfrod#ghl{rx#gh#vhu#xp#
dpelhqwh#gh#frqiruwr/#txh#hvwlpxoh#
r#doxqr/#h#qÃr#É#fulplqdol}dqgr#d#
odq#krxvh#txh#hvvh#txdgur#vhuÁ#
wudqvirupdgr1
\xul#Dophlgd
lvvr# srutxh# dv# hvfrodv# qÃr#
vÃr# dpelhqwhv# djudgÁyhlv# sd0
ud#rv#doxqrv/#xpd#uhirupd#hgx0
fdflrqdo# É# ixqgdphqwdo1# Dv#
dxwrulgdghv# ghyhuldp# uhiohwlu#
phokru=# vh# r# hvwxgdqwh# ghl{d#
gh# lu# sdud# d# hvfrod# sdud# lu# hp#
xpd#odq#krxvh#É#srutxh#d#hvfr0
od# ghl{rx# gh# vhu# xp# dpelhqwh#
gh#frqiruwr/#txh#hvwlpxoh#r#dox0
qr/# h# qÃr# É# %fulplqdol}dqgr%# d#
odq# krxvh# txh# hvvh# txdgur# vh0
uÁ# wudqvirupdgr1# Shor# frqwuÁ0
ulr/# srutxh# qÃr# ilupdu# sdufhuld#
frp# dv# odq# krxvh# qr# vhqwlgr#
gh# wudqvirupÁ0od# hp# dpelhqwhv#
vÓflr0hgxfdflrqdlvB#
Srutxh#
qÃr#shuplwlu#rv#mrjrv#hgxfdflr0
qdlv/#xpd#yh}#txh#glyhuvrv#hv0
wxgrv#
svlfroÓjlfrv#
h#
shgdjÓjlfrv# prvwudp# txh# É#
srvvÍyho#dsuhqghu#eulqfdqgr/#mr0
jdqgr1# Sru# rxwur# odgr/# d# ohl#
dsurydgd#dpsxwd#r#ghvhqyroyl0
phqwr# frjqlwlyr# grv# mryhqv/#
dsrqwdgrv# sru# txdotxhu# sursd0
jdqgd# sroÍwlfd# frpr# r# %ixwxur#
gr# Eudvlo%/# whqgr# hp# ylvwd# txh#
É#freudgr#shor#phufdgr#h#shod#
suÓsuld# ylgd# r# grpÍqlr# vre# dv#
qrydv# ihuudphqwdv# whfqroÓjl0
fdv1# D# phglgd# luÁ# didvwdu# fdgd#
yh}#pdlv#fuldqÇdv#h#dgrohvfhq0
whv#gr#xqlyhuvr#whfqroÓjlfr/#ful0
dqÇdv# h# dgrohvfhqwhv# sreuhv/#
txh# hqfrqwudp# qd# Lqwhuqhw#
xpd# dowhuqdwlyd# sdud# vxshud0
uhp# d# suÓsuld# plvÉuld# rx# pr0
phqwrv#gh#glyhuvÃr1#
R#grfxphqwr#gr#FJL#+Fr0
plwÊ#Jhvwru#gd#Lqwhuqhw#qr#Eud0
vlo# 0# 533:,# uhyhod# txh# r# vhx#
xvxÁulr# gh# odq# krxvh# É# mryhp/#
hqwuh#43#h#57#dqrv/#frp#uhqgd#
idploldu#gh#phqrv#gh#5#vdoÁulrv#
pÍqlprv/# dlqgd# qÃr# frqfoxlx# r#
Hqvlqr# PÉglr# h# whp# suhvhqÇd#
pdufdqwh# qdv# uhjlÕhv# Qruwh/#
Qrughvwh# h# Fhqwur0Rhvwh1# Hp#
xp# sdÍv/# rqgh# 97(# gdv# frqh0
{Õhv# À# Lqwhuqhw# vÃr# uhdol}dgdv#
d#sduwlu#gdv#odq#krxvh/#hodv#gh0
yhuldp#vhu#wudwdgdv#frpr#%dpl0
jdv%#h#qÃr#frpr#%yloÃ%1
\XUL#DOPHLGD#É#mru0
qdolvwd/#hvshfldolvwd#
hp#Mruqdolvpr#Frq0
whpsruÂqhr/#shvtxl0
vdgru#gr#mruqdolvpr#
froderudwlyr#h#hglwd#
r#eorj#khughlurgrfd0
rv1frp#vreuh#flehu0
fxowxud/#qrydv#
whfqrorjldv#h#mruqdolv0
pr1#Frqwdwr=#kgrfd0
rvCjpdlo1frp#2#
wzlwwhu1frp2khughlur0
grfdrv1
:5
FDSD##Srxfr#d#srxfr#ydprv#qrv#ghvid}hqgr#gh#qrvvd#sulydflgdgh
Srxfr#d#srxfr#ydprv#qrv#
ghvid}hqgr#gh#qrvvd#sulydflgdgh
Sru#Ilolsh#Vdudlyd
Fkulvwldq#Nlwd}xph#0#v{f1kx
R#jryhuqr#eudvlohlur#dsur0
yrx# kÁ# pxlwrv# dqrv# +dlqgd# qd#
hud# IKF,# h# frorfduÁ# hp# suÁwl0
fd#dwÉ#r#ilp#ghvwh#dqr#+hud#Ox0
od,# r# surmhwr# gh# xqlilfdÇÃr# gr#
qÚphur#gd#fduwhlud#gh#lghqwlgd0
gh1# R# remhwlyr# ohydgr# d# sÚeolfr#
É# # uhvxplu# dv# qrvvdv# prqwd0
qkdv# gh# grfxphqwrv# +fhuwlgÃr#
gh#qdvflphqwr/#FSI/#UJ/#ghfod0
udÇÃr# gh# lpsrvwr# gh# uhqgd/#
hwf,#d#xp#Úqlfr#fkls#d#vhu#wudqv0
sruwdgr#hp#xp#fduwÃr#soÁvwlfr1
ydolrvdv# 0# devroxwdphqwh# wxgr#
srghuÁ# vhu# dfhvvdgr# d# sduwlu#
gh# xp# Úqlfr# vlvwhpd1# Qdgd# gh#
exurfuÁwlfrv# riÍflrv# h# phpr0
udqgrv# hqwuh# ÓujÃrv# jryhuqd0
phqwdlv# sdud# hvwh# wlsr# gh#
wudedokr/#hqwÃr1
Dsduhqwhphqwh/# d# plgld#
wudglflrqdo# h# ghpdlv# %sruwd0yr0
}hv# gd# vdehgruld%# qÃr# dfkd0
udp# txdotxhu# sureohpd# qr#
surmhwr1#Dilqdo/#idwdolgdgh/#d#whf0
qrorjld# gd# lqirupdÇÃr# hvwÁ# dÍ#
h# fhgr# rx# wdugh# hvwd# lghld# vh0
uld# lpsohphqwdgd# 0# shqvdudp#
dojxqv1# Rx/# frp# rxwur# dujx0
phqwr/# ohydqwdudp# r# idwÍglfr#
%txhp# qÃr# ghyh/# qÃr# whph%# 0#
rslqdudp#rxwurv1
R# hihlwr# frodwhudo# ghvwd#
xqlilfdÇÃr# É# txh# rv# gdgrv# txh#
r# jryhuqr# mÁ# srvvxÍd# vreuh#
vhxv# flgdgÃrv/# dqwhv# glvwulexÍ0
grv# hp# yÁulrv# edqfrv# gh# gd0
grv/# djrud# ilfduÃr# hp# xpd# vÓ#
edvh1#QÃr#suhflvduÃr#pdlv#fux0
D# whfqrorjld# gd# lqirupd0
}du# rv# gdgrv# gh# txdotxhu# shv0 ÇÃr# qrv# shuplwlx# rwlpl}du# sur0
vrd# sdud# h{wudlu# lqirupdÇÕhv# fhvvrv# grv# pdlv# yduldgrv#
:6
FDSD##Srxfr#d#srxfr#ydprv#qrv#ghvid}hqgr#gh#qrvvd#sulydflgdgh
wlsrv># hqwuhwdqwr/# hod# freud# fd0
gd# yh}# pdlv# qrvvd# uhvljqdÇÃr#
vreuh# r# dfhvvr# d# lqirupdÇÕhv#
shvvrdlv# txh/# hp# rxwurv# whp0
srv/# hudp# wudwdgdv# sru# qÓv# fr0
pr#sduwlfxoduhv1
Hpsuhvdv# krmh# ylyhp# il0
qdqfhludphqwh# gh# fux}du# gd0
grv# gh# vhxv# folhqwhv# sdud#
suryhuhp#%vhuylÇrv#shuvrqdol}d0
grv%1#R#Jrrjoh#mÁ#id}#lvvr#frp#
qrvvdv#
frqwdv#
gh#
h0
pdlo2eorjv2uhgh# vrfldo2exvfd# h#
ghpdlv# vhuylÇrv# surylgrv# shod#
hpsuhvd1
Vh#dqwhv#uhfodpÁydprv#gh#
idplolduhv#sru#deulu#qrvvdv#
fruuhvsrqgÊqfldv#vhp#shuplvvÃr/#
krmh#ghl{dprv#erwv#hvfdqhduhp#r#
frqwhÚgrv#gh#qrvvrv#hpdlov#vhp#
txdotxhu#surwhvwr1
Ilolsh#Vdudlyd
Vh# dqwhv# uhfodpÁydprv#
gh# idplolduhv# sru# deulu# qrvvdv#
fruuhvsrqgÊqfldv# vhp# shuplv0
vÃr/# krmh# ghl{dprv# erwv# hvfd0
qhduhp# r# frqwhÚgr# gh# qrvvrv#
h0pdlo*v#vhp#txdotxhu#surwhvwr1
fdvd# ghvwdv# shvvrdv# sdud# vd0
Frqylgr# rv# vljqdwÁulrv#
ehu# vh# d# idpÍold# hvwÁ# fxlgdqgr# ghvwh# dujxphqwr# d# pruduhp#
ehp# grv# ilokrv1# Hvwh# surmhwr# mÁ# hp#xpd#fdvd#gh#ylgur1#Uhfxvd0
hvwÁ# hp# sohqr# ixqflrqdphqwr# uldpB
frp#51333#idpÍoldv1
R# jryhuqr# lqjoÊv# dqxqfl0
rx# xp# surmhwr# gh# lqvwdodÇÃr# gh#
xp# flufxlwr# ihfkdgr# gh# WY# hp#
531333#fdvdv#gh#idpÍoldv#fodvvl0
ilfdgdv# frpr# %sureohpÁwlfdv%1#
Txhp# hvwÁ# sru# wuÁv# gdv# fÂph0
udv# whp# d# %plvvÃr%# gh/# olwhudo0
phqwh/# yljldu# 57k# sru# gld# d#
IdqwdvldB# Srgh# vhu1# Pdv#
qÃr# É# ilfÇÃr# shqvdu# txh# pxl0
wrv# dfkduÃr# hvwh# surmhwr# xpd#
dwlwxgh# gh# vxpd# lpsruwÂqfld/#
ghvhmÁyho# h# h{wuhpdphqwh# qh0
fhvvÁuld1# Dilqdo/# frpr# srghuÃr#
gl}hu/# %txhp# qÃr# ghyh/# qÃr# wh0
ph%1
R#txh#pdlv#fkdpd#d#dwhq0
Hvvd#É#d#sulqflsdo#suhrfx0 ÇÃr#É#d#dsduhqwh#dfhlwdÇÃr#ghv0
sdÇÃr#txh#uhiolwr#0#srxfr#d#srx0 wd# frqglÇÃr# sru# sduwh# gd# Sdud#pdlv#lqirupdÇÕhv=
fr/# hvwdprv# deulqgr# pÃr# gh# vrflhgdgh1# QÃr# kÁ# txdotxhu#
^4`#Surmhwr#gd#Lghqwlgdgh#Xqlilfdgd#
qrvvdv# lqirupdÇÕhv# sduwlfxod0 prylphqwr# flylo/# srsxodu/# txh#
qr#Eudvlo
uhv# h# É# gdgd# srxfd# lpsruwÂq0 txhvwlrqh# hvwh# surmhwr1# ©# qdwx0
kwws=22plxg1lq2:\s
fld# txdqwr# d# lvvr1# Frp# r# udo/#ghyhp#shqvdu#dojxqv1
sdvvdu#gr#whpsr#ydprv#qrv#wru0
Yrowdqgr#d#qrvvd#lghqwlgd0 ^5`#Surmhwr#gr#Jryhuqr#LqjoÊv#
qdqgr# pdlv# shuplvvlyrv/# hqwuh0 gh# xqlilfdgd/# shqvr# txh/# h{wud0
kwws=22plxg1lq2:\t
jdqgr# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# qrvvrv# srodqgr# rv# remhwlyrv# gr#
gdgrv# sdud# hpsuhvdv# h# jryhu0 surmhwr/# gdtxl# d# dojxqv# srghuÁ#
qrv# pdqlsxoduhp1# H# lvvr# fkh0 vxujlu# d# uhyroxflrqÁuld# lghld# gh#
jd# d# fdvrv# h{wuhprv/# gljqrv# uhwludgd#ghvwh#fkls#frp#qrvvdv#
gh# uhdo# frpsdudÇÃr# dr# wh{wr# lqirupdÇÕhv# gh# vhx# lqyÓoxfur#
gh# Jhrujh# Ruzhoo/# 4<;7/# h# vhx# soÁvwlfr# sdud# dsolfÁ0or# hp# qrv0
rqlsuhvhqwh#Elj#Eurwkhu1#
vr#frusr/#gh#irupd#vxefxwÂqhd1
ILOLSH#GH#ROLYHLUD#
VDUDLYD#É#
phvwudqgr#hp#
hqjhqkduld#hoÉwulfd#
shod#XVS#h#edfkduho#
hp#flÊqfld#gd#
frpsxwdÇÃr#shod#
XISL1#©#phpeur#gd#
DvvrfldÇÃr#Sldxlhqvh#
gh#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#h#
gr#Surmhwr#Vriwzduh#
Olyuh#0#SldxÍ1#
:7
FDSD##YLJLODQWLVPR#QDV#UHGHV#VRFLDLV
Yljlodqwlvpr
qdv#Uhghv#
Vrfldlv
Sru#Doh{dqguh#D1#Erued
R# yljlodqwlvpr# É# xp#
dvvxqwr# pxlwr# glvfxwlgr# qd#
lqwhuqhw/# h# txh# vljqlilfd#
hvslrqdu# wrgd# dwlylgdgh# rqolqh#
gh# xpd# shvvrd1# Txdqgr# hvvh#
whpd# fkhjd# Àv# uhghv# vrfldlv/#
ilfd# dlqgd# pdlv# frpsoh{r/# mÁ#
txh# vh# wudwd# gh# xpd# Áuhd# frp#
grlv# srqwrv# gh# ylvwd=# r# gr#
yljlodqwh#h#r#gr#yljldgr1
R# yljlodqwh# dohjd# txh# d#
idowd# gh# olplwhv# id}# gdv# uhghv#
vrfldlv# yhugdghludv# whuudv# vhp#
ohl1# Shor# srqwr# gh# ylvwd# gr#
yljldgr/# hvvd# olehugdgh# gh#
h{suhvvÃr# É# xp# gluhlwr#
frqfhglgr# sru# ohl# d# txdotxhu#
flgdgÃr1#
Ilfd/#
hqwÃr/#
hvwdehohflgr#r#lpsdvvh1
odgrv1# Hp# xpd# ylgd# hp# frpx0
qlgdgh/# vhmd# qxp# frqgrpÍqlr/#
qxpd# ljuhmd/# qxp# edluur/# qr#
Wzlwwhu/# qr# Idfherrn/# ghqwuh#
rxwudv# uhghv# vrfldlv/# wrgrv# qÓv#
whprv# gluhlwrv# h# ghyhuhv1# Qlq0
jxÉp# srgh# lqvwdodu# xpd# fÂph0
ud# gh# yljloÂqfld# qd# uhvlgÊqfld#
gh# xpd# shvvrd# vhp# shuplv0
vÃr/# pdv# É# srvvÍyho# d#
lqvwdodÇÃr# gh# fÂphudv# qd# uxd#
rqgh# hod# prud1# Gd# phvpd# iru0
pd/# qÃr# vh# srgh# prqlwrudu# xp#
frpsxwdgru# shvvrdo# rx# lqiru0
pdÇÕhv# uhvwulwdv# hp# vlwhv/# vhp#
suÉyld# dxwrul}dÇÃr1# Hvvh# prql0
wrudphqwr# vÓ# É# shuplwlgr# hp#
Áuhdv# sÚeolfdv# gd# lqwhuqhw/# fr0
pr# d# wlpholqh# gr#Wzlwwhu/# rx# gr#
Lghqwl1fd/#sru#h{hpsor1
Ydprv# dqdolvdu# dperv# rv#
:8
FDSD##YLJLODQWLVPR#QDV#UHGHV#VRFLDLV
###################Sruwdqwr/#txhu#
uhfodpdu#h#idodu#pdo#gh#dojxÉpB#
Whqkd#fhuwh}d#h/#sulqflsdophqwh/#
surydv#gr#txh#ydl#gl}hu/#srlv#lvvr#
srgh#yludu#frqwud#yrfÊ1#Dilqdo#dv#
uhjudv#vÃr#dv#phvpdv#wdqwr#qd#
ylgd#uhdo#txdqwr#d#yluwxdo1
Pdv# qÃr# frqfrugr# txh# r#
yljlodqwlvpr# vhmd# d# vroxÇÃr1#
Dfuhglwr# txh# d# dwlwxgh# fdxvduÁ#
vÓ# sroÊplfd1# ©# suhflvr# uhiruÇdu#
r# dylvr# gr# erp# vhqvr# sdud# wr0
grv# dtxhohv# txh# jrvwdp# gh#
xvdu# dv# uhghv# vrfldlv1# Shqvh#
xpd/# gxdv/# wuÊv# yh}hv# dqwhv#
gh# srvwdu# dojxp# frqwhÚgr# hp#
xp#prphqwr#gh#udlyd1
Gljd# qÃr# dr# yljlodqwlvpr/#
h#vlp#dr#erp#vhqvr1
Doh{dqguh#D1#Erued
Dv# phvpdv# uhjudv# sdud# r#
erp# frqyÍylr# qd# ylgd# uhdo# wdp0
eÉp#vhuyhp#sdud#dv#uhghv#vrfl0
dlv# yluwxdlv1# Vh# yrfÊ# urxed/#
pdwd# rx# glidpd# vhuÁ# shqdol}d0
gr1# Pdv# dqwhv# gh# fxosdu# h# sx0
qlu# dojxÉp# É# suhflvr# surydu# d#
dfxvdÇÃr1# Lvvr# ixqflrqd# gd#
phvpd#irupd#qr#pxqgr#yluwxdo1
yÊp# whqwdqgr# frlelu# h# fhqvxudu#
r# xvr# ghvvdv# uhghv1# H# wxgr# lv0
vr# sru# phgr# gdv# qrylgdghv#
txh# fkhjdudp# frp# judqgh# sr0
ghu#gh#lqioxÊqfld#h#gh#pdvvlilfd0
ÇÃr#gh#lqirupdÇÃr1
Sruwdqwr/# txhu# uhfodpdu# h#
idodu#pdo#gh#dojxÉpB#Whqkd#fhu0
wh}d# h/# sulqflsdophqwh/# surydv#
gr# txh# ydl# gl}hu/# srlv# lvvr# sr0
R# txh# qÃr# srgh# dfrqwh0 gh# yludu# frqwud# yrfÊ1# Dilqdo# dv#
fhu# É# d# ilowudjhp# gr# frqwhÚgr# uhjudv# vÃr# dv# phvpdv# wdqwr#
txh#É#frorfdgr#qdv#uhghv#vrfl0 qd# ylgd# uhdo# txdqwr# d# yluwxdo1#D#
dlv1# Hpsuhvdv# sulydgdv# h# lqvwl0 sxqlÇÃr# sru# dwrv# lohjdlv# h{lvwh#
wxlÇÕhv# sÚeolfdv# grv# Âpelwrv# sdud#dpedv1
pxqlflsdo/# hvwdgxdo# h# ihghudo#
DOH[DQGUH#D1#
ERUED#É#
ghvhqyroyhgru#gh#
Vlvwhpdv#Zhe#hp#
SKS/#hvwxgdqwh#gh#
FlÊqfld#gd#
FrpsxwdÇÃr#h#
judqgh#hqwxvldvwd#h#
ghihqvru#gr#
Vriwzduh#Olyuh1#
Sduwlflsd#gd#
frpxqlgdgh#WX[0HV#
h#dlqgd#frqwulexl#qd#
jhvwÃr#gdv#pÍgldv#
vrfldlv#gd#Uhylvwd#
HvsÍulwr#Olyuh1
:9
FDSD##Rihqvdv#shod#Lqwhuqhw=#txdwur#dvshfwrv#mxuÍglfrv#lpsruwdqwhv
Rihqvdv#shod#Lqwhuqhw=
txdwur#dvshfwrv#mxuÍglfrv#lpsruwdqwhv
Sru#Sdxor#UhqÁ
Euldq#Odu|#0#v{f1kx
R# Wulexqdo# gh# MxvwlÇd# gr#
Ulr# Judqgh# gr# Vxo# pdqwhyh#
vhqwhqÇd# txh# kdyld# frqghqdgr#
xpd# pxokhu# d# sdjdu# lqghql}d0
ÇÃr#gh#U'#8#plo#sru#gdqrv#pr0
udlv/# ghfruuhqwh# gh# rihqvdv#
frphwlgdv#qd#Lqwhuqhw#sru#vhx#il0
okr#dgrohvfhqwh#frqwud#xp#froh0
jd# gd# hvfrod1# Qr# gld# 63# gh#
mxqkr# gh# 5343# rfruuhx# r# mxojd0
phqwr# txh# uhmhlwrx# rv# uhfxuvrv#
dsuhvhqwdgrv#sru#dpedv#dv#sdu0
whv/# qhjdqgr# r# shglgr# gd#
Dxwrud# sdud# txh# d# frqghqdÇÃr#
dofdqÇdvvh# r# suryhgru# gh#
vhuylÇrv#gh#Lqwhuqhw1
dvshfwrv#mxuÍglfrv=#r#shvr#vrfl0
do# gr# dfklqtxh># rv# olplwhv# gd#
uhvsrqvdelol}dÇÃr# sru# dwr# yluwx0
do>#d#dghtxdÇÃr#gr#ydoru#gd#lq0
ghql}dÇÃr># h# d# mxglfldol}dÇÃr#
gh#frqwuryÉuvldv1
Dfklqtxh
R# dfklqtxh# 0# uhvlvwr# hp#
xvdu# r# whupr# lqjoÊv# exoo|lqj/#
txh# qr# phx# frqwh{wr# qÃr# fr0
pxqlfd# qdgd# 0# hqwuh# fuldqÇdv#
+dvvlp# frpr# hqwuh# dgxowrv,#
qÃr# É# h{dwdphqwh# xpd# qrylgd0
gh# qd# klvwÓuld# gd# kxpdqlgdgh1#
D# lqrydÇÃr# ilfd# sru# frqwd# gr#
Qrwlfldgr#shod#suÓsuld#Fru0 edwlvpr#ghvvd#suÁwlfd/#txh#whp#
wh# Hvwdgxdo# vre# r# wÍwxor# %PÃh# yldelol}dgr# À# vrflhgdgh# uhiohwlu#
frqghqdgd# sru# f|ehuexoo|lqj# vreuh#vhx#vljqlilfdgr1#
sudwlfdgr# sru# ilokr# dgrohvfhq0
Qd# klsÓwhvh/# dr# frqghqdu#
wh%/# hvvh# fdvr# shuplwh# derugdu#
shor# phqrv# txdwur# lpsruwdqwhv# d# suÁwlfd/# d# vhqwhqÇd# jdÚfkd/#
::
FDSD##Rihqvdv#shod#Lqwhuqhw=#txdwur#dvshfwrv#mxuÍglfrv#lpsruwdqwhv
frqilupdgd# shor# Wulexqdo# gh#
MxvwlÇd# hvwdgxdo/# hvwdehohfhx#
xp# vljqlilfdgr# mxuÍglfr# qhjdwl0
yr# sdud# r# exoo|lqj# h# lpsÔv# xp#
Ôqxv# hfrqÔplfr# sdud# d# shv0
vrd# uhvsrqvÁyho# shod# frqgxwd1#
Frqvlghur# d# ghflvÃr# fruuhwd#
qhvvh#srqwr1
Uhvsrqvdelol}dÇÃr#sru#
dwr#yluwxdo
R# dfklqtxh# hp# txhvwÃr#
irl# frphwlgr# hp# glyhuvrv# dwrv#
yluwxdlv/# r# txh# deuh# hvsdÇr# sd0
ud# pxlwrv# txhvwlrqdphqwrv# vr0
euh# txhp# vÃr# dv# shvvrdv# txh#
ghyhuldp# uhvsrqghu# shor# gdqr1#
Vhjxqgd# d# qrwÍfld/# d# fdxvd# irl#
irupxodgd# dsrqwdqgr# qÃr# dsh0
qdv#d#shvvrd#txh#frphwhx#sur0
suldphqwh# r# dfklqtxh/# pdv#
wdpeÉp# d# pÃh# ghvvd# shvvrd#
h# r# suhvwdgru# gr# vhuylÇr# txh#
shuplwlx# d# fuldÇÃr# d# pdqxwhqd0
ÇÃr#gd#sÁjlqd#xvdgd#sdud#glyxo0
jdu#dv#irwrv1
Qrydphqwh/# hqwhqgr# txh#
d# ghflvÃr# irl# dfhuwdgd# dr# olpl0
wdu# d# uhvsrqvdelolgdgh# À# pÃh#
gd#fuldqÇd#txh#sudwlfrx#r#dfklq0
txh1# D# fuldqÇd# +fxmd# lgdgh# qÃr#
irl# glyxojdgd# shor# Wulexqdo,#
qÃr# srghuld# uhvsrqghu/# sru# vhu#
lqlpsxwÁyho># h# gr# suryhgru# 0#
dtxl# hqwud# plqkd# ylvÃr# shvvrdo#
0# qÃr# ghyh# vhu# uhvsrqvdelol}d0
gr# sru# glvsrqlelol}du# r# vhuylÇr#
gh# sxeolfdÇÃr# gh# irwrv1# H# vÃr#
glyhuvrv# rv# dujxphqwrv# txh/#
hp#xpd#frqyhuvd#hvshfÍilfd#vr0
euh#lvvr/#srghp#vxvwhqwdu#d#suh0
ydoÊqfld#
gdv#
ydqwdjhqv#
ghfruuhqwhv# gh# xpd# qÃr# fxosd0
elolgdgh# gr# suryhgru# gr# vhuyl0
Çrv#gh#Lqwhuqhw1
dojxp# hviruÇr,/# prvwurx0vh#
R#Wulexqdo#jdÚfkr#qÃr#lq0 txdvh# lqÓfxr# wÃr# orjr# vh# frq0
iruprx#txdlv#ydoruhv#irudp#sh0 vhjxlx/# mÁ# txh# dv# rihqvdv# sdv0
glgrv# d# wÍwxor# gh# lqghql}dÇÃr/# vdudp#d#rfruuhu#sru#h0pdlo1
qhp# dv# frqglÇÕhv# hfrqÔplfdv#
D# yhorflgdgh# gd# Lqwhuqhw#
gdv# idpÍoldv# hqyroylgdv/# r# txh# uhtxhu# uhvsrvwdv# Ájhlv1# Lvvr#
vhuld# ixqgdphqwdo# sdud# shqvdu# ydoh# wdpeÉp# sdud# dv# shvvrdv#
vreuh#r#huur#rx#dfhuwr#qd#ghfl0 lqwhuhvvdgdv# hp# surwhjhu# rv#
vÃr1#D#suÁwlfd#gr#dfklqtxh#ghv0 vhxv# gluhlwrv1# Hqwhqgr# txh# r#
fulwd/#sru#vl#vÓ/#qÃr#É#vxilflhqwh# mhlwr# pdlv# dghtxdgr# sdud# lvvr#
sdud#dydoldu#vh#U'#8#plo#É#pxl0 vhmd# r# glÁorjr# dehuwr# h# lphgld0
wr#rx#srxfr#glqkhlur1
wr# hqwuh# dv# shvvrdv# hqyroyl0
Ydoru#gd#lqghql}dÇÃr
gdv1# QÃr# suhflvd# dowhudu#
qhqkxpd# ohl# sdud# txh# rfruud#
Mxglfldol}dÇÃr#gh#frqwur0
hvvd# pxgdqÇd1# Sru# phur# erp#
yÉuvldv
vhqvr/#fdehuld#Àv#suÓsuldv#shv0
Sru#ilp/#frqyÉp#uhiohwlu#vr0
vrdv# dshqdv# frjlwdu# d# mxglfldol0
euh# xp# hohphqwr# txh# hvwÁ# suh0
}dÇÃr# ghsrlv# gh# iudfdvvduhp#
vhqwh# qr# fdvr# mxglfldo/# pdv#
qdv# whqwdwlydv# dxwÔqrpdv# gh#
qÃr# É# hylghqwh=# d# mxglfldol}d0
vroxÇÃr#sdfÍilfd#gh#frqiolwrv1
ÇÃr1# QÃr# dfkr# txh# xpd# vÉulh#
gh#rihqvdv#yluwxdlv#hqwuh#dgrohv0
fhqwhv#ghyd#hvshudu#shod#prelol0
}dÇÃr# gr# Srghu# MxglflÁulr# sdud#
vhu#uhvroylgd1
H{lvwh# r# gluhlwr# À# MxvwlÇd/#
d# idfxogdgh# gh# uhtxhuhu# gh# xp#
mxl}# xpd# uhvsrvwd# sdud# xpd#
frqwuryÉuvld# vreuh# txhp# hvwÁ#
frp# d# ud}Ãr1# QÃr# glvfxwr# hvvh#
srqwr1# Glvfrugr/# hqwuhwdqwr/# gh#
txh# hvvh# vhmd# r# phokru# fdpl0
qkr1
Fuhlr#txh#edvwduld#À#idpÍ0
old# gd# fuldqÇd# yÍwlpd# hqwudu# hp#
frqwdwr# frp# d# idpÍold# gd# fuldq0
Çd# rihqvrud# orjr# qr# frphÇr/# À#
Ésrfd# gr# irwrorj/# h/# sru# phlr#
gh# xp# glÁorjr# flylol}dgr/# uhvro0
yhu# r# sureohpd1# Qr# fdvr/# rv#
phlrv# xvdgrv# sdud# fkhjdu# dr#
ilp# ohjÍwlpr/# hqfhuudu# dv# rihq0
vdv/#qÃr#vh#ph#prvwudp#hilflhq0
whv1# Ihfkdu# r# vlwh/# sru# h{hpsor#
+r# txh# sduhfh# whu# ghpdqgdgr#
SDXOR#UHQ¡#GD#
VLOYD#VDQWDU©P#É#
phvwudqgr#hp#
Gluhlwr/#Hvwdgr#h#
FrqvwlwxlÇÃr#shod#
Xqlyhuvlgdgh#gh#
EudvÍold#h#
frrughqdgru#gr#
Juxsr#gh#Hvwxgrv#
Gluhlwr#)#
FrpxqlfdÇÃr1
:;
UHGHV UORJLQ
GlyxojdÇÃr
uOrjlq
Sru Fohlwrq gh Mhvxv Ihuuhlud
LqwurgxÇÃr
FdudfwhuÍvwlfdv
R uorjlq É xp vlvwhpd rihuhflgr sru vlvwhpdv Ehunhoh|
7EVG Xql{ h ghilqlgd qd UIF 458; EVG 0 Uorjlq hp vh0
whpeur gh 4<<41 © xp vhuylÇr gh orjlq uhprwr txh frqhf0
wd d pÁtxlqd folhqwh qd pÁtxlqd vhuylgrud gh irupd txh d
vxd xwlol}dÇÃr É wudqvsduhqwh sdud r xvxÁulr +Iljxud 34,1
Frp lvvr/ r xvxÁulr srgh h{hfxwdu frpdqgrv lqwhudwlyrv
frpr vh hvwlyhvvh qd pÁtxlqd vhuylgrud1 R uorjlq srvvxl
xp sdfrwh lqfoxvr fkdpdgr gh uvk txh ixqflrqd frpr xp
ghdprq gr {lqhwg/ orjr srgh vhu lqlfldol}dgr shor lqhwg1
Qhvwh frqwh{wr/ d pÁtxlqd uhprwd É r vhuylgru xwlol}dqgr
r surjudpd orjlq/ h rv folhqwhv txh dfhvvdp r vhuylgru xwl0
ol}dp r surjudpd uorjlq/ r vlvwhpd dvvlp uhtxhu d xwlol}d0
ÇÃr gr surwrfror WFS h gd sruwd 846 frpr sdguÃr gdqgr
vxsruwh dr frqwuroh gh iox{r grv gdgrv1
R uorjlq suryÊ xp vhuylÇr gh whuplqdo uhprwr +orjlq uh0
prwr,/ r vriwzduh gr uorjlq sdvvd dv lqirupdÇÕhv vreuh r
dpelhqwh gr xvxÁulr +pÁtxlqd folhqwh, sdud d pÁtxlqd uh0
prwd1 Qr uorjlq r xvhu +xvxÁulr, É dxwrpdwlfdphqwh wudqv0
plwlgr qr lqÍflr gd frqh{Ãr/ qÃr vhqgr qhfhvvÁulr dr
xvxÁulr gljlwdu r vhx qrph +XvxÁulr FrqilÁyho,1 MÁ d vhqkd
qÃr É h{ljlgd fdvr d frqh{Ãr yhqkd gh xp krvw frqilÁyho
+pÁtxlqd folhqwh frqilÁyho, rx gh xp xvhuqdph +qrph gh
XvxÁulr, frqilÁyho1
D pdlruld gdv yhuvÕhv gh uorjlqg kÁ d lqfrpsdwlelolgdgh
frp r wdpdqkr gr qrph gr xvxÁulr/ uhwruqdqgr r huur %or0
fxvhu rx uhpxvhu É pxlwr orqjr%1 Qhvwh fdvr r xvxÁulr gh0
yh xvdu xp qrph gh xvxÁulr pdlv fxuwr1 R sureohpd pdlru
gh vhjxudqÇd gr uorjlq É rv pÉwrgrv gh dxwhqwlfdÇÃr do0
whuqdwlyrv/ hohv gÃr fkdqfh gh xp xvxÁulr xwlol}du rv dutxl0
yrv gh krvwv1htxly h 1ukrvwv sdud gdu dfhvvr gh irupd
frqilÁyho h dvvlp whu frqwuroh gdv dÇÕhv qd pÁtxlqd1
Sru ghilqlÇÃr r uorjlq qÃr shuplwh r orjlq uhprwr gr
xvxÁulr urrw/ qhvwh fdvr r xvxÁulr ghyh xwlol}du rxwur xvxÁ0
ulr sdud vhu r dgplqlvwudgru gr vlvwhpd/ pdv vhpsuh whuÁ
srghuhv phqruhv txh r gr urrw1
LqvwdodÇÃr
Sdud d xwlol}dÇÃr gr uorjlq É suhflvr vhu lqvwdodgr r vhuyl0
Çr gr sdfrwh uvk0vhuyhu qr vhuylgru frp r frpdqgr qr
frqvroh= usp 0lyk uvk0vhuyhu0314:1l6;91usp1 Frp lvvr r uor0
jlq É lqvwdodgr h frpr id} sduwh gr {lqhwg/ vhuÁ fuldgr qr
gluhwÓulr 2hwf2{lqhwg1g xp dutxlyr gh frqiljxudÇÃr frp r
qrph gh uorjlq1 Qhvvh dutxlyr/ wrgdv dv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv gd
xwlol}dÇÃr gr uorjlq ghyhp vhu frqiljxudgdv lqfoxvlyh d gh
kdelolwdu r vhuylÇr qd rsÇÃr glvdeoh txh uhfheh %qr% rx
%|hv%1 DsÓv hvvd lqvwdodÇÃr r {lqhwg ghyh vhu uhlqlfldgr
frp r frpdqgr vhuylfh {lqhwg uhvwduw1 Ohpeudqgr txh wr0
gd d yh} txh iru dowhudgd txdotxhu frqiljxudÇÃr qr 2hwf2{l0
qhwg1g2uorjlq r {lqhwg ghyh vhu uhlqlfldgr1
Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh Mxokr 5343 kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj
Krvw FrqilÁyhlv +Wuxvwhg Krvwv,
Vh xp krvw frqild hp xp rxwur krvw/ hqwÃr rv xvxÁulrv
txh whqkdp r phvpr xvhuqdph hp dperv rv krvwv sr0
ghp orjdu gh xp krvw hp rxwur vhp whu txh gljlwdu d vh0
qkd xwlol}dqgr dojxp surjudpd gh dfhvvr uhprwr/ sru h{0
hpsor r uorjlq1
:<
UHGHV UORJLQ
LCC02
CESARCLAB213
1ukrvwv
R dutxlyr 1ukrvw hvwÁ orfdol}dgr qr gluhwÓulr krph gh fd0
gd xvxÁulr frqwhqgr d olvwd gh krvwv hp txh r xvxÁulr
frqild1 Rx vhmd/ r suÓsulr xvxÁulr srgh frqiljxudu dv shu0
plvvÕhv gh dfhvvr ghylgr dr idwr gh txh sulphlur r vlvwh0
pd oÊ r dutxlyr krvwv1htxly h ghsrlv r 1ukrvwv1
H{hpsor= dutxlyr 1ukrvwv hp pÁtxlqd dwkxv
phor c os . des env . c om. br
ar amhi s . des env . c om. br
Iljxud 4= Frqh{Ãr uhprwd xwlol}dqgr uorjlq
XvxÁulrv FrqilÁyhlv +Wuxvwhg Xvhuv,
Frp hvwh dutxlyr 1ukrvwv gd pÁtxlqd dwkxv1gh0
vhqy1frp1eu r xvxÁulr fohlwrq qdv pÁtxlqdv skrufrv rx
dudpklv srgh id}hu frqh{Ãr xwlol}dqgr r uorjlq qd pÁtxl0
qd dwkxv qd vxd suÓsuld frqwd vhp whu txh gljlwdu qryd0
phqwh d vxd vhqkd gh orjlq1
R dutxlyr1ukrvw wdpeÉp srgh whu rv gdgrv gh ^pÁtxlqd/
xvhuqdph`/ hvwhqghqgr d frqildqÇd sdud rxwurv xvhuqd0
phv glihuhqwhv gr xvxÁulr fohlwrq1 Sdud fdgd xp ghvvhv
qryrv xvxÁulrv frqilÁyhlv É ghilqlgr %0% frqildqÇd +qÃr
frqilÁyho, rx %.% frqildqÇd +frqilÁyho, gdqgr xp vhqwlgr
sdud rv vlqdlv txh dsduhfhp dqwhv gr qrph gd pÁtxlqd1
Rv XvxÁulrv frqilÁyhlv vÃr frpr rv krvwv frqilÁyhlv vÓ
txh vh uhihuhp d xvxÁulrv txh suhwhqghp id}hu xp orjlq1
Vh iru frqiljxudgr txh xp xvxÁulr gh rxwur frpsxwdgru vh0
md xp xvxÁulr frqilÁyho frp d vxd frqwd/ hqwÃr hoh srgh or0
jdu qd vxd frqwd vhp whu txh gljlwdu d vhqkd1
DxwhqwlfdÇÃr
D dxwhqwlfdÇÃr gr uorjlq É ihlwd dwudyÉv gh grlv fdpl0
qkrv= sulphlur shor Nhuehurv h ghsrlv shorv dutxlyrv
krvwv1
Sulphlur r uorjlq whqwd xwlol}du d dxwhqwlfdÇÃr gr Nhueh0
urv +1norjlq, xwlol}dqgr xp vkhoo ghwhuplqdgr qd ydulÁyho gh
dpelhqwh WHUP @ +{whup/ hwhup/ olqx{/ u{yw/ hwf,1 Vh r vlv0
whpd qÃr hvwlyhu frqiljxudgr sdud vxsruwdu r Nhuehurv/ r
uorjlq xwlol}d r phfdqlvpr wudglflrqdo gh dxwrul}dÇÃr xwlol0
}dqgr rv dutxlyrv krvwv1
Qd dxwrul}dÇÃr xwlol}dqgr rv dutxlyrv krvwv/ r uorjlq ydu0
uh sulphludphqwh r dutxlyr 2hwf2krvwv1htxly h srvwhulruphq0
wh r dutxlyr 21ukrvwv frqiruph iljxud 351
H{hpsor= dutxlyr 1ukrvwv hp dwkxv

phor c os . des env . c om. br anamar i na
+ ar amhi s . des env . c om. br ev andr o
Xwlol}dÇÃr
R uorjlq xwlol}d r vhx suÓsulr qrph sdud id}hu d fkdpdgd
gr orjlq uhprwr srghqgr xwlol}du sdvvdjhp gh sduÂphwurv/
rsÇÕhv/ hqghuhÇr gd pÁtxlqd uhprwd h xvxÁulr1
Krvwv1htxly
R dutxlyr krvwv1htxly hvwÁ orfdol}dgr qr fdplqkr
2hwf2krvwv1htxly h frqwÉp d olvwd gh krvwv frqilÁyhlv sdud
pÁtxlqd vhuylgru1 Qhvwh dutxlyr fdgd olqkd gr frqwÉp xp
krvw frqilÁyho h rv xvxÁulrv fdgdvwudgrv qhvwh dutxlyr
srvvxhp dfhvvr d wrgdv dv frqwdv gr vlvwhpd/ phqrv d
frqwd gr urrw1 Hvwh dutxlyr É xwlol}dgr shor dgplqlvwudgru
gd uhgh/ sdud gdu dv shuplvvÕhv drv xvxÁulrv1
H{hpsor= dutxlyr krvwv1htxly
LCC01
Iljxud 5= Idvhv gd dxwhqwlfdÇÃr gr uorjlq
;3
UHGHV UORJLQ
Irupdwr=
uorjlq ^rsÇÕhv` ^hqghuhÇr gd pÁtxlqd uhprwd` ^xvxÁulr`
RsÇÕhv=
0O= shuplwh vhvvÃr hp %olwrxw%
0h= shuplwh d hvshflilfdÇÃr gr xvxÁulr gr fdudfwhuh gh
hvfdsh
0o= shuplwh d xwlol}dÇÃr gh rxwur xvxÁulr qÃr vhqgr r
xvxÁulr orjdgr
0n= uhtxlvlwd d exvfd gh wlfnhwv qd pÁtxlqd uhprwd qr gr0
pÍqlr
0{= kdelolwd d fulswrjudild GHV
%a]% vxvshqgh
%% vxvshqgh d sruÇÃr gh hqylr
orjrxw sdud vdlu vh qÃr vdlu gljlwh %1%
HqghuhÇr gd pÁtxlqd uhprwd= LS rx qrph qr GQV
H{hpsor gh xvr
r l ogi n
r l ogi n
t ór i o)
L 192. 168. 0. 1 ( t es t e f ei t o em l abor at ór i o)
l 192. 168. 0. 1 gr upo01 ( t es t e f ei t o em l abor a
H{hpsor gh xpd vhvvÃr
# r l ogi n c es ac l ab251
Las t l ogi n: Tue Out 10 17: 50: 07 on c ons ol e
Li nux Hed Hat 8 #1: Mon Out 10 17: 52: 01 EST 2004
uorjlq1surwrfro
R dutxlyr uorjlq1surwrfro srvvxl dv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv txh vh0
uÃr frqiljxudgdv sdud d xwlol}dÇÃr gr surjudpd uorjlq1 R du0
txlyr uorjlq1surwrfro hvwÁ orfdol}dgr qr fdplqkr 2xvu2vkd0
uh2vhuylfhv2uorjlq1surwrfro h dwudyÉv ghvvh dutxlyr r uorjlq
srvvxl wrgd d frqiljxudÇÃr qdv dÇÕhv vreuh dv frqh{Õhv
grv folhqwhv srghqgr frqiljxudu frpr wuxh/ idovh rx qrqh dv
rsÇÕhv sdud lpsxw/ rxwsxw/ khoshu/ olvwlqj/ uhdglqj/ zulwlqj/
pdnhglu h ghohwlqj1
Sruwdelolgdgh
R uorjlq irl ghvhqyroylgr sulphludphqwh sdud rv vlvwhpdv
Xql{ h srvwhulruphqwh sdud r Olqx{1 WdpeÉp É srvvÍyho or0
jlq uhprwr xwlol}dgr uorjlq sru phlr gh pÁtxlqdv Zlqgrzv
QW 713/ Zlqgrzv 5333/ Zlqgrzv [S h Zlqgrzv 5336 Vhu0
yhu1
Whvwh gh OderudwÓulr 0 FrqiljxudÇÃr
4, Irl fuldgr r dutxlyr krvwv1htxly qr gluhwÓulr 2hwf frp
shuplvvÕhv gh dfhvvr sdud d pÁtxlqd 35 gr juxsr341
5, Irl fuldgr r dutxlyr 1ukrvwv qr gluhwÓulr 2krph2jux0
sr341
Whvwhv
4, Qd pÁtxlqd 35 irl gljlwdgr r frpdqgr=
# r l ogi n L 10. 16. 1. 115
uhvxowdgr= Orjrx qd pÁtxlqd 34 frp r xvxÁulr juxsr34
gd pÁtxlqd 35 vhp d xwlol}dÇÃr gh vhqkd1
5, Qd pÁtxlqd 35 irl gljlwdgr r frpdqgr=
# r l ogi n l us uar i oX 10. 16. 1. 115
uhvxowdgr= Shglx vhqkd h frorfdprv d vhqkd gr xvxdul0
r[ gd pÁtxlqd 35 h qÃr orjrx1
6, Qd pÁtxlqd 34 irl fdgdvwudgr r xvxÁulr xvxdulr[
frp d vhqkd glihuhqwh gd pÁtxlqd 351 Qd pÁtxlqd 35 irl
gljlwdgr r frpdqgr=
# r l ogi n l us uar i oX 10. 16. 1. 115
Uhvxowdgr= Shglx vhqkd h frorfdprv d gd pÁtxlqd 35/
qÃr orjrx1 Frorfdprv d gd pÁtxlqd 34 h orjrx1
7, Il}hprv rv phvprv whvwhv 4/ 5 h 6 frp r dutxlyr
2hwf2krvwv1htxly ghvdelolwdgr h r dutxlyr 2krph2juxsr34
frp shuplvvÕhv sdud rv xvxÁulrv juxsr34 h xvxdulr[1 Hv0
vhv whvwhv wlyhudp r phvpr uhvxowdgr grv whvwhv 4/ 5 h 61
8, Wludprv d shuplvvÃr gh dfhvvr dwudyÉv grv dutxlyrv
krvwv1 Hp 2hwf2krvwv1ghq| wludprv d shuplvvÃr h r uorjlq
qÃr dfhvvrx1 Srvwhulruphqwh/ olehudprv sru phlr gr du0
txlyr 2hwf2krvwv1doorz h r uorjlq dfhvvrx d pÁtxlqd 341
9, Sdudprv r vhuylÇr {lqhwg h whqwdprv orjdu vhp vx0
fhvvr ghylgr dr idwr txh r {lqhwg jhuhqfld r uorjlq1
FrqfoxvÃr
Sdud d xwlol}dÇÃr gr uorjlq/ r vhuylÇr {lqhwg ghyh hvwdu
dwlyr h rv dutxlyrv 2hwf2krvwv1htxly rx r 2krph2xvxÁ0
ulr21ukrvwv ghyhp hvwdu frqiljxudgrv1 Wrgd d shuplvvÃr gh
dfhvvr dwudyÉv gd uhgh ghyh vhu frqiljxudgd sru phlr grv
dutxlyrv 2hwf2krvwv1dorz h 2hwf2krvwv1ghq|1 Wrgr xvxÁulr
txh iru xwlol}du d frqh{Ãr uhprwd dwudyÉv gr uorjlq/ ghyh
vhu fdgdvwudgr qd pÁtxlqd vhuylgrud h wdpeÉp olehudgr
sdud dfhvvr qrv dutxlyrv gh frqiljxudÇÃr gr uorjlq1
FOHLWRQ GH MHVXV IHUUHLUD É judgxdgr
hp FlÊqfld gd FrpsxwdÇÃr h sÓv0judgxdgr
hp Hqjhqkduld gh Vlvwhpdv/ LqirupÁwlfd qd
HgxfdÇÃr h Gluhlwr SÚeolfr1 Dqdolvwd gh
Vlvwhpdv frp 43 dqrv gh h{shulÊqfld hp
ghvhqyroylphqwr h dqÁolvh gh vlvwhpdv1
;4
IRUXP FDGª R PHX ERW£R LQLFLDUB
Vylohq Plohy 0 v{f1kx
FdgÊ r phx erwÃr lqlflduB
Sru DqguÉ Qrho
Hvwdprv hp 53431 Txdvh 53 dqrv gh ylgd gr Olqx{1
MÁ vdehprv txh r Olqx{ hvwÁ frp xpd erd pdwxulgdgh h
fdsd} gh frpshwlu frp txdotxhu rxwur vlvwhpd1 WdpeÉp
ilfdprv vdehqgr gh judqghv h phjd hpsuhvdv txh xvdp
r Olqx{ vhp sureohpdv1 Pdv dlqgd yhprv/ dtxl qr Eudvlo/
d pdlruld gdv hpsuhvdv xvdqgr Zlqgrzv/ dlqgd txh
sludwd/ vhp vdehu txh srghuldp hfrqrpl}du gh xpd irupd
ohjdo +%ohjdo% uhodwlyr d %ohl%, h gh txdolgdgh1
R h{hpsor pdlv devxugr txh yl hp xp frpÉuflr irl
hp YlÇrvd0PJ1 Iltxhl ihol} dr yhu xp frpsxwdgru hp
xpd ormd txh hvwdyd urgdqgr r surjudpd hp Olqx{/ pdv
dr rokdu gluhlwr yl txh wrgdv dv pÁtxlqdv hvsdokdgdv shod
ormd urgdp dojxpd yhuvÃr gr Zlqgrzv +[S rx dqwhulru,/
;5
dfhvvdqgr r surjudpd dwudyÉv gr Sxww| +folhqwh VVK sdud
Zlqgrzv,/ hp dojxp vhuylgru Olqx{1 Vh r surjudpd
sulqflsdo gd ormd urgd hp Olqx{/ srutxh jdvwdu frp
olfhqÇdv ZlqgrzvB Rx vhuÁ txh qÃr jdvwdpB
Lqihol}phqwh/ r pdlru sureohpd frp d pxgdqÇd É d
suÓsuld pxgdqÇd1 Wlyh xpd h{shulÊqfld gh pljudu dojxpdv
pÁtxlqdv gh xpd lqvwlwxlÇÃr sdud Olqx{1 Hx wlqkd gxdv
rsÇÕhv= frqiljxudu sdud ilfdu pdlv sduhflgr frp r
Zlqgrzv rx pdqwhu d lqwhuidfh sdguÃr gr Xexqwx1 Uhvroyl
id}hu d vhjxqgd sdud
whvwdu r uhvxowdgr1 Sru
pdlv txh hx wlyhvvh
hqvlqdgr h prvwudgr txh
wxgr hvwdyd glvsrqÍyho/
yh}
rx
rxwud
ph
fkdpdydp frp txhl{dv
edvhdgdv qd pxgdqÇd gd
lqwhuidfh1 QÃr srutxh
irvvh slru/ pdv srutxh
kdyld pxgdgr1
vlpsohv= hglwru gh wh{wrv/ jhuhqfldgru gh sodqlokdv/
qdyhjdgru zhe h r mrjr sdflÊqfld +ed}lqjd,1 Vhqgr
dvvlp/ vhp frqwdu rv glyhuvrv surjudpdv/ vh il}huprv dv
frqwdv dshqdv gr ydoru gd olfhqÇd gr vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo/
pxowlsolfdgr dr qÚphur gh pÁtxlqdv/ mÁ whprv xp erp
prwlyr sdud d pljudÇÃr1
SruÉp/ qÃr É dshqdv r phgr gd pxgdqÇd r
uhvsrqvÁyho shod lqÉufld txdqwr dr vriwzduh olyuh1 Xp
vhjxqgr idwru txh lqwhuihuh pxlwr É d qrvvd fxowxud gh
sludwduld lpsxqh1 Pxlwdv
hpsuhvdv
qÃr
hvwÃr
suhrfxsdgdv frp d txhvwÃr
gh olfhqÇdv gr Zlqgrzv1
Sdud pxlwrv hpsuhvÁulrv/ r
fxvwr gr Zlqgrzv vh
uhvxph d U';3/33 sdjr
sdud xp udsd} lqvwdodu r
vlvwhpd
hp
wrgdv
dv
pÁtxlqdv h/ hyhqwxdophqwh/
xp fxvwr d pdlv sdud
uhprÇÃr gh yÍuxv1
Lqihol}phqwh/ r pdlru
sureohpd frp d
pxgdqÇd
É
d
suÓsuld
pxgdqÇd1
Wlyh
xpd
h{shulÊqfld
gh
pljudu
dojxpdv pÁtxlqdv gh xpd
lqvwlwxlÇÃr sdud Olqx{1 Hx
wlqkd
gxdv
rsÇÕhv=
frqiljxudu sdud ilfdu pdlv
sduhflgr frp r Zlqgrzv rx
pdqwhu d lqwhuidfh sdguÃr gr
Xexqwx1
Xpd
rxwud
h{shulÊqfld txh wlyh irl
vdoydu
xpd
pÁtxlqd
dqwljd rqgh plqkd hvsrvd
wudedokdyd1 R frpsxwdgru
hud txdvh prylgr À
fduyÃr1 Frortxhl r Xexqwx
qhoh frp d lqwhuidfh
lgÊqwlfd dr Zlqgrzv [S1
Dv
shvvrdv
xvdudp
qrupdophqwh vhp vdehu DqguÉ Qrho
txh hud Olqx{ sru xp erp
whpsr1 Irudp grlv erqv
whvwhv sdud revhuydu d uhdÇÃr gdv shvvrdv iuhqwh À
pxgdqÇd1
R txh pdlv ph lpsuhvvlrqd É vdehu r txdqwr xpd
hpsuhvd hfrqrpl}duld xvdqgr vriwzduh olyuh/ vhqgr txh
qr gld d gld qÃr kdyhuld pxgdqÇdv qd irupd gh wudedokr1
Krmh hp gld/ pxlwdv hpsuhvdv xvdp surjudpdv hp
lqwhuidfh zhe/ r txh vljqlilfd pxowlsodwdirupd1 WdpeÉp/
pxlwrv whuplqdlv xvdgrv hp hpsuhvdv vÃr sdud xvr
Qr Iolvro ghvwh dqr/
hp PdulqjÁ0SU/ wlyh xpd
frqyhuvd pxlwr erd frp xp
grv
sdohvwudqwhv/
r
Doh{dqguh Gxduwh Urjrvnl1
Hoh whp xpd hpsuhvd txh
wudedokd frp hvvd txhvwÃr
gh ohjdol}dÇÃr gh vriwzduh
hp
hpsuhvdv1
Hohv
wudedokdp gh xpd irupd
pxlwr lqwhuhvvdqwh/ hohv
id}hp
frqvxowruld
d
hpsuhvdv d uhvshlwr gd vlwxdÇÃr ohjdo hp txh vh
hqfrqwudp h/ fdvr kdmd luuhjxodulgdgh/ rihuhfhp gxdv
rsÇÕhv= d uhjxodul}dÇÃr gdv olfhqÇdv +txh hohv phvprv
yhqghp, rx d pljudÇÃr1 R irfr gdv plqkdv txhvwÕhv ilfrx
hp wruqr gh frpr dqgdp dv hpsuhvdv iuhqwh À pljudÇÃr1
Frqiruph r hvshudgr/ hoh ph idorx gd eduuhlud txh
É r phgr gd pxgdqÇd1 SruÉp/ d hvwudwÉjld txh xvdp É
dsuhvhqwdu qÃr xpd pxgdqÇd gh vriwzduh/ pdv xpd
;6
dwxdol}dÇÃr1 Fdvr kdmd xpd pxgdqÇd gr sdfrwh riilfh txh
d hpsuhvd xvd sdud RshqRiilfh1ruj/ d lghld É dsuhvhqwdu
frpr xpd dwxdol}dÇÃr gr sdfrwh riilfh sdud r
RshqRiilfh1ruj1 VÓ lvvr mÁ uhgx} pxlwr r lpsdfwr gd
pxgdqÇd1
DoÉp glvvr/ hohv dsuhvhqwdp Àv hpsuhvdv d
uhdolgdgh gd uhjxodul}dÇÃr1 Hx phvpr qÃr vdeld txh fdvr
xpd hpsuhvd vhmd dxwxdgd/ h{lvwh xpd olfhqÇd gr
Zlqgrzv hvshfÍilfd sdud uhjxodul}dÇÃr txh É ehp pdlv
fdud txh xpd lqlfldo h txh É d Úqlfd txh srgh vhu xvdgd
dsÓv xpd dxwxdÇÃr1
Pdv txdo r sureohpd vh qÃr kÁ ilvfdol}dÇÃrB QÃr
vhl d uhdolgdgh gr Eudvlo/ pdv vhpsuh dfkhl txh qÃr kdyld
ilvfdol}dÇÃr hp PdulqjÁ1 Sdud vh whu xpd lghld/ hx
wudedokhl hp xpd hpsuhvd rqgh phx hvwÔpdjr vh
uhyludyd/ srlv kdyld glyhuvdv pÁtxlqdv frp Zlqgrzv h
Riilfh vhp olfhqÇd/ qhp phvpr dv ihuudphqwdv
hvshfÍilfdv gh ghvhqyroylphqwr xvdgdv hudp ohjdol}dgdv1
Lvvr ghx xpd vhqvdÇÃr judqgh gh lpsxqlgdgh1 Pdv r
suÓsulr Doh{dqguh ph frqwrx fdvrv lqwhuhvvdqwhv gh
ilvfdol}dÇÃr hp PdulqjÁ1 D ilvfdol}dÇÃr dfrqwhfh/ vÓ txh
sulqflsdophqwh dwudyÉv gh ghqÚqfldv/ h hvwdv jhudophqwh
yhp gd erqgrvd frqfruuÊqfld/ suhrfxsdgd frp r ehp
hvwdu gd frqvflÊqfld olpsd h ohjdol}dgd gd hpsuhvd hp
txhvwÃr +ed}lqjd,1
Xp rxwur srqwr hp txh qÃr wrfdprv É d txhvwÃr
grv vriwzduhv ohjdgrv txh d hpsuhvd xvd d dqrv
ghshqghqwh gh xp ghwhuplqdgr vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo rx
phvpr kdugzduhv hvshfÍilfrv txh qÃr olehudp vhxv
gulyhuv sdud Olqx{ h txh vÃr hvvhqfldlv1 QÃr suhwhqgr
dsurixqgdu qhvwd txhvwÃr/ pdv uhfrphqgr r wh{wr vreuh
sruwdelolgdgh txh vdlx qd hglÇÃr dqwhulru1
Ówlpd rsÇÃr/ sulqflsdophqwh sdud hpsuhvdv/ ghylgr À
hfrqrpld txh sursruflrqd1 © oÓjlfr txh r xvxÁulr
grpÉvwlfr É txhp pdlv ydl fxuwlu r vriwzduh olyuh/ h{sorudu
dv srvvlelolgdghv h vh h{lelu sdud rv dpljrv txh wÊp
phqrv sdjdqgr pdlv/ pdv sdud r gld d gld gr phufdgr gh
wudedokr r vriwzduh olyuh É pxlwr ydqwdmrvr h mÁ yhp vhqgr
xvdgr hp judqgh hvfdod/ phvpr txh ghqwur gh vlvwhpdv
rshudflrqdlv sursulhwÁulrv1
Frqyhuvdqgr frp xp rxwur dpljr/ hoh ph dqlprx
idodqgr vreuh frpr d dgrÇÃr gh vriwzduh olyuh yhp
fuhvfhqgr h vh ilupdqgr hqwuh dv hpsuhvdv1 Frp fhuwh}d/
frphÇdp shod txhvwÃr hfrqÔplfd/ sdud ghsrlv
shufhehuhp txh d pxgdqÇd txh il}hudp uhdophqwh ydohx
d shqd1
Sdud pdlv lqirupdÇÕhv
Vlwh Iolvro PdulqjÁ2SU=
kwws=22glq1xhp1eu2iolvro
Vlwh DqguÉ Qrho
kwws=22zzz1dqguhqrho1frp1eu
DQGUH QRHO É edfkduho hp FlÊqfld gd
FrpsxwdÇÃr2XHP/ ghvhqyroyhgru zhe/
xvxÁulr h hqwxvldvwd gr Xexqwx1
Frqfoxlqgr/ r vriwzduh olyuh vh dsuhvhqwd frpr xpd
;7
IRUXP DEDQGRQZDUH
Pdufhor Jhush 0 v{f1kx
DEDQGRQZDUH
Sru Gdljr Dvxnd
Hp xpd shtxlvd vreuh vroxÇÕhv olyuhv sdud lprelolÁuld/
folqlfd pÉglfd/ dfdghpld h dxwr0shÇdv/ ghsduhl0ph frp
xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh surmhwrv lqlfldgrv h dedqgrqd0
grv1111 d pdlv gh 5 rx 6 dqrv1 VÃr surmhwrv lqwhuhvvdqwhv
frpr d lqwhuidfh juÁilfd WGH h r vlvwhpd LprelolÁuld SKS
+qdflrqdo,/ rx r RshqFolqlf/ pxlwrv ghohv srghuldp whu0vh
wruqdgr pdgxurv h deudqjhqwhv vh wlyhvvhp frqwlqxdgr1
SruÉp/ r txh dfrqwhfhx sdud hvvhv surmhwrv pruuhuhpB
R txh rfruuh qd judqgh pdlruld gdv yh}hv É txh surjud0
pdgruhv lqghshqghqwhv lqlfldp xp surmhwr sdud dojxpd
Áuhd/ dfdedp dedqgrqdqgr0r sru qÃr uhfhehu dsrlr +il0
qdqfhlur rx froderudwlyr, h uhfrqkhflphqwr1 Ghvhqyroyhu
xp vriwzduh/ sru pdlv vlpsohv txh hoh +r vriwzduh, vhmd/
Dojxqv h{hpsorv gh fÓgljr olyuh
;8
IRUXP DEDQGRQZDUH
uhtxhu whpsr h ghglfdÇÃr1 Sru pdlv iruÇd gh yrqwdgh txh
vh whqkd/ wrgr pÊv whprv frqwdv d sdjdu/ r dolphqwr gr
gld d gld sdud frpsudu> pxlwdv yh}hv suhflvdprv id}hu kr0
ud h{wud sdud frqvhjxlu sdjdu wdqwdv frqwdv> dtxhoh Âqlpr
gr lqlflr gr surmhwr ydl vxplqgr frp r sdvvdu gr whpsr1
Frpr frqvhtxÊqfld/ xpd exvfd sru vroxÇÕhv sdud ghwhu0
plqdgdv Áuhdv hp vlwhv frpr VrxufhIrujh h FÓgljr Ol0
yuh/ dsuhvhqwdp xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh Dedqgrqzduh1
R sruwdo FÓgljr Olyuh É xpd lqlfldwlyd qdflrqdo sdud krv0
shgdu h froderudu frp r jhuhqfldphqwr gh surmhwrv/ wdo fr0
pr r VrxufhIrujh1 © pdqwlgr shod Xqlydwhv +UV, h Xql0
fdps +VS, vhqgr dsrldgr shod frrshudwlyd Vrrolv1
H{lvwh xpd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh vroxÇÕhv fdgdvwudgdv
qhoh/ sruÉp/ d judqgh pdlruld/ doÉp gh hvwduhp dedqgrqd0
gdv/ vhtxhu glvsrqlelol}dudp xp hverÇr gh fÓgljr0irqwh1
DwÉ 533</ xpd hpsuhvd jdÚfkd fkdpdgd Dsrhqd/ pdq0
wlqkd R Vlvwhpd ILHO FrqwÁelo xp vriwzduh olyuh gh frqwdel0
olgdgh h ruÇdphqwr/ ghvhqyroylgr frpr sduwh lqwhjudqwh
gr Surmhwr ILHO/ whqgr lqlflr hp 5336/ dwudyÉv gd qhfhvvl0
gdgh gr Vlqglfdwr grv EdqfÁulrv gh Sruwr Dohjuh h UhjlÃr
gh lqirupdwl}du vhx vhwru gh frqwdelolgdgh h dr phvpr
whpsr xwlol}du ihuudphqwdv txh irvvhp olyuhv h txh shuplwlv0
vhp d wudqvsduÊqfldv gdv dÇÕhv dgplqlvwudwlydv gd hqwlgd0
gh/ txh dfderx dvvxplqgr rv fxvwrv ilqdqfhlurv gr ghvhq0
yroylphqwr gd sulphlud yhuvÃr gr vriwzduh/ mÁ edvwdqwh
hvwÁyho h frpsohwr1 Lqihol}phqwh/ rv vlwhv/ wdqwr gd hpsuh0
vd txdqwr gd vroxÇÃr *ghvdsduhfhudp*1 Dwxdophqwh/ É srv0
vÍyho edl{d0or hp= kwws=22zzz1rshqhus1qhw1eu2qrgh2681
Uhvvxvflwdqgr xp surmhwr
Sru pdlv lqwhuhvvh txh vh whqkd hp dvvxplu r ghvhqyro0
ylphqwr gh xp dedqgrqzduh/ dv glilfxogdghv vÃr yduldgdv
WGH qr Elj Olqx{ 6
vhqgr d pdlv wudglflrqdo/ r ghvhqyroyhgru ruljlqdo qÃr
xvdu pdlv r h0pdlo txh frqvwd qd sÁjlqd gr surmhwr/ lp0
srvvlelolwdqgr dvvxplu *rilfldophqwh* r surmhwr1 Vh ehp
txh/ frpr r fÓgljr0irqwh hvwÁ glvsrqÍyho qd sÁjlqd gh
grzqordg +qr VrxufhIrujh h qr FÓgljr Olyuh lvvr É reul0
jdwÓulr/ doÉp gh vhu xp grv whuprv gd JSO,/ É srvvÍyho
edl{du hvvh fÓgljr/ id}hu dowhudÇÕhv h fuldu xp qryr uhsr0
vlwÓulr sdud hoh/ dwÉ frp rxwur qrph/ frpr qr fdvr gr Pu
Surmhfw/ txh wruqrx0vh r Sodqhu1
Rxwur sureohpd frvwxpd vhu frp r fÓgljr glvsrqÍyho/
txh srgh qÃr whu vlgr +ehp, grfxphqwdgr/ rx hvwdu suhvr
d dojxpd yhuvÃr/ sru h{hpsor gr Edqfr gh Gdgrv/ reul0
jdqgr r qryr ghvhqyroyhgru d sudwlfdphqwh uhhv0
fuhyhu r vlvwhpd ruljlqdo1
WdpeÉp É edvwdqwh ghvdqlpdgru txdqgr dqxq0
fld0vh txh ghwhuplqdgd vroxÇÃr hvwÁ vhqgr uhdwlyd0
gd +vlwhv frpr Eu0Olqx{ h Qrwlfldv Olqx{ id}hp lvvr
judwxlwdphqwh,/ h dfrqwhfh 5 fdvrv hp hvshfÍilfr=
34 ^ Uhfheh0vh frqwdwr gh glyhuvrv lqwhuhvvdgrv
hp froderudu pdv txdqgr É hvshflilfdgr r txh
fdgd xp srgh id}hu/ rx É shglgr sdud id}huhp
dojr/ vlpsohvphqwh ghvdsduhfhp1
35 ^ Rv wuroov gh sodqwÃr fulwlfdp h whqwdp ghvd0
qlpd0or1
Pdv/ vh lqghshqghqwh
gdv glilfxogdghv/ yrfÊ
dlqgd whp lqwhuhvvh hp frqwul0
exlu frp d uhdwlydÇÃr gh dojxp
surmhwr/ d glfd pdlv eÁvlfd É
shvtxlvdu sru surmhwrv
lqdwlyrv qr FÓgljr Olyuh
;9
IRUXP DEDQGRQZDUH
Lqwhuidfh gr RshqFolqlf
Hx sduwlfxoduphqwh hqfduhl rv grlv sureohpdv txdqgr dv0
vxpl r surmhwr Olqx{Vwrn/ yÁulrv surjudpdgruhv SKS hqyl0
dudp h0pdlov lqwhuhvvdgrv hp froderudu/ pdv qd krud gh
sru d pÃr qd pdvvd/ dv ghvfxosdv irudp dv pdlv yduld0
gdv1
Pdv/ vh lqghshqghqwh gdv glilfxogdghv/ yrfÊ dlqgd whp
lqwhuhvvh hp frqwulexlu frp d uhdwlydÇÃr gh dojxp surmhwr/
d glfd pdlv eÁvlfd É shvtxlvdu sru surmhwrv lqdwlyrv qr FÓ0
gljr Olyuh +dwÉ srutxh qÃr vhuÁ qhfhvvÁulr wudgx}l0orv sdud
qrvvr lglrpd/ frpr É r fdvr gd judqgh pdlruld gdv vrox0
ÇÕhv gr VrxufhIrujh, h dqdolvdu xpd Áuhd txh pdlv sduh0
fhu lqwhuhvvdqwh/ hqyldu xp h0pdlo sdud r+d, lghdol}dgru+d,
h wrufhu sdud txh hvvd irupd gh frqwdwr dlqgd vhmd xvdgd
h rewhu shuplvvÃr rilfldo gh wruqdu0vh r pdqwhqhgru1 Frpr
dowhuqdwlyd/ É srvvÍyho fuldu xp irun gr vlvwhpd ruljlqdo h
gdu frqwlqxlgdgh frp xp qryr qrph1
Vh iru wudedokdu hp dojxp dedqgrqzduh/ qÃr É reuljdwÓ0
ulr xvdu d olqjxdjhp ruljlqdo qr txdo hoh irl fuldgr/ sulqfl0
sdophqwh vh r fÓgljr glvsrqÍyho dwÉ hqwÃr iru pxlwr exjd0
gr rx pdx hvfulwr1 Fdvr ghflgd txh É phokru
uhhvfuhyh0or/ É uhfrphqgdgr id}h0or shqvdqgr hp dgds0
wd0or d frpsxwdÇÃr hp qxyhqv1
Rxwud glfd= qd gÚylgd txdqwr d Áuhd pdlv lqwhuhvvdqwh
sdud lqyhvwluB Xpd erd rsÇÃr É lu dwÉ r Vheudh +vhmd hp
xp hvfulwÓulr hp vxd flgdgh/ rx qr vlwh gr vhx hvwdgr, h
shvtxlvdu txdlv vÃr dv Áuhdv txh hvwÃr uhfhehqgr pdlv
dwhqÇÃr +sru h{/ qr SdudqÁ/ Dfdghpldv/ ³wlfdv Ormdv gh
Duwljrv hvsruwlyrv h srvvxhp xp surjudpd hvshfldo gh
ghvhqyroylphqwr,1
Fdvr qÃr whqkd dfkdgr qhp xp dedqgrqzduh sdud r
vhwru hvfroklgr/ surfxuh dojxp surmhwr qr VrxufhIrujh/ lq0
ghshqghqwh gr lglrpd qr txdo irl fuldgr/ dilqdo/ vhqgr xp
Vriwzduh Olyuh/ yrfÊ srgh wudgx}l0or/ qhvwh fdvr/ phvpr
xp vriwzduh txh dlqgd hvwhmd vhqgr frqvwdqwhphqwh dwxd0
ol}dgr1
Xpd uhfrphqgdÇÃr ilqdo= r phufdgr hvwÁ ilfdqgr vdwx0
udgr gh vroxÇÕhv gh HUS h FUP/ srlv mÁ h{lvwhp gÚ}ldv
gh surmhwrv/ frpr Dghpslhuh/ yWljhu/ RshqHUS/ FU[/
Vwrt/ RshqEudyr/ Frpslhuh/ vhqgr pdlv lqwhuhvvdqwh fr0
oderudu frp r ghvhqyroylphqwr2dshuihlÇrdphqwr ghohv1
Dedqgrqzduh lqwhuhvvdqwhv
Ilho FrqwÁelo/ WGH/ RshqFolqlf/ YRFS/ Wx{Vwrn/ Orrnlqj
Jodvv/ Vljdh +Vlvwhpd sdud dxwrpdÇÃr gh Dxwr Hvfrod,1
Sdud frqwulexlu frp r Ilho FrqwÁelo/ hqwuh hp frqwdwr
frp Urqdogr SÁgxod/ txh É frqwdgru h hvwÁ lqwhuhvvdgr
hp pdqwhu r vlvwhpd ylyr1
GDLJR DVXND É whfqlfr hp
lqirupÁwlfd ghvgh 4<<:1 XvxÁulr gh
Olqx{ ghvgh 5339/ dwxdophqwh wudedokd
hp xp surmhwr gh Olqx{ yrowdgr d
hpsuhvdv/ doÉp gh hvwdu id}hqgr xp
fxuvr gh vhjxudqÇd kdfnhu/ dwxd frpr
uhsuhvhqwdqwh gh lpsuhqvd gd HvsÍulwr
Olyuh qr SdudqÁ h hvwÁ ilqdol}dqgr xp
fxuvr frpsohwr gh Olqx{1
;:
IRUXP##OLEHUGDGH
Olehugdgh
Sru#Kdlowrq#Gdylg#Ohprv
]vx}vdqqd#Nloldq#0#v{f1kx
Olehugdgh/# hp# ilorvrild/# ghvljqd# gh# xpd#
pdqhlud# qhjdwlyd/# d# dxvÊqfld# gh# vxeplvvÃr/# gh#
vhuylgÃr# h# gh# ghwhuplqdÇÃr/# lvwr# É/# hod# txdolilfd#
d#lqghshqgÊqfld#gr#vhu#kxpdqr1#Gh#pdqhlud#sr0
vlwlyd/#olehugdgh#vÃr#d#dxwrqrpld#h#d#hvsrqwdqhl0
gdgh# gh# xp# vxmhlwr# udflrqdo1# Lvwr# É/# hod# txdolilfd#
h# frqvwlwxl# d# frqglÇÃr# grv# frpsruwdphqwrv# kx0
pdqrv# yroxqwÁulrv1# QÃr# vh# wudwd# gh# xp# frqfhlwr#
devwudwr1#©#qhfhvvÁulr#revhuydu#txh#iloÓvrirv#fr0
pr#Vduwuh#h#Vfkrshqkdxhu#exvfdp/#hp#vhxv#hv0
fulwrv/# dwulexlu# hvwd# txdolgdgh# dr# vhu# kxpdqr#
olyuh1# QÃr# vh# wudwd# gh# xpd# vhsdudÇÃr# hqwuh# d# ol0
ehugdgh# h# r# krphp/# pdv# vlp# gh# xpd# vlqhujld#
hqwuh# dperv# sdud# d# dxwr0dilupdÇÃr# gr# Hjr# h#
vxd# h{lvwÊqfld1# H# qd# htxdÇÃr# hqwuh# Olehugdgh# h#
Yrqwdgh/#revhuyd0vh#txh#r#txhuhu#vhu#olyuh#wruqd0
vh# d# iruÇd0prwul}# h/# sdudgr{lfdphqwh/# r# lqvwux0
phqwr#sdud#d#olehudÇÃr#gr#krphp1
;;
IRUXP##OLEHUGDGH
Srlv# ehp/# dsÓv# hvwd# lqwurgxÇÃr# ylqgd# gd#
ZlnlsÉgld/# ydprv# glvfxwlu# d# olehugdgh# ghqwur# gd#
Áuhd# gh# vriwzduh# h# d# sduwlu# gdl# srghprv# gl}hu#
txh#vh#idod#pxlwr#hp#olehugdgh/#glvfxwlvvh#pxlwr#
d#wdo#olehugdgh/#pdv#xowlpdphqwh#r#txh#yhprv#É#
txh# hvvd# wdo# olehugdgh# hvwd# ilfdqgr# fdgd# yh}#
pdlv# fhufhdgd/# sulqflsdophqwh# txdqgr# vh# wudwd#
gd#Áuhd#gh#ghvhqyroylphqwr#gh#vriwzduh#h#hvsh0
flilfdphqwh#surjudpdÇÃr1#
vhu#frqvlghudgr#xp#erp#surjudpdgru#rx#dqdolv0
wd#h#dvvlp#vh#frqvljd#xpd#frorfdÇÃr#qr#phufd0
gr# gh# wudedokr1# H# qrydphqwh# yrowd# d# shujxqwd#
txh#qÃr#txhu#vh#fdodu/#rqgh#hvwd#d#olehugdgh#gh#
hvfrokd#txh#wdqwr#ghihqghprvB#
Olehugdgh#hvvd#txh#wdqwr#exvfdprv/#h#qhv0
wd# exvfd# lpsholprv# sdud# irud# gd# vrflhgdgh# gr#
vriwzduh# olyuh# hpsuhvdv# txh# txhuhp# glwdu# sd0
guÕhv#txh#ihuhp#d#olehugdgh/#srlv#txhuhp#lpsru#
©# qrwÓulr# txh# hvwdprv# vhqgr# lpsholgr# fd0 vhpsuh#fÓgljrv#ihfkdgrv#h#shvdgrv/#pdv#ghl{d0
gd#gld#pdlv#d#wudedokdu#frp#iudphzrunv/#ghl{dq0 prv# gh# odgr# d# olehugdgh# gh# hvfrokd# gr# txh# fr0
gr# gh# odgr# d# olehugdgh# gd# hvfrokd# hp# rswdu# sru# qkhfhu#h#gr#txh#xwlol}du1#R#xvr#gr#vriwzduh#olyuh#
xwlol}du#rx#qÃr#xp#sdguÃr#vlpsolvwd/#sxulvwd#h#oh0 h# frqvhtÜhqwhphqwh# d# olehugdgh/# dvvhjxud# d#
yh#gh#surjudpdÇÃr/#h#qrv#yhprv/#pxlwdv#yh}hv/# srvvlelolgdgh#gh#grplqdu#dv#whfqrorjldv#txh#xwlol0
lpsholgrv#d#xwlol}du#iudphzrunv#txh#qÃr#ududphq0 }dprv/# vhjxlqgr# sdguÕhv# txh# qÃr# hqyroydp# r#
wh#vÃr#prglvprv#rx#phvpr#pxlwr#shvdgrv#h#gh# xvr#gh#iudphzrunv1#
gliÍflo#frpsuhhqvÃr/#hqwhqglphqwr#h#gh#edl{d#sur0
R#prylphqwr#shor#vriwzduh#olyuh#É#xpd#hyl0
gxwlylgdgh/# wxgr# hp# qrph# gh# vh# vhjxlu# h# ghilqlu# gÊqfld# gh# txh# d# vrflhgdgh# gd# lqirupdÇÃr# srgh#
sdguÕhv1# SdguÃr# É# dojr# lpsruwdqwÍvvlpr/# h# lvvr# vhu# d# vrflhgdgh# gr# frpsduwlokdphqwr# h# gr# uhv0
qÃr#vh#glvfxwh/#wrgr#surmhwr#ghyh#vhjxlu#xp#sd0 shlwr# À# vlpsolflgdgh# h# dr# sdguÃr/# vhp# shughu# d#
guÃr/# pdv# h# d# olehugdgh# gh# hvfrokd# rqgh# ilfdB# txdolgdgh#gr#surgxwr#surgx}lgr/#vhp#qhfhvvdul0
Srvvr# rx# qÃr# srvvr/# ghyr# rx# qÃr# ghyr# xwlol}du# dphqwh# vhu# reuljdgr# d# xwlol}du# iudphzrunv/# txh/#
iudphzrunB#Hvwd#uhvsrvwd#srgh#hvwdu#qr#phufd0 sru# pdlv# olyuhv# txh# vhmdp# rx# srvvdp# vhu/# wud0
gr1#Pdv#txhp#É#r#phufdgrB#R#phufdgr#vrprv# }hp# hpexwlgrv# hp# vxd# hvvÊqfld# dv# fruuhqwhv#
qÓv># txh# oxwdprv# shod# olehugdgh# gr# vriwzduh# rx# gr#vriwzduh#sursulhwÁulr1#
shor#vriwzduh#olyuh/#vÓ#txh#dr#phvpr#whpsr#id}h0
prv# r# surfhvvr# lqyhuvr1# Sdud# qruwhdu# hvwd# dilu0
pdÇÃr# shufhed# d# irupd# frp# txh# r# phufdgr#
txhu#sdgurql}du#rx#fuldu#sdguÕhv/#r#prghor#dgr0
Duwljr#qd#Zlnlshgld#vreuh#Olehugdgh
wdgr# É# dwudyÉv# gd# iruÇd1# IruÇdqgr# r# xvr/# sru#
kwws=22sw1zlnlshgld1ruj2zlnl2Olehugdgh
h{hpsor/#gh#ghwhuplqdgrv#iudphzrun/#h#lvvr#É#r#
txh# fhufhld# d# olehugdgh/# h# hvwh# fhufhdphqwr#
Duwljr#qd#Zlnlshgld#vreuh#Iudphzrun
qÃr#txhu#gl}hu#ghl{du#gh#whu#sdguÃr#rx#gh#vhjxlu#
kwws=22sw1zlnlshgld1ruj2zlnl2Iudphzrun
xp# sdguÃr1# Revhuyh/# sru# h{hpsor/# rv# dqÚqflrv#
gh# hpsuhjrv# sdud# d# Áuhd# gh# ghvhqyroylphqwr#
gh# vriwzduh# sdud# surjudpdgruhv# rx# dqdolvwdv/# d#
h{ljÊqfld# É# txh# vhpsuh# vh# frqkhÇd/# d# ixqgr/#
KDLOWRQ#GDYLG#OHPRV#+kdlowrqCwhu0
ud1frp1eu,#Edfkduho#hp#DgplqlvwudÇÃr#gh#
xp#rx#pdlv#iudphzrunv1#
DwÉ#fhuwr#whpsr#dwuÁv#hud#qhfhvvÁulr#r#fr0
qkhflphqwr#sxur#hp#vhx#vhqwlgr#pdlv#dpsor#h#lu0
uhvwulwr/# rqgh# r# olplwh# hud# d# lpdjlqdÇÃr# h# d#
fuldwlylgdgh/# krmh/# qr# hqwdqwr# hvwdprv# h# vrprv#
wrolgrv# ghvwd# olehugdgh/# srutxh# d# lqgÚvwuld# gr#
vriwzduh/# txh# qÓv# hvwdprv# sru# wuÁv# ghod/# h{ljh#
txh# vh# grplqh# shor# phqrv# xp# iudphzrun# sdud#
Hpsuhvdv/#Whfqrorjr#hp#Lqwhuqhw#h#Uh0
ghv/#Hvshfldolvwd#hp=#Whfqrorjld#gd#Lqiru0
pdÇÃr/#Sodqhmdphqwr#h#JhvwÃr#
HvwudwÉjlfd/#PdwhpÁwlfd#h#Hvwdwlvwlfd1#Wud0
edokd#frp#ghvhqyroylphqwr#gh#Vlvwhpd#
kÁ#pdlv#gh#53#dqrv/#dwxdophqwh#ghvhqyro0
yh#vlvwhpdv#hvshfldolvwdv#yrowdgrv#À#sod0
qhmdphqwr#hvwudwÉjlfr/#wrpdgd#gh#
ghflvÃr#h#qrupdv#LVR#xwlol}dqgr#sodwdiru0
pd#Mdyd#h#whfqrorjld#Shuo/#YED/#RZF/#É#
phpeur#gr#JRMDYD#+zzz1jrmdyd1ruj,1
;<
IRUXP##VRIWZDUH#OLYUH#FRPR#DOWHUQDWLYD#GH#VXFHVVR
Vriwzduh#Olyuh#frpr#
dowhuqdwlyd#gh#vxfhvvr
Sru#Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
Pln
h#M
rkq
vrq
#0#v
{f1k
x
R#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#yhp#vhqgr#ghedwlgr/#frp#
pxlwrv# suÓv# h# frqwudv/# hp# yÁuldv# Áuhdv# sÚeolfdv#
h# sulydgdv1# FrqyÉp# revhuydu# frp# dwhqÇÃr# rv#
dvshfwrv# derugdgrv# qhvvh# ghedwh/# srlv# ghohv#
srgh0vh# dgrwdu# vroxÇÕhv# whfqroÓjlfdv# dowdphqwh#
vdwlvidwÓuldv# sdud# dwhqghu# d# ghpdqgdv# gr# vhwru#
sÚeolfr1
D# sulphlud# txhvwÃr# d# vhu# revhuydgd/# h# txh#
pdlv# fkdpd# d# dwhqÇÃr/# gl}# uhvshlwr# dr# fxvwr1#
Pxlwrv# frqvlghudp# r# vriwzduh# olyuh# frpr# xp#
vriwzduh#judwxlwr1#Lvwr#Q£R#É#yhugdgh1#R#vriwzd0
uh# olyuh# É# dvvlp# fkdpdgr# ghylgr# Àv# olehugdghv#
txh# vÃr# lqhuhqwhv# À# vxd# olfhqÇd=# olehugdgh# gh#
h{hfxÇÃr# sdud# txdotxhu# sursÓvlwr/# olehugdgh# gh#
frpsuhhqvÃr# gr# fÓgljr0irqwh# h# gh# dowhudÇÕhv#
sdud#vxdv#qhfhvvlgdghv/#olehugdgh#gh#uhglvwulexl0
ÇÃr#h/#sru#ilp/#olehugdgh#gh#glvwulexlÇÃr#gh#fÓsl0
dv# frp# vxdv# prglilfdÇÕhv1# QÃr# É# qhfhvvÁuld#
qhqkxpd#judwxlgdgh#sdud#r#vriwzduh#vhu#wudwdgr#
frpr# vriwzduh# olyuh1#D# fulwÉulr# gh# txhp# r# glvwul0
exl/# srgh# kdyhu# xp# fxvwr# sdud# vhx# xvxÁulr/# r#
txh#qÃr#lpsolfd#hp#deglfdu#gh#txdlvtxhu#gdv#ol0
ehugdghv#lqglfdgdv#dflpd1#Sdud#lqÚphurv#xvxÁ0
<3
ulrv/#srxfr#lpsruwd#r#fÓgljr0irqwh/#remhwr#gh#gh0
vhmr# sdud# txhp# hvwÁ# hqyroylgr# frp# whfqrorjldv#
gljlwdlv1# Lpsruwd# r# txdqwr# vh# whuÁ# txh# sdjdu# sd0
ud#xwlol}du#wdo#rx#txdo#vriwzduh/#vxdv#dsolfdÇÕhv#h#
vxd#uhvroxwlylgdgh#+vh#dwhqgh#dr#txh#vh#sursÕh,1
R# Eudvlo# srghuÁ# hfrqrpl}du# pdlv# gh# XV'#
:33#plokÕhv#sru#dqr#dr#wurfdu#r#vriwzduh#sursul0
hwÁulr#shor#olyuh/#gh#dfrugr#frp#Gmdopd#Ydorlv#Il0
okr/# dvvhvvru# gr# gluhwru0suhvlghqwh# gr# Lqvwlwxwr#
Qdflrqdo#gh#Whfqrorjld#gd#LqirupdÇÃr#+LWL,#sdud#
Pdv# É# rx# qÃr# judwxlwrB# Vlpsohv# dvvlp/# vÓ# dvvxqwrv# gh# vriwzduh# olyuh1# D# xwlol}dÇÃr# ghvvd#
ydflqd#hp#whpsrv#gh#hslghpld$#Rv#irqwhv#+dtxh0 whfqrorjld#qÃr#jhud#dshqdv#hfrqrpld/#pdv#wdp0
ohv#fÓgljrv#txh#txdotxhu#xp#srgh#ph{hu#h#txh# eÉp# wud}# pdlv# vhjxudqÇd1# Gh# dfrugr# frp# Yd0
vhuyhp# sdud# jhudu# xp# %surjudpd# gh# frpsxwd0 orlv/# r# Eudvlo# sdjd/# sru# dqr/# XV'# 4# elokÃr# gh#
gru%,#srghp#vhu#judwxlwrv/#pdv#É#qhfhvvÁulr#suh0 olfhqÇd#sdud#hpsuhvdv#gh#lqirupÁwlfd#gr#pxqgr#
yhu#rv#fxvwrv#gh#lqvwdodÇÃr/#vxsruwh/#dwxdol}dÇÃr# lqwhlur1# Frp# d# pljudÇÃr# gh# wrgdv# dv# pÁtxlqdv#
gr# jryhuqr# sdud# vriwzduhv#
gr# vlvwhpd# h# wuhlqdphq0
olyuhv/# hvvh# ydoru# ghyh# vhu#
wr# gh# xvxÁulrv1# Fhuwd0
uhgx}lgr#hp#fhufd#gh#:3(1
phqwh#
ghyhuÃr#
vhu#
lqfoxÍgrv# rv# fxvwrv# gh#
fuldÇÃr#gr#wdo#fÓgljr0irq0
wh#vh#hvvh#iru#r#fdvr1
Edqfr# gr# Eudvlo/# Fdl0
{d# hfrqÔplfd# Ihghudo/# Ph0
wuÔ# gh# VÃr# Sdxor/# Jryhuqr#
gr#FhduÁ/#Jryhuqr#gr#Sdud0
qÁ/# ghqwuh# lqÚphurv# rxwurv/#
doÉp#gr#jryhuqr#ihghudo/#id0
}hp# sduwh# gr# frqmxqwr# gh#
hqwlgdghv# sÚeolfdv# txh# vr0
pdp# hviruÇrv# sdud# dgrÇÃr#
h# lpsodqwdÇÃr# gr# vriwzduh#
olyuh1#
##R#Jryhuqr#
Ihghudo/#doÉp#gh#
hvwlpxodu#h#dgrwdu#r#
vriwzduh#olyuh/#hoderurx#
xp#urwhlur#gh#
lpsodqwdÇÃr#ghvvh#wlsr#
D# vhjxqgd# txhvwÃr# d#
gh#vriwzduh1#
vhu# revhuydgd# gl}# uhvshlwr#
Pdv# d# h{shulÊqfld#
yhp# prvwudqgr/# hp#
xvxÁulrv# gh# shvr/# gh#
txh# d# dgrÇÃr# gr# vriwzd0
uh# olyuh# uhsuhvhqwd# hfr0
qrpld/# h# srgh# vhu# xpd#
dowhuqdwlyd# gh# vxfhvvr1#
R# Edqfr# gr# Eudvlo/# pdl0
ru# lqvwlwxlÇÃr# ilqdqfhlud#
gr# sdÍv/# frqyhuwhx# txd0
vh# wrgrv# rv# vhxv# dwlyrv#
gh# vriwzduh# sdud# vriwzd0 Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
uh# olyuh1# Vhuylgruhv/# whu0
plqdlv#
gh#
dxwr0dwhqglphqwr/# pdlq0
iudphv/#
frpsxwdgruhv#
gh#phvd/#wxgr#irl#frqyhuwlgr/#rx#hvwÁ#hp#idvh#il0
qdo# gh# frqyhuvÃr# sdud# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Hvwlpdwl0
ydv#gr#suÓsulr#edqfr#lqglfdp#xpd#hfrqrpld#gd#
rughp#gh#U'#;3#plokÕhv#frp#d#dgrÇÃr#gh#wdo#sr0
oÍwlfd1#
dr# vxsruwh1# KÁ# xpd# fuhqÇd#
gh# txh# r# vriwzduh# olyuh# ilfd#
qd# ghshqgÊqfld# gh# yroxqwÁ0
ulrv# glvsrvwrv# d# hqfdudu# rv#
sureohpdv# frp# r# vriwzduh#
txdqgr# hvvhv# dsduhfhp/#
hqtxdqwr# r# vriwzduh# sursulhwÁulr# +dvvlp# fkdpd0
gr# r# fÓgljr0irqwh# lqglvsrqÍyho,# whp# dwhqglphqwr#
gh# vxsruwh# lphgldwr# qr# fdvr# gh# vh# whu# sureoh0
pdv1
Ghyhprv# qrv# ohpeudu# gh# txh# kÁ# vxsruwhv#
R# Jryhuqr# Ihghudo/# doÉp# gh# hvwlpxodu# h# h#%vxsruwhv%1#Qhp#wrgd#hpsuhvd#txh#frphufldol0
dgrwdu#r#vriwzduh#olyuh/#hoderurx#xp#urwhlur#gh#lp0 }d# dojxp# vriwzduh# uhdol}d# dwhqglphqwr# ghqwur#
sodqwdÇÃr# ghvvh# wlsr# gh# vriwzduh1# Fkdpd0vh# gr# sud}r# suhylvwr1# KÁ# shqdolgdghv# sdud# rv# fd0
Jxld# Olyuh/# h# irl# hoderudgr# d# sduwlu# gh# gluhwul}hv# vrv# gh# qÃr# fxpsulphqwr# gh# phwdv# hvwdehohfl0
gr#FrplwÊ#WÉfqlfr#gh#LpsohphqwdÇÃr#gh#Vriwzd0 gdv# hp# frqwudwr/# pdv# pxlwr# ududphqwh# wdlv#
uh#Olyuh#0#FLVO1#
frqwudwrv# vÃr# suhflvrv# hp# vxdv# foÁxvxodv# h# dv#
<4
#111#sdud#vh#xwlol}du#
xp#vriwzduh#olyuh/#É#
frqyhqlhqwh#gh#idwr#
uhdol}du#xp#frqwudwr#frp#
hpsuhvd#hvshfldol}dgd#
qdtxhoh#vriwzduh#sdud#
vroxflrqdu#srvvÍyhlv#
sureohpdv#vxujlgrv#frp#
vxd#xwlol}dÇÃr1
Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
hpsuhvdv# dfdedp# qhp# vhpsuh# vhqgr# shqdol}d0
gdv# shor# qÃr# dwhqglphqwr1# KÁ# fdvrv# wdpeÉp#
hp# txh# r# dwhqglphqwr# lpsolfd# hp# ghvshvdv#
frp# ghvorfdphqwr# gh# wÉfqlfrv/# sdjdphqwr# gh#
krudv# wÉfqlfdv/# hwf1# QÃr# udur# kÁ# idokdv# gr# suÓ0
sulr#vriwzduh#gliÍfhlv#gh#vh#frpsurydu1
Pdv# wdlv# txhl{dv# qÃr# hvwÃr# oljdgdv# dr#
vriwzduh# sursulhwÁulr1# Sruwdqwr/# sdud# vh# xwlol}du#
xp#vriwzduh#olyuh/#É#frqyhqlhqwh#gh#idwr#uhdol}du#
xp# frqwudwr# frp# hpsuhvd# hvshfldol}dgd# qdtxh0
oh# vriwzduh# sdud# vroxflrqdu# srvvÍyhlv# sureohpdv#
vxujlgrv#frp#vxd#xwlol}dÇÃr1#WdpeÉp#É#uhfrphq0
gÁyho# fxlgdgr# h# dwhqÇÃr# qd# hoderudÇÃr# gr# frq0
wudwr/# foÁxvxodv# fodudv# h# suhflvdv/# hpsuhvd#
fhuwlilfdgd# gh# suhihuÊqfld/# sdud# qÃr# vh# ilfdu# d#
yhu#qdylrv#txdqgr#gh#idwr#vh#qhfhvvlwd#gh#dwhqgl0
phqwr#uÁslgr#h#uhvroxwlyr1
wudqvsduÊqfld#rx#vlpsohvphqwh#xp#riÍflr/#h{lvwh#
r# EuRiilfh1ruj/# frqkhflgr# gh# pxlwd# jhqwh1# Wdo#
vriwzduh#É#glvwulexÍgr#gh#irupd#judwxlwd/#pdv#suh0
flvd# vhu# lqvwdodgr/# frqiljxudgr# h# dmxvwdgr# sdud#
surgx}lu#wrgrv#rv#uhvxowdgrv#txh#vh#ghvhmd1#QÃr#
É#wduhid#gh#xvxÁulr#frpxp#id}hu#wdlv#lqvwdodÇÕhv#
h# frqiljxudÇÕhv/# sruwdqwr# xpd# hpsuhvd# txdolil0
fdgd#sdud#wdlv#wduhidv#srgh#vhu#xpd#erd#dowhuqd0
wlyd1# Dlqgd# kÁ# txh# vh# frqvlghudu# xp# shtxhqr#
wuhlqdphqwr# sdud# dtxhohv# txh# hvwÃr# kdelwxdgrv#
frp#r#PV0Riilfh#<:25336/#h#xp#erp#wuhlqdphq0
wr#sdud#txhp#qÃr#hvwÁ#kdelwxdgr#frp#qdgd#^ #rx#
frp#PV0Riilfh#533:#+hvwh#pxgd#frpsohwdphqwh#
vhx#phqx#gh#rshudÇÕhv,1#Hvwh#vhuld#dshqdv#xp#
fdvr#gh#xp#sdfrwh#gh#hvfulwÓulr#sdud#wduhidv#gh#
wh{wrv/#fÁofxorv#h#wudqvsduÊqfldv#sdud#dsuhvhqwd0
ÇÕhv1
Rxwur# fdvr# É# d# gxsod# qdyhjdgru# gh# Zhe2#
jhvwru# gh# fruuhlr# hohwuÔqlfr# +r# frqkhflgr# h0
pdlo,1#KÁ#yÁulrv#glvsrqÍyhlv/#h#hp#vxd#txdvh#wr0
wdolgdgh# gh# irupd# judwxlwd1# Pdv# qhp# wrgrv# whp#
vhx# fÓgljr# glvsrqÍyho1# Frqvlghudqgr# dshqdv# rv#
fxvwrv/#qhvvh#fdvr#srxfd#glihuhqÇd#id}#^ #fÓgljr#
dehuwr#rx#ihfkdgr/#frp#dojxp#wuhlqdphqwr#whp0
vh#xp#ixqflrqÁulr#sxeolfr#xwlol}dqgr#txdotxhu#ihu0
udphqwd# frp# kdelolgdgh/# sduwlfxoduphqwh# txdq0
gr#vh#wudwd#gh#Lqwhuqhw111#D#txhvwÃr#ilfd#sru#frqwd#
gdv# frpsdwlelolgdghv# h# gd# sroÍwlfd# joredo# dgrwd0
gd#shod#dgplqlvwudÇÃr1#Lvwr#vljqlilfd#txh#vh#d#sr0
oÍwlfd#iru#dgrwdu#wdpeÉp#xp#vlvwhpd#rshudflrqdo#
olyuh/# ydl# suhflvdu# gh# pÃr0gh0reud# txdolilfdgd#
hp# vriwzduh# olyuh# sdud# # d# gxsod# phqflrqdgd/#
srlv# sudwlfdphqwh# qÃr# kÁ# vriwzduhv# sursulhwÁul0
rv/# phvpr# txh# judwxlwrv/# ghvwlqdgrv# d# vlvwhpd#
rshudflrqdo# olyuh1# Pdv# phvpr# xvdqgr0vh# vlvwh0
pd# rshudflrqdo# sursulhwÁulr/# suxghqwh# vhuÁ# xpd#
ghflvÃr#gh#vh#dgrwdu/#ghvgh#r#sulqfÍslr/#d#flwdgd#
gxsod#ghvhqyroylgd#frpr#vriwzduh#olyuh/#fdvr#vh#
suhwhqgd# lpsodqwdu# xpd# sroÍwlfd# gh# xvr# gh#
vriwzduh# gh# fÓgljr# dehuwr# gh# deudqjÊqfld# pdlv#
dpsod1
KÁ#yÁulrv#wlsrv#gh#vriwzduh/#h#srgh0vh#hvwd0
ehohfhu# xpd# sroÍwlfd# sdud# dgrÇÃr# gh# xp/# gh# do0
jxqv# rx# gh# yÁulrv/# txdqgr# qÃr# gh# wrgrv# rv#
D#hwdsd#pdlv#frpsoh{d#É#d#txh#wudwd#gh#vlv0
uhfxuvrv# hp# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Sru# h{hpsor/# sdud# whpdv#rshudflrqdlv1#Dtxl#d#jxhuud#É#erd1#Sulphl0
<3(# grv# xvxÁulrv# gh# frpsxwdgru/# txh# wuded0 ur#srutxh#srgh0vh#frqvlghudu#grlv#Âqjxorv=#r#gh#
okdp# hp# xpd# sodqlokd/# xpd# dsuhvhqwdÇÃr# gh# frpsxwdgruhv# vhuylgruhv/# txh# vÃr# dtxhohv# txh#
<5
shuplwhp# dxwhqwlfdu# xvxÁulrv/# dupd}hqdu# dutxl0
yrv#lqvwlwxflrqdlv#h#edqfrv#gh#gdgrv/#glvsrqlelol0
}du# lqwhuqhw# h# lqwudqhw/# uhdol}du# fÓsldv# gh#
edfn0xs/#ilowudu#wuÁihjr#gh#uhgh/#hwf/#h#r#gh#frp0
sxwdgru#gh#phvd/#fkdpdgr#ghvnwrs/#dtxhoh#txh#
r#xvxÁulr#oljd#h#ghvoljd#gh#dfrugr#frp#vxdv#qh0
fhvvlgdghv1#R#vhuylgru#Olqx{##whp#judqgh#dfhlwd0
ÇÃr/# pxlwdv# hpsuhvdv# mÁ# r# xwlol}dp/# É# frqilÁyho/#
vhjxur/#dwhqgh#sohqdphqwh#drv#uhtxlvlwrv#d#txh#
vh#sursÕh1#Vxd#hvfrokd#ilfd#sudwlfdphqwh#ghshq0
ghqgr#gh#txhp#id}#dv#uhfrphqgdÇÕhv#gd#frqvxo0
wruld#rx#dvvhvvruld/#gr#vxsruwh#frqwudwdgr#h#gdv#
dsolfdÇÕhv# txh# vhuÃr# lqvwdodgdv# ^ # qhp# wrgdv#
whp#yhuvÃr#sdud#Olqx{1
Sdud# r# frpsxwdgru# gh# phvd/# hp# whuprv#
gh#dsolfdÇÕhv/#sudwlfdphqwh#vh#dofdqÇdp#rv#phv0
prv# uhvxowdgrv# wdqwr# frp# r# Zlqgrzv/# frqkhfl0
gr#gh#txdvh#wrgrv/#txdqwr#frp#xpd#glvwulexlÇÃr#
hp# vriwzduh# olyuh# 0# pdlv# srsxoduphqwh# frqkhfl0
gr# frpr# Olqx{/# hperud# h{lvwdp# rxwurv# qÃr0ol0
qx{1#D#shujxqwd#frphÇd#h{dwdphqwh#dÍ=#sru#txh#
wdqwdv# yhuvÕhv/# sru# txh# wdqwdv# glvwulexlÇÕhvB# D#
uhvsrvwd# mÁ# irl# gdgd=# txdotxhu# xp# srgh# hvwxgdu/#
prglilfdu#h#glvwulexlu#xp#vriwzduh#olyuh#gd#pdqhl0
ud# txh# txlvhu1# Sdud# r# srghu# sÚeolfr/# lvwr# wruqd0
vh#frpsolfdgr/#srlv#fdvr#dgrwh#r#vlvwhpd#rshud0
flrqdo#hp#fÓgljr#olyuh/#xp#frqwudwr#gh#vxsruwh#uh0
txhu# xpd# ghwhuplqdgd# glvwulexlÇÃr/# sdud# idflolwdu#
r# dwhqglphqwr/# d# wurfd# gh# lqirupdÇÕhv# hqwuh# rv#
suÓsulrv#xvxÁulrv/#r#wuhlqdphqwr/#d#dtxlvlÇÃr#gh#
vroxÇÕhv#hvshfÍilfdv/#hwf1#Ydoh#ohpeudu#txh#vlvwh0
pd# rshudflrqdo# 0# Zlqgrzv/# Olqx{/# PdfRV# rx#
txdotxhu# rxwur# ^ # É# d# edvh# gh# ixqflrqdphqwr# gr#
frpsxwdgru/# h# txdotxhu# rxwur# surjudpd# ydl# gh0
shqghu#ghoh1#Sruwdqwr/#frqyÉp#vhohflrqdu#xp#glv0
wulexlÇÃr#
frqkhflgd/#
txh#
idflolwh#
r#
ghvhqyroylphqwr# gh# qrydv# dsolfdÇÕhv/# d# suhvwd0
ÇÃr# gh# dwhqglphqwr# shor# vxsruwh# h# r# lqwhufÂp0
elr#frp#rxwurv#sÚeolfrv#txh#dgrwdudp#d#phvpd#
glvwulexlÇÃr1#
#111#sru#txh#wdqwdv#
yhuvÕhv/#sru#txh#wdqwdv#
glvwulexlÇÕhvB#D#uhvsrvwd#
mÁ#irl#gdgd=#txdotxhu#xp#
srgh#hvwxgdu/#prglilfdu#h#
glvwulexlu#xp#vriwzduh#
olyuh#gd#pdqhlud#txh#
txlvhu1#Sdud#r#srghu#
sÚeolfr/#lvvr#wruqd0vh#
frpsolfdgr111
Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
D# whufhlud# txhvwÃr# gl}# uhvshlwr# dr# prghor#
gh# qhjÓflr# lqhuhqwh# dr# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Txdqgr#
vh# dgtxluh# xpd# olfhqÇd# gh# xp# vriwzduh# sursulh0
wÁulr/# qd# pdlruld# grv# fdvrv# +Zlqgrzv/# PV0Riil0
fh/# Rudfoh/# VDS/# hwf,# vh# sdjd# qr# suhÇr# gd#
olfhqÇd# r# whoh0dwhqglphqwr/# r# vxsruwh# À# glvwÂq0
fld1#Sdud#dwhqglphqwr#orfdo/#kÁ#rv#fxvwrv#gh#sdv0
vdjhp# h# krvshgdjhp# gh# wÉfqlfrv/# doÉp# gh#
krudv# wÉfqlfdv# glvshqglgdv1# Wdlv# uhfxuvrv/# txh#
qr# ixqgr# vÃr# lqyhvwlphqwrv/# qr# fdvr# gh# hpsuh0
vdv# frp# vhgh# qr# h{whulru# whp# erd# sduwh# uhphwl0
gd# sdud# r# h{whulru1# Frp# lvwr/# r# flqyhvwlphqwrg# É#
ihlwr#edvlfdphqwh#irud#gr#pxqlfÍslr#h#gr#hvwdgr1#
Qr# fdvr# gh# vriwzduh# olyuh/# vhmd# Olqx{/# EuRiil0
fh1ruj/#Iluhir{/#SrvwjuhVTO/#Jlps/#Mrrpod/#Pr0
rgoh# rx# txdotxhu# rxwur/# É# qhfhvvÁulr# whu# xp#
frqwudwr# frp# xpd# hpsuhvd# ^ # rx# xp# wÉfqlfr/#
Ydoh# ghvwdfdu# ilqdophqwh# txh/# qr# dvshfwr# txh# glilflophqwh# vhuÁ# vxilflhqwh# sdud# xp# ÓujÃr#
vhjxudqÇd/# txhp# xvd# Olqx{# hvwÁ# pxlwr# phqrv# sÚeolfr# ^ # hvshflilfdqgr# r# dwhqglphqwr# suhwhqgl0
yxoqhuÁyho# d# yÍuxv# h# lqydvÕhv# txh# r# vlvwhpd# gh# gr#h#hvwlpxodqgr#d#irupdÇÃr#gh#pÃr0gh0reud#or0
pdlru# xwlol}dÇÃr/# krmh/# shor# vhuylÇr# sÚeolfr1# Gl0 fdo/# whfqrorjlfdphqwh# dydqÇdgd/# sdud# dwhqghu#
hvwdv# ghpdqgdv1# Wdlv# wÉfqlfrv# pxlwr# surydyho0
}hp#dwÉ#txh#%txhp#xvd#Olqx{#qÃr#shjd#yÍuxv%$
<6
phqwh# luÃr# uhvlglu# qr# pxqlfÍslr/# txdqgr# qÃr# ir0
uhp#qdwxudlv#gr#suÓsulr/#hvwlpxodqgr#d#irupdÇÃr#
whfqroÓjlfd#orfdo/#shor#txh#vh#gl}#txh#r#flqyhvwl0
phqwrg#É#qr#pxqlfÍslr#h#qr#hvwdgr#txh#lpsodqwd#
wdo# sroÍwlfd1# Frp# lvwr/# dowhud0vh# r# sdudgljpd# gr#
prghor# gh# qhjÓflrv=# gh# xpd# olfhqÇd# frp# whoh0
dwhqglphqwr# hpexwlgr# sdud# xp# vxsruwh# frp#
pÃr0gh0reud#orfdo1
D#txduwd#txhvwÃr#É#ehp#pdlv#frpsoh{d=#hv0
wÁ#oljdgd#À#vrehudqld#qdflrqdo/#À#hvwudwÉjld#gh#jr0
yhuqr#dgrwdgd#sdud#jdudqwlu#d#lqghshqgÊqfld#gr#
sdÍv1# LqghshqgÊqfld# whfqroÓjlfd/# txh# jhud# lqgh0
shqgÊqfld# ilqdqfhlud/# txh# jhud# dxwr0vxilflÊqfld#
À#qdÇÃr#h#dxwr0hvwlpd#drv#flgdgÃrv1#Lvvr#É#dwul0
exlÇÃr# gr# jryhuqr$#Dqdolvdu# wdlv# txhvwÕhv# dmxgd#
d#ghflglu#txh#prghor#dgrwdu1
Frpr# dghqgr/# fdeh# dlqgd# ghvwdfdu# txh#
xpd# dgplqlvwudÇÃr# idyruhfh# d# wudqvsduÊqfld# gh#
vhxv#dwrv#txdqgr#dgrwd#r#vriwzduh#olyuh1#Lvwr#sru0
txh#txdqgr#yrfÊ#dgtxluh#xp#vriwzduh#sursulhwÁ0
ulr# sdjd# sru# hoh# xpd# txdqwld# vljqlilfdwlyd/#
ydprv# xvdu# frpr# h{hpsor# U'# 41333/33# sru# fd0
#111#frpr#xpd#
hpsuhvd#ydl#uhsru#rv#
lqyhvwlphqwrv#txh#ih}#qr#
ghvhqyroylphqwr#gh#xp#
vlvwhpdB#Lvwr#qÃr#É#
ghvsuh}Íyho1#R#
ghvhqyroylphqwr#qÃr#É#
edudwr1
Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
gd# fÓsld# +hvvh# É# r# ydoru# dsur{lpdgr# sdjr# sru#
xpd# fÓsld# %Surihvvlrqdo%# gr# Riilfh# 533:,1# Hvvh#
prqwdqwh# ghyhuld# sdjdu=# d,# xp# pdqxdo# lpsuhv0
vr/# txh# fxvwduld# qr# pÁ{lpr# U'# 433/33/# e,# xp#
FG/# txh# qr# pÁ{lpr# fxvwduld# U'# 8/33/# f,# # r# ud0
whlr/# hqwuh# rxwurv# 8331333# dgtxluhqwhv/# gh# xpd#
htxlsh# gh# vxsruwh# gh# 43# shvvrdv/# txh# gxudqwh#
xp# dqr# fxvwduld# U'# <931333/33# +43# shvvrdv# [#
45#phvhv#[#U'#;1333/332#pÊv#0#lqfoxlqgr#hqfdu0
jrv,#txh#uhgxqgduld#hp#U'#4/<5#sru#fdgd#fÓsld#0
ydprv# vhu# frugldlv# h# frorfdu# U'# 43/33# sdud# gr0
eudu#d#htxlsh#h#greudu#r#whpsr#gh#glvsrqlelolgd0
gh# sdud# grlv# dqrv1#Dvvlp# whuhprv# xp# fxvwr# gh#
U'# 433/33# .# U'# 8/33# .# U'# 43/33# @# U'# 448/331#
Frorfdqgr# rxwurv# fxvwrv/# oxfur# h# lpsrvwrv/# qÃr#
fkhjduld# d# U'# 733/331# Vh# yrfÊ# sdjrx# U'#
41333/33# sru# fdgd# fÓsld/# rqgh# ilfdp# rv# rxwurv#
U'#933/33B#QlqjxÉp#hvwÁ#lpshglgr#gh#frqmhfwx0
udu# txh# xpd# iudÇÃr# srgh# vhu# ghvyldgd# sdud# xp#
fdl{d# grlv111# Pdv# vh# yrfÊ# xvd# vriwzduh# olyuh# ydl#
sdjdu#sru#xp#vhuylÇr/#pdlv#iÁflo#gh#vhu#phqvxud0
gr#h#ilvfdol}dgr/#uhgx}lqgr#dv#fkdqfhv#gh#dfxvd0
ÇÕhv# gh# txh# srvvd# hvwdu# kdyhqgr# ghvylr# gh#
uhfxuvrv#sÚeolfrv1#D#frqwd#dflpd#srgh#hvwdu#lp0
suhflvd/#pdv#idflolwd#irupdu#xpd#lghld#gr#txh#vh#
txhu#gl}hu1#
Uhvwd# d# shujxqwd=# frpr# xpd# hpsuhvd# ydl#
uhsru# rv# lqyhvwlphqwrv# txh# ih}# qr# ghvhqyroyl0
phqwr#gh#xp#vlvwhpdB#Lvwr#qÃr#É#ghvsuh}Íyho1#R#
ghvhqyroylphqwr#qÃr#É#edudwr1#HqwÃr/#frqwlqxdq0
gr# frp# hvvd# hvwlpdwlyd/# vxsrqkd0vh# txh# vhmdp#
lqfoxÍgrv#U'#433/33#qr#udwhlr#sru#fdgd#dgtxluhq0
wh1#Lvwr#uhvxowduÁ#hp#xp#prqwdqwh#gh#U'#433/33#
[# 8331333# @# U'# 8313331333/33# +flqtxhqwd# pl0
okÕhv# gh# uhdlv,1# Frp# hvwhv# uhfxuvrv# srgh0vh#
frqwudwdu/# sru# 8# dqrv# +93# phvhv,/# d# xp# vdoÁulr#
pÉglr# gh# U'# ;1333/33# +lqfoxlqgr# hqfdujrv,# fhu0
fd#gh#433#surilvvlrqdlv#gh#ghvhqyroylphqwr1#Yh0
md# ehp=# 433# surilvvlrqdlv/# qr# sud}r# gh# flqfr#
dqrv/# frp# vdoÁulr# oÍtxlgr# pÉglr# gh# U'# 61333/33#
vÃr# frpshwhqwhv# r# vxilflhqwh# sdud# ghvhqyroyhu#
GR# ]HUR# xp# vlvwhpd# frpr# r# Riilfh1# Pdv# qÃr#
vh# sduwh# gr# }hur# 0# mÁ# kÁ# dv# yhuvÕhv# dqwhulruhv#
txh#dolphqwdp#pxlwrv#hohphqwrv#gr#vlvwhpd#0#h#
r#vdoÁulr#pÉglr#qÃr#fkhjd#d#hvwh#sdwdpdu#+sulq0
<7
flsdophqwh# vh# yrfÊ# frqwudwd# surjudpdgruhv# qd#
qgld/#rqgh#rv#vdoÁulrv#vÃr#phqruhv#txh#rv#eudvl0
ohlurv,1# HqwÃr/# gdtxhohv# U'# 933/33# txh# qÃr# vh#
vdeld# r# ghvwlqr/# dlqgd# uhvwdp# U'# 833/331# ©# lp0
sruwdqwh# ohpeudu# wdpeÉp# txh/# qr# fdvr# gr# Riil0
fh/# whprv# xp# vlvwhpd# hp# vriwzduh# olyuh# txh# irl#
ghvhqyroylgr# h# yhp# vhqgr# dsulprudgr# judwxlwd0
phqwh/# r# EuRiilfh1ruj$# Vxd# frpsdwlelolgdgh# frp#
r#Riilfh#frphufldo#fkhjd#d#<3(/#srgh0vh#gl}hu1##
Dshqdv# xp# ghwdokh=# gh# rqgh# yhlr# r# qxph0
ur# gh# 8331333# fÓsldvB# H# vh# iruhp# frphufldol}d0
#©#lpsruwdqwh#
ohpeudu#wdpeÉp#txh/#qr#
fdvr#gr#Riilfh/#whprv#xp#
vlvwhpd#hp#vriwzduh#olyuh#
txh#irl#ghvhqyroylgr#h#
yhp#vhqgr#dsulprudgr#
judwxlwdphqwh/#r#
EuRiilfh1ruj$
gdv# dshqdv# 531333# fÓsldvB# Shorv# gdgrv#
glyxojdgrv/# vÓ# gd# yhuvÃr# 61{# gr# EuRiilfh1ruj# md#
irudp# uhdol}dgrv# pdlv# gh# 5# plokÕhv# gh# grzqor0
dgv$$$# +kwws=22vriwzduholyuh1ruj2sruwdo2frpxqlgdgh#
2euriilfh1ruj0dwlqjh0d0pdufd0gh0pdlv0gh080plokr0
hv0gh0grzqordgv,
Vdehqgr# txh# r# EuRiilfh1ruj# whp/# sru# hq0
txdqwr/# xpd# edvh# lqvwdodgd# PHQRU# txh# r#
PVRiilfh# h# sruwdqwr# hvvh# qÚphur# gh# dgtxluhq0
whv#vhuld#ehp#vxshulru#drv#5#plokÕhv/#hvwlpdu0vh#
txh# qr# Eudvlo# vhmdp# frphufldol}dgdv# vrphqwh#
833# plo# fÓsldv111# É# frp# fhuwh}d# qÚphur# ehp#
dedl{r#gr#uhdo1
Dl# vh# whuÁ# pdlv# glqkhlur# h{fhghqwh/# srlv#
xp#h{fhghqwh#gh#U'#833/33#sru#fÓsld#%Surihvvl0
rqdo%/# yh}hv# rv# 8331333# dgtxluhqwhv/# sursruflr0
qduÃr# xp# ydoru# gh# U'# 833/33# [# 8331333# @# U'#
58313331333/33# +gx}hqwrv# h# flqtxhqwd# plokÕhv#
vÓ#frp#PVRiilfh#h#vÓ#qr#Eudvlo111,1#Shor#vÍwlr#gr#
WVH# revhuyd0vh# txh/# rilfldophqwh/# xpd# fdpsd0
qkd# suhvlghqfldo# fxvwd# hp# wruqr# gh# U'#
43313331333/33111
PLOWRQ#MRV©#O\ULR#VLPRQHWWL#É#
Dqdolvwd#gh#Vlvwhpdv/#ixqflrqÁulr#sÚeolfr#
frqfxuvdgr#h#jhuhqwh#gr#surmhwr#
%GhilqlÇÃr#gh#SroÍwlfdv#sdud#DgrÇÃr#gh#
Vriwzduhv#Olyuhv%#gr#Jryhuqr#gr#Hvwdgr#
gr#HvsÍulwr#Vdqwr1
Plowrq#Vlprqhwwl
<8
dwholhuvf 0 v{f1kx
SURJUDPD§£R MDYD
MDYD= R fdiÉ hvwÁ qd phvd$
Sru RwÁylr JrqÇdoyhv gh Vdqwdqd
Hp 4<<4 vh lqlflrx xp surmhwr fkdpdgr gh Juhhq Sur0
mhfw/ txh frqvlvwld qd fuldÇÃr gh whfqrorjldv prghuqdv gh
vriwzduh sdud hpsuhvdv hohwuÔqlfdv gh frqvxpr1 Ilqdo0
phqwh hp pdlr gh 4<<8 d Vxq dqxqflrx xp dpelhqwh gh0
qrplqdgr Mdyd/ krphqdjhp Àv {Ífdudv gh fdiÉ txh rv
surjudpdgruhv wrpdydp hp vhx ghvhqyroylphqwr/ txh re0
whyh vxfhvvr judÇdv d lqfrusrudÇÃr ghvwh dpelhqwh d
eurzvhuv srsxoduhv frpr r Qhwvfdsh Qdyhjdwru h sd0
guÕhv wulglphqvlrqdlv frpr r YUPO +Yluwxdo Uhdolw| Prgh0
olqj Odqjxdjh 0 Olqjxdjhp gh Prghodjhp sdud Uhdolgdgh
Yluwxdo,1
Frpsdudwlyr hqwuh Mdyd h F..
D sduwlu gh hqwÃr r mdyd yhlr wrpdqgr fdgd yh} pdlv hv0
sdÇr mÁ txh vxd qdwxuh}d sruwÁwlo h r surmhwr urexvwr shu0
plwhp r ghvhqyroylphqwr sdud pÚowlsodv sodwdirupdv/ hp
dpelhqwhv wÃr h{ljhqwhv frpr rv gd hohwuÔqlfd gh frqvx0
pr1
Lvvr dfrqwhfh srutxh txdqgr xp surjudpd Mdyd É frp0
slodgr xp fÓgljr lqwhuphglÁulr É jhudgr/ fkdpdgr gh e|0
whfrgh1 Hvwh e|whfrgh É lqwhusuhwdgr shodv pÁtxlqdv yluwx0
dlv mdyd +MYPv, sdud d pdlruld grv vlvwhpdv rshudflrqdlv1
D pÁtxlqd yluwxdo É d uhvsrqvÁyho sru fuldu xp dpelhqwh
pxowlsodwdirupd/ rx vhmd/ vh dojxÉp frqvwuxlu xp vlvwhpd
rshudflrqdo qryr/ edvwd fuldu xpd pÁtxlqd yluwxdo mdyd
txh wudgx}d rv e|whfrghv sdud fÓgljr qdwlyr h surqwr$ Wr0
gdv dv dsolfdÇÕhv mdyd hvwduÃr urgdqgr vhp sureohpdv1 D
MYP/ Mdyd Yluwxdo Pdfklqh +PÁtxlqd Yluwxdo Mdyd, É edvl0
fdphqwh xpd dsolfdÇÃr/ txh devwudl qÃr vÓ d fdpdgd gh
kdugzduh/ frpr d frpxqlfdÇÃr frp r Vlvwhpd Rshudflr0
qdo1
Sru h{hpsor xp h{hfxwÁyho gr F.. qÃr É sruwÁyho/ rx
vhmd/ qÃr srghprv urgdu xp h{hfxwÁyho Zlqgrzv qr Ol0
qx{ h ylfh0yhuvd1 Pdv r sureohpd gh sruwdelolgdgh qÃr vh
uhvwulqjh dr h{hfxwÁyho1
Dv DSLv vÃr wdpeÉp hvshfÍilfdv gh Vlvwhpd Rshudflr0
qdo1 Dvvlp/ qÃr edvwd uhfrpslodu sdud rxwud sodwdirupd/ É
suhflvr uhhvfuhyhu erd sduwh gr fÓgljr1
<9
<9
SURJUDPD§£R MDYD
DwxdÇÃr qr phufdgr gd olqjxdjhp MDYD +h uhvshfwlyrv ydoruhv prylphqwdgrv hp XV',
Frp d pÁtxlqd yluwxdo Mdyd/ holplqd0vh r sureohpd frp
d sruwdelolgdgh/ mÁ txh r fÓgljr jhudgr qÃr É sdud Olqx{
rx Zlqgrzv h vlp sdud xpd pÁtxlqd jhqÉulfd/ d MYP1
Ghqwuh rxwudv ixqÇÕhv/ d pÁtxlqd yluwxdo mdyd wdpeÉp É
uhvsrqvÁyho sru fduuhjdu gh irupd vhjxud wrgdv dv fodv0
vhv gr surjudpd/ yhulilfdu vh rv e|whfrghv dghuhp d hvsh0
flilfdÇÃr MYP h vh hohv qÃr ylrodp d lqwhjulgdgh h d vhjx0
udqÇd gr vlvwhpd1
Mdyd É xpd olqjxdjhp gh dowr qÍyho/ frp vlqwd{h h{wuh0
pdphqwh vlplodu À gr F../ h frp glyhuvdv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv
khugdgdv gh rxwudv olqjxdjhqv/ frpr Vpdoowdon h Prgxod0
61 D vhjxlu dojxpdv gdv vxdv sulqflsdlv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv=
qkd vhphokdqwh dr Vpdoowdon1 R fÓgljr É rujdql}dgr hp
fodvvhv/ txh srghp hvwdehohfhu uhodflrqdphqwrv gh kh0
udqÇd vlpsohv hqwuh vl1 Vrphqwh d khudqÇd vlpsohv É shu0
plwlgd hp Mdyd1 +KÁ xpd irupd gh %vlpxodu% khudqÇd pÚo0
wlsod hp Mdyd frp r xvr lqwhuidfhv,/
Vlpsolflgdgh
Pxowlwkuhdglqj
Mdyd/ É pxlwr sduhflgd frp F../ pdv pxlwr pdlv vlp0
sohv1 Qr mdyd h{lvwh gluhwlydv gh suÉ0surfhvvdphqwr h d
phpÓuld dorfdgd glqdplfdphqwh É jhuhqfldgd shod suÓ0
suld olqjxdjhp/ txh xvd dojrulwprv gh jduedjh froohfwlrq
sdud ghvdorfdu uhjlÕhv gh phpÓuld txh qÃr hvwÃr pdlv
hp xvr1
D pdlru sduwh grv vlvwhpdv rshudflrqdlv krmh qr phufd0
gr gÃr vxsruwh À pxowlwduhid/ frpr r Olqx{/ Zlqgrzv/
RV25 h Xql{/ rx vhmd/ r frpsxwdgru É fdsd} h h{hfxwdu gl0
yhuvdv wduhidv dr phvpr whpsr1 Mdyd whp r vxsruwh d
pxowlwduhid hpexwlgr qd olqjxdjhp= xp surjudpd Mdyd sr0
gh srvvxlu pdlv gh xpd olqkd gh h{hfxÇÃr +wkuhdg,1 Sru
h{hpsor/ fÁofxorv judqghv txh h{ljhp pxlwr srghu frp0
sxwdflrqdo/ srghp vhu hvfulwrv hp xpd wkuhdg/ h d sduwh
gh lqwhuidfh frp r xvxÁulr/ txh ghshqgh pdlv grv shuliÉul0
RulhqwdÇÃr À remhwrv
Mdyd É xpd olqjxdjhp rulhqwdgd d remhwrv txh vhjxh d ol0
Surfhvvdphqwr glvwulexÍgr
Fkdpdgdv d ixqÇÕhv gh dfhvvr uhprwr +vrfnhwv, h rv
surwrfrorv Lqwhuqhw pdlv frpxqv +KWWS/ IWS Whoqhw/ hwf1,
vÃr vxsruwdgdv hp Mdyd/ gh irupd txh d hoderudÇÃr gh
dsolfdwlyrv edvhdgrv hp dutxlwhwxudv folhqwh0vhuylgru É id0
flophqwh rewlgd1
<:
SURJUDPD§£R MDYD
frv gh L2R txh gr surfhvvdgru/ srgh vhu h{hfxwdgd hp rx0
wud wkuhdg1
H{fhÇÕhv
Wrgr surjudpdgru hp jhudo hvwÁ edvwdqwh dfrvwxpdgr
frp r frpsxwdgru %wudydqgr% sru fdxvd gh xp huur hp
xp surjudpd1 Surjudpdv Mdyd/ frqwxgr/ qÃr %gÃr sdx% qr
frpsxwdgru/ mÁ txh d pÁtxlqd yluwxdo Mdyd id} xpd yhulilfd0
ÇÃr hp whpsr gh h{hfxÇÃr txdqwr drv dfhvvrv gh phpÓ0
uld/ dehuwxud gh dutxlyrv h xpd vÉulh gh hyhqwrv txh sr0
ghp jhudu xpd %wudydgd% hp rxwudv olqjxdjhqv/ pdv txh
jhudp h{fhÇÕhv hp surjudpdv Mdyd1 Hp jhudo/ dr hvfuh0
yhu surjudpdv Mdyd xwlol}dqgr0vh gh khudqÇd gh fodvvhv
suhghilqlgdv/ iruÇd0vh hp jhudo dr surjudpdgru hvfuhyhu
dojxpdv urwlqdv gh wudwdphqwr gh h{fhÇÃr/ xp wudedokr
txh/ vh gh lqÍflr srgh sduhfhu iruÇdgr/ luÁ srxsdu r surjud0
pdgru gh edvwdqwh gru gh fdehÇd qr ixwxur1
Jduedjh Froohfwru
Hp Mdyd/ rv surjudpdgruhv qÃr qhfhvvlwdp suhrfxsdu0
vh frp r jhuhqfldphqwr gh phpÓuld frpr hp F..1 Lvvr
dfduuhwdyd glyhuvrv sureohpdv phvpr dr surjudpdgru
pdlv h{shulhqwh/ txh wlqkd txh pdqwhu vhpsuh xp frqwuroh
gdv Áuhdv gh phpÓuld dorfdgdv sdud srghu olehuÁ0odv hp
vhjxlgd1 Mdyd/ dr frqwuÁulr/ xwlol}d0vh gh xp frqfhlwr mÁ h{0
sorudgr sru Vpdoowdon/ txh É r gh jduedjh froohfwlrq +froh0
wd gh ol{r,1 Vxd ixqÇÃr É d gh yduuhu d phpÓuld gh whpsrv
hp whpsrv/ olehudqgr dxwrpdwlfdphqwh rv eorfrv txh qÃr
hvwÃr vhqgr xwlol}dgrv1
LqwhshqgÊqfld gh dutxlwhwxud
Xpd gdv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv gh Mdyd txh wruqrx0d lghdo sdud
vhx xvr qd hoderudÇÃr gh dsolfdwlyrv glvwulexÍgrv irl d vxd
lqghshqgÊqfld gh sodwdirupd1 Dilqdo/ d Lqwhuqhw É xpd judq0
gh txdqwlgdgh gh frpsxwdgruhv h dsolfdwlyrv pryhlv/ txh
vh frqhfwdp d lqwhuqhw/ gh wrgrv rv wlsrv/ grwdgrv grv
pdlv glyhuvrv vlvwhpdv rshudflrqdlv h dpelhqwhv juÁilfrv
txh vh srvvd lpdjlqdu1 Frp r mdyd qÃr h{lvwh d qhfhvvl0
gdgh vh suhrfxsdu frp wrgdv hvvdv sodwdirupdv1
Ghqwuh dv sulqflsdlv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv doÉp gdv mÁ flwdgdv/
srghprv ghvwdfdu vhx hvsÍulwr olyuh +rshq vrxufh,/ id}
frp txh r mdyd vhmd d olqjxdjhp pdlv xwlol}dgd qr pxqgr
sdud dqÁorjdv sodwdirupdv1
H{lvwhp yÁuldv irupdv gh rewhu lqirupdÇÕhv/ dv frpxql0
gdghv vÃr xp srqwr edvwdqwh lpsruwdqwh gÁ dfhvvr d lq0
Frpxqlgdghv MDYD dr uhgru gr jorer
irupdÇÕhv dr uhgru gr pxqgr wrgr gh pdqhlud judwxlwd
vhp idodu qd dmxgd judwxlwd grv ghvhqyroyhgruhv gd sodwd0
irupd pdlv h{shulhqwh1
Srghprv ghvwdfdu wdpeÉp gxdv uhylvwdv qdflrqdlv vr0
euh mdyd d %Mdyd Pdjd}lqh% h %Pxqgr Mdyd% txh wud}hp uh0
sruwdjhp shulÓglfdv frp qrylgdghv qr pxqgr ghvvd sod0
wdirupd1
WdpeÉp srghprv flwdu r surmhwr MHGL +Mdyd Hgxfdwlrq
dqg Ghyhorsphqw Lqlwldwlyh,/ lqlfldwlyd sdud ghvhqyroylphq0
wr h hgxfdÇÃr MDYD d glvwÂqfld1 OÁ r doxqr whuÁ dr vhx
glvsru pdqxdlv/ volghv gh dsuhvhqwdÇÃr gdv dxodv/ surydv/
h{hufÍflrv h pdwhuldo gh uhihuÊqfld h yÍghr0dxodv1 Frqwdq0
gr dlqgd frp rv vriwzduhv/ r wuhlqdphqwr gh lqvwuxwruhv1
FrqfoxvÃr
D idflolgdgh gh vh rewhu grfxphqwdÇÃr h lqirupdÇÃr/ r
judqgh qÚphurv gh frpxqlgdghv dr uhgru gr pxqgr/ d
srvvlelolgdgh gh txh frp dshqdv xpd olqjxdjhp vh frq0
vljd ghvhqyroyhu hp glyhuvdv sodwdirupdv id} frp txh r
mdyd vhmd krmh xpd Ówlpd sodwdirupd gh fuldu vriwzduhv1
RW¡YLR JRQ§DOYHV GH VDQWDQD É
Judgxdqgr hp Hqjhqkduld gh FrpsxwdÇÃr h
OÍghu gd fÉoxod gh Ghvhqyroylphqwr gd
Idfxogdgh Duhd4/ Ghvhqyroyhgru hp VroxÇÃr
Rshq Vrxufh/ phpeur gd htxlsh Hnddw| Olqx{1
Suriloh qr RVXP= kwws=22rvxp1vxq1frp2
suriloh2RwdylrJrqfdoyhvghVdqwdqd
<;
SURMHWR##R#SURMHWR#VDKDQD
R#Surmhwr#Vdkdqd
Sru#Fh}du#Wdxulrq
Nhylq#Ilqqhudq#0#v{f1kx
FdwÁvwurihv# h# ghvdvwuhv#
vhpsuh#dfrqwhfhp#h#qhvwhv#Úowl0
prv#phvhv#ylprv#xpd#vÉulh#gh0
ohv# dihwdqgr# glyhuvrv# sdÍvhv/#
frpr# rv# uhfhqwhv# whuuhprwrv#
qr# Kdlwl# h# Fkloh# h# lqxqgdÇÕhv#
qd#Jxdwhpdod#h#Eudvlo#+qrv#hv0
wdgrv# gh#Dodjrdv# h# Shuqdpex0
fr,1#
Orjr#
dsÓv#
fdgd#
fdwÁvwurih/# vxujhp# qryrv# h#
judqghv# ghvdilrv/# txdqgr# lqÚ0
phudv# htxlshv# gh# vrfruur# whq0
wdp# vrfruuhu# dv# yÍwlpdv1#
Jhuhqfldu# r# sÓv0fulvh# grv# gh0
vdvwuhv#qÃr#É#xpd#dwlylgdgh#fr0
pxp#
h#
ghpdqgd#
frqkhflphqwrv/# whfqrorjldv# h#
vriwzduhv#ghvhqkdgrv#sdud#wdo1#
Hp#5337/#orjr#dsÓv#r#wvx0
qdpl# txh# ghydvwrx# sdÍvhv# gd#
¡vld/# xp# juxsr# gh# ghvhqyroyh0
gruhv# h# hvshfldolvwdv# hp# gh0
vdvwuhv#gr##Vul#Odqnd#frphÇrx#
d# ghvhqyroyhu# xp# vriwzduh#
Rshq# Vrxufh# fkdpdgr# Vdkd0
qd1#
R# Vdkdqd# +zzz1vdkdqd0
irxqgdwlrq1ruj,# É# xp# surmhwr#
Rshq# Vrxufh/# olfhqfldgr# vre#
OJSO# h# PLW/# txh# dmxgd# d# frru0
ghqdÇÃr# gdv# lqÚphudv# dwlylgd0
ghv#
gh#
jhuhqfldphqwr#
kxpdqlwÁulr# gh# ghvdvwuhv1#
Yhp# vhqgr# xvdgr# sru# RQJv# h#
hqwlgdghv# jryhuqdphqwdlv# gh#
dsrlr# h# hphujÊqfld# gh# glyhu0
<<
#######Orjr#dsÓv#fdgd#fdwÁvwurih/#
vxujhp#qryrv#h#judqghv#ghvdilrv/#
txdqgr#lqÚphudv#htxlshv#gh#
vrfruur#whqwdp#vrfruuhu#dv#yÍwlpdv1#
Jhuhqfldu#r#sÓv0fulvh#grv#
ghvdvwuhv#qÃr#É#xpd#dwlylgdgh#
frpxp#h#ghpdqgd#frqkhflphqwrv/#
whfqrorjldv#h#vriwzduhv#
ghvhqkdgrv#sdud#wdo1
Fh}du#Wdxulrq
fuldgr# sdud# # flgdgh# gh# Qhz#
\run/#hp#533:1#WdpeÉp#É#d#ed0
vh#whfqroÓjlfd#sdud##r#Qdwlrqdo#
Glvdvwhu# Frruglqdwlqj# Frxqflo#
gdv# Ilolslqdv# h# gr# Qdwlrqdo#
Frruglqdwlqj#Djhqf|# iru# Glvdv0
whu#Pdqdjhphqw#gd#LqgrqÉvld1
Dv# fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv# gh# fd0
gd# ghvdvwuh# h# gh# fdgd# uhjlÃr#
vÃr#Úqlfdv#h#É#qhfhvvÁulr#xpd#
vroxÇÃr# whfqroÓjlfd# deudqjhq0
wh# h# dehuwd/# idflophqwh# dgdswÁ0
yho/# vhp# ghshqgÊqfld# gh#
dojxp# iruqhfhgru# gh# whfqror0
jld1# R# xvr# gr# prghor# Rshq#
Vrxufh# É# d# vroxÇÃr# pdlv# dgh0
txdgd# srutxh# glilflophqwh# vÃr#
dorfdgrv#lqyhvwlphqwrv#hp#whf0
qrorjldv# h# vriwzduhv# sdud# %gl0
vdvwhu# pdqdjhphqw%# txdqgr#
rv# ghvdvwuhv# qÃr# rfruuhp1# Gh#
pdqhlud# jhudo/# dv# dÇÕhv# whq0
ghp#d#vhu#fruuhwlydv#h#qÃr#suh0
yhqwlydv/# h# kÁ# xpd# whqgÊqfld#
hp# ghilqlu0vh# rxwudv# sulrulgd0
ghv# sdud# frqvxplu# rv# exgjhwv1#
Xp# vriwzduh# Rshq# Vrxufh# qÃr#
ghpdqgd# fxvwr# gh# dtxlvlÇÃr# h#
vhx# ghvhqyroylphqwr# h# hyrox0
ÇÃr/# xpd# yh}# txh# É# ihlwr# sru#
frpxqlgdghv#gh#ghvhqyroyhgr0
uhv# yroxqwÁulrv# txh# fhghp# kr0
udv# sdud# wudedokdu# qr# surmhwr/#
qÃr# ghpdqgd# fxvwrv# gh# pdqx0
whqÇÃr# h# xsjudgh1# R# vwdfn# gh#
whfqrorjld#dgrwdgr/#ODPS/#wdp0
eÉp#Rshq#Vrxufh/#glplqxl#vhq0
vlyhophqwh# rv# fxvwrv# gh#
lqvwdodÇÃr1# R# Vdkdqd# É# hvfulwr#
edvlfdphqwh# hp# SKS/# r# txh#
srvvlelolwd# vhx# dfhvvr# sru# xpd#
frpxqlgdgh# edvwdqwh# dpsod#
gh#ghvhqyroyhgruhv1#
R# vriwzduh# É# frpsrvwr#
vrv# sdÍvhv1# D# olvwd# gh# ghvdv0
sru#glyhuvrv#pÓgxorv/#frpr#uh0
wuhv#rqgh#hoh#irl#rx#yhp#vhqgr#
jlvwur# gdv# shvvrdv# ghvdsduhfl0
xvdgr#mÁ#É#ehp#h{whqvd=#
gdv# h# orfdol}dgdv/# uhjlvwur# gdv#
0#5338=#r#wvxqdpl#qr#Rfhdqr#q0 rujdql}dÇÕhv# hqyroylgdv# qrv#
glfr#h#r#whuuhprwr#qd#uhjlÃr#
uhvjdwhv/# vlvwhpd# gh# jhuhqfld0
gh#Ndvkplu#qr#SdtxlvwÃr1
phqwr#gh#vrolflwdÇÕhv#gh#uhvjd0
0#5339=#qr#whuuhprwr#hp#\rjmd0
whv# h# dsrlr/# jhvwÃr# grv#
nduwd/#qd#LqgrqÉvld1
krvslwdlv# gh# hphujÊqfld/# uhjlv0
0#533:=##dsÓv#r#flforqh#Vlgu#hp# wur#grv#deuljrv#h#fdpsrv#gh#uh0
Edqjodghvk#h#r#whuuhprwr#hp#
ixjldgrv/# jhvwÃr# gr# vwdii# gh#
Lfd/#qr#ShuÚ1
yroxqwÁulrv# h# jhvwÃr# gh# hvwr0
0#533;=#lqxqgdÇÕhv#hp#Elkdu#
txh#gh#dolphqwrv#h#phglfdphq0
+qgld,/#whuuhprwr#qd#suryÍqfld#
wrv1# Vdkdqd# vljqlilfd# doÍylr# hp#
gh#Fkhqgx0Vlw}xdp#qd#Fklqd#
flqjdoÊv/#xpd#gdv#olqjxdv#qdfl0
h#r#flforqh#Qdujlv/#hp#P|dq0
rqdlv# gr# Vul# Odqnd1# WdpeÉp#
pdu1
yhp# vhqgr# dgrwdgr# sru# glyhu0
0#533<=#qdv#Ilolslqdv#h#LqgrqÉ0
vdv# RQJv# h# rujdql}dÇÕhv# dv0
vld
vlvwhqfldlv/# ehp# frpr# dgrwdgr#
0#5343=#qrv#whuuhprwrv#gr#Kdlwl# qrv# sodqrv# gh# hphujÊqfld# gh#
h#Fkloh#h#lqxqgdÇÕhv#qd#Jxdwh0 glyhuvrv# sdÍvhv# h# flgdghv/# fr0
pdod1
pr# frpr# sru# h{hpsor/# qr#
D# Vdkdqd# Irxqgdwlrq# É#
Frdvwdo# Vwrup# Vkhowhulqj# Sodq/# krmh# dsrldgd# sru# glyhuvdv# hp0
433
######Vdkdqd#vljqlilfd#doÍylr/#hp#
flqjdoÊv/#xpd#gdv#olqjxdv#qdflrqdlv#
gr#Vul#Odqnd1#WdpeÉp#yhp#vhqgr#
dgrwdgr#sru#glyhuvdv#RQJv#h#
rujdql}dÇÕhv#dvvlvwhqfldlv/#ehp#
frpr#dgrwdgr#qrv#sodqrv#gh#
hphujÊqfld#gh#glyhuvrv#sdÍvhv#h#
flgdghv111
Fh}du#Wdxulrq
suhvdv/#frpr#LEP#h#Jrrjoh/#sd0
ud#flwduprv#dojxpdv1#Wlslfdphq0
wh/# r# Vdkdqd# É# lqvwdodgr# qrv#
vhuylgruhv# gh# fdgd# rujdql}d0
ÇÃr# uhvsrqvÁyho# shodv# dÇÕhv#
gh# jhvwÃr# grv# ghvdvwuhv/# pdv#
d# sduwlu# gr# whuuhprwr# qr# Kdlwl/#
irl# krvshgdgr# qr# suÓsulr# vlwh#
gd# Vdkdqd# Irxqgdwlrq# sdud#
vhu# xvdgr# wdpeÉp# gh# irupd#
frpsduwlokdgd# hp# ixwxurv# gh0
vdvwuhv/# vhp# qhfhvvlgdgh# gdv#
ghprudv# gdv# lqvwdodÇÕhv# ilvl0
fdv#hp#fdgd#orfdo#dihwdgr1#
lqwhlur#h/#qd#plqkd#rslqlÃr/#gh0
yhuld# vhu# wdpeÉp# dgrwdgr# sh0
odv# xqlyhuvlgdghv# eudvlohludv/#
txh# hvwduldp# dvvlp# frqwulexlq0
gr#frp#vhx#frqkhflphqwr#h#iru0
Çd# gh# wudedokr# +doxqrv# h#
surihvvruhv,# sdud# dÇÕhv# kxpd0
qlwÁuldv1#Dfuhglwr#txh#hvwh#hviru0
Çr#
gh#
hvwxgdqwhv#
h#
surihvvruhv#qd#hyroxÇÃr#h#orfd0
ol}dÇÃr#gr#Vdkdqd#sdud#d#uhdol0
gdgh#
eudvlohlud#
+lqfoxvlyh#
wudgxÇÃr# sdud# d# olqjxd# sruwx0
jxhvd,# srghuld# # frqwulexlu# gh#
D# Vdkdqd# Irxqgdwlrq# wud0 irupd# pdlv# gxudgrxud# sdud# r#
edokd# hp# frqmxqwr# frp# glyhu0 doÍylr#hp#fdvr#gh#ghvdvwuhv#gr#
vdv# xqlyhuvlgdghv# qr# pxqgr# txh# d# vlpsohv# grdÇÃr# gh# dol0
phqwrv# h# urxsdv1# Xp# sdshu#
%Fdq# vwxghqw0zulwwhq# vriwzduh#
khos# vxvwdlq# kxpdqlwduldq#
IRVVB%/# hp# kwws=22zzz1fv1wulq0
froo1hgx2kirvv2lpdjhv2<2<f2Pr0
uhoolbhwdobLVFUDP3:1sgi# ghv0#
fuhyh#xp#fdvr#uhdo#gh#hvwxgdq0
whv# dwxdqgr# qd# hyroxÇÃr# gr#
Vdkdqd1# Srgh# vhu# xp# h{hpsor#
sdud# rv# fxuvrv# gh# judgxdÇÃr#
hp# FlÊqfld# gd# FrpsxwdÇÃr#
dtxl#qr#Eudvlo1
D# frpxqlgdgh# gh# ghvhq0
yroyhgruhv# Rshq# Vrxufh# gr#
Eudvlo# wdpeÉp# ghyhuld# frqwul0
exlu# frp# hvwh# surmhwr1# ©# xpd#
dÇÃr#kxpdqlwÁuld#txh#srgh#wud0
}hu# judqghv# ehqhilflrv# sdud#
dtxhodv# shvvrdv# txh# hvwÃr# rx#
txh#vriuhuÃr#frp#ixwxudv#fdwdv0
wurihv1#
FH]DU#WDXULRQ#É#
Jhuhqwh#gh#Qrydv#
Whfqrorjldv#gd#LEP#
Eudvlo1#
Vhx#eorj#hvwÁ#
glvsrqÍyho#hp
zzz1lep1frp2ghyhor
shuzrunv2eorjv2sdjh2
fwdxulrq
434
GHVNWRS XEXQWX FRQWURO FHQWHU
Xexqwx Frqwuro Fhqwhu
GlyxojdÇÃr
Sru Ehqmdplq JrÉv
Xexqwx Frqwuro Fhqwhu rx vlpsohvphqwh XFF É xp dsol0
fdwlyr txh ylvd fhqwudol}du h rujdql}du gh pdqhlud vlpsohv
h lqwxlwlyd dv sulqflsdlv ihuudphqwdv gh frqiljxudÇÃr gd glv0
wulexlÇÃr Xexqwx1
Qhvwd Úowlpd gÉfdgd/ r JQX2Olqx{ yhp sdvvdqgr sru
xpd judqgh hyroxÇÃr/ r Nhuqho yhp vh wruqdqgr fdgd yh}
pdlv frpsoh{r h frp pdlru frpsdwlelolgdgh gh kdugzduh/
rv dsolfdwlyrv gh ghvnwrs frpr Rshqriilfh1ruj h Iluhir{ vh
wruqdqgr pdlv frpsohwrv h rv dpelhqwhv gh wudedokr fr0
pr Jqrph h NGH fdgd yh} pdlv srolgrv1 Qr hqwdqwr qÃr
É vhjuhgr txh dojxqv dmxvwhv qd fkdpdgd %h{shulÊqfld gh
xvxÁulr% dlqgd suhflvdp vhu ihlwrv/ dojxqv ghvwhv dmxvwhv
vÃr gh vlpsohv vroxÇÃr h pxlwrv irudp fruuljlgrv shor sur0
mhwr %Rqh Kxqguhg Sdshufxwv% gd Fdqrqlfdo/ rxwurv vÃr
ehp pdlv frpsoh{rv h h{ljhp dowhudÇÕhv gh edl{r qÍyho
hp yÁulrv surmhwrv rshqvrxufh1
Sru sdguÃr/ r Jqrph orfdol}d dv vxdv ihuudphqwdv gh
frqiljxudÇÃr qrv phqxv %SuhihuÊqfldv% h %DgplqlvwudÇÃr%/
fuldqgr xpd hqruph olvwd gh rsÇÕhv h ihuudphqwdv sdud
dmxvwhv gr dpelhqwh juÁilfr vhp qhqkxp wlsr gh fdwhjrul0
}dÇÃr h rujdql}dÇÃr1 Rxwur sureohpd É txh rv Ífrqhv px0
gdp gh rughp frqiruph r lglrpd hvfroklgr sdud xvr gr
vlvwhpd1
R Jqrph Frqwuro Fhqwhu É xp dsolfdwlyr txh uhvroyh hv0
Iljxud 4= Phqx hp sruwxjÊv
Iljxud 5= Phqx hp lqjoÊv
435
GHVNWRS XEXQWX FRQWURO FHQWHU
Iljxud 6= Jqrph Frqwuro Fhqwhu
wh sureohpd sdufldophqwh/ fhqwudol}dqgr dv ihuudphqwdv h
dv frorfdqgr ghqwur gh fdwhjruldv hvshfÍilfdv/ qr hqwdqwr
d judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh rsÇÕhv h{lelgd vlpxowdqhdphqwh
dfded sru wruqdu d lqwhuidfh xp srxfr frqixvd h sroxÍgd/
id}hqgr sduhfhu gliÍflo sdud xp xvxÁulr d vlpsohv wduhid gh
wurfdu d uhvroxÇÃr gr prqlwru1
Judqghv glvwulexlÇÕhv lghqwlilfdudp h fuldudp vroxÇÕhv
sdud hvwh sureohpd kÁ pxlwrv dqrv dwuÁv1 R Rshqvxvh ful0
rx r srghurvr \DVW sdud frqwurodu h jhulu sudwlfdphqwh wr0
gdv dv frqiljxudÇÕhv gd glvwulexlÇÃr/ r Pdqgudnh Olqx{
+Pdqgulyd dsÓv ixvÃr frp d Frqhfwlyd, sru vxd yh}/ fulrx
r PFF rx Pdqgulyd Frqwuro Fhqwhu1 Hperud \DVW h PFF
wlyhvvhp dv vxdv glihuhqÇdv dpedv wlqkdp xp phvpr re0
mhwlyr/ rujdql}du gh pdqhlud vlpsohv h lqwxlwlyd dv sulqfl0
sdlv ihuudphqwdv gh frqiljxudÇÃr gd glvwulexlÇÃr1 Hvwhv
fhqwurv gh frqwuroh shuvrqdol}dgrv vhpsuh irudp prwlyr
gh rujxokr h dgpludÇÃr gh yÁulrv xvxÁulrv/ qr hqwdqwr qxq0
fd krxyh pxlwr lqwhuhvvh gh rxwudv glvwulexlÇÕhv hp uhd0
suryhlwdu hvwhv surmhwrv1
R Xexqwx Frqwuro Fhqwhu irl fuldgr frp r lqwxlwr gh fr0
eulu hvwd odfxqd qr Xexqwx1 Vxd lqwhuidfh irl lqlfldophqwh
Iljxud 7= Pdqgulyd Frqwuro Fhqwhu
Iljxud 8= Xexqwx Frqwuro Fhqwhu
lqvsludgd shor Pdqgulyd Frqwuro Fhqwhu h yhp wrpdqgr
irupd suÓsuld dr orqjr gdv dwxdol}dÇÕhv1 R dsolfdwlyr É gh0
vhqyroylgr hp olqjxdjhp Remhfw0Sdvfdo xwlol}dqgr d LGH
gr Od}duxv/ r txh wruqd h{wuhpdqwh vlpsohv d prglilfdÇÃr
gr fÓgljr h gd lqwhuidfh1 D lqwhuidfh É glylglgd hp 8 fdwh0
jruldv/ vhqgr hodv= Vriwzduh Pdqdjhphqw/ Kdugzduh/
Qhwzrun dqg Lqwhuqhw/ V|vwhp/ Orfdo glvnv/ Dffrxqw Suhih0
uhqfhv1
DoÉp gdv ihuudphqwdv sdguÃr gr Jqrph/ r XFF lqfru0
srud dsolfdÇÕhv gh whufhlurv txh ylvdp phokrudu d h{shul0
Êqfld gh xvxÁulr rihuhfhqgr rsÇÕhv gh frqiljxudÇÕhv lq0
glvsrqÍyhlv qd lqvwdodÇÃr sdguÃr/ shuplwlqgr ylvxdol}du r
kdugzduh gr vlvwhpd/ frqiljxudu rv hihlwrv gr Frpsl}/
dmxvwdu dv rsÇÕhv gr Juxe/ fdoleudu r mr|vwlfn/ fuldu
edfnxsv gdv lqirupdÇÕhv gr glvfr h dwÉ dqdolvdu d shuiru0
pdqfh RshqJO gd sodfd gh yÍghr1
R vriwzduh hvwÁ srvvxl yhuvÕhv gh 65 h 97elwv/ vhqgr
txh dwÉ r prphqwr hvwÁ glvsrqÍyho dshqdv hp lqjoÊv/ pdv
hvshud0vh txh wudgxÇÕhv sdud rxwudv oÍqjxdv vhmdp glvsr0
qlelol}dgdv qr ixwxur1 R dsolfdwlyr h vxdv ghshqgÊqfldv sr0
ghp vhu edl{dgrv h lqvwdodgrv qr vlwh rilfldo=
kwws=22vlwhv1jrrjoh1frp2vlwh2xexqwxfrqwurofhqwhu2
Ehqmdplp JÓlv É Hqjhqkhlur gh Whoh0
frpxqlfdÇÕhv frp fhuwlilfdÇÕhv Flvfr
FFQS h FFGD/ dwxd frpr frqvxowru
hp surmhwrv gh whohfrpxqlfdÇÕhv ghv0
gh 533<1 © ghvhqyroyhgru grv surmhwrv
Xexqwx Frqwuro Fhqwhu h Mxeduwh 0 Whoh0
frppxqlfdwlrqv Vxlwh1
436
Doh{dqguh#Edwlvwd#JudÇd#0#ulfrodqgld1frp
JU¡ILFRV##DQLPD§£R#GLJLWDO
D#surgxÇÃr#gh#xpd#dqlpd0
ÇÃr# h{ljh# r# grpÍqlr# gh# yÁulrv#
surfhvvrv#txh#yÃr#ghvgh#d#hod0
erudÇÃr# gh# xpd# lghld# dwÉ# d# id0
vh# gh# vdÍgd# gr# iloph1#
Ihol}phqwh/#d#hyroxÇÃr#whfqroÓ0
jlfd# shuplwlx# txh# r# fxvwr# h# rv#
htxlsdphqwrv# qhfhvvÁulrv# sd0
ud# wdo# ilp/# glplqxlvvhp# dr# srq0
wr# gh# xp# Úqlfr# duwlvwd/# hp# xp#
shtxhqr# hvwÚglr/# rx# hp# vxd#
suÓsuld# fdvd/# sxghvvh# frqv0
wuxlu#d#vxd#reud1
DwÉ# phvpr# r# pdwhuldo# qh0
fhvvÁulr# sdud# wdo# surgxÇÃr# vr0
iuhx# pxgdqÇdv/# h# qrv# gldv# gh#
krmh# É# srvvÍyho/# frp# xp# Úqlfr#
plfurfrpsxwdgru/# xpd# wdeohw#
+phvd# gljlwdol}dgrud,# h# wdohqwr/#
wruqdu# r# surfhvvr# wrgr# gljlwdo/#
rx#vhmd/#vhp#xvr#gh#sdsho/#wlq0
wd# rx# sudqfkhwd# gh# ghvhqkr1#
QÃr#txh#lvvr#vhmd#d#phokru#frl0
vd# gr# pxqgr/# srlv# hx# phvpr/#
dwÉ# krmh/# dlqgd# suhilur# udelvfdu#
wxgr#qr#sdsho1
R# sureohpd# gh# vh# surgx0
}lu# wxgr# gh# irupd# gljlwdo/# É# txh#
r#fxvwr#gr#htxlsdphqwr/#hper0
ud# uhodwlydphqwh# dfhvvÍyho/# qÃr#
jdudqwh# d# surgxÇÃr# vhp# r# xvr#
gh# Vriwzduhv# +surjudpdv# gh#
frpsxwdgru,1# H# wdlv# surjudpdv#
frphufldlv/# vÃr# devxugdphqwh#
fdurv#sdud#xp#duwlvwd#rx#xp#sh0
txhqr# hvwÚglr/# dwÉ# srutxh# vh#
sdjd#sru#xpd#olfhqÇd#gh#xvr#h#
qÃr#shod#frpsud#gr#surjudpd1
437
JU¡ILFRV##DQLPD§£R#GLJLWDO
Rv# surjudpdv# rshq# vrxu0
fh# +surjudpdv# olyuhv,/# hperud#
pxlwrv#dlqgd#hp#hvwÁjlrv#h{sh0
ulphqwdlv/#vÃr#xpd#vroxÇÃr#sd0
ud# rv# shtxhqrv# hvwÚglrv# rx#
duwlvwdv#txh#qÃr#suhwhqghp#%sl0
udwhdu%#rv#surjudpdv#sdjrv1#Gl0
jr#
%sludwhdu%/#
srutxh#
reyldphqwh# qlqjxÉp/# rx# txd0
vh# qlqjxÉp/# frpsud# dv# olfhq0
Çdv# +ydprv# ghl{du# d# klsrfulvld#
gh#odgr#vÓ#xp#srxtxlqkr,1
Txdqgr# hx# pljuhl# gh# sur0
judpdv# sdjrv# sdud# surjudpdv#
olyuhv/#hx#wlyh#gxdv#prwlydÇÕhv=#
Hx# kdyld# dfdedgr# gh# frqvwlwxlu#
xpd# hpsuhvd# +FQSM,# h# ph#
lghqilfdud# frp# d# ilorvrild# gh#
frpsduwlokdu# frqkhflphqwr# h#
frqwhÚgr1# %VÓ# whph# d# glvvhpl0
qdÇÃr# gh# vhx# frqkhflphqwr/# r#
krphp# gh# srxfd# rx# qhqkxpd#
lpdjlqdÇÃr1%# 0# Ulfdugr# Doh{dq0
guh#JudÇd1
Hqilp/#ydprv#yrowdu#dr#wh0
pd#h#frqwlqxdu#d#idodu#gh#dqlpd0
ÇÃr#
gljlwdo1#
QÓv#
gd#
Txdgur0Fkdyh#whprv#hvvh#frp0
surplvvr# gh# wudqvplwlu# frqwhÚ0
gr# gh# irupd# olyuh/# h# sdud# wdo/#
xwlol}dprv# 433(# gh# Olqx{#
+Xexqwx,# hp# wrgrv# rv# qrvvrv#
wudedokrv# h# surmhwrv# dxwrudlv1#
Xwlol}dprv# dv# vhjxlqwhv# ihuud0
phqwdv=# Fhow{/# Shqflo/# Jlps/#
Lqnvfdsh/#V|qilj/#Eohqghu/#Flqh0
ohuud/#Nghqolyh/#GYG#Vw|ohu/#Dyl0
ghpx{/#ghqwuh#rxwurv1
wdlv# ihuudphqwdv/# hvfuhyhuhl#
hp#glyhuvrv#duwljrv#r#xvr#gh#fd0
gd#ihuudphqwd#hp#vxd#uhvshfwl0
yd# hwdsd1# Ghvwd# irupd/# hvshur#
vhu# r# pdlv# glgÁwlfr# h# fulvwdolqr#
srvvÍyho# sdud# txh# uhdophqwh#
srvvd# frqwulexlu# sdud# r# vhx#
dsuhqgl}dgr/#fdur#ohlwru1
uldo/# uhfruwhv/# frpsrvlÇÃr/#
hihlwrv,># sdud# d# prqwdjhp# h# il0
qdol}dÇÃr/# xwlol}dprv# r# Flqhohuud#
rx# r# Nghqolyh># sdud# prghod0
jhp# 6G/# xwlol}dprv# r# Zlqjv6G#
rx# r# Eohqghu># sdud# dqlpdÇÃr#
6G/#xwlol}dprv#r#Eohqghu1
Qr# suÓ{lpr# duwljr/# idoduhl#
Xpd# txhvwÃr# txh# suhflvd# vreuh# d# fuldÇÃr# gh# xp# urwhlur>#
ilfdu#ehp#fodud#sdud#txh#hqwhq0 h# sdud# wdo/# xwlol}duhprv# r# Fhow{#
gdp#rv#phxv#suÓ{lprv#duwljrv=# sdud#irupdwdu#wrgr#r#wh{wr1
suhwhqgr#hvfuhyhu#vreuh#rv#frq0
DwÉ#d#suÓ{lpd1
fhlwrv# grv# dvvxqwrv# txh# vhuÃr#
sursrvwrv/# h# ghsrlv# d# xwlol}d0
ÇÃr#gdv#ihuudphqwdv#sdud#uhdol0
}du# r# surfhvvr1# Suhflvr# ghl{du#
fodur#txh#qÃr#vÃr#dv#ihuudphq0
wdv#txh#id}hp#r#wudedokr/#É#r#du0
wlvwd1# # H# É# sru# lvvr# txh# vhpsuh#
ohydqwduhl#d#edqghlud#gr#frqkh0
flphqwr# gh# xp# dvvxqwr/# h# qÃr#
vlpsohvphqwh# gr# xvr# gh# xpd#
ihuudphqwd1# QÃr# h{lvwh# d# ph0
okru# ihuudphqwd/# h{lvwh# d# ph0
okru# ihuudphqwd# xwlol}dgd# sru#
fdgd#xp1
Sdud# frphÇdu/# É# suhflvr#
txh#whqkdprv#hp#phqwh#dv#hwd0
sdv# gr# surfhvvr# gh# surgxÇÃr=#
Lghld# 0A# dujxphqwr# 0A# urwhlur#
0A# vwru|erdug# 0A# dqlpdÇÃr# eux0
wd# 0A# dfdedphqwr# 0A# dqlpdÇÃr#
0A#prqwdjhp#0A#ilqdol}dÇÃr1
R#txh#xvdprvB#Frpr#wud0
edokdprvB
Sdud# lghldv# h# dujxphq0
wrv/#xwlol}dprv#xp#hglwru#gh#wh{0
wr# +RshqRiilfh1ruj,># sdud# r#
R# pdlv# lpsruwdqwh# qÃr# É# urwhlur# h# vwru|erdug/# xwlol}dprv#
dshqdv# r# xvr# gd# ihuudphqwd/# r#Fhow{#+surjudpd#sdud#suÉ0sur0
pdv# vlp# r# surfhvvr# gh# surgx0 gxÇÃr,>#dqlpdÇÃr#euxwd/#xwlol}d0
ÇÃr# hp# vxd# xwlol}dÇÃr# sdud# sr0 prv# dwxdophqwh# r# Jlps># sdud#
whqfldol}du# d# yhorflgdgh# h# r#dfdedphqwr#h#dqlpdÇÃr/#xwlol0
txdolgdgh#gr#surfhvvr1#Sdud#h{0 }dprv#r#V|qilj#+dqlpdÇÃr#yhwr0
solfdu# gh# txh# irupd# xwlol}dprv#
ULFDUGR#JUD§D#É#
loxvwudgru1#Irupdgr#
hp#ohwudv/#dwxd#frpr#
xp#grv#gluhwruhv#gd#
Txdgur0Fkdyh#h#gluh0
wru#gh#fuldÇÃr#gd#
UPH#FrpxqlfdÇÃr>#
É#rilflqhlur#hp#surmh0
wrv#gr#VHVF#h#ghvlj0
qhu#gd#Olwhulv#
Wuhlqdphqwrv#Rqolqh1#
Surgxwru/#urwhlulvwd/#gl0
uhwru#gh#fxuwdphwud0
jhqv#gh#dqlpdÇÃr#h#
hglwru#gh#yÁulrv#yÍgh0
rv#lqvwlwxflrqdlv/#fr0
phufldlv#h#sdohvwudv#
vreuh#vriwzduhv#olyuhv#
yrowdgrv#sdud#Áuhd#
juÁilfd#h#pxowlpÍgld1
438
HYHQWR##VHFRS#5343#0#IRUWDOH]D2FH
Iruwdoh}d#vhuÁ#vhgh#gr#pdlru#hyhqwr#gh#
WL#yrowdgr#sdud#JhvwÃr#SÚeolfd#gr#Eudvlo
Sru#Nhoo|dqqh#Slqkhlur
Jryhuqr#sdud#dsur{lpdu#r#flgdgÃr1#Sdud#lvvr/#vh0
uÃr# dehuwdv# phvdv# uhgrqgdv/# rqgh# rv# uhsuhvhq0
wdqwhv#gdv#ylqfxodgdv#gd#DvvrfldÇÃr#Eudvlohlud#gh#
Hqwlgdghv#Hvwdgxdlv#gh#Whfqrorjld#gd#LqirupdÇÃr#
h#FrpxqlfdÇÃr#+DEHS,#ghyhuÃr#dsuhvhqwdu#lqiru0
pdÇÕhv# vreuh# vlvwhpdv# h# prghorv# lpsodqwdgrv#
Frp#r#remhwlyr#gh#surpryhu#xp#iÓuxp#frqvwl0 hp# vhxv# Hvwdgrv# txh# uhvxowdudp# hp# vxfhvvr/# d#
wxlqgr#xpd#uhgh#frrshudwlyd#hp#whfqrorjld#gd#lq0 h{hpsor# gr# fdvh=# Zhe# 513# 0# Frpr# dv# ihuudphq0
irupdÇÃr/# hqyroyhqgr# shvtxlvdgruhv/# wÉfqlfrv# h# wdv# froderudwlydv# srghp# dmxgdu# d# dodydqfdu# vrox0
lqvwlwxlÇÕhv# gh# shvtxlvdv# h# jhvwÃr# sÚeolfd# qdflr0 ÇÕhv/# d# vhu# dsuhvhqwdgr# sru# Dohvvdqgud# Qxqhv/#
qdlv/# sdud# glvfxvvÃr# grv# prghorv# gh# lqirupdwl}d0 dqdolvwd# gh# vlvwhpdv# gd# Fld1# gh# Surfhvvdphqwr#
ÇÃr# gr# vhwru# sÚeolfr/# r# VHFRS# É# frqvlghudgr# r# gh#Gdgrv#gr#Hvwdgr#gr#Ulr#Judqgh#gr#Vxo#+SUR0
pdlru#hyhqwr#gh#lqirupÁwlfd#yrowdgr#sdud#d#jhvwÃr# FHUJV,
R#VHFRS#5343#É#surprylgr#shod#DEHS/#ru0
sÚeolfd#gr#sdÍv1#Qhvwd#hglÇÃr#gr#hyhqwr#vhuÁ#ghed0
wlgr#r#whpd#fUhghv#Vrfldlv=#Frqhfwlylgdgh#h#Prel0 jdql}dgr#shod#Hpsuhvd#gh#Whfqrorjld#gd#Lqirupd0
olgdgh# gr# Jryhuqr# frp# r# FlgdgÃrg/# txh# mÁ# frqwd# ÇÃr#gr#FhduÁ#+Hwlfh,/#hp#sdufhuld#frp#r#Jryhuqr#
frp# d# sduwlflsdÇÃr# gr# flhqwlvwd# fkhih# gr# Fhqwur# gr# Hvwdgr# gr# FhduÁ# h# uhdol}dgr# shor# Fhqwur# gh#
gh# Hvwxgrv# h# Vlvwhpdv# DydqÇdgrv# gr# Uhflih# JhvwÃr#h#Ghvhqyroylphqwr#WhfqroÓjlfr#+FJGW,1
+F1H1V1D1U,/# Vloylr# Phlud/# gr# sdohvwudqwh# gh# uhqr0
Sdud#id}hu#d#vxd#lqvfulÇÃr#foltxh#dtxl1
ph# qdflrqdo# h# lqwhuqdflrqdo/# Hgxdugr# Vklq|dvklnl#
Pdlv#lqirupdÇÕhv#dfhvvh#r#vlwh#gr#VHFRS#
h#gr#jhuhqwh#gh#Qrydv#Whfqrorjldv#gd#LEP#Eudvlo/#
53431
Fh}du#Wdxulrq1#
DsÓv# 6:# dqrv/# Iruwdoh}d# luÁ# vhgldu/# shod# vh0
jxqgd# yh}/# r# VhplqÁulr# Qdflrqdo# gh# Whfqrorjld#
gd#LqirupdÇÃr#h#FrpxqlfdÇÃr#sdud#JhvwÃr#SÚeol0
fd#0#VHFRS1#Hvwd#É#d#6;#hglÇÃr#gr#hyhqwr#h#rfru0
uhuÁ# gh# 4;# d# 53# gh# djrvwr# qd# IÁeulfd# gh#
QhjÓflrv1
Qr# VHFRS# 5343/# rv# sduwlflsdqwhv# whuÃr# d#
rsruwxqlgdgh#gh#ghedwhu#vreuh#rv#lpsdfwrv#gdv#uh0
ghv#vrfldlv#h#rv#vhuylÇrv#gh#prelolgdgh#h#frqhfwl0
ylgdgh# txh# hvwÃr# vhqgr# ghvhqyroylgrv# shor#
NHOO\DQQH#SLQKHLUR#É#judgxdgd#hp#FrpxqlfdÇÃr#Vrfldo/#
frp#kdelolwdÇÃr#hp#Mruqdolvpr#h#hvshfldolvwd#hp#Pdunhwlqj#
Gljlwdo1#Dwxd#qd#Áuhd#gh#dvvhvvruld#gh#lpsuhqvd#h#
frpxqlfdÇÃr/#zhe#hglwruld#h#whohylvÃr1
439
TXDGULQKRV
TXDGULQKRV
Sru#Oxlv#Jxvwdyr#Qhyhv#gd#Vloyd#h#MrvÉ#Mdphv#Iljxhlud#Whl{hlud
GHSDUWDPHQWR#W©FQLFR
43:
DJHQGD##R#TXH#W¡#URODQGR#QR#PXQGR#GH#WL
#DJHQGD
MXOKR
VHWHPEUR
Hyhqwr=#SKS*q#Ulr
Hyhqwr=# IÓuxp# Lqwhuqdflrqdo# Gdwd=#53#h#5423;25343
Vriwzduh#Olyuh#+ilvo44,
Orfdo=#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM
Gdwd=#54#d#5723:25343
Orfdo=#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV
Hyhqwr=# LL# IÓuxp# Dpd}Ôqlfr#
gh#Vriwzduh#Olyuh
Gdwd=#6423;#d#3623<25343
DJRVWR
Orfdo=#VdqwduÉp2SD
Hyhqwr=#L[#S|wkRqFdpsxv
Gdwd=#4723;25343
Orfdo=#Ylod#Yhokd2HV
Hyhqwr=#Olqx{Frq#5343
Gdwd=#6423;#h#3423<25343
Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS
Hyhqwr=#VHFRS#5343
Gdwd=#4;23;#d#5323;25343
Orfdo=#Iruwdoh}d2FH
Hyhqwr=# IDG# 0# Ihvwlydo# gh#
Duwh#Gljlwdo
Gdwd=#3423<25343#d#3824325343
Orfdo=#Ehor#Krul}rqwh2PJ
Hyhqwr=# 4# Lqvwdoo#
rshqQRUWH
Gdwd=#3723<25343
Orfdo=#VÃr#Pdwhxv2HV
Ihvw#
Hyhqwr=#TFRQ#VÃr#Sdxor
Gdwd=#4423<#h#4523<25343
Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS
HQWUH#DVSDV##FLWD§µHV#H#RXWUDV#IUDVHV#F©OHEUHV#VREUH#WHFQRORJLD
##########D#lqwhuqhw#É#d#judqgh#yld#gd#frpxqlfdÇÃr#
prghuqd/#olyuh#h#lqghshqghqwh1
NÁw|d#Sxmdov#Fkdppd#É#frpsrvlwrud/#fdqwrud/#srhwd/#furqlvwd#h#surgxwrud#
fxowxudo#eudvlohlud1
Irqwh=#Zlnltxrwh
43;